02 FOOD Yusni Aziz, Polpat Nilubon, Olga Sankova, Jorgen Tandberg, Kangshuo Tang, ValĂŠrie Van de Velde
With the economic collapse that necessarily follows the abolition of a State, all forms of trade are reduced to a minimum. This forces a radical rethinking of forms of production, asking the question: what is a sustainable population density for a square kilometer site, where the production taking place on the site alone is to sustain its entire population? And further, in what ways will the inhabitants need to group, form communities or trade between themselves in order to ensure their own survival?
Source: 1. Knight, Cheryl. Five L.N. Businesses Are Helping to Keep Food Waste out of Landfills. March 2011 2. Billen, G., S. Barles, P., etc. Grain, meat and vegetables to feed Paris: where did and do they come from?. Springerlink. 2011
FRENCH AGRICULTURE
70% 30%
IMPORT
WASTE COLLECTOR
Current Situation Source: Knight, Cheryl. Five L.N. Businesses Are Helping to Keep Food Waste out of Landfills. March 2011 Billen, G., S. Barles, P., etc. Grain, meat and vegetables to feed Paris: where did and do they come from?. Springerlink. 2011
45% 100% 100%
100%
100%
1 INSEE, Government of France. “1999 French census, Total employment at workplace by gender, employment status, and economic sector in the aire urbaine of Paris” 2 United Nations Population Division. World Urbanization Prospects: the 2001 Revision. 24 Mar. 2012 <http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2001/WUP2001_CH6.pdf> POPULATION
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55%
82% of Paris’ workforce is currently employed in the provision of sevices, against only 0.5% belonging to primary sector. 1 The population density of Paris is approximately 21.000/km 2, and this is also the average density within the historical city, and as such the density we have chosen to work with for our one square kilometer site, even though the actual population is slightly lower. From the supply of groceries and other supllies currently available on the site, it is estimated that each individual present can sustain himself or herself for 8 weeks (2 months) provided that this is distributed evenly – after this, an import of goods needs to happen, or a form of producSHOP RESTAURANT SUPPLYon the site itself. Considering the lack of a common GARBAGE tion needs to takeARMY place currency that will follow a societal collapse, we have assumed the impossibility of continuing certain professions into the future, especially professions characteristic of the tertiary sector that defines the area in question. This implies that the site itself, removed from any larger networks of production, will need to produce sufficient supplies to sustain the population occupying it at any given time, until networks of trade are established that are advanced enough to allow for outsourcing of production in return for 100% other services.
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35%
POPULATION
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DAY 1 Population: 21.000 Diet: normal Kcal produced: 0 On day one, the inhabitants start hoarding food for the coming period of time. Attempts are made to stock groceries, individually, or on a family basis. This tendency increases over the next days.3
Windows: 0% Rooftops: 0% Courtyards: 0% Streets: 0% Interior Space Dwelling: 97% Agriculture: 0% Vacant: 3% Trade: Normal
Security The main security issue is fighting for food in the shops. WEEK 1 Agricultural Space Balconies: 0% 3 Daily Mail: <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2075371/Stocking-Doomsday-As-economists- predict-meltdown-meet-families-ready-worst.html>
Population: 20.000 Diet: Reduced. Remains of old supplies Kcal produced: 0 During week one, the shops are emptied of groceries, and deliveries of new goods suffer as production has stopped. This causes a major crisis; Paris currently imports X% of its food supply. 4 On the current supply of groceries in the site, it is estimated that each person can sustain himself or herself for 8 weeks (2 months) provided that it is distributed evenly. There will be no electricity or water supply for a period, and this affects cooking and heating in the area. Some individuals will trade with rural areas to produce their own food, getting seeds by trading skills or raw materials as commodities. This trade happens between friends, relatives or trips out of the city based on ‘word of mouth’. Communities Community by building floors. Individuals bring their families to live with them, causing a slight densification in amount of people per dwelling. In general, people would form slightly tighter bonds to their most immediate neighbors (on the same floor, etc.). Security The main security issue is the protection of personal property and personal food supplies. Agricultural Space Balconies: 50% 4
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Billen, G., S. Barles, P. Chatzimpiros and J. Garnier. Grain, meat and vegetables to feed Paris: where did and do they come from? Localising Paris food supply areas from the eighteenth to the twenty-first century. Springerlink. 2011
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Windows: 50% Rooftops: 0% Courtyards: 0% Streets: 0% Interior Space Dwelling: 93% Agriculture: 0% Vacant: 7%
MONTH 1 Population: 15.000 Diet: Remains of old supplies, lettuce. Kcal produced: 11.289.600
Trade Normal (Euro) and barter between individuals.
Crisis of food supply leads to an exodus of people; individuals and families migrate from the city 56 to stay with relatives or friends in the countryside, where the food supply is more stabile: self-sufficient farms, etc. This period also sees the beginnning of an individual approach to self-management of food supply, in backyards, balconies, and the first two meters close to the window inside apartments, flat platforms on the roof. Parking lots inside block. Manufacturing skills are already embraced (making tools and simple infrastructure, sewing, fixing bikes, etc.) Communities Individuals form a loose community based on gathering water. This most often happens naturally by building. 5 See source 4. 6 Worldvision: ‘Food Crisis Leaves Holes in a Community’, <http://blog.worldvision.org/disaster-relief/ food-crisis-leaves-holes-in-a-community/>,
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Calculations The first harvest of potatoes & beans.7 Rooftop: potatoes (commodity crop) (100%) (3 months). 109.650 people/day (3655 people/month) (1200 people/3 months). Month 1 This period also sees the beginnning of an individual approach to self-management of food supply, in backyards, balconies, and the first two meters close to the window inside apartments, flat platforms on the roof. For growing crops, waste material as tins, buckets and cans are used.
Trade Barter and commodity money
MONTH 6
Security The main security issues concern the protection of private property (as objects of immediate value), crops in backyards, balconies, inside apartments, flat roofs. Calculations Total kcal: 11.289.600 kcal to supply 376 people / month and will be combined with the supply from rural areas for around 3 months (until the first harvest of potato).
Population: 1.600 Diet: beets, potatoes, beans, lettuce, spinach, tomatoes, carrots Kcal produced: 394.408.650 kcal Massive decrease in population within the 1km 8 , due to the food crisis. Densification occurs within building blocks to share utilities and amendities. By month 6, first harvest-time has passed: some have succeeded at growing, others not. Trade occurs based on what people have succeeded 7 FAO. Chapter 6 - ETc - Single crop coefficient (Kc). 15 Mar. 2012. <http://www.fao.org/docrep/ X0490E/x0490e0b.htm> 8 Huffington Post, Somalia Food Crisis, <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food- crisis_n_899811.html>
Agricultural Space Balconies: 50% Windows: 50% Rooftops: 30% Courtyards: 80% Streets: 90% Interior Space Dwelling: 63% Agriculture: 11% Vacant: 26% Trade Only barter, direct between individuals, take place at this moment, due to lack of currency. Trade has not got a designated space, and happens mainly in the streets. Some spots become more popular for trade.
MONTH 3 Population: 6.700
Month 3 First harvest of potatoes.
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Communities Loose communities by building. These collaborate on water collection and some agricultural production.
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in growing. Public spaces become occupied by agriculture; small groups attempt to grow for themselves or for small communities. Groups will mainly occupy the spaces immediately outside their buildings, as this is the easiest both to claim and to protect. Public buildings and buildings that lose their functions are occupied, 9 and some spaces are used for agriculture (based on necessity - possibility). Some hunting of wild animals occur, for food; rabbits, pigeons, crows. Communities More permanent communities by building block; for security, water collection and agriculture. Security The main security concerns are regarding the protection of private property, against travelling people and looters. In addition comes the protection of small communities’ agriculture, also taking place in public buildings and squares. Calculations First harvest of bio-intensive + harvesting of the potatoes in the rooftop + balconies – windows gardening = 1600 people.10 Agricultural Space Balconies: 50% Windows: 50% 9 The Guardian: ‘Occupy London takes over empty UBS bank’, November 18, 2011, <http://www. guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2011/nov/18/occupy-london-takes-over-empty-ubs-bank-live> 10 FAO. Chapter 6 - ETc - Single crop coefficient (Kc). 15 Mar. 2012. <http://www.fao.org/docrep/ X0490E/x0490e0b.htm>
Rooftops: 30% Courtyards: 60% Streets: 90% Interior Space Dwelling: 7% Agriculture: 11% Vacant: 82% Trade Barter and commodity money.
MONTH 9 Population: 1.600 In month 9, there is a new cycle of food plantation (second harvest). Grains, vegetables and potatoes become a form of commodity when ready for harvest. Trade within the site and with rural areas is developed to fulfill nutritional demands. Simple hydroponics systems are introduced for speeding up the production, and will start to arise from reusing existing materials within the city and from trading with rural areas. Hydroponics are planned to replace the previous spaces of production (balconies, windows, rooftops). Biointensiveness stays the same. Communities Community by building block. Security The main security issues are regarding the protection of private property, and the protection of communities’ agriculture, also in public buildings and squares. Trade The main forms of trade are through barter and commodity money.
YEAR 1 Population: 1.600 Diet: potatoes, beans, lettuce, spinach, tomatos, carrots, wheat.11 Kcal produced: 524.297.250 Month 6 Harvest from the bio-intensive system containing the production of: 60% carbon crops 30% calorie crops 10% vegetables
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1-2 buildings within each block are occupied (depending on block size) by dwellings. Increased trade and community building makes specialization 11 Gardens of Eden. Crop Yield Verification. 15 Mar. 2012 <http://www.gardensofeden.org/04%20 Crop%20Yield%20Verification.htm>
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in agriculture easier - to grow not only everything you need yourself, but attempt to grow an amount of one thing to trade with your neighbors. There will be an abundance of production that will be used for further import and export, and for getting more materials. Trade with countryside or other places becomes more frequent for getting food diversification (seeds, tools) and raw materials for structure. Simple hydroponics structures replace the previous form of production, the same amount of space now produces triple the amount of yields.12 Communities Community by building block. Calculations First harvest of biointensive 13 + 75% of normal harvesting of the rooftop balconies – windows + 25% hydrophonics = 2157 people (population 1600 people) 12 “No Food = No Problem! Hydrophonics gives 100 times field yield”. 1 Mar. 2012 < http://www. androidworld.com/prod26.htm> Rakocy, James E., Michael P. Masser and Thomas M. Losordo. Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems: Aquaponics - Integrating Fish and Plant Culture. November 2006. 13 Jeavons, John. How to Grow More Vegetables* (and fruits, nuts, berries, grains and other crops). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 2012
Security The main security concerns are regarding the protection of private property, protection of the communities’ agriculture and the protection of animals (mainly chickens, goats). Agricultural Space Balconies: 50% Windows: 50% Rooftops: 30% Courtyards: 60% Streets: 90% Interior Space Dwelling: 8% Agriculture: 11% Vacant: 92% Trade The main forms of trade are through barter and commodity money, as well as debt and gift economies within the communities.
YEAR 5 Population: 2.500 Diet: potatoes, beans, lettuce, spinach, tomatos, carrots, wheat, fish, chicken, goat meat, herbs, spices, small fruit + melons and water melons. Kcal produced: 648.535.800 (min, not including commodity) An entire community can potentially focus on only a few commodities - to trade with other communities. Individuals still grow some food at home vegetables, chickens – in addition to that of the community. Aquaponics will also be introduced by year 5 .14 Most communities are at this stage using hydroponics, and more primitive forms of agriculture are limited. Communities Community by block. Security The main security issues concern the protection of private property, the protection of communities’ agriculture. Also in public buildings and squares. Protection of animals (chickens, goats). Calculations First harvest of biointensive + 25% of normal harvesting of the rooftop - bal14 “No Food = No Problem! Hydrophonics gives 100 times field yield”. 1 Mar. 2012 < http://www. androidworld.com/prod26.htm> Rakocy, James E., Michael P. Masser and Thomas M. Losordo. Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems: Aquaponics - Integrating Fish and Plant Culture. November 2006.
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conies â&#x20AC;&#x201C; windows + 75% hydrophonics = 3231 people (population 2500 people).
as debt and gift economies within the communities. Forms of time banking will also occur, easing the distribution of services between communities.
Agricultural Space Balconies: 50% Windows: 50% Rooftops: 30% Courtyards: 60% Streets: 50% Interior Space Dwelling: 12% Agriculture: 22% Vacant: 66% Specialization Herbs, spices, small fruit + melons and watermelons are grown by some communities and individuals and traded. Trade The main forms of trade are through barter and commodity money, as well Year 5 Normal hydroponic system for growing vegetables, herbs and spices.
Year 5 An entire community can potentially focus on only a few commodities - to trade with other communities; (here: hydroponic system for growing melons or other fruits.)
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YEAR 20 Population: 21.000 Diet: potatoes, beans, lettuce, spinach, tomatos, carrots, grain, fish, chicken, goat meat. Kcal produced: 56.700.000 kcal Automated hydroponics are applied to provide more user-friendly production and liberate people from complexity of growing their food. Security The main security concerns are regarding the protection of private property, protection of the communitiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; agriculture and the protection of animals (mainly chickens, goats). Agricultural Space Balconies: 50% Windows: 50% Rooftops: 30% Courtyards: 60% Streets: 50% Interior Space Dwelling: 48% Agriculture: 30% Vacant: 22%
Year 5 Aquaponic system for producing vegetables and fish.
Trade The main forms of trade are through barter and commodity money, as well as debt and gift economies within the communities. Time banking eases the distribution of services between communities.15
15
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Time Banking Uk: <http://www.timebanking.org/>
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CONCLUSION RURAL AREA
FRENCH AGRICULTURE
70
70% 30%
WASTE COLLECTOR
CONTAINER GARDENING IMPORT
WASTE COLLECTOR
SHOP RESTAURANT ARMY SUPPLY
of Landfills. March 2011 ere did and do they come from?. Springerlink. 2011
%
ARMY SUPPLY
Billen, G., S. Barles, P., etc. Grain, meat and vegetables to feed Paris: where did and do they come from?. Springerlink. 2011
SHOP RESTAURANT ARMY SUPPLY Source: Jeavons,
GARBAGE John. How to Grow More Vegetables* (and fruits, nuts, berries, COMPOST BOX GARBAGEgrains and other FOOD CANS crops). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 2012
60%
Current Situation Source: Knight, Cheryl. Five L.N. Businesses Are Helping to Keep Food Waste out of Landfills. March 2011
55%
GARBAGE
45%
100%
50%
5% 100%
100%
100%
55%
100%
100%
Sour FOOD CANS Source: Jeavons, Jo crops). Berk
5%
100%72%
35%
60%
100%50%
35%
100
Month 1 POPULATION POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
CONTAINER GARDENING
RURAL AREA
ARMY SUPPLY
70%
RURAL AREA
30%
ANARCITY_1D PRECONDITION CONTAINER GARDENING
ARMY SUPPLY BIOINTENSIVE
60% 70%
100%
ANARCITY_1M ANARCITY_1D
30% 30%
CONTAINER GARDENING
e out of Landfills. March 20111. Knight, Cheryl. Five L.N. Businesses Are Helping to Keep Food Waste out of Landfills. March 2011 Source: : where did and do they come2.from?. Billen,Springerlink. G., S. Barles,2011 P., etc. Grain, meat and vegetables to feed Paris: where did and do they come from?. Springerlink. 2011
GARBAGE WASTE COLLECTOR
COMPOST BOX
FOOD CANS SHOP RESTAURANT ARMY SUPPLY
60%
55%
100%
72% 100%
35% 100% POPULATION
Day 1 POPULATION
50
Source: Jeavo crops
COMPOST BOX
GARBAGE GARBAGE
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COMPOST BOX
FOOD CANS
50%
5%
60%
35%
GARBAGE
50%
5% 50% 100%
1
72% 8%
100%
50%
POPULATION
100% 100% 100% Month 6
POPULATION
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HYDROPONICS
100%
HYDROPONICS
60%
BIOINTENSIVE
100%
30% 10%
100%
10%
CONTAINER GARDENING
COMPOST BOX
ndoor Holticulture. Pukka Press: 2005
COMPOST BOX
Source: Rakocy, James E., Michael P. Masser and Thomas M. Losordo. Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems: Aquaponics - Integrating Fish and Plant Culture. November 2006.
100%
8%
12%
100% 100%
100%
100%
POPULATION
POPULATION
Year 1
HYDROPONICS
100%
AQUAPONICS
ANARCITY_1Y
70%
BIOINTENSIVE
100%
20%
d fruits, nuts, berries, grains and other
10%
CONTAINER GARDENING
Source: Winterbone, J. Hydroponics: Indoor Holticulture. Pukka Press: 2005
COMPOST BOX
ANARCITY_5Y
Source: Rakocy, James E., Michael P. Masser and Thomas M. Losordo. Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems: Aquaponics - Integrating Fish and Plant Culture. November 2006.
COMPOST BOX
12%
100% 100%
52
BIOINTENSIVE
20%
CONTAINER GARDENING
COMPOST BOX
Year 5
70%
AQUAPONICS
100%
POPULATION
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