Asian Urban Places

Page 1

Ed. C.K.Heng, O. Carracedo, Y. Zhang

“ASIAN URBAN PLACES” aims to enhance the understanding of urbanity of Asian streets and public spaces. This volume is organized in five chapters responding to five relevant themes of the contemporary Asian streets: Community Spaces; Street Form and Morphology; Heritage, Conservation and Urban Regeneration; Streets Networks and Urban Nature. The final result is the compilation of a series of articles that resulted from The Great Asian Streets Symposium (GASS2014) focusing on the five themes. The collection of essays presented here aspire to investigate underlying urban transformation processes, discuss contemporary professional experiences and best practices, and explore future visions, design ideas, and planning strategies for Asian streets in a new era.

Oscar Carracedo García-Villalba is Assistant Professor and member of the Urban Studies Group at the Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore. Zhang Ye is Assistant Professor and member of the Urban Studies Group at the Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore.

ASIAN URBAN PLACES

Heng Chye Kiang is Dean of the School of Design and Environment and Professor of the Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore.

Great Asian Streets

ASIAN URBAN PLACES Edited by Chye Kiang Heng, Oscar Carracedo Garcia-Villalba, Zhang Ye

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ASIAN URBAN PLACES Edited by Heng Chye Kiang, Oscar Carracedo Garcia-Villalba, Zhang Ye

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ASIAN URBAN PLACES GASS2014 GREAT ASIAN STREETS SYMPOSIUM

EDITED BY: Heng Chye Kiang, Oscar Carracedo GarcĂ­a-Villalba & Zhang Ye CO-EDITED BY: &KR ΖP 6LN -RKDQQHV :LGRGR /HH .DK :HH 5DÎ?DHOOD 6LQL PUBLISHED BY: CASA Centre of Advanced Studies in Architecture Department of Architecture School of Design and Environment National University of Singapore. NUS 4 Architecture Drive Singapore 117566 DESIGN: PLUS Collaboratives COVER PHOTO: PLUS Collaboratives COPYRIGHT Š 2014 Heng Chye Kiang, Oscar Carracedo GarcĂ­a-Villalba, Zhang Ye (ed.)

ISBN: 978-981-09-3687-7 REFERENCE: A201412030011

All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, withour written permission from the editors and the authors. Authors alone are responsible for opinions expressed in their paper. They are also responsible for securing any necessary copyright permissions to reproduce illustrations, extensive quotations etc.

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CONTENTS ABOUT ASIAN URBAN PLACES

6

ABOUT GREAT ASIAN STREET SYMPOSIUM

7

COMMUNITY SPACES

8

Social role of urban parks in global cities: a case study of Cheonggyecheon

What Social Marker are the Streets of Seoul? Echo Chamber of Social Ecology

Restoration, Seoul and Diagonal Mar Park, Barcelona

Planning.

%ODŀ .5ΖĿ1Ζ.

MANNISI, Alban

A Study on the Townscape Creation and the Utilization of the Alley Space

Spaces and Spatial Qualities of Traditional Urban Marketplace: A Case Study of Pasar

through the Site Enclosure Transition Leaded by Residents in OGUSUKU District,

Payang

KITANAKAGUSUKU County, Okinawa

Siti Zulaikha MOHD, Khalilah ZAKARIYA, Zumahiran KAMARUDIN

Chihiro TERADA, Hikaru KINOSHITA, WEE Yih Chian From Flexible Use of POPS to “Green” Community Planning: The Practical Path of Rethinking Community Participation in Neighbourhood Planning: A case study of

Taipei ‘s “Open Green” Policy

Singapore’s public housing estates

Chen-Yu LIEN, Pei-Yin SHIH, Yu-Fang CHAN

CHO Im Sik, Ivan Kurniawan NASUTION, Chelsea ZHENG Chenxi A Comparative Study on Old Public Sector Housing in China: Focus on Two Cases Participatory Community Design Action Research: The Case of Phu Xuan Commune,

Lei SHAO, Yiti WANG

Ho Chi Minh City CHONG Keng Hua, Jezamine CHUA Zihui, Zheng Jia, LEE Wei Ji Desmond, NG Zi Kai,

The Role of Riverbank Area as Community Space in Surabaya City, Case Study:

NGUYEN Minh Chau, TAN Yen Lin, TAN Yen Ping Janice, TO Kien, VO Le Hoang Long,

Kampung Jambangan and Kampung Keputran

WONG Kai Qi Sharlene

R. Dimas Widya PUTRA , Setyo NUGROHO, Endang Titi Sunarti DARJOSANJOTO

85

STREET FORM MORPHOLOGY Mighty Modern Icon, Sewoon Complex: 10 Realization Factors of Sewoon complex

Investigating the impact of urban rules – A comparative study of three arterial streets

projects in Seoul, South Korea

in Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Macau

Joonwoo KIM, Bruno De MEULDER

Hendrik TIEBEN, Joanna CHU, Chungyim YIU, Nuno SOARES

Western Street Form Transplanted: From Imperial Canal to Boulevard in Legation

Traditional Shopping Streets in Tokyo: Physical and Social Dimensions of Creative

Quarter in the Early Twentieth Century, Beijing

Place Making by the Elderly

Xusheng HUANG

Kien TO, Keng Hua CHONG

Gwanghwamun Square: Balancing Image & Interaction

Spatial form and microclimate in pedestrian street in Nanjin, China

Jason Andrew HOULISTON

Jingjin LI, Jianguo WANG

A Study On the Historical Process of the Elevated Walkway Network Around Central

The Form Behind the Informal. Spatial Patterns and Street-based Upgrading in

District in Hong Kong

Revitalizing Informal and Low-Income Areas

Hikaru KINOSHITA , Yoichi NISHIIE

Oscar CARRACEDO GARCIA-VILLALBA

The Imageability as a tool in Disaster Risk Reduction for cities

Accessibility of play spaces in Dhanmondi Residential Area, Dhaka

Malik TIGZIRI

Md Rashed BHUYAN, Ye ZHANG

A discussion on the key elements of street scale and functional layout: street sight and fragmented space form in Kaifeng of Northern Song China RONG Qingwen, WANG Jianguo

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HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND URBAN REGENERATION

191

A Comparative Study of the Sanxia and Daxi Historic Districts: Community,

Ordinary place identity. “Conservation” of identity in Tokyo

Profession, and Policy Practice

Milica MUMINOVIC

Huei-chen LEE, Chih-ming SHIH Cultural networking for planning the history The conservation movement of Toad Hill settlement in Taipei, Taiwan

Federico GIGLI, Bruno De MEULDER

Yu-wen LIN Research on the population displacement phenomenon of Chinese historical Protecting the Authenticity of Physical Environment Characteristics by Controlling

and cultural blocks under the background of Tourism Commercialization, taking

Land Use Changes on Main Street Corridors, A Heritage Conservation Strategy.

Kulangsu as an example

Case: Kebayoran Baru Conservation Area, Jakarta

ZHANG Ruoxi, YIN Qiuyi, LIU Xuting, ZHANG Yunyi, YANG Luxia

Hadi PRABOWO *HGXQJ .XQLQJ $ &DVH 6WXG\ RI &RPPRGLȴFDWLRQ RI +LVWRULFDO $UFKLWHFWXUH LQ Urban Regeneration in Shanghai’s Small Towns and Xinchang as a Case Study

Singapore

SHA Yongjie, CHAN Wan Ting Pristine, PAN Liyuan

Fauzy ISMAIL , Hidayah AMIN

Urban Regeneration of Ageing Neighbourhoods in High-density Asian Cities: A

Reconstructing spatial narratives as a mode of urban regeneration. Local actions

Comparative Study of Jangsu Neighbourhood (Seoul, South Korea) and Redhill

and community initiatives in the neighborhoods of Gara, Taipei

Neighbourhood (Singapore)

Min Jay KANG, Hao-Jia-Zai Atelier

Zheng JIA , Keng Hua CHONG , Mihye CHO Framing Sejong Maeul: The Pursuit of Global Competitiveness in the Cultural District of Seochon, Seoul Paul D. MULLINS

280

STREET NETWORKS Encouraging Walkability Around Rail Station Area

Carriedo Street and Its Environs: A Study On the Commercial District of Quiapo,

Dyah Titisari WIDYASTUTI, Bambang Hari WIBISONO, Danang PARIKESIT, Ikaputra

Manila -RVHȴQD 6DQWRV GH ASIS

Ecosystem of a Transport Hub: Analysis on the Urban Development of Cubao, Metro Manila Glenn T. ORBON

305

URBAN NATURE Investigation on the Application of Ecological Footprint Development Trend in the

Streetscape Character As Representation of Urban Identity. Case Study : Bogor

Sustainable Development of Urban Land Use: Case Study of the Tianjin City in China

Nurhikmah Budi HARTANTI, Widjaja Martokusumo

Xiwei XU, Tim HEATH, Yan ZHU, Peng ZHANG, Xue Bai Assessment of Physical Tourism Carrying Capacity A Case of Sabang, Baler Aurora, In search of biodiversity in a domesticated landscape

Philippines

CHANG Huaiyan

De Vera, Merant B

Singapore Public Parks’ Narratives: Design Strategies to build Identity 5D΍DHOOD SINI

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ABOUT ASIAN URBAN PLACES

In the last four decades, the world urban population has increased by more than double. According to UN-Habitat estimates, this tendency will continue during the next four decades, and urban areas of the world are expected to absorb a population growth of 75 percent by 2050. In Asia, this urbanization process is increasing rapidly; it is expected that half of its population will live in urban areas by 2020. This population growth, coupled with general issues such as globalization or economic growth, has accelerated unprecedented change in WKH SURFHVVHV RI XUEDQL]DWLRQ DQG GHQVLČ´FDWLRQ RI $VLDQ FLWLHV SRVLQJ VRPH FKDOOHQJHV DQG threats to our urban spaces. We understand urban spaces as all those public spaces, squares, streets, or privately-owned public spaces where civic, community, cultural, and social activities take place. In many cases, excessive densities do not seem to be turning our urban spaces into those dreamed-of places that we want them to be. Instead of becoming places of interesting and attractive urban life, sometimes this uncontrolled growth has resulted in the proliferation of suburban and mono-functional dormitory neighborhoods and unstructured urban spaces with no life or activity and devoid of identity; in the appearance of gated communities with inaccessible and not-inclusive urban spaces; in the rise of slums, informal areas and shanties with a lack of infrastructural and ecological qualities in their urban spaces; or in the increase of deserted, WKHPDWL]HG DQG JHQWULČ´HG FLW\ FHQWHUV However, our urban spaces, our streets, and public spaces, are still essential parts of our FLWLHV DQG WKHLU VSDWLDO TXDOLW\ KDV D VLJQLČ´FDQW LPSDFW RQ RXU GDLO\ OLYHV SOD\LQJ D YLWDO UROH LQ the livability of our neighborhoods and cities.

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ABOUT

GREAT ASIAN STREET SYMPOSIUM

The Great Asian Streets Symposium (GASS) was initiated in 2001 at the Department of Architecture, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore (NUS). In response to the long-standing and dire lack of truly Asian perspectives in the literature and research of Asian cities, GASS aimed to establish an Asian-rooted center of excellence to foster, both regionally and internationally, exchange and communication of ideas and studies ZLWKLQ WKLV Č´HOG Over the past decade, GASS has successfully shared and integrated cutting-edge debates and discussions on many problems and challenges that confronts Asian cities, such as WUDÉ?F FRQJHVWLRQ DLU SROOXWLRQ VRFLDO VHJUHJDWLRQ HQYLURQPHQWDO GHJUDGDWLRQ DQG VOXP SUROLIHUDWLRQ 2Q WKLV EDVLV WKH *$66 FRPPXQLW\ KDV DOVR FUHDWHG D VLJQLČ´FDQW NQRZOHGJH EDVH ZLWK H[HPSODU\ SROLFLHV DQG GHVLJQ SUDFWLFHV WKDW KDYH HÎ?HFWLYHO\ DGGUHVVHG WKHVH issues for resilient, sustainable, and livable cities. 7KH Č´UVW V\PSRVLXP KHOG RQ DQG -DQXDU\ SURYLGHG DQ HQJDJLQJ GLVFXVVLRQ platform for urban researchers and professionals committed to the study of streets and public spaces in Asia. In the following year, the 2nd GASS brought together an even greater number of participants, with high-quality papers and cutting-edge discussion. By then, the Great Asian Streets Symposium had become popular as a veritable public space and forum for studies RI $VLDQ FLWLHV 6HOHFWHG SDSHUV IURP WKH Č´UVW DQG VHFRQG V\PSRVLXPV ZHUH SXEOLVKHG DV DQ edited volume. The 3rd GASS took place in December 2004. The expanded theme was, “Street, Urban Space and Representationâ€?. In this third gathering, the GASS hosted more than 100 participants from all over of the world, including both academics and practitioners, to share and exchange their works and ideas. While researchers and scholars presented a variety of historical, social, and morphological investigations into Asian streets and the associated manifestations of life, renowned practitioners focused on cutting-edge planning, urban design, and architecture practice of streets and public spaces in Asia. The 4th edition of the symposium, held in December 2006, addressed a broader theme, “Reclaiming the City.â€? The focus was on reshaping the built environments, re-appropriating of public spaces in our cities, and regaining vitality of urban life. 7KH WK *$66 WRRN SODFH LQ 'HFHPEHU DW WKH XVXDO ORFDWLRQČƒ'HSDUWPHQW RI $UFKLWHFWXUH National University of Singapore. This gathering proposed a provocative string of themes, “FUTURE | ASIAN | SPACEâ€?, and was highly successful. It played an important role as a catalyst for constructive and creative thinking about Asian cities in the 21st century. GASS 2014, themed “ASIAN URBAN PLACESâ€?, aims to enhance the understanding of urbanity of Asian streets and public spaces. This sixth reunion aspires to investigate underlying urban transformation processes, discuss contemporary professional experiences and best practices, and explore future visions, design ideas, and planning strategies for Asian cities in a new era.

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COMMUNITY SPACES Social sustainability, Community bonding, Participatory planning, Ground-up initiatives The importance of community is increasingly acknowledged in the current discourse of urban sustainability, which puts a strong emphasis on the social aspect of sustainability. At the same time contemporary cities have seen tremendous societal transformation, which leads one to question how to build communities in such complex social and spatial context. Community should be viewed as a process that needs to be built collectively by all its stakeholders, rather than an end result. The potential of engaging the communities in the spatial process that can nurture social relationships and sense of community has to be further explored. In recent years community participation in planning has found expression in various IRUPV DQG LQ GL΍HUHQW VHFWRUV RI XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW LQ PDQ\ $VLDQ FLWLHV 7KH ULVLQJ SRZHU of community action and engagement in shaping the environment has become increasingly evident and many bottom-up initiatives have sprung up to encourage alternative approaches that seek to restore the connection between city dwellers and the built environment. This chapter explores ways in which new spatial practices for community bonding are taking place in Asia’s urban spaces. It also includes contributions that prompt us to rethink the “making” of urban community spaces in Asia, with a focus on innovative practices and theories of community participation in urban space planning, ground-up initiatives and collaborative planning processes.

Social role of urban parks in global cities: a case study of Cheonggyecheon

What Social Marker are the Streets of Seoul? Echo Chamber of Social Ecology

Restoration, Seoul and Diagonal Mar Park, Barcelona

Planning.

%ODŀ .5ΖĿ1Ζ.

MANNISI, Alban

A Study on the Townscape Creation and the Utilization of the Alley Space

Spaces and Spatial Qualities of Traditional Urban Marketplace: A Case Study of Pasar

through the Site Enclosure Transition Leaded by Residents in OGUSUKU District,

Payang

KITANAKAGUSUKU County, Okinawa

Siti Zulaikha MOHD, Khalilah ZAKARIYA, Zumahiran KAMARUDIN

Chihiro TERADA, Hikaru KINOSHITA, WEE Yih Chian From Flexible Use of POPS to “Green” Community Planning: The Practical Path of Rethinking Community Participation in Neighbourhood Planning: A case study of

Taipei ‘s “Open Green” Policy

Singapore’s public housing estates

Chen-Yu LIEN, Pei-Yin SHIH, Yu-Fang CHAN

CHO Im Sik, Ivan Kurniawan NASUTION, Chelsea ZHENG Chenxi A Comparative Study on Old Public Sector Housing in China: Focus on Two Cases Participatory Community Design Action Research: The Case of Phu Xuan Commune,

Lei SHAO, Yiti WANG

Ho Chi Minh City CHONG Keng Hua, Jezamine CHUA Zihui, Zheng Jia, LEE Wei Ji Desmond, NG Zi Kai,

The Role of Riverbank Area as Community Space in Surabaya City, Case Study:

NGUYEN Minh Chau, TAN Yen Lin, TAN Yen Ping Janice, TO Kien, VO Le Hoang Long,

Kampung Jambangan and Kampung Keputran

WONG Kai Qi Sharlene

R. Dimas Widya PUTRA , Setyo NUGROHO, Endang Titi Sunarti DARJOSANJOTO

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9

SOCIAL ROLE OF URBAN PARKS IN GLOBAL CITIES: A CASE STUDY OF CHEONGGYECHEON RESTORATION, SEOUL AND DIAGONAL MAR PARK, BARCELONA BODĹ€ KRIÄżNIK Hanyang University, Graduate School of Urban Studies blaz.kriznik@guest.arnes.si Keywords: BARCELONA, COMMUNAL SPACE, SEOUL, URBAN COMMONS, URBAN PARKS

Abstract Provision of urban parks is considered to be an important instrument, which helps addressing social and territorial cohesion in global cities. Yet local governments strive to create new investment opportunities for global capital and provide spectacle for expanding tourism and cultural industries, which often makes urban parks into an instrument of competition between global cities rather than an HÎ?HFWLYH DSSURDFK GHDOLQJ ZLWK WKHLU VRFLDO DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO problems. Speculative urban development considers urban parks PHUHO\ DV DQ HFRQRPLF DVVHW ZKLFK FDQ EH VWULSSHG RÎ? WKHLU social meanings, and turned into a commodity that can easily be marketed and consumed. The paper compares Cheonggyecheon Restoration in Seoul and Diagonal Mar Park in Barcelona to explore the changing social role of urban parks as urban commons and meaningful communal space in global cities. Cheonggyecheon is a large urban park in the downtown Seoul, constructed after the Cheonggye Expressway was demolished and an ancient stream was recovered on its place. It quickly became a popular public space and a new tourist attraction in Seoul. Diagonal Mar Park, constructed on a former industrial site in Barcelona, is less centrally located and is one among many urban parks in the city. Although the two SDUNV VHHP WR KDYH OLWWOH LQ FRPPRQ DW Č´UVW VLJKW WKH SDSHU DUJXHV that the instrumentalisation of Cheonggyecheon and Diagonal Mar Park, in order to improve economic competitiveness and global DSSHDO LQ 6HRXO DQG %DUFHORQD KDV QHJDWLYHO\ DÎ?HFWHG WKHLU VRFLDO role in a similar way.

1. Introduction Urban parks have an important social role in cities beside their environmental and economic importance. As a part of urban green, which includes other public, private or communal green DUHDV LQ FLWLHV WKH\ SRVLWLYHO\ DÎ?HFW KHDOWK DQG SV\FKRORJLFDO ZHOO being of citizens, provide aesthetically attractive environment for leisure, recreation or education, encourage social interaction of various social groups and in this way strengthen social cohesion RQ GLÎ?HUHQW VFDOHV +ZDQJ &KLHVXUD :ROFK HW DO ΖQ WKHLU UROH RI SXEOLF VSDFH XUEDQ SDUNV DUH EHOLHYHG WR play a part in reproducing the existing and creating new social relations in cities. In this way they are constitutive for production

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of urban commons, which citizens can appropriate, transform and reconstruct as meaningful communal space beyond the PDUNHW ORJLF RU LQWHUYHQWLRQLVW VWDWH +DUYH\ 3URYLVLRQ RI urban parks can, therefore, help in addressing declining social and territorial cohesion in cities. Yet they are at the same time seen as economic, social and environmental assets, which can improve economic competitiveness and global appeal RI WKH LQFUHDVLQJO\ FRPSHWLWLYH JOREDO FLWLHV 7DQ HW DO By constructing new urban parks local governments strive to create new investment opportunities for global capital and provide spectacle for expanding tourism and cultural industries, which turns urban parks into an instrument of urban policy that facilitates competition between global cities rather than LQWR HÎ?HFWLYH ZD\ RI GHDOLQJ ZLWK WKHLU VRFLDO RU HQYLURQPHQWDO problems. Speculative urban development considers urban SDUNV PHUHO\ DV DQ HFRQRPLF DVVHW ZKLFK FDQ EH VWULSSHG RÎ? diverse social meanings, and turned into a commodity that can easily be marketed and consumed. In this way their social role in FLWLHV GHFUHDVHV %RUMD &KR .ULĹ€QLN In order to understand the changing social role of urban parks in global cities, Seoul in South Korea and Barcelona in Catalonia DUH WDNHQ DV FDVHV ZLWK D UDWKHU GLÎ?HUHQW KLVWRU\ VRFLDO DQG economic organisation, urban development and institutional FRQWH[WV &KR 0RQFOÂźV (VWHEDQ .ULĹ€QLN However, both cities have a comparably low park provision UDWLR ZKLFK QHJDWLYHO\ DÎ?HFWV QRW RQO\ WKH TXDOLW\ RI HYHU\GD\ life, but also growing tourism and cultural industries in each city and consequently their position against rival cities. Seoul and Barcelona may in this sense share similarities related to the strategic role and instrumentalisation of urban parks by local government, aimed at improving economic competitiveness and global appeal of each city. The paper focuses on the Cheonggyecheon Restoration in Seoul and Diagonal Mar Park in Barcelona, as two newly constructed urban parks, in order to explore the implications of their instrumentalisation for the social role of urban parks as urban commons and meaningful communal space in global cities. The paper discusses the history and analyses social, urban and institutional context of Cheonggyecheon Restoration and Diagonal Mar Park as well as their perception, use and meaning among the residents of the nearby neighbourhoods. The urban commons framework is applied to understand and assess their social role in everyday life of citizens. 2. Urban commons and communal space Urban policy in global cities has become increasingly competitive. Cities around the world are competing globally to attract LQYHVWPHQWV MREV LQWHUQDWLRQDO HYHQWV DQG WRXULVWV ZKLFK LV LQ consequence expected to advance economic growth and urban

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development, and improve the quality of everyday life. There is little evidence, however, that successful competition inevitably results in economic growth or urban development equally EHQHČ´FLDO WR DOO FLWL]HQV 7KH DFWXDO EHQHČ´WV RI FRPSHWLWLRQ among global cities are on the contrary unevenly distributed DFURVV GLÎ?HUHQW VRFLDO JURXSV 7KH JURZLQJ VRFLDO DQG HFRQRPLF inequalities, decline of communal life or diminishing civic and political rights are believed to be a consequence of a neoliberal urban policy, which prioritizes unrestricted economic JURZWK SURČ´WV DQG HÉ?FLHQF\ VSHFXODWLYH XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW privatisation, welfare cuts, uneven taxes, and individualisation over balanced economic and urban development, common goods, even distribution of public resources, and shared UHVSRQVLELOLW\ 6PLWK %RUMD .ULĹ€QLN &KR +DUYH\ 1HROLEHUDO XUEDQ SROLF\ DOVR DÎ?HFWV WKH VRFLDO UROH RI SXEOLF space in global cities, which is becoming privatised and FRPPRGLČ´HG *URZLQJ FRQFHUQV RYHU SXEOLF VDIHW\ DUH XVHG as an excuse to impose restrictions on the use and meaning of public space with the aim to create seemingly harmonious places, which are expected to attract and accommodate WRXULVWV UDWKHU WKDQ FLWL]HQV 6XSSRVHGO\ HFRQRPLF HÉ?FLHQF\ of private property legitimates privatisation of streets, plazas, parks or even entire neighbourhoods, which are turned into commodities that can be easily marketed and consumed. Focus on its market value limits the established social role of pubic space in terms of reproducing and creating new social relations in cities. Public space is namely of key importance for the SURGXFWLRQ RI XUEDQ FRPPRQV +DUYH\ <HW WKH SURYLVLRQ of public space alone is not enough to produce urban commons, unless public space can be appropriated, transformed and UHFRQVWUXFWHG DV D FRPPXQDO VSDFH +DUYH\ UHIHUV WR organised social and political action, which produces urban commons, as social practice of commoning, and emphasizes collectiveness, temporality and autonomy from the market logic or interventionist state as its key characteristics. The common is not to be construed, therefore, as a particular kind of thing, asset or even social process, but as an unstable DQG PDOOHDEOH VRFLDO UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ D SDUWLFXODU VHOI GHČ´QHG VRFLDO JURXS DQG WKRVH DVSHFWV RI LWV DFWXDOO\ H[LVWLQJ RU \HW WR EH FUHDWHG VRFLDO DQG RU SK\VLFDO HQYLURQPHQW GHHPHG FUXFLDO WR LWV OLIH DQG OLYHOLKRRG 7KHUH LV LQ HÎ?HFW D social practice of commoning. [‌] At the heart of the practice of commoning lies the principle that the relation between the social group and that aspect of the environment being WUHDWHG DV D FRPPRQ VKDOO EH ERWK FROOHFWLYH DQG QRQ FRPPRGLČ´HG Č‚ RÎ? OLPLWV WR WKH ORJLF RI PDUNHW H[FKDQJH DQG PDUNHW YDOXDWLRQV +DUYH\ Communal space contributes to the quality of everyday life regardless of its market value. In contrast to public space, the social role of which can be limited by institutional or private

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control, communal space refers to often temporary yet shared DQG QRQ FRPPRGLČ´HG SODFHV ZKHUH ORFDO HYHU\GD\ SUDFWLFHV DQG FXOWXUHV DUH PDLQWDLQHG DQG UHSURGXFHG :KLOH SXEOLF space in global cities is instrumental and standardised in terms of uses and forms as well as symbolic meanings, communal VSDFH UHPDLQV UHČľH[LYH GLYHUVH DQG ZLWK PXOWLSOH PHDQLQJV +RĂ?HYDU %RUMD ΖQ WKLV ZD\ FRPPXQDO VSDFH KHOSV LQ VWUHQJWKHQLQJ VRFLDO FRKHVLRQ HQFRXUDJLQJ LQWHU FXOWXUDO H[FKDQJH RU VROYLQJ VRFLDO FRQČľLFWV LQ FLWLHV ΖWV VRFLDO UROH KHQFH often goes beyond the local level and contributes to sustainable urban development not only in neighbourhoods, but in entire FLWLHV .ULĹ€QLN $OWKRXJK LWV SURYLVLRQ DORQJ ZLWK WKH redistribution of other public goods, was always instrumental for reproduction of capitalist social and economic relations, public space used to be relatively open for possible appropriation by citizens. During the seventies and eighties public space in South Korea and Catalonia used to be contested by democratic social movements, which appropriated it and transformed it into shared places that were at the centre of struggles against the authoritarian state. In this sense communal space historically played an important political role in the formation of civic society DQG GHPRFUDWLVDWLRQ RI 6RXWK .RUHD DQG &DWDORQLD &KR %RUMD 'RXJODVV +R DQG /LQJ Appropriation and transformation of public space resulted in continuous production of urban commons in the past. Yet LWV RQ JRLQJ SULYDWLVDWLRQ LQ JOREDO FLWLHV VHULRXVO\ FRQVWUDLQV production of new urban commons, while the existing ones DUH FRQWLQXRXVO\ FRPPRGLČ´HG WKURXJK ODQG DQG SURSHUW\ UHQWV +DUYH\ :KHQ UHVLGHQWV WXUQ DQ XUEDQ SDUN IRU instance, into a lively communal space, it starts to attract new urban development which is trying to take advantage of high quality of everyday life. In result, urban park and the nearby neighbourhoods often get taken over by private investments, JHQWULČ´HG WKHLU UHVLGHQWV HYLFWHG DQG GLVSODFHG ZKLOH WKH ORFDO FXOWXUHV VWDUW WR GHFOLQH DQG HYHQWXDOO\ GLVDSSHDU :ROFK HW DO 6XFK VSHFXODWLYH XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW ZKLFK PRELOLVHV ȆXUEDQ UHDO HVWDWH PDUNHWV DV YHKLFOHV RI FDSLWDO DFFXPXODWLRQ ȇ HÎ?HFWLYHO\ GHVWUR\V WKH YHU\ XUEDQ FRPPRQV WKDW KDYH WULJJHUHG WKH FRPPRGLČ´FDWLRQ SURFHVV DW WKH Č´UVW SODFH 6PLWK *HQWULČ´FDWLRQ KDV LQ WKLV ZD\ EHFRPH one of the key instruments of neoliberal urban policy, by which local governments instrumentalise urban commons to improve economic competitiveness and global appeal rather than the quality of everyday life in cities. :H ZLOO XVH WKH FDVH RI 6HRXO DQG %DUFHORQD LQ RUGHU WR H[SORUH the changing of the social role of urban parks for production of urban commons and as a meaningful communal space in global cities. 3. Comparing urban parks in Seoul and Barcelona 3.1 Urban parks in wannabe global cities Seoul and Barcelona are the capitals of South Korea and

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&DWDORQLD $W Č´UVW VLJKW WKH\ KDYH OLWWOH LQ FRPPRQ FRQVLGHULQJ WKHLU GLÎ?HUHQW KLVWRU\ VRFLDO DQG HFRQRPLF RUJDQLVDWLRQ XUEDQ development or institutional context. Yet a decade ago both cities used to occupy a similar position in the global and national urban system. Seoul and Barcelona used to be what Taylor FDOOV ZDQQDEH JOREDO FLWLHV LQGLFDWLQJ WKHLU DVSLUDWLRQ WR overcome the limitations of their somehow peripheral position. ΖQ FRQWUDVW WR WKH GRPLQDQW FLWLHV ZKLFK 6DVVHQ describes as the ‘command points in the organization of the world economy’, the importance of Seoul and Barcelona rather stems from their role of connecting the South Korean and Catalan economy to the global. Globalisation strengthened the traditional role of both cities as the national economic, social, cultural and political centres, leading to a vast concentration RI SRSXODWLRQ Č´QDQFLDO DQG SROLWLFDO SRZHU $OWKRXJK WKH importance of the metropolitan region is growing, Seoul and Barcelona continue to dominate numerous domains of social, HFRQRPLF DQG SROLWLFDO OLIH LQ 6RXWK .RUHD DQG &DWDORQLD 2(&' .ULĹ€QLN

LPSURYHG LWV JOREDO FRPPDQG DQG FRQWURO IXQFWLRQ ZKLOH Barcelona maintains her position despite the overall decline of (XURSHDQ FLWLHV &VRPÂľV DQG 'HUXGGHU

The position of a city at the global and national level has direct implications on urban policy. Because of the aspirations to improve their position, peripheral cities are expected to face stronger pressures at the local level than the global centres. 7D\ORU PDNHV D GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ RXWHU DQG inner wannabes in terms of the strategic goals of urban policy. The outer wannabes are important cities in newly developed countries, while the inner wannabes are less important North $PHULFDQ DQG :HVW (XURSHDQ FLWLHV $FFRUGLQJO\ XUEDQ SROLF\ in outer wannabes is focused on attracting foreign direct investments in order to boost the economic growth and urban development. Inner wannabes, on the contrary, try to challenge the established hierarchy in the national urban system, which they expect will increase their role in the global urban system. Barcelona is a case of an inner wannabe. One of the strategic goals of the regional and local government is to challenge the dominant position of Madrid by developing innovation, knowledge and creative industries along with advanced communication, logistic and transportation infrastructure. In this way Barcelona also wants to improve her position LQ UHODWLRQ WR RWKHU :HVW (XURSHDQ RU 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ FLWLHV 0RQFOŸV .ULŀQLN ΖQ FRQWUDVW 6HRXO LV DQ H[DPSOH RI an outer wannabe, which competes with Tokyo, Hong Kong, and %HLMLQJ 7KH QDWLRQDO DQG ORFDO JRYHUQPHQWV DUH WU\LQJ WR DWWUDFW new investments by boosting advanced producer services and SURPRWLQJ NQRZOHGJH DQG FUHDWLYH LQGXVWULHV :KLOH 6HRXO already has advanced communication and transportation infrastructure, improving the quality of living environment is DQ LPSRUWDQW VWUDWHJLF JRDO RI WKH FLW\ 2(&' 6HRXO DQG Barcelona are also among the important tourist destinations in Europe and Asia, with quickly growing tourism and cultural LQGXVWULHV .ULŀQLN 2YHU WKH SDVW GHFDGHV ERWK FLWLHV KDYH been successful in transforming from national capitals into important global centres. Seoul, in particular, has considerably

Urban parks improve the quality of everyday life in cities. They became at the same time recognised as important economic, VRFLDO DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO DVVHWV DÎ?HFWLQJ FRPSHWLWLYH XUEDQ SROLF\ LQ JOREDO FLWLHV +ZDQJ 7DQ HW DO %HUOLQ DQG Vienna are known to be among the cities with the highest quality of everyday life. In Asia Singapore is likewise considered to have the highest quality of life, although this may also be partly a UHVXOW RI D VNLOIXO PDUNHWLQJ +HQGHUVRQ 8QVXUSULVLQJO\ DOO the three cities have higher per capita green and park provision UDWLR WKDQ 6HRXO RU %DUFHORQD 7DEOH %RWK EHORQJ WR WKH densest global cities and a high concentration of population in Seoul or Barcelona is among the reasons for their rather low per capita green. Although they include vast green areas, such as the Bukhansan National Park, Buramsan or Gwanaksan in Seoul and the Serra de Collserola Natural Park in Barcelona, WKHVH JUHHQ DUHDV DUH QRW HDV\ WR DFFHVV PRXQWDLQV ORFDWHG DW the periphery of each city. In terms of park provision ratio Seoul and Barcelona also fall behind Berlin, Vienna and Singapore, DOWKRXJK LW LV GLÉ?FXOW WR FRPSDUH WKH XUEDQ SDUNV DUHD GLUHFWO\ DV WKH ORFDO JRYHUQPHQWV FODVVLI\ WKHP LQ GLÎ?HUHQW ZD\V 7DQ HW DO QHYHUWKHOHVV DOVR VXJJHVWV WKDW SDUN SURYLVLRQ UDWLR in Seoul and Barcelona is low when compared to other global cities.

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7DEOH *UHHQ DUHDV DQG XUEDQ SDUNV LQ VHOHFWHG JOREDO FLWLHV 2012.

Source: Ajuntament de Barcelona (2013); Amt fĂźr Statistik BerlinBrandenburg (2013); Magistrat der Stadt Wien (2013); Seoul Metropolitan Government (2013); Tan et al. (2013).

Improving provision of urban parks has been a goal of local government in Seoul and Barcelona for quite some time +ZDQJ 2(&' %DUFHORQD LQ SDUWLFXODU KDV D long history of constructing urban parks. The 1859 CerdĂ Plan for the extension of the old city already planned local parks in every new city block as well as metropolitan scale urban parks. Although most of them were never built, many of the PDMRU XUEDQ SDUNV LQ %DUFHORQD WRGD\ GDWH EDFN WR WKH ODWH QLQHWHHQWK RU HDUO\ WZHQWLHWK FHQWXU\ 7DEOH /DWHU RQ RQO\ IHZ PDMRU SDUNV ZHUH EXLOW XQWLO WKH HDUO\ HLJKWLHV ZKHQ WKH QHZ

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democratically elected local government started construction of numerous local parks with participation of civic associations. Many of these parks were part of urban regeneration of decaying industrial areas. Urban parks eventually became an LQWHJUDO SDUW RI WKH VR FDOOHG %DUFHORQD PRGHO ZKLFK UHIHUV WR apparently successful urban policy, based on institutionalised cooperation between public, private and civic stakeholders and FKDUDFWHULVHG E\ PL[HG XVH DQG FRPSDFW XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW SURYLGLQJ D KLJK TXDOLW\ SXEOLF VSDFH %DOLEUHD 0RQFOÂźV (VWHEDQ &RQWUDU\ WR %DUFHORQD WKHUH ZHUH QR urban parks in Seoul until 1897, when the Independence Park and Tapgol Park were opened. During the period of rapid HFRQRPLF JURZWK DQG XUEDQ H[SDQVLRQ RI 6HRXO ZKHQ WKH VR called Miracle on the Han River was created, little attention was paid to urban parks. The local government mostly focused on construction of new metropolitan scale parks. After the late nineties, however, several urban parks were built in Seoul as a part of environmental restoration, which was to a large extent DÎ?HFWHG E\ JURZLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQFHUQV LQ FLYLF VRFLHW\ as well as by its increasing involvement in urban planning and PDQDJHPHQW 7KHVH SDUNV EHFDPH WKH PDMRU XUEDQ SDUNV LQ SUHVHQW GD\ 6HRXO 7DEOH +ZDQJ 7DEOH 6L]H KD RI PDMRU XUEDQ SDUNV LQ 6HRXO DQG %DUFHORQD 2012.

as neighbourhood parks have almost doubled over the past two GHFDGHV DQG QRZ FRYHU VTXDUH PHWHUV RU RI DOO WKH XUEDQ SDUNV LQ 6HRXO FRPSDUHG WR LQ 6HRXO 0HWURSROLWDQ *RYHUQPHQW :H ZLOO QRZ IRFXV RQ WKH &KHRQJJ\HFKHRQ 5HVWRUDWLRQ LQ 6HRXO and Diagonal Mar Park in Barcelona to see how Seoul and Barcelona as the wannabe global cities instrumentalise urban parks in order to improve their economic competitiveness and global appeal, while promoting and marketing them as an DSSDUHQW LPSURYHPHQW RI HYHU\GD\ OLIH LQ WKH FLW\ )LJXUH

Figure 1: Location of Cheonggyecheon in Seoul and Diagonal Mar in Barcelona. Source: Author’s drawing.

3.2 Cheonggyecheon Restoration

Source: Ajuntament de Barcelona (2013); parks.seoul.go.kr (10 October 2014).

ΖW LV GLÉ?FXOW WR FRPSDUH WKH VL]H RU W\SRORJ\ RI XUEDQ SDUNV LQ 6HRXO DQG %DUFHORQD GLUHFWO\ GXH WR GLÎ?HUHQFHV LQ FODVVLČ´FDWLRQ as well as changing methodologies, applied in each city. One can nonetheless compare changes related to the size or number of XUEDQ SDUNV RYHU WLPH ΖQ %DUFHORQD WKH DUHDV FODVVLČ´HG DV XUEDQ green increased for 36 % from 6.998.586 square meters in 1991 to 10.981.127 square meters in 2011, which then accounted for 11 % of the total metropolitan area. Urban parks covered DERXW RQH KDOI RI DOO WKH XUEDQ JUHHQ LQ $MXQWDPHQW GH %DUFHORQD 2YHU WKH SDVW WZR GHFDGHV WKH LQFUHDVH LQ VL]H RI WKH DUHDV FODVVLČ´HG DV XUEDQ SDUNV LQ 6HRXO KDV EHHQ much lower compared to Barcelona. They increased for about eleven percent from 103.268.000 square meters in 1992 to 115.939.000 square meters in 2012, which accounted for 25 RI WKH WRWDO PHWURSROLWDQ DUHD 8UEDQ SDUNV FODVVLČ´FDWLRQ LQ Seoul does not include large national parks, which have actually slightly decreased in size over the past two decades. More than the overall increase in number or size, it is important to notice a JURZLQJ GLYHUVLČ´FDWLRQ RI XUEDQ SDUNV LQ 6HRXO $UHDV FODVVLČ´HG

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&KHRQJJ\HFKHRQ LV DQ HOHYHQ NLORPHWUH VWUHDP UXQQLQJ through downtown Seoul. It played an important environmental DQG V\PEROLF UROH ZKHQ WKH FLW\ ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG LQ Although Cheonggyecheon was often transformed throughout WKH KLVWRU\ LWV PHDQLQJ GLG QRW VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ FKDQJH XQWLO WKH rapid industrialization of Seoul. During that period, the stream became an obstacle to the economic growth and urban development of the city. At the same time, the environmental and living conditions deteriorated enormously as the stream became a home to numerous migrants to Seoul. As a result, most of the stream was covered with road and the elevated Cheonggye Expressway in order to assist the growth of industrial DQG UHVLGHQWLDO DUHDV LQ (DVWHUQ 6HRXO :KHQ WKH XUEDQ development in Seoul shifted to the south of the city after the eighties, many places along Cheonggyecheon fell into economic and social decline. Yet at the same time the area remained a place of bustling wholesale markets, small workshops, stores, and restaurants, stretching beneath and along the expressway to the nearby alleys. Due to good accessibility the area along the stream daily attracted thousands of workers, merchants, street vendors and customers, who created numerous distinct places DQG FXOWXUHV RYHU WKH GHFDGHV .ULĹ€QLN In 2002, the local government announced a plan to demolish the ageing Cheonggye Expressway and recreate an ancient VWUHDP RQ LWV SODFH 7KH 6HRXO 0HWURSROLWDQ *RYHUQPHQW

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wanted to improve environmental and living conditions in the downtown Seoul, resolve disparities in development between the northern and southern part of the city, recover natural and FXOWXUDO KHULWDJH FUHDWH QHZ SXEOLF VSDFHV DGGUHVV WUDÉ?F VDIHW\ and boost tourism in the area. The restoration was successfully completed in 2005, only two years and three months after it started. Many of the goals of the Cheonggyecheon Restoration have already been achieved. Environmental and living conditions LQ WKH DUHD KDYH LPSURYHG FRQVLGHUDEO\ ZKLOH WKH UHVLGHQWV HQMR\ new public spaces and attend a variety of cultural venues and bustling commercial activities. The restoration also created new investment opportunities in the northern Seoul and played an important role in strengthening the economic competitiveness and global appeal of the city. The former Seoul Mayor Lee left QR GRXEW DERXW WKH VWUDWHJLF UROH RI WKH SURMHFW Once the stream is restored, we want this area to stand out as a centre of foreign investment. The ultimate goal is to make Seoul a great city, one that can compete as an attractive centre of business with Shanghai, Tokyo and %HLMLQJ /HH TXRWHG LQ .DQH 7KH UHVWRUDWLRQ SRVLWLYHO\ DÎ?HFWHG WRXULVP DQG FXOWXUDO LQGXVWULHV E\ JHQHUDWLQJ QHZ MREV LQ WKH DUHD ZKLFK ZDV SUHYLRXVO\ NQRZQ for its small industrial workshops and local markets. After its RSHQLQJ WKH VWUHDP EHFDPH RQH RI WKH PDMRU WRXULVW DWWUDFWLRQV in the city and more than 120 million visitors have reportedly visited Cheonggyecheon by 2010, with almost 20 % of them EHLQJ IRUHLJQHUV .ULĹ€QLN 7R VXSSRUW WRXULVP WKH ORFDO government designated Cheonggyecheon as a special tourism zone and built new facilities like the Cheonggyecheon Museum and Seoul Folk Flea Market nearby the stream. Construction of the Dongdaemun Design Plaza and Park, which the local JRYHUQPHQW H[SHFWV WR EHFRPH D PDMRU WRXULVW DWWUDFWLRQ DQG QHZ LFRQ RI WKH JOREDO 6HRXO DOVR EHQHČ´WHG IURP WKH UHVWRUDWLRQ &KXQJ Although the Cheonggyecheon Restoration has had many positive consequences for environmental and living conditions in the downtown Seoul and boosted tourism in the area, it also UHVXOWHG LQ OHVV GHVLUDEOH RXWFRPHV 7KH SURMHFW ZDV LQLWLDOO\ narrowly focused on the restoration of the stream alone and GLG QRW SURYLGH D ORQJ WHUP SODQ WR LQWHJUDOO\ DGGUHVV GLYHUVH FRQVHTXHQFHV RI VXFK ODUJH SURMHFW &KR /DQG YDOXHV LQ WKH DUHD VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ LQFUHDVHG DIWHU WKH UHVWRUDWLRQ DQG PDQ\ traditional neighbourhoods become places of land speculation DQG PDUNHW GULYHQ XUEDQ UHGHYHORSPHQW VXFK DV :DQJVLPQL 1HZ 7RZQ RU +ZDQJKDN GRQJ /RWWH &DVWOH 8QUHVWULFWHG DQG speculative urban development, which paid little if any attention to the existing economic and social complexity of the city, not only had a negative impact on the living environment, but also VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ FKDQJHG VRFLDO VWUXFWXUH DQG HFRQRPLF RUJDQLVDWLRQ RI WKH DUHD .ULĹ€QLN /LP HW DO :KLOH FHUWDLQ LQGXVWULDO RU VHUYLFH VHFWRUV LQ WKH DUHD ČľRXULVK

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WUDGLWLRQDO MREV DUH LQ GHFOLQH 3ODFHV WKDW XVHG WR KDYH DQ important social role for reproduction of the everyday life are disappearing, while many small workshops and shops are closing down. The local government was aware of consequences that the transformation might have on the local markets and eventually relocated some vendors to the Dongdaemun 6WDGLXP DIWHU WKH UHVWRUDWLRQ VWDUWHG 1RQHWKHOHVV WKH PDMRULW\ of the street vendors had to leave the area or lose their work. 7KH RQJRLQJ JHQWULČ´FDWLRQ GHFOLQH RI WUDGLWLRQDO LQGXVWULDO DQG service sectors, and disappearance of communal life resulting IURP WKH ORRVHO\ FRQWUROOHG PDUNHW GULYHQ XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW can to a large extent be attributed to the Cheonggyecheon 5HVWRUDWLRQ &KR /LP HW DO Negative consequences of the restoration seem to be related to its instrumentalisation for particular economic and political LQWHUHVWV RI WKH ORFDO JRYHUQPHQW :KHQ WKH SURMHFW ZDV DQQRXQFHG LW HQMR\HG D EURDG SXEOLF VXSSRUW ZKLFK WKH IRUPHU mayor used as an opportunity to strengthen his political position. The local government, hence, instrumentalised the restoration not only to create new investment opportunities, strengthen economic competitiveness or improve global appeal of the city, but also to support Mayor Lee’s political ambitions, which eventually prevailed over the other concerns. Rather than a careful restoration of natural environment and cultural heritage, the Cheonggyecheon Restoration was about rapid construction RI DQ LFRQLF SODFH ZKLFK ODFNV ȆHFRORJLFDO DXWKHQWLFLW\ȇ &KR $OWKRXJK WKH SURMHFW UHFRYHUHG D SDUW RI WKH QDWXUDO and cultural heritage it was also used to rewrite the meaning of the city following the interests of the local government. In order to legitimise particular economic and political interests and to retain the unconditional public support, the Seoul Metropolitan *RYHUQPHQW SUHVHQWHG WKH UHVWRUDWLRQ DV WKH VR FDOOHG ȆKRSH IRU WKH 6HRXO FLWL]HQVȇ DQG ȆDV D V\PEROLF SURMHFW to revive an important part of Korea’s historical and natural heritage at the start of the 21st century.’ 3.3 Diagonal Mar Park Diagonal Mar Park is a part of a large transformation of Eastern Barcelona. Urban development of the area dates back to the mid 19th century, when it became an industrial centre of Barcelona and Catalonia with rapidly growing industry. At that time, it was not only a distinct industrial appearance that set Eastern Barcelona apart from the rest of the city, but also ZRUNLQJ FODVV OLIH WKDW KDG PRUH LQ FRPPRQ ZLWK LQGXVWULDO FLWLHV elsewhere in Europe than with Barcelona. Poblenou, which was the heart of the area, was unsurprisingly referred to as the &DWDODQ 0DQFKHVWHU $U[LX +LVW´ULF GHO 3REOHQRX $SDUW from the expanding industry, the area was also known for poor quality of the living environment, lacking social amenities and infrastructure. At the same time the everyday life was marked by D VWURQJ ZRUNLQJ FODVV VROLGDULW\ ZKLFK JDYH ULVH WR SURJUHVVLYH labour and political social movements. In 1897 Sant MartĂ­ de

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Provençals became part of Barcelona. During that time Eastern Barcelona started to be perceived as the poor periphery of the city with the vast industry, but also with numerous shantytowns along the coast. Due to the growing number of economic migrants and gradual deindustrialisation of the area, the living environment and working conditions deteriorated further in the coming decades, which left only a handful of smaller industries and plentiful of underused industrial land in Eastern Barcelona .ULĹ€QLN $ PDMRU FKDQJH LQ WHUPV RI XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW FDPH ZKHQ WKH most important avenue in Barcelona was completed in 1999. 7KH Č´QLVKLQJ RI 'LDJRQDO $YHQXH RSHQHG QHZ SRVVLELOLWLHV IRU WKH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI (DVWHUQ %DUFHORQD $U[LX +LVW´ULF GHO 3REOHQRX 'XULQJ WKH QLQHWLHV WKH ORFDO JRYHUQPHQW launched several ambitious plans to transform what was seen as the largest underdeveloped part of Barcelona. In 2001, the # $FWLYLW\ 'LVWULFW SODQ ZDV DGRSWHG ZKLFK ZDV WR EULQJ D IDU reaching economic transformation and urban regeneration to Poblenou, creating in this way new investment and employment opportunities for the Barcelona’s strategic economic sectors, while improving the quality of living environment in a seemingly decaying neighbourhood. The local government considered the plan of utmost strategic importance for the future of the city ‘in order to maintain our position among leading European FLWLHVȇ %UDJDGR L $FÂŻQ # $FWLYLW\ 'LVWULFW SODQ ZDV integrated with other urban development in Eastern Barcelona. $GMDFHQW )RUXP RI &XOWXUHV ZDV RQH RI WKH ODUJHVW SXEOLF SURMHFWV EXLOW LQ %DUFHORQD RYHU WKH SDVW GHFDGH ΖWV DLP ZDV WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO UHVWRUDWLRQ RI WKH %HV´V 5LYHU HVWXDU\ improvement of infrastructure, and provision of large open space. Moreover, the construction of new university centre and RÉ?FH FRPSOH[ WRJHWKHU ZLWK XUEDQ UHJHQHUDWLRQ RI WKH QHDUE\ La Mina and La Catalana neighbourhoods, was expected to transform the area into one of Barcelona’s ten areas of new FHQWUDOLW\ (VWHEDQ .ULĹ€QLN 8UEDQ GHYHORSPHQW RI 'LDJRQDO 0DU DQRWKHU PDMRU SURMHFW was to complement and connect 22@ Activity District in 3REOHQRX ZLWK WKH )RUXP RI &XOWXUHV $MXQWDPHQW GH %DUFHORQD :KLOH WKH ODWWHU ZHUH SUHGRPLQDWHO\ SXEOLF SURMHFWV Diagonal Mar became one of the largest private developments LQ %DUFHORQD )DFHG ZLWK HFRQRPLF GLÉ?FXOWLHV DQG WLPH constrains, mainly caused by the construction of Forum of Cultures, the local government apparently gave free hands to the American developer Hines to build Diagonal Mar according to their particular needs, without much concern for the public LQWHUHVW 0DMRRU 7KH FRPSOH[ FRQVLVWV RI DERXW luxury housing units, grouped in several residential towers, one of the largest shopping malls in Catalonia, high quality hotels DQG RÉ?FHV DQG D ODUJH FRQJUHVV FHQWUH ZKLFK DUH DOO TXLWH introverted and isolated from the city. The Diagonal Mar Park VWUHWFKHV DFURVV VTXDUH PHWHUV DW WKH FHQWUH RI WKH complex and was constructed between 1995 and 2002 with

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a lot of attention paid to ecological restoration of the former LQGXVWULDO ODQG DQG KLJK TXDOLW\ ODQGVFDSH GHVLJQ 7DEOH $U[LX +LVW´ULF GHO 3REOHQRX <HW WKH SDUN LV JDWHG DQG not easy to access, although the local government built it as a public park for the nearby neighbourhoods. The complex lacks integration with the existing social, economic and urban fabric, and resembles other gated communities around the world rather than Barcelona, which used to be known for her public VSDFH FXOWXUDO GLYHUVLW\ DQG FRPPXQDO OLIH 0X[ÂŻ LQ %RUMD It is, hence, not surprising that although the private developer SURPRWHG DQG PDUNHWHG WKH SURMHFW DV DQ RXWVWDQGLQJ H[DPSOH of sustainable urban development, Diagonal Mar received a lot of public criticism and faced opposition from the residents. According to the local government the transformation of Eastern Barcelona was supposed to balance between public and private interests, yet the most deprived neighbourhoods seem to have JDLQHG OLWWOH IURP PDUNHW GULYHQ XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW DSDUW IURP WKH RQ JRLQJ JHQWULČ´FDWLRQ DQG SULYDWLVDWLRQ RI SXEOLF VSDFH %RUMD 0DMRRU >3URMHFWV OLNH 'LDJRQDO 0DU@ KDYH DFFHOHUDWHG WKH destruction of the social fabric of small local businesses [‌] and impoverished the quality and quantity of public VSDFHV LQ IDYRXU RI SVHXGR SXEOLF EXW LQ IDFW UHVWULFWHG DQG SULYDWH FRQVXPHU ORFDOHV 0DQ\ LQKDELWDQWV RI WKHVH neighbourhoods or their children have de facto been H[SHOOHG IURP WKHLU KLVWRULF FRPPXQLWLHV XQDEOH WR DÎ?RUG the escalating prices of new residences in their now improved areas, or forced out of buildings expropriated for GHPROLWLRQ %DOLEUHD Although Diagonal Mar Park improved the quality of everyday life for some residents, others had to face its negative consequences. The urban development has not only changed WKH H[LVWLQJ VRFLDO DQG VSDWLDO UHODWLRQV EXW KDV DOVR VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ altered symbolic meaning of the area. Diagonal Mar Park was built on the site of the former MACOSA factory and Camp de la Bota. Many residents in Poblenou used to work there, while the latter became one of the poorest shantytowns in Barcelona. For WKH UHVLGHQWV WKHVH SODFHV V\PEROLVHG WKHLU ZRUNLQJ FODVV KLVWRU\ and social struggles, also because many victims of Franco’s PLOLWDU\ UHJLPH ZHUH VKRW LQ &DPS GH OD %RWD $U[LX +LVW´ULF GHO 3REOHQRX 5HVLGHQWV ODUJHO\ SHUFHLYHG 'LDJRQDO 0DU DV an unsuccessful attempt, by which the local government tried to change the established social and urban structure of the DUHD DQG DV ȆRQH RI WKH EORRGLHVW ZRXQGV LQČľLFWHG XSRQ WKH city, with treason and contempt for the residents’, as the former president of the Neighbours Association in Poblenou has put it HPRWLRQDOO\ &ODUÂľV 4. Cheonggyecheon and Diagonal Mar Park as communal space? 7KH UHVLGHQWV RI QHLJKERXUKRRGV DGMDFHQW WR &KHRQJJ\HFKHRQ

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and Diagonal Mar Park seem to have perceived the latter in a UDWKHU GLÎ?HUHQW ZD\ FRPSDUHG WR KRZ WKH ORFDO JRYHUQPHQW or private developers tried to promote new urban parks in the public. According to residents’ relationship to the now transformed places, Cheonggyecheon Restoration and Diagonal Mar Park have created a sense of new order for some, while for other residents the transformation has resulted in alienation GXH WR WKH ORVV RI WKHLU ROG OLYLQJ HQYLURQPHQW %DOLEUHD 6XFK SHUFHSWLRQ VHHPV WR KDYH GLUHFWO\ DÎ?HFWHG WKH XVH RI QHZ urban parks. In order to understand how the residents perceived and used Cheonggyecheon and Diagonal Mar, a survey was conducted in 2006 and 2007, which included 95 respondents IURP :DQJVLPQL DQG IURP 3REOHQRX 7ZR VHOHFWHG neighbourhoods are located right next to Cheonggyecheon and 'LDJRQDO 0DU 3DUN DQG ZHUH DW WKH WLPH DÎ?HFWHG E\ DQRWKHU ODUJH XUEDQ UHGHYHORSPHQW $OWKRXJK :DQJVLPQL 1HZ 7RZQ and 22@ Activity District in Poblenou were formally unrelated to Cheonggyecheon Restoration and Diagonal Mar, many residents may have perceived the consequences of these plans as a result RI D VLQJOH RQ JRLQJ WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI WKHLU OLYLQJ HQYLURQPHQW RI UHVSRQGHQWV LQ :DQJVLPQL DQG LQ 3REOHQRX namely agreed that their neighbourhood has become known QRW RQO\ IRU :DQJVLPQL 1HZ 7RZQ RU # $FWLYLW\ 'LVWULFW EXW DOVR IRU &KHRQJJ\HFKHRQ 5HVWRUDWLRQ DQG 'LDJRQDO 0DU .ULĹ€QLN The two neighbourhoods seem to have had a well established communal life and distinct identity in the past. 69 % of UHVSRQGHQWV LQ :DQJVLPQL DQG RI WKRVH LQ 3REOHQRX KDYH claimed that they were frequently or very frequently spending their free time in the neighbourhood. At the same time about half of all respondents have also worked within the neighbourhood, which hints at a strong neighbourhood attachment among the UHVLGHQWV RI UHVSRQGHQWV LQ :DQJVLPQL DQG RI WKRVH in Poblenou apparently used to meet their neighbours on a GDLO\ EDVLV ZKLOH RI UHVSRQGHQWV LQ :DQJVLPQL DQG of respondents in Poblenou used to meet their neighbours on D ZHHNO\ EDVLV RI UHVSRQGHQWV LQ :DQJVLPQL DQG in Poblenou considered their relationships with neighbours as excellent or good, which shows that the everyday life in each neighbourhood was characterised by a relatively strong social FRKHVLRQ .ULĹ€QLN :KLOH PRVW RI WKHP ZHUH JHQHUDOO\ VDWLVČ´HG ZLWK WKH TXDOLW\ of everyday life in the neighbourhood, 73 % of respondents LQ :DQJVLPQL DQG LQ 3REOHQRX DJUHHG WKDW WKHLU neighbourhood lacked public space, including community facilities and urban parks. One would therefore expect the respondents to welcome construction of new urban parks nearby their neighbourhood. However, not everyone among the respondents has visited Cheonggyecheon or Diagonal Mar Park at the time of survey. Although about a third of the UHVSRQGHQWV LQ :DQJVLPQL DSSDUHQWO\ YLVLWHG WKH VWUHDP RQ D daily or weekly basis, 33 % have surprisingly earlier never visited

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&KHRQJJ\HFKHRQ .ULĹ€QLN 6LPLODUO\ WR :DQJVLPQL one third of respondents in Poblenou have visited Diagonal 0DU 3DUN IUHTXHQWO\ RU YHU\ IUHTXHQWO\ ZKLOH RI WKHP KDYH claimed that they have seldom or never visited Diagonal Mar Park in the past. One wonders why more than one third of UHVSRQGHQWV LQ :DQJVLPQL DQG 3REOHQRX ZKR KDYH RWKHUZLVH frequently spent most of their free time in the neighbourhood for which they have largely agreed to be lacking public space, did not visit or, perhaps, did not want to visit the new urban parks, once these were opened right next to their living place? Some have claimed that they did not perceive Cheonggyecheon and Diagonal Mar Park as what they referred to as ‘their space’, mostly because the new urban parks were planned and constructed by the local government without considering residents’ interests or needs. In the case of Cheonggyecheon Restoration the local government initially aimed to involve residents, street vendors, merchants and other civic groups into GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ SURFHVV \HW WKH FLYLF VRFLHW\ ZDV HYHQWXDOO\ OHIW with no power over the local government’s decisions. Diagonal Mar Park on the other hand was planned completely without FLYLF SDUWLFLSDWLRQ &KR 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG LW LV SRVVLEOH WR DVVXPH WKDW VRPH UHVSRQGHQWV SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ :DQJVLPQL would have never visited new urban park regardless of whether it was constructed with or without civic participation. They were simply not accustomed to visit and use urban parks like Cheonggyecheon in their everyday life. 2WKHU UHVSRQGHQWV DOVR PHQWLRQHG GLÉ?FXOWLHV UHODWHG WR DFFHVV or complained about strong surveillance, present in the park, as the reason for not visiting Cheonggyecheon and Diagonal Mar Park in the past. Cheonggyecheon is separated from the QHLJKERXUKRRG E\ D EXV\ URDG ZKLFK KDV WR EH FURVVHG Č´UVW LQ order to access the stream. Afterwards one has to use one of the IHZ DYDLODEOH VWDLUV RU UDPSV WR Č´QDOO\ UHDFK &KHRQJJ\HFKHRQ which is located several meters lower than the neighbourhood. Everyday activities are restricted in the park, which is also controlled by the Cheonggyecheon maintenance personnel and &&79V .ULĹ€QLN &RQWUDU\ WR &KHRQJJ\HFKHRQ 'LDJRQDO Mar Park could have been easily integrated with the nearby residential areas, yet it is surrounded by a high metal fence, which has only a limited number of gates to access the park. Here too, possible everyday use is limited by the landscape design itself as well as by surveillance of the park, which also JHWV FORVHG IRU SXEOLF GXULQJ WKH QLJKW 0X[ÂŻ LQ %RUMD 0DMRRU 5. Conclusion: decreasing social role of urban parks 7KH VXUYH\ LWVHOI GRHV QRW SURYLGH D GHČ´QLWH DQVZHU ZK\ VRPH UHVLGHQWV LQ :DQJVLPQL DQG 3REOHQRX GLG QRW YLVLW RU did not want to visit Cheonggyecheon and Diagonal Mar Park, since many respondents did not explain their reasons for not YLVLWLQJ WKH QHZO\ FRQVWUXFWHG SDUN 7KH VXUYH\ LQ :DQJVLPQL

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was also conducted less than a year after the opening of Cheonggyecheon and some respondents might simply had no opportunity to visit the stream. The survey does, however, reveal that some residents have seldom or never visited &KHRQJJ\HFKHRQ DQG 'LDJRQDO 0DU 3DUN GXH WR WKH GLÉ?FXOWLHV in accessing the park, restrictions imposed over its everyday use, limited possibilities of interaction with the new environment, and strong surveillance, present in both parks. It seems that the transformation and loss of their old living environment, resulting not only from the construction of new urban parks, but also from larger urban redevelopment of their neighbourhood, created a sense of alienation, which might have in result QHJDWLYHO\ DÎ?HFWHG UHVLGHQWVȇ SHUFHSWLRQ RI &KHRQJJ\HFKHRQ and Diagonal Mar Park. Moreover, in both cases the park was to a large degree planned and constructed without considering residents’ interests, which might have further increased their sense of alienation. In this way it is clearer why some residents did not visit Cheonggyecheon and Diagonal Mar Park. One may, hence, question the social role of Cheonggyecheon and Diagonal Mar Park as public space, which the residents can temporarily or permanently appropriate, transform and reconstruct as communal space. If they are daily faced with GLÉ?FXOWLHV DQG UHVWULFWLRQV RYHU LWV XVH DQG PHDQLQJV LW VHHPV XQOLNHO\ WKDW WKH VR FDOOHG VRFLDO SUDFWLFH RI FRPPRQLQJ ZLOO WDNH SODFH LQ WKH QHZO\ FRQVWUXFWHG SDUNV :KHQ SURPRWLQJ and marketing them as apparent improvement of everyday life in Seoul and Barcelona, the local government and private developer have also intentionally ignored a part of the history, related to Cheonggyecheon and Diagonal Mar Park, which had on the other hand an important symbolic meaning for the residents. Symbolic reconstruction of Cheonggyecheon and Diagonal Mar Park, resulting from dominant narratives OHJLWLPLVLQJ WKHLU FRQVWUXFWLRQ DQG SURPRWLQJ WKHP DV SURMHFWV of strategic importance for each city, seems to have further GHFUHDVHG WKH VRFLDO UROH RI ERWK XUEDQ SDUNV LQ :DQJVLPQL DQG Poblenou. 6HRXO DQG %DUFHORQD DUH FLWLHV ZLWK GLÎ?HUHQW KLVWRU\ VRFLDO DQG economic organisation, urban development and institutional FRQWH[WV :KLOH %DUFHORQD KDV D ORQJ KLVWRU\ RI FRQVWUXFWLQJ XUEDQ SDUNV RQ GLÎ?HUHQW VFDOHV RIWHQ ZLWK DQ DFWLYH LQYROYHPHQW of civic society, the history of urban parks in Seoul is comparably short. In Seoul, the local government has until recently focused on provision of metropolitan scale urban parks, with a rather limited civic participation. However, their recent instrumentalisation, aimed to improve economic competitiveness and global appeal in each city, had rather similar consequences on the social role of urban parks in global Seoul and Barcelona. Although the strategic importance of Diagonal Mar Park was less central compared to that of Cheonggyecheon Restoration, both urban SDUNV ZHUH SULPDULO\ FRQVWUXFWHG ZLWK DQ DLP WR PRELOLVH UHDO estate markets, boost tourism and cultural industries, and strengthen political position of local government in Seoul and

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Barcelona. The instrumentalisation, resulting in privatisation DQG FRPPRGLČ´FDWLRQ RI XUEDQ SDUNV VHHPV WR KDYH QHJDWLYHO\ DÎ?HFWHG WKHLU VRFLDO UROH LQ UHSURGXFLQJ WKH H[LVWLQJ DQG FUHDWLQJ QHZ VRFLDO UHODWLRQV Č‚ QRW RQO\ LQ WHUPV RI LPSURYLQJ WKH TXDOLW\ RI HYHU\GD\ OLIH IRU GLÎ?HUHQW VRFLDO JURXSV EXW DOVR LQ WHUPV RI producing new urban commons and meaningful communal space. Acknowledgement This work was supported by the research fund of the Hanyang 8QLYHUVLW\ +<

References $MXQWDPHQW GH %DUFHORQD %DUFHORQD &LXGDG GHO &RQRFLPLHQWR (FRQRPÂŻD GHO &RQRFLPLHQWR 7HFQRORJÂŻDV GH OD ΖQIRUPDFLÂľQ \ OD &RPXQLFDFLÂľQ \ 1XHYDV (VWUDWHJLDV 8UEDQDV %DUFHORQD $MXQWDPHQW GH %DUFHORQD $MXQWDPHQW GH %DUFHORQD $QXDUL (VWDGÂŻVWLF GH OD &LXWDW GH %DUFHORQD %DUFHORQD $MXQWDPHQW GH %DUFHORQD $PW IžU 6WDWLVWLN %HUOLQ %UDQGHQEXUJ 6WDWLVWLVFKHV -DKUEXFK 3RWVGDP $PW IžU 6WDWLVWLN %HUOLQ %UDQGHQEXUJ $U[LX +LVW´ULF GHO 3REOHQRX (QFLFORSÂŞGLD (O 3REOHQRX HQ YHXV %DUFHORQD $U[LX +LVW´ULF GHO 3REOHQRX %DOLEUHD 0 3 Ȇ8UEDQLVP &XOWXUH DQG WKH 3RVW LQGXVWULDO &LW\ &KDOOHQJLQJ WKH Ȇ%DUFHORQD 0RGHOȇȇ -RXUQDO RI 6SDQLVK &XOWXUDO 6WXGLHV Č‚ %RUMD - /D &LXGDG &RQTXLVWDGD 0DGULG $OLDQ]D (GLWRULDO %UDJDGR L $FÂŻQ * Ȇ/D UHQRYDFLÂľQ GHO 3REOHQRX XQD DSUR[LPDFLÂľQ XUEDQÂŻVWLFD DO GLVWULFWR GH DFWLYLGDGHV #EFQȇ ΖQ %DUFHORQD PHWUÂľSROLV PHGLWHUUDQLD &LXGDG GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR HG E\ $MXQWDPHQW GH %DUFHORQD %DUFHORQD $MXQWDPHQW GH %DUFHORQD Č‚ &KLHVXUD $ Ȇ7KH UROH RI XUEDQ SDUNV IRU WKH VXVWDLQDEOH FLW\ȇ /DQGVFDSH DQG 8UEDQ 3ODQQLQJ Č‚ &KR 0 5 Ȇ&LYLF 6SDFHV LQ 8UEDQ .RUHD WKH 6SDWLDO Enrichment of Civil Society’. International Development Planning 5HYLHZ Č‚ &KR 0 5 Ȇ7KH 3ROLWLFV RI 8UEDQ 1DWXUH 5HVWRUDWLRQ The Case of Cheonggyecheon Restoration in Seoul, Korea’. ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO 'HYHORSPHQW 3ODQQLQJ 5HYLHZ Č‚ &KXQJ + Ȇ$ &ULWLFDO 5HYLHZ RQ 5HJHQHUDWLQJ D 3ODFHȇV (FRQRPLF 9DOXH WKURXJK /DQGVFDSH 5HVWUXFWXULQJ 7KH &DVH of Dongdaemun Stadium’. Journal of the Korean Geographical 6RFLHW\ Č‚ &ODUÂľV 6 Ȇ DQ\V GH FDQYL XUEDQÂŻVWLFȇ (O 3REOHQRX

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A STUDY ON THE TOWNSCAPE CREATION AND THE UTILIZATION OF THE ALLEY SPACE THROUGH THE SITE ENCLOSURE TRANSITION LEADED BY RESIDENTS IN OGUSUKU DISTRICT, KITANAKAGUSUKU COUNTY, OKINAWA Chihiro TERADA Graduate Student Graduate School of Kansai University XD #\DKRR FR MS Hikaru KINOSHITA Assoc.Prof Kansai University .LQRVLWD#NDQVDL X DF MS WEE Yih Chian Keywords: SITE ENCLOSURE, GREENING ACTIVITY, TOWNSCAPE, OGUSUKU DISTRICT, OKINAWA

Abstract World War II caused enormous damage to Okinawa, and Okinawa KDG EHHQ LQȾXHQFHG E\ 86 *RYHUQDQFH PRUH WKDQ -DSDQȇV PDLQODQG XQWLO LW ZDV UHWXUQHG WR -DSDQ LQ 2JXVXNX ZKLFK EHORQJV WR .LWDQDNDJXVXNX &RXQW\ LQ WKH PLGGOH HDVWHUQ SDUW RI 2NLQDZDȇV mainland. ΖQ 2JXVXNX WKH VKDSH RI HYHU\ VLWHV DQG WKH FRQȴJXUDWLRQ RI WKH alley network have been preserved. But, the width of main roads has been expanded and houses have been rebuilt from wooden to RC. Therefore the site enclosure has changed from the composition of the limestone wall or the embankment with the windbreak to the concrete block wall because originally the windbreak was necessary for wooden houses with tiled roof against the typhoon. ΖQ WKHVH \HDUV 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ ZKLFK LV WKH voluntary organization consisted of men aged 55 and over, has FRRSHUDWHG ZLWK WKH UHVLGHQWVȇ DVVRFLDWLRQ 7KH\ KDYH PDQDJHG QRW only trees and plants of each private garden as well as public space, but community festivals and events. Therefore, the purposes of this study make clear to how to revitalize the townscape and utilize the alley space for community bonding spontaneously. )LUVWO\ WKH UHVLGHQWVȇ DVVRFLDWLRQ DQG 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ have done the greening and cleaning activities everyday since 2000. They have planted regional trees in front of concrete blocks at the VLWH ERXQGDU\ JXDUGUDLOV RI URDGV DV SXEOLF VSDFH DQG ȾRZHUV DW the less green site of private houses. They have carried out 30 places totally and established the green method according to the material DQG FRQȴJXUDWLRQ RI WKH VLWH HQFORVXUH 7KH JUHHQLQJ DFWLYLWLHV WUHQG to be concentrated in the area where originally the private site was transferred to the public and have an important role to revitalize the townscape based on the trees without the function of windbreak. Secondly, they have started the alley museum in 2003 for two days in autumn temporarily and used all of alley and public space in

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2JXVXNX LQ SODFH RI RSHQ DLU PXVHXP EHFDXVH LW LV GLÉ?FXOW IRU the small village like Ogusuku to own the museum building. They have three types of exhibitions, private gardens tended by residents, UHVLGHQWȇV ZRUNV DQG VFXOSWXUHV PDGH IURP WHUUD FRWWD E\ 2NLQDZD Prefectural University of Arts as the collaborator for community building. Therefore the alley space in Ogusuku has changed dramatically and encouraged various activities on public space.

1. Introduction 1-1. Background and purpose :RUOG :DU ΖΖ KDG FDXVHG HQRUPRXV GDPDJH WR 2NLQDZD DQG KDG EHHQ LQȾXHQFHG E\ 8 6 JRYHUQPHQW PRUH WKDQ -DSDQȇV mainland until it was returned to Japan in 1972. Ogusuku district, which belongs to Kitanakagusuku County in the PLGGOH HDVWHUQ SDUW RI 2NLQDZDȇV PDLQODQG LV ORFDWHG LQ WKH PRXQWDLQWRS VXUURXQGHG E\ JUHHQ DQG LV DGMDFHQW WR 1DNDJXVXNX &DVWOH 5XLQV RI WKH :RUOG +HULWDJH 7KH 1DNDPXUD House of the national important cultural Asset represents the characteristic of the traditional house and has an important role RI VSDFH FRQVWLWXWLRQ RI 2JXVXNX GLVWULFW )LJXUH ΖQ WKHVH \HDUV 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ ZKLFK LV WKH YROXQWDU\ organization consisted of males aged 55 and over, has managed trees and plants of each private garden as well as public space in Ogusuku district. Therefore, the purposes of this study is to clarify the following three things. 7RZQVFDSH WUDQVLWLRQ RI 2JXVXNX GLVWULFW IURP WR LQȾXHQFHG E\ 8 6 JRYHUQPHQW $FWLYLWLHV DQG FRQWULEXWLRQ IRU WRZQVFDSH LQ WKHVH \HDUV E\ 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ (YDOXDWLRQ RI 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ IURP WKH viewpoint of spatial characteristics and historical background In this study, the timeline was divided into three period, the SRVW ZDU FKDRV SHULRG IURP WR 5\XN\X JRYHUQPHQW SHULRG IURP WR $IWHU 2NLQDZDȇV UHYHUVLRQ WR -DSDQ IURP

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site and the tomb had increased, but the area had not been H[SDQGHG :KLOH WKH ZDVWHODQG KDG LQFUHDVHG WKHUH ZDV DOPRVW QR LQFUHDVH RU GHFUHDVH LQ WKH RWKHU ODQG XVH As a result of the analysis above, it is obvious that in overall, WKHUH ZDV QR ELJ FKDQJH RI ODQG XVH LQ 2JXVXNX GLVWULFW

Figure 1: Location of Ogusuku district and Object area of this study.

1-2. Deȴnition of the townscape in this study ΖQ WKLV VWXG\ Ζ GHȴQH WKDW WKH WRZQVFDSH LV FRPSRVHG E\ IRXU HOHPHQWV ZKLFK DUH WKH VKDSH RI WKH VLWHV WKH FRQȴJXUDWLRQ RI the alley network, the house, and the site enclosure. Figure 2 is the cross section of the road faced by Nakamura House which had remained since prewar. This study analyzes the transition RI HDFK HOHPHQW DQG KRZ WKH WRZQVFDSH FUHDWLRQ RI 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ FRQWULEXWHV WR EH E\ IURP WKH YLHZ SRLQW of the site enclosure.

Table 1: Land-use statistics of each period.

2-2. Transition of the site boundary 1) Transition of the site boundary administration and residents Since Ryukyu government period, in order to adapt to the automobile society, and to improve the living environment in Ogusuku district, the widening and paving of the road was necessary. 7KH SUHIHFWXUDO URDG ZKLFK SDVVHV WKURXJK WKH 2JXVXNX district, was approved as the prefectural road in 1951, and has carried out road widening from 1963. The road widening was carried out intensively in 1967 and 1971, during the Ryukyu government period. Besides, Administration had not only widen the road along the prefecture road, but also the alley in Ogusuku district. Figure 3 shows the place of road widening in Ogusuku district.

Figure 2: Place which has been composed of the limestone wall and the windbreak from prewar.

2. Transition of the shape of the site and the conÈ´guration of the alley network 2-1. Transition of the land-use The subdivision and sales in lots had caused the total sites in LQFUHDVHG E\ VLWHV FRPSDUHG WR 7DEOH 7KH most common site is the residence. The residential sites in 1972 GHFUHDVH E\ VLWHV FRPSDUHG WR ZKLFK ZDV VLWHV DQG the wasteland had increased by 25 sites. The reason was that the residents died in the war and the houses became empty. After that, the residential sites increased by 52 sites and the total VLWHV LQFUHDVHG E\ VLWHV WR GDWH 7KH GHFUHDVH RI WKH È´HOGV LV caused by the decrease of the farmers. The tomb increased by 16 sites compared to 1972, but there was no expansion of area due to the increase by subdivision. Therefore, we can say that in Ogusuku district, by subdivision and sale in lots, the residential

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Figure 3: Place in which road widening were carried out in Ogusuku district.

2) Transition of the site boundary among residents At the alley in Ogusuku district, which the car cannot pass, the VLWH HQFORVXUH ZDV UHEXLOW IURP WKH ȴUVW KDOI RI WKH ȇV VR WKDW WKH HPHUJHQF\ YHKLFOHV FDQ FRPH LQ 7KH DGMXVWPHQW DERXW the setback of the site boundary was carried out among the residents only and without administration. The residents got the

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materials for the site enclosure from the village or procured the materials by themselves. These agreements by the residents do not exist in data and drawings. Therefore it was impossible WR FRQÈ´UP WKH ZKROH SLFWXUH DERXW WKH VHWEDFN RI WKH VLWH boundary, but it was obvious that the road widening was carried out at the alley which is illustrated in Figure 3. 6LWH VKDSH DQG FRQÈ´JXUDWLRQ RI WKH DOOH\ QHWZRUN In Ogusuku district, there were the sites carried out subdivision IURP SRVW ZDU WR GDWH ZKLFK ZHUH FDUULHG RXW VDOHV LQ ORWV LQWR residential land, forest, wasteland, tomb, or were condemned for road widening. Since there was no change of the road SRVLWLRQ DORQJ WKH WRSRJUDSK\ WKH FDUGLQDO FRQÈ´JXUDWLRQ RI WKH alley network has been maintained except for some road width. Therefore, there was no substantial change of the site shapes. Based on these, when examining the sites one by one, small changes of the site shapes due to road widening and changes of the site number due to the subdivision within the lot can be seen. However when examining sites in the entire district, it is obvious that the site shapes and the road framework had UHPDLQHG VLQFH SRVW ZDU WR GDWH

GXH WR WKH ELJ W\SKRRQ LQ WKH VWDQGDUGL]HG KRXVH ZDV almost destroyed completely. From 1950, due to the beginning RI WUDGLQJ ZLWK PDLQODQG MDSDQ IXOO ȵHGJHG ZRRGHQ DUFKLWHFWXUH started to popularize, whilst the concrete skill from US army DQG WKH ȴQDQFLQJ IDFLOLW\ RI FRQVWUXFWLRQ IXQGV VLQFH ZKLFK WRRN SUHIHUHQWLDO WUHDWPHQW IRU QRQ ZRRGHQ KRXVH KDG FDXVHG WKH LQFUHDVH LQ QRQ ZRRGHQ KRXVH

Figure 5: Standardized house.

Table 2: Transition of the house to Okinawa’s reversion to Japan in the whole island of Okinawa.

2. Ryukyu government period (1952~1972)

3. Transition of the house and the site enclosure 3-1. Transition of the house

The school building was changed to RC since 1955, and became WKH LQLWLDWLYH RI WKH VSUHDG RI WKH QRQ ZRRGHQ KRXVH 6LQFH the concrete block house of US army was not destroyed by the three big typhoons in 1959, there was a growing tendency for WKH QRQ ZRRGHQ KRXVH LQ 2NLQDZD $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH QXPEHU RI WKH HDFK VWUXFWXUH W\SH LQ EXLOGLQJ FHUWLÈ´FDWLRQ DSSOLFDWLRQ WKH QXPEHU RI ZRRGHQ DQG QRQ ZRRGHQ VWUXFWXUH ZDV DOPRVW WKH VDPH LQ DQG WKH QRQ ZRRGHQ VWUXFWXUH H[FHHGHG LQ 1970.

1) Transition of the house in the whole island of Okinawa 3RVW ZDU FKDRV SHULRG a

2) Transition of the house in Ogusuku district 3RVW ZDU FKDRV SHULRG a

$V VKRZQ 7DEOH WKH SUH ZDU KRXVH LQ 2NLQDZD ZDV PDGH RI ZRRGHQ ZLWK WKDWFKHG URRI RU WLOH URRI %XW DIWHU 2NLQDZD ZDV GDPDJHG HQRUPRXVO\ GXULQJ :RUOG :DU ΖΖ WKH 86 DUP\ had began to supply a simple frame house which was called ȆVWDQGDUGL]HG KRXVHȇ )LJXUH DV DQ HPHUJHQF\ PHDVXUH GXULQJ 6WDQGDUGL]HG KRXVH KDV D ZRRGHQ VWUXFWXUH ZLWK WKDWFKHG URRI DQG FRQVLVWV RI RQH VWRU\ DQG LV FRPSRVHG of a room of about 16.72 DQG HDUWK ȵRRU RI DERXW 3. However,

7KH SUH ZDU KRXVH LQ 2JXVXNX GLVWULFW ZDV DOVR PDGH RI ZRRGHQ ZLWK WKDWFKHG URRI RU WLOH URRI 'XULQJ WKH ZDU KRXVHV PDGH RI ZRRGHQ ZLWK WKDWFKHG URRI ZHUH GDPDJHG KHDYLO\ DQG the residents started to build their own standardized house. But as mentioned above, due to the enormous damage from the big W\SKRRQ LQ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH IXOO ȵHGJHG ZRRGHQ KRXVH DV ZHOO DV QRQ ZRRGHQ KRXVH VWDUWHG WR SRSXODUL]H IURP 1950 in the whole Okinawa including Ogusuku district.

Figure 4: Place in which subdivision and road widening were carried out.

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2. Ryukyu government period (1952~1972) :KLOH DOO WKH KRXVHV ZHUH ZRRGHQ KRXVH LQ WKH 5& houses occupied 39 houses out of all 71 houses in 1970, which exceeded the number of wooden houses which was 32. Thus it FDQ EH VDLG WKDW WKH QRQ ZRRGHQ KRXVH VWDUWHG WR SRSXODUL]H during Ryukyu government period, and the RC houses became the main current replacing the wooden house before Okinawa’s UHYHUVLRQ WR -DSDQ 7DEOH

RI WKH EDPERR RU )XNXJL ZKLFK LV 2NLQDZDȇV ZLQGEUHDN DQG WKH ORZHU SDUW RI LW ZDV FRPSRVHG RI OLPHVWRQH ZDOO ZKLFK LV WKH 5\XN\X OLPHVWRQH RU HPEDQNPHQW SLFWXUH 7KHVH composition was indispensable in order to protect the wooden house from the typhoon. As a result, Ogusuku district, which was composed of a lot of alley had much greenery existed and shaded within it.

7DEOH &ODVVLÈ´FDWLRQ WDEOH RI WKH KRXVLQJ FRQVWUXFWLRQ E\ HDFK period.

3. After Okinawa’s reversion to Japan (1972~) 7KH QRQ ZRRGHQ KRXVH NHSW LQFUHDVLQJ IURP 5\XN\X government period to date, and houses in Ogusuku district LV DOPRVW QRQ ZRRGHQ QRZDGD\V ΖQ RXW RI KRXVHV within Ogusuku district, there were only 6 houses which were PDGH RI ZRRGHQ )LJXUH )XUWKHUPRUH WKHUH ZHUH VODE roof RC houses and there are hardly wooden house with red WLOHG URRI VXFK DV 1DNDPXUD +RXVH ZKLFK KDG UHPDLQHG IURP prewar in Ogusuku district. Therefore, in Ogusuku district, it is obvious that the house was greatly changed in materials, structures, and forms.

Figure 7: Distribution map of the site enclosure in Ogusuku district during post-war chaos period.

Figure 6: Distribution map of the house construction in Ogusuku district in 2012.

3-2. Transition of the site enclosure 1. Post-war chaos period (1945~1952) In Ogusuku district, the windbreak was distributed generally GXULQJ SRVW ZDU FKDRV SHULRG DQG ZDV SODQWHG DV LI WKH\ ZHUH HQFORVLQJ WKH KRXVH )LJXUH 7KH ZLQGEUHDN ZDV FRPSRVHG

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Picture 1 (top): Composition of windbreak and limestone wall Picture 2 (bottom): Composition of windbreak and embankment

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5\XN\X JRYHUQPHQW SHULRG a

During Ryukyu government period, the windbreak had decreased FRPSDUHG WR SRVW ZDU FKDRV SHULRG )LJXUH 7KH GLVSRVLWLRQ of the windbreak enclosing the house had decreased, especially DORQJ WKH SUHIHFWXUDO URXWH ZKLFK FURVVHV WKH HDVW DQG west in Ogusuku district. That was caused by the road widening RI WKH SUHIHFWXUDO URXWH $V D UHVXOW WKH VLWH HQFORVXUHȇV material changed to concrete retaining wall, the concrete block wall, and had caused the townscape to change drastically.

Figure 9: Distribution map of the site enclosure in Ogusuku district after Okinawa’s reservation to Japan.

Figure 8: Distribution map of the site enclosure in Ogusuku district during Ryukyu government period.

3. After Okinawa’s reversion to Japan (1972~) 7KH VLWH HQFORVXUH FDQ EH FODVVLȴHG LQWR WKH FRQFUHWH EORFN wall, the concrete retaining wall, the limestone wall, and the hedge. The ratio of the 1990’s site enclosure states that the concrete block wall and the concrete retaining wall occupied 72%, in which most of the site enclosure in Ogusuku district is composed of inorganic material. On the other hand, the OLPHVWRQH ZDOO RFFXSLHG ZKLOH WKH KHGJH RFFXSLHG 7KXV WKH VLWH HQFORVXUH RI RUJDQLF PDWHULDO LV DERXW RI WKH whole. In 2012, the concrete block wall increased even more than the 90’s, causing the windbreak to decrease, especially in SODFHV ZKHUH WKH KRXVHV DUH FOXVWHUHG FORVH WRJHWKHU )LJXUH %DVHG RQ WKHVH IDFWRUV PRVW URDGV LQ 2JXVXNX GLVWULFW LV FRPSRVH RI FRQFUHWH PDWHULDO WKXV ZKHQ FRPSDUH WR WKH SRVW war chaos period, it is obvious that the material had changed JUHDWO\ 3LFWXUH

Picture3 (top): Road in Ogusuku district in Post-war chaos period. Picture4 (bottom): Road in Ogusuku district in present

3-3. Relation of transition of the site enclosure and road widening :KHQ H[DPLQLQJ ZKHWKHU WKH OLPHVWRQH ZDOO ZDV UHEXLOW WR WKH concrete block wall, in lots where subdivision were carried out because of the road widening, we found out that the windbreak decreased greatly, and many were rebuilt as the concrete block wall there. However, there were also a slight parts where the

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limestone wall without the windbreak had remained, and parts ZKHUH WKH OLPHVWRQH ZDOO ZDV UHEXLOW )LJXUH +RZHYHU LW is obvious that road widening promoted the increase of the concrete block wall and the decrease of the windbreak.

5000 orchids now, and their target to plant 20000 Orchids in total had gave them the purpose to keep on the greening activity. As an example of an energetic resident in greening activity, while exceeding 80years old, one of the member of the FOXE SODQWV WKH ȾRZHU DOPRVW HYHU\ GD\ UHJDUGOHVV RI VHDVRQV +H FDUULHV RQ WKH JUHHQLQJ DFWLYLW\ QRW RQO\ E\ SODQWLQJ ȾRZHUV VKDUHG E\ 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ EXW DOVR WKH ȾRZHUV which he bring from his seedbed, thinking the whole district to be his yard. Besides, there is also certain member who cleans up the garbage before sunrise and thus it is obvious that +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ LV NHHSLQJ RQ WKH JUHHQLQJ DQG FOHDQLQJ activity sustainably and independently. 2. Establishment of art works

Figure 10: Condition of the site enclosure in place road widening was carried out in Ryukyu government period.

4.Greening activity by Ogusuku-HANASAKAJIJII-NO-KAI 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ Since there are many cultural assets remained in Ogusuku district, Kitanakagusuku county carried out town planning remaining historical culture to unite Ogusuku district with the 1DNDJXVXNX &DVWOH 5XLQ 3DUN ZKLFK ORFDWHV DGMDFHQWO\ WR HDFK RWKHU IURP $V D UHVXOW WKDW DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ KDG FDUULHG RXW VXUYH\V DQG ZRUNVKRSV LQ WKLV SURMHFW WKH DZDUHQHVV for the townscape had raised among residents. In 1999, 1DNDJXVXNX &DVWOH 5XLQV ZDV QRPLQDWHG DV WKH :RUOG +HULWDJH DQG 2JXVXNX GLVWULFW ZDV SRVLWLRQHG DV WKH EXÎ?HU ]RQH IRU protecting the landscape of ruins. Owing to it, the common view in residents occurred in hoping the tourist to take a walk DQG HQMR\ QRW RQO\ FXOWXUDO DVVHWV OLNH WKH 1DNDJXVXNX &DVWOH Ruins and the Nakamura House but also the townscape in this GLVWULFW Ȇ+$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζȇ ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG IRU WKH SXUSRVH of beautifying the townscape of Ogusuku district in the same year. They are consisted of males aged 55 and over, and have carried out the greening activity from the establishment to date. It became a voluntary organization which was approved by Ogusuku residents’ association, and carrying out greening DFWLYLW\ MXVWO\ DFURVV WKH GLVWULFW KDG EHFDPH SRVVLEOH 3HRSOH who live outside of Ogusuku district and deeply impressed by WKH ZRUN RI +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ LV QDPHG Ȇ2JXVXNX FKHHU group’. And they back up various community activities indirectly.

In Ogusuku district, there are many sculptures and terra cotta being established. The sculpture was donated by the artist, who is one of the member of ‘Ogusuku cheer group’. The establishment RI WKH VFXOSWXUH ZDV FRQGXFWHG E\ 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ DQG WKH\ DOVR ZRUN RQ SODQWLQJ ČľRZHUV DURXQG WKH DUW ZRUNV SLFWXUH 7KH VFXOSWXUH LV DOVR HVWDEOLVKHG LQ SULYDWH JDUGHQV LQ UHFHQW \HDUV 2NLQDZD 3UHIHFWXUDO 8QLYHUVLW\ RI $UWV DÉ?UPHG WKH UHTXHVW RI 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ DQG KDV EHHQ GRQDWLQJ WKH WHUUD FRWWD PDGH E\ WKH VWXGHQW HYHU\ \HDU SLFWXUH 7KH SURMHFW LV QDPHG Ȇ.$-Ζ0$<$ 3URMHFWȇDQG LV D WHQ \HDUV SODQ IURP WR )URP WKH DUHD RI H[KLELWLRQ KDG been expanded and the establishment of the art works is now in the whole Kitanakagusuku county.

4-2. Activities 1. Greening and cleaning activity 7KH JUHHQLQJ DQG FOHDQLQJ DFWLYLW\ E\ 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ FRQWULEXWHG PRVW WR WKH WRZQVFDSH 7KH UHJXODU DFWLYLW\ was once per month but due to the expansion of sphere activity, WKH UHJXODU DFWLYLW\ KDG LQFUHDVHG WR WZLFH SHU PRQWK WKH VW DQG UG 6XQGD\V +RZHYHU HDFK RI WKHP DUH PDQDJLQJ WUHHV and plants by themselves every day. They had planted about

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3LFWXUH WRS (VWDEOLVKPHQW RI WKH VFXOSWXUH DQG ČľRZHU Picture6 (bottom): Establishment of the terra-cotta

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3. Launching of new community activity In order to achieve the concept ‘the art village planning VXUURXQGHG E\ ČľRZHUV DQG JUHHQHULHVȇ RI 2JXVXNX GLVWULFW ZKLFK ZDV SURSRVHG E\ 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ WZR community activities, which is ‘Moonlight concert’ and, ‘the alley museum’ was held from 2002 and 2003 respectively. Moonlight concert is an outdoor concert, held at the time of a full moon late in June or early in July and the performing musicians are from both inside and outside of Ogusuku district. The alley PXVHXP ZDV KRVWHG MRLQWO\ E\ 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 KAI and Ogusuku residents’ association but since 2008, this activity was hosted only by Ogusuku residents’ association. The alley museum is held in mid November. It is an event in which the whole Ogusuku district is made to an art museum. The characteristic is that not only the public space but also the private space is made into the exhibition space. The alley is also used as the exhibition space, in which terra cotta is established and the ceramic market is held. Private garden is opened freely as ‘Open garden’. In the community center, the exhibition made E\ WKH UHVLGHQWV LV DOVR KHOG )LJXUH ΖQ WKHVH FRPPXQLW\ activities, gathering is held with visitors from outside Ogusuku district, with intention to increase the participation of Ogusuku cheer group.

Figure 11: Site composition of the alley museum in 2011.

(YDOXDWLRQ RI 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ DQG DFTXLUHPHQW of external funds

Table 4: Record of recognitions and use of their received funds.

4-4. Place of the greening activity 7KH JUHHQLQJ DFWLYLW\ RI 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ KDV EHHQ FDUULHG RXW DW SODFHV IURP WKH ȴUVW \HDU WR GDWH )LJXUH 7KH JUHHQLQJ DFWLYLW\ ZDV DOUHDG\ FDUULHG RXW LQ ZLGH UDQJH VLQFH WKH ȴUVW \HDUVȇ DFWLYLWLHV ZKLFK ZDV SODFHV WRWDO RI DERXW 800m2 )LJXUH 7KHUH DUH SODFHV LQ ZKLFK WKH JUHHQLQJ activity have been interrupted, and the remaining 11 places keep on the activity and has been expanded to 30places now )LJXUH The greening activities are divided into horizontal greening type RQ WKH JURXQG SODFHV DQG HOHYDWHG JUHHQLQJ W\SH IRU WKH ZDOO SODFHV 7KH DFWLYLWLHV RI HOHYDWHG JUHHQLQJ W\SH LV FDUULHG RXW RQ FRQFUHWH EORFN ZDOO SODFHV FRQFUHWH UHWDLQLQJ ZDOO SODFHV JXDUGUDLO SODFHV DQG WKHUH DUH QR DFWLYLWLHV FDUULHG out along the limestone wall in elevated greening type.

ΖQ WKHVH \HDUV WKH DFWLYLW\ RI 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ has received high evaluation from the inside and outside of Okinawa. They received many recognitions and funds from the DÉ?OLDWH ZKLFK ZDV LPSUHVVHG E\ DFWLYLWLHV FDUULHG RXW RI WKHP The only rules of their club is two times regular activity per month. However, the greening activities keep on sustainably in spite of being no other rules and independency is greatly valuable. Their funds are used not only for sustainable greening activity but also holding the symposium for information transmission and management of new community activities of Ogusuku district 7DEOH )LJXUH 3ODFH LQ ZKLFK JUHHQLQJ DFWLYLW\ ZDV FDUULHG RXW LQ Č´UVW year and 2013.

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DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH VHDVRQ DQG PDNLQJ WKH ȾRZHU EHG ERUGHUHG with the red tiles. They carried out the greening activities using Okinawa’s original material and according to the climate of Ogusuku district, and they have also changed the way of JUHHQLQJ DFWLYLW\ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH ZDOO PDWHULDO )LJXUH

)LJXUH 3ODFH LQ ZKLFK JUHHQLQJ DFWLYLW\ ZDV FDUULHG RXW LQ Č´UVW year and 2013.

Figure 15: Method of greening activity of Ogusuku-HANASAKAJIJIINO-KAI.

2. The elevated greening type The elevated greening type is mainly focusing on wasteland and WKH OHVV JUHHQ SODFHV 7KH\ FDUU\ RXW WKH JUHHQLQJ DFWLYLW\ XVLQJ GLÎ?HUHQW ZD\V DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH SODFH )RU H[DPSOH LQ WKH SDWK which is narrow, they plant low tree while in places with large DUHD WKH\ SODQW WKH ČľRZHU RQ WKH JURXQG PDNLQJ ČľRZHU EHG )LJXUH 3ODFH LQ ZKLFK JUHHQLQJ DFWLYLW\ ZDV FDUULHG RXW LQ Č´UVW year.

5. Spatial characteristic of greening activity and inČľuence on townscape &ODVVLČ´FDWLRQ RI JUHHQLQJ DFWLYLW\ DFFRUGLQJ WR ODQG RZQHUVKLS In the current 30 greening places, 10 is carried out in private VLWHV ZKLOH WKH RWKHU LV FDUULHG RXW LQ WKH SXEOLF URDG )LJXUH

Figure 14: Place in which greening activity was carried out in 2013.

4-5. Way of the greening activity 1. The horizontal greening type 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ XVHV PRVW RUFKLGV LQ WKHLU activities. The orchids are moveable by planting on old wood, and have become possible to evacuate them inside when the W\SKRRQ LV ODQGLQJ ΖQ DGGLWLRQ WKH\ DOVR FKDQJH WKH ȾRZHU

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)LJXUH &ODVVLČ´FDWLRQ PDS RI JUHHQLQJ DFWLYLW\ DFFRUGLQJ WR ODQG ownership

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5-2. Greening activity in the site &ODVVLȴFDWLRQ RI JUHHQLQJ SODFHV LQ WKH VLWH E\ WKH RZQHU DUH WKH SULYDWH VLWH W\SH SODFHV DQG WKH SXEOLF VLWH W\SH SODFHV DQG WKH VLWH WHQDQF\ W\SH SODFHV 7KH SULYDWH VLWH W\SH LV RZQHG E\ 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ WKH SXEOLF VLWH W\SH is the park, the fountain, or the reservoir, while the site tenancy type is that the member rents a part of the private site and carries out the greening activity.

Figure 18: Areas where the public and the private become ambiguous at the public road.

Figure 17: Distribution drawing of each types in the site.

5-3. Greening activity in the public road As mentioned above, in Ogusuku district, road extension was carried out among administration and residents, or among the residents only. And by the road widening, there are places where the site boundary shifted in Ogusuku district. Places where it was originally a private site but have become a public site have caused the areas where the public and the private EHFRPH DPELJXRXV )LJXUH :KHQ H[DPLQLQJ WKH SODFH ZKHUH WKH JUHHQLQJ DFWLYLW\ DW WKH public road were carried out from the view point of the transition of the site boundary, the number of the type of the boundary changing is 19 places. The type of the boundary changing is the place where the greening activity is carried out in the area where WKH VLWH ERXQGDU\ FKDQJHG ΖW FDQ EH FODVVLȴHG LQWR WKH W\SH RI the boundary changing among administration and residents or DPRQJ UHVLGHQWV %HVLGHV WKHUH LV D W\SH RI WKH QRQ FKDQJLQJ boundary. The site boundary remains unchanged and has been a public place since then. The number of this type is 1 place )LJXUH As shown in Figure 20, it is obvious that the type of the boundary changing has been carried out the greening activity in the areas where the public and the private are ambiguous, while the type RI WKH QRQ FKDQJLQJ ERXQGDU\ KDV EHHQ FDUULHG RXW DORQJ WKH concrete block wall.

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Figure 19: Distribution drawing of greening activity at the public road.

Figure 20: cross section drawing of the 3 types at the public road.

&KDQJLQJ RI WKH SODFH RI WKH JUHHQLQJ DFWLYLW\ %\ FRPSDULQJ WKH SODFH RI WKH JUHHQLQJ DFWLYLW\ LQ WKH ȴUVW \HDU ZLWK QRZ )LJXUH LW LV REYLRXV WKDW 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ KDV LQFUHDVHG WKH SODFHV RI WKH JUHHQLQJ DFWLYLW\ ZKLOH NHHSLQJ RQ DOPRVW DOO WKH SODFHV RI WKH ȴUVW \HDU RXW RI

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SODFHV RI WKH JUHHQLQJ DFWLYLW\ LQ WKH SXEOLF URDG RQ WKH ȴUVW year, have been carried out along the private site, in which it LV RZQHG E\ HLWKHU WKH PHPEHU RI 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 KAI’s, or the relative of the member, or the resident who is close with the member. Based on these factors, in the beginning of WKH JUHHQLQJ DFWLYLW\ 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ KDG carried out the greening activity in places where approval had been obtained and have been increasing their activity zone by carrying out the greening activity in the areas where the public and the private are ambiguous.

Figure 21: Transition of the place in which greening activity carried out

6. Conclusion 6-1. Changing of the townscape in Ogusuku district and its factor ΖQ 2JXVXNX GLVWULFW WKH VKDSH RI HYHU\ VLWHV DQG WKH FRQȴJXUDWLRQ of the alley network have been preserved but the width of the main roads have been expanded and houses have been rebuilt from wooden to RC. Therefore the site enclosure has changed from the composition of the limestone wall or the embankment with the windbreak to the concrete block wall. The factors of the changing of the townscape in Ogusuku district are the following two. Firstly is that the rebuilding of the site enclosure has been promoted by the changing of wooden to RC houses. The windbreak was necessary in order to protect the house from the typhoon, but since the house changed from wooden to the RC, and did not collapse during the typhoon, there is no necessity for the windbreak. Therefore, it had become easier for the site enclosure to change. Secondly, the road widening has caused the greenery to decrease drastically. As a result of transition of wooden to RC houses, windbreak had became unnecessary causing the road widening to be carried out easier. &RPPXQLW\ DFWLYLW\ RI 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ 7KH UHVLGHQWVȇ DVVRFLDWLRQ DQG 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ have done the greening and cleaning activities everyday since 1999. They have planted regional trees in front of concrete EORFNV DW WKH VLWH ERXQGDU\ JXDUGUDLOV RI URDGV DV SXEOLF VSDFH DQG ȾRZHUV DW WKH OHVV JUHHQ VLWH RI SULYDWH KRXVHV 7KH\ have been doing the activities in a total of 30 places and had established the greening method according to the material

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DQG FRQČ´JXUDWLRQ RI WKH VLWH HQFORVXUH 7KH JUHHQLQJ DFWLYLWLHV tend to be concentrated in the area where private site was transferred to the public and have an important role to revitalize the townscape based on the trees without the function of windbreak. 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ KDV EHHQ GHYHORSLQJ WKH greening activity sustainably for 15 years. The factors of that are as following. )LUVWO\ LV WKDW 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ KDV QR UXOHV and does not bind the members instead they value the independency of each of them. Secondly is that the members FDQ FDUU\ RXW WKH DFWLYLW\ UHDVRQDEO\ GXH WR XVLQJ WKH ORZ EXGJHW DQG UHJLRQDO WUHHV DQG ČľRZHUV 7KLUGO\ LV WKDW WKHLU DFWLYLW\ KDV been evaluated externally, and they have turned over the support fund for the greening activity and event management of Ogusuku district. Fourthly is that they have established the greening method in which every residents can use in the public VSDFH VXFK DV WKH DOOH\ E\ XVLQJ WKH QHZ HOHPHQW RI SRVW ZDU which is the concrete block wall, the concrete retaining wall, and the guardrail. 7KH\ KDYH VWDUWHG WKH RSHQ DLU DOOH\ PXVHXP LQ IRU two days in autumn temporarily using all the alley and public VSDFH LQ 2JXVXNX EHFDXVH LW LV GLÉ?FXOW IRU WKH VPDOO YLOODJH OLNH Ogusuku to own the museum building. They have three types of exhibitions, private gardens tended by residents, resident’s art works and sculptures made from terra cotta by Okinawa Prefectural University of Arts as the collaborator of community building. Therefore the alley space in Ogusuku has changed dramatically and have encouraged various activities in public space. 6-3. Characteristic and background of greening activity of Ogusuku+$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ Most of the greening activities tend to be concentrated in the area where the private site was transferred to the public as historically it is easier to reach a consensus thus causing the PHPEHUV RI 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ WR FDUU\ RXW WKH greening activities in these places unconsciously. They have expanded the greening activity sustainably and rapidly, by carrying out the greening activity leaded by residents, grasping integrally the inorganic concrete block wall and the areas where the public and the private become ambiguous. ΖW LV GLÉ?FXOW WR UHWXUQ WKH WRZQVFDSH RI WKH SUHVHQW WR WKH SRVW ZDU WRZQVFDSH 7KHUHIRUH 2JXVXNX +$1$6$.$-Ζ-ΖΖ 12 .$Ζ Č´QGV RXW WKH PHDQLQJ WR FUHDWH WKH QHZ WRZQVFDSH E\ RQHȇV hand, and not by restoring the townscape back to what it looked OLNH )RUWXQDWHO\ WKH VLWH VKDSH DQG WKH FRQČ´JXUDWLRQ RI WKH alley network was still remained, and by using the traditional

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composition of the space and accepting the new element of the WRZQVFDSH VLQFH SRVW ZDU WKH\ KDYH FDUULHG RXW WKH DFWLYLW\ LQ order to create the future townscape of Okinawa. The changing townscape in Ogusuku district was caused by the external factor which is the war and US Government, however the greening activity leaded by residents, by volunteering and participating in the activities should be evaluated.

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RETHINKING COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING: A CASE STUDY OF SINGAPORE’S PUBLIC HOUSING ESTATES CHO Im Sik akicis@nus.edu.sg Department of Architecture, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore $UFKLWHFWXUH 'ULYH 6LQJDSRUH 7HO )D[ Ivan Kurniawan NASUTION sdeivan@nus.edu.sg Centre for Sustainable Asian Cities, School of Design and Environment, 6'( 1DWLRQDO 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6LQJDSRUH $UFKLWHFWXUH 'ULYH 6LQJDSRUH 7HO )D[ Chelsea ZHENG Chenxi sdeczc@nus.edu.sg Centre for Sustainable Asian Cities, School of Design and Environment, 6'( 1DWLRQDO 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6LQJDSRUH $UFKLWHFWXUH 'ULYH 6LQJDSRUH 7HO )D[

Keywords: COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION; NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING; SINGAPORE’S PUBLIC HOUSING ESTATES.

Abstract This paper investigates the concepts, theories, and praxes of community participation in the neighbourhood planning of public housing estates in Singapore, which are gradually shifting from top-down planning approaches to incorporate greater participation and stakeholdership. This paper analyses the various forms of community participation in neighbourhood planning as a consequence of the prevailing socio-political conditions in 6LQJDSRUH E\ FRQVLGHULQJ VLJQLČ´FDQW PLOHVWRQHV DQG SURMHFWV regarding public housing estates. In order to move towards a more inclusive and improved participation process, a deeper understanding of the forms and levels of engagement are needed. Therefore, a proper engagement model is a prerequisite for the SDUWLFLSDWLRQ SURFHVV 7KLV SDSHU DLPV WR LGHQWLI\ WKH GLÎ?HUHQW VWDJHV DQG OHYHOV RI HQJDJHPHQW LQ WKH H[HPSODU\ SXEOLF KRXVLQJ SURMHFWV that incorporate greater participation in neighbourhood planning. It draws on both theory and practice to examine the drivers and challenges of community participation as well as the factors that determine the conditions, forms, and level of engagement. This study draws conclusions on the possibilities and challenges of

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neighbourhood planning in Singapore, which is moving towards increased community participation.

1. Introduction This paper investigates the concepts, theories, and praxes of community participation in neighbourhood planning, VSHFLČ´FDOO\ LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI 6LQJDSRUHȇV SXEOLF KRXVLQJ HVWDWHV Recent case studies in Singapore are discussed to illustrate WKH SURFHVV RI FRPPXQLW\ DQG VWDNHKROGHU H J JRYHUQPHQW SURIHVVLRQDOV DQG FLWL]HQV LQYROYHPHQW LQ WKH SODQQLQJ DQG design stages of neighbourhoods and the various attempts to develop a participatory mechanism to encourage deeper social interaction and community bonding. Hitherto, the planning model used by the Singapore government has utilised D WRS GRZQ DSSURDFK ZKHUH GHFLVLRQV DUH PDGH ZLWK WKH population’s best interests in mind. This model has worked well RYHU WKH ODVW KDOI FHQWXU\ HÎ?HFWLYHO\ WUDQVIRUPLQJ 6LQJDSRUH IURP D VTXDWWHU WRZQ LQWR D PRGHUQ PHWURSROLV +HH DQG .KRR +RZHYHU ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ DGYRFDF\ IRU JUHDWHU participation and stakeholdership in the planning process, the challenge ahead for planners and architects is to design and plan neighbourhoods that foster social cohesion and engage communities and stakeholders throughout the process in order to accommodate the aspirations of contemporary Singapore society. Public housing plays an important role in the development of communities in Singapore. In particular, the extensiveness of public housing throughout the nation enables members of Singapore’s diverse society to share common experiences DQG IRUJH D FRPPRQ LGHQWLW\ &/& +'% 6LQJDSRUH LV essentially an immigrant nation and hence, the composition of LWV SRSXODWLRQ LV PXOWL UDFLDO DQG PXOWL UHOLJLRXV $ YHU\ LPSRUWDQW REMHFWLYH RI QDWLRQ EXLOGLQJ ZKHQ 6LQJDSRUH Č´UVW DWWDLQHG its independence was to achieve social cohesion in order for SHRSOH RI GLÎ?HUHQW UDFHV WR OLYH WRJHWKHU LQ SHDFH DQG KDUPRQ\ LELG DQG WKHUHIRUH FXOWLYDWLRQ RI DQ ȆLGHQWLW\ȇ DQG D ȆVHQVH RI belonging’ have been some of the nation’s most important DJHQGDV HYHU VLQFH 1RK DQG 7XPLQ In addition to these agendas, since 1999 there has been an increasing demand among citizens for greater democracy and citizen participation in policy planning (see: Singapore 21 Report in order to cater to the special concerns of residents who are not commonly considered in the planning process. As a result, the current political atmosphere in Singapore exhibits greater support of community participation, especially in QHLJKERXUKRRG GHVLJQ DQG SODQQLQJ ZKLFK LV UHČľHFWHG LQ WKH JUHDWHU QXPEHU RI UHFHQW SURMHFWV LQYROYLQJ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ DQG

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stakeholdership in public housing design and planning as well as in the policy planning process. The aim of this paper is to RÎ?HU LQVLJKWV LQWR WKH IXWXUH RI 6LQJDSRUHȇV QHLJKERXUKRRG SODQQLQJ ZKLFK LV PRYLQJ WRZDUGV LQFUHDVHG FRPPXQLW\ driven development that includes participatory planning and community engagement in the design and planning of public housing estates. 2. Community participation in neighbourhood planning 3XEOLF FLWL]HQ FRPPXQLW\ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LV D FRPSOH[ FRQFHSW ZLWK D YDJXH VFRSH DQG GHČ´QLWLRQ KRZHYHU LW LV ZLGHO\ considered to be the most desirable and necessary element in D GHPRFUDWLF VRFLHW\ &XUU\ ΖQQHV DQG %RRKHU 5RZH DQG )UHZHU 9UDQHVNL 0DQ\ VWXGLHV UHIHU WR SXEOLF participation as the mechanism of power distribution that enables people who would normally be excluded politically or HFRQRPLFDOO\ WR EHFRPH LQYROYHG DW GLÎ?HUHQW OHYHOV RI GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ SURFHVVHV $UQVWHLQ ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO $VVRFLDWLRQ IRU 3XEOLF 3DUWLFLSDWLRQ 1HONLQ DQG 3ROODN 5RZH DQG )UHZHU :LHGHPDQQ DQG )HPHUV 0RUH GLUHFW GHČ´QLWLRQV RI SXEOLF SDUWLFLSDWLRQ H J ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO $VVRFLDWLRQ IRU ΖPSDFW $VVHVVPHQW ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO $VVRFLDWLRQ IRU 3XEOLF 3DUWLFLSDWLRQ GHVFULEH LW DV D SURFHVV RI PHDQLQJIXO involvement of individuals, organisations, and government HQWLWLHV WKDW DUH DÎ?HFWHG E\ RU WKDW DUH LQWHUHVWHG LQ D SURSRVHG SURMHFW SURJUDP SODQ RU SROLF\ LQ RUGHU WR VWUHQJWKHQ WKH GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ SURFHVV 7KXV FRPPXQLW\ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQYROYHV WZR ZD\ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG FROODERUDWLRQ LQ SUREOHP solving in order to make better decisions while minimising GLVSXWHV &UHLJKWRQ &UHLJKWRQ In a historical review of public participation in planning, Lane LGHQWLČ´HG WKH HYROXWLRQ RI WKUHH SODQQLQJ PRGHOV QDPHO\ EOXHSULQW SODQQLQJ WKH V\QRSWLF DSSURDFK DQG WKH SOXUDOLVWLF PRGHO L H FRPPXQLFDWLYH EDUJDLQLQJ 0DU[LVW DGYRFDF\ DQG WUDQVDFWLYH DSSURDFKHV 7KLV FDWHJRULVDWLRQ VWHPV IURP WKH SODQQLQJ WUDGLWLRQV RI VRFLHWDO JXLGDQFH 0RGHOV DQG DQG VRFLHWDO WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ 0RGHO 7KH VWDWH SOD\V D PDMRU UROH LQ SODQQLQJ LQ WKH VRFLHWDO JXLGDQFH WUDGLWLRQ while the societal transformation tradition refers to the idea of transforming the state and other institutions to better plan WKH FRQGLWLRQV IRU RWKHUV )ULHGPDQQ /DQH FRUUHODWHG the latter planning tradition with the ‘Ladder of Participation’ PRGHO $UQVWHLQ ZKLFK FRPSULVHV WKUHH GHJUHHV RI SDUWLFLSDWLRQ QRQ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ PDQLSXODWLRQ DQG WKHUDS\ GHJUHHV RI WRNHQLVP LQIRUPLQJ FRQVXOWDWLRQ DQG SODFDWLRQ DQG GHJUHHV RI FLWL]HQ SRZHU SDUWQHUVKLSV DQG GHOHJDWHG SRZHU 7KH VHFRQG PRGHO V\QRSWLF DSSURDFK DOUHDG\ possesses a certain degree of participation by formalising the roles of the public during the consultation process of planning L H LQFUHPHQWDOLVP DQG LQYROYHV QRQ VWDWH LQVWLWXWLRQV PDNLQJ strategic choices pertaining to the planning process in their QHLJKERXUKRRGV /DQH /DVWO\ WKH SOXUDOLVWLF PRGHO

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responds to the failures of the synoptic planning model and the unequal distributions of power, political structure, and money in VRFLHW\ +DUYH\ 0D]]LRWWL 'DYLHV E\ IRFXVLQJ RQ PXWXDO OHDUQLQJ )ULHGPDQQ DQG HPSRZHULQJ SHRSOH WR GLUHFW DQG FRQWURO WKH VRFLDO SURFHVV L H WUDQVDFWLYH SODQQLQJ +XGVRQ )ULHGPDQQ LQFRUSRUDWLQJ WKH LQWHUHVWV RI LQYLVLEOH JURXSV L H DGYRFDF\ SODQQLQJ 0D]]LRWWL HPSKDVLVLQJ SURFHGXUDO DQG JUDVVURRWV DFWLRQV L H 0DU[LVW SODQQLQJ +DOO UHDFKLQJ FRPSURPLVHV LQ GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ L H EDUJDLQLQJ SODQQLQJ 'RUFH\ DQG LQFRUSRUDWLQJ QHJRWLDWLRQV EDUJDLQLQJ DQG GHEDWHV 'U\]HN *LGGHQV +HDOH\ IRU WKH SXUSRVH RI ȆRUJDQLVLQJ DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH SRVVLELOLWLHV IRU DFWLRQȇ )RUHVWHU S ΖQ VKRUW WKH FXUUHQW PRGHO RI SODQQLQJ L H WKH SOXUDOLVWLF PRGHO DOORZV for more opportunities for power distribution and community participation. However, each model has its own characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and challenges. $ VLPSOLČ´HG \HW FRPSUHKHQVLYH QHLJKERXUKRRG SODQQLQJ process was suggested in a guidebook prepared by the Council RI 0D\RUV RI 6RXWK (DVW 4XHHQVODQG 6(4 ΖW LQYROYHV WKUHH PDLQ SKDVHV QDPHO\ EDFNJURXQG DQDO\VLV DQG UHVHDUFK SUHSDUDWLRQ VWUDWHJ\ DQG SODQ GHYHORSPHQW DQG DFWLRQ DQG PRQLWRULQJ (DFK SKDVH FRQVLVWV RI WZR WR WKUHH VWHSV RU VXE SKDVHV 3KDVH FRQVLVWV RI WZR VWHSV LQLWLDO VLWH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ GDWD FROOHFWLRQ DQG EDFNJURXQG UHVHDUFK and appraisal of issues and opportunities, analysis, and vision IRUPDWLRQ 3KDVH LQFOXGHV WKUHH VWHSV SUHSDUH DQG VHOHFW concept and development options, formulate a growth and development strategy, and draft a neighbourhood plan and LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ VWUDWHJ\ )LQDOO\ 3KDVH LQFOXGHV WZR VWHSV Č´QDOLVDWLRQ DQG DGRSWLRQ RI WKH SODQ DQG SODQ PRQLWRULQJ The aim of each step is described clearly in the guidebook and includes various degrees and methods of engagement DORQJVLGH SRVVLEOH HQJDJHPHQW WHFKQLTXHV WRROV The SEQ model has two main strengths. Firstly, it acknowledges WKH QHHG IRU D PRGHO ZLWK ČľH[LELOLW\ DQG DGDSWDELOLW\ LQ RUGHU to meet various needs and scales of development. Secondly, LW HPEUDFHV DFWLYH HQJDJHPHQW D WZR ZD\ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ SURFHVV GXULQJ HDUO\ VWDJHV RI GHYHORSPHQW LQ RUGHU WR Č´QG opportunities to collaborate with community representatives. In fact, the SEQ model proposes a collaborative planning SURFHVV ZKHUH HQJDJHPHQW ZLWK YDULRXV FROODERUDWRUV H J the public, key stakeholders, local advisory teams, or internal ZRUNLQJ JURXSV LV LPSOHPHQWHG DW HYHU\ VWHS RI WKH PRGHO 7KH LQLWLDO SKDVH RI WKH SURMHFW EDFNJURXQG DQDO\VLV DQG UHVHDUFK holds additional value by gauging local knowledge beforehand, consulting various experts to gain insight into potential FRQVWUDLQWV DQG UHYLHZLQJ H[LVWLQJ SODQV DQG OHJLVODWLRQV WR Č´QG potential opportunities. However, although the model indicates WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI IHHGEDFN ORRSV ZLWKLQ HDFK VWHS DQG LQWHU sector liaising and partnerships to complement knowledge gaps EHWZHHQ GLÎ?HUHQW SDUWLHV LW LV XQFOHDU LI DQG KRZ WKLV IHHGEDFN

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will be used in the next steps of the process. Moreover, the PRGHO VHHPV WR ODFN FR FUHDWLRQ VWUDWHJLHV DQG LV ODUJHO\ XVHG for land use planning purposes. A more holistic and practical model is suggested by the Centre for 8UEDQ DQG 5HJLRQDO $Î?DLUV &85$ ZKLFK QRW RQO\ JXLGHV the neighbourhood planning process, but also suggests ways to approach each step in the process and the practical techniques that could be used. This model has three main components, QDPHO\ D D URDGPDS RI FRPPXQLW\ SODQQLQJ WKDW HODERUDWHV XSRQ WKH VWHSV LQYROYHG E SULQFLSOHV IRU VXFFHVVIXO FRPPXQLW\ SODQQLQJ WKDW DFW DV D PHDQV IRU UHČľHFWLRQ EHIRUH SURFHHGLQJ ZLWK HDFK VWHS DQG F WHFKQLTXHV WRROV WR DFFRPSOLVK VXFFHVVIXO community planning. The roadmap delineates clear stages of the neighbourhood planning process and combines both linear DQG F\FOLFDO DSSURDFKHV L H 3KDVH HQJDJLQJ WKH FRPPXQLW\ ΖW FRQVLVWV RI IRXU PDLQ SKDVHV QDPHO\ 1. Getting started: understanding the beneČ´ts and gathering support: this phase entails identifying the goals of the community plan and assembling a steering team. 2. Engaging the community and creating a vision: a phase that repeats the three steps of understanding the community, making sense of the data, and engaging in discussion with the community—multiple times if necessary—in order to identify DQG Č´OO GDWD JDSV 3. Preparing and submitting a plan draft: this phase focuses on the preparation of planning documents. 4. Taking action: this phase involves implementing the plan XVLQJ FRPPXQLW\ RU FLW\ UHVRXUFHV DQG WUDFNLQJ PHDVXULQJ and updating it. Certain community planning principles are applied before each VWHS ZKLFK LQFOXGH Respond to the Local Context: understand each community’s demographic, cultural, and political LQČľXHQFHV HVWDEOLVK D FRPPRQ LQWHUHVW DQG LQYROYH GLYHUVH YLHZV LQ WKH FROODERUDWLYH SURFHVV Capitalise on Resources and Opportunities: understand funding opportunities and partnerships, identify existing plans in the neighbourhood, and FRQVXOW WKH GLVWULFW SODQQHU Create A Game Plan: XVH VKRUW WHUP LQLWLDWLYHV WR PDLQWDLQ ORQJ WHUP YLVLRQ XQGHUVWDQG FXUUHQW and upcoming plans for the neighbourhood, and capitalise on RSSRUWXQLWLHV Grow Community Assets/Resources: involve community leaders, share knowledge and expertise and get feedback from the community, and identify and incorporate FRQČľLFWLQJ YLHZV Make Participation Accessible: involve experts, incorporate planning into the daily lives of community members, DQG FUHDWH RSSRUWXQLWLHV WKDW DFFRPPRGDWH SDUWLFLSDQWV SS 7KH VL[ :V ZKR ZKDW ZKHQ ZKHUH ZK\ DQG KRZ FDQ EH used with these principles to address each step of community planning. For example, when responding to the local context in

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the step of engaging the community, a possible question might EH ȆZKR FDQ EHQHČ´W IURP ZKDW ZH NQRZ"ȇ ΖQ DGGLWLRQ ZKHQ capitalising on resources and opportunities a possible question PLJKW EH ȆZKHUH FDQ ZH HQJDJH JURXSV WKDW ZH KDYH LGHQWLČ´HG DQG ZKHQ"ȇ 7KH Č´YH SULQFLSOHV RI WKH &85$ PRGHO FRPSOHPHQW the steps of the community planning process by establishing DSSURSULDWH HQJDJHPHQW PHWKRGV XVLQJ YDULRXV UHČľHFWLYH question prompts. The questions aim to further uncover both the scope of engagement and the main message for each step, which can be further guided by the technique options in the tools catalogue. 3. Community participation and neighbourhood planning in Singapore In 1999, the Singapore government released the ‘Singapore 21’ document that aimed to forge a new relationship between the government and Singapore citizens as well as identify the identity and core values of society. Among the key values LGHQWLČ´HG ZHUH Ȇ7KH 6LQJDSRUH +HDUWEHDWȇ DQG Ȇ$FWLYH &LWL]HQVKLSȇ which refer to the emotional bonds and attachment of citizens to Singapore and active involvement and leadership in civic DQG FRPPXQLW\ DÎ?DLUV UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH GRFXPHQW RXWOLQHG the need for Singaporeans to become ‘participants, not mere REVHUYHUV DQG WR OHDUQ QRW RQO\ WR H[SUHVV WKHLU YLHZV RU suggest alternative solutions, but also to put suggestions into DFWLRQȇ see: Singapore 21, Note 14 7KH 5HPDNLQJ RI 6LQJDSRUH Committee emphasised in its report the need for Singapore ‘to change, to adapt, and to renew’ while predicting that the new Singapore ‘will be anchored on common spaces and shared values ... a society that will be able to embrace a variety of views and preferences ‌ Singaporeans who are proactive in deciding what they want to achieve, how they want to live their lives, and KRZ WKH\ ZDQW WR FRQWULEXWH WR WKH FRPPXQLW\ȇ see: Singapore 21, Note 15 7KH GRFXPHQW DOVR UHLWHUDWHG WKH SRLQW WKDW DFWLYH involvement enhances ownership, passion, and commitment 1RK DQG 7XPLQ Since the early 1960s, the Housing and Development Board +'% KDV SOD\HG D FUXFLDO UROH LQ SURYLGLQJ DQ DGHTXDWH housing supply in Singapore. The HDB was formed in 1960 to tackle the rampant housing shortages and substandard living FRQGLWLRQV RI WKDW SHULRG 1DWXUDOO\ WKLV UHVXOWHG LQ D WRS GRZQ approach in the planning of the HDB’s estates, physically and visually giving rise to ‘orderly and tractable developments within public housing estates’. There was an absence of participatory SODQQLQJ LQ SXEOLF KRXVLQJ HVWDWHV ZKLFK LV HFKRHG DQG UHČľHFWHG LQ 6LQJDSRUHȇV ȆKLJKO\ FHQWUDOLVHG WRS GRZQ GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ and execution of public policies’. This absence of participation occurred as a result of the need to ‘turn out high quality public KRXVLQJ DW UHPDUNDEOH VSHHGȇ *RK

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Table 1: Timeline of Citizen Participation in Neighbourhood Planning and Design in Public Housing Developments in Singapore.

6RXUFH DGDSWHG IURP YDULRXV Č´UVW DQG VHFRQGDU\ VRXUFHV H J HDB 2014; PA 2014)

As shown in the above table, once basic shelter needs are VDWLVČ´HG WKH +'%ȇV SODQQLQJ REMHFWLYHV FKDQJH UHVXOWLQJ LQ a greater emphasis placed on the ‘provision of amenities to provide a better life in the community’ for a higher standard and quality of living. Resident satisfaction is more valued in the HDB’s planning and surveys are collected and responses taken into consideration from the late 1970s to early 1980s. The HDB comes to realise that public housing needs to follow ‘logic more WKDQ SROLWLFVȇ /LX DQG JUHDWHU LQFRUSRUDWLRQ RI SHRSOHȇV views is not only needed, but also helps to improve public housing. It is also realised that a sense of belonging to the estate can be achieved through more active participation, especially through activities organised by various grassroots initiatives that familiarise residents with the community at large. However, during this time period there is still little room for community participation, as even in civic engagements and public spaces WKH JRYHUQPHQW UHWDLQV VLJQLČ´FDQW FRQWURO E\ VHWWLQJ XS ORFDO grassroots organisations— such as the Community Club 0DQDJHPHQW &RPPLWWHHV &&0&V &LWL]HQV &RQVXOWDWLYH &RPPLWWHH &&&V DQG 5HVLGHQWV &RPPLWWHHV 5&V ČƒWR manage public space and better respond to residents’ needs within a closer proximity. Thus, these government organisations will need to learn more and better understand how residents DUH WR EH DFWLYHO\ HQJDJHG LQ WKH GD\ WR GD\ UXQQLQJ RI HVWDWHV Much deliberation is put in place to include the community in the planning of its living estates in the 1990s. This is emphasised through a series of upgrading programmes that aim to ‘enhance the overall living environment of the HDB’s estates’ by inviting residents to be included in the process in the form of polling. This was spearheaded by the Main Upgrading Programme 083 LQWURGXFHG E\ WKH JRYHUQPHQW LQ IROORZHG E\ WKH ΖQWHULP 8SJUDGLQJ 3URJUDPPH Ζ83 3OXV LQ 7KH

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7KH 3HRSOHȇ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environment in their private housing estates. 7KH VXUYH\ REWDLQV IHHGEDFN IURP UHVLGHQWV RQ ERWK SK\VLFDO DQG VRFLDO DVSHFWV RI +'% OLYLQJ 7KH 0DLQ 8SJUDGLQJ 3URJUDPPH 083 ZDV LQWURGXFHG E\ WKH *RYHUQPHQW LQ WR HQKDQFH WKH RYHUDOO OLYLQJ HQYLURQPHQW RI +'% HVWDWHV ΖW LV SDUW RI WKH *RYHUQPHQWȇV FRQWLQXDO HÎ?RUWV WR HQKDQFH WKH TXDOLW\ RI OLIH RI 6LQJDSRUHDQV WKURXJK LWV SXEOLF KRXVLQJ SURJUDPPH 5HVLGHQWV ZLOO EH DEOH WR HQMR\ D EHWWHU OLYLQJ HQYLURQPHQW ZLWKRXW WKH QHHG WR PRYH RXW IURP WKHLU IDPLOLDU VXUURXQGLQJV WKXV NHHSLQJ H[LVWLQJ FRPPXQLW\ WLHV LQWDFW +'%

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+RPH ΖPSURYHPHQW 3URJUDPPH +Ζ3 UHSODFHG WKH 083 LQ 2007. In addition, the HDB opens up platforms for the public’s involvement in its estate planning by ‘accepting public feedback on design issues’ and setting up an email avenue for feedback *RK In earlier attempts of community planning through upgrading— WKH 0DLQ 8SJUDGLQJ 3URJUDPPH 083 DQG ΖQWHULP 8SJUDGLQJ 3URJUDPPH Ζ83 3OXV ČƒFRPPXQLW\ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ ZDV LQWHJUDWHG PLG SURFHVV LQ WKH IRUP RI 5&V DQG &&&V DQG ZDV H[SUHVVHG only through voting and polling exercises. In general, it can be concluded that the IUP, MUP, HIP, and NRP all followed a SUHGRPLQDQWO\ WRS GRZQ DSSURDFK DOWKRXJK WKH +'% VWDUWHG to grant gradual allowances for public participation in the physical planning of estates. However, in 2013 the HDB took a larger turn in the design and planning of their existing estates with an NRP that allowed a whole new type of public involvement, as seen with the example RI WKH %21' 3URMHFW KHDGHG E\ WKH &RPPXQLW\ 5HODWLRQV Group under the HDB. 4. Case studies of community participation in Singapore’s public housing estates Two case studies will be discussed to illustrate the development and continual improvement of processes that involve greater community participation in neighbourhood planning and design by various government agencies in Singapore. Both case studies address some possibilities and challenges of community engagement in participatory planning in the context RI 6LQJDSRUH RÎ?HULQJ LQVLJKWV LQWR UHFHQW H[SHULPHQWDWLRQV of participatory planning and community engagement in neighbourhood design and planning. The BOND! Project was initiated by the HDB to encourage greater community participation and was aligned with their Roadmap for Better Living in HDB Towns, which emphasises WKH QHHG WR GHYHORS FRPPXQLW\ FHQWULF WRZQV WR KHOS UHVLGHQWV foster a greater sense of ownership and belonging to their FRPPXQLW\ ΖW LV WKH Č´UVW WLPH WKDW UHVLGHQWV ZHUH H[WHQVLYHO\ approached for their views on neighbourhood design and planning of the existing built environment. There were a series of outreach and engagement methods used to garner feedback and involvement from residents. Levels of community participation such as informing, involving, and consulting residents were present, with a small portion of participation focused on empowering and collaborating. The unique method RI D FR FUHDWLRQ ZRUNVKRS ZKLFK ZDV DEVHQW LQ SUHYLRXV 153V

was introduced to facilitate collaboration and consultation with UHVLGHQWV WKURXJK LQ GHSWK GLVFXVVLRQV RI GHVLJQ FRQVLGHUDWLRQV for their preferred NRP facilities. A ‘Champion Program’ was also LQWURGXFHG WR LGHQWLI\ DQG QXUWXUH UHVLGHQWV ZKR ZHUH QRQ grassroots leaders that were driven by their interest and passion IRU FHUWDLQ DFWLYLWLHV LQ RUGHU WR KDYH WKHP FR LPSOHPHQW DQG VXVWDLQ LQLWLDWLYHV IRU WKH FRPPXQLW\ DQG WKH SURMHFW RYHU WKH long run. In contrast to the initial stage of the usual NRP, both the authorities and grassroots organisations have equal say in WKH ZD\ WKH %21' 3URMHFW VKRXOG EH FDUULHG RXW DQG PRUH discussions among stakeholders are planned. New methods VXFK DV ȆFR FUHDWLQJ VROXWLRQVȇ DUH LQWURGXFHG ZKLFK FRQVLVW of interactive boards and workshops with the aim of reaching PRUH UHVLGHQWV DQG ȆLQYROYLQJȇ WKHP LQ KDQGV RQ GHVLJQ aspects for neighbourhood design and planning. The HDB had intended to act as facilitators and hosts to guide the grassroots organisations and Town Councils in deeper engagement procedures with the hope that these community players will be able to implement this every year. The public was probably not DFFXVWRPHG WR WKLV QHZ PHWKRG RI ȆFR FUHDWLQJȇ WKDW SURYLGHG D much higher degree of opportunity and choice, which explains WKH OLPLWHG OHYHO RI SDUWLFLSDWLRQ IURP GLÎ?HUHQW GHPRJUDSKLFV DQG SURČ´OHV 1RQHWKHOHVV LW LV D FRPPHQGDEOH JRRG VWDUW The Tampines Town Hub LV D RQH WLPH LQWHJUDWHG OLIHVW\OH GHYHORSPHQW LQ 7DPSLQHV 7RZQ &HQWUH DQG ZLOO EH D RQH VWRS destination for residents of Tampines. Similar to the BOND! 3URMHFW WKH 3HRSOHȇV $VVRFLDWLRQ 3$ XVHG YDULRXV RXWUHDFK methods to engage the community in a more participatory approach for this Town Hub. However, community participation in the Tampines Town Hub was relatively more intensive, particularly in Stages 2 and 3, which are the design and planning and action stages, respectively. The community was actively engaged in discussions and various other methods such as road shows, phone surveys, focus group discussions, and events in order to create and implement a shared vision and generate a list of activities or programs they wished to see at the Hub. Architects and many local authorities were also involved in this engagement process. The level of community participation evident here was focused mainly on informing, involving, and consulting. The cases are presented with background information and analyses in a table form below for ease of comparison and distillation of learning points and principles. A cross comparison is done with both case studies so that important principles and emerging trends in current community participatory QHLJKERXUKRRG GHVLJQ DQG SODQQLQJ SURMHFWV FDQ EH TXLFNO\

&RPPXQLW\ &OXE 0DQDJHPHQW &RPPLWWHHV &&0&V KHOS EXLOG PDQDJH DQG PDLQWDLQ DOO WKH &RPPXQLW\ &OXEV &&V &&V DUH WKH FRPPRQ PHHWLQJ JURXQG IRU UHVLGHQWV IURP DOO ZDONV RI OLIH E\ SURYLGLQJ QXPHURXV recreational activities and learning opportunities. &LWL]HQV &RQVXOWDWLYH &RPPLWWHH &&& LV WKH XPEUHOOD JUDVVURRWV RUJDQLVDWLRQ LQ D FRQVWLWXHQF\ LQ 6LQJDSRUH &&&V SODQ DQG OHDG JUDVVURRWV DFWLYLWLHV LQ D FRQVWLWXHQF\ DQG RYHUVHH FRPPXQLW\ DQG ZHOIDUH SURJUDPPHV They also act as a feedback channel between the government and the people. 5HVLGHQWV &RPPLWWHHV 5&V ZHUH Č´UVW HVWDEOLVKHG LQ LQ WZR FRQVWLWXHQFLHV LQ 6LQJDSRUH 7DQMRQJ 3DJDU DQG 0DULQH 3DUDGH ZLWK WKH DLP RI SURPRWLQJ QHLJKERXUO\ LQWHUDFWLRQ JRRG FRPPXQDO UHODWLRQV DQG RYHUDOO cohesion. RCs also serve as channels of communication between residents and the government.

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H[WUDFWHG ZLWK UHJDUG WR WKH Č´YH VWDJHV RI HQJDJHPHQW RI WKH various models discussed in Chapter 2 .

Table 2: Summary of Design and Planning Stages of Local Case Studies.

Source: adapted from interviews with HDB and various secondary sources (e.g. Lee 2013; Tampinestownhub 2012).

In Stage 1 of neighbourhood design and planning, understanding and responding to community needs as well as capitalising on existing neighbourhood resources and opportunities are the key engagement stages. Building relationships with neighbours is crucial in encouraging more citizens to participate in community GHYHORSPHQW ZKLFK LV D FKDOOHQJH DV DFFRUGLQJ WR NH\ ȴQGLQJV from interviews, many do not even know their neighbours. Stages 2 and 3 are the stages where the community is most actively engaged in discussions and where most of the neighbourhood design and planning is done through design workshops, which are used to decide upon what kind of space residents will collectively want or need in their communities. The methods used for communication and conducting workshops are crucial to the success of this stage. 6WDJH RI QHLJKERXUKRRG GHVLJQ DQG SODQQLQJ LV WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ VWDJH ZKHUH WKH DFWXDO ȴQDOLVDWLRQ RI SODQV and construction takes place. Programmatic and organizational guidelines must be established at this stage to ensure that the SURMHFW ZLOO EH VXVWDLQDEOH DIWHU FRQVWUXFWLRQ LV FRPSOHWHG Planning ahead before the physical outcome is completed DQG LQ RSHUDWLRQ DOORZV IRU EHWWHU LQWHJUDWLRQ DQG ȾRZ RI WKH SURJUDPPHV DQG PDQDJHPHQW SODQV LQWR WKH ȴQDO EXLOW outcome. Stage 5 is the maintenance and sustainability stage where community assets and resources are grown. However, the community is not actively engaged at this stage in Singapore’s case, and engaging residents and ensuring sustainability is a challenge. The aforementioned case studies demonstrate that growing community assets and resources and making sure they DUH GLVFRYHUHG DQG VKDUHG DUH FUXFLDO LQ HQVXULQJ SURMHFW sustainability. A set of tools and guides in neighbourhood design and planning for easy community maintenance can be made available to tackle this challenge. The development of trust, production of local design statements as well as new laws and regulations can also be established. These methods not only allow for better community management, but also XSGDWH SDVW UHJXODWLRQV WR UHȾHFW FKDQJLQJ VRFLHWDO QHHGV DQG

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wants, and eventually can even form new sets of laws for other communities to refer to. The case studies also demonstrate WKDW LQVSLULQJ UHVLGHQWV WR SDUWLFLSDWH LQ FR FUHDWLRQ HÎ?RUWV and engaging them in the planning process is challenging, DV FRPPXQLW\ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LV UHODWLYHO\ QHZ LQ WKLV FLW\ VWDWH and most of Singapore’s public housing residents have not experienced nor been exposed to participatory planning. 5. Conclusions Although community participation is generally desirable in SODQQLQJ DQG GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ SURFHVVHV PDQ\ FKDOOHQJHV H[LVW for both the government and citizens. Some challenges faced by the government were caused by the common practice employed by the government itself of facilitating proper planning for residents, which may cause them to feel apathetic in taking on ODUJHU UROHV EH\RQG WKHLU GDLO\ PDWWHUV +ROOQVWHLQHU 7KXV UHGHČ´QLQJ WKH UROHV RI FLWL]HQV LQ SXEOLF OLIH LV RIWHQ UHTXLUHG WR UHGLUHFW SDUWLFLSDQWVȇ HÎ?RUWV WR WKH OHYHO RI SDUWLFLSDWLRQ QHHGHG 0RUHRYHU WKH GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ SURFHVV UHTXLUHV KHDY\ WLPH FRPPLWPHQWV /DZUHQFH DQG 'HDJHQ DQG DV (FKHYHUULD LQ ΖUYLQ DQG 6WDQVEXU\ DUJXHG WKH FROODERUDWLYH SURFHVV VORZV GRZQ GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ WR IDYRXU WKH VWDWXV TXR Building trust and friendships may take time, and the idea of community should be viewed as a process that needs to be built collectively by all of its stakeholders, rather than an end result. On the other hand, from a citizen’s point of view genuine SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LV GLÉ?FXOW WR DFKLHYH RQ PDQ\ RFFDVLRQV GXH WR WKH VXSHULRU DWWLWXGH RI WKH VSHFLDOLVW L H WKH WHFKQLFDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG VNLOOV FODLPHG WR EH RZQHG RQO\ E\ WKH VSHFLDOLVW +ROOQVWHLQHU $OWKRXJK PDQ\ VWXGLHV DVVXPH WKDW HPSRZHUPHQW DQG engagement of residents for actively supporting the democratic SURFHVV RI GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ DUH FUXFLDO IRU UHGXFLQJ F\QLFLVP the formulation of decisions and their implementation requires a series of meetings that are usually avoided by citizens. 7KLV UHGXFHV WKH HÉ?FLHQF\ RI GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ DQG UHVXOWV LQ RSSRUWXQLVWLF DFWV E\ FHUWDLQ JURXSV WR LQČľXHQFH SROLF\ IRU SHUVRQDO JDLQ ΖUYLQ DQG 6WDQVEXU\ )DLQVWHLQ DUJXHG WKDW ZKLOH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ SRWHQWLDOO\ PDNHV SROLF\ PDNLQJ PRUH UHVSRQVLYH WR WKH QHHGV RI FLWL]HQV it also has weaknesses that can undermine its inclusivity and HÎ?HFWLYHQHVV )DLQVWHLQ IXUWKHU SRLQWHG RXW WKDW WKH KRSH IRU citizen participation is that deliberation will lead to compromise and inclusion but sadly, stalemate is the more usual result. Civic engagement also raises problems of which citizens to involve. (YHQ ZKHQ WKH\ DUH QRW ELDVHG WRZDUGV PLGGOH FODVV LQWHUHVWV QHLJKERXUKRRG LQVWLWXWLRQV GR QRW UHOLDEO\ SURGXFH HÎ?HFWLYH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ LELG Among its opportunities and challenges, certain conditions are QHHGHG LQ RUGHU WR IRVWHU HÎ?HFWLYH FRPPXQLW\ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ 6RPH VWUDWHJLHV DUH SURSRVHG E\ YDULRXV DXWKRUV VHH IRU H[DPSOH %HLHUOH +RZHOO HW DO ΖQQHV HW DO

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0DUJHUXP WR WDFNOH WKH REVWDFOHV RI SDUWLFLSDWLRQ which include, ‘careful selection of a representative group of VWDNHKROGHUV D WUDQVSDUHQW GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ SURFHVV WR EXLOG WUXVW DPRQJ SDUWLFLSDQWV FOHDU DXWKRULW\ LQ GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ competent and unbiased group facilitators, regular meetings, DQG DGHTXDWH Č´QDQFLDO UHVRXUFHV WR VXSSRUW WKH JURXS SURFHVV GXULQJ WKH SRWHQWLDOO\ ORQJ OHDUQLQJ DQG GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ SURFHVVȇ ΖUYLQ DQG 6WDQVEXU\ +RZHYHU WKHVH strategies are universal and the local context needs to be considered to ensure the success of community participation. 7KH HÎ?HFWLYHQHVV RI DQ\ SXEOLF HQJDJHPHQW DSSURDFK LV KLJKO\ dependent upon the political and cultural milieus of a country and the readiness and maturity of its civil society to propose LGHDV DQG UHVSRQVLEO\ VHH WKHP WKURXJK +HH DQG .KRR Despite these challenges, participatory planning advocates and scholars have argued that community participation can FRQWULEXWH WR GLÎ?HUHQW DVSHFWV RI D FRKHVLYH FRPPXQLW\ VXFK DV social capital, social network, attachment to a place, and sense of ownership. Participation in local community organisations creates social capital and social cohesion among neighbours, which results in a positive resource for participants and the QHLJKERXUKRRG 3XWQDP )XUWKHUPRUH VWXGLHV KDYH found that people who participate in groups concerned with neighbourhood problems reported higher levels of attachment WR WKHLU QHLJKERXUKRRGV 7D\ORU $OO RI WKHVH Č´QGLQJV RÎ?HU VXSSRUW IRU JUHDWHU SDUWLFLSDWRU\ DQG FRPPXQLW\ EDVHG processes in the design and development of neighbourhoods, which in turn enhances local ownership and the sense of belonging. Singapore’s recent move towards a more inclusive and participatory style of leadership shows a sharp contrast to the authoritarian posture seen during the nation’s early years after independence. However, the case of Singapore underlines the point that participation cannot be divorced from society’s inherent authority structures. It might prove inevitable that the government will have to look at more sophisticated ways of DFFRPPRGDWLQJ VRFLHW\ȇV JUHDWHU DSSHWLWH IRU SDUWLFLSDWLRQ 1RK DQG 7XPLQ Community participation in neighbourhood planning in Singapore as of yet has been mostly guided by the existing authoritarian structures and prevailing societal norms shaped E\ WKH JRYHUQPHQW LELG +RZHYHU SDUWLFLSDWLRQ VKRXOG EH D FHQWUDO SDUW RI KRZ WKH SODQ LV SURGXFHG DQG QRW DQ DVLGH DGG RQ RU GLYHUVLRQ %DNHU HW DO 6WXGLHV KDYH VKRZQ WKDW residents have become more actively engaged in the planning SURFHVV LQ 6LQJDSRUH 6RK DQG <XHQ JLYLQJ KRSH WKDW WKHUH LV WKH SRWHQWLDO IRU ORFDO UHVLGHQWV WR SOD\ D PRUH VLJQLČ´FDQW role and have a greater say about their neighbourhoods. Moving forward, there is a need to test out new and creative methods to engage the community, where participation is at the core of neighbourhood design and planning for shared

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communal spaces. The importance of inclusiveness is a challenge, especially in a multicultural society like Singapore. Attempts should be made to engage everyone in a locality, LQFOXGLQJ KDUG WR UHDFK JURXSV RU WKRVH ZLWK WUDGLWLRQDOO\ ORZ LQYROYHPHQW SURČ´OHV More transparent and open platforms for participation and communication should be encouraged to engage the community in creating community visions together, examining and implementing possible mechanisms of participation whereby various stakeholders are included, and empowering members of the community to contribute in their own ways to WKH SURFHVVHV RI GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ DQG FRPPXQLW\ EXLOGLQJ

'U\]HN - 6 'LVFXUVLYH GHPRFUDF\ SROLWLFV SROLF\ DQG political science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (FKHYHUULD - ' Ȇ1R 6XFFHVV /LNH )DLOXUH 7KH 3ODWWH 5LYHU &ROODERUDWLYH :DWHUVKHG 3ODQQLQJ 3URFHVVȇ :LOOLDP DQG 0DU\ (QYLURQPHQWDO /DZ DQG 3ROLF\ 5HYLHZ YRO QR SS Fainstein, S S 2013, ‘The Limits to Public Engagement’, Urban 6ROXWLRQV YRO SS &HQWUH IRU /LYHDEOH &LWLHV 6LQJDSRUH Forester, J 1989, Planning in the face of power, University of California Press, Berkeley.

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+DOO 3 Ȇ7KH $QJOR $PHULFDQ FRQQHFWLRQ ULYDO UDWLRQDOLWLHV LQ SODQQLQJ WKHRU\ DQG SUDFWLFH ȇ (QYLURQPHQW DQG 3ODQQLQJ % 3ODQQLQJ DQG 'HVLJQ YRO SS +DUYH\ ' 6RFLDO MXVWLFH DQG WKH FLW\ (GZDUG $UQROG London. +HDOH\ 3 Ȇ3ODQQLQJ WKURXJK GHEDWH WKH FRPPXQLFDWLYH WXUQ LQ SODQQLQJ WKHRU\ȇ 7RZQ 3ODQQLQJ 5HYLHZ YRO SS 162. +HH / .KRR / 0 Ȇ(QJDJLQJ &RPPXQLWLHV /HVVRQ IURP $URXQG WKH :RUOGȇ 8UEDQ 6ROXWLRQV YRO SS &HQWUH IRU Liveable Cities, Singapore. +ROOQVWHLQHU 0 5 Ȇ3HRSOH 3RZHU &RPPXQLW\ 3DUWLFLSDWLRQ in the Planning and Implementation of Human Settlements’, 3KLOOLSLQH 6WXGLHV YRO QR SS +RXVLQJ DQG 'HYHORSPHQW %RDUG +'% Ȇ6KDSLQJ D 0DVWHU Plan Blueprint’, Dwellings, vol.2, 2013. +RXVLQJ DQG 'HYHORSPHQW %RDUG +'% 6LQJDSRUH YLHZHG $XJXVW KWWS ZZZ KGE JRY VJ +RZHOO 5 ( 2OVHQ 0 ( 2OVHQ ' 'HVLJQLQJ D &LWL]HQ ΖQYROYHPHQW 3URJUDP $ *XLGHERRN IRU ΖQYROYLQJ &LWL]HQV LQ WKH 5HVROXWLRQ RI (QYLURQPHQWDO OVVXHV :HVWHUQ 5XUDO 'HYHORSPHQW Center, Corvallis, Oregon. +XGVRQ % 0 Ȇ&RPSDULVRQ RI FXUUHQW SODQQLQJ WKHRULHV

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Engagement Exercise, online video, 6 June 2013, viewed 16 June KWWSV ZZZ \RXWXEH FRP ZDWFK"Y 86F/;7;\

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Taylor, R B 1996, ‘Neighbourhood Responses to Disorder and /RFDO $WWDFKPHQWV 7KH 6\VWHPLF 0RGHO RI $WWDFKPHQW 6RFLDO Disorganization, and Neighbourhood Use Value’, Sociological )RUXP YRO QR SS

ΖQQHV - ( *UXEHU - 1HXPDQ 0 7KRPSVRQ 5 Coordinating growth and environmental management through consensus building, California Policy Seminar, Berkeley. International Association for Impact Assessment 2006, Public 3DUWLFLSDWLRQ ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO %HVW 3UDFWLFH 3ULQFLSOHV )DUJR 86$ International Association for Public Participation 2007, IAP2 &RUH 9DOXHV YLHZHG $XJXVW ΖUYLQ 5 $ 6WDQVEXU\ - Ȇ&LWL]HQ 3DUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ 'HFLVLRQ 0DNLQJ ΖV ΖW :RUWK WKH (Î?RUW"ȇ 3XEOLF $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ 5HYLHZ YRO QR SS /DQH 0 % Ȇ3XEOLF 3DUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ 3ODQQLQJ DQ LQWHOOHFWXDO KLVWRU\ȇ $XVWUDOLDQ *HRJUDSKHU YRO QR SS

Vraneski, A 2000, Planning Together ? The Community and the Urban Development Arena—Research Conclusions and Proposed Action Models, CURS, Technion, Jerusalem. :LHGHPDQQ 3 0 )HPHUV 6 Ȇ3XEOLF SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ ZDVWH PDQDJHPHQW GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ Čƒ $QDO\VLV DQG PDQDJHPHQW RI FRQČľLFWVȇ -RXUQDO RI +D]DUGRXV 0DWHULDOV YRO QR SS 368.

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PARTICIPATORY COMMUNITY DESIGN ACTION RESEARCH: 7KH &DVH RI 3KX ;XDQ &RPPXQH +R &KL 0LQK &LW\

CHONG Keng Hua, Jezamine CHUA Zihui, Zheng Jia, LEE Wei Ji Desmond, NG Zi Kai, NGUYEN Minh Chau, TAN Yen Lin, TAN Yen Ping Janice, TO Kien, VO Le Hoang Long, WONG Kai Qi Sharlene Singapore University of Technology and Design ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO 'HVLJQ &HQWHU 2SSRUWXQLW\ /DE Keywords: PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH, COMMUNITY DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT, HO CHI MINH CITY, SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY

Abstract Recently, there is a rise of civic participation across the world that enable the communities to participate more directly and actively LQ QHHG GHČ´QLQJ DQG GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ SURFHVVHV WKHUHE\ LPSURYH their lives and living environment. The roles of design and designers have also started to shift from “design for communityâ€? to “design with communityâ€? or “design by communityâ€?. This research strives to understand and explore the participatory community design process in the Phu Xuan Commune, a suburban district in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Having undergone rapid development in the past few years, Phu Xuan now faces multi-faceted urban and community issues, such as inadequate amenities, lack of waste management system and shortage of housing. Participatory community design approach is new and emerging in many Asian developing countries like Vietnam; Phu Xuan as a choice site of investigation has allowed for unique opportunities to work closely with local activists and universities. Our research framework and methodology consists of three phases. 7KH Č´UVW SKDVH &RPPXQLW\ IRFXVHV RQ SUHOLPLQDU\ VLWH DQG community analysis. A series of techniques, including community asset mapping, data and system analysis and a community workshop with the locals, was used to understand and identify Phu ;XDQȇV VWUHQJWKV FKDOOHQJHV WKUHDWV DQG RSSRUWXQLWLHV 7KH VHFRQG phase, Co-Creation, is focused on deeper examination of issues and potential design approaches, leading to collaborative design with community to solicit stories, feedbacks, ideas and designs. Fieldwork encompasses innovative and participatory data collection methods, including interviews with important stakeholders and documentation of the community through multiple lens such as time-lapse of public spaces, geo-tagging sounds and photos, and VHWWLQJ XS SKRWR ERRWKV WR UHYHDO WKH FRPPXQLW\ȇV VRFLDO QHWZRUN The third phase, Continuity, is concerned with reframing of design LQWR VXVWDLQDEOH PRGHO DFKLHYDEOH E\ WKH FRPPXQLW\ ZKLOH UHČ´QLQJ the design continually through multiple iterations of Community and Co-Creation processes. A participatory exhibition and a post-

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exhibition community dinner will be held in Phu Xuan in September 2014 to bring together the community to proactively envision and pursue self-sustaining ideas that would in turn empower them to overcome their challenges in the long run. The research ultimately aims to break ground in participatory community planning in Vietnam and examines how it can be carried RXW LQ WKH VSHFLȴF FRQWH[W RI 3KX ;XDQ &RPPXQH ΖW LV D SURSRQHQW for active community participation in the planning process, and studies how to empower the people of Phu Xuan to take ownership of the community development process toward a better future.

1. Introduction &RPPXQLW\ %DVHG 3DUWLFLSDWRU\ 5HVHDUFK &%35 LV D collaborative approach to research that equitably involves all partners in the research process and recognises the unique strengths that each brings. CBPR begins with a research topic of importance to the community, has the aim of combining knowledge with action and achieving social change to improve KHDOWK DQG TXDOLW\ RI OLIH RI FRPPXQLW\ PHPEHUV 0LQNOHU DQG :DOOHUVWHLQ 7UDFLQJ LWV URRW EDFN WR 3DUWLFLSDWRU\ $FWLRQ 5HVHDUFK 3$5 &%35 KDV EHHQ D JURZLQJ DSSURDFK LQ GHDOLQJ not only with health but also larger urban issues where every stakeholder from people to planners are involved in studying and solving these issues together. This approach aims to oppose the unspoken perspective that researchers are superior to those studied and empower the people to do something for themselves. This trend is gaining ground in developing countries ZKHUH PDQ\ QRQ JRYHUQPHQWDO RUJDQLVDWLRQV 1*2V DQG governments are experimenting with alternative approaches in tackling pressing urban issues amid rapid urbanisation. From WKH XVXDO PHWKRG RI ȊGHVLJQ IRU FRPPXQLW\ȋ WR ȊGHVLJQ ZLWK by community�, this cultural shift poses a new area to research with CBPR approach. +R &KL 0LQK &LW\ +&0& LV WKH ODUJHVW FLW\ DQG WKH FHQWHU RI HFRQRPLF DFWLYLW\ RI 9LHWQDP D IDVW GHYHORSLQJ QDWLRQ LQ 6RXWK East Asia. The city recorded a population of 7.5 million in 2011 and HCMC’s population is expected to grow to 13.9 million in 2025 , with suburbanization occurring concurrently. Such rapid development brings about various challenges for urban dwellers and planners, such as competition for limited urban space, lack of amenities, sanitation and housing. ΖQ WKLV UHVHDUFK SURMHFW ZH ZHUH ZRUNLQJ ZLWK 3KX ;XDQ &RPPXQH RI +X\HQ 1KD %H 1KD %H 'LVWULFW LQ +&0& EXLOGLQJ on the relationships established with the community by our 9LHWQDPHVH SDUWQHUV Ȃ +R &KL 0LQK 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\ +R Chi Minh City University of Transport and Van Lang University.

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3KX ;XDQ &RPPXQH LV ORFDWHG LQ WKH HDVW VLGH RI +X\HQ 1KD %H with a size of 101 hectares and a population of more than 16,000. 6XUURXQGLQJ 3KX ;XDQ &RPPXQH DUH 6DL *RQ 5LYHU /RQJ 7DX 5LYHU DQG 1KD %H FRPPXQHV 3KX ;XDQ &RPPXQH H[SHULHQFHV one of the highest rates of urbanization among all communes LQ +X\HQ 1KD %H ΖQ WKH SDVW ȴYH \HDUV 3KX ;XDQ &RPPXQH has developed rapidly in terms of infrastructure and economy. +RZHYHU PDQ\ UHGHYHORSPHQW SURMHFWV DUH UHSRUWHGO\ RQ KROG because of land clearance issues. Its strategic location and complexities in redevelopment would make for a suitable case VWXG\ IRU WKLV SURMHFW

DSSURDFK RI WDSSLQJ RQ H[SHUWLVH DFURVV GLÎ?HUHQW XQLYHUVLWLHV GLÎ?HUHQW GLVFLSOLQHV DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG SODQQLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ HQYLURQPHQWDO DQG V\VWHP HQJLQHHULQJ GLÎ?HUHQW FXOWXUHV 9LHWQDP DQG 6LQJDSRUH DV ZHOO DV NQRZOHGJH DQG experience of the community would provide us multiple SHUVSHFWLYHV LQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ 3KX ;XDQȇV XUEDQ LVVXHV ΖQ WKH following sections, we will describe the participatory research methodology, planning and implementation process, outcomes DQG UHČľHFWLRQV RI HDFK RI WKH UHVHDUFK SKDVHV

2. COMMUNITY - Community Design Workshop 7KH Č´UVW SKDVH &RPPXQLW\ IRFXVHV RQ SUHOLPLQDU\ VLWH DQG community analysis. A series of techniques, including community asset mapping, data and system analysis and a community dialogue with the local residents, was used to understand and identify community strengths, challenges, threats and opportunities. Community Design Workshop

Figure 1: Location of Nha Be.

A community design workshop was organized to provide D VWUXFWXUHG SODWIRUP IRU VWXGHQWV IURP GLÎ?HUHQW FXOWXUDO backgrounds and disciplines including architecture, civil engineering, systems engineering, environmental engineering, information technology from three participating universities, to identify issues and opportunities together. The three participating universities were Singapore University of Technology and Design 687' +R &KL 0LQK 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\ +&087 DQG 9DQ Lang University. The workshop consisted of a rigorous and iterative process of community analysis, mapping, interviews, design, development and presentations over 10 days, exposing participants to the various approaches of addressing community issues through a series of exercises and site studies. The aim was to understand the community and the underlying forces at ZRUN WR VFRSH WKH UHDO LVVXHV IDFHG E\ WKH SHRSOH LQ 3KX ;XDQ Participants were given opportunities to develop potentially VHOI VXVWDLQLQJ LGHDV WR HPSRZHU WKH FRPPXQLW\ WR HYHQWXDOO\ overcome their own challenges.

Figure 2: Location of Phu Xuan.

The participatory research was conducted in three phases over D SHULRG RI QLQH PRQWKV QDPHO\ &RPPXQLW\ &R &UHDWLRQ DQG &RQWLQXLW\ LQ RUGHU WR VWXG\ WKH XUEDQ LVVXHV WKDW 3KX ;XDQ UHVLGHQWV DUH H[SHULHQFLQJ :H KRSH WKDW VXFK PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO

)LJXUH 'LÎ?HUHQW VHWV RI WHFKQLTXHV LQWURGXFHG LQ WKH &RPPXQLW\ Design Workshop including site analysis and Community Asset Mapping.

KWWS ZZZ SVR KRFKLPLQKFLW\ JRY YQ F GRFXPHQWBOLEUDU\ JHWBȴOH"XXLG EE F E E JURXSΖG KWWS ZZZ QHZJHRJUDSK\ FRP FRQWHQW WKH HYROYLQJ XUEDQ IRUP KR FKL PLQK FLW\ VDLJRQ

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Figure 4: The Community Design Workshop in progress.

Figure 5: Site visit and interview with residents at Phu Xuan.

Phu Xuan Community Dialogue The community dialogue was held in the commune headquarters LQ 3KX ;XDQ 7KH ZRUNVKRS EHJXQ ZLWK WKH ORFDOV EHLQJ LQYLWHG to identify places where they live, work, learn and play on the map of their own neighbourhood. A sharing session followed, where locals were given the chance to share their stories and YLHZV WRZDUGV 3KX ;XDQ 7HDPV WKHQ SUHVHQWHG WKHLU VWXG\ RI 3KX ;XDQ DQG WKHLU SURSRVDOV WR WKH ORFDOV

her land. One woman shared that she was very contented with KHU OLIH DQG WKDW VKH YDOXHG WKH FRPPXQLW\ VSLULW RI 3KX ;XDQ very much. A few shared about the lack of entertainment and communal space. In response to the proposals, a young girl also shared about her love for sports, learning musical instruments, reading and her wish for a better library.

Figure 6: Phu Xuan resident voicing out their opinions during the Community Dialogue.

7KH IHHGEDFN WRZDUGV WKH SURSRVDOV ZDV VLPLODU :H UHDOLVHG it was due to the narrow scope of the ideas that were mainly architecturally focused on solving the lack of entertainment and public gathering space. Some comments were regarding the aesthetic design of the libraries and parks, which steered away from the holistic and functional goals that would help the community. Others commented on the proposals in terms RI WKHLU IHDVLELOLW\ DQG SRWHQWLDO EXW IHZ RÎ?HUHG RZQ LGHDV RU constructive feedback. These design proposals seemed to have EHHQ LQWHUSUHWHG DV ȆSURMHFWV E\ VWXGHQWVȇ UDWKHU WKDQ SRLQWV RI references for the residents to inspire them to come up with WKHLU RZQ LGHDV %HVLGHV WKH REMHFWLYH RI RXU GLDORJXH DV DQ educational and exchange platform was not made clear, which resulted in a misunderstanding of our proposals as solutions to be implemented by the government.

The turnout for the workshop was good, and it saw many locals, including youths, standing up to express their stories and opinions regarding the proposals. There were several LQWHUHVWLQJ DV ZHOO DV KHDUW EUHDNLQJ VWRULHV $Q HOGHUO\ ZRPDQ broke down while sharing her life struggles. Another elderly woman was angry at the government for forcefully taking away

Nevertheless, the workshop succeeded in bringing people together, and provided an excellent platform for the locals to share stories, and an opportunity to be heard by their own community. Albeit generic, the feedback provided by the locals prompted us to go back and question the feasibility and relevance of our proposals to their lives.

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Figure 7: Presentation to invited panel during the workshop review.

Evaluation and Review %DVHG RQ WKH IHHGEDFN WKH WHDP EHJDQ UHČ´QLQJ DQG GLYHUVLI\LQJ RXU LGHDV ZKLOH UHYLVLWLQJ LVVXHV LGHQWLČ´HG HDUOLHU :KLOH engineering students had previously seen this as an architectural exercise, they began to see the multidisciplinary nature of the workshop and ways in which they could contribute, coming up with refreshing solutions such as video games, alternate cartographies and energy harvesting. :LWK WKHVH QHZ LGHDV WKH WHDP HYDOXDWHG WKHLU IHDVLELOLW\ E\ DQDO\]LQJ :LOOLQJQHVV 7R 3D\ :73 9DOXH DQG &DSDELOLW\ $ mode of assessment was Capability of the community, in which the team, had to refer back to site mapping to identify relevant community assets. This made the team appreciate the existing implementations, infrastructures, resources, and even the FRPPXQLW\ VSLULW DQG DWWLWXGHV RI WKH ORFDOV 7KH WHDP UHČľHFWHG WKDW LW ZDV D XVHIXO VNLOO WR D ZRUOG RI IDFWRUV DQG WUDGH RÎ?V VXFK DV WKH IDOO EDFNV RI WRXULVP LQ 3KX ;XDQ 7KHVH PHWKRGV SXVKHG the team towards greater sensitivity, and to settle the proposals upon more realistic and feasible grounds. The workshop culminated in a review by a panel of professors, NGO representatives, investors, researchers and lecturers. Teams presented their understanding of the community, followed by design proposals. Comments given brought out perspectives from professional and experienced point of view, and towards implementing a solution that could be sustained by the community themselves in the long run. The panel ended RÎ? VWURQJO\ HPSKDVL]LQJ WKH QHHG IRU UDLVLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO awareness, and collaborating with unions, agencies and local authorities to make such ideas a reality. 5HČľHFWLRQV 7KH REMHFWLYH RI WKH ZRUNVKRS ZDV WR FRQYH\ WKH FRQFHSW of community design initiated through multidisciplinary, PXOWLFXOWXUDO PXOWL VWDNHKROGHU FROODERUDWLRQ DV ZHOO DV WR DFTXLUH D GHHS XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI 3KX ;XDQ ΖW ZDV WKH Č´UVW WLPH PRVW SDUWLFLSDQWV ZHUH FROODERUDWLQJ RQ D PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\ SURMHFW DQG H[SRVHG WR &%35 DSSURDFK

ΖQLWLDOO\ LW ZDV HYLGHQW LQ WKH DUFKLWHFWXUDOO\ IRFXVHG LGHDV proposed that participants were very focused in their own Č´HOGV +RZHYHU WKH HQG RI WKH ZRUNVKRS VDZ WKH EUDQFKLQJ of proposals into novel directions, seen in their variety and LQWHJUDWLRQ DFURVV GLÎ?HUHQW Č´HOGV %HVLGHV SLFNLQJ XS QHZ ZD\V and skills of understanding a community and evaluating ideas, WKH KXPDQ FHQWUHG DQG PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\ FRPPXQLW\ GHVLJQ process made the participants rethink the notion of design. The process of working closely with the locals, and students from GLÎ?HUHQW GLVFLSOLQHV DQG EDFNJURXQGV UHLQIRUFHG WKDW GHVLJQ LV not about the product, but about people and the process. Despite attempts to comprehend the community through site visits and interviews, we were still unable to ground the ideas created during the workshop upon the deeper understanding and sensitivity of the issues faced by the community. The main reason was due to the participants needed to spend the more time in the classroom to learn many basic skills and techniques than on the actual site itself. During this time, the participants focused more on analyzing site observations, ideating, producing deliverables over a short period of 10 days. At the end, the reviews by the community made us realize that the site visits DQG LQWHUYLHZV ZLWK ORFDOV ZHUH LQVXÉ?FLHQW WR IRUPXODWH PRUH rounded and sustainable solutions for the entire community, ZKLFK WKHUHIRUH SURPSWHG XV WR DGMXVW RXU GLUHFWLRQ IRU WKH next phase. 3. CO-CREATION - Data Collection 7KH SKDVH &R &UHDWLRQ ZDV SODQQHG WR IRFXV RQ GHHSHU examination of issues and potential design approaches. After WKH ZRUNVKRS WKH WHDP UHFROOHFWHG DQG UHČľHFWHG RQ WKH Č´QGLQJV LQ 3KX ;XDQ ΖW ZDV DSSDUHQW WKDW GHHSHU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI the community was needed, thus we sought to focus the next SKDVH RI WKH SURMHFW RQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH FRPPXQLW\ WKURXJK the lens of a particular issue. Re-Examination Of Issues $Q RYHUYLHZ RI LVVXHV IDFHG E\ 3KX ;XDQ ZDV SXW WRJHWKHU DQG

:LOOLQJQHVV 7R 3D\ :73 LV WKH PD[LPXP DPRXQW DQ LQGLYLGXDO LV ZLOOLQJ WR VDFULČ´FH WR SURFXUH D JRRG 9DOXH LV WKH RUGLQDO YDOXH RI WKH EHQHČ´WV WKH SDUWLFXODU PHDVXUH PLJKW EULQJ WR WKH FRPPXQLW\

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UHIUDPHG LQWR IRXU FDWHJRULHV (QYLURQPHQWDO 6RFLDO &XOWXUDO and Economic.

Figure 8: Potential issue for research and design: waste management in Phu Xuan

ΖQLWLDOO\ ZH ZDQWHG WR IRFXV WKH SURMHFW RQ WDFNOLQJ WKH LVVXH RI waste management as we observed that all four partial sites of 3KX ;XDQ ZHUH KHDYLO\ DÎ?HFWHG E\ D ODFN RI ZDVWH PDQDJHPHQW ZKLFK LV OLQNHG WR PDQ\ RWKHU LVVXHV IDFHG E\ 3KX ;XDQ 6WXG\LQJ waste management would also be an indirect and less intrusive way to understand the community. However, a community representative feedback that such approach was too externally LPSRVHG 7KXV ZH UHGHČ´QHG WKH QH[W SKDVH RI WKH UHVHDUFK to continue understanding the community through collecting PRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW 3KX ;XDQ WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKH UHVLGHQWV instead, while at the same time raising awareness and interest in this initiative.

Figure 10: Methods and proceeses of the data collection.

Surveys After organising survey responses, we realised that that there ZHUH WKUHH W\SHV RI UHSRQVHV ORFDOV ZKR KDG PLOG RSLQLRQV locals who displayed a strong sense of appreciation, and locals ZKR DFWLYHO\ VRXJKW LPSURYHPHQW )RU WKLV SURMHFW ZH KRSH WR Č´UVW FDSWXUH WKH LQWHUHVW RI WKRVH ZLWK D VWURQJ GHVLUH WR FKDQJH WKH FRPPXQLW\ :H FROOHFWHG WKH FRQWDFWV RI DOO ZKR were interviewed, and we hope to get in touch with them in WKH IXWXUH 'XULQJ WKH FODVVLČ´FDWLRQ RI WKH UHVSRQVHV WR WKH DERYH FDWHJRULHV ZH LGHQWLČ´HG WKUHH PDLQ DUHDV WKDW WKH UHVSRQVHV ZHUH WDUJHWHG DW VRFLDO FRQQHFWLRQV UHFUHDWLRQ DQG environment. These were similar to the results we collected IURP RXU VLWH YLVLW WR 3KX ;XDQ GXULQJ WKH Č´UVW SKDVH 7KURXJK the analysis, we narrowed down the scope of possible changes the residents could bring in the future.

Figure 9: Design of data collection.

:H GHVLJQHG WKH GDWD FROOHFWLRQ PHWKRG EDVHG RQ WZR PDLQ criteria, i.e. they should collectively capture as many aspects of the community as possible, and they should collectively exploit RXU GLÎ?HUHQW SK\VLFDO VHQVHV LQ FROOHFWLQJ WKRVH LQIRUPDWLRQ )LQDOO\ ZH FDPH XS ZLWK Č´YH GDWD FROOHFWLRQ PHWKRGV LQFOXGLQJ interview with important stakeholders, documentation of the FRPPXQLW\ WKURXJK PXOWLSOH OHQV VXFK DV WLPH ODSVH RI SXEOLF VSDFHV JHR WDJJLQJ VRXQGV DQG SKRWRV DQG VHWWLQJ XS SKRWR booths to reveal the community’s social network.

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Figure 11: Conducting a home survey in Phu Xuan.

Sound Recordings Mapping the sounds and photographs gave us a macro view of the community. Through the soundscape, we realized Phu

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;XDQ ZDV IXOO RI OLIH LQ WKH GD\ EXW VWUHHWV WXUQ TXLHW RQFH WKH VXQ VHWV 7KLV UHȾHFWHG WKHLU UXUDO HDUO\ WR VOHHS DQG HDUO\ WR ULVH OLIHVW\OH :KLOH HPSW\ ZDVWHODQGV ZHUH RIWHQ VLOHQW street corridors bustled with conversations and sounds of motorcycles, which is the residents’ primary form of transport. This showed people preferred to gather in corridors between houses. Conversations often had women’s voices, which imply men are usually not around in the day, perhaps due to work. Sound recordings often captured children’s laughter and FRQYHUVDWLRQV LQ WKH EDFNJURXQG ZKLFK UHȾHFWV WKH SUHYDOHQFH RI FKLOGUHQ LQ 3KX ;XDQ SOD\LQJ RXWVLGH Video Recordings At most locations, there was a recurring theme in that people RI 3KX ;XDQ HQMR\HG JDWKHULQJ LQ JURXSV DQG FKDWWLQJ ZLWK HDFK other. They gathered over drinks at a roadside cafe, to play card JDPHV RU HYHQ MXVW WR ZDWFK WKHLU FKLOGUHQ SOD\ 7R WKHP WKHUH ZDV QR VSHFLȴF SXEOLF VSDFH WKDW WKH\ KDG WR JR WR LW VHHPHG DV if they gathered wherever convenient. Due to the unique nature of Vietnamese businesses where shop owners would operate in front of their houses, with barely any partition separating their living space and shop, neighbours would gather at someone’s house and cafe at the same time. It is special because it blurs the boundary between what is considered public and private VSDFH ΖQ 3KX ;XDQ WKHUH LV VWURQJ VHQVH RI QHLJKERUO\ VSLULW when small groups of neighbours would gather, especially in the afternoons. However, we also observed from the videos that there are hardly any community gatherings that bring the whole RI 3KX ;XDQ WRJHWKHU 7KXV RWKHU WKDQ WKH IHZ LPPHGLDWH QHLJKERXUV DURXQG WKHLU KRXVH WKH W\SLFDO 3KX ;XDQ KRXVHKROG has very few opportunities to interact with others outside of that circle. It could prove challenging to inspire community action WR GR VRPHWKLQJ LQ 3KX ;XDQ LI WKH SHRSOH ZHUH QRW XVHG WR JDWKHULQJ DV D FRPPXQLW\ LQ WKH ȴUVW SODFH Geotagging Photos $FFHVV WR ORFDWLRQ EDVHG LQIRUPDWLRQ KHOSHG XV XQGHUVWDQG patterns of social gathering spaces, cultural landmarks and even the empty lands that have the potential to be meaningfully repurposed.

Photobooth 'XULQJ WKH IRXU GD\V RI GDWD FROOHFWLRQ LQ 3KX ;XDQ WKH 3KRWRERRWK WHDP KDV LQWHUYLHZHG PRUH WKDQ Č´IWHHQ JURXSV RI residents. There are friends, neighbours and families and we have managed to pass each of them a group photo for keeping. 2QH SDUWLFXODU JURXS FDXJKW RXU DWWHQWLRQ :H LQWHUYLHZHG WKLV woman with an older daughter who is around seven years old and a toddler daughter. From the interview, we have found out that the seven years old daughter is not her biological daughter. She has been abandoned by her parents when she was young and the woman keeps her after that. All the while, she has taken care of her like her own child. Through the photobooth interviews, we realised there is a strong sense of kinship in Phu ;XDQ &RPPXQH ZKHUH IULHQGV IDPLO\ PHPEHUV DQG QHLJKERXUV care for each other.

Figure 13: Taking group photos to reveal social connection and neighbourliness.

7KH GDWD FROOHFWLRQ SURFHVV ZDV IUXLWIXO :H EXLOW D KXJH GDWDEDVH RI GLÎ?HUHQW W\SHV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DOO RI ZKLFK KHOSHG XV WR IRUP D PXFK FOHDUHU SLFWXUH RI WKH 3KX ;XDQ FRPPXQLW\ However, the amount of time allocated for data collection was WRR VKRUW :H GLG QRW SXW LQ EXÎ?HU WLPH WR UHVSRQG DQG SODQ around things we could not predict, such as residents’ reception to our methods and new volunteers’ skill levels. It was a pity we had to abandon one of the participatory method of asking UHVLGHQWV WR WDNH SKRWRV RI WKLQJV DURXQG 3KX ;XDQ EHFDXVH RI lack of time and planning. On hindsight, our methods could have been a lot more SDUWLFLSDWRU\ :H FRXOG KDYH OHW WKH UHVLGHQWV FROOHFW PRUH information about themselves and their neighbours, which ZRXOG KDYH PDGH IRU DQ LQWHUHVWLQJ UHVHDUFK :H IRFXVHG WRR exclusively on collecting as much data about the community as possible, and did not consider to include more participatory elements in our methods. Therefore, we decided that the QH[W SKDVH RI WKH SURMHFW ZRXOG FRQWLQXH WR LQYROYH FROOHFWLQJ information, but at a greater level of participation from the participants.

Figure 12: Geotagging sound maps and photos.

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4. CONTINUITY - Community Exhibition

5HȵHFWLRQV

The phase, Continuity, involves reframing of design issues into a sustainable model achievable by the community. In this phase, we aimed to build a platform to bring together the community to SURDFWLYHO\ HQYLVLRQ DQG SXUVXH VHOI VXVWDLQLQJ LGHDV WKDW ZRXOG in turn empower them to overcome their challenges in the long run. Thus, we decided to organize a participatory community exhibition, which in itself would be shaped by data collected so far, as well as a community tea.

Our overall exhibition aim was to motivate and empower residents for change in the community, which is not an easy concept to express clearly to residents. Brochures explaining this were given out, but a personal guide tour will relay the message in a clearer manner. However, we were constantly shorthanded on Vietnamese volunteers to explain to participants. There could KDYH EHHQ WHQ PLQXWH LQWHUYDO WRXUV RI JXLGH YLVLWRU UDWLR so that the Vietnamese volunteers can explain the exhibition to more people at the same time.

Data Analytics and Exhibition Experience Design The method of presenting our data in the form of an exhibition allows the community to add on onto our research and rethink WKHLU FXUUHQW VLWXDWLRQ LQ WKH FR FUHDWLRQ RI WKHLU IXWXUH :H aimed to create a highly interactive and organically growing H[KLELWLRQ ZKHUH YLVLWLQJ UHVLGHQWV FRXOG OHDYH WKHLU PDUN :H sought to use the exhibition as part of the community design process, using existing data to further gather and extrapolate stories and ideas from the participants, such that the people become the researchers of their own community and through WKH SURFHVV EXLOG WKHLU FRQÈ´GHQFH FDSDFLW\ DQG QHWZRUN DV community designers.

Figure 14: Aims of the exhibition.

Our previous trip employed various data collection methods which we hoped to present in the exhibition in a coherent and clear manner. As such, we grouped the data into the following WKHPHV 6WRULHV 7UHDVXUHV DQG )XWXUH

Figure 16 : Participants expressing opinions and interacting with exhibits

Through feedback, participants commended the novel concept RI WKH H[KLELWLRQ 3HRSOH HQMR\HG H[SHULHQFLQJ WKHLU FRPPXQLW\ in new ways, such as through interacting with the sound PDS 7KH FKLOGUHQ ZHUH DOVR YHU\ HQWKXVLDVWLF DERXW È´OOLQJ LQ questionnaires. It was also remarked that the use of colour WKHPHV IRU HDFK VSDFH EURXJKW FODULW\ WR WKH H[SHULHQFH :H FUHDWHG WKH )XWXUH VHFWLRQ WR EH LQWHUDFWLYH DQG HYHU JURZLQJ but we should have extended this concept to the sections RQ 6WRULHV DQG 7UHDVXUHV WRR 3RVW LW QRWHV FRXOG KDYH EHHQ handed out to the participants to encourage the addition of their opinions or stories in those sections. 5. Discussion 7KH LPSRUWDQFH RI FROODERUDWRUV QRW MXVW WKH FRPPXQLW\ :KLOH GHÈ´QLQJ RXU REMHFWLYHV ZH UHDOLVHG WKDW HPSRZHULQJ WKH community was not only about managing the expectations of the community, but also recognizing the support of stakeholders LQYROYHG 1. Vietnamese Student Volunteers

Figure 15 : Objectives of the 3 themes: Stories, Treasures and Future and the Community Tea.

Front_Community_embedded_V1.indd 44

Both work time and informal recreational time spent with our Vietnamese counterparts were vitally important to the success RI WKLV SURMHFW :RUNLQJ DQG SOD\LQJ KDUG WRJHWKHU DOORZHG IRU greater opportunities to build sincere friendships and trust, allowing us to forge our bonds as friends with a common vision to engage the community. However, on hindsight, we should have spent more time equipping the Vietnamese with PRUH VNLOOV WR OHDG DQG VXVWDLQ WKH SURMHFW $V LQLWLDWRUV RI WKH

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SURMHFW 687' FRXOG KDYH EHWWHU H[SUHVVHG WKH XQGHUO\LQJ YLVLRQ RI WKH SURMHFW VXFK WKDW WKH 9LHWQDPHVH VWXGHQWV FRXOG HYHQWXDOO\ ULVH XS WR WDNH RZQHUVKLS RI WKH SURMHFW 7KLV FRXOG KDYH LQFOXGHG GHPRQVWUDWLRQV RQ 3$5 &%35 FROODERUDWLRQ during each phase or more mentoring sessions to teach VWXGHQW OHDGHUV KRZ WR FRQWLQXH WKH SURMHFW ZHOO 2. Community Volunteers and Leaders Support from the local community could not be any less LPSRUWDQW :KHQ ZH SRVWHG DERXW WKH SURMHFW RQ D +&0& FRPPXQLW\ SURMHFW RQOLQH IRUXP ZH ZHUH VXUSULVHG WR UHFHLYH enthusiastic responses from people who were interested to Č´QG RXW PRUH VKDUH WKHLU H[SHUWLVH DQG HYHQ FROODERUDWH ZLWK us. Through this same forum page, we came to know of a resident RI 3KX ;XDQ ZKR RÎ?HUHG WUHPHQGRXV VXSSRUW WR RXU SURMHFW 6KH ZRUNHG FORVHO\ ZLWK XV DQG HQVXUHG WKDW ZH GLG QRW MXPS into implementing something that would not be sustainable LQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ ΖQ WKH Č´UVW WULS ZKHQ ZH ZHUH WHPSWHG to start prototyping and building our ideas, she advised us against narrowing our scope too early as we yet to have a GHHS XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH FRPPXQLW\ 6KH RIWHQ RÎ?HUHG YDOXDEOH ORFDO LQVLJKWV RI 3KX ;XDQ VR WKDW ZH FRXOG PDNH more informed decisions on our next step. She would always H[SODLQ WR FXULRXV ORFDOV DERXW RXU SURMHFW DQG UDOO\ WKHP WR VXSSRUW XV 6KH HYHQWXDOO\ EHFDPH DQ LQVWUXPHQWDO Č´JXUH LQ RXU SURMHFW $ OHDGHU RI D XQLRQ ZKLFK LV D OLQN EHWZHHQ government parties and the people, also visited our exhibition DQG LQGLFDWHG KLV LQWHUHVW WR VXSSRUW XV IXUWKHU :LWK VWURQJ VXSSRUW IURP ORFDOV ZH DUH FRQČ´GHQW WKDW WKH SURMHFW FDQ reach the next level. 3. Corporate Sponsors :H ZHUH DOVR YHU\ IRUWXQDWH WR EH DEOH WR DWWUDFW D IHZ potential industry partners who were interested in the nature RI RXU SURMHFW 7KLV OHG WR D UHDO SRVVLELOLW\ RI VSRQVRUVKLS RI IXQGV IRU WKH FRPPXQLW\ WR NLFN VWDUW WKHLU LQLWLDWLYHV ZKLFK EURXJKW PXFK H[FLWHPHQW WR WKH ORFDOV :KLOH FRUSRUDWH VSRQVRUV XVXDOO\ WDNH D SDVVLYH UROH LQ WKH SURMHFW RQH particular sponsor was highly invested in the progress of the SURMHFW 7KLV SRWHQWLDO VSRQVRU RIWHQ WRRN SHUVRQDO WLPH RXW WR FKHFN LQ RQ WKH SURMHFW DQG SURYLGHG PDQ\ XVHIXO LQVLJKWV along the way.

engineering students would view the bigger picture and always GLUHFW WKH SURMHFW WRZDUGV PHHWLQJ WKH PDFUR REMHFWLYHV architecture students would be focusing on better engaging the residents through design. At the same time, another team PHPEHU IURP D FRPSXWHU VFLHQFH EDFNJURXQG ZRXOG Č´JXUH RXW KRZ WR EULQJ WKH ZKROH SURMHFW WR DQRWKHU OHYHO RI FUHDWLYLW\ DQG HÉ?FLHQF\ XVLQJ WHFKQRORJ\ $ORQJ WKH ZD\ ZH OHDUQW WKDW LW ZDV QRW DERXW LPSOHPHQWLQJ WKH EHVW LGHDV IURP WKHLU Č´HOGV RI interest but about ultimately working as a team to reach out to WKH FRPPXQLW\ LQ DQ HÎ?HFWLYH DQG VXVWDLQDEOH PDQQHU Understanding Culture And Language 1. Cultural Sensitivity It is important to understand the culture of the community. Some situations that seem socially acceptable to us might actually be frowned upon by the community. One of the H[DPSOHV ZRXOG EH WKH RÎ?HULQJ RI IUHH IRRG WR WKH UHVLGHQWV during the exhibition’s community tea. Our team thought that LW ZRXOG EH VHHQ DV JRRG ZLOO WR RÎ?HU IUHH IRRG EXW VRPH residents took the gesture as an insult. Another example would be how many residents mistook the invitation cards prepared for the community workshop as invitation cards to a funeral due to a visual resemblance we were unaware of. As a result, many residents refused to accept the invitation without knowing about the event details. If we had taken PRUH WLPH WR XQGHUVWDQG 3KX ;XDQȇV FXOWXUH ZH FRXOG KDYH prevented ourselves from doing anything that might damage the relationship between the community and us. 2. Language Barrier Language barrier was a huge obstacle in understanding WKH UHVLGHQWV :H KDYH EHHQ KHDYLO\ UHOLDQW RQ WUDQVODWLRQ through the process, whether it is obtaining inputs from the community in interviews or directing outputs to the community such as preparing exhibition materials. This has also caused a chokehold in the preparation of the exhibition, when we had to wait for the Vietnamese students to complete the translation of surveys from Vietnamese to English so that we could understand them. After preparing exhibition materials in English, we then required the Vietnamese VWXGHQWV WR WUDQVODWH WKHP WR 9LHWQDPHVH :H KDG WR SXW XS with some mistranslations of original meanings as well, which caused certain information to be inaccurate.

0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\ 7HDP

Government Intervention At Appropriate Timings

The SUTD team consists of people with diverse nationalities, skills, ages and backgrounds. The multidisciplinary nature of the team became its strengths. Throughout the entire process, HDFK PHPEHU ZDV DEOH WR RÎ?HU GLÎ?HUHQW \HW FULWLFDO SHUVSHFWLYHV DQG RSLQLRQV RI WKH SURMHFW )RU LQVWDQFH ZKLOH WKH V\VWHPV

:H OHDUQW WKDW ZKLOH JRYHUQPHQW VXSSRUW LV JRRG ZH VKRXOG seek help from them only at appropriate timings. For example, GXULQJ WKH Č´UVW WULS WKH JRYHUQPHQW RÎ?HUHG WKHLU FRPPXQH headquarters for the community workshop. However, many residents thought that it was a government meeting and were

Front_Community_embedded_V1.indd 45

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UHOXFWDQW WR JR :KLOH D VL]HDEOH QXPEHU RI UHVLGHQWV FDPH we anticipated more to show up. For those who turned up, some even mistook the event as a ‘complaint feedback session’ organized by the government. If we had used the commune headquarters as a meeting place in the later stages of the SURMHFW DIWHU PRUH UHVLGHQWV KDYH D FOHDUHU LGHD RQ WKLV SURMHFW it would not have confused residents so much. Therefore, the timing for introducing the government’s presence in such a FRPPXQLW\ GHVLJQ SURMHFW LV YLWDO LQ HQVXULQJ WKDW WKHUH LV QR miscommunication of intentions. Wide Spectrum Of Data Collection Methods 7KH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI WKH GLÎ?HUHQW GDWD FROOHFWLRQ PHWKRGV DOORZHG XV WR KDYH D PXOWL GLPHQVLRQDO YLHZ RQ WKH 3KX ;XDQ FRPPXQH The interviews conducted with the community represents the locals’ perspective on their own community while some of the other methods we adopted such as the recording of the sounds DW WKH YDULRXV ORFDWLRQV JHRWDJJLQJ RI WKH VLJQLČ´FDQW VLWHV DQG recording videos of the daily lives of the residents represents the outsiders’ view of the community. Through the combination of both perspectives, they provided an alternative viewpoint for both the locals and the outsiders as they understood the community based on each other’s viewpoints. 6. Conclusion *XLGHG E\ D EURDG IUDPHZRUN RI WKUHH SKDVHV &RPPXQLW\ &R &UHDWLYH DQG &RQWLQXLW\ RXU SDUWLFLSDWRU\ FRPPXQLW\ GHVLJQ research adopted a versatile and dynamic approach, whereby we explored new and innovative design methodologies to engage WKH FRPPXQLW\ DQG FRQVWDQWO\ UH HYDOXDWHG RXU SODQV 2YHUDOO WKH SURMHFW KDV SURYLGHG XV D SODWIRUP WR XQGHUVWDQG KRZ WR conduct participatory community design, and how receptive the 3KX ;XDQ FRPPXQLW\ LV WRZDUGV LW :KLOH LW ZRXOG WDNH D ORQJHU period of time for the whole community and all our stakeholders to fully internalize and embrace this design approach, we have already seen many enthusiastic early adopters. Various activities including the community workshop, data collection and community exhibition, have helped us establish a real SUHVHQFH ZLWKLQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ 6LJQLČ´FDQW SRVLWLYH SURJUHVV has also been made in the working relationships between the team and other key personnel. These factors have encouraged us to proceed further, possibly through the prototyping of a few HPHUJLQJ LGHDV 1H[W ZH ZRXOG FRQWLQXH WR VXSSRUW WKH SURMHFW by taking on a facilitator role and passing the baton to the 9LHWQDPHVH VWXGHQWV WR EH WKH NH\ GULYHUV RI WKH SURMHFW 7KLV VKLIW LQ OHDGHUVKLS LV D VWHS IRUZDUG WRZDUGV D VHOI VXVWDLQDEOH SURMHFW :H ORRN IRUZDUG WR VHHLQJ 3KX ;XDQ WUDQVIRUPHG E\ participatory community design for the better someday. 7. Acknowledgements 7KLV UHVHDUFK KDV EHHQ VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH 687' 0Ζ7

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ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO 'HVLJQ &HQWUH Ζ'& RI WKH 687' 6SHFLDO WKDQNV JR WKH IROORZLQJ NH\ FRQWULEXWRUV IRU WKHLU VLJQLČ´FDQW FRQWULEXWLRQV LQ PDNLQJ WKLV VWXG\ SRVVLEOH 6WXGHQW SDUWLFLSDQWV IURP DOO WKUHH SDUWLFLSDWLQJ 9LHWQDPHVH XQLYHUVLWLHV +R &KL 0LQK University of Technology, Van Lang University and Ho Chi Minh &LW\ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7UDQVSRUW FR PHQWRUV 3URI 1JX\HQ +XRQJ Trung, Prof Pham Duc Thang, Prof Le Thi Hong Na and Prof Ngo Minh Hung from HCMC University of Technology and Prof Pham Thi Anh from HCMC University of Transport. The authors also wish to thank Victoria Gerrard from Opportunity Lab 2 /DE 3URI .ULVWLQ / :RRG DQG VWDÎ?V IURP Ζ'& JRYHUQPHQW RÉ?FLDOV IURP 3KX ;XDQ &RPPXQH ZRUNVKRS JXHVW VSHDNHUV Mr. Ly Khanh Tam Thao from HCMC Department of Planning DQG $UFKLWHFWXUH DQG 0UV /H 'LHX $QK D IUHHODQFH FRPPXQLW\ H[SHUW ZRUNVKRS SDQHOLVWV 3URI /XX ;XDQ /RF 3URI 3KDP 4XRF Vinh, Mrs. Le Dieu Anh, Mr Do Huu Nhat Quang from GreenViet, Mr Vu Linh Quang from Ardor Architects, Mr Alek Cannan from Global Green Growth Institute, Mr Pham Tran Hai from Ho Chi 0LQK &LW\ ΖQVWLWXWH IRU 'HYHORSPHQW 6WXGLHV WKH SULQFLSDO DQG VWDÎ?V IURP /H 9DQ +XX 6HFRQGDU\ 6FKRRO 0V 1JX\HQ 7KL 7KLQK DQG RWKHU 3KX ;XDQ UHVLGHQWV DQG DFWLYLVWV DQG Č´QDOO\ WKH HQWLUH 3KX ;XDQ &RPPXQLW\

References 'H/\VHU ' 6XL ' &URVVLQJ WKH TXDOLWDWLYH TXDQWLWDWLYH FKDVP ΖΖΖ (QGXULQJ PHWKRGV RSHQ JHRJUDSK\ SDUWLFLSDWRU\ UHVHDUFK DQG WKH IRXUWK SDUDGLJP 3URJUHVV ΖQ +XPDQ *HRJUDSK\ SS )UHXGHQEHUJ 1 7VXL ( (YLGHQFH 3RZHU DQG 3ROLF\ &KDQJH LQ &RPPXQLW\ %DVHG 3DUWLFLSDWRU\ 5HVHDUFK $PHULFDQ -RXUQDO 2I 3XEOLF +HDOWK SS *ODVVPDQ 0 (UGHP * 3DUWLFLSDWRU\ $FWLRQ 5HVHDUFK DQG ΖWV 0HDQLQJV 9LYHQFLD 3UD[LV &RQVFLHQWL]DWLRQ $GXOW (GXFDWLRQ 4XDUWHUO\ SS /D]DUXV 6 1DLGRR $ 0D\ % :LOOLDPV / 'HPDV * )LODQGHU ) /HVVRQV OHDUQW IURP D FRPPXQLW\ EDVHG SDUWLFLSDWRU\ UHVHDUFK SURMHFW LQ D 6RXWK $IULFDQ UXUDO FRQWH[W 6RXWK $IULFDQ -RXUQDO 2I 3V\FKRORJ\ SS Salimi, Y, Shahandeh, K, Malekafzali, H, Loori, N, Kheiltash, A, -DPVKLGL ( )URX]DQ $ 0DMG]DGHK 5 ΖV &RPPXQLW\ EDVHG 3DUWLFLSDWRU\ 5HVHDUFK &%35 8VHIXO" $ 6\VWHPDWLF 5HYLHZ RQ 3DSHUV LQ D 'HFDGH ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO 2I 3UHYHQWLYH 0HGLFLQH SS :LQVFKLHUV 7KHRSKLOXV + %LGZHOO 1 %ODNH ( $OWHULQJ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ WKURXJK LQWHUDFWLRQV DQG UHȾHFWLRQV LQ GHVLJQ &RGHVLJQ SS

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WHAT SOCIAL MARKER ARE THE STREETS OF SEOUL? ECHO CHAMBER OF SOCIAL ECOLOGY PLANNING. Mannisi, Alban Assistant Professor Department of Urban Planning and Engineering, Hanyang University :DQJVLPQL UR 6HRQJGRQJ JX 6HRXO .RUHD PDQQLVLDOEDQ#KDQ\DQJ DF NU Keywords: ENVIRONMENTAL

PSYCHOLOGY;

CITIZEN

EMPOWERMENT;

SOCIAL ECOLOGY; SUSTAINABLE URBANISM; SEOUL

Abstract If we inquire about a relativism wishing that appropriate measures correspond to every type of societies, then every street must have a located urban policy. Protocol barely bearable if we consider that each communication streets today is composed of residents in transition, strengthening and deconstructing communities at the whim of the economy. Although new governmentalities enlighten us on the new sociabilities, the researchers anticipating societal change are incapable of producing more than the current environmental narrative of a Green Humanism. It is, however, the issue of Urban Planning / Anticipation that can engage from echoes of the street, in researches shaping our future spaces. Also, we wonder in what these theoretical paths along the lines of communications are to teach us about these new DVVRFLDWLRQV RI ȆE\VWDQGHUVȇ The methodological exclusion of social resistances in the process of SODQQLQJ SURMHFWV IURP H[SHUWV LVVXHG IURP WKH PRGHUQLW\ H[SODLQV the lack of Theory/Pratice of these approaches. The emergence of social engineering through various forms of citizen empowerment in the countries rewriting their modernity demonstrates the obsolescence of these mechanisms of expertise. We will approach the new regime of historicity of social resistance in urbanity matters that hatch in the world, especially in a country with dazzling transitions such as South Korea. And how today the careful listening of the alerts ventured by these underground movements in Seoul, helps to improve the environmental prospective of the country. Citizen participation usually considered to be a positive Ecological 'HPRFUDF\ LV DOVR D ZLWQHVV RI WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ JRYHUQDQFH ȾDZV Analysis of consensus building processes in some new pedestrian arrangements in Seoul - Gyeonggi line and Bupyeong - allow us to account for the ability of the political and social ecology such as an environmental psychology tool to strengthen the Sustainable Biosphere in the heart of post-city like Seoul.

Front_Community_embedded_V1.indd 47

Introduction Globalisation from the Grassroots Society in transition, South Korea works with the globalization to resolve plural readings of its societal practices. It is to decipher WKH KLGGHQ HPHUJHQFLHV DQG WKH PRVW SURIRXQG U HYROXWLRQV For this, the new generation of design experts are working to revitalize old traditions of Korean living together. Pursuing what WKH 5LR &RQYHQWLRQ RI DUW - DQG WKH 1DJR\D 3URWRFRO LQ DUW FDOOHG IRU UHDFWLYDWLQJ ČŠWKH DXWRFKWKRQRXV knowledge and practicesâ€?. Also, through the international H[FKDQJH RI ORFDO NQRZOHGJHV DQG PRUDOV WKH JOREDOL]DWLRQ RI HWKLFV 6XOOLYDQ DOORZV XV WR VSHFLI\ WKH VLWXDWHG FRQČľLFWV of interest and understand the mechanism of societal echoes of WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO SKLORVRSKLHV 6DUNDU 7RGD\ SRVW FLWLHV 6DVVHQ RU JHQHULF FLWLHV .RROKDDV WKDW VWHP IURP WKH HUD RI WKH WUDQVLHQW RI ZKLFK 6HRXO LV DQ DUFKHW\SH 5HLJK DQG WKDW DUH PRGHOOHG E\ D FRPSHWLWLYHQHVV .UL]QLFN VHUYLQJ D QHROLEHUDO PDUNHW KDYH JUHDW GLÉ?FXOWLHV LQ UHOLQNLQJ ZLWK WKH YDULRXV VSHFWUH RI their cultural biodiversity. Exceeding the alleged considerations WRZDUGV WKH VSDWLDO DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO LQMXVWLFHV RI WKH sustainable development whereby the Earth Summit Rio +20 in June 2012 announced the collapse. “Nothing of what has been GRQH ZDV EDVHG RQ DQ\ VFLHQWLČ´F WUXWKČ‹ 6XNKGHY 0HJD cities such as Seoul, outside the green capitalism, attempt to reinstate a “courteous relationshipâ€? with their inhabitants, an HQYLURQPHQWDO GHRQWRORJ\ 0DQQLVL /DWRXU ΖW LV WR HOLPLQDWH SURČ´WDEOH FRQVWUXFWLRQ GHVLJQ RXW RI WKH OLYLQJ VSDFH so as to return towards the sustainable biosphere, as called by WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO SKLORVRSKHU 5ROVWRQ ΖΖΖ 5ROVWRQ Seoul has deeply mutated following the “Modernityâ€?of Park &KXQJ +HH /HH DQG WKH PDWXUDWLRQ RI D VRFLHW\ henceforth attractive for the atopic dwellers of Asian global cities. It is time to step back from the legacy of engineering practices and reconnect with the Ecosophies in execution 0XJHUDXHU ZLWKLQ WKLV HFRORJLFDO PHWDEROLVP WKH FLW\ &RUQHU HVSHFLDOO\ DV D SDUDGLJP VKLIW LV KLJKO\ DFFODLPHG LQ 6RXWK .RUHD ΖW WHVWLČ´HV E\ LWV DSSOLFDWLRQ DV PXFK DV E\ LWV failures, new sociability in formation of which current urban analyses cannot account anymore. To clearly understand the mechanism of the environmental construction of the contemporary reality of Korea, three valuable VWHSV RI SURFHVV DUH GLVFXVVHG Č´UVW RI DOO WKH HYROXWLRQ RI VRFLDO capital since the Korean modernity from the 1960s from the SHRSOH 0LQMXQJ WR FLWL]HQV 6LPLQ DQG WKH XQVWHDG\ Č´JXUH RI WKH DFWLYLVW 8QGRQJ JD

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city. Then, the practice of social and environmentalist activists who deconstruct deleterious planning to reintroduce a sense of citizenship among human beings seeking reconnection with their living areas is examined. Finally, how these new urban ontologies to undertake an environmental psychology *LÎ?RUG UHYHDO DQG UHIHU WR WKH IRXQGDWLRQV RI .RUHDQ environmental ethics. 1. Reaching the Korean Meta-Modernism 7KH PHFKDQLVP RI QHROLEHUDO PDUNHW RI WKH SRVW FLW\ FRQVWUXFWLRQ VHFWRU OLNH 6HRXO KDV WKH HÎ?HFW WR UHPRYHG DOO FXOWXUDO KHULWDJH DQG LQWDQJLEOH VRFLDO OLQNV GHWHULRUDWLQJ ČŠHYHU\WKLQJ IURP economic and political structures, to the structures of everyday OLIH WR WKH PRVW EDVLF DQG HWKLFDO YDOXHVČ‹ 'LUOLN 0DQQLVL 7KH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI .RUHD FLWLHV LQ WKH VLPSOLVWLF modernity format, has evacuated citizen of the “cityâ€? conception. %XW UHFHQWO\ UHDSSHDU DFWLYLVWV IRU VSDWLDO MXVWLFH LQ .RUHD 7KH $UFKLWHFW 5HLJK <RXQJ %XP

SXWV IRUZDUG DPRQJ RWKHU mechanisms, the end of the real estate boom in Korea that raged for the last 30 years. It’s the end of an era of modelling GHPROLWLRQ RI WHUULWRU\ ZKLFK PHWKRGLFDOO\ ERZGOHULVHG ZKROH history of places. The understanding of Milieu has always been an essential process for the construction of community links DQG WKH FUHDWLRQ RI VR FDOOHG ORFDO FXOWXUH $V LQ PRVW FRXQWULHV where the methods of social links resurface, we discover how PXFK WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO UHVLVWDQW ZHUH DOZD\V DW ZRUN /HH 3DN .LP /HH 7KH HQG RI WKLV SHULRG called “transient historyâ€? appears to be a new beginning for the .RUHDQ FRPPXQLW\ PDNLQJ 5HLJK 7KH SURVSHULW\ SURPLVHG E\ WKH SROLWLFDO EXLOGHU FRDOLWLRQ LV ambiguous. 70% of urban poverty is constituted of farmers who have moved to the cities during the economic boom planed by WKH 3UHVLGHQW 3DUN &KXQJ +HH LQ WKH V 7KLV LV WKHQ H[SHOOHG by building apartment complex for again, once on the urban fringe, being chased today to live in spaces where the commutes with the central city, the formed communities, the social link are entirely nonexistent and to be completely reconstruct. These are new social networks like this that makes the work of citizen participation and consensus building a challenge. Observed from the perspective of urban planning, the history RI WKH GLVDSSHDUDQFH RI WKH VRFLDO OLQNV UHČľHFWV WKH XQLYHUVDO modernity process. Tabula Rasa of mechanisms of regular support at a time when “Community building was a natural part RI OLIHČ‹ 5HLJK 7KHVH QHZ IRUPV RI XUEDQLW\ ZLOO FUHDWH these new social networks that can be considered as a form of community resilience. However, these social links are no longer those of a city but of community groups of similar classes and LQWHUHVW 7KHUH LV QR ORQJHU WKH FLW\ 7KHUH LV WKH SRVW FLW\ DV PHQWLRQHG GLÉ?FXOW WR JUDVS

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ΖQ WKH V YDULRXV IRUPV RI SDUWLFLSDWLRQ HPHUJHG organizations combining experts, politics and citizen developing some interesting cases studies. From the 2000s, recently GHPRFUDWLF XQGHU WKH SUHVLGHQF\ RI .LP 'DH -XQJ

WKH government institutions gradually integrated movements advocating for the participation. They allowed implementing PDQ\ FRRSHUDWLRQ V\VWHPV EHWZHHQ FLYLO VRFLHW\ H[SHUW JRYHUQPHQW WR VXSSRUW WKHVH 7HFKQLFDO 'HPRFUDFLHV &DOORQ 7KH QRWDEOH H[DPSOHV DUH ΖQVD GRQJ 'LVWULFW 3ODQQLQJ 8QLW 0DVWHU SODQ RI %XNFKRQ &RPPXQLW\ PDNLQJ WKH DJUHHPHQW IRU FRPPXQLW\ /DQGVFDSH DQG 3URMHFW RI 6HRXO Happy town in early 2000s. Activist movements became soon disillusioned in the years that followed the advent of democracy between 1988 and 1990 to appear as reminiscence of civil resistance movements. These ČŠUHPLQLVFHQFHVČ‹ KXLGDP ZKLOH WDNLQJ WKH ČŠK\EULGČ‹ IRUPV RI FLYLO UHVLVWDQFH UHVXUJHQFH /HH ΖW LV HVSHFLDOO\ DW WKLV WLPH RI SRVW GHPRFUDF\ WKDW ZRXOG UHYHDO WKH WUXH IRUP of resistance, with no longer having to violate fundamental rights since then. At a universal democratic right, free from PRUDO IHDUV WKH PHVRORJLFDO %HUTXH DGMXVWPHQWV RI Korean environmental resistance in this society undergoing reformulation became revealed. 7KH SHULRG RI UHODWLYH FDOP RÎ?HUHG E\ WKH GHPRFUDF\ DQG WKH ability of actors of insurrectional movement to rethink their DFWLRQV HQDEOHG WR UHYLVLW WKH RÉ?FLDO KLVWRU\ 7KH GLVFRXUVH RI ordinary failure of resistance movements is not a way of thinking that goes beyond the social movements or goes against its social DVSLUDWLRQV 'LUOLN EXW WKH VSHHFK RI WKH RÉ?FLDO KLVWRU\ that minimizes the importance of social movements under the pretext of not generating sustainable success. The new regimes RI KLVWRULFLW\ RÎ?HU DV VXFK D QHZ SHUVSHFWLYH RQ WKH FRQWULEXWLRQ of these movements as part of the Great History, even though the same fail one after the other to complete their ultimate aim. They have us to reconsider the “Generative Regressive Readingâ€? of social movements. The latter considers the legacy of an action to validate its source. Success or failure, relative to its initial aim, leading to positively or negatively consider the political and philosophical driving force of its emergence. And VRFLDO UHVLVWDQFH PRYHPHQW RIWHQ FDOOHG RÎ? EHFDXVH RI WKH ODFN RI QRQ SURIHVVLRQDO DFWRUV WR FRQGXFW D Č´JKW WR WKH HQG DUH considered useless or even harmful to society. 7KH 0LQMXQJ RQWRORJ\ LV TXHVWLRQHG LQ WKHVH \HDUV RI doubts when great ideological narratives are scanned and that WKH .RUHDQ PRGHUQLW\ EHJLQV LWV UHZULWLQJ /HH ČŠ7KH (QG RI WKH 3ROLWLFV RI $QWDJRQLVPČ‹ 3DN QDPHO\ WKH HQG RI *UDQG 1DUUDWLYHV DQG *UHDW 'LYLGH RI ([SHUWV 3ROLWLFV &DOORQ ZKLFK SXWV DQ HQG WR D UHJLPH RI KLVWRULFLW\ FRQGXFWHG E\ the latter.

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'XULQJ WKHVH \HDUV WKH VXEMHFW RI SHRSOH FLWL]HQ VLQFH WKH QHZ VRFLR SROLWLFDO IUDPHZRUN LV GHEDWHV RQ PHPEHUVKLS LVVXHV 6LPLQ Citizen of the city without special nationalism relation RU LGHQWLW\ LV SUHIHUUHG WR .XQNPLQ FLWL]HQ RI WKH FRXQWU\ favoured by the government. Also, in Korea, the current phenomenon of revitalization of WUDGLWLRQDO YLOODJHV DQG FRPPXQLWLHV 0DHXO 0DQGHXOJL is its outcome. Its peculiarities, resulting from modern Korean transition while pursuing a global movement of citizen SDUWLFLSDWLRQ L H &RQQHFWHG +LVWRU\ Č‚ 6XEUDKPDQ\DP OHDGV XV WR DWWHPSW WR FDSWXUH WKH UHVXOW RI WKLV VDWXUDWLRQ GHVDWXUDWLRQ D FOHDU UHWXUQ WR .RUHDQ HWKLFV Also, even if the aspect of these resistance movements takes too often that of political manipulation, it must not forget the intentions that are hatched in and had never any other purpose WKDQ UHDVVHPEOLQJ WKH VRFLDO /DWRXU 2. Insurrection Resurrection in Korea The recent globalization of Seoul was characterized by very controversial development of the ancient mayor of Seoul, Lee 0\XQJ %DN

EHWZHHQ DQG GXULQJ WKH XQVWDEOH Sustainable Development Era. Also, in 2011, the former NGO DFWLYLVW 3DUN :RQ 6RRQ

ZDV HOHFWHG DV D PD\RU RI 6HRXO in a attempt to recommit a courteous relation between society DQG LWV HQYLURQPHQW DQ HQYLURQPHQWDO GLSORPDF\ ΖQ RUGHU WR resume the dialogue with the people of Seoul, the mayor of Seoul set up a model of consulting Landscape Council in 2013 )LJ Addressing the management of the landscape outside of the sphere of the market is a tour de force as the proposition of landscape consultant is equivalent to rethink our relationship WR WKH HQYLURQPHQW QDWXUDO VRFLHW\ LWV EDVH DQG WKRVH ZKR RFFXS\ LW LQ WHUPV RI FRXUWHV\ WUDGH DQG LQWDQJLEOH VRFLDO relations which concern no issues of economic plus value.

ΖQFOXGLQJ DOO NLQGV RI SURMHFWV VXSSRUWLQJ WKH GLYHUVLČ´FDWLRQ RI TXDOLČ´FDWLRQ UHTXLUHG IRU FRPSUHVVLRQ RI WHUULWRU\ VRFLRORJLVW HFRQRPLVW SV\FKRORJLVW KLVWRULDQ MRXUQDOLVW VRFLDO OHDGHU engineers, architects, planners, landscape architects, political and civil society are sought. 7KLV QHZ HWKLF RI SODQQLQJ SURMHFW LV GHWHUPLQHG DFFRUGLQJ WR VSHFLČ´F PLVVLRQV WKDW DUH 1. Priority to people. 2. Improving the value and quality of space and 3. Governance of city parks. 7KH H[SHFWHG LPSDFW RI WKHVH LQLWLDWLYHV LV WKH RSHQLQJ XS between experts and citizens and the politics so that everyone FDQ WUXO\ JHW LQYROYHG LQ WKH SURMHFWV 7KH HQJLQHHULQJ RULHQWDWLRQ of the construction in Korea brought its development but also its destruction for the most part. A shift of rapport, a new deontology enables to rethink the fabrication of our spaces. Gyeonggi Line - Environmental Psychology Attempt 2QH RI WKH HPLQHQW SURMHFWV RI WKLV VRFLDO HFRORJ\ LV WKH WKLUG segment of the redevelopment of the railway abandoned today, Gyeonggi Line linking Pyongyang to Seoul. From 2012, it was VHW XS K\EULG IRUXPV RI GLVFXVVLRQ ZLWK WKH LQKDELWDQWV )LJ FRRUGLQDWHG E\ PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\ WHDPV =RK 7KLV SURMHFW UHČľHFWV WKH LVVXH RI PRGHO WUDQVIHUV DQG WKH GLÉ?FXOW\ RI PDQDJLQJ WKH XUEDQ VRFLR HFRORJLFDO WUDQVLWLRQV completely renewed by exogenous examples. Thus, the team RI WKH SDUWLFLSDWRU\ SURFHVV ZHUH QRW \HW DEOH WR GHČ´QH VRFLDO UHODWLRQVKLSV DW ZRUN WRGD\ ΖQ D FODQ EDVHG VRFLHW\ WKH SHRSOH living near the new Gyeonggi Line Park presented strong GLÉ?FXOWLHV WR EH LQYROYHG LQ WHUULWRULDO SROLFLHV 7KLV MROWHG community consciousness to which a subscription to optional global model is asked, only emphasizes the plasticity of the green FDSLWDOLVP PRUH WKDQ WKH SHRSOH Ȇ0LQMXQJ ȇ WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR FLWL]HQ Ȇ6LPLQ ȇ %H\RQG WKH LQVLWLWXWLRQDOL]DWLRQ RI UHVLVWDQW bodies of the politics, they enabled to temporarily eclipse the Č´JXUH RI WKH DFWLYLVW 8QGRQJ JD

LQ RWKHU ZRUGV WKH Č´JXUH RI D VXEMHFW WKDW LV VKDSHG LQ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI FRPPXQLW\ links by controlling its milieu. Also these fears partly explain the FHVVDWLRQ LQ RI WKH SDUWLFLSDWRU\ VHFWLRQ RI WKH *\HRQJJL Line.

Fig. 1. Seoul Public Landscape Council Team.

6XFK W\SH RI SURMHFW LV LQQRYDWLYH LQ .RUHD DV LW DOORZV RQ ODUJH scale, to manage the development of transversal manner.

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Fig. 2. Gyeonggi Line Workshop with Experts and Citizen

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Nowadays, the visibility of the community management is an DVVHW IRU PDQ\ LQLWLDWLYHV WKDW OLYHG LQ WKH VKDGRZ RI PDMRU FRQVWUXFWLRQ SURMHFWV DQG ZKRVH ODFN RI LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ FLYLO society, as planers wishing to use new formulas, made their progress hazardous. Urban Action Network

Fig. 3 Urban Action Network at Bupyeong Street.

The work group Urban Action Network is formed by Koreans SODQQHUV ZKRVH Č´UVW DLP ZDV WR ZRUN LQ DQ LQKHULWHG VSLULW RI 1HZ 8UEDQLVP WKH SRWHQWLDO RI WKH ZDONDEOH FLW\ +DOO 5HLJK Y.B. created the Community Design Center, revealing today a former social ecology procedure among Korean planners.

The citizen resistance leads to the attempted Bupyeong Cultural Street in 1997. The alley is rid of its car track and dedicated entirely to the pedestrian areas. After multiple arrangements entirely decided by the residents, Urban Action Network is FRQWDFWHG LQ WR SURSRVH VSHFLČ´F PRGXOHV WR HQKDQFH WKH now empty place. In addition to plantations, the team provides a structure to hide an electrical cage. Considering the structure too high and hiding the view, the inhabitants renew it by GHFRUDWLQJ ZLWK .RUHDQ SRHPV )LJ

In the manner of the intangibility of the social links that they attempts to reactivate, the Network structure incorporates the principles of intangible landscape of which many developers are now the eulogists. Informal network composed of urban SODQQHU DUFKLWHFW DQG VRFLRORJLVWV LV ČľH[LEOH DQG FDSDEOH RI HYROYLQJ ZLWK VRFLDO HFRORJ\ ČľXFWXDWLRQ $OO KDYH LQ FRPPRQ DQ DFWLYH LQYROYHPHQW LQ WKH XUEDQ SUDFWLFH WKLV DFWLYLVP LV no longer an act of political resistance only but a new form of councilism. :LWKLQ WKH &RPPPXQLW\ 'HVLJQ &HQWHU $UFKLWHFW 5HLJK < % seeks to establish environmental mediation among activists in the middle of civil society and planning experts in search of new methodologies. The environmental mediation aimed to restore a dialogue between actors who have no longer structural capacities for dialogue. Hence, here comes today the establishment of forums for dialogue to relocate this lost social knowledge. 7R LPSOHPHQW WKHVH QHZ VRFLR HFRORJLFDO DUUDQJHPHQWV WKH JURXS FUHDWHV WKH 2QH 3\RQJ 3DUN LQ 7KLV LQLWLDWLYH VHHNV to demonstrate that even the formulas of small spatial scale, spaces built in common have considerable societal wider scope. 3ULRULW\ LV SODFHG RQ PHHWLQJ SHRSOH RQ VLWH DQG WKH SURSRVDO development in accordance with the peculiarity of the site and residents. Bypyeong Cultural Street The team of Reigh Y.B. was also involved in the redevelopment SURMHFW RI WKH %XS\HRQJ VWUHHW LQ ΖQFKHRQ 3UHYLRXVO\ D OLYHO\ VKRSSLQJ VWUHHW ZLWK DXWRPRELOH URDG LW SDUWLFXODUO\ VXÎ?HUV IURP the opening of a commercial space nearby. In 1995, the street vendors resist against the developers who failed to manage the impact on the rest of the city with such capitalistic space.

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7KLV LV ZKHUH OLHV WKH VWUHQJWK RI WKH VHOI PDQDJHPHQW RI SXEOLF spaces. After the citizen resistance, human being fully takes control of the space and unfolds in unexpected dimensions by the engineers. It is everyday life, the society in richness that spreads on its territory, and that will make each element that constitutes its daily, a key element of the life. Vegetable vendors reinvest the site with dimensions of display that recall those used in the old local markets, even more of D UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ VHOOHUV DQG EX\HUV 7KH IRRG RÎ?HUHG focuses on the necessary and the products accessible to all, commonly used. Spontaneously, the market becomes a land of .RUHDQ DXWRFKWKRQRXV NQRZOHGJH DQG SUDFWLFHV :HDWKHUIRUG 3. Toward Korean Ecosophies Nevertheless, despite the ameliorative aspect of these movements demanding a social, spatial and environmental MXVWLFH VHYHUDO IDFWRUV FDQ GR KDUP :KDW WKH QHZ VRFLDO engineering about the Korean society reveals is, above all, the urgency to take into account the diversity of crises which it endures due to outrageously capitalistic city planning. On the other hand, because of the inadequacy of exogenous social HFRORJ\ PRGHOV LQ SODFH WR UHVROYH FRQČľLFWV WKHLU FRPPHQGDEOH YLWDOLW\ DSSHDUV WRGD\ GLVSURSRUWLRQDWH YLV D YLV .RUHDQ problems for which they propose a remedy. If this awareness of environmental crises leads to rethink the PRGHOV RI WHUULWRULDOL]DWLRQ WKH SODQQLQJ IURP WKH LQYROYHPHQW RI LQKDELWDQWV UHYLWDOL]LQJ WKHLU VSDFHV PHPEHUVKLS WKDW FDQQRW FRQWLQXH ZLWKRXW LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH URRWV RI WKH .RUHDQ DÉ?OLDWLRQV Otherwise, such Community Design trend will swiftly demonstrate its incompetence and play a game of Korean construction FRQJORPHUDWHV &KDHERO

. The citizen empowerment of UHEHO FLWLHV +DUYH\ PXVW EH DFFRPSDQLHG E\ DQ LQ GHSWK VWXG\ FRQVLGHUDWLRQ UHYLHZ LQTXLU\ WRZDUGV LQGLJHQRXV HWKLFDO

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HVVHQFHV UHLQYHVWHG E\ WKLQNHUV VXFK DV 3DUN <QKXL

+DP 6HRN +HRQ DQG WKH WKRXJKW RI DQ DUFKLWHFW DQG HFRVRSKLF UHVLVWDQW -HRQJ *L <RQJ Mainly, what these movements of urban insurrection reveal is a deep gap between the proposed models and the new sociabilities of which they argue the management. Their failures WKH SDUWLFLSDWRU\ VHFWLRQ RI WKH *\HRQJJL /LQH RU UHODWLYH LPSDFW 8UEDQ $FWLRQ 1HWZRUN VXFK DV YLOODJHV FRPPXQLW\ UHKDELOLWDWLRQ 0DHXO 0DQGHXOJL RU HYHQ WKH GLVRUGHUHG JHQWULČ´FDWLRQ RI QHLJKERXUKRRGV OLNH +\RMD GRQJ 6DPFKHRQJ GRQJ RU +DSMHRQJ DOVR ZDUQ XV KRZ ELJ WKH FXOWXUDO JDS LV HYHQ within diverse generations and communities of the Korean society itself. Thus, the proposed models unfortunately arise IURP H[RJHQRXV SDUWLFLSDWRU\ H[DPSOHV $PHULFDQ 6XVNLQG (XURSHDQ %DFTXÂŤ RU -DSDQHVH .XZDNR They newly develop compatibility problems as they were from WKH :HVWHUQ XUEDQ SODQQLQJ XQVWLWFKLQJ WKH H[LVWLQJ VRFLDO IDEULF $V QRWHG E\ WKH -DSDQHVH UHVHDUFKHU 6KLEDWD WKH LVVXH RI FLWL]HQ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LWV ZLOOLQJQHVV WR GLVFXVV WKH LVVXHV RI WKH FLW\ ZLWK WKH LQVWLWXWLRQDO SRZHU LV SULQFLSDOO\ D :HVWHUQ DQG KDUGO\ $VLDQ EHKDYLRU ΖW UDLVHV WKH TXHVWLRQ RI environmental cultural hegemony. Aside from counterfactual history, simplifying and transforming sciences and thoughts of the complexity such as ecology and &RQIXFLDQLVP LQWR FRQIXVHG LGHRORJLHV &KHRQJ WKH Korean social ecology must undergo the local thoughts in order to achieve an environmental political philosophy that drives WR WKH VLWXDWLRQV RI FRQWHPSRUDU\ LQMXVWLFH %RWK ΖQGLDQ DQG -DSDQHVH WXUPRLOV DULVHQ IURP :HVWHUQ LPSHULDOLVP DOORZHG thoughts of the rehabilitation of autochthonous customs in WKH FXUUHQW VRFLDO FRQVWUXFWLRQ *XKD .XZDNR :H VKRXOG SD\ LQFUHDVLQJ DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH HÎ?RUWV RI SODQQHUV political ecology activists and researchers in human science in Korea who establish the foundations of an environmental political philosophy of Seoul Urbanity. Although Korea can stand as a positive example of openings to exogenous models of individual consumerism habitat, the public spaces demonstrate the mismatch between public policy and social fabric in transition. The risk to denounce is not far, as the political science analyst Sheila Jasanof made during a visit to Japan towards the participatory movements of the DUFKLSHODJR DQG \HW WKHVH LQWHUHVWLQJ LQLWLDWLYHV DUH LQ YLHZ RI WKH VHULRXVQHVV RI WKH FLYLO VRFLHW\ UH FRPSRVLWLRQ ČŠD SDURG\ RI GHPRFUDF\Č‹ &DOORQ However, if we take the measure of the ambiguity of these citizen actions boosted by the global trend of the Design Community, on account of the part of the story in which they glorify themselves, they remain nonetheless the means to identify the new regimes RI KLVWRULFLW\ &RUFXI DQG KXPDQL]H WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO

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KLVWRU\ 5DGNDX +HQFHIRUWK WKH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ YRFDEXODU\ %RWWRP 8S LV HYHQ NQRZQ E\ WKH FLYLO VRFLHW\ VXUJLQJ HYHU\ weekend in the neighborhoods in human size, referring to the GLÎ?HUHQW ORFDO VWDNHKROGHUV ZKR DOZD\V DFW WR PDLQWDLQ WKH KDUPRQ\ RI FRPPXQLWLHV ZLWKLQ PHJD FLWLHV /RQJKXUVW Accordingly, the present mayor of Seoul and former NGO DFWLYLVW 3DUN :RQ 6RRQ YDOXHV VXFK ORFDO DFWLRQV E\ RUJDQL]LQJ special events to make these “village committeeâ€? visible to all the 6HRXO LQKDELWDQWV 7KH ODWWHU DOORZLQJ E\ WKHLU VHOI PDQDJHPHQW to counterbalance the power and thus ensure the biosphere sustainability. In this way, it seems that the city regains the UHDVRQ IRU LWV FRQVWUXFWLRQ WKH FLWL]HQV CONCLUSION :KDW WKH FRQVLGHUDWLRQ RI FLWL]HQVKLS PRYHPHQWV VHQVLWLYH to the milieu in the Korean planning policies reveals is the WUDQVLWLRQ IURP WKH JOREDOL]DWLRQ RI WKH SDVW WZHQW\ \HDUV WR D UH localization of the economy of the Korean territory. From a city RI ČľRZ WKH SHRSOH QRZ GHPRQVWUDWH D QHHG WR DQFKRU WKHLU GDLO\ life in the space. This “globalization from the grassrootsâ€? which UHFDOOV WKH ΖWDOLDQ WHUULWRULDOLVWV 0DJQDJKL UHLQWURGXFH DW the heart of the urban fabric, the complexity of a society shaken by the exogenous model transfer. This recourse to villages, to slowness acclaimed by the citizens now presents Seoul as a mature society, wishing to grasp itself from all its intangible FRPSRQHQWV ΖW LV QRZ LQ WKH LQ EHWZHHQ WKHVH 3XEOLF 5HDOPV that the city is sustained. The failure of New Towns policies, the ruin of the construction industry and the bankruptcy of large developer agencies vying in cynicism towards a society eager RI IRUHLJQ PRGHOV UHČľHFW WKLV QHZ HUD RI FKDQJHV )RJOHVRQJ The intangible component of the landscape that is the social link LV ZKDW FRQQHFWV VXVWDLQDEO\ WKH FLWL]HQ WR WKH WHUULWRU\ :LWKRXW it, the “Machine Cityâ€? centered around neoliberal regulations VHL]HV XS GRRPHG WR SHUSHWXDO GHVWUXFWLRQ VSHFXODWLRQ ΖW ZRXOG EHQHČ´WLQJ RQO\ WR WKH HFRQRP\ VHFWRU DQG GHQ\ DOO the cultural diversity and pluralistic history. It is over the time when a stranger would discover in Seoul an interchangeable display of spectacular global artefact from which Korea was absent. The Seoul Citizen is now regaining micro temporality, GLÎ?HUHQW QHLJKERXUKRRGV WHOOLQJ WKH GLYHUVH IRUWXQHV RI LWV FRORUIXO KLVWRU\ FRQČ´QHG VSDFHV ZKHUH QHVWV WKH ULFKQHVV RI Korean environments. From this citizen ability to be vigilant to their own milieu, planners need to learn and further deepen the knowledge of this immateriality through the popularization of Korean ecosophies. This work was supported by the Research fund of Hanyang 8QLYHUVLW\ >+< @

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References %DFTXÂŤ 0 + %LHZHQHU & /ȇHPSRZHUPHQW XQH SUDWLTXH ÂŤPDQFLSDWULFH >(PSRZHUPHQW $Q HPDQFLSDWRU\ SUDFWLFH@ /D GÂŤFRXYHUWH 3DULV %HUTXH $ /D PÂŤVRORJLH SRXUTXRL HW SRXU TXRL IDLUH " >0HVRORJ\ :K\ DQG ZKDW IRU"@ 3UHVVHV 8QLYHUVLWDLUHV GH 3DULV Ouest, Paris. &DOORQ 0 /DVFRXVPHV 3 %DUWKHV < $FWLQJ LQ DQ 8QFHUWDLQ :RUOG $Q (VVD\ RQ 7HFKQLFDO 'HPRFUDF\ 7KH 0Ζ7 Press, Cambridge. Cheong, S 1996, Ecological Imagination. Munhak gwa Jisongsa, Seoul. &RUFXÎ? 3 m$QDO\VH SROLWLTXH KLVWRLUH HW SOXUDOLVDWLRQ GHV PRGÂŞOHV GȇKLVWRULFLWÂŤ (OÂŤPHQWV GȇSLVWÂŤPRORJLH UÂŤČľH[LYH} LQ 5HYXH IUDQŠDLVH GH 6FLHQFH SROLWLTXH SS Č‚ [Political analysis, history and pluralisation of historicity models. (OHPHQWV RI 5HČľH[LYH (SLVWHPRORJ\ LQ )UHQFK UHYLHZ RI 3ROLWLFDO Science]. &RUQHU - 7KH /DQGVFDSH ΖPDJLQDWLRQ 3ULQFHWRQ Architectural Press, New York. 'LUOLN $ 3RVWPRGHUQLW\ V +LVWRULHV 7KH 3DVW DV /HJDF\ DQG 3URMHFW 1HZ <RUN 5RZQPDQ /LWWOHČ´HOG 3XEOLVKHUV ΖQF )RJOHVRQJ 5 m3ODQQLQJ WKH &DSLWDOLVW &LW\} LQ 5HDGLQJ LQ Planning Theory, Campbell Scott Dir. Ed. Blackwell Publishing, Hoboken. *LÎ?RUG 5 ČŠ0DNLQJ D 'LÎ?HUHQFH VRPH ZD\V (QYLURQPHQWDO 3V\FKRORJ\ +DV ΖPSURYHG WKH :RUOGČ‹ ΖQ +DQGERRN RI (QYLURQPHQWDO 3V\FKRORJ\ -RKQ :LOH\ 6RQV 1HZ <RUN *XKD 5 1DWXUH FXOWXUH LPSHULDOLVP HVVD\V RQ WKH environmental history of South Asia. Oxford University Press, Delhi.

DQG V\PEROLF UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ RI FLWLHVČ‹ 5HYLMD ]D 6RFLRORJLMX &URDWLDQ 6RFLRORJLFDO $VVRFLDWLRQ =DJUHE SS .XZDNR 7 m .DQPLQ *RXLNHLVHLURQ 7KHRU\ IRU D FLWL]HQ JRYHUQPHQW } 7KH -RXUQDO RI 6XUYH\ SS Latour, B 2005, Reassembling the social. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Latour, B 2013, Interview, in Les nouveaux chemins de la FRQQDLVVDQFH DFWXDOLWÂŤ SKLORVRSKLTXH %UXQR /DWRXU 3RGFDVW France Culture, 22nd November. /HH 6 - ČŠ(QYLURQPHQWDO PRYHPHQW LQ 6RXWK .RUHDČ‹ LQ $VLDȇV (QYLURQPHQWDO 0RYHPHQW &RPSDUDWLYH 3HUVSHFWLYHV /HH < 6 ) / DQG 6R $ < HGV /RQGRQ 0( 6KDSH SS Lee, S.J 2009, “Park Chubg Hee Syndrome and The Discourse of 7ULXPSKDOLVP LQ 6RXWK .RUHDČ‹ 8QSXEOLVKHG 3DSHU /HH 1 ČŠ)URP 0LQMXQJ WR VLPLQ WKH GLVFXUVLYH VKLIW LQ .RUHDQ VRFLDO PRYHPHQWČ‹ LQ 6KLQ *L :RRN 6RXWK .RUHDQ 6RFLDO 0RYHPHQW )URP 'HPRFUDF\ WR &LYLO 6RFLHW\ /RQGRQ 1HZ <RUN 5RXWOHGJH Longhurst, J. 2010, Citizen Environmentalist. Tufts Univeristy Press, Medford. /\RWDUG - ) ČŠ5HZULWLQJ 0RGHUQLW\Č‹ LQ 6XE 6WDQFH SS 0DQQLVL $ ČŠ0LQMXQJ _ 6LPLQ _ 8QGRQJ JD ΖQVXUUHFWLRQ 8UEDLQH HQ &RUÂŤHČ‹ /ȇ(VSULW GHV 9LOOHV 3DULV ΖQIROLR 0DQQLVL $ ČŠ/D PÂŤWKRGH GX 'DQJLVKR} LQ /ȇ(VSULW GHV 9LOOHV 3DULV ΖQIROLR 0DJQDJKL $ 7KH 8UEDQ 9LOODJH $ &KDUWHU IRU 'HPRFUDF\ DQG /RFDO 6HOI VXVWDLQDEOH 'HYHORSPHQW =HG %RRNV /RQGRQ and New York.

+DOO 5 m3ODQQLQJ IRU :DONDEOH &LW\} LQ +DDV 7LJUDQ 1HZ 8UEDQLVP DQG %H\RQG 'HVLJQLQJ &LWLHV IRU WKH )XWXUH 1HZ <RUN 5L]]ROL

0XJHUDXHU 5 Ȋ'HOHX]H DQG *XDWWDULȇV 5HWXUQ WR 6FLHQFH as a Basis for Environmental Philosophy,� in Bruce V. Foltz and 5REHUW )URGHPDQ HGLWRUV 1DWXUH 5HYLVLWHG (QYLURQPHQWDO Philosophy in a New Key. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

.LP 7 & ČŠ+DQȇJXN 6DKRH 8QGRQJ +\²QMXVRČ‹ >&XUUHQW Status of the Korea Labor Movement Since 1987]. Hwanghae 0XQKZD 9RO

3DN <RQJ J\XQ Ȋ0LQMXQJ 8QGRQJ NZD 3DQFKDERQMRN &KXFKȇHȋ >0LQMXQJ PRYHPHQW DQG $QWLFDSLWDOVLWLF 6XEMHFWLYLW\@ &KȇROKDN \RQȇJX 9RO SS

.RROKDDV 5 m7KH *HQHULF &LW\} LQ ; 0 / ;/ 0RQDFHOOL Press, New York.

3DUN < m(FRORJLFDO UDWLRQDOLW\ DQG DVLDQ SKLOVRSK\} LQ Reality, Rationality and value. Seoul, Seoul National University 3UHVV SS

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Radkau, J 2008, Nature and Power, Cambridge University of Press, New York. Reigh, Y.B 2012, “Issues of Urban Community Design in Korea 8UEDQ 5HGHYHORSPHQW YV &RPPXQLW\ 5HQHZDOȋ ΖQ *UHHQ &RPPXQLW\ 'HVLJQ 6\PSRVLXP 3URFHHGLQJ 6HRXO .RUHD $XJXVW SS 5ROVWRQ ΖΖΖ + m&ULWLFDO ΖVVXHV LQ )XWXUH (QYLURQPHQWDO (WKLFV} (WKLFV DQG WKH (QYLURQPHQW 7KH )XWXUH RI (QYLURQPHQWDO 3KLORVRSK\ SS 6DVVHQ 6 7KH JOREDO FLW\ 1HZ <RUN /RQGRQ 7RN\R Princeton University Press, Princeton. 6DUNDU 6 (QYLURQPHQWDO SKLORVRSK\ IURP WKHRU\ WR SUDFWLFH 0DOGHQ 0$ :LOH\ %ODFNZHOO -RKQ :LOOH\ 6RQV Shibata, K 2008, “The public interest in planning in Japanese MXULVSUXGHQFH WKH OLPLWV WR SDUWLFLSDWRU\ GHPRFUDF\ ΖQ 3XEOLF YHUVXV SULYDWH SODQQLQJ WKHPHV WUHQGV DQG WHQVLRQV 7KH WK ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO 3ODQQLQJ +LVWRU\ 6RFLHW\ Ζ3+6 FRQIHUHQFH :DUVDZ 3RODQG :HE KWWS HSULQWV OVH DF XN 6XOOLYDQ : 7KH *OREDOL]DWLRQ RI (WKLFV UHOLJLRXV DQG secular perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 6XNKGHY 3 Ȋ7KH FRUSRUDWH FOLPDWH 2YHUKDXOȋ 1DWXUH 1r -XQH SS Susskind, L 2010, Dealing with an Angry Public. The Mutual Gains Approach to Resolving Disputes, Free Press, New York. =RK . - Ȋ5H LPDJLQLQJ *\HRQJXL /LQH 3DUN +RZ GRHV FRPPXQLW\ EDVHG SODQQLQJ FRQWULEXWH WR UHGHVLJQLQJ WKH ROG railway site into new form of public space? “, in Landscape and Imagination. Towards a new baseline for education in a FKDQJLQJ ZRUOG 3DULV 81Ζ6&$3( )ORUHQFH %DQGHFFKL 9LYDOGL 3RQWHGHUD :HDWKHUIRUG - 6DYDJHV DQG &LYLOL]DWLRQ :KR :LOO 6XUYLYH" Crown Publishers, New York. :LOONH + $WRSLD 6WXGLHQ ]XU DWRSLVFKHQ *HVHOOVFKDIW [Atopia, Studies on atopic society] Suhrkamp, Frankfurt.

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SPACES AND SPATIAL QUALITIES OF TRADITIONAL URBAN MARKETPLACE: A Case Study of Pasar Payang Siti Zulaikha Mohd 0DVWHUȇV 6WXGHQW 06F LQ %XLOW (QYLURQPHQW

DGHH\QDB #\DKRR FRP Khalilah Zakariya Asst. Prof., Dept. of Landscape Architecture khalilah@iium.edu.my Zumahiran Kamarudin $VVW 3URI 'HSW RI $SSOLHG $UWV 'HVLJQ zumahiran@iium.edu.my .XOOL\\DK RI $UFKLWHFWXUH (QYLURQPHQWDO 'HVLJQ ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO Islamic University, P.O. Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Keywords: CULTURE, MARKETS, SPACES, URBAN

Abstract The rich qualities of the traditional marketplace are attributed to its components, such as the products, people and spaces. There is a VLJQLČ´FDQW QHHG WR H[DPLQH WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH PDUNHWSODFH and how they contribute to the setting of the market, as these VKDSH SHRSOHȇV H[SHULHQFHV 7KLV LV LPSRUWDQW WR HQVXUH WKDW WKH development of traditional urban marketplace can continue to ČľRXULVK LQ WKH IXWXUH DORQJVLGH WKHLU FXOWXUDO DQG KHULWDJH YDOXHV This paper aims to illustrate the characteristics of a traditional urban marketplace through its spaces and spatial qualities, based on a case study of Pasar Payang, a market located in the city of Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. The study was conducted through site inventory, observation and photographic documentation on WKH VSDFHV DQG VHWWLQJ LQVLGH WKH PDUNHWSODFH 7KH Č´QGLQJV UHYHDO WKDW WKHUH DUH GLÎ?HUHQW FDWHJRULHV RI VSDFHV WKDW PDNH XS WKH marketplace. Vendors adapt and alter their spaces in diverse ways, DQG WKLV LQČľXHQFHV WKH VSDWLDO TXDOLWLHV RI WKH PDUNHW 7KLV VWXG\ concludes that spaces and activities at the market compose the spatial qualities of the marketplace, which make the market unique in its own way. Therefore, it is essential that designers and planners take into account these aspects in the development of the traditional urban marketplace in the future to ensure that the market can sustain its culture.

1.0 Introduction The market is a place where people conduct trading activities that involve buying and selling of goods between vendors

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and customers. Over the course of urban development, the marketplace evolves into a place where the communities grow economically, socially, and culturally. Some traditional urban markets are iconic because of their unique products and setting. Eventually, markets like these become a tourist attraction. Traditional marketplace is one of the attractions LQ XUEDQ KHULWDJH DQG FXOWXUDO WRXULVP ΖQVWHDG RI MXVW VHUYLQJ the local community, the traditional marketplace is often visited by tourists when they come to a city. The market can be considered as ‘the heart of the city’ because it serves as a VLJQLČ´FDQW SXEOLF VSDFH /HH DQG 6DLG 0LWFKHOO :HLVV 7KH WRXULVWVȇ GHVLUH WR ORRN IRU ORFDO GHOLFDFLHV and crafts, and to experience the local lifestyle, attract them WR WUDYHO WR ORFDO PDUNHWV DQG ED]DDU %URZOH\ IXUWKHU describe the specialties of marketplace where is acting as a place for meeting friends and community which normally they get socialized by exchange news and updates. Contrasting with the more modern shopping environment, the places usually not designed with a mutual connection to the community. The modern environment is likely to be designed without relation ZLWK WKH ORFDO FXOWXUH KLVWRU\ DQG UHDOLW\ RI WKH SODFH $SLFKRNH 7KH PDUNHWSODFH SURYLGHV VSDFH IRU VRFLDOL]DWLRQ DQG mingling around as its nature of buying and selling within the market community context. For markets that have evolved to become a tourist attraction, EHQHČ´WV IURP WKH WRXULVP DFWLYLWLHV DOVR FRQWULEXWH WR LWV economic and cultural sustainability. The local identity and culture of the marketplace is comprised of the market’s SURGXFWV ZD\V RI PDUNHWLQJ DQG DUFKLWHFWXUH %LURO These aspects contribute to the character of the market as the value of the environment still maintain until now. In the process of urbanization and tourism development, marketplace will undergo changes. However, at times, some of the rich qualities of the marketplace are lost in this process. Also, the consideration of the traditional marketplace to become one of the urban tourism criteria can create more developed infrastructure, increase the production of products and expand the economy of the country. This is of the essence as to guarantee that the development of sustainable urban marketplace can continue to expand in the future, alongside their rich heritage values. The purpose of this paper is to discuss about the site inventory which had been done in the Pasar Payang in Kuala Terengganu, 7HUHQJJDQX ZKHUHE\ WKH Č´QGLQJV DUH WR GLVFXVV PRUH DERXW the spaces and spatial qualities of the marketplace. The literature review are divided into two parts which explain about traditional marketplace and spaces of the marketplace. Later RQ WKH Č´QGLQJV DUH DLPHG WR GLVFXVV PRUH RQ WKH VSDFHV LQ WKH PDUNHWSODFH DQG KRZ LW UHODWHV EDFN WR WKH VLJQLČ´FDQFH RI WKH marketplace.

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2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Traditional Marketplace The marketplace has an important role in the city and its community. It is where people go to buy goods that the vendors sell, such as food, spices, fresh produce and other products. In their daily or weekly visit to the market, people interact and exchange news with each other as part of their socializing activities. These encounters create a closer relationship among PHPEHUV RI WKH FRPPXQLW\ 6X]L\DQD 7KH PDUNHWSODFH is where the communities grow economically, socially, and culturally. For the vendors, it is where they gain a source of income, whereas for the visitors, it is a place where they can get what they need. Markets are important centre of trade, commerce, exchange, entertainment and social interaction that have survived since ancient times in diverse courses. They are the focal points for the community and help enhance civic communication and VRFLDOL]DWLRQ $O 0DLPDQL 7KH SXEOLF PDUNHW LV D SODFH where a variety of goods are sold regularly by many small, private YHQGRUV 3ODWWQHU FLWHG LQ 6RPPHU 7DQJLUHV stated that the marketplace commonly serves as a commercial place, while at the same time acting as a public or communal space. As such, the market becomes the ‘heart’ of the city and DFW DV DQ LPSRUWDQW SXEOLF VSDFH /HH DQG 6DLG 0LWFKHOO :HLVV :HLVV ZULWHV WKDW WKH PDUNHWSODFH LV ȆD FLW\ ZLWKLQ D FLW\ with its own economy and a way of life’. It is not only a place where trading occurs, but where a sense of community is built between the market vendors and the local community. Markets KDYH XQLTXH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV WKDW SRVLWLRQ WKHP GLÎ?HUHQWO\ IURP VXSHUPDUNHWV DQG VKRSSLQJ PDOOV 7KH\ RÎ?HU D ȆVHQVH of experience’ through the physical characteristics, the spaces, WKH SURGXFWV DQG VHUYLFHV ZKLFK UHČľHFW WKH ORFDO FRPPXQLW\ȇV ZD\ RI OLIH 75$; DQG 6WHDG :HLVV )RU LQVWDQFH D WUDGLWLRQDO ED]DDU IURP GLÎ?HUHQW KLVWRULFDO SHULRGV PD\ UHČľHFW the city’s social and economic progress or backwardness 0RKDPPDGUH]D 3RXUMDIDU 7KLV PDNHV WKH PDUNHWSODFH an important aspect in the human settlements, community growth and development of cities. 2.2 Spaces of the Marketplace Spatial qualities of a marketplace are essential to understand as to give an overview about the space of the place. The GLÎ?HUHQW FDWHJRULHV RI WKH VSDFHV PDNH LW OLYHDEOH DQG IXQFWLRQ to the users. Spatial organization is divided into three aspects ZKLFK DUH FRQWH[WXDO ZD\Č´QGLQJ DQG IXQFWLRQDOLW\ $O 0DLPDQL IXUWKHU H[SODLQV WKDW WKH FRQWH[W LQYROYHV PRUH DERXW WKH VLWH FRQWH[W VWUHHWV VFDOH SXEOLF SULYDWH UHODWLRQVKLS DQG FRQQHFWLYLW\ WKH ZD\Č´QGLQJ GHVFULEHV DERXW WKH DFFHVVLELOLW\ RI the place while the functionality aspects demonstrate about the

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VLJQLČ´FDQFH RI WKH SODFH ZKHUH LW LQYROYHV WKH SXEOLF FRPPXQLW\ and the atmosphere involved. There are certain guidelines that need to be followed in RUJDQL]LQJ WKH VSDFHV LQ WKH PDUNHWSODFH 'LÎ?HUHQW VHFWLRQV ZLOO KDYH GLÎ?HUHQW UHTXLUHPHQWV 7UDFH\ :KLWH GHVFULEHV WKDW WKH XVH RI WKH VSDFH LQ WKH PDUNHW ZLOO EH GLÎ?HUHQW DFFRUGLQJ WR its functions. The most common categories for the sections in WKH PDUNHW DUHD 1. Fresh fruit and vegetable 0HDW Č´VK SRXOWU\ DQG HJJ 3. Grains and spices &RRNHG IRRG 2WKHU QRQ IRRG VHFWLRQ VXFK DV FORWKLQJ DQG KRXVHKROG products *HQHUDO FLUFXODWLRQ DUHDV LQWHUQDO DQG H[WHUQDO DQG 7. Other uses, such as storage, administration, public toilets, etc. 7UDF\ :KLWH IXUWKHU H[SODLQV WKDW DPRXQW RI VWDOOV depends on the scale of the market. The types of market can range from a small suburban street market to the main urban covered markets. The distribution of the stall needs to be appropriate to the scale of production. Likewise, the distribution of spaces should also be able to accommodate open air stalls DQG SXUSRVH EXLOW VSDFHV LQVLGH PDUNHW EXLOGLQJV 7KH EDVLF design of any market is generally based on the individual market VWDOO $ W\SLFDO Č´[HG VWDOOV IRU D FRYHUHG PDUNHW LV GLÎ?HUHQW IURP WHPSRUDU\ VWDOOV EHFDXVH WKH\ VHOO GLÎ?HUHQW SURGXFWV DQG KDYH GLÎ?HUHQW VSDWLDO UHTXLUHPHQWV 7KH IDFLOLWLHV WKDW WKH PDUNHW RÎ?HUV WR WKH YHQGRUV DUH OLNHO\ WR Č´W WKHLU UHTXLUHPHQWV DV GLÎ?HUHQW YHQGRUV ZLOO QHHG GLÎ?HUHQW types of facilities. As such, vendors will pay rent or fees to utilize the spaces and facilities at the market for their businesses. The sizes and amenity of the space provided vary according to the categories of the space. For example, some traders might only need a small space if the types of products that they sell come in small quantities. On the other hand, vendors that sell a wider range of products would normally require a bigger space. 7KH UHTXLUHPHQWV DUH QRUPDOO\ EH IXOČ´OOHG E\ GHVLJQLQJ WKH stalls in a modular arrangement, so that a certain number of VWDOOV FDQ EH FRPELQHG WR IRUP D ELJJHU XQLW 6X]L\DQD explains that certain markets have low platform structures where the vendors sit on it so that the products are displayed by customer’s eye level. Some general requirements for a stall’s dimension are needed to reach a minimum level of comfort for the users. The spatial properties of a stall should be designed hand in hand ZLWK WKH EDVLF GLPHQVLRQ RI WKH XVHUV 7UDFH\ :KLWH further explains that the design of the market stall should be appropriate for the vendors to serve the customers, where the vendors usually stand behind the stall. This requires a clear 2 metre space for standing, in addition to space to stock

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WKH SURGXFWV 6RPH SURGXFWV PLJKW QHHG GLÎ?HUHQW W\SHV RI arrangement, where the shelves need to be tiered or have counter. Other products might need stacking racks at the side of the stall. There are also some vendors who sit in the stall DQG KDYH WKH SURGXFWV VXUURXQG WKHP :KLFKHYHU ZD\ WKH\ DUH these various display techniques often depend on the vendors’ creativity and ingenuity. 3.0 Methodology

was conducted, due to the increasing number of the business SUHPLVHV DQG WR EHDXWLI\ 3DVDU 3D\DQJ 7KH Č´VK SUHPLVHV ZHUH XSJUDGHG LQ IROORZHG E\ WKH IUXLW SUHPLVHV LQ 7KLV was done to improve the conditions of the market to create more comfortable spaces for the vendors and visitors. According to the economic plan by Terengganu State Economic Planning Unit 83(1 3DVDU 3D\DQJ ZLOO RQFH DJDLQ EH UHSDLUHG DQG XSJUDGHG involving all parts of the building to be expanded. Timeline of the Development of Pasar Payang.

The data for this study was collected through three main PHWKRGV VLWH LQYHQWRU\ REVHUYDWLRQ DQG SKRWRJUDSKV 6LWH inventory involves observation of the place. Observation is one of the process to observe people in their natural setting by placing the researcher into the same situation as the people DUH =HLVHO 7KH LPSRUWDQFH WR H[SHULHQFH WKH H[LVWLQJ condition and activities in the traditional marketplace is essential DV WR JHW GDWD VXLWDEOH IRU WKH VWXG\ FRQGXFW 6X]L\DQD =HLVHO GHVFULEHV WKDW WKH UHFRUG RI REVHUYDWLRQ QHHG WR be collected using photos and video which can be named as the tool to record physical traces. The aspects of the inventory are divided into three aspects which are the layout, market spaces and the display arrangement. From the observation done during the visit, the pictures taken are divided into these three aspects. The connection between the buyers and the seller are also being observed. Also, the site context of the marketplace is put into the observation. Pasar Payang is a traditional urban marketplace located in Kuala Terengganu, in the east coast of Malaysia. This marketplace was selected as a case study because of the symbolic identity to the Kuala Terengganu. Pasar Payang function as a town’s node where people meet and shopped for their own choices of SURGXFWV 6X]L\DQD The criteria for selecting the Pasar Payang involved the following DVSHFWV 1. The setting of the marketplace is in the middle of the city. 7KH YDULHW\ DQG W\SH RI VSDFHV ZKHUH WKH JURXQG ȾRRU LV IRU ZHW PDUNHW ZKLOH WKH XSSHU ȾRRU LV IRU FUDIWV DQG RWKHU SURGXFWV These methods were used as an initial step to understand the composition of a traditional urban marketplace. This study acknowledges that there are other methods that could be DSSOLHG WR UHYHDO RWKHU W\SHV RI ȴQGLQJV

(Source: Majlis Bandaraya Kuala Terengganu). Table 1: Pasar Payang image in past and present time.

Figure 1 Pasar Payang in past time. Pasar Payang (1960s). Source: Selamatkan Pasar Payang Warisan Kita.(https://www.facebook.com/pages/Selamatkan-PasarPayang-Warisan-Kita)

4.0 A Brief Background of Pasar Payang $FFRUGLQJ WR 7HUHQJJDQX 6WDWH (FRQRPLF 3ODQQLQJ 8QLW 83(1 3DVDU 3D\DQJ ZDV EXLOW E\ WKH 3XEOLF :RUNV 'HSDUWPHQW -.5 LQ DQG ZDV FRPSOHWHG DIWHU \HDUV ODWHU LQ UHIHU )LJ DQG 7DEOH ΖQ WKH \HDU 3DVDU 3D\DQJ KDV EHHQ UHSDLUHG DQG XSJUDGHG LQWR D EHWWHU FRQGLWLRQ ΖQ the similar process to repair and expand the market space

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Figure 2 Pasar Payang in present time. Pasar Payang now (2014). Source: Researchers’ Photos

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5.0 Analysis of Space 7KH Č´QGLQJV IURP WKLV VWXG\ DUH GLYLGHG LQWR WKUHH DVSHFWV layout, market spaces and display arrangement. 5.1 Layout The layout of the market can be viewed from its external spaces and internal spaces. As a marketplace, Pasar Payang is located MXVW E\ WKH 7HUHQJJDQX 5LYHU QHDU &KLQDWRZQ DQG 6KDK %DQGDU MHWW\ D WRXULVW VWRSRYHU WR FDWFK D ERDW WR WKH QHDUE\ LVODQGV 7KH PDUNHWSODFH LV DFFHVVLEOH E\ GLÎ?HUHQW WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ OLNH SXEOLF WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ WD[L DQG EXV DQG SHUVRQDO YHKLFOHV FDU PRWRUF\FOH ELF\FOH DQG ORUU\ 1HDUE\ 3DVDU 3D\DQJ WKHUH is a Kuala Terengganu bus station where it is the main public transportation hub in Kuala Terengganu. The time taken for one to walk from the bus station to the Pasar Payang is around 5 to 10 minutes roughly. It is surrounded by shops storages, SUD\HU URRP VXUDX ERDW MHWW\ 7HUHQJJDQX 5LYHU QHDUE\ Chinatown and Terengganu tourist information centre. Public toilets are also provided to the users where it is available in the marketplace and also an outside marketplace near to the prayer room. Even though Pasar Payang is a traditional marketplace, the local government had made sure that it is fully equipped with necessary facilities. The parking for the users are also being provided to the users where there is an indoor parking building next to Pasar Payang and outdoor parking area for the visitors. The parking for buses are also being provided where it is located nearby the Pasar Payang. For the motorcyclist, they have two options, either to park inside the market or outside the market where the parking for motorcycles is provided in the market nearby the wet market. For the public amenities, the list goes RQ ZKHUH LQ WKH PDUNHWSODFH WKHUH DUH Č´UH H[WLQJXLVKHU WKH DLU FRQGLWLRQHU ZKLFK DYDLODEOH RQ WKH VHFRQG ČľRRU HOHFWULFDO URRP Č´UH KRVH DQG GXVWELQ

Internally, the organization of the market layout is arranged in a centralized form. Since the main purpose of visiting the market is for shopping, the layout is organized according to WKH FDWHJRULHV DQG ȾRRUV 3DVDU 3D\DQJ FRPSOH[ FRPSULVHG RI VWRUH\ EXLOGLQJ 2Q WKH JURXQG ȾRRU RI 3DVDU 3D\DQJ WKHUH DUH ZHW VWDOOV DQG GU\ VWDOOV WKDW DUH VHOOLQJ ORFDO IRRG OLNH ȴVK RU SUDZQ FUDFNHUV keropok DQG ORFDO GHVVHUWV kuih-muih ZKLOH on upstairs there are many shops selling traditional goods such DV 7HUHQJJDQX EDWLN ZRYHQ FORWK songket DQG FUDIW LWHPV 7KH 3DVDU 3D\DQJ ȴUVW ȾRRU FRQVLVWHG RI ZHW VWDOOV DUHD ȴVK PHDW VTXLG HWF GU\ VWDOOV DUHD YHJHWDEOHV KHUEV JURFHULHV LQJUHGLHQWV HWF IUXLW VWDOOV DUHD PRVWO\ RXWGRRU DQG JROG DQG MHZHOOHU\ SUHPLVHV DORQJVLGH WKH ZDONZD\ RI 3DVDU 3D\DQJ 7HUHQJJDQX PRVW IDPRXV ORFDO IRRG .HURSRN RU FUDFNHUV PDGH IURP ȴVK RU SUDZQ ORFDOO\ PDGH FDQGLHV $VVDP DQG VQDFNV DUH VROG LQ VWDOOV EHVLGH WKH HQWUDQFH 2Q WKH JURXQG ȾRRU DOVR WKHUH are stalls that sell fresh seafood or preserved sea products such DV GULHG DQFKRYLHV LNDQ ELOLV LQ DOO VL]HV VDOWHG ȴVK DQG GULHG FXWWOHȴVK HWF ΖQ VHFRQG ȾRRU WKH SUHPLVHV KHUH DUH VHOOLQJ 7HUHQJJDQX ORFDO SURGXFWV ZKLFK DUH EDWLN VRQJNHW %UDVVZDUH FDQGOH VWDQGV MXJV YDVHV DVKWUD\V QDSNLQ KROGHUV ȴOLJUHH MHZHOOHU\ LQFHQVH EXUQHUV HWF FUDIW LWHPV .HULV WLNDU PHQJNXDQJ ZRRG FUDIWV HWF

Figure 4 Internal plan of Pasar Payang (Source : Majlis Bandaraya Kuala Terengganu)

5.2 Market spaces

Figure 3 Site context of Pasar Payang

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The organization of Pasar Payang’s premises is categorized into WZR PDLQ DUHDV 7KH JURXQG ȾRRU LV GHVLJQDWHG IRU WKH GDLO\ SURGXFWV DQG WUDGLWLRQDO IRRGV VXFK DV NHURSRN FUDFNHUV PDGH

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IURP ȴVK RU SUDZQ ORFDOO\ PDGH FDQGLHV SUHVHUYHG IUXLWV DVDP DQG VQDFNV 7KH XSSHU ȵRRU LV IRU 7HUHQJJDQX WUDGLWLRQDO LWHPV DQG FUDIWV 7KH YDULRXV IDFLOLWLHV DUH ORFDWHG RQ ERWK ȵRRUV 7KH total number of premises in Pasar Payang is shown in Table 2. The table below describes the categorization of spaces available in the market. Timeline of the Development of Pasar Payang.

LQJUHGLHQWV HWF IUXLW VWDOOV DUHD PRVWO\ RXWGRRU DQG JROG DQG MHZHOU\ SUHPLVHV DORQJVLGH WKH ZDONZD\ RI 3DVDU 3D\DQJ Terengganu most famous local food, such as crackers made IURP ȴVK RU SUDZQ ORFDOO\ PDGH FDQGLHV DVDP DQG VQDFNV DUH VROG LQ VWDOOV EHVLGH WKH HQWUDQFH 2Q WKH JURXQG ȵRRU DOVR WKHUH are stalls that sell fresh seafood or preserved sea products such DV LNDQ ELOLV LQ DOO VL]HV VDOWHG ȴVK DQG GULHG FXWWOHȴVK HWF 7\SHV RI VKRSV DQG VWDOOV DW WKH JURXQG ȵRRU Wet Stalls Area

Figure 5 Wet market.

The categorization of the space makes it easy to identify where to get products. The daily basis needs are located at at the JURXQG ȵRRU ZKHUH LW LV FRQVLVWV RI GDLO\ SURGXFWV ZHW PDUNHW DQG MHZHOOHU\ 7KH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH VSDFH FDQ EH VHHQ IURP the signage available around the market. The spaces are users friendly as it facilitate both vendors and visitors. The visitors get a chance to look around and choose the best product to buy while the vendors have equal chance to compete between each other as the products are located within the same category. From the observation, the daily product are sold more than the local products as the daily product is based on daily needs. People usually come to buy vegetables and fresh sea products. The fresh sea product is normally sold out at afternoon. The local products are based on demand basis where the visitors want to get souvenirs or memorable products and it is seasonal. However, the demand still continue when the visitors held any occasion that need local products.

Figure 6 Product platform.

)UHVK VHD SURGXFWV È´VK VTXLG HWF DUH GLUHFWO\ EURXJKW DQG traded in this area. Usually the area is very busy in the morning DQG WKH DFWLYLW\ LV È´QLVKHG E\ WKH DIWHUQRRQ

The division of the space makes it easy for visitor to identify ZKLFK ȵRRU WR JR ΖW DOVR HDVHV WKH ȵRZ RI ZDONLQJ DV HDFK VSDFH LV ORFDWHG LQ VSHFLÈ´F ORFDWLRQV i. Ground Floor 7KH 3DVDU 3D\DQJ JURXQG ȵRRU FRQVLVWHG RI ZHW VWDOOV DUHD È´VK PHDW VTXLG HWF GU\ VWDOOV DUHD YHJHWDEOHV KHUEV JURFHULHV

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Dry Stalls Area

Figure 7 (left) Vegetables. Figure 8 (right) )Local fruit area. Local fruits and vegetable stalls (beside the wet stalls area).

Figure 9 (left) Local food area. Figure 10 (right) Dry food area. Local foods area (keropok, asam, snacks, honey, sambal, etc.).

Figure 11 (left) Grocery shop. Figure 12 (right) Home appliances. Groceries products area.

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Figure 13 (left )Gold premises near to the parking area. Figure 14 (right) Gold premise in front of the entrance. Gold and jewelry premises alongside Pasar Payang building.

Figure 15 Fruit stall. The fruit stalls outside of Pasar Payang are very happening at night as Pasar Payang shops are closed.

Figure 16 Fruit stall near to Pasar Payang. Fruit stawlls in front of Pasar Payang

ii. Upper Floor 2Q WKH XSSHU ČľRRU WKH YHQGRUV VHOO 7HUHQJJDQX ORFDO SURGXFWV

Figure 17 (left) Batik premise. Figure 18 (right) Daily outwear premise. Terengganu traditional clothes (Batik, songket, etc.) stalls

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Figure 19 (left) Brassware premise. Figure 20 (right) Example of products. Terengganu traditional products (brassware, craft items, etc.) stalls

5.3 Display arrangement 7KH YHQGRUV DW WKH PDUNHW GLVSOD\ WKHLU SURGXFWV LQ GLÎ?HUHQW ways. Most of the products are noticeable from a distance. Opportunities for visitors to interact with the vendors occur in the shop space. Most of the shops can accommodate visitors WR KDYH D RQH WR RQH LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK WKH YHQGRU 7KHVH VSDFHV make it possible for the visitors to come and have a chat with the vendors, as the space is usually enough for people to stand in front or inside the shop. Some spaces look vibrant with the array of products displayed. This attracts people to pass by or PRYH LQ DQG RXW RI WKH VKRSV HLWKHU WR VKRS RU MXVW WR EURZVH The corridors, which range from 1.5 meters to 2.5 meters wide, are comfortable enough for a person to walk through to have a look at the product display. There are few types of product display at Pasar Payang. Each display area according to their type of product and its location. A) Dry area i) Staggered arrangement The dry product is displayed in staggered arrangement which the product is organized according to their types. The price also being displayed near to the goods. The vendors will sit near to the product displayed to help visitors to choose the best to buy.

Figure 21 Staggered arrangement.

ii) Low platform In the dry area, the products are displayed in a low platform where the vendors are normally sitting on it with their products. The examples of product in this area are varied types of YHJHWDEOHV DQG KHUEV XODP

Figure 22 Low platform.

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In some part of the market, the display area is quite low near WR WKH ČľRRU DQG QRUPDOO\ WKH SURGXFW RÎ?HU LV ORFDO IUXLWV DQG vegetables.

Figure 25 Wet areas.

C) Clothing area Figure 23 Low platform of product.

LLL 2Q WKH ČľRRU 7KHUH LV DOVR D SURGXFW EHLQJ GLVSOD\HG RQ WKH ČľRRU ZKHUH WKH YHQGRU VSUHDG RXW D PDW WR FRYHU WKH ČľRRU DQG SXW WKHLU products on it. Normally this type of display is a small portion of WKH SURGXFW FKLOLHV KHUEV

The clothing is displayed according to the their categories. They are children, woman, men and formal clothing. The local batik is displayed according to their quality where the price is slightly GLÎ?HUHQW WR RQH DQRWKHU 0RVW RI WKH SURGXFWV GLVSOD\ WKHLU price where it is visible to the visitors.

)LJXUH 2Q ČľRRU SURGXFW

B) Wet Area i) Platform ΖQ ZHW DUHD IUHVK VHD SURGXFWV ȴVK VTXLG HWF DUH GLUHFWO\ displayed on the platform provided. Usually the price is not displayed with the products.

Figure 26 (top) On wall display. Figure 27 (bottom) Organized display.

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6.0 Findings The varied ways of products display give a welcome environment where the buyers get the chance to interact with the buyers. From a certain distance, buyers get an overview of products RÎ?HU WKHUH )XUWKHUPRUH WKH GLVSOD\HG SURGXFW JLYHV D ZDUP environment in the market. The community get interact with HDFK RWKHU DQG VRPHWLPHV EX\HUV JHW D FKDQFH WR KDYH RQH WR RQH LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK WKH VHOOHU 7KH GLÎ?HUHQW GLVSOD\ PHWKRGV RÎ?HU DW WKH PDUNHWSODFH JLYH D GLÎ?HUHQW H[SHULHQFH WR WKH buyers. It creates a sense of informality to some extend where WKH FXVWRPHUV FDQ WDNH D ORRN DW WKH SURGXFW ZKLOH HQMR\LQJ the view. The display of products also introduces people to the localness of the culture in Kuala Terengganu. The variety of local products and the availability of local craft at Pasar Payang gives space for people to feel the local lifestyle. 7.0 Discussion and Recommendations Spaces and spatial qualities are necessary aspects of a marketplace that must be carefully considered in its design and SODQQLQJ $V SUHVHQWHG LQ WKH Č´QGLQJV WKH VSDFHV FRQWULEXWHV directly to the setting and atmosphere of the market, and the activities of the market users. The site inventory and observation of the spatial qualities of Pasar Payang demonstrate certain characteristics. The spatial environment suits the context of the market and the users of the market. It considers the continuity of trading throughout the day. The variety of products sold at the market attracts the locals and tourists. For the locals, they can do their daily grocery shopping at the market, and in return, this helps the market to sustain as a commercial space that serves the local community. For tourists, the marketplace is where they can buy local food, crafts, clothes and other unique items that may not be found in other cities. Essentially, tourists visit Pasar Payang for its localness. In the current situation of Pasar Payang, the local authority has been involved in upgrading of facilities in the marketplace in order to keep on track with the development. Pasar Payang KDV EHHQ D VLJQLČ´FDQW IHDWXUH LQ 7HUHQJJDQXȇV WRXULVP LQGXVWU\ and it becomes one of the most visited place. It is a place for economic activities, as well as for social activities. The demand for tourism has stimulated the marketplace to be redeveloped, in order to accommodate the tourist and the market community. Throughout the process, it is expected that some of the market spaces and infrastructure will be replaced with newer and more PRGHUQ IDFLOLWLHV :KLOH WKLV LV LQHYLWDEOH KRZHYHU LW LV FUXFLDO WKDW ZH Č´UVW XQGHUVWDQG ZKDW JLYHV WKH PDUNHW LWV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV LQ WKH Č´UVW SODFH )DLOLQJ WR PHHW WKHVH QHHGV QHZ SODQV ZLOO lead to the loss of the local culture and decrease the economic income for the market community.

8.0 Conclusion The government has the responsibility to improve the marketplace to meet the global standard and improve the qualities of the place. Nevertheless, at the same time, the richness of the marketplace to the community and how it is important to the identity of the city must be taken into account. The local authority needs to play role in preserving the rich qualities of this traditional urban marketplace in its process of redevelopment. A balance between development and conservation can be seen as a key to maintaining the localness of the marketplace. 7KH Č´QGLQJV RI WKLV VWXG\ RÎ?HU LQLWLDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DERXW WKH function of the traditional urban marketplace and the spaces that make up a market and its setting. Layout, market spaces and display arrangement are important aspects that shape the spatial qualities of a marketplace. Therefore, these aspects FDQ EH IXUWKHU H[DPLQHG IRU WKHLU LQČľXHQFH WRZDUGV WKH ORFDO lifestyle and peoples’ experience.

References $OLDV 6 7KH 6LJQLČ´FDQW 5ROH RI 7UDGLWLRQDO 0DUNHW LQ DQ 8UEDQ &RQWH[W 6WXG\ $UHD 3HNDQ 5DEX $ORU 6HWDU DQG Kedai Payang, Kuala Terengganu.Master Thesis. University of Teknologi Mara, Skudai $O 0DLPDQL $ 6DODPD $ 0 DQG )DGOL ) ([SORULQJ 6RFLR 6SDWLDO $VSHFWV RI 7UDGLWLRQDO 6RXTV 7KH &DVH RI 6RXT 0XWUDK 2PDQ $UFKQHW Ζ-$5 9ROXPH ΖVVXH 0DUFK Č‚ 6HFWLRQ 2ULJLQDO 5HVHDUFK $UWLFOHV $SLFKRNH / 7RZDUG 3UHVHUYDWLRQ RI WKH 7UDGLWLRQDO 0DUNHWSODFH $ 3UHIHUHQFH 6WXG\ RI 7UDGLWLRQDO DQG 0RGHUQ Shopping Environments in Bangkok, Thailand. PhD Dissertation . Faculty of Virginia Polytechnique Institute and State University. Virginia Tech. %URZOH\ 5 - (G 0DUNHW LQ WKH 'HYHORSLQJ &RXQWULHV $ 5HYLHZ *HRJUDSK\ 'UDIW JXLGHOLQHV IRU GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH +HDOWK\ &LW\ SURMHFW DQG DFWLYLWLHV LQ WKH (DVWHUQ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ 5HJLRQ :+2 (052 %LURO * $Q $OWHUQDWLYH $SSURDFK IRU $QDO\VLV RI Traditional Shopping Spaces and A Case Study on Balikesir. 7UDN\D 8QLYHUVLW\ -RXUQDO RI 6FLHQFH /HH <RNH /DL DQG 6DLG ΖVPDLO 8UEDQ 6WXGLR 3URMHFW 8UEDQ 5HJHQHUDWLRQ $SSURDFK 2I +HULWDJH %XÎ?HU =RQH ΖQ .DPSXQJ -DZD 0HODND &LW\ ΖQ WK 6RXWK (DVW $VLDQ 7HFKQLFDO 8QLYHUVLW\ &RQVRUWLXP 6\PSRVLXP 0DUFK .LQJ 0RQJNXW V 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\ 7KRQEXUL 7KDLODQG 0LWFKHOO Ζ 5HWDLOLQJ LQQRYDWLRQ DQG XUEDQ PDUNHWV F -RXUQDO RI +LVWRULFDO 5HVHDUFK LQ 0DUNHWLQJ 9RO

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SS (PHUDOG *URXS 3XEOLVKLQJ /LPLWHG 3RXUMDIDU 0 $PLQL 0 9DU]DQHK ( + DQG 0DKGDYLQHMDG 0 5ROH RI %D]DDUV DV D 8QLI\LQJ )DFWRU LQ 7UDGLWLRQDO &LWLHV RI ΖUDQ 7KH ΖVIDKDQ %D]DDU )URQWLHUV RI $UFKLWHFWXUDO 5HVHDUFK Ȃ 6RPPHU 5 DQG 6RPPHU % $ 6RFLDO IDFLOLWDWLRQ H΍HFWV LQ FR΍HHKRXVHV (QYLURQPHQW DQG %HKDYLRU SS Ȃ 666 7DQJLUHV + 3XEOLF PDUNHWV 1HZ <RUN : : 1RUWRQ Company, Inc. 7UDFH\ :KLWH - ' 5HWDLO PDUNHWV SODQQLQJ JXLGH 5RPH ΖWDO\ 3XEOLFDWLRQV 'LYLVLRQ )RRG DQG $JULFXOWXUH 2UJDQL]DWLRQ of the United Nations 75$; DQG 9LFWRULD 6WHDG 0DUNHW FURVVLQJV 3ORWWLQJ D FRXUVH WKURXJK WKH 3UHVWRQ 0DUNHW 0HOERXUQH 0HOERXUQH %UHDNGRZQ 3UHVV Ζ6%1 :HLVV : 7KH ED]DDU 0DUNHWV DQG PHUFKDQWV RI WKH ΖVODPLF :RUOG /RQGRQ 7KDPHV DQG +XGVRQ =HLVHO -RKQ ΖQTXLU\ E\ 'HVLJQ 7RROV IRU (QYLURQPHQWDO Behavior Research. Cambridge University Press, New York.

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FROM FLEXIBLE USE OF POPS TO “GREENâ€? COMMUNITY PLANNING: THE PRACTICAL PATH OF TAIPEI ‘S “OPEN GREENâ€? POLICY 8UEDQ 5HJHQHUDWLRQ 2É?FH 852 7DLSHL &LW\ *RYHUQPHQW

Background: Temporary POPS and “Green Life Roosevelt�

Chen-Yu LIEN Assistant Professor Department of Landscape Architecture, Chung Yuan Christian University.

WHPSRUDU\ JUHHQHU\ SXEOLF VSDFHV ZHUH FUHDWHG LQ 7DLSHL City in preparation for the City Beautiful Movement of Taipei International Flora Exposition in 2010. It was a tough period of pushing urban renewal forward, and despite this, the government WRRN WKH HÎ?RUW WR XWLOL]H WKH H[KLELWLRQ WR VWUDWHJLFDOO\ SURPRWH XUEDQ EHDXWLČ´FDWLRQ DQG WR JDLQ FLWL]HQVȇ UHFRJQLWLRQ RI XUEDQ regeneration. Among those policies, the 2nd Taipei Beautiful Series created the most remarkable achievement by granting landowners additional FAR incentives, which resulted in an agreement to tear down old buildings and temporarily open the land as green space for citizens. As the government is granting D )$5 LQFHQWLYH WR RSHQ WKHVH EURZQ Č´HOGV WR WKH SXEOLF DQG as 58 of them remain in private property, we call these spaces ȆWHPSRUDU\ 3236ȇ WHPSRUDU\ SULYDWHO\ RZQHG SXEOLF VSDFHV LQ this article.

Pei-Yin SHIH, Yu-Fang CHAN Community Designer Classic Landscape Design Consultants Ltd.

and

Environmental

Planning

Keywords: URO, COMMUNITY PLANNERS, OPEN GREEN, COMMUNITY NETWORKING, SCENARIO

Abstract There have been dozens of temporary POPS(Privately Owned Public 6SDFHV DURXQG 7DLSHL &LW\ VLQFH ZKLFK FRXOG EH VHHQ DV WKH consequences of City Beautiful movement of Taipei International )ORUD ([SRVLWLRQ LQ 'LÎ?HUHQW IURP WKH XQLWDU\ JUHHQ VSRWV “Green life Rooseveltâ€? adopted the advocating green strategy. 7DLSHL &LW\ 8UEDQ 5HJHQHUDWLRQ 2É?FH 852 SURSRVHG WKH strategic policy of “Open Greenâ€? which as ground-up initiatives of the community empowerment. “Open Greenâ€? policy as Taipei ‘s participatory design evolution, reexamining the possibility of FRPPXQLW\ QHWZRUNV FROODERUDWH DPRQJ GLÎ?HUHQW QHLJKERUKRRGV %\ GHYHORSLQJ DVSHFWV RI ČŠ*UHHQČ‹ OLYLQJ WKH UROHV REMHFWV paradigm and procedure become in various sequence of each unique community planning experiment . The experimental approaches seek to explore the local characteristics and build up WKH FROODERUDWLYH QHWZRUNV ZLWK GLÎ?HUHQW FRPPXQLWLHV )DFLQJ ZLWK the international city making challenges, in the scale of community planning system, community planners should have the duty to deal with the face-to-face negotiation. Space problems, political issues, and social relations need to be considered at the same time. +HQFH WKLV EULQJV RXW KRZ LPSRUWDQW LW LV WR DGMXVW WKH SDUWLFLSDWRU\ design process and methods as well, and in the article there are 3 experiments point out the new method of “making a scenarioâ€?. The VSDFH SURIHVVLRQDOV FDQȇW MXVW SOD\ WKH UROH RI DGYRFDWLQJ LVVXHV WKH\ need to develop relationship with the communities by themselves.

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ČŠ*UHHQ OLIH 5RRVHYHOWČ‹ ZDV D SURMHFW FDUULHG RXW E\ WKH 852 7DLSHL 8UEDQ 5HJHQHUDWLRQ 2É?FH DQG FDQ EH VHHQ DV WKH model case for the temporary POPS’ design. Through community workshops, the idea of public space in temporary use was LGHQWLČ´HG DQG WKH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ GHVLJQ DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ process was evaluated. After the construction, public events were held among the NGOs and many social and community groups. They found these spaces important, and they use them to advocate their ideas, which are connecting communities and VROYLQJ SUREOHPV LQ UHVLGHQWVȇ GDLO\ OLYHV $V D UHVXOW WKHVH FR produced temporary POPS opened up new imaginations of life in Taipei’s public space. Presently, some of those temporary green spaces have been GHYHORSHG LQWR KLJK ULVH EXLOGLQJV KRZHYHU WKH UHVW DUH VWLOO being used daily by communities. The “Green Life Rooseveltâ€? generated diverse green spots, including Rainwater Garden, +DSS\ )DUP DQG 5HDGLQJ *DUGHQ HWF 7KHVH SURMHFWV KHOSHG us examine the procedure of this movement and the absence of social relations of blueprint planning. Furthermore, the ideas produced from the temporary POPS need to be sustained into general community spaces.

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evidences strongly suggest that the past traditional process of urban planning needs to be revised in order to match the current demands of the residents. 7DNH WKH H[DPSOH RI 1718 1DWLRQDO 7DLZDQ 1RUPDO 8QLYHUVLW\ QLJKW PDUNHW QHLJKERUKRRG FRQIURQWDWLRQ WKH RYHUO\ PL[HG XVH VLWXDWLRQ FDXVHG D FRQVLGHUDEOH FRQČľLFW EHWZHHQ UHVLGHQWV DQG businesses. Another example is people have responded their disappointment of “not allowed to farm in public spaceâ€? such as SDUNV LW LV LOOHJDO WR JURZ IRRG LQ SDUNV LQ FXUUHQW ODZ

)LJXUH .LGVȇ ȴHOGWULS LQ Ȇ5DLQ :DWHU *DUGHQȇ

Alternative Strategy in Urgent Need ΖQ 7DLSHL &LW\ WKHUH DUH QHLJKERUKRRGV GLYLGHG E\ administrative districts, and residents vote for their preferred FDQGLGDWHV HYHU\ \HDUV 7KH EXGJHW VL]H GHSHQGV RQ neighborhood magistrate’s capability and reputation, if one is PRUH DFWLYH DQG RU LQČľXHQWLDO WKH PRUH UHVRXUFHV KH RU VKH gets. This however creates a competitive environment where every neighborhood tries to stay competitive by taking their boundaries with strict caution. As a result, collaboration between HDFK DQG GLÎ?HUHQW QHLJKERUKRRG LV TXLWH VWUHQXRXV 2Q WKH other hand, not having enough green spaces is an institutional challenge in urban planning. For a compact city like Taipei, a city’s green area per capita is only 5.1 square meters which falls VKRUW WR 6LQJDSRUH &LW\ȇV 2XW RI DOO WKH GLVWULFWV :DQ +XD district has the highest green space percentage at 6.37%, and it is still under the 10% regulation in Urban Planning Act. 2Q UHČľHFWLRQ LQ EXLOGLQJ D EHWWHU HQYLURQPHQW GHYLVLQJ DQ alternative strategy in creating unity for the common good and an additional incentive instead of relying on the FAR bonus policy in the Urban Renewal Act is imperative. In fact, NGOs and many social groups not only oppose the current incentive system like Taipei Beautiful Action, but also against the process of Urban Renewal due to the incompetent citizen participation V\VWHP $ VWXG\ FDVH RI ČŠ:DQJȇV IDPLO\Č‹ VHHQ DV 1DLO +RXVH LQ 6KLK /LQ GLVWULFW QRWHG D KHDWHG FRQIURQWDWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH GHYHORSHU WKH FLW\ JRYHUQPHQW DQG WKH VXSSRUWHUV RI :DQJȇV family for a couple of years. By analyzing similar cases like this, VLJQLČ´FDQW SURJUHVVLRQ FDQ SRVVLEO\ EH PDGH WR 7DLSHLȇV 8UEDQ 'HYHORSPHQW E\ Č´QGLQJ QHZ ZD\V RI WKLQNLQJ LQ UHJDUGV WR Urban Renewal mechanism. In recent years, several social movements occurred in Taipei in relation to the neighborhood environment revealed that the traditional process of urban planning and land usage control V\VWHP ZHUH RXW RI FRQWURO 7KHUH DUH PDMRU JDSV EHWZHHQ WKH master plan and everyday life in the living area. More and more

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The Urban Plan, Urban Design Review system and Community Empowerment policies and other laws are many of the progressions that Taipei has developed in its path. In the -DSDQHVH JRYHUQDQFH SHULRG WKH Č´UVW XUEDQ SODQ GRFXPHQW ZDV introduced to Taipei. As time passed and the society became modernized, the original urban plan eventually became obsolete and green areas have been changed due to both political and commercial interest.

“Open Greenâ€? Project Was Proposed to Make Better Community Strategy In order to bring out the practical approaches of making sustainable communities in Taipei, community planers should be pioneers in initiate stage of community developments. They should explore possibilities and existing problems, make experiments, and prioritize community issues before any other GHYHORSPHQWV ΖQ HDUO\ VWDJH RI 5RRVHYHOW *UHHQ /LIH SURMHFW LW ZDV TXLWH SRSXODU LQ PLGGOH FODVV FRPPXQLWLHV EXW *UHHQ /LIHȇV HDUO\ FRQFHSW RI QHLJKERUKRRG EHDXWLČ´FDWLRQ EHFDPH VRPHKRZ LQHÎ?HFWLYH WR ROG FRPPXQLWLHV 7KHUHIRUH 7DLSHL &LW\

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8UEDQ 5HJHQHUDWLRQ 2É?FH 852 SURSRVHG WKH VWUDWHJLF SROLF\ FDOOHG ČŠ2SHQ *UHHQČ‹ ZKLFK EHFDPH ERWWRP XS LQLWLDWLYHV RI WKH community policy. Four Aspects of Taipei “Open Greenâ€? Project Reviewing the participatory design methods, the planners used to use landscape models, drawing layout, etc, as the interface IRU SXEOLF GLVFXVVLRQV 7KH WHDP IRXQG SHRSOH KDYH GLÉ?FXOWLHV understanding the values of making new public space. The ways RI PDNLQJ FRPPXQLW\ GHVLJQ KDYH WR EH DGMXVWHG )RXU DVSHFWV RI 2SHQ *UHHQ SURMHFW DUH 5ROHV 8UEDQ SODQQHUV ODQGVFDSH DUFKLWHFWV FRPPXQLW\ planners, etc, who played roles as advocacy planners should notice the need of grassroots groups, disabled groups, and other disadvantaged minorities. 2EMHFWV &RPPXQLW\ VKRXOG EH VHHQ DV OLYLQJ DUHD ZKLFK LV VKDUHG E\ YDULRXV JURXSV DQG SHRSOH LQFOXGLQJ ORFDO UHVLGHQWV DQG YLVLWRUV &RPPXQLW\ LGHQWLW\ VKRXOG QRW RQO\ be recognized by local people but also people who care about it. Community space is belong to everyone who uses it and should not be overly closed.

that are more accessible, which encourages people to participate those fun community activities naturally. In general, people in Taiwan have unique interpretation of the term “publicâ€?. Public space is considered “controlling by SXEOLF VHFWRUV JRYHUQPHQW Č‹ DQG 7DLZDQHVH FXOWXUH GRHV QRW HQFRXUDJH SXEOLF WR DFWLYHO\ LQYROYHG LQ SXEOLF DÎ?DLUV %RXQGDU\ is considered rigid and strict in Taiwan. Private vacant lots are usually fenced up to claim their authorities. Public sectors usually cannot intervene. To change people’s values and understanding of “public spaceâ€?, lots of activities were hosted to create residents’ positive relationships with their neighborhoods. :KHQ SODQQLQJ FRPPXQLWLHV DFFHVVLELOLW\ VXVWDLQDELOLW\ sensibility ,and aesthetics should be considered carefully. Community spaces like corner, vertical space, garden, and roof are tiny but could make big change for residents. The transformations of these ordinary spaces are essential to the idea of “living communityâ€?. Transformations are usually easier to operate, experiment and communicate with the users in such IXQGDPHQWDO DUHD EHFDXVH WKH\ DUH IDFH WR IDFH EXLOW DQG DUH realized. There are at least 31 types of spaces that need to be UHFRQVLGHUHG LQ UHVSRQVH WR QHZ W\SHV RI PL[HG XVHUV

3DUDGLJP FRPPXQLW\ ZRUNHUV VKRXOG H[DP GLÎ?HUHQW W\SHV of spaces, like vacancy lots, fractional lands, terrace, private gardens and roof, from plane to the vertical in early stages. Any space in any form can be meaningful for communities. 3URFHGXUH ΖQ WKH SDVW FRPPXQLW\ UHVRXUFHV VXUYH\ headmen interviews, vision workshop, comprehensive planning, detail design and then construction, were the necessary procedures for community planners. Although in recent years participatory design process was introduced WR PRVW SURMHFWV LQ 7DLZDQ SDUWLFLSDQWV FRXOG VWLOO KDYH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ GLÉ?FXOWLHV LQ GHVLJQ SURFHVV 7KHUHIRUH WKH method of making scenarios can be good alternatives for communications between professionals, governors, social groups, residents, and other people.

Open Green Strategy 1: “Hello! Green Life!� as Branding Strategy To simplify the concepts mentioned above, we choose to conceptualize them as “Hello! Green Life�. Logo we made was implemented in the public events. The team selects locations

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accessible area, we identify there usually take 2 administrative neighborhoods to make one living area, and in some places if there public transport system works well, it could have a bigger UDQJH RI DFURVV QHLJKERUKRRGV There is one more thing that it used to be neglected by the community planners. The distinction of the administrative boundaries have brought serious problems in political dimension. It is known that how important it is to value those people who really live around, and some other potential users. In the experiments of "Green" community planning, political issues and social conditions are considered along with space plans. Community planners should take all these varieties into their comprehensive considerations, and to prioritize the sequences of each variation in the level of operative strategies. Open Green Strategy 2: “Greenâ€? Community Planning “Greenâ€? Living Need to Understood in Diverse Ways In the concept of “Green Lifeâ€?, the community planners GHYHORSHG GLÎ?HUHQW DVSHFWV RI ČŠ*UHHQČ‹ LQ RUGHU WR SRSXODUL]H and enhance its linkage between diverse public spaces and XVHUV ČŠ*UHHQČ‹ FRXOG EH DQ\ZKHUH DQG DQ\RQH FDQ MRLQ LW *UHHQV ZHUH HVWDEOLVKHG $GYRFDWLQJ *UHHQ /RFDO %XVLQHVV Green, Social Green, Living Green, and Ecological Green. Not like the traditional understanding of sustainable community, each Green is equally important and can be adaptive and ČľH[LEOH GXH WR YDULRXV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI GLÎ?HUHQW FRPPXQLWLHV in Open Green Strategy. It needs to be generalized and understood by local people. And community planners should prioritize properly based on each community’s characteristics.

)RU H[DPSOH -LQ $Q 5RRI ORFDWHG LQ WKH UHVLGHQWLDO DUHD LQ 'D $Q district, which local people care about their living qualities and OLIHVW\OH PHDQZKLOH SHRSOH OLYH LQ ZHVWHUQ VLGH RI 7DLSHL &LW\ which was the origin developed river port district, they mind about their industrial redevelopment issues and the elders’ social care problems. In such a complex background, the community planners should response to these issues occurred in livelihood. The issues are usually detailed but complicated. Thus, “Open Greenâ€? policy is QRW MXVW DQ H[WHQVLRQ RI WUDGLWLRQDO FRPPXQLW\ SODQQLQJ ΖW LV SURSRVHG WR EHFRPH WKH DOWHUQDWLYH RI FRPPXQLW\ SODQQHUV DFWLYH VROXWLRQV 7DNH GLÎ?HUHQW DVSHFWV WR XQGHUVWDQG ČŠ*UHHQ it makes sustainability ideas easier, understandable and operable. So far, “Open Greenâ€? policy is as a "Green" Community 3ODQQLQJ SURMHFW SODQ DV ZHOO DV D VWUDWHJ\

The Community Scope is Variable Due to the Complex Factors

Open Green Strategy 3: Community Networking Make Public Space NEW

Usually it takes about 15 minutes to walk around neighborhoods, the distance is not too far to have a small tour. Tracing the

In contemporary era, the characters and functions should be changed because of the community networking. The

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experiments in undeveloped neighborhoods, local business and social issues are prior to the ecological environmental problems. The spatial professionals implement community actions to bond up the lost social ties. There is a hypothesis in "Open Green" policy, the more community energy that a space can carry, the more publicity it KDV &RPPXQLW\ HQHUJ\ FDQ GULYH D SODFH JURZWK (YHU\ GLÎ?HUHQW W\SH RI VSDFH LV OLNH D VWDJH OHW GLÎ?HUHQW FRPELQDWLRQV RI WKH FRPPXQLW\ JURXS Č´QG WKHLU SRVLWLRQ 'LÎ?HUHQW VSDWLDO SDWWHUQV such as roof, vacant lot, alleys, corners, etc, become various communities’ platform. Many of the useless spaces could be transformed into usable community places. The following LQWURGXFWLRQ RI -LQ $Q 5RRI DSSO\ IRU WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ VSDFH DQG FRPPXQLW\ JURXSV Jin-An Roof Garden: In the beginning, there was very few budget to make the hollow roof green, and very few volunteers to help with its construction. For saving costs and gathering consensus, we ORRNHG IRU WKH UHVRXUFHV IURP WKH XQLYHUVLW\ )X -HQ &DWKROLF 8QLYHUVLW\ DQG JRW WKH VXSSRUW IURP WKH SURIHVVRU RI /DQGVFDSH $UFKLWHFWXUH 'HSDUWPHQW LQ WKH Č´UVW \HDU Students’ participation attracted local people’s attention. Since then, the public sector agreed with the use authority of building’s roof. The second year, more and more voluntary JURXSV MRLQHG LQ DQG EH FRQQHFWHG VRPH RI WKHP HQMR\HG WR KDYH VSDFH WR WU\ RXW WKHLU FRPSRVW PDGH ZLWK FRÎ?HH JURXQGV VRPH RI WKHP QHHGHG Č´HOG WR DFFRPSOLVK WKHLU SUDFWLFH RI community planners’ training courses, etc. TV Medias came to report it and NGOs from the overseas arranged outdoor tour to have experience on urban farming. Going to the third \HDU WKH -LQ $Q 5RRI *DUGHQ LV IDPRXV IRU LWV FRPPXQLW\ networking and the new experiment of making roof GREEN. +HQFH *5((1 LGHDV ZHUH XQGHUVWRRG WR LQFOXGH GLÎ?HUHQW FRPPXQLW\ JURXSV DQG RSHQ WR HYHU\RQH ZKR ZDQWV WR MRLQ LQ $OWKRXJK LW LV ORFDWHG LQ -LQ $Q QHLJKERUKRRG LW LV PRUH OLNH D FR FUHDWH VSDFH WKDW WHFKQLFDO FRPPXQLW\ QHWZRUN FRXOG SXW SUDFWLFH KHUH DQG WKHPH FRPPXQLW\ DOVR HQMR\ WR LQFLWH WKH Č´HOG DV H[DPSOH

Figure 2. The community voluntary groups cared about the plants on Jin-An Roof Garden.

Explore An Alternative Method to Participatory Design: Draw People into the Scenario Community planners used to make design models and use them as tools for general public to understand the space plans. It seems a standard and useful procedure in the participatory process, but somehow misunderstands happened. Hence, it is need to rethink how to make people understand and FRPPXQLFDWH HÉ?FLHQWO\ 6FHQDULR FDQ EH D JRRG ZD\ WR PDNH people really have feelings for those ideals that advocated by community planners, especially it involves with issues in current times and the future. It is reasonable that general public has WKH GLÉ?FXOWLHV WR KDYH WKH LPDJLQDWLRQ WR WKRVH WKLQJV WKDW happened yet. It is why to draw people into the scenario can RYHUFRPH WKH WLPH VSDFH JDSV WKDW VSDFH SODQV FDQ W GHDO ZLWK In the next paragraphs, there will be some experiments that 2SHQ *UHHQ SURMHFW DOUHDG\ GHYHORSHG E\ PL[ XVLQJ WKH principle of 5 Greens. Experiment 1: “Wooden Boxes Planâ€? ČŠ:RRGHQ %R[HV 3ODQČ‹ LV DQ H[SHULPHQWDO PHWKRG WR KHOS increase the income resources for the homeless people. ČŠ7DLZDQ 'UHDP\ $VVRFLDWLRQČ‹ 7'$ ZDV IXQGHG WR H[SORUH diverse methods to help general people understand the unseen lifestyle from those minority groups. TDA seek to collaborate ZLWK RWKHU SURIHVVLRQ JURXSV WR SURYLGH MRE RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU WKHP LQVWHDG RI MXVW JLYLQJ WKH IRRGV DQG UHVRXUFHV IRU WKHP 7KLV ZDV WKH EDFNJURXQG WKDW WKH ČŠ:RRGHQ %R[HV 3ODQČ‹ XVHG WKH URRIWRS RI D SXEOLF EXLOGLQJ LQ :DQ +XD GLVWULFW :DQ +XD GLVWULFW LV IDPRXV IRU LWV ROG DQG IDOO EHKLQG GHYHORSPHQW 7'$ V RÉ?FH ORFDWHV LQ 0RQJDČ‹ ZKLFK ZHOO NQRZQ as a historic and traditional, and there gathered many homeless people and people from lower class. Considering there are very few public spaces in :DQ +XD GLVWULFW EXW 7'$ QHHG WR Č´QG QHZ ZD\V WR GHYHORS D HFR V\VWHP LQ WKH QHLJKERUKRRGV 7KH IRXQGHU RI 7'$ FDPH WR DVN IRU FRPPXQLW\ SODQQHUV KHOS DQG WKHQ UHDOL]H WKDW WR VHHN for public sector’s spaces would be the last chance. Community planners are aware of it is a social, economic, and a serious XUEDQ LVVXH WKH\ KHOSHG DVN IRU &HQWHU RI :DQ +XD +HDOWK 6HUYLFHV &:++6 SHUPLVVLRQ WR XVH WKHLU SXEOLF EXLOGLQJ V rooftop. $W Č´UVW WKH URRIWRS RI WKH &:++6ȇ EXLOGLQJ ZDV H[SHFWHG WR become a roof garden. Because of there still be in lack of an elevator of the public building, and not opened on weekend DQG QLJKW WLPH LW QHHGHG WR UHDGMXVW WKH IXQFWLRQ RI WKH VSDFH $IWHU WKH GLVFXVVLRQ ZLWK 7'$ DQG &:++6 DQG DOVR FRPPXQLW\

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SODQQHUV WULHG WR GHYHORS DQ DOWHUQDWLYH ZD\ RI URRIWRS V XVH TDA collaborated with the homeless people, and to participate LQ DV WKH UROH RI DQ RUJDQL]HU RI WKH XVHUV &:++6 SHUPLWWHG to share its unused space and to support the public issues. The community planners helped with the basic facilities, like VWDNHV WR FUXWFK WKH VKDGH QHW HWF Ȋ:RRGHQ %R[HV 3ODQȋ DV a community networking experiment, some social issues and HFRQRPLF PRGHOV WKXV FDQ EH EXLOW DV DQ HFR V\VWHP 'HVLJQHUV were invited to support with the steps and training program. 7KH H[SHULPHQW V WDUJHWV ZHUH WR LQFUHDVH KRPHOHVV SHRSOH V working opportunities, skills. The idea of manufacturing wooden boxes is to reduce the waste, boxes were designed to be made by the recycled pallets. There were 3 homeless men recommended by TDA, community planners and volunteers in the plan got the chance to rethink WKH KRPHOHVV SHRSOH V VLWXDWLRQ ΖW LV H[SHFWHG WR EH D VROXWLRQ WR WKH XQXVHG VSDFH OLNH URRIWRS DQG VRFLDO SUREOHP OLNH MREOHVV People who buy the wooden boxes from TDA mean that they support with the ideal. On the other hand, boxes can be used WR SODQW YHJHWDEOHV DQG SHRSOH FDQ HQMR\ QDWXUDO OLIH OLNH DQ XUEDQ IDUPHU 7R YLHZ WKLV ZKROH HFR V\VWHP LW LQFUHDVHV WKH public values for the city, some ideals like "Edible City" can be promoted by this plan. There need diverse imaginations to rethink who the users are, and how a public space like rooftop FDQ VXSSRUW ZLWK WKH LGHDOV +HQFH URRIWRS QRW RQO\ MXVW become a sky garden, but also wooden manufactory. And this can increase the understanding to the community planning, to VHH WKH SRVVLELOLWLHV RI VRFLDO HFRQRPLF SRWHQWLDO

Figure 3. TDA helped with the homeless people make the wooden boxes on the rooftop of the Center of Wan-Hua Health Services.

Experiment 2: Jasmine Garden Corner 7KH *DOD DK QHLJKERUKRRGV ZDV PRUH OLNH D YLOODJH VLQFH two hundred years ago. People earned their living mostly by growing vegetables and fragrant crops to supply downtown 7DLSHL 'DGDRFKHQJ )UDJUDQW FURSV ZHUH H[SRUWHG DV ČľDYRUHG WHDV OHDYHV OLNH EODFN WHD DQG MDVPLQH JUHHQ WHD 6LQFH WKH WHD LQGXVWU\ ZDV JUDGXDOO\ GHFOLQHG WKH JORULRXV HUD RI *DOD

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ah neighborhoods become only the memories in the elderly SHRSOH OLNH DURXQG \HDUV ROG DJH $IWHUZDUG VRPH RI MDVPLQH IDUPHUV OHDUQHG KRZ WR PDNH EHDQ VSURXWV EDVHG RQ the good water quality in this area. As the time changes, all this historical contexts were lost gradually, it is a great challenge for FRPPXQLW\ SODQQHUV WR KHOS UHYLWDOL]H *DOD DK QHLJKERUKRRGV The action of “Jasmine Garden Cornerâ€? took place in the clustered VSRW RI %DR 'H FRPPXQLW\ %HFDXVH RI WKH QHLJKERUKRRG magistrate deliver the elders’ meals there, and it makes the VSDFH PRUH OLNH D PHHWLQJ SODFH :H VDZ WKH HOGHUV JR WKHUH to have classes, like singing, painting, and even exercising. Since it is a place constantly in use, but during lunch time the elders MXVW JR WKHUH WR SLFN WKHLU OXQFK ER[ DQG WKHQ OHDYH 2XWVLGH RI WKH %DR 'H FRPPXQLW\ FHQWHU WKHUH DOZD\V RFFXSLHG with motorcycles and obstacles, which makes the elders feel insecure while their staying. Community planners sought to create a friendly use corner become more comfortable and safe and used recycled pallets to create the scenario. In this “Jasmine Garden Cornerâ€?, there were put some recycled pallets DV EHQFK DQG SODQWHG VRPH KHUEV DQG ČľRZHUV 7KH SXUSRVH WR KHOS WKH HOGHUV WR NQRZ LW FRXOG EH D ELJ GLÎ?HUHQFH ZLWK D VDIH and comfortable corner. The elders started to stay longer time, and while their staying they talk to each other and share food together. ΖQ WKH QDPH RI

-DVPLQH *DUGHQČ‹ ZKLFK LV EDVHG RQ LWV ROG KLVWRU\ RI JURZLQJ MDVPLQHV DQG IUDJUDQW FURSV 6RPH \RXQJ SHRSOH VWDUWHG WR DVN IRU KRVWLQJ FRPPXQLW\ DFWLYLWLHV LQ %DR 'H community space, and the elders got the chance to interact with people from outside of neighborhoods.

Figure 4. The Elders experienced to plant herbs in the “Jasmine Corner Garden�.

Experiment 3: The Blocks of Producing Sample Products: Pun-Lai Soundscape and Parklet Pun-Lai Soundscape 7KH SHULRG RI ČŠ-DSDQHVH RFFXSDWLRQČ‹ )URP WR \HDU 7DLSHL ZDV GHYHORSHG IURP ZHVW WR HDVW 3XQ /DL DUHD ZDV

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located the east of Dadaocheng, which was the most developed district. Because of the geopolitical relations, there gathered PDQ\ IDFWRULHV OLNH VKLS EUHDNLQJ LQGXVWU\ WKH WLPEHU LQGXVWU\ DQG WUDGLWLRQDO LURQ LQGXVWU\ HWF *HL VKD VWUHHW ;LQJ &KHQJ street, and Ningxia Road was famous, people like manufacturers, GHVLJQHUV VWXGHQWV ZRXOG JR WKHUH Č´QG VRPH PDWHULDOV DQG DVN for skills support.

chance to understand.

Ningxia Road was a wood collected distribution center, there were many timber factories along the road. The machines make loud sounds when manufacturers operate, and somehow it seemed quite a charming elements for a sound artist. Olifa, QDPH RI WKH VRXQG DUWLVW HQMR\HG WKRVH VRXQGV PDGH E\ IRUJLQJ LURQZDUH VDZLQJ WLPEHU &RPPXQLW\ GHVLJQHUV FR ZRUN ZLWK WKH VRXQG DUWLVW FROOHFWLQJ GLÎ?HUHQW HOHPHQWV WKDW FDQ UHSUHVHQW WKH QHLJKERUKRRGV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV &ROOHFWLYH 2I 6H[ :RUNHUV $QG 6XSSRUWHUVȇ &26:$6 ZDV RQH of the elements that Olifa appreciated, hence she decided WR FROOHFW &26:$6 VWRU\ 7KHUH ZHUH VWRULHV VKH FROOHFWHG DQG SXW LW DV DQ DFWLRQ RI ČŠ/LVWHQ WR 3XQ /DL 7KH ΖQYLVLEOH 3XQ /DL QHLJKERUKRRGČ‹ 5HVLGHQWV FRXOG MRLQ LQWR WKH WRXUV WKDW WKH FRPPXQLW\ SODQQHUV DQG WKH VRXQG DUWLVW V JXLGDQFH VWRULHV LQFOXGH LURQZDUH VKRS FDUSHQWHU V VKRS ORFDO IRRG V shop, traditional music club from local. These 5 stories seem separated into diverse ways, but from the tour guide people can picture the whole history and the community. Pun-Lai Carpentry Parklet 3XQ /DL &DUSHQWU\ 3DUNOHW ZDV DQ HYHQW WR EULQJ XS DZDUHQHVV of the local sunset industries. There are many carpentry stores along the street. The carpentries usually do their works, like sawing timbers in the arcade. The good skills of carpentries thus attract many designers and students of the university come to order some species for their work. They would ask carpenter to make some wooden products, but usually the stores are too small to have good quality of discussion. According to this, community planners realized that it is important to make local people know that spaces like arcade and parking lots are quite important to the local business. Arcade, sidewalk and SDUNLQJ ORWV DUH SXEOLF VSDFHV LQ EHWZHHQ SULYDWH DQG SXEOLF spaces. Usually parking lots in front of the local business like carpentry stores are occupied by themselves. Community designers hosted one day experimental activity on parking lot, make it have the function like "Parklet". In this way, people can H[SHULHQFH RQFH WKH LQ EHWZHHQ VSDFHV JHW ZLGHU WKDQ ZKDW it is currently, people can be more connected and is more friendly with the industrial workers. On the day, people came to have workshops on the parking lots, and it is said that people had great fun on doing some wooden works. Everyone who participated got one piece of wooden board, designers helped with the steps making cabinets, chairs, etc. The carpenters could show their professions and skills to those who never had

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Figure 5.The wooden workshop of Pun-Lai Carpentry Parklet.

Conclusion As to “Open Greenâ€? policy, we generalize some characters which DUH WKH HVVHQFHV RI PDNLQJ D QHZ SXEOLF VSDFH &RPPXQLW\ 1HWZRUNLQJ %UHDNWKURXJK WKH ULJLGLWLHV 5HSDLU &RPPXQLW\ ERUGHU (FR V\VWHP 6\VWHPLF &LUFXODWLRQ 2SHQ *UHHQ SROLF\ DV 7DLSHL V SDUWLFLSDWRU\ GHVLJQ HYROXWLRQ reexamining the possibility of community networks collaborate DPRQJ GLÎ?HUHQW QHLJKERUKRRGV %\ GHYHORSLQJ DVSHFWV RI ČŠ*UHHQČ‹ OLYLQJ WKH UROHV REMHFWV SDUDGLJP DQG SURFHGXUH become in various sequence of each unique community planning experiment . The experimental approaches seek to explore the local characteristics and build up the collaborative networks with GLÎ?HUHQW FRPPXQLWLHV 1RW RQO\ WKH JHRJUDSKLFDOO\ FRPPXQLW\ could represent their ideal of the living area, but also those who have the identity of the place. Facing with the international city PDNLQJ FKDOOHQJHV ZKDW WKH SURMHFW WHQG WR GR LV WR HPSRZHU more and more “communityâ€? with diverse understanding of social groups. In the scale of community planning system, FRPPXQLW\ SODQQHUV VKRXOG KDYH WKH GXW\ WR GHDO ZLWK WKH IDFH WR IDFH QHJRWLDWLRQ 6SDFH SUREOHPV SROLWLFDO LVVXHV DQG VRFLDO relations need to be considered at the same time. Hence, this EULQJV RXW KRZ LPSRUWDQW LW LV WR DGMXVW WKH SDUWLFLSDWRU\ GHVLJQ SURFHVV DQG PHWKRGV DV ZHOO 7KH VSDFH SURIHVVLRQDOV FDQ W MXVW SOD\ WKH UROH RI DGYRFDWLQJ LVVXHV WKH\ QHHG WR GHYHORS relationship with the communities by themselves.

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AN COMPARATIVE STUDY ON OLD PUBLIC SECTOR HOUSING IN CHINA: Focus on Two Cases Lei Shao Associate Professor Ph.D., School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, China Yiti Wang Ph.D. Urban and Rural Planning Administration Center, Ministry of +RXVLQJ DQG 8UEDQ 5XUDO 'HYHORSPHQW &KLQD &RQWDFW $XWKRU <LWL :DQJ Sanlihe Road No.9, Urban and Rural Planning Administration &HQWHU 02+85' %HLMLQJ &KLQD wangyitiyiti@163.com Keywords: OLD PUBLIC SECTOR HOUSING, COMPARATIVE STUDY, CASE STUDY, CHINA

Abstract %HWZHHQ V DQG V D ODUJH PDMRULW\ RI SXEOLF 6HFWRU KRXVLQJ built by municipal government and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) LQ &KLQD 'XULQJ WKH V XQGHU WKH QHZ OLEHUDO SULYDWL]DWLRQ program, they were sold to the sitting residents and experienced SUREOHPV RI FRPPXQLW\ GHFD\ $ Č´YH \HDU QDWLRQDO UHVHDUFK SURMHFW ZDV FRQGXFWHG GXULQJ WR JLYH D RYHUDOO SLFWXUH RI WKH ROG SXEOLF KRXVLQJ 7KHVH HVWDWHV EXLOW LQ GLÎ?HUHQW SHULRG KRZHYHU VKRZ diversity to each other, both on physical conditions and residents VRFLDO HFRQRPLF SURČ´OHV 7KLV SDSHU IRFXVHV RQ WZR W\SLFDO ROG public sector housing estates and addresses the problems of: what are the physical and social conditions of the two old public sector KRXVLQJ HVWDWHV" :KDWȇV WKH VLPLODULW\ DQG GLÎ?HUHQWLDWLRQ" :KDW FRXOG WKH SROLF\ WR UHVSRQG WR GLÎ?HUHQW QHHG" 7KH Č´QGLQJV UHYHDO WKDW WKH PDMRULW\ RI LQKDELWDQWV SUHIHU WR OLYH LQ WKHLU ROG FRPPXQLWLHV in spite of the poor living conditions and lack of facilities. But the willingness on the regeneration, which has a strong connection with WKH HVWDWHVȇ FRQVWUXFWLRQ SHULRG DQG WKH FRPSOLFDWHG XQGHUO\LQJ PHFKDQLVP LV GLÎ?HUHQW

1 Introduction China established a public housing provision system in its urban areas from the 1950s to the 1980s. Almost all new houses were built and managed by either the municipal governments or by WKH VWDWH RZQHG HQWHUSULVHV 62(V NQRZQ DV ȆSXEOLF VHFWRU housing’. Houses were allocated to public sector employees under a welfare entitlement system which gave main attention to status and achievements in employment. It was reported that 75 percent of households in urban areas in China lived in the

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old public rental housing sector at the beginning of the 1980s +XDQJ DQG WKH UDWLR FRXOG EH HYHQ KLJKHU LQ VRPH ODUJH DQG LQODQG LQGXVWULDO FLWLHV /RJDQ HW DO +RXVLQJ SURYLVLRQ began to change when China embarked on the economic reform programme in the 1980s. Housing privatization and commercialization were introduced gradually in all cities during WKH V :DQJ 1HZ KRXVHV ZHUH EXLOW DQG PDUNHWHG E\ FRPPHUFLDO SURSHUW\ GHYHORSHUV /RJDQ HW DO International literature on old public housing in China is growing over recent years. They have assessed the progress in housing privatization and reform, the establishment of the urban housing market, the emerging inequalities of housing consumptions, the FKDQJHV LQ KRXVLQJ WHQXUH DQG WKHLU LPSOLFDWLRQV RQ GLÎ?HUHQW VRFLDO JURXSV &KHQ HW DO *X DQG &ROZHOO /RJDQ HW DO :DQJ DQG 0XULH /L :DQJ :X %XW IHZ FDVH FLWLHV ZHUH IRFXVHG RQ WKHLU SXEOLF VHFWRU SROLFLHV DQG FKDQJH GXULQJ WKH XUEDQ KRXVLQJ UHIRUP :DQJ /RJDQ KDV UHSRUWHG WKDW LQ WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI public sector housing nationally was about 16.3 per cent, and in %HLMLQJ FLW\ LW DFFRXQWV IRU RYHU SHU FHQW /RJDQ HW DO China has over 600 cities and many thousands towns, the aggregated number of this sort of housing and residents could be enormous. The existing old public sector housing estates, privatized or not, will still play an important role in the urban built environment and the emerging urban housing market. Our another working paper has supported an overall picture RI WKH SK\VLFDO FRQGLWLRQV DQG VRFLDO SURČ´OHV RI WKH ROG SXEOLF VHFWRU KRXVLQJ HVWDWHV LQ &KLQD :DQJ HW DO %\ IRFXVLQJ on two typical public sector housing, this paper aims to broaden the base of comparative research on public sector housing in China and add to the understanding of their similarity and GLÎ?HUHQWLDWLRQ 7KLV SDSHU ZLOO DGGUHVV WKH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQV what are the physical and social conditions of the two old public KRXVLQJ HVWDWHV" :KDWȇV WKH VLPLODULW\ DQG GLÎ?HUHQWLDWLRQ" :KDW FRXOG WKH SROLF\ WR UHVSRQG WR GLÎ?HUHQW QHHG" 2 Urban housing changes and policy context in China Housing policies and practice in China went through several GLVWLQFWO\ GLÎ?HUHQW SHULRGV VLQFH )URP WR WKH ODWH V KRXVLQJ SROLF\ ZDV GRPLQDWHG E\ QDWLRQDOL]DWLRQ DQG LQGXVWULDOL]DWLRQ )URP ODWH V WR WKH ODWH V KRXVLQJ GHYHORSPHQW H[SHULHQFHG D PDMRU VHW EDFN GXH WR VHYHUDO IDLOHG SROLWLFDO PRYHPHQW )URP WKH RQZDUG WKH JRYHUQPHQW RQ one hand explored housing reform and privatization policies, on the other hand, invested heavily in public housing through WKH VWDWH RZQHG ZRUN XQLW IURP WKH ODWH V SXEOLF KRXVLQJ development and distribution came to at end and commercial housing became the main source for new stocks. The following

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paragraphs provide a quick summary to set the context for the KRXVLQJ SROLFLHV DQG SUDFWLFH LQ &KLQD IURP V ΖPPHGLDWHO\ DIWHU WKH &RPPXQLVWV FDPH WR SRZHU LQ WKH PDMRU HÎ?RUW RI WKH JRYHUQPHQW ZDV WR UHVWRUH LQGXVWULDO production in the cities. Housing development did not receive much attention, as it was seeing as consumption in competition with production for scarce resources. The investment in housing was very small and concentrated in some slum clearance areas LQ ELJ FLWLHV :DQJ DQG 0XULH +RZHYHU WKH XUEDQ SRSXODWLRQ LQFUHDVHG UDSLGO\ GXULQJ WKH Č´UVW GHFDGH IURP PLOOLRQ LQ WR PLOOLRQ LQ ZKLFK PHDQV IURP SHU FHQW RI WRWDO SRSXODWLRQ WR SHU FHQW 1DWLRQDO %XUHDX RI 6WDWLVWLFV RI &KLQD +RXVLQJ VKRUWDJH SUREOHP EHFDPH very serious particularly in large industrial cities. The general living condition in cities declined quickly. Large scale population growth forced urban governments to provide new housing, especially for the new industrial workers. After 1952, workers’ new villages were built around the industrial areas all over the country. About 5 million square meters of QHZ KRXVLQJ ZHUH EXLOW LQ %HLMLQJ 7LDQMLQ 6KHQ\DQJ $QVKDQ and Shanghai within a year. Under the ‘socialist command economy’, housing was planned, constructed, allocated and managed by the state under a welfare system. The government LQLWLDOO\ SODQQHG WR XVH WKH UHQW DV D PDLQ Č´QDQFLDO UHVRXUFH WR build and maintain the worker’s dwelling. There was however no overall rent policy until 1955, and then the rent was regulated at a low level to support the low wage system. On average rent ZDV DERXW \XDQ OHVV WKDQ SHUFHQW RI WKH DYHUDJH ZDJH DW WKH WLPH SHU PRQWK IRU D ČľDW XQLW DERXW VTXDUH PHWHUV ČľRRU VSDFH =KDQJ

Figure 1 Housing tenure composition in Shanghai, 1949- 1995 Source: Website of Shanghai Urban History Department

Shanghai, the largest industrial and commercial city, built 201 worker’s new villages from 1952 to 1958, which consists of a WRWDO ČľRRU VSDFH RI PLOOLRQ VTXDUH PHWHUV 7KHVH KRXVHV DFFRPPRGDWHG DERXW PLOOLRQ UHVLGHQWV 2É?FH RI 6KDQJKDL &KURQLFOHV Ȇ1HLJKERXUKRRG 8QLWȇ GHVLJQ PHWKRG ZLWK

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PXOWL VWRUH\ ČľDWV ZDV XVHG LQ &KLQD IRU WKH Č´UVW WLPH :DQJ DQG 0XULH 8UEDQ SODQQHUV DOORFDWHG D UHODWLYHO\ KLJK ČľRRU area standard of 9 square meters per person. This standard was based on examples and advice given by experts from the IRUPHU 6RYLHW 8QLRQ %XW WKH DYHUDJH KRXVLQJ ČľRRU VSDFH LQ FLWLHV LQ &KLQD DW WKDW WLPH ZDV RQO\ VTXDUH PHWHUV SHU SHUVRQ As a result, two or more families were often asked to share one ČľDW 2É?FH RI 6KDQJKDL &KURQLFOHV :DQJ DQG 0XULH OY HW DO The period from 1960 to 1976 saw an inactive period of housing FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQ FLWLHV EHFDXVH RI WKH HFRQRPLF GLÉ?FXOWLHV DIWHU WKH GLVDVWURXV *UHDW /HDS )RUZDUG PRYHPHQW DQG WKH &XOWXUDO 5HYROXWLRQ LQ &KLQD 7KLV UHVXOWHG LQ an acute shortage of housing at the end of the period. On the other hand, the proportion of publicly owned houses increased UDSLGO\ $W WKH HQG RI 6KDQJKDL FLW\ KDG PLOOLRQ VTXDUH PHWHUV RI KRXVLQJ LQ WRWDO RI ZKLFK SHUFHQW PLOOLRQ VTXDUH PHWHUV ZHUH LQ SXEOLF RZQHUVKLS 2É?FH RI 6KDQJKDL &KURQLFOHV )LJXUH )DVW H[SDQVLRQ RI SXEOLF KRXVLQJ ZDV FRQWULEXWHG IURP WZR PDLQ VRXUFHV QHZ KRXVHV EXLOW E\ ORFDO JRYHUQPHQW DQG ODUJH VFDOH WUDQVIHU RI IRUPHU SULYDWH KRXVLQJ WR SXEOLF RZQHUVKLS WKURXJK WKH VR FDOOHG VRFLDOLVW WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ PRYHPHQW :DQJ DQG 0XULH At the end of the Cultural Revolution, serious shortage of housing was reported from all cities in China. A document issued E\ WKHQ 6WDWH 8UEDQ &RQVWUXFWLRQ %XUHDX UHYHDOHG WKDW urban households who did not have a proper home in the main cities had reached 6.9 million in 1978 and the average ČľRRU VSDFH RI KRXVLQJ ZDV RQO\ P SHU SHUVRQ 1DWLRQDO %XUHDX RI 6WDWLVWLFV RI &KLQD 7KH 6WDWH &RXQFLO UHYLHZHG XUEDQ KRXVLQJ SUREOHPV DQG IRUPDOO\ DEDQGRQHG WKH SROLF\ ȆSURGXFWLRQ Č´UVW OLYHOLKRRG VHFRQGȇ LQ 7KLV SROLF\ FKDQJH resulted in a long period of housing boom in cities. In the four \HDUV IURP WR RYHU PLOOLRQ \XDQ DURXQG PLOOLRQ ZDV LQYHVWHG LQ KRXVLQJ LQ WKH ZKROH FRXQWU\ :DQJ HW DO ΖQ WKH WK )LYH <HDU SHULRG WKH ČľRRU VSDFH RI QHZO\ EXLOW XUEDQ KRXVHV LQ &KLQD DFFRXQWHG IRU SHU FHQW of all housing built between 1950 and 1985, and involved an DYHUDJH RI DSDUWPHQWV SHU SHRSOH :DQJ Large scale housing development, however, did not solve all urban housing problems. Apart from housing shortages, LQVXÉ?FLHQW LQYHVWPHQW XQHTXDO DOORFDWLRQ DQG SRRU maintenance were other problems. In accordance with the newly adopted liberal economic reform ideas, the government began experiments of urban housing reforms during the 1980s. The aim was to improve housing consumption through SULYDWL]LQJ WKH SUHYLRXVO\ SXEOLFO\ RZQHG KRXVLQJ +XDQJ Sitting tenants of public sector housing were encouraged to buy WKHLU ČľDWV DW D VXEVLGL]HG SULFH After several experiments in many cities, urban housing system

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reform policies were introduced by the national government in 1988. Large scale privatization of public housing was carried out in all cities and towns. Housing reform aimed to change all aspects of the housing system including investment, provision, allocation and management. Apart from privatization of existing public housing, reform policies introduced several QHZ DUUDQJHPHQWV WR Č´QDQFH WKH KRXVLQJ V\VWHP DQG VXSSO\ low income housing. This includes the Housing Provident Fund VDYLQJV DQG $Î?RUGDEOH +RXVLQJ MLQJML VKL\RQJ IDQJ Housing reform had brought substantial public and private investments into housing development and had eased the shortage problem to some extent, but other problems remained. As there was no control on the standard of housing to be privatized, some substandard public housing was sold to the sitting residents. Furthermore, most residents of this poor TXDOLW\ SXEOLF KRXVLQJ XVHG WR EH ZRUNHUV LQ WKH 62(V WKH\ ZHUH either retired or unemployed, whose income were sometimes EHORZ WKH QDWLRQDO EDVLF JXDUDQWHH OLQH SRYHUW\ OLQH 0DQ\ RI WKHP FRXOG QRW DÎ?RUG WR PDLQWDLQ RU GHFRUDWH WKHLU KRXVLQJ DQG UHOLHG RQ WKH IRUPHU 62(V WR Č´QDQFH WKH UHIXUELVKPHQW of the old housing estates. Accordingly, their living conditions depended on SOEs’ economic performance. Some workers in SRRUO\ PDQDJHG 62(V VRPH RI WKHP KDG WR EH FORVHG GRZQ could not obtain proper maintenance and management on their housing estates.

Fieldwork and data collection was carried out in 2009. 4XDOLWDWLYH LQWHUYLHZV ZHUH KHOG ZLWK NH\ ORFDO KRXVLQJ RÉ?FLDOV Č´UVW ZKLFK ZDV IROORZHG E\ UHYLHZLQJ DQG DQDO\VLV RI ORFDO SROLF\ GRFXPHQWDWLRQV DQG UHSRUWV 7KH SURMHFW WKHQ FKRVH RQH HVWDWH IURP HDFK FLW\ 3HQJSX LQ 6KDQJKDL DQG &DL[LDQJ LQ 6X]KRX Each of the collected housing estates provides a good coverage RI WKH PDMRU SHULRGV GXULQJ ZKLFK SXEOLF KRXVLQJ ZHUH constructed, and also carries some special characteristics in GHVLJQ VWDQGDUGV UHVLGHQW SURČ´OHV DQG SROLF\ H[SHULPHQWV 7DEOH )RU HDFK RI WKH HVWDWH DIWHU VRPH VLWH DQDO\VLV ZH conducted a general household survey which was followed E\ LQ GHSWK LQWHUYLHZV )RU WKH VXUYH\ D WDUJHW VDPSOH RI households per estate was drawn systematically to give a representative geographical coverage. A questionnaire was developed for the survey which was implemented through face to face interviews with either the head of the household or an DGXOW UHSUHVHQWDWLYH RI WKH KRXVHKROG 7KH Č´QDO GDWD FRQVLVWHG RI KRXVHKROGV LQ WKH VXUYH\ DQG LQ GHSWK LQWHUYLHZV

Table 1 Characteristics of Case Study Housing Estates

4 Estate design and tenure 4.1 Estate planning and architecture design $OWKRXJK LQČľXHQFHG E\ VRPH KRXVLQJ WKHRULHV IURP ZHVWHUQ countries, the planning and design of residential community from 1950s to 1980s changed gradually in the aspects of planning principle, spatial structure, as well as design standard. Pengpu in Shanghai and Caixiang in Suzhou represented typical SODQQLQJ RI VRFLDOLVW KRXVLQJ HVWDWHV DW WKH WLPH )LJXUH

Figure 2. Distribution of the case study cities in the Yangtze River Delta Region

3 Methodology 7KLV UHVHDUFK LV EDVHG RQ D ȴYH \HDU QDWLRQDO SURMHFW RQ ȆWKH Renewal Strategy and Approach of Urban Poor Housing Estates’, VXSSRUWHG E\ 02+85' 0LQLVWU\ RI +RXVLQJ DQG 8UEDQ 5XUDO 'HYHORSPHQW RI WKH 3HRSOHȇV 5HSXEOLF RI &KLQD IURP WR 7KH ZKROH SURMHFW FRYHUV WKLUWHHQ FLWLHV LQ VL[ UHJLRQV RI China. This paper focuses on two cities from the Yangtze River 'HOWD UHJLRQ 6KDQJKDL DQG 6X]KRX )LJXUH

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Figure 3 Master plan and pictures of Pengpu and Caixiang FRPPXQLWLHV 6RXUFH ORFDO KRXVLQJ GHSDUWPHQWV DQG Č´HOGZRUN Estates

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75

Construction in Pengpu started in the late 1950s and lasted XQWLO 7KH Č´UVW SDUW RI WKH HVWDWH ZDV EXLOW DW WKH HQG RI ČŠ VW Č´YH \HDU SHULRG ȇ ZKLFK IROORZHG WKH WKHQ popular former Soviet Union style, with very ‘standardized GHVLJQȇ XQGHU WKH FRPPDQG HFRQRP\ $OO WR VWRU\ EXLOGLQJV were arranged compactly into blocks aiming to have a high building density at about 1.5 of FAR . Each community block was equipped with public facilities as primary school and grocers to meet the basic needs of residents’ daily life, while open space ZDV EDUHO\ FRQVLGHUHG 7KLV DSSURDFK FRXOG EH LQČľXHQFHG E\ a State Council document issued in 1956, which required a SULQFLSOH RI RUGHU IRU FRQVLGHUDWLRQ RQ FRPPXQLW\ SODQQLQJ ‘Utility, Economical and Beauty if possible’. This means to cut possible construction costs. The ‘economical’ principal also led to a low design standard, especially unit size. Most of these HDUO\ ČľDWV GLGQȇW KDYH OLYLQJ URRPV DQG VHYHUDO KRXVHKROGV had to share a kitchen and toilet. In the third stage of Pengpu, all the 55 buildings were not equipped with elevators. Among these buildings, only 15 of them were built as independent IDPLO\ ČľDWV DQG KRXVHKROGV LQ WKH RWKHU EXLOGLQJV KDG WR VKDUH IDFLOLWLHV IRU H[DPSOH RQH NLWFKHQ ZDV VKDUHG E\ households and two toilets shared by 10 families. The average ČľRRU DUHD IRU HDFK XQLW ZDV DERXW P Almost all public sector housing built during this period was EULFN FRQFUHWH VWUXFWXUHV 7KLV FKHDS DQG TXLFN FRQVWUXFWLRQ method resulted in many problems for today’s residents. The structural problems and poor living condition came out very strongly during the interview. One old resident who lived in the HVWDWH IRU PRUH WKDQ \HDUV VXPPDUL]HG WKH SUREOHPV YHU\ ZHOO “The whole building is under a bad situation. All the walls and ceilings DUH VXÎ?HULQJ IURP ZDWHU VHHSDJH EHFDXVH RI WKH GHWHULRUDWHG ZDWHUSURRČ´QJ RQ ČľRRU VODEV 7KHUH DUH DOVR VRPH SUREOHPV ZLWK the water supply and drainage pipe systems, which results serious ČľRRGLQJ LQ VXPPHU 0DQ\ UHVLGHQWVȇ IXUQLWXUH DQG HOHFWULFDO HTXLSPHQWV DUH GHVWUR\HG GXULQJ WKH ČľRRGLQJ 7KH VWUXFWXUH RI WKH building is not as stable as before, and the foundation has begun to sink in some places. It made not very safe to live here.â€? Caixiang in Suzhou, on the other hand, was built in 1982 and 1983 during the housing boom period after China is embarked on economical reform programme. The estate was planned and constructed at a relatively high standard. The estate also moved away from the previous practice in which most new public houses were built in small scale and allocated by local SOEs rather than the municipal government, though the allocation standard and eligibility conditions were set by the housing department of local authority, who also regulated and supervised the SOEs’ housing departments. Caixiang was developed under a new V\VWHP ΖQČľXHQFHG E\ WKH Ȇ1HLJKERXUKRRG 8QLWȇ GHVLJQ WKHRU\ the spatial structure of the residential area was made much clearer in Caixiang estate. The neighbourhood was designed to

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consist of three blocks with 12 agglomerations, each including 6 to 8 buildings. An open space of 1,300 m2 was designed for each agglomeration, formed a system of open space totaling 123,680 m2. Table 2 economic and technical indexes of Caixiang(1982)

:LWK WKLV OHYHO SURYLVLRQ LW LV QRW VXUSULVLQJ WKDW SHU FHQW of interviewed residents in Caixiang were ‘very satisfactory’ or ‘satisfactory’ on the open space, while none of interviewees in Pengpu considered the open space ‘very satisfactory’. Caixiang DOVR KDG D ČľRRU DUHD RI WKRXVDQG P RI SXEOLF VHUYLFHV within the community. And the locations for these services were carefully considered, with shops and leisure facilities along the main paths and entrances, while schools were located separately. 7KH UHVLGHQWVȇ FRPPLWWHH RÉ?FHV DQG VRPH FRPPHUFLDO VWRUHV situated in the middle, which formed a center of the community. $OWKRXJK ZLWKRXW HOHYDWRUV IRU WKHVH VL[ VWRU\ EXLOGLQJV WKH GHVLJQ VWDQGDUG RI DUFKLWHFWXUH ZDV DOVR PXFK KLJKHU $OO ČľDWV ZHUH LQGHSHQGHQW XQLWV ZLWK IXOO IDFLOLWLHV NLWFKHQ DQG WRLOHW 7KH DYHUDJH ČľRRU VSDFH SHU SHUVRQ KDV EHHQ LQFUHDVHG WR P FRPSDUHG ZLWK P LQ 3HQJSX 7KUHH W\SHV RI FRQVWUXFWLRQ PHWKRGV ZHUH XVHG IRU WKH EXLOGLQJV IUDPH FRQVWUXFWLRQ ZLWK OLJKW ZHLJKW SDQHOV Čľ\ DVK VLOLFDWH EORFNV DQG mixed construction of brink and concrete. Neither residents nor ORFDO RÉ?FHUV KDG DQ\ FRPSODLQ DERXW WKH KRXVLQJ VWUXFWXUH albeit the water seepage was still a problem. 4.2 Privatization and tenure Although the two estates were built as public housing, privatization programme over the last twenty years had FKDQJHG WKH WHQXUH FRPSRVLWLRQ LQ ERWK RI WKHP )RXU GLÎ?HUHQW types of property ownerships have merged. These include owner occupation, local authority rented housing, SOEs rented KRXVLQJ DQG SULYDWH UHQWHG KRXVLQJ 7KH Č´UVW DQG WKH ODVW DUH two new forms of tenure as results of the privatization. There DUH DOVR LPSRUWDQW GLÎ?HUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR HVWDWHV /DUJH SURSRUWLRQV RI KRXVHV ZHUH SULYDWL]HG LQ &DL[LDQJ SHU FHQW RI ČľDWV LQ &DL[LDQJ KDYH EHHQ VROG WR WKHLU VLWWLQJ WHQDQWV ΖQ 3HQJSX KRZHYHU SHU FHQW RI ČľDWV UHPDLQHG LQ ORFDO KRXVLQJ GHSDUWPHQW RU 62( RZQHUVKLS )LJXUH

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Descriptions and analysis are based on the household survey we FRQGXFWHG LQ WKH HVWDWHV 7DEOH VXPPDUL]HV WKH PDLQ VRFLDO and economic compositions of residents in the two estates. 7DEOH 6RFLR HFRQRPLF SURČ´OH RI UHVSRQGHQWV

Figure 4 Housing tenure of Caixiang and Pengpu 6RXUFH Č´HOGZRUN

0RVW ČľDWV LQ &DL[LDQJ ZHUH SULYDWL]HG LQ WKH HDUO\ V ZKHQ D JRYHUQPHQW GHWHUPLQHG VWDQGDUG SULFH ZDV RÎ?HUHG 7KH VDOH SULFH LQ HDFK FLW\ KDG VXEWOH GLÎ?HUHQFHV EXW WKH\ ZHUH FDOFXODWHG XQGHU D VLPLODU IRUPXOD 7DEOH 7KH DYHUDJH SULFH RI D SXEOLFO\ RZQHG ČľDW IRU VDOH DW WKH WLPH ZDV MXVW DSSUR[LPDWHO\ \XDQ DURXQG Table 3 The sale price formula for privatizing public housing

2QO\ D YHU\ VPDOO SURSRUWLRQ OHVV WKDQ SHU FHQW RI SXUSRVH EXLOW KRXVLQJ ZDV QRW VROG QDWLRQZLGH :DQJ HW DO EXW more than 90 per cent of properties in Pengpu were still owned by the local authority and SOEs. This is because that all the SXEOLF KRXVLQJ SULYDWL]DWLRQ ZDV EDVHG RQ ȆȾDWV ZLWK IXOO IDFLOLWLHV NLWFKHQ DQG WRLOHW ȇ 6KDQJKDL ORFDO KRXVLQJ GHSDUWPHQW LVVXHG two provisional regulations on the sale of public housing and VRPH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ JXLGHOLQHV 6KDQJKDL +RXVLQJ 5HIRUP 'HSDUWPHQW DQG 5HDO (VWDWH 0DQDJHPHQW 0LQLVWU\ 7KHVH policies prohibited the sale of poor quality and not purposely built housing, such as most housing in Pengpu. In a move in 2006 which aimed to transform old communities, six residential EXLOGLQJV ZLWK ȆVKDUHG IDFLOLWLHVȇ LQ 3HQJSX ZHUH UHQHZHG LQWR ȆIXOO IDFLOLWLHV ȾDWVȇ DQG WKHQ SXUFKDVHG E\ WKH VLWWLQJ KRXVHKROGV Considering the very high building density and poor structure, many buildings have to be demolished and rebuilt rather than WUDQVIRUPHG ΖQ D UHFHQW SODQ RI ORFDO KRXVLQJ GHSDUWPHQW RI EXLOGLQJV ZLWK ȆVKDUHG IDFLOLWLHVȇ ZRXOG EH UHFRQVWUXFWHG 2EYLRXVO\ UHVSRQGHQWV ZKR OLYH LQ WKH UHQHZHG ȾDWV WHQGHG WR EH PXFK PRUH VDWLVȴHG ZLWK WKHLU OLYLQJ FRQGLWLRQV WKDQ WKRVH SHRSOH ZKR VWD\HG LQ WKH VKDUHG IDFLOLW\ ȾDWV 5 Resident proȴles and preference 5HVLGHQW VRFLDO HFRQRPLF SURȴOHV In this section we describe the social and economic characteristics of the remaining residents in the two case communities.

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* The respondents should be the household heads or their dependences. In this form, education level, employment status, and occupation category are about the conditions of the UHVSRQGHQWV KRXVHKROG W\SH DQG KRXVHKROG LQFRPH DUH DERXW the conditions of their family. The cases show similarity on household types, of which couple without children dominates the sample. Furthermore about LQ WKH FRXSOH RQO\ IDPLOLHV DUH HOGHU FRXSOHV PRVW RI WKRVH KDYH JURZQ XS FKLOGUHQ ZKR OLYHG DZD\ IURP WKHP DV VR FDOOHG ȆHPSW\ QHVWHUVȇ HLWKHU LQ 3HQJSX RU LQ &DL[LDQJ ΖQ DGGLWLRQ there was always at last one family member above 60 years ROG LQ WKH PXOWL SHUVRQ IDPLOLHV 7KLV KRXVHKROG W\SH UHȾHFWV the dominant elderly natures of the old public housing estate residents. In both cases, a high proportion of respondents were DERYH \HDUV ROG ΖQ 3HQJSX IRU LQVWDQFH SHU FHQW RI interviewed residents were above 60 years old. In the whole country there was only 8.3 per cent of population above 65 years old. And in Shanghai 13 per cent of the population were RYHU 1DWLRQDO %XUHDX RI 6WDWLVWLFV RI &KLQD The educational background showed a mixed picture. The proportion of respondents with high school or technical training school experiences in both neighbourhoods was much KLJKHU WKDQ WKH UHJLRQDO DYHUDJH 7DEOH 7KLV LV EHFDXVH WKDW WKH HPSOR\HHV LQ SUH UHIRUP 62(V WHQGHG WR KDYH D better educational achievement, especially those who had EHHQ TXDOLȴHG IRU WKH DOORFDWLRQ RI D SXEOLFO\ RZQHG ȾDW 7KH proportion of respondents who had higher education including

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77

college and university degrees varies. In comparison with 7 per cent of population in Jiangsu Province have college or above education, Caixiang showed a much high ratio of respondents with higher education, 25 per cent respectively. In Shanghai, about 22.7 per cent of population has had college or university HGXFDWLRQ ZKLOH WKH HTXLYDOHQW UDWLR LQ 3HQJSX ZDV MXVW SHU cent.

rate among the two residents was very low. Among the large number of retired residents, a high proportion of them used to work in SOEs. 72.7 per cent of inhabitants in Caixiang and SHU FHQW LQ 3HQJSX DUH RU XVHG WR EH 62( ZRUNHUV ZKLFK is much higher than the proportion in other common estates.

Table 5 Educational level by communities compared with the UHJLRQ FLW\

Table 5 Educational level by communities compared with the UHJLRQ FLW\

# ! $""%! This variation of educational background between the estates is also related to the age and quality of housing. Pengpu with bad condition of housing accommodates a high proportion of old and poor residents. Due to the low rent and good location, Pengpu was also attractive to the poor rural to urban migrants who tended to have a poor educational background. On the other KDQG &DL[LDQJ KDG EHWWHU OLYLQJ VLWXDWLRQV VXFK DV ODUJHU ČľRRU areas and organized management. Some former cadres also chose to live in these old housing estates even when they could DÎ?RUG WR SXUFKDVH DQRWKHU ČľDW ΖQ WKH IRUPHU 62(V WKH OHDGHUV FDGUHV DOZD\V KDG D KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ OHYHO )XUWKHUPRUH WKLV relatively late and better quality public housing attracted some new residents, especially young educated couples. Income data are not very reliable since thus respondents are OLNHO\ WR XQGHU UHSRUW WKHLU LQFRPH 0RVW KRXVHKROG WKRXJKW WKDW WKH\ EHORQJHG WR WKH ȆORZ PLGGOH LQFRPHȇ JURXS ZKRVH total income is between 1000 and 5000. However, compared ZLWK WKH UHJLRQDO OHYHO WKH WZR FDVHV YDULHG 7DEOH $OWKRXJK near half of respondents reached the national average income level, about 80 per cent of interviewed families in Pengpu cannot reach the average income level of Shanghai, while the ratio in Caixiang is around 60 per cent. Because of the high proportion of elderly residents, employment

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Figure 5 Household preferences on community renewal

5.2 The future and resident preference The household preference on the two old estates and their UHJHQHUDWLRQ DOVR VKRZHG GLÎ?HUHQWLDWLRQ 'XULQJ WKH LQWHUYLHZ most of interviewed residents tend to live there continuously SHU FHQW LQ 3HQJSX DQG SHU FHQW LQ &DL[LDQJ WKRXJK some respondents complained the lack of maintenance and poor living conditions. However, when the inhabitants were asked what kind of renewal they would like to see on their old community, the answers varied. 60.3 per cent of residents in 3HQJSX KRSH WKDW WKH \HDU ROG KRXVLQJ HVWDWHV FRXOG EH reconstructed totally. Moreover, much more interviewees living in Caixiang would like their community stay the same but with EHWWHU PDLQWHQDQFH DQG PDQDJHPHQW )LJXUH 7KH OLYLQJ SUHIHUHQFH DOVR UHČľHFWV WKH UHVLGHQWVȇ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ ZLOOLQJQHVV LQWR FRPPXQLW\ DÎ?DLUV LQFOXGLQJ FRPPXQLW\ regeneration. Most respondents would be involved into their housing estates, as shown in Table 7. However, 80 per cent respondents in Pengpu and 63 per cent in Caixiang never DWWHQG D FRPPXQLW\ PHHWLQJ :KHQ WKH LQWHUYLHZHH ZDV DVNHG WKH ZD\ WKH\ SUHIHU WR GHFLGH WKH DÎ?DLUV RI UHJHQHUDWLRQ PRUH than half in Caixiang chose to elect representatives to mediate ZLWK JRYHUQPHQW DQG GHYHORSHUV DERXW WKH UHQHZDO DÎ?DLUV while 56.0 per cent of people in Pengpu tend to hold a full vote to make these decisions. At the same time, as both the WZR FRPPXQLWLHV KDYH GHYHORSHG LQKDELWDQWVȇ VHOI JRYHUQDQFH

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RUJDQL]DWLRQ RZQHUVȇ DVVHPEO\ DQG UHVLGHQWVȇ FRPPLWWHH IHZ LQKDELWDQWV UHSUHVHQWHG WR WUXVW RQ WKH UHVLGHQWVȇ VHOI JRYHUQDQFH RUJDQL]DWLRQ GXULQJ WKH LQ GHSWK LQWHUYLHZV :KHQ WKH\ ZHUH DVNHG ZKHWKHU RU QRW WKH\ ZRXOG DFFHSW WKH DUUDQJHPHQW RI UHVLGHQWVȇ VHOI JRYHUQDQFH RUJDQL]DWLRQ DERXW WKH UHQHZDO DÎ?DLUV IHZ SHRSOH VDLG \HV 7DEOH 3DUWLFLSDWLRQ LQWHQWLRQV

6 Conclusion 7KH HPSLULFDO Č´QGLQJV FRQČ´UPHG WKDW UHVLGHQWV ZLWK GLÎ?HUHQW VRFLDO HFRQRPLF VWDWXV ZHUH VRUWHG LQWR VWUDWLČ´HG SXEOLF VHFWRU KRXVLQJ FRQVWUXFWHG LQ GLÎ?HUHQW SHULRG 3HQJSX LQ 6KDQJKDL one of earliest workers’ new villages in China, was built during the industrial development from 1950s to 1980s. Under the relatively low construction and design standard, no exclusive kitchens and toilets were provided for each family, which resulted in a low ratio of privatization after housing reform. Most residents were former SOEs’ workers and some rural migrants were also IRXQG OLYLQJ LQ WKH ROG ČľDWV DV WKHLU WHPSRUDU\ DFFRPPRGDWLRQ due to the low rent. Overall, Pengpu is becoming a declining QHLJKERXUKRRG WKURXJK WKH LQČ´OOLQJ RI KRXVHKROGV ZLWK ORZHU social status. As a later booming estate, Caixiang in Suzhou was developed by one local SOE in early 1980s with a relatively higher design standard. Both the outdoor and internal living conditions of Caixiang were better than that in Pengpu. The UHODWLYHO\ IDYRUDEOH OLYDEOH HQYLURQPHQW DWWUDFWHG VRPH PLGGOH income former SOEs employees and also some new comers, who had much higher social status. The reasons of these disparities are complicated. As some researchers argued, the underlying mechanism of neighbourhood change is rooted in the interrelations between WKH PDUNHW WKH VWDWH DQG XUEDQ KLVWRU\ /L DQG :X 7KH process of reform since 1978 has brought about tremendous new changes. Shanghai was in the process of transforming IURP D SURGXFHU FLW\ WR D FRQVXPHU FLW\ 0D %HWZHHQ 1991 and 2000, Shanghai demolished 26 million m2 of old

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KRXVHV DQG UHORFDWHG PLOOLRQ KRXVHKROGV 66% 7KH HÎ?HFWV RI UHIRUP RQ GLÎ?HUHQW QHLJKERXUKRRGV ZLOO EH GLYHUVH sometimes very positive, but sometimes strongly negative, VXFK DV 3HQJSX 7KH HPSLULFDO VWXG\ UHSUHVHQWV WKH SDWK dependence of old public sector housing reformation. It is not by accident that Pengpu with bad physical condition and low VRFLDO VWDWXV UHVLGHQWV EHIRUH UHIRUP VXÎ?HUHG PRUH GXULQJ WKH housing reform and privatization process. However, the residents in both the communities still have a strong will to live in the old communities, while the residents’ preference on regeneration and participation show GLVSDULWLHV DJDLQ 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ IURP ȆVKDUHG IDFLOLWLHV ČľDWVȇ LQWR ȆIXOO IDFLOLWLHV ČľDWVȇ DQG SULYDWL]DWLRQ DUH FRUH SUREOHPV IRU UHJHQHUDWLRQ RI 3HQJSX ZKLOH EHWWHU RÎ? PDLQWHQDQFH and management should be more considered in Caixiang. Obviously, Pengpu and other similar old public sector housing DUH LQ D PXFK PRUH GLÉ?FXOW SRVLWLRQ 6RPH FDUHIXOO\ FRQVLGHUHG community transformations were conducted from 2000 in 6KDQJKDL 0RVW UHVLGHQWV LQ 3HQJSX ZKR KDYH EHQHČ´WHG IURP the regeneration expressed their satisfaction on the renewal SURMHFW GXULQJ WKH Č´HOGZRUN $QG WKH VXEVHTXHQW SURMHFWV KDYH been on the list of local housing department in Shanghai. All the attempts by Shanghai on the old public sector housing renewal FRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG DQG OHDUQHG E\ RWKHU FLWLHV HVSHFLDOO\ SUH industrial large cities. Acknowledgements 7KLV ZRUN ZDV VXSSRUWHG E\ 7KH 1DWLRQDO .H\ 7HFKQRORJ\ 5 ' 3URJUDP GXULQJ WKH WK )LYH <HDU 3ODQ SHULRG %$- $

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THE ROLE OF RIVERBANK AREA AS COMMUNITY SPACE IN SURABAYA CITY, CASE STUDY: KAMPUNG JAMBANGAN AND KAMPUNG KEPUTRAN R. Dimas Widya PUTRA

Graduate Students of Urban Design Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember r.dimasp@yahoo.com

Setyo NUGROHO

Graduate Students of Urban Design Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember nugrosetyo@gmail.com

Endang Titi Sunarti DARJOSANJOTO

Professor in Architecture and Morphology, Department of Architecture Insititut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember endar@arch.its.ac.id Keywords: COMMUNITY SPACE, KAMPUNG JAMBANGAN, KAMPUNG KEPUTRAN, OPEN SPACE, RIVERBANK.

Abstract 8UEDQ GHYHORSPHQW SURFHVV RI 6XUDED\D ZDV LQČľXHQFHG E\ WKH presence of Kalimas River and its branches. For hundred years, many settlements were established on riverbank area for a reason: close to commercial or industrial area as working place. The river also played important role to supply and support daily activities IRU LQKDELWDQWV 7ZR GLÎ?HUHQW ORFDWLRQ DV FDVH VWXGLHV ZHUH WDNHQ WR H[DPLQH WKH UROH RI ULYHUEDQN DV FRPPXQLW\ VSDFH 7KH Č´UVW one is located on downtown (Kampung Keputran), and another RQH LV ORFDWHG RQ VXEXUELD .DPSXQJ -DPEDQJDQ $V D UHVXOW RI urbanization, urban settlements are getting denser than before. The quality of open space and riverbank area for community space are less attention. This paper aims to identify the role of riverbank area ZKLFK LV REVHUYHG LQ WZR GLÎ?HUHQW NDPSRQJV LQ GLÎ?HUHQW ORFDWLRQ and environment. Method analysis applied in this paper is character appraisal analysis. 7KH Č´UVW VWDJH LV REVHUYLQJ WKH XUEDQ IDFWV RU FRQGLWLRQ RI ULYHUEDQN area in each case study. The second stage is identifying the activities DORQJ WKH ULYHUEDQN DQG Č´QGLQJ WKH UROH RI ULYHUEDQN DV FRPPXQLW\ VSDFH 5HVXOW VKRZV WKDW WKHUH DUH WZR WRWDOO\ GLÎ?HUHQW FKDUDFWHU RI riverbank area in utilizing place as community space. Riverbank in kampung Keputran obtains more attention from government than WKDW RI NDPSXQJ -DPEDQJDQ )DFLOLWLHV SURYLGHG E\ JRYHUQPHQW LQ GRZQWRZQȇV NDPSRQJ FUHDWH FRPPXQLW\ VSDFH ZKLFK LV SXEOLF DFFHVV 0HDQZKLOH VXEXUELDȇV NDPSRQJ PDNHV HÎ?RUWV E\ VHOI improvement. Kampong inhabitants facilitate a bench, gazebo and create community space which is mainly accessed by local people only.

1. Introduction The City of Surabaya as the capital of East Java has a rapid economic growth. Because of this issue, there is an impact of population explosion. People migrate to Surabaya looking for MREV RSSRUWXQLW\ DQG SODFH WR OLYH +RXVLQJ QHHGV DUH RQH RI WKH PDMRU IDFWRUV LQ WKH LQFUHDVLQJ SRSXODWLRQ +LVWRU\ UHFRUGHG that a settlement was built along the Kalimas River and made it as starting point of population growth. Riverbank area was chosen in order to be guaranteed of water needs. River also played role as transportation infrastructure and meeting place 1RUEHUJ 6FKXO] ΖQ WKH FLW\ GHYHORSPHQW VRPH UHDVRQV such as riverbank close to commercial, trade, and industrial district being the dominant factors in choosing riverbank as a place to live. 5LYHUEDQN VHWWOHPHQW KDV D WUDQVLWLRQ VSDFH VSDFH EHWZHHQ ULYHU DQG EXLOGLQJ ZKLFK LV XWLOL]LQJ DV GDLO\ DFWLYLWLHV VRFLDOL]LQJ ODXQGHULQJ ȴVKLQJ DQG RWKHU KRXVHKROG DFWLYLWLHV 7KRVH activities create interaction and community among people who live in riverbank. The interaction and community space LV LQȾXHQFHG E\ WKH SURYLVLRQ RI H[LVWLQJ IDFLOLWLHV DW ULYHUEDQN DUHD 7KH DLPV RI WKLV SDSHU DUH WR LGHQWLI\ KRZ ELJ WKH UROH RI ULYHUEDQN FRPPXQLW\ VSDFH DV SXEOLF VSDFH DQG WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH IDFWRUV LQȾXHQFLQJ WKH UROH RI ULYHUEDQN DV community space. &DVH VWXGLHV ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG RQ WKLV SDSHU DUH .DPSXQJ Keputran as representative of riverbank settlement in downtown area, and kampung Jambangan as representative of riverbank settlement in suburbia area. Both settlements are compared in order to achieve the aims of the paper. Position and location of study on the composition of Surabaya city can be seen as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Kampung Keputran and Jambangan as Case Studies

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2. Case Studies: Kampung Keputran and Kampung Jambangan

described if it is related to inhabitants and able to accommodate the dynamic of human life.

Kampung Keputran is located in downtown area which is FRQVWUDLQHG E\ -DODQ .D\RQ QRUWKHUQ VLGH .DOLPDV 5LYHU DV QDWXUDO ERXQGDU\ HDVWHUQ VLGH -DODQ 3DQGHJLOLQJ VRXWKHUQ VLGH DQG -DODQ 8ULS 6XPRKDUMR ZHVWHUQ VLGH -DODQ .D\RQ -DODQ 8ULS 6XPRKDUMR DQG -DODQ 3DQGHJLOLQJ DUH ZHOO NQRZQ as corridor with service and trade activity. It means that the location brings strategic value to the Kampong. All buildings on the riverbank are facing the river as main building orientation ZLWK WKH PDMRULW\ RI RQH RU WZR VWRUH\ EXLOGLQJ DV VKRZQ LQ Figure 2.

7KH VSHFLȴF GZHOOLQJ LV FRQFHUQLQJ RQ KRZ KXPDQ RU JURXS RI SHRSOH DWWDFKLQJ LQ D SODFH SODFH DWWDFKPHQW 3ODFH DWWDFKPHQW is a term to describe cognitive, emotional, and behavior between SHRSOH DQG HQYLURQPHQW $OWPDQ Ζ DQG /RZ 6 0 3HRSOH tend to create an emotion to a place and are always evolving over time.

Figure 2: Buildings on the riverbank in Kampung Keputran.

Meanwhile kampung Jambangan is located in surburbia area and close to industrial district. Kampong is constrained by .DUDK GLVWULFW QRUWKHUQ VLGH -DODQ -DPEDQJDQ HDVWHUQ VLGH .HERQVDUL GLVWULFW VRXWKHUQ VLGH DQG 6XUDED\D 5LYHU DV QDWXUDO ERXQGDU\ ZHVWHUQ VLGH %XLOGLQJV DORQJ WKH ULYHU KDYH DQ orientation facing the Surabaya River. The shape of Kampong is curvilinear following the typology of the river.

Figure 3: Buildings on the riverbank in Kampung Jambangan.

3. Theoretical Review

Green open space is associated to the statement from Trancik DQG =DKQG 7KH\ VWDWHG WKDW XUEDQ GHVLJQ FRPSRQHQW FRQWDLQV WZR HOHPHQWV EXLOGLQJ DQG LQ EHWZHHQ VSDFH FDOOHG RSHQ VSDFH :KLOH WKH RSHQ VSDFH LWVHOI KDV D section referred to green open space. The role of activity VXSSRUW LQ DUUDQJLQJ JUHHQ RSHQ VSDFH LV VLJQLČ´FDQW WR EH VWXGLHG $FFRUGLQJ WR 6KLUYDQL DFWLYLW\ VXSSRUW LQFOXGHV all functions and activities that strengthen the public space. It concludes that activity support can be a free space for people to gather and meet with other people, such as streets supporting with rest area and benches. &DUU HW DO VDZ SXEOLF VSDFH DV D VXUIDFH ZKHUH community holds functional and ritual activities in daily routine RU ZLWKLQ D FHUWDLQ SHULRG &DU HW DO DGGHG WKDW SXEOLF space should concern in the needs of community. A place with no consideration of people in need will not succeed. Marcus DQG )UDQFLV JDYH D VFRSH RI VWXG\ LQ GHVFULELQJ WKUHH FDWHJRULHV RI SXEOLF VSDFH Č? 2ZQHG DQG HDVLO\ DFFHVVHG E\ SXEOLF QHLJKERUKRRG SDUNV PLQL SDUNV Č? 2ZQHG E\ FHUWDLQ FRPPXQLW\ EXW SXEOLFO\ DFFHVV FRUSRUDWH SOD]DV FROOHJH FDPSXVHV Č? 2ZQHG DQG DFFHVVHG E\ FHUWDLQ FRPPXQLW\ KRVSLWDO RXWGRRU VSDFH HWF

1RUEHUJ 6FKXO] VWDWHG WKDW LQ WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI VHWWOHPHQW SHRSOH FKRVH D SODFH WR OLYH LQ WKUHH GLÎ?HUHQW SODFHV Č´UVW RQ WKH KLOOV LQ RUGHU WR EH DEOH WR RYHUVHH WKH surrounding environment. Second, they chose valley in order to feel an enclosure space. Third is riverbank area. Riverbank was chosen because the water supply is highly guaranteed. Rivers also play a role as transportation and mobility of people. In the development and urban transformation process, riverbank area became collective urban settlement and altered into a city. 'ZHOOLQJ DV SODFH LV IRUPHG E\ QDWXUDO FRQGLWLRQ SK\VLFDO DVSHFW FXOWXUDO DQG VRFLDO UHODWLRQ DPRQJ SHRSOH QRQ SK\VLFDO DVSHFW /HYHEUH &XOWXUDO LV FORVHO\ FRQQHFWHG WR WKH HQYLURQPHQW ZKHUH SHRSOH OLYH 5DSRSRUW ΖW FDXVHV D GLÎ?HUHQW FXOWXUH EHWZHHQ SHRSOH OLYH LQ ULYHUEDQN DQG ZKR OLYH on the hills. Behavior, desire, and the need of inhabitants are the important things in determining the quality, settlement, and LWV HQYLURQPHQW )LVFKHU 7KHUHIRUH GZHOOLQJ ZLOO EH ZHOO

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infrastructure of transition space. Result of analysis presented LQ GHVFULSWLYH HYDOXDWLYH IRUP DV VKRZQ EHORZ 5.1 Physical Aspect Č? 6RIWVFDSH (OHPHQWV Softscape elements which are discussed and analyzed in this two kampong includes vegetations as aesthetic value and or as shading. This vegetation and greenery facilitate local community WR LQWHUDFW HDFK RWKHU 7KH UHVXOWV DV VKRZQ EHORZ

4. Methodology In order to achieve the aims of this paper, character appraisal is applied as analysis technique. This technique aims to identify the pattern of typical development describing urban HQYLURQPHQW SKHQRPHQRQ 8UEDQ 'HVLJQ 7RRONLW ΖQ this paper, character appraisal is important in observing and analyzing characteristic of space in riverbank area. There are VRPH VWDJHV WKDW DUH DQDO\]HG Č? 3K\VLFDO DVSHFW FRQWDLQV LGHQWLČ´FDWLRQ RI VRIWVFDSH DQG hardscape in the transition space of riverbank area. Č? 1RQ SK\VLFDO DVSHFW FRQWDLQV LGHQWLČ´FDWLRQ RI SHRSOHȇV DFWLYLW\ in the riverbank area, and the role of riverbank as community space. Each aspect will be analyzed by applying character appraisal, and UHVXPHG WKH UHVXOW LQ RUGHU WR REWDLQ WKH GLÎ?HUHQFH EHWZHHQ community space in riverbank’s downtown area and community space in riverbank’s suburbia area. 5. Result

Č? +DUGVFDSH (OHPHQWV Hardscape elements which are discussed and analyzed in both kampongs contain the condition of road, material surface at the riverbank in order to provide sense of safety and security for SHRSOH 7KH UHVXOWV DV VKRZQ DV EHORZ

The characteristic of physical aspect between two case VWXGLHV .DPSXQJ .HSXWUDQ DQG .DPSXQJ -DPEDQJDQ FDQ EH SHUFHLYHG EDVHG RQ WKH WZR HOHPHQWV VRIWVFDSH DQG KDUGVFDSH Softscape elements concern in the condition of vegetation and greenery, while hardscape elements focus on the facilities and

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6. Conclusion Kampung Keputran located in downtown area has a park with lots of vegetation as shading devices. Those vegetations serve to beautify the surrounding environment and give an impression RI &LW\ 3DUN FLW\ ZLWK SDUN %HVLGHV NDPSXQJ -DPEDQJDQ ORFDWHG LQ VXEXUELD DUHD KDV QR SDUNV ZLWK VHOI VXSSRUWHG E\ local inhabitants. Inhabitants facilitate the transition space by providing benches and gazebos. ΖW FDQ EH DVVXPHG WKDW WKHUH DUH VLPLODULW\ DQG GLÎ?HUHQFHV LQ both Kampongs. Similarity can be perceived by its transition space in playing a role as community space. Transition space can nurture social relationship and sense of community. Meanwhile, GLÎ?HUHQFHV FDQ EH REWDLQHG IURP WKH &LW\ *RYHUQPHQWȇV attention in improving environment quality. Kampung Keputran UHFHLYHV PRUH DWWHQWLRQ WKDQ .DPSXQJ -DPEDQJDQ DV DÎ?HFWHG by its location in downtown area. 5.2 Non-physical Aspect Č?&RPPXQLW\ DFWLYLWLHV DQG WKH UROH RI 5LYHU Activities include interactions among the inhabitants who live in the riverbank area. How they utilize the space as a place to socialize and recreate, and how the river play a role for FRPPXQLW\ DUH DOVR DGGUHVVHG 7KH UHVXOWV DV VKRZQ EHORZ

7. References $OWPDQ Ζ /RZ 6 0 3ODFH $WWDFKHPHQW 1HZ \RUN Plenum press. /DYHUEH ȆWKH PRQXPHQWȇ GDODP 5HWKLQNLQJ DUFKLWHFWXUDO D UHDGHU LQ FXOWXUDO WKHRU\ (G /HDFK 1HLO 5RXWOHGJH /RQGRQ 0LQLVWU\ IRU WKH (QYLURQPHQW 8UEDQ 'HVLJQ 7RRONLW 3XEOLVKHG E\ 0LQLVWU\ IRU WKH (QYLURQPHQW :HOOLQJWRQ 1HZ =HDODQG 1RUEHUJ 6FKXO] &KULVWLDQ +HLGHJJHU V 7KLQNLQJ RQ Architecture. In K. Nesbitt, Theorizing a New Agenda for $UFKLWHFWXUH DQ DQWKRORJ\ RI DUFKLWHFWXUDO WKHRU\ SS 1HZ <RUN 3ULQFHWRQ $UFKLWHFWXUDO 3UHVV Rapoport, A., 1980, Human Aspect of Urban Form. Towards a 0DQ (QYLURQPHQW $SSURDFK WR 8UEDQ )RUP DQG 'HVLJQ 2[IRUG Pergamon Press. 6KLUYDQL +DPLG 7KH 8UEDQ 'HVLJQ 3URFHVV 9DQ Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York. 7UDQFLN 5RJHU )LQGLQJ /RVW 6SDFH 7KHRULHV RI 8UEDQ Design, Van Rostrand Reinhold Company, New York. =DKQG 0DUNXV 3HUDQFDQJDQ .RWD VHFDUD 7HUSDGX

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Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta. 0DUFXV &ODUH &RRSHU )UDQFLV &DURO\Q 3HRSOH 3ODFHV Design Guidlines for Urban Open Space, Van Nostrand Reinhold. &DUU 6WHSKHQ )UDQFLV 0DUN 5LYOLQ /HDQQH * 6WRQH $QGUHZ 0 3XEOLF 6SDFH &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV

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STREET FORM & MORPHOLOGY Formal and Informal city, Urban structure, Morphology, Physical space, Urban and spatial patterns, Shape of space, Compacity, Density “The street is the river of life of the city, the place where we come together, the pathway to the center.â€? With this statement, William H. Whyte show us how streets and public spaces are generally the support system of the city and of its civic dimension. Both in the formal and the informal city, the streets and the public spaces are the main collective places for community interaction, where people talk, discuss, share, buy, sell and exchange. In some cases these urban spaces have been pre-designed, pre-meditated, planned or “rationalizedâ€?, and in many others they have emerged naturally, spontaneously and in an unplanned way. This chapter refers to aspects of urban form, morphology and spatial patterns of Asian urban spaces, exploring their relationship in the shaping of urban places, and studying the physical aspects that make urban spaces become urban places. The articles focus on existing case VWXGLHV VSHFLČ´F SODQQLQJ RU GHVLJQ LQLWLDWLYHV DQG SURMHFWV DQG WKHLU RXWFRPHV DERXW IRUP and urban space/place of the city.

Mighty Modern Icon, Sewoon Complex: 10 Realization Factors of Sewoon complex

Investigating the impact of urban rules. A comparative study of three arterial streets

SURMHFWV LQ 6HRXO 6RXWK .RUHD

LQ *XDQJ]KRX +RQJ .RQJ DQG 0DFDX

Joonwoo .Ζ0 Bruno De MEULDER

Hendrik TIEBEN, Joanna CHU, Chungyim <Ζ8 Nuno SOARES

Western Street Form Transplanted: From Imperial Canal to Boulevard in Legation

Traditional Shopping Streets in Tokyo: Physical and Social Dimensions of Creative

4XDUWHU LQ WKH (DUO\ 7ZHQWLHWK &HQWXU\ %HLMLQJ

Place Making by the Elderly

Xusheng HUANG

.LHQ 72 .HQJ +XD &+21*

Gwanghwamun Square: Balancing Image & Interaction

6SDWLDO IRUP DQG PLFURFOLPDWH LQ SHGHVWULDQ VWUHHW LQ 1DQMLQ &KLQD

Jason Andrew HOULISTON

-LQJMLQ LI, Jianguo WANG

A Study On the Historical Process of the Elevated Walkway Network Around Central

The Form Behind the Informal. Spatial Patterns and Street-based Upgrading in

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Revitalizing Informal and Low-Income Areas

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Oscar CARRACEDO GARCIA-VILLALBA

The Imageability as a tool in Disaster Risk Reduction for cities

Accessibility of play spaces in Dhanmondi Residential Area, Dhaka

Malik TIGZIRI

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A discussion on the key elements of street scale and functional layout: street sight DQG IUDJPHQWHG VSDFH IRUP LQ .DLIHQJ RI 1RUWKHUQ 6RQJ &KLQD RONG Qingwen, WANG Jianguo

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MIGHTY MODERN ICON, SEWOON COMPLEX

10 REALIZATION FACTORS OF SEWOON COMPLEX PROJECTS IN SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA

Joonwoo KIM PhD Researcher Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium Kasteelpark Arenberg 1 / bus 2431, BE-3001 Heverlee, Belgium joonwoo.kim@asro.kuleuven.be Bruno De MEULDER Professor Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium Kasteelpark Arenberg 1 / bus 2431, BE-3001 Heverlee, Belgium bruno.demeulder@isro.kuleuven.be Keywords: URBAN REGENERATION, INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS, STREETBASED UPGRADING, ON-SITE UPGRADING, URBAN DESIGN, PLACEMAKING

Abstract This paper examines the Sewoon complex which has been the icon of modern development in Seoul, South Korea. The Sewoon complex was built in the late 1960s under the Military Government with new propaganda ‘Life revolution’ that forced fast development of economy and breaking away from the tradition. This mighty modern icon, 1 kilometer long and 50 meter wide, showed a modern utopia that was expressed by mega structure, complex functions, roads system only for vehicles, and elevated pedestrian deck. This paper describes the backgrounds of the Sewoon complex through UHDOL]DWLRQ IDFWRUV ZKLFK LQČľXHQFHG WKH ELUWK RI WKLV FRPSOH[ both directly and indirectly; new propaganda for development, GLFWDWRUVKLS DQG SHUVRQDOLWLHV LQYHVWHG ZLWK SRZHU WKH VLWH WKH Č´UVW ideas to redevelopment, aiming mega structure, attractive design as XUEDQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH VOXP FOHDUDQFH UHORFDWLRQ XQRÉ?FLDO SURFHVV construction by private capital, and extended new modern vision. These 10 realization factors show a coincidence and an inevitability of development that came from social, economic, political and spatial aspects. The architectural ideas which were connected with international trends of modern architectures and inspirations from an architect were partly realized by private capital and the Military JRYHUQPHQW 7KH Č´UVW SODQ RI WKH 6HZRRQ FRPSOH[ LQFOXGHG PRGHUQ idealism to change radically old inner area and transform Seoul to a modern city, but it have been functioning reversely to protect inner city from the huge development pressure. The transplant of mega VWUXFWXUH XQGHU WKH SURSDJDQGD Ȇ/LIH UHYROXWLRQȇ KDV PDGH GLÎ?HUHQW rules and relationships with neighborhood area that implies limitations of modern idealism and possibilities of self-organization with neighborhood.

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Introduction There were many mega structure projects after World War II which were proposed to solve urban problems by mighty buildings as urban structure under modern idealism. Its vision was to build new ideal city with mega structure and add to new modern life as new logic of urbanism by architecture. However, most of them have not been realized as physical form with their original ideas. It has showed their modern ideals by the DUFKLWHFWXUH GHVLJQ DQG LQČľXHQFHG WKH FLW\ WR REVHVV RYHU taking modern ideas till now. Here is an exceptional existent case that followed modern ideals faithfully and realized in the late 1960s, the Sewoon Complex. This project was one of main pilot projects that redeveloped a slum area by a modern iconic building that of 1 kilometer long and 200,000 square meters areas with mixed functions, such as housing, and various commercial and public IXQFWLRQV 7KLV ČľDJVKLS SURMHFW HQWLUHO\ IXOČ´OOHG SURSDJDQGD services in the iciest years of the cold war. It was an emblem RI IDVW GHYHORSPHQW HFRQRP\ Č´UVW SROLF\ ZLWK DQWLFRPPXQLVP and the ‘Life Revolution’ . The initiation of mighty modern complex had special backgrounds of Korean city that were linked with social, political, and economical aspects after the military coup of President Park from 1961 to 1979. Firstly, this paper describes the background of the Sewoon Complex by 10 realization factors to see this mega structure’s ideals and opportunities. In addition, it could be interested in seeing the Sewoon Complex as urban infrastructure. There were several new ideas to improve inner city by this mega complex with urban infrastructure. However, its plan had a gap between ideals of modern city and urban condition of Seoul at that time and less considering neighbourhood, and it was also not fully realized as planned by opposing opinions of private capital. So this paper deals also with the unrealized ideas of the Sewoon Complex and its limitation as urban infrastructure. It could show more physical characteristic of the Sewoon Complex and see the limitation of plan as urban infrastructure of the inner city of Seoul. The Sewoon Complex has been faced development pressure many times till now. Its radical ideas are unappreciated by citizen today and the private capital which supported this project in the past completely denounce the Sewoon complex nowadays as an illusion of modern development for pushing forward redevelopment projects. This mighty icon could nevertheless be a good basis to see the rules of the modern development and urbanism in developing stage. The 10 realization factors were included common thinking of modern society at that time, and this distinct project was started under common

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desire for modern ideals in a developing country. Its physical form as unban infrastructure also clearly shows the radical ideas for developing modern society, and its opportunities and limitations give a chance to look again the mighty modern icon as urban infrastructure and a meaning of mega structure with neighbourhood. 10 Realization Factors of Sewoon Complex 1. New propaganda for development The military government of President Park propagated the ‘Life Revolution’ which emphasized new modern life and development that was divided from traditional elements. The fast, radical, and massive development would be one of the important aspects that were expected to legitimize the junta. They tried to show its ambition to develop modern society with extremely fast development on a massive scale. Its propaganda for this radical modernization was strongly accepted by citizens. People had been adapted on fast development and new vision of modernization that included modern desire with economic growth. The Sewoon complex is one of main projects that demonstrated their propaganda for the ‘Life revolution’. Its huge scale was an icon of modern development, and they believed fast GHYHORSPHQW HTXDOOHG HÉ?FLHQF\ /HH ' + &LWL]HQV FRXOG be captivated by its structure, space and new modern life that help to trust ‘modern idealism’ by the military government. Radical developments could be the virtue of the military government, and it made the public agreed with the propaganda of the military government.

Figure 1: Bird’s eye view of the Sewoon Complex, 1979 (Source: Korean Exhibition, Venice Biennale 2014)

Hyeun-Ok, Kim Swoo-Geun. President Park Chung-Hee had enormous power. He controlled administration, legislation, DQG MXGLFDWXUH +H GLG SULRULWL]H HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW Č´UVW together with anticommunism before other aspects. Add to this, Mayor Kim Hyeun-Ok had a strong drive with initiative. +H OHDGHG RÉ?FHUV DV PLOLWDU\ PHQ +H RQO\ ZRUNHG IRXU \HDUV 1966 to 1970 as mayor of Seoul, but he completed a lot of projects such as Sewoon Complex, Han River and Yeouido development, a lot of roads, the bridge over the Han River, and citizen apartments. These projects were supported politically by 3UHVLGHQW 3DUN EXW Č´QDQFLDO VXSSRUW KHDOHG WR EH HQJDJHG E\ the Seoul Metropolitan Government itself. However, Mayor Kim could realize these projects with blindness initiative by using SULYDWH FDSLWDO RU HQWHUSULVH EXVLQHVV *HOH]HDX 9 In addition, Architect Kim Swoo-Geun was one of the main strategists of the Military Government. His ideas based on modernism could fascinate President Park and Mayor Kim. The Sewoon Complex could be a revolutionary architecture that the Military Government wanted to show their legitimacy to citizens. The three mentioned radical persons could make co-operative HÎ?HFW WR UHDOL]H WKH PRGHUQ LFRQ WKH 6HZRRQ &RPSOH[ DQG push to change the city of Seoul with modern idealism. This cooperative relative made strong power with authority, initiative and ideas that realized this mega structure in two years. 3. The site The site of Sewoon Complex was an urban evacuation corridor made during Japanese colonial rule from April to August 1945, just before the end of World War II and independence from Japan. These urban evacuation corridors were designed WR UHGXFLQJ Č´UH GDPDJHV IURP ERPELQJ WKDW FDPH IURP ELJ damage by bombing of Tokyo in March 1945. The site of Sewoon Complex was made as 50 meter width and 1180 meter length .DQJ : : 7KH ZDU ZDV RQH RI WKH UHDVRQV WR make long empty space in the center area. Japanese colonial authorities could avoid general money on compensation during the Second World War. After independence and ending the Korean War, this evacuated DUHD ZDV Č´UVW UHJLVWHUHG WR EHFRPH D ERXOHYDUG EXW LQ UHDOLW\ LW ZDV LQVWDQWO\ Č´OOHG E\ UHIXJHHV HQGLQJ WKH .RUHDQ :DU 7KLV KDOI informal area soon became famous area as red light district, and it was labelled as slum area in the inner city of Seoul. The Seoul Metropolitan Government soon realized the necessity to improve this area by slum clearance and redevelopment project.

2. Dictatorship and personalities invested with power That there were three important persons who pushed to realize this mega project at the moment not enough capital, construction materials and technique: Park Chung-Hee, Kim

1 ‘Life Revolution’ is one of propaganda that made by the Military Government. It was show new vision with modern life and emerges from old tradition. It was linked with apartment development with modern life style.

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$LPLQJ 0HJD VWUXFWXUH When Architect Kim Swoo-Geun met Mayor Kim, he immediately gave some ideas to Major Kim directly about the advantage of pedestrian malls, the double deck system and a multidimensional city. Finally, when he was just 35 years old, he took the project RI WKH 6HZRRQ &RPSOH[ <RRQ 6 - +H VWXGLHG LQ -DSDQ and was well aware of international trends from America and Europe. Architect Kim was good to adopt modern ideas and tried to apply in the contexts of Seoul. Figure 2: Urban evacuation corridor in the late of 1940s and occupation by refugees in 1958 (Sources: (up) The street map of Seoul, the late 1940’s, (scale 1:6000) (Map of Seoul, Seoul History, 2006: 79)/ (bottom) Kang, N. H., 2011: 54)

7KH Č´UVW LGHDV WR UHGHYHORSPHQW 7KH Č´UVW LGHDV PDGH DQ RÉ?FHU ZKR ZRUNHG DW WKH GLVWULFW RÉ?FH Joong-gu. They proposed a plan to Mayor Kim that designed to clear slum area and made new road 20 meters width and assign the rest of the site to two rows of housing. This plan attracted concern from President Park. This project was forwarded by the Seoul Metropolitan Government and Mayor Kim looked from his role for better ideas to solve the problems that the previous plan could not solve; new road system to be directly faced to the surrounding area and increasing width of road for high density development. $Q DOWHUQDWLYH SODQ ZDV GHYHORSHG E\ +853Ζ +RXVLQJ DQG 8UEDQ 'HYHORSPHQW 3ODQQLQJ ΖQVWLWXWH WKDW ZDV OHDGHG E\ WKH American architect, Oswald Nagler and operates under the central government. They proposed two roads on either side of the site and new buildings in the centre area between two roads. However, it had too much open space. That seemed not HÉ?FLHQW HQRXJK IRU 0D\RU .LP )LQDOO\ 0D\RU .LP ORRNHG IRU WKH DGYLFH RI WKH \RXQJ DUFKLWHFW .LP 6ZRR *HXQ 6RQ - 0

Main ideas were included modern trend ideas such as metabolism, linear city, modern apartment, multilevel city, and mega structure. Modern ideas could be linked with several SURMHFWV HVSHFLDOO\ WKH 3ODQ IRU 7RN\R 7DQJH .HQ]R DQG WKH 8QLWH Gȇ+DELWDWLRQ /H &RUEXVLHU 7KH LGHD RI 6HZRRQ Complex was targeted to plan as a mega structure that would include most parts of functions and activities in the buildings. The integrated functions in the mega structure were intended to function as big organs for reactivating around area. The Sewoon Complex planed for linear mega structure which was 50 meters wide and 1 kilometre long to prove the modern idealism. The Sewoon complex was planned with a redevelopment plan on neighbourhood area by Architect Kim and his young architects of assistants [Fig. 4]. This plan tried to redevelop inner city with the Sewoon complex. It was included new buildings, infrastructure, and public facilities to change neighbourhood area physically. Every block beside the Sewoon complex was planned with inner garden and connects by elevated pedestrian. However, this plan was not considered by the Seoul metropolitan government, developers and local residents. Finally, the Sewoon complex just built in the gap of blocks which was 50 meters wide LQFOXGH URDGV DQG SHGHVWULDQ ZLWKRXW EXÎ?HU VSDFH EHWZHHQ WKH Sewoon complex and neighbourhood area.

Figure 4: First Sketch of the Sewoon Complex and surrounded area, 1967 (Source: Pai, H. & Cho, M. 2014:93)

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Figure 3: Two ideas of redevelopment (1966) (Sources: (left) Seoul Museum of History 2010 / (right) Son, J.M. 1997:141)

Most of urban axes in the inner city of Seoul consisted eastwest axes. However, Sewoon Complex planned to make a strong north-south axis from north historical and green space, Jongmyo, to South Mountain. The elevated pedestrian deck

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ZDV SODQHG DW PHWHUV KLJK QG OHYHO PHWHUV ZLGWK DQG 1 kilometers long, was an important design feature for the Sewoon Complex. It was rarely for pedestrian as shopping mall that was separated from ground for vehicles only. This plan DOVR H[SHFWHG WR LQFUHDVH HÉ?FLHQF\ RI VWUHHWV ERWK JURXQG DQG elevated pedestrian way. The vehicle lane on the ground was designed two one-ways on either side of the site, and its wide is 9 meters same as pedestrian ZD\ ΖQ DGGLWLRQ WKH JURXQG ČľRRU RI WKH PDLQ EXLOGLQJ ZDV designed as parking area. This design anticipated the increase of car use, and concerning planned width of designated road by Seoul Street Plan. This new system of separated road for YHKLFOHV ZDV WKH Č´UVW DWWHPSW LQ 6RXWK .RUHD DQG LQČľXHQFHG LWV ideas to other city plans as separated streets for vehicles such as elevated motorways and pedestrian overpasses. The plan provided mixed-use with various functions such as D YDULHW\ RI FRPPHUFLDO IDFLOLWLHV DSDUWPHQWV RÉ?FHV KRWHOV WKHDWHUV SRVW RÉ?FHV YLOODJH RÉ?FHV DQG VFKRROV ΖW WULHG WR include most of urban functions within in the building, and 8 buildings connected by elevated deck. In addition, there were DQRWKHU Č´UVW GHVLJQ LGHDV IRU WKH 6HZRRQ &RPSOH[ HOHYDWHG ODQG RQ VL[WK ČľRRU IRU DGDSWLQJ YDULRXV IXQFWLRQV DV RSHQ VSDFH atrium of residential block for nature lighting and ventilation, and various building height and mass change that generated a varied urban skyline.

6OXP FOHDUDQFH UHORFDWLRQ After the Japanese colonial era and the Korean War, most of Korean cities were ruined and there was not enough ability to UHFRYHU LWV FRQGLWLRQ (VSHFLDOO\ 6HRXO KDG EHHQ Č´OOHG E\ PDQ\ immigrants and refugees from North as well as South part of Korea. The political and economic situation was not ready to improve the urban environment and infrastructure. Citizens were mainly occupied with survival, and they had no interest in histories patrimony. Especially the site of Sewoon complex DQG DUHD DURXQG &KHRJJ\H VWUHDP KDG EHHQ TXLFNO\ Č´OOHG ZLWK shanty houses and public infrastructure lacked completely. This area of inner city was beyond the management capacity of the local government. $IWHU Č´UVW SURSRVDO E\ WKH ORFDO GLVWULFW RÉ?FH 0D\RU .LP WDUJHWHG this area to clear and redevelop with the governmental power. The military government had a big power to control the citizens, and people were hard to oppose projects of the government. The demolish work had taken under two months from in early -XO\ WR WKH HQG RI $XJXVW 2É?FHU SHUVXDGHG WKDW UHVLGHQWV who decided replace voluntary could get a right to enter new developing apartment. Other residents were moved to the outside of the city. Finally, the Seoul metropolitan government FRXOG Č´QLVK WKH VOXP FOHDUDQFH RI VTXDUH PHWHUV 6RQ - 0

8QRÉ?FLDO SURFHVV 7KH Č´UVW RI 8UEDQ 3ODQQLQJ $FW HVWDEOLVKHG LQ LQFOXGHG WKH process of this redevelopment project. Many parts of decision could be made by the central government and some parts asked to decide by the Central Urban Planning Committee. The committee could decide national scale plan to detail appointment of new road and change. However, this system was under control of the imperial president, Park Chung-Hee. The Sewoon Complex was one of stark examples of this system of imperial president.

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7KH 6HZRRQ &RPSOH[ ZDV VWDUWHG EHIRUH RÉ?FLDO DXWKRULVDWLRQ by the central government, but it was approved by President Park. The Mayor Kim Hyeun-Ok pushed this project without FRQFHUQ IRU WKH FHQWUDO JRYHUQPHQW +H GLG QRW FRQFHUQ RÉ?FLDO process of redevelopment, and just started forced removal ZLWKRXW DSSURYHG SODQ HYHQ RÉ?FLDO DXWKRULW\ RI QDWLRQDO ODQG After groundbreaking ceremony, the central government and the Central Urban Planning Committee submitted strong order from President Park. Finally, the Sewoon Complex could be DSSRLQWHG DV WKH Č´UVW UHGHYHORSPHQW GLVWULFW LQ 6RXWK .RUHD 6RQ - 0

6HFWLRQ RI HOHYDWHG ODQG 5RRI *DUGHQ 6HZRRQ &RPSOH[ Figure 5: Conceptual Section plan of Sewoon Complex, 1967 (Source: Yoon, S. J. 1994:15)

3 There two projects are clearly mentioned by project participant, Yoon Seong-Joong. However, some assumptions are not proved as reference SURMHFWV VXFK DV *ROGHQ /DQH SURMHFW $OLVRQ 3HWHU 6PLWKVRQ /D 9LOOH 6SDWLDOH <RQD )ULHGPDQ DQG 3OXJ LQ &LW\ $UFKLJUDP

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)LJXUH 8QRÉ?FLDO 3URFHVV E\ 6HRXO 0HWURSROLWDQ *RYHUQPHQW for redevelopment project of Sewoon Complex (Complete by Author)

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&RQVWUXFWLRQ E\ SULYDWH FDSLWDO The Sewoon Complex was biggest construction project by private investment which was over 200,000 square meters and 4.4 billion Korean Won that is estimated 200 million US dollars DV FXUUHQW YDOXH .DQJ : : 6HRXO 0HWURSROLWDQ Government sold the national land to the private developers and only supported to design a master plan and detail plans of buildings. The private developer could start with only a part of FRQVWUXFWLRQ IHH DQG RWKHU DPRXQW RI PRQH\ FRXOG EH Č´QDQFHG from private capital by pre-sale store and apartment. Private capital could play as important role to realize this new mighty modern icon. +RZHYHU LW ZDV QRW HDV\ WR Č´QG GHYHORSHUV WR FRQVWUXFW WKH Sewoon Complex at an early stage, because companies could not analysis the business value of this kind of project. So Major Kim pushed major construction companies, Hyundai and Daelim, to participate in this project and they should do it for QH[W SURMHFWV IURP WKH JRYHUQPHQW 6RQ - 0 But soon enough, people realized commercial supremacy of the Sewoon Complex and started to invest in this project. Finally, eight developers were selected by the Seoul Metropolitan Government, six of construction companies and two unions of merchants. First completion was in 1967 and other buildings gradually completed by 1968. After completion, the Sewoon Complex became the icon of modern life as commercial space and living space for the moment, even though original plan was PRGLČ´HG E\ SULYDWH FDSLWDO

*URXQG PDOO 6HZRRQ &RPSOH[ Figure 7: Pictures of Sewoon Complex after opening (Sources: (top) National Archives of Korea (www.archives.go.kr) / (bottom) :2: 3KRWR 6HRXO 0HWURSROLWDQ *RYHUQPHQW ZRZ VHRXO JR NU

([WHQGHG QHZ PRGHUQ YLVLRQ After the Sewoon Complex, Mayor Kim asked new plan of highspeed elevated motorways to Architect Kim. This idea was criticised by many researchers who insisted subway is more urgent than elevated motorways, but Mayor Kim pushed again this plan to realize in the inner city of Seoul. The plan of elevated motorways that proposed by Architect Kim were designed to pass through inner city without crossing and extended to outside of inner city. This plan also tried to show their modern idealism like the Sewoon Complex. One of longest elevated motorways, Cheonggye motorway that completed in 1969 was crossing over the Sewoon Complex. These two radical projects would cram new modern vision to citizens of Seoul and South Korea. The modern ideas by two projects had been extended to society and urban space. Elevated motorways had been constructed during 1970s to 1990s and Korean cities were operated for

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VSHHG DQG HÉ?FLHQF\ 7KH 6HZRRQ &RPSOH[ ZDV DOVR UHFRJQL]HG by the citizens for a while with envy for modern life. However this modern vision was not forever. These two radical and mighty projects have gradually been deserted by the citizens and faced a phase of decay.

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infrastructure. The Seoul Metropolitan Government focused to realize as fast as possible by private capital, so they allowed PRGLČ´FDWLRQ RI VRPH SODQV WR LQFUHDVH WKH EXVLQHVV YDOXH Architect Yoon Seong Joon who participated in the Sewoon Project under Architect Kim Swoo Geun wrote an article about unrealized ideas of the Sewoon Complex. He mentioned 5 LGHDV WKDW ZHUH PRGLČ´HG RU XQUHDOL]HG HOHYDWHG SHGHVWULDQ deck, elevated land, atrium, ground only for vehicle, and linear block as infrastructure of city. Elevated pedestrian was partly realized between four mega complex buildings. There were planned total six bridges, but only three bridges were completed. In addition, the condition of bridges was not comfortable for pedestrian because of &KHRQJJ\H HOHYDWHG PRWRUZD\V DQG LQVXÉ?FLHQW VWUHHW GHVLJQ for pedestrian. It designed 9m wide but it used as temporal storage for store and place for standing signboard. This elevated pedestrian passage had also limited access to/from ground ČľRRU ZLWK RQO\ VWHHS VWDLUFDVHV P KHLJKW 7KH VWRUH UHQW RI VHFRQG OHYHO GLG SULFH ORZHU WKDQ JURXQG DQG Č´UVW ČľRRU ZKDW demonstrates that the elevated pedestrian was not attracting merchants and customers. Elevated land and atrium was not familiar at that time. The plan tried to apply new architectural space to give new character in the Sewoon Complex, but it was not accepted by developers ZKR ZDQW WR PD[LPL]H ČľRRU VSDFH 7KH DWULXP ZDV SDUWO\ applied on a resident block but it was too narrow to feel natural light and ventilation. Elevated land could not get consent from developers without detailed design and functions. There were wide areas of the rooftop which were neglected without use and decorate.

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Figure 8: Plan of elevated motorways and Sewoon Complex 6RXUFHV WRS *RRGE\H (OHYDWHG 0RWRUZD\V ERWWRP Seoul, twentieth century: a photographical history of the last 100 years, 2000:237)

Unrealized Ideas and its limitation 8QUHDOL]HG DUFKLWHFWXUDO LGHDV 6HZRRQ &RPSOH[ ZDV FRPSOHWHG LQ E\ HLJKW GLÎ?HUHQW GHYHORSHUV +RZHYHU Č´UVW LGHDV RI WKLV PHJD VWUXFWXUH ZHUH PRGLČ´HG RU XQUHDOL]HG E\ GHYHORSHUV 'HYHORSHUV WULHG WR JHW KLJKHU SURČ´WV IRU PD[LPL]LQJ VHOOLQJ VSDFH DQG PLQLPL]LQJ SXEOLF

8VH RI WKH JURXQG ČľRRU ZDV PRVW FRQČľLFW SRLQW EHWZHHQ DUFKLWHFW and developers. First plan proposed that the ground was only for vehicles with two road, parking place, and underground parking lot. That plan was to improve public infrastructure to provide parking space for neighborhood, and lead pedestrian PRYHPHQW WR HOHYDWHG SHGHVWULDQ RQ WKH VHFRQG ČľRRU +RZHYHU GHYHORSHUV FRXOG QRW UHQRXQFH WKH SURČ´WDELOLW\ RI JURXQG level for commercial functions. Finally, the plan was changed for developers that the ground was used main commercial functions and nine meters wide two roads were used one lane and one line of parking lot without underground parking space. 7KLV SODQ PRGLČ´FDWLRQ RI WKH JURXQG KDV LQČľXHQFHG DOO SDUW RI buildings and neighborhood. The plan of Sewoon Complex aimed to build linear mega structure as controller of inner city. Architects expected that the building could have an ability of self-managing itself and then LW LQČľXHQFH WR RXWVLGH RI EXLOGLQJ WR LPSURYH ROG DUHD 7KH\ researched linear city, growth pole development as metabolism, and tried to apply its ideas on the Korean contexts. However, WKLV GUDVWLF SODQ ZDV QRW UHDOL]HG DV WKHLU Č´UVW LGHDV DQG LWV

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operation have showed big gap between ideals and the reality.

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Limitation of Sewoon Complex as urban infrastructure It is possible to say the ideal plan could not care the city and its neighbourhood. There were too many limitations to design the mega structure with careful concerning about the city of Seoul and the future of Seoul. The design followed modern ideals and trusted its positive future. They did have a time to research about neighbourhood and the modern lifestyle, and peoples’ behaviour. Many citizens include politicians and researchers have criticized radical development of the Sewoon Complex and its impractical plan.

The Sewoon Complex had attracted great attention from citizens, but it was not a long lasting interest. Capital for investment moved to the South area of Han River that was promoted as area for new development by the government. The North area of Han River was prohibited new building and increasing the scale of any business functions. The Sewoon Complex was in other words deprived of economic dynamism to the South and delayed to rehabilitate with area of the surroundings. The leading function of The Sewoon Complex, electric equipments and machine equipments, also was competed with new development of mega commercial complex. The Sewoon Complex had been reduced commercial supremacy and declined commercial activity in 20 years. The mighty modern icon has receded into the dim past.

The Sewoon Complex did not care of the neighbourhood VXÉ?FLHQWO\ $UFKLWHFWV DQG SROLWLFLDQV WKRXJKW WKH QHLJKERXUKRRG of the Sewoon Complex should be changed and improved. So, the plan was too passive to connect with outside and related with neighbourhood. It built for higher class then previous residents and neighbourhood. The elevated pedestrian would be make new ordered trail that separated from the disorder street of the ground. It did not showed openness to neighbourhood as spatially and psychologically. So the elevated pedestrian has been empty without people and meaningless space for the Sewoon Complex and its neighbourhood. In addition, the Cheonggye elevated motorways could be seen as other separated space like the Sewoon Complex. It tried to emphasize fast development and speed of modern life, but the WZR PHJD SURMHFWV ZHUH LQ FRQČľLFW HDFK RWKHU )DVW PRYHPHQW of car was linked with the Sewoon Complex, and its elevated motorway taken a vitality of inner city to other area of Seoul. Inner city has not been linked with two mega projects and no HÎ?HFWLYHQHVV RI UDGLFDO GHYHORSPHQW E\ LWV PRQR IXQFWLRQDO infrastructure. Two projects as urban infrastructure planned only for one function as fast movement above the city that did not make any improvement around the Sewoon Complex. The Sewoon Complex’s decline has been explained by many aspects from internal reasons as architectural scale to external UHDVRQ IURP VRFLR SROLWLFDO DQG HFRQRPLF DVSHFWV 6RQ - 0 /HH ' < /HH ' + .DQJ : : ΖQ addition, it is possible to see that the Sewoon Complex as urban infrastructure that could make reverse discrimination for neighbourhood in the inner city. It aimed to improve inner city by drastic development with urban infrastructure, but that was not enough as quantitatively as well as qualitatively. The Cheonggye elevated motorways removed by Seoul Metropolitan government with a huge budget in 2005, but the drastic plan of the Sewoon Complex as urban infrastructure KDYH VWLOO LQČľXHQFHG VWURQJO\ WKDW LV LPSRVVLEOH WR VROYH E\ individual. On the way round, the Sewoon Complex has acted to preserve inner city area from drastic private development under capitalism now.

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However, the Sewoon Complex was staunchly realized by modern ideals that were proposed in modern projects, especially Unite d’Habitation and the Plan for Tokyo. Many modern projects were not realized in reality, but the Sewoon Complex completed with mighty scale as 1km long and 200,000 square meters areas in the end of 1960s. This paper arranges 10 realization factors of Sewoon Complex to see the background of the Sewoon Complex; new propaganda for development, dictatorship and personalities invested with power, the site, the Č´UVW LGHDV WR UHGHYHORSPHQW DLPLQJ PHJD VWUXFWXUH DWWUDFWLYH GHVLJQ DV XUEDQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH VOXP FOHDUDQFH UHORFDWLRQ XQRÉ?FLDO SURFHVV FRQVWUXFWLRQ E\ SULYDWH FDSLWDO DQG H[WHQGHG new modern vision. It would help to understand its possibilities, limitations, and the start of modern urbanism in Seoul. The Sewoon Complex contained many new ideas at that time in .RUHD EXW VRPH RI QHZ LGHDV FRXOG QRW EH UHDOL]HG E\ FRQČľLFW with private capital. Its modern idealism was adopted selectively by developers, and it could arouse curiosities about results DIWHU IXOO\ DSSOLFDWLRQ +RZHYHU LW FDQ EH DUJXDEOH WKDW WKH Č´UVW ideas of the Sewoon Complex were not enough to concern the neighbourhood and networks as urban infrastructure. It focused the modern ideals that aimed to control the urbanism by one mega structure for fast development. It disregarded existing urban contexts and tissues in area of the surroundings. They believed that new inserted mighty structure would make new logic of inner city and change the citizens’ pattern of life. Ironically, its vision of modern development with capitalism has restricted development reversely that help to protect small and medium size industry and local community in the inner city. The neighbourhood of the Sewoon Complex has been XQGHYHORSHG SK\VLFDOO\ ZLWK LQVXÉ?FLHQW LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG decrepit buildings. The Sewoon Complex planed with less FRQQHFWLYLW\ ZLWK QHLJKERXUKRRG DV SK\VLFDOO\ DQG LWV Č´UVW programs also targeted higher class than neighbourhood. In contrast, the surrounding area of the Sewoon Complex has EHHQ Č´OOHG E\ VPDOO VFDOH VWRUHV DQG IDFWRULHV DQG WKHVH VPDOO points of functions have linked and made huge and balanced

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networks. This linkage extended reversely to the Sewoon Complex that helped to be known name as Sewoon electronic market in the late 1970s and 1980s. The Sewoon Complex was the sale store of electric equipments that made or handled by QHLJKERXUKRRG $OWHU IURP WKH È´UVW SODQ WKH 6HZRRQ FRPSOH[ KDV EHHQ È´[HG E\ QHLJKERXUKRRG DQG LW KDV PDGH VWURQJ symbiotic relationship together. This relationship is not easy to EUHDN E\ FDSLWDOLVP WKDW DLPV PRUH SURÈ´WV E\ GHYHORSPHQW

Seoul: Archilife.

It is possible to say that this tough platform of development is the legacy of mighty modern icon, the Sewoon Complex. There was several tries to redevelop the Sewoon Complex even collecting new master plan from superstar architects, Rem Koolhaas, Peter Eisenman, and Fred Koetter. However, the Sewoon Complex is too complicate and too strongly rooted in the neighbourhood. It was possible to delete Cheonggye elevated motorway with painted name of stream restoration and big public budget, but the Sewoon Complex does not get a support from the appropriateness of redevelopment and unconditional capital. Fortunately, the citizen of Seoul has a time to re-look slowly the Sewoon Complex with balanced view even though it inserted in the city drastically with a radical modern illusion.

Seoul Museum of History. 2014. Goodbye, Elevated Motorways. Seoul: Seoul Museum of History.

References *HOH]HDX 9 5HSXEOLF RI DSDUWPHQW 6HRXO +XPDWLV >LQ Korean]

Seoul Development Institute Studies, 2000. Seoul, twentieth century: a photographical history of the last 100 years, Seoul: Seoul Development Institute Seoul Museum of History. 2010. Sewoon Complex and its neighbours. Seoul: Seoul Museum of History.

Seoul Museum of History. 2014. The republic of apartments. Seoul : Seoul Museum of History. Son, Jeong-Mok. 1997. ‘Sewoon Complex: destruction of the city WKURXJK UHGHYHORSPHQW ȇ 3ODQQLQJ DQG SROLF\ [in Korean] Son, Jeong-Mok. 1997. ‘Sewoon Complex: destruction of the city WKURXJK UHGHYHORSPHQW ȇ 3ODQQLQJ DQG SROLF\ [in Korean] Yoon, Seong-Joon. 1994. ‘Retrospects on Sewoon MXD-use Apartment Complex’, Review of Architecture and Building SciHQFH $UFKLWHFWXUDO ΖQVWLWXWH RI .RUHD >LQ .RUHDQ@

Kang, Nan-Hyoung. 2011. ‘A study on urban sections of the Seoul Megastructure, Sewoon Mixed-Use Development Block’, Unpublished MSc dissertation, Dept. of Architecture Graduate School, The University of Seoul [in Korean] Kang, Woo-Won. 2001. ‘The ontological discourse of Sewoon &RPSOH[ LQ \HDUVȇ LQ 7KH ΖQVWLWXWH RI 6HRXO 6WXGLHV HG Cheonggyecheon Stream - Time, Space, People, pp. 85-116, Seoul: The Institute of Seoul Studies [in Korean] Kim, Jong-Lip. 2013. ‘City Construction of Seoul in the Late 1960’s through Construction of Cheonggye Expressway’, Unpublished MSc dissertation, Program in History and Philosophy of Science, Seoul National University [in Korean] Koolhaas, R. et al., 2011. Project Japan : Metabolism talks, Köln : Taschen Lee, Doo-Ho. 2011. ‘Re-evaluation of Sewoon complex for its architectural heritage’, Unpublished MSc dissertation, Graduate School of Architectue , Kyonggi University [in Korean] Lee, Dong Yeun. 2009. ‘The Modern Desire of Sewoonsanga: The Transformation and Refraction of Korean Arcade Project’, 6RFLHW\ DQG +LVWRU\ .RUHDQ 6RFLDO +LVWRU\ $VVRFLDWLRQ 249-282 3DL + &KR 0 &URZȇV (\H 9LHZ 7KH .RUHDQ 3HQLQVXOD

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WESTERN STREET FORM TRANSPLANTED:

)520 Ζ03(5Ζ$/ &$1$/ 72 %28/(9$5' Ζ1 /(*$7Ζ21 48$57(5 Ζ1 7+( ($5/< 7:(17Ζ(7+ CENTURY, BEIJING Xusheng HUANG Ph.D. candidate Department of Architecture, ETH Zßrich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zßrich xhuang@student.ethz.ch Keywords: IMPERIAL CANAL, BOULEVARD, LEGATION QUARTER, URBAN RECONSTRUCTION, COLONIAL TRANSPLANT

Abstract 7KH VWXG\ WULHV WR FRQWULEXWH WR WKH RQJRLQJ GLVFXVVLRQ RI FRORQLDO $VLDQ XUEDQ VSDFH DQG DUJXHV WKDW WKH FRORQLDO (XURSHDQL]HG VWUHHW DV WKH ERXOHYDUG VKRXOG EH XQGHUVWDQG DV DQ XUEDQ SODFH RI WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ RI WKH SK\VLFDO IRUP WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ VRFLDO IDFWRUV DQG SXEOLF XVHV 7KLV SDSHU WDNHV WKH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH ΖPSHULDO &DQDO WR D JDUGHQ ZDON DV D FDVH H[DPLQLQJ WKH XUEDQ HOHPHQW ȊERXOHYDUGȋ WUDQVSODQWHG IURP WKH ZHVWHUQ XUEDQ FRQWH[W WR %HLMLQJ DW EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH WZHQWLHWK FHQWXU\ )LUVWO\ WKH WUDQVLWLRQDO VSDWLDO IRUP LV H[DPLQHG IURP WKH EXFROLF ODQGVFDSH RI WKH ΖPSHULDO &DQDO DQG EDQNV LQ WKH LPSHULDO HUD DQG LWV GHFOLQH LQ /DWH 4LQJ WLPHV WR WKH ERXOHYDUG LQ WKH ȴUVW WKLUG RI WZHQWLHWK FHQWXU\ ZKHQ LW ZDV UHFRQVWUXFWHG WR EH WKH WUHH OLQHG FHQWUDO FDQDO VWUHHW ȴUVWO\ DQG WR EH WKH FHQWHU PHGLDQ ERXOHYDUG WKDW KDYLQJ WZR URDGZD\V VHSDUDWHG E\ D ZLGH SXEOLF JDUGHQ LQ 7KH SDSHU WKHQ WULHV WR GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW WKH WUDQVSODQWHG ERXOHYDUG UHSUHVHQWHG WKH H[SRUWDWLRQ RI ZHVWHUQ QRWLRQ RI XUEDQ LPSURYHPHQW H J PRGHUQ FLUFXODWLRQ DQG K\JLHQH ZKLFK IXUWKHU UHYHDOHG WKH FXOWXUDO DQG PRUDO VXSHULRULW\ :KDWȇ PRUH LQ 5HSXEOLFDQ %HLMLQJ WKH ERXOHYDUG DV D VSDWLDO PRGHO ZDV VLPSOLȴHG DQG V\PEROL]HG WR EH D :HVWHUQ FDSLWDOLVP V\PERO DQG D UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI FRORQLDO DXWKRULW\ FRQWURO DQG SRZHU +RZHYHU RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG GHVSLWH LWV VWURQJ LPSDFW RQ WKH LPSHULDO %HLMLQJ DQG LWV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ WKLV HPHUJLQJ ERXOHYDUG VWLOO DFWHG DV D SDUW RI WKH ZHVWHUQ XUEDQ VSHFWDFOH DQ H[KLELWLRQ VLWH ZKLFK ZDV LVRODWHG IURP WKH UHDO FLW\ DQG WKH RUGLQDU\ OLYHV RI WKH PDVVHV LQ WKH (DUO\ WZHQWLHWK &HQWXU\ %HLMLQJ

LQWR %HLMLQJ ZLWK WKH VORJDQ Ȋ6XSSRUW WKH 4LQJ H[WHUPLQDWH the foreigners�, besieged and attacked foreign embassies at Dongjiaominxiang District, as well as the Church of the Saviour. After a series of violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian movements, claimed to protect the foreigners the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded and captured Beijing on August 14th. The 4LQJȇV HPSHURU Ȃ *XDQJ[X (PSHURU DQG WKH UHDO SRZHU VHL]HU (PSUHVV 'RZDJHU &L[L ȾHG %HLMLQJ 2QH \HDU ODWHU DIWHU D ORW RI KDJJOLQJ 4LQJȇV JRYHUQPHQW ZDV IRUFHG WR VLJQ DQ XQHTXDO treaty - Treaty of 1901 on September 7th. As a result, the Boxer Rebellion directly led to the establishment RI /HJDWLRQ 4XDUWHU FDOOHG 'RQJMLDRPLQ[LDQJ 'LVWULFW E\ &KLQHVH $FFRUGLQJ WR 7UHDW\ RI WKH QHZ /HJDWLRQ 4XDUWHU was extended east to Chongwenmen Avenue, west to Bingbu 6WUHHW DQG QRUWK WR 1RUWKHUQ 7RXWLDR +XWRQJ /HJDWLRQ 4XDUWHU FRQVLGHUHG DV D FRQFHVVLRQ )HL S KDG LQGHSHQGHQW administrative organization and military defensive system.

Figure 1 the border of Legation Quarter, Annex No. 14 in Treaty of 1901.

Before 1900, the legation buildings were mostly adapted by the exiting architectures. After then, each embassy started to extend and rebuild this enclave, which eventually turned into a ‘country in the country’ that had distinguished built forms and spatial structures compared to the surrounding areas.

Boxer Rebellion and establishing Legation Quarter $W WKH HQG RI WK FHQWXU\ EHFDXVH RI WKH JURZLQJ FRQČľLFW between the traditional Chinese and the emerging Western belief, the Chinese commoners and local gentries raised their angry against the foreign missionaries, as well as the inactive attitude of the government. The continued massacre cases happened around China, eventually triggered Boxer Rebellion LQ 7KH %R[HUV LQLWLDOO\ XQLWHG LQ 6KDQGRQJ ČľRRGHG

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From Imperial Canal to Boulevard

Figure 2 Legation Quarter 1900-1902.

7KH /HJDWLRQ 4XDUWHU KDG IRUHLJQ HPEDVVLHV DQG WKHLU RÉ?FLDO UHVLGHQFHV (LJKW 1DWLRQV PLOLWDU\ FDPSV WZR KRVSLWDOV Č´YH banks, one international restaurant, two clubs, several foreign WUDGLQJ FRPSDQLHV DQG WZR FKXUFKHV EHVLGHV WZR 4LQJȇV JRYHUQPHQW GHSDUWPHQWV Č‚ &XVWRPV %XUHDX DQG 3RVWDO %XUHDX located at the Dongjiaominxiang as well. Expect few embassies still kept their traditional Chinese style buildings, this district gradually transformed into a collage pattern mainly constituted of Eclectic architectures.

The principles for organizing the urban structure in traditional Chinese city refered to the relations between the city and the QDWXUDO HOHPHQWV VSHFLȴFDOO\ WKH PRXQWDLQV DQG WKH ULYHUV 7KH Tonghui River, as one of the most important river, was closely related to the original urban design of Beijing at Yuan Dynasty. It began at Baifu Spring, ended at Wengshan Lake, and then went through the water gate at Heyi Gate, which were at the south of Wengshan Lake, arrived in Haizi, including Jishuitan, +RXKDL /DNH DQG 6KLFKDKDL /DNH $IWHU ȾRZLQJ WKURXJK 'LȇDQ Gate, it continued to go east to Dongbuya Bridge, then turned VRXWK DORQJ WKH LPSHULDO FLW\ DW ODVW RXW RI 'DFKHQJ LW ȾRZHG eastnorth to Tongzhou. With the urban transformation in Ming Dynasty, Tonghui River changed the direction from the VRXWKZHVW WR VRXWK ZKHQ ȾRZHG RXW WKH LPSHULDO FLW\ WKRXJK three Imperial Canal bridges- South, Middle and North Bridge, directly headed into the city moat. This was the origin of the imperial canal in Dongjiaominxiang District.

Figure 5 The transformation of Beijing and the water system

Figure 3 Legation Quarter.

Figure 4 The Legation Street.

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ΖPSHULDO &DQDO ZDV WKH VLJQLČ´FDQW HOHPHQW WR FRPSRVH WKH traditional city, and a place assembled of habitants’ daily lives such as the transports, the laundries and the recreations. Sketches of the Capital City recorded that, “along both east and west side of Imperial Canal, the willows were planted and the OHDYHV UHDFKHG WKH ZDWHU VXUIDFH Č‹ /L SS $W WKDW time in Beijing, this famous scene was preferred by the poets and described in plenty of literature works. But this picturesque VFHQHU\ GLVDSSHDUHG LQ 4LQJ '\QDVW\ VLQFH WKH ZLOORZV ZHUH removed at the end of Ming Dynasty, and more furthermore, Imperial Canal lost its transport function. It was because the city wall extended eastward, the canal from Dongbuya Bridge to Chang’an Avenue became inside of the imperial city that strictly restricted the entrances of the ships from Tongzhou, and because Baifu Spring gradually dried up in Ming Dynasty, WKDW WKH VLOWHG XS FDQDO ZDV Č´QDOO\ DEDQGRQHG IRU WKH WUDQVSRUW Then, the main function of Imperial Canal became just the drain FKDQQHO IRU HDVW %HLMLQJ DV .Ä?DLQ .DKRNX 5HQUDNXEX 6HLPXN\RNX &KÄ?VDMR DQG 6KXQMX S VXUYH\HG ČŠORRNLQJ EDFN LQ WKH history, it has no idea when Imperial Canal - the grand canal

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in Yuan Dynasty, became the sewer main for small ditches of east city nowadays�. In Republican Beijing, the Imperial Canal was never been seen as the poetic landscape anymore, but an open drainage. In a government report, it was mentioned that Ȋ$OO WKH VXE GUDLQDJHV FDQ QRW ȾRZ WR WKH FLW\ PRDW H[FHSW WKLV GUDLQDJH ΖPSHULDO &DQDO GXH WR WKH UHQRYDWLRQ ODVW \HDUȋ 7DQJ S LQ VSHFLDO LVVXH

of banks. The Canal was also narrowed in order to increase the width of the streets. The new pattern of the streets was to set the sidewalks on two sides, the asphalt pavement street for vehicles in the middle. The lined-up trees were planted not only on the sidewalk along the canal, but also on the sidewalk next to the buildings. The green trees, the clear water and the clean streets, represented the new order, which distinguished from the old organic drainage. From the viewpoint of the street façade, the building form had transformed. The onelevel Chinese traditional buildings with the slope roof were removed, replaced by the large Western type buildings mainly EHWZHHQ WZR DQG Č´YH OHYHOV 7KLV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI EXLOGLQJ models also broke the continuity façade along the streets. The alternately appearances of the embassies’ closed walls and the scattered Western buildings failed to make a consistent façade of the streets.

Figure 6 Imperial Canal and British Legation, around 1870-1890.

Figure 8 Imperial Canal.

Figure 7 Imperial Canal, around 1902.

After the Boxer Rebellion, the Administrative Commission attempted to improve the poor conditions of Imperial Canal through a series of renovation works. It repaired the road and the fences along the canal, replanted the trees on the banks as well. From Figure 8 and Figure 9, these works dramatically changed the landscape of Imperial Canal. There were two phases of Imperial Canal renovation. Before it changed into the sub drainage in 1924, it was deigned as “the tree-lined canal street�, using the similar approach that Dutch applied in the invention of the early 17th century Amsterdam. The southern part of Imperial Canal was the most representative case of this design. The curved canal was changed into a straight line with the regular fences standing on the both side

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Figure 9 Imperil Canal and Middle Imperial Bridge.

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But, the problem of the terrible smell of the canal still existed. %HFDXVH RI ČŠLWV IRXO VPHOO ORQJ D VRXUFH RI FRPSODLQWČ‹ 0RVHU DQG 0RVHU S ΖPSHULDO &DQDO DQG WKH WZR VWUHHWV along it were renovated again in 1924. The canal, from the Water Gate at the city moat to East Chang’an Avenue, built the sub drainages and created the linear parks at the center of the streets instead. Figure 10 displayed the transformation from 1924 to 1928, clearly demonstrated the vanishing process of this part of Imperial Canal. According to the reports by Provisional Government of the Republic of China, the detailed information DERXW WKH GXUDWLRQ HQJLQHHU Č´QDQFH DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH project was as follows: $FFRUGLQJ WR )XMLL DW WKH 4XDUWHUȇV $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ ČŠ7KH construction of the ditch was between September to 'HFHPEHU EXW DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH ZLWQHVV E\ ΖVKLEDVKL from Tourism Department of Municipal Council, the project ZDV Č´QLVKHG DW WKH ODWHU $SULO *HUPDQ URDG HQJLQHHU $ 7KLHOH RI WKH 4XDUWHUȇV $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ VXSHUYLVHG WKH construction. The expenses was also in the charge of the 4XDUWHUȇV $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ 7KH GLWFK ZDV FRQVWUXFWHG E\ WKH bricks on the two sides, covered by the concrete on the top, and designed the parks above.â€? At the Southern City Gate, the ditch outlet, which directly connected to the city moat, LV DERXW IRXU WR VL[ PHWHUV GHHS Č´YH PHWHUV ZLGH $OO RI WKH subsurface drains are depending on this ditch currently. .Ä?DLQ .DKRNX 5HQUDNXEX 6HLPXN\RNX &KÄ?VDMR DQG 6KXQMX SS

After the reconstruction, the style of the canal was similar to the grand manner of Western boulevard - “macadam paving, VWRUP GUDLQV DQG VHZHUV VLGHZDONV HWF Č‹ .RVWRI S especially to the center-median boulevard that “has two roadways separated by a wide central tree-planted medianâ€? -DFREV HW DO S 7KH FDQDO ZDV UHFRQVWUXFWHG WR EH WKH subsurface drain, covered by the concrete slab. The streets on the two sides maintained. Above the ditch, the park was cut into JHRPHWULF Č´JXUH E\ FLUFXODU ODZQV SODQWHG WUHHV RQ WKH WZR VLGHV and passed through by a walk path in the middle. Compared to the previous situation, the present grand street was wider and PXFK PRUH PDJQLČ´FHQW 7KH YLHZ RI WKLV ERXOHYDUG VXUSDVVHG all the other streets in Beijing at that time, despite that the local government had also started the reconstruction projects which tried to transfer the canals to the subsurface drainages, while build the streets on that. This street became a representative case, which transplanted the boulevard - a Western street PRGHO LQ %HLMLQJȇV WUDGLWLRQDO XUEDQ IRUPDW LGHQWLČ´HG ZLWK WKH VDQLWDU\ DQG HÉ?FLHQW GUDLQDJH ELWXPLQRXV SDYHPHQW URDGVLGH trees, sidewalks, as well as the Western building facades.

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Figure 10 the Boulevard, after 1924.

Figure 11 the transformation from Imperial Canal to Boulevard.

Urban improvement and Europeanization The impression of Europeans on Beijing had experienced dramatic changes during the past centuries. The memory of the city as a holy city had gone, instead, Beijing at the early twenties century was seen as the city of dreadful night. What the western colonialists demanded, was that Beijing, as a pre-industrial city, should inevitably transfer into a modern city, following the path which the western cities had experienced during the nineteenth century. Therefore, in order to improve the “poorâ€? urban environment in the isolated Legation District, the strategy that the colonialists used was directly â€œâ€Śreplicating the urbane EHDXW\ RI FLWLHV LQ WKHLU KRPHODQGČ‹ :ULJKW S %RWK WKH hundred-year colonial experiences, and the practices and the discussions of city reform movements in western cities during the nineteenth century, provided the practical and theoretical references for the regeneration projects in China’s old cities. While in the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries, the idealism of Classism still prevail in the urban planning and constructions in many European cites, the urban designer have to deal with the severe challenges for the industrial GHYHORSPHQW VXFK DV SRSXODWLRQ JURZWK SRRU WUDÉ?F FRQGLWLRQV and a growing awareness of hygienic needs. The narrow streets mostly built in the Middle Ages and designed for pedestrians,

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limited the development of the modern transport facilities. What was concerned more, was the city sanitary conditions, for instance, in Paris, HonorĂŠ de Balzac wrote “apart from this pestilence, the forty thousand houses of this great city have WKHLU IRXQGDWLRQV SOXQJHG LQ Č´OWK +DOI RI 3DULV VOHHSV QLJKWO\ in the putrid exhalations from streets, back-yards and priviesâ€? %DO]DF S ΖQ WKLV FLUFXPVWDQFH %DURQ +DXVVPDQQ criticized Paris as “a sick cityâ€?, and prescribed the surgeries to resolve the problems by the means of city planning. It was a GHFDGH GRPLQDWHG E\ LQ WKH ZRUGV RI /HSHWLW S “a current of thought which made circulation the key to spatial organization.â€? The “functionalistâ€? model of planning has been set up in Western world in the nineteenth century, which “especially LQ WHUPV RI FLUFXODWLRQ DQG HÉ?FLHQW PRYHPHQW DV ZHOO DV LQ WKH RUGHU KHDOWK DQG VHFXULW\ RI WKH PRGHUQ FLW\Č‹ 3DSD\DQLV S 7KLV PRGHO IXUWKHU FDVWHG JUHDW LPSDFWV RQ %HLMLQJȇV renewal process. Beijing, like other colonial cities in the twentieth century, still had the similar problems existing in the West one century before, VSHFLČ´FDOO\ WKH SRRU FRQGLWLRQ RI WKH URDGV WKH QDUURZ VWUHHWV ZLWKRXW WKH SDYHPHQW WKDW ZDV GLÉ?FXOW IRU ZDONLQJ DV ZHOO DV WKH FRQJHVWHG WUDÉ?F DQG WKH WHUULEOH VDQLWDU\ FLUFXPVWDQFH ZKLFK was far below the Western standards for a industrial city. Plenty of the Western travel notes mentioned the above two problems, ZKLFK QRW RQO\ UHČľHFWHG WKH EDFNZDUG VLWXDWLRQ RI WKLV SUH modern country, but also revealed its declined civilization and WKH GHFD\HG VRFLDO PRUDOLW\ $V WKH (XURSHDQ VXÎ?HUHG E\ FLWLHV the disorderly, chaotic and insanitary urban environment were considered as the symbols of a corrupt and dying civilization in the nineteenth century. The city reformers believed the reconstructions of physical conditions to cure these social diseases. Here, in Beijing, though the West still appreciated the spectacular design of the ancient Beijing, and were impressed E\ WKH PDJQLČ´FHQW YLVWD RI &KRQJZHQPHQ 6WUHHW FDOOHG ČŠ+D WD 0HQ %RXOHYDUGČ‹ %RUHO S E\ WKHP WKH XUEDQ URDGV KDG EHHQ XVHG IRU FHQWXULHV WLOO ODWHU 4LQJ '\QDVW\ ZHUH H[WUHPHO\ REVROHWH DQG HYHQ KLGHRXV $UFKLEDOG 5 &ROTXKRXQ WKH Č´UVW Administrator of Southern Rhodesia, wrote the legation street as follows when he travelled in Fin-de-Siècle Beijing. Foot-passengers pick their way along the shop fronts, by an uneven track beaten in the mud or dust, as the case may be. During the summer rains these thoroughfares become sloughs of unimaginable despond. Men and mules have been drowned in the cesspools which form between the houses and the embankment, and even the street in which the foreign legations are situated is not much better‌ Fishing ‘waders’ would form a useful adjunct to evening dress for any one rash enough to venture out on foot when the rains are at their worst. A Russian charge has been know to ride out to dine with his United States colleague ȆSLFN D EDFNȇ RQ D &RVVDFN RI WKH (VFRUW &ROTXKRXQ DV FLWHG LQ (OGHU S

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Although the poor sanitary condition in pre-modern Beijing ZDV FRPSOHWHO\ GLÎ?HUHQW ZLWK VDQLWDU\ SUREOHPV FDXVHG by the overwhelming population and the environmental pollutions due to the modern industrial development in Western cities, in the opinion of the West, Beijing was even ZRUVH LW ZDV ČŠČ?LQGHFHQF\ DQG WKH Č´OWK HYHU\ZKHUH ZLWK D dusty, gloomy glare over everything, even on the brightest day, while the air everywhere around is poisoned with the KRW VLFNO\ VPHOO SHFXOLDU WR 3HNLQJČ?Č‹ :LQGW DV FLWHG LQ (OGHU SS The colonist in Beijing was not contented with the pre-modern XUEDQ HQYLURQPHQW LQ WKH /HJDWLRQ 4XDUWHU ZKLFK ČŠDV LQ WKH (XURSHDQ 0LGGOH $JHVČ‹ 6LWZHOO DV FLWHG LQ (OGHU S 7KH\ LQWHQGHG WR (XURSHDQL]HG WKH XUEDQ VSDFH RI WKH traditional streets, especially the open ditch in the Legation 4XDUWHU $V D UHVXOW WKH UHJHQHUDWLRQ RI ΖPSHULDO &DQDO UHVROYHG both the sanitary and the smell problems of all the open sewer, and, it created a new and modern asphalted boulevard, which ZDV VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ GLÎ?HUHQW IURP WKH SUHYLRXV ΖPSHULDO &DQDO DQG also most of the other streets and canals in Beijing. Arlington DQG /HZLVRKQ S ZURWH LQ ČŠ7KH JDUGHQ ZDON running down the centre along the whole length of this street is a recent creation. In former days an evil-smelling canal, almost dry except in the rainy season, in which was dumped the refuse from the adjoining houses‌â€? Boulevard as a spatial model and colonial power The meaning of boulevard, produced in the context of European techniques, functions and aesthetics, had experienced a transformation as a transplanted model of Western urban space in Beijing. It became a spatial model representing the colonial power. Except of the bourgeois recreation culture, Beijing’s boulevard was planned as a symbolic means of the power expression. The original meaning of the boulevard was mainly deprived. On the one hand, the boulevard in the Western context, was usually part of a broader boulevard system and integrated with their cities’ street networks, and enhanced the development of urban peripheries. However, this boulevard, like the whole Legation District, was an urban enclave isolated from the other urban parts in Beijing. Chinese entering the district was under strict restrictions. The boulevard UHČľHFWHG WKH VRFLDO LVRODWLRQ IURP WKH FLW\ UDWKHU WKDQ WKH EHWWHU connections to the street network. One the other hand, the construction of the boulevards as urban spatial regeneration LQ :HVWHUQ FLWLHV KDG WKH VLJQLČ´FDQW VRFLRHFRQRPLF PHDQLQJ As David Harvey revealed, Haussmann’s Paris reconstruction should be understand as the production of space for solving the serious economic problems of Paris - a crisis of capitalist RYHU DFFXPXODWLRQ %\ FRQVWUXFWLQJ WKH ERXOHYDUGV LQ 3DULV Č‚ WKH Avenue des Champs-Elysees, the Grands Boulevards and Rue 5DPEXWHDX WKH XUEDQ VSDFH EHFDPH D IRUP RI Č´FWLWLRXV FDSLWDO not only “disrupting the integrity and social structure of the old

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FORVH NQLW ZRUNLQJ FODVV TXDUWLHUVČ‹ .RVWRI S EXW DOVR UHRUJDQL]LQJ WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI GLÎ?HUHQW FODVVHV LQ WKH FLW\ IRU instance, the poor had to move to the more remote space of Paris. But, the improvement of Imperial Canal had not played the same social role in Beijing.

D ODZOHVV PLOLWDU\ RÉ?FHU 7KH SROLFHȇV FRPPDQG DUH VHOGRP followed by the pedestrian in Beijing, however, if the same Chinese police stand in Dongjiaominxiang District, his FRPPDQG EHFDPH WKH LPSHULDO HGLFW ;LDRZX SS

7KH ERXOHYDUG DV D VSDWLDO PRGHO ZDV VLPSOLČ´HG DQG V\PEROL]HG to be a Western capitalism symbol and a representation of colonial authority, control and power in Beijing. The contrasts EHWZHHQ WKH HÉ?FLHQW ZHOO IXQFWLRQDO DQG FOHDQ ERXOHYDUG DQG WKH ORFDO EDFNZDUG XUEDQ VWUHHWV UHČľHFWHG WKH :HVWHUQ FRORQLDO hegemony and the idea of the white supremacist. Similar to RWKHU FRORQLDO FLWLHV WKH /HJDWLRQ 4XDUWHU ZDV FRQVLVWHG RI WKH PRGHUQ EORFNV ZKLFK ZHUH FOHDUO\ GLÎ?HUHQW IURP WKH ORFDO traditional urban patterns. From the perspective of urban environment, it was “free from the numerous plagues and QXLVDQFHVČ? QRW WR VD\ VPHOOV GXVW DQG ČľLHV HDFK RI ZKLFK LV DOPRVW D GHDWK WR QDWXUH FHUWDLQO\ WR FRPIRUWČ‹ .LQJ S IRU V\PEROL]LQJ ČŠ WKH XQHYHQ GLVWULEXWLRQ RI SRZHU DQG ZHDOWK EHWZHHQ WKH UXOHU DQG WKH UXOHGČ‹ 1MRK S This new boulevard became an important modern monument immediately, since it was the entrance from the water gate of the quarter from the train station, and next to the Grand HĂ´tel des Wagons-Lits where the wealthy and respectable Chinese living, providing a distinct contrast to the pre-modern foul urban environments under the control of China’s government. Ironically, this contrast could also be demonstrated by a foreign nostalgist from his disappointing journey:

As a result, in order to represent the advantage of West civilization, from both the spatial and social perspectives, the traditional Dongjiaominxiang District was transplanted to be a small-scaled Europe in Beijing - the ancient capital city. 7KH FRQČ´JXUDWLRQV DQG WKH SDWWHUQV RI XUEDQ VSDFH WKH QHZ aesthetic values, and the ideals of civilization from the Western world were all imported to the improvement of Legation 4XDUWHU ȊΖQ 'RQJMLDRPLQ[LDQJ 'LVWULFW \RX ZRXOG KDYH QR LGHD that you are in Beijing, because except the police are Chinese, you are surrounded by the Western style towers, the crowded IRUHLJQHUV WKH FOHDQ DQG VWUDLJKW VWUHHWV DQG WKH WUDÉ?F OLJKWV $OO RI WKHVH DUH QRW OLNH %HLMLQJ Č‹ 3LDRGDL S &RPSDUHG to the previous “unenlightenedâ€? pre-industrial urban space, the QHZ XUEDQ IRUP OLNH WKH ERXOHYDUG UHSUHVHQWHG WKH VLJQLČ´FDQW characteristics of the modernity - healthy, organized and civilized city, and became the framework through which they expressed colonial power.

Leaving the station, we pass close to the high grey wall. A feeling of distress, almost of fear, overwhelms me. Now the mystery will reveal itself. It lies behind there: the subtle beauty of centuries is awaiting me‌ But the dream ends with a shock. I see a wide European street in glaring light, with European houses; a canal in the middle and quite near D ODUJH ZKLWH EXLOGLQJČ? %RUHO SS

Besides the antithetical physical space, the disciplined and civilized control of the use of the space strengthened the colonial supremacy in the district. The Western modern urban administration made a series of regulations to discipline the space users, such as rickshaw pullers. Because of the unequal treaties and the privileges of the foreigners, these regulation were rigorously implemented. There was a report of 1926 VDWLUL]HG WKH GLÎ?HUHQW DFWLYLWLHV RI &KLQHVH LQ DQG RXW RI WKH Legation District, Dongjiaominxiang District is really a holy place! Everywhere, the rickshaw man go tortuously and make a turn suddenly, only depending on his will, while in Dongjiaominxiang District, even the rudest puller always follows the rules. The car jostle and rush elsewhere, which seems to kid with the speed limit signs, while in Dongjiaominxiang District, it follows the rules too, even though the passenger is a famous millionaire or

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Limitation of transplant During this civilization and Europeanization process, the 4XDUWHUȇV $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ LQWHQGHG WR VWUHQJWKHQ WKHLU FRORQLDO power and legality. But, because Beijing were still not open to the foreigners, the foreigners failed to obtain the thorough control over the whole city. The Chinese citizens in Beijing remained WKHLU QDWLRQDO LGHQWLW\ DV D ČŠ&KLQHVHČ‹ 7KLV ZDV GLÎ?HUHQW IURP WKH colonial citizens in other colonies, like Singapore, India and South Africa. Therefore, although these Europeanization projects had casted impacted on the modernization process of Beijing, they ZHUH OLPLWHG LQ WKH /HJDWLRQ &RQFHVVLRQ DQG EDUHO\ DÎ?HFWHG the daily life of local citizens. For instance, As the Chinese were “uncivilizedâ€? under Western eyes, some Chinese still kept the historical attitude that the foreigners were “unculturedâ€?, even DIWHU WKH %R[HU 5HEHOOLRQ $UOLQJWRQ DQG /HZLVRKQ S GLVFXVVHG WKLV YLHZ WKDW ČŠWKH &KLQHVH XVHG WKH H[SUHVVLRQ as applying to those who did not “talk reasonâ€? and sought to override all argument by violence; in other words, foreigners were savages, like the rebels, who would not submit to the FLYLOL]LQJ LQČľXHQFH RI WKH 0LGGOH .LQJGRP Č‹ $OWKRXJK WKLV DWWLWXGH changed soon along with the dramatic development of West advantages, the national identity of the Chinese was still strong existing. Like the following Zhang’s description on Shanghai colonial settlements, due to this national identity, the Western style buildings and landscape became “the otherâ€?, playing a role as a window, through which the Beijing citizens could satisfy their curiosities toward the Western world. The normal position of the colonizer as the audience and the local people as the actor was reversed,

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The Western daily life habits, living styles, and even the advantage technologies, are all observed by the Chinese to seek novelty with the passion to exoticism. This is exactly like the attitudes that the imperial colonial countries have WDNHQ WRZDUGV WKH (DVWHUQ DQG $IULFDQ FXOWXUHV =KDQJ SS

These curiosity also expressed to every aspects of the Legation 4XDUWHU E\ 3HNLQJHVH LQFOXGLQJ WKH EXLOGLQJV WKH XUEDQ governance approaches, as well as the modern technique facilities. Due to the reversed observation position, the Legation Concession become a theme park of the Western world for the local citizens. Open-minded merchants even looked for the fragments that they assumed as the symbol of modernism, in order to adapt them to the façades or the decorations of their stores. In conclusion, through representing the cultural advantages and the colonial power, the West had impressive HÎ?HFWV RQ WKH &KLQHVH PRGHUQL]DWLRQ SURFHVV +RZHYHU WKH LQČľXHQFH DOVR KDG OLPLWDWLRQV VSHFLČ´FDOO\ RQ WKH VRFLHW\ RI WKH lower class citizens.

Figures )LJXUH WKH ERUGHU RI /HJDWLRQ 4XDUWHU $QQH[ 1R LQ 7UHDW\ of 1901 6RXUFH 0$&0855$< - 9 $ 7UHDWLHV DQG $JUHHPHQWV with and Concerning China, 1894-1919, New York Oxford University Press, 298 )LJXUH /HJDWLRQ 4XDUWHU Source: MORSE, H. B. 1910. The International Relations of the Chinese Empire, London; New York, Longmans, Green, and Co. vol. 3, 1894-1911. )LJXUH /HJDWLRQ 4XDUWHU EXLOGLQJV IURP ZHVW WR HDVW ZHUH )UHQFK 3RVW 2É?FH )UHQFK (PEDVV\ DQG )UHQFK &DWKROLF &KXUFK 6W 0LFKHO 6RXUFH 6+(1 - HG 2OG &KLQD WKURXJK * ( 0RUULVRQȇV Eyes: Catastrophe at the Turn of the Century 㧛⨜á—š⾏ä&#x;źâ˛´ ä˜ Ô“Ń?ഭ˖ц㓚ѝӔⲴáĄˆŇĄ Fuzhou: Fujian Education Publish House, 130 Figure 4 the legation street; the view from the Middle Imperial Bridge, the left was Yokohama Bank, the right was hotel des Wagons-lits ÂŹSource: http://us.midnightinpeking.com/ Figure 5 the transformation of Beijing and the water system; left: Yuan Dynasty, Right: Ming Dynasty Figure 6 Imperial Canal and British Legation, around 1870-1890 ÂŹSource: University of Bristol - Historical Photographs of China reference number: NA01-71. From an album in The National

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Archives entitled: ‘The Chinese Customs in Peking 1889-1891’. Figure 7 Imperial Canal, around 1902 ÂŹSource: MUMM, A. 1902. Ein Tagebuch in Bildern, Berlin, AusfĂźhrung: Graphische Gesellschaft, 123 Figure 8 Imperial Canal n6RXUFH 026(5 0 - 026(5 < : & )RUHLJQHUV within the Gates: The Legations at Peking, Hong Kong; New York, Oxford University Press, 106 Figure 9 Imperil Canal and Middle Imperial Bridge n6RXUFH 026(5 0 - 026(5 < : & )RUHLJQHUV within the Gates: The Legations at Peking, Hong Kong; New York, Oxford University Press, 112 Figure 10 the Boulevard, after 1924 ÂŹSource: http://jiuyingzhi.com/antiquephotos/1157.html Figure 11 the transformation from Imperial Canal to Boulevard; OHIW ΖPSHULDO &DQDO IURP 0DS RI 4LDQORQJ -LQJFKHQJ 4XDQWX LQ 1750, Right: Zhengyi Road, from Map of Beijing in 1951 n6RXUFH %(Ζ-Ζ1* $1&Ζ(17 $5&+Ζ7(&785( Ζ167Ζ787( HG -LDPR 4LDQORQJ -LQJFKHQJ 4XDQWX ŕŁ?᪊Ҏ䲜Óœ࡞â€ŤŢ˜â€Źŕ´Ž Beijing: Yanshan publish house References $5/Ζ1*721 / & /(:Ζ62+1 : ΖQ 6HDUFK RI 2OG 3HNLQJ 3HNLQJ +HQUL 9HWFK BALZAC, H. D. 1974. History of the Thirteen, Harmondsworth, Penguin Books. BOREL, H. T. C. 1912. The New China, a Traveller’s Impressions, London, T.F. Unwin. &2/48+281 $ 5 2YHUODQG WR &KLQD 1HZ <RUN /RQGRQ Harper. ELDER, C. 1997. Old Peking : City of the Ruler of the World : An Anthology, Hong Kong; New York, Oxford University Press. FEI, C. 1991. History of Consession in China,Ń?ŕ´­ă€?⭟ਢ, Shanghai, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press. -$&2%6 $ % 0$&'21$/' ( 52) < 7KH %RXOHYDUG Book : History, Evolution, Design of Multiway Boulevards, Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press. KING, A. D. 1976. Colonial Urban Development: Culture, Social Power and Environment, London, henley and Boston, Routledge .HJDQ 3DXO

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.ÄŽ$Ζ1 .$+2.8 5(15$.8%8 6(Ζ08.<2.8 &+ÄŽ6$-2 6+81-8 Ζ HGV 0DSLQJ WKH 5LYHUV DQG 6HZHUV LQ %HLMLQJ Óœá?¸ŕˇžŢľâ‹Łäšƒâ‹?â‘?ŕ´Žäˆ¤, Beijing: Department of Construction. KOSTOF, S. 1991. The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings through History, Boston [etc.], Little, Brown and Company. KOSTOF, S. 1992. The City Assembled: The Elements of Urban Form through History, London, Thames and Hudson. LEPETIT, B. 1994. The Pre-Industrial Urban System : France, 1740-1840, Cambridge; New York, NY, USA; Paris, Cambridge University Press; Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme. LI, Y. 2004. River and Beijing: The Transformation of Water System in Beijing,â‰¤ŕŞźŕĽ‡Óœ ࡞á?˛â‰¤ăŒŤŕ¨ˆä—ą, Beijing, Publishing House of Local Records. 026(5 0 - 026(5 < : & )RUHLJQHUV ZLWKLQ WKH Gates: The Legations at Peking, Hong Kong; New York, Oxford University Press. NJOH, A. J. 2007. Planning Power: Town Planning and Social Control in Colonial Africa [Online]. London; New York: UCL Press. PAPAYANIS, N. 2004. Planning Paris before Haussmann, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press. PIAODAI 1934. A Glimpse at Dongjiaominxiang,ŃŒÓ”â‰ á?§Đ°âˇ•. Society weekly, ⽎ŐŠŕŞ˜áŁ•, 1, 555-556. SITWELL, O. 1940. Escape with Me! An Oriental Sketch-Book, New York, Harrison-Hilton Books. TANG, Z. 1918. Plans for Public Works in Beijing, Ꭴ⨜á?˛á­Żä‡‘ ूҖ. Municipal Monthly á?˛á­Żä™Š੺ á´¸ŕ şË… Beijing: Beijing Municipal Council. WINDT, H. D. 1889. From Peking to Calais by Land, London, &KDSPDQ +DOO WRIGHT, G. 1991. The Politics of Design in French Colonial Urbanism, Chicago, University of Chicago Press. XIAOWU 1926. A Chat, ä°˘äˆ¸. Modern Review, ⧠ԓ䇴䇪, 4, 12-14. ZHANG, X. 2006. The Cultural Adaption and City Center Shift: A Urban Anthropological Study of Modern Shanghai Spacial Transformation, ᎡŕĽ†ä˜˛á“„ĐžŃ?á—łä–œă€Ť ä˜ ⧠Ô“ĐşâŽ§ă‚Şä°¤ŕ¨ˆä—ąâ˛´ 䜭á?˛ÓŞăŠŤá†–âš„ă‚Ś, Nanjing, Southeast Publish House.

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GWANGHWAMUN SQUARE: BALANCING IMAGE & INTERACTION

Jason Andrew HOULISTON Seoul National University #39-535, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744 Jason.houliston@gmail.com

Abstract 7KLV SDSHU FDUULHV RXW DQ LQYHVWLJDWLYH FULWLTXH RI 6HRXOȇV *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUH WR OD\ WKH IRXQGDWLRQ IRU D EDODQFHG DSSURDFK WR WKH FLW\ȇV LPDJH UHQHZDO DQG SODFHPDNLQJ HQGHDYRUV VR WKDW 6HRXO 0HWURSROLWDQ *RYHUQPHQWȇV SODQQHG PRUSKRORJ\ RI XUEDQ VSDFHV PD\ EHWWHU JHQHUDWH XUEDQ SODFHV RI ȴQH LPDJH DQG LQWHUDFWLRQ 6HRXO HQWHUHG WKH QHZ PLOOHQQLXP WURXEOHG E\ D QHJDWLYH FLW\ LPDJH LVVXH WKDW FRPSURPLVHG LWȇV DVSLUDWLRQV WR FRQVROLGDWH .RUHDȇV VWDWXV RI HFRQRPLF DQG GHPRFUDWLF SURJUHVVLRQ WKH KLVWRULFDO D[LV DQG KHDUW RI 6HRXO KDG ORVW LWV SURPLQHQFH DQG EHHQ RYHUFRPH E\ WKH 6HMRQJ UR PXOWLODQH URDGZD\ FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ VSHHGLQJ YHKLFOHV SROOXWLRQ DQG FRORQLDO -DSDQHVH JLQJNR WUHHV 7KH JRYHUQPHQW DSSURDFKHG WKH LVVXH ZLWK D GRZQWRZQ UHJHQHUDWLRQ SURMHFW HQFRPSDVVLQJ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKUHH SXEOLF VTXDUHV SRVLWLRQHG DORQJ WKH D[LV EHWZHHQ *ZDQJKZDPXQ DQG 6HRXO 6WDWLRQ ΖQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ FRPPHQFHG RQ *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUH D SURMHFW GHVFULEHG E\ WKH JRYHUQPHQW DV ȊD ODQGPDUN QDWLRQDO VTXDUH FUHDWHG E\ WUDQVIRUPLQJ WHQ ODQHV RI 6HMRQJ UR LQWR D SXEOLF VSDFH ZKHUH 6HRXOLWHV FDQ UHVW DQG VRFLDOL]Hȋ 5HFRJQL]LQJ WKDW D FLW\ȇV SXEOLF VSDFHV DUH W\SLFDOO\ WKH FROOHFWLYH SODFHV IRU FRPPXQLW\ LQWHUDFWLRQ WKLV SDSHU LQYHVWLJDWHV KRZ WKH *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUH SURMHFW PDQDJHV WR UHQHZ WKH LPDJH RI WKH SUHFLQFW ZKLOH SURYLGLQJ D ȊSXEOLF VSDFH ZKHUH 6HRXOLWHV FDQ UHVW DQG VRFLDOL]Hȋ )LUVW WKH SDSHU VWXGLHV WKH IRUPDO FRPSRVLWLRQ DQG SODFHPHQW RI WKH VTXDUH LQ UHODWLRQ WR LWV LPPHGLDWH SUHFLQFW VXUURXQGLQJV 1H[W RQ VLWH REVHUYDWLRQV DUH XVHG WR GLVFXVV KRZ WKH SURMHFWȇV SK\VLFDO IHDWXUHV DQG VSDFHV HQJHQGHU DFWLYLW\ WUHQGV ZLWKLQ WKH VTXDUH 0RUHRYHU WKH SDSHU UHOLHV RQ RQ VLWH TXDQWLWDWLYH GDWD WR IXUWKHU LQYHVWLJDWH KRZ DQG E\ ZKRP WKH VLWH LV W\SLFDOO\ XVHG DQG SHUFHLYHG %\ UHȾHFWLQJ XSRQ WKH PDWWHUV LQYHVWLJDWHG WKH SDSHU FRQFOXGHV E\ SXWWLQJ IRUZDUG UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV IRU DQ DSSURDFK WKDW PD\ EHWWHU EDODQFH LPDJH DQG LQWHUDFWLRQ LQ *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUH DQG 6HRXOȇV SXEOLF SODFHV

Introduction For centuries, cities around the world have obtained their image DQG LGHQWLW\ IURP WKHLU FRUHV %DQHUMHH /RXNDLWRX 6LGHULV 6HRXO HQWHUHG WKH QHZ PLOOHQQLXP WURXEOHG E\ D QHJDWLYH city image issue that compromised it’s aspirations to consolidate Korea’s status of economic and democratic progression

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$OHPDQ 7KH KLVWRULFDO D[LV DQG KHDUW RI 6HRXO OHDGLQJ up to the palace of the king, had lost its prominence and been overcome by Sejong-ro multilane roadway. The axis’ historical public square, a setting for communication between the citizens and monarchs, had been erased and replaced by multiple lanes of speeding vehicles, toxic exhaust fumes, and colonial Japanese *LQJNR WUHHV /HH 7KH *ZDQJKZDPXQ SUHFLQFW RI WKH HDUO\ WZHQW\ Č´UVW FHQWXU\ KDG GHWHULRUDWHG LQWR DQ XQUHFHSWLYH vehicle-oriented environment, with the only public occupation of the precinct being the habitual citizen protests that blocked 6HMRQJ URȇV PDQ\ ODQHV RI WUDÉ?F +DXEHQ 7KXV 6HRXOȇV need for a strategy to positively replace the precinct’s harmful image and intimidating environment became increasingly evident. In 2004, the Seoul Metropolitan Government announced plans to generate a positive image for its downtown urban environment by making it less vehicle-oriented and more pedestrian friendly. This plan encompassed the narrowing of selected roads, supplemented by three public squares, and DGGLWLRQDO SHGHVWULDQ FURVVLQJV +RK ΖQ WHQ ODQHV of Sejong-ro were removed to make way for Gwanghwamun Square; one of the three planned public squares located along the axis running between Gwanghwamun and Seoul Station. The project was described by the government as, “a landmark national square created by transforming ten lanes of Sejongro into a public space where Seoulites can rest and socialize,â€? 9LVLWVHRXO 7KH 6HRXO 0HWURSROLWDQ *RYHUQPHQWȇV SODQ possessed a distinct city branding characteristic, as it aimed to construct a positive image for its downtown and the reputation RI WKH FLW\ /DQJ $W WKH VDPH WLPH WKLV DSSURDFK geared toward the city’s streets, sidewalks and public places is frequently categorized as placemaking, and aims to generate places in cities that can encourage better interaction among people, while developing healthier and more economically VRXQG SUHFLQFWV 0DGGHQ Recognizing that a city’s public spaces are typically the collective places for community interaction, this paper investigates how the Gwanghwamun Square project is able to renew the image of the precinct, while providing a “public space where Seoulites can rest and socializeâ€?. First, the paper discusses the formal composition and placement of the square in relation to its immediate precinct surroundings. Next, on-site observations are used to discuss how the project’s physical features and spaces engender activity trends within the square. Moreover, the paper relies on on-site quantitative data, by means of a cross-sectional survey, to further investigate how and by whom WKH VLWH LV W\SLFDOO\ XVHG DQG SHUFHLYHG %\ UHČľHFWLQJ XSRQ WKH matters investigated, the paper concludes by putting forward recommendations for an approach that may better balance

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image and interaction in Gwanghwamun Square and Seoul’s public places.

Gwanghwamun Square’s engendered activity trends

Gwanghwamun placement

Direct observations were carried out on Seoul’s Gwanghwamun Square, to gain an understanding of how the site’s physical features and spaces encourage the types of activity that result in its use. To examine the discernible weekend and weekday trends of the square, observations were made between 14:00 and 16:00 on Saturday, 24th May and Monday, 26th May 2014. Gwanghwamun Square can be divided into six main sections, inspired by the six ministries that the area once housed, when LW ZDV NQRZQ DV <XNMR 6WUHHW 9LVLWNRUHD )RU WKH SUDFWLFDO purpose of this paper, the six sections are grouped into three geographic-based regions, so that their physical features and activity trends may be communicated.

Square’s

formal

composition

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Opened to the public in October 2009, Gwanghwamun Square PHDVXUHV PHWHUV ZLGH E\ PHWHUV ORQJ +HLW ΖW extends from Gwanghwamun gate at its north, to Sejong-ro Sageori crossroad at its south. Behind Gwanghwamun gate sits Bukhansan Mountain, while Cheongyecheon and Seoul City Hall are found further behind Sejong-ro Sageori to the south. The ZHVW DQG HDVW VLGHV RI WKH VTXDUH DUH HDFK ERUGHUHG E\ Č´YH lanes of Sejong-ro, which spatially isolate the public space from the surrounding buildings and departments in the precinct. The VTXDUHȇV ZHVW VLGH LV QRWDEO\ ČľDQNHG E\ 6HMRQJ &HQWHU IRU WKH Performing Arts, and Sejong-ro Park. Meanwhile, the east side RI WKH VTXDUH LV ČľDQNHG E\ WKH *ZDQJKZDPXQ &LWL]HQ 6TXDUH the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, and the U.S. Embassy. The square’s connection to the surrounding city blocks is limited to six electronically-timed pedestrian crossings. The pedestrian crossings link to Lines 3 and 5 of Seoul’s subway. The square may also be accessed from Gwanghwamun Station, via an underground walkway. 1RWDEO\ *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUH GRHV QRW Č´W WKH IXQFWLRQDO and psychological mould of a conventional public square, as it cannot be approached from at least one of its edges without EHLQJ REVWUXFWHG E\ D URDG .LP :KLOH WKLV XQRUWKRGR[ placement of the square aligns to the plan for a more pedestrian friendly downtown that includes additional pedestrian crossings, it has also caused Gwanghwamun Square to be disparagingly GHVFULEHG DV ČŠWKH ZRUOGȇV ODUJHVW PHGLDQ VWULS Č‹ .LP Even though the square’s placement may be attributed to its WUDÉ?F FDOPLQJ LQWHQWLRQ WR PDNH VWUHHW VSDFH DYDLODEOH IRU VRFLDO DFWLYLWLHV DQG QRQ PRWRUL]HG PRYHPHQW 0DF'RQDOG its positioning may have a more political-based grounding. Political protests frequently measure their success in relation WR WKHLU DELOLW\ WR LQWHUUXSW XUEDQ HFRQRPLHV +DUYH\ DQG the infamous mass protests conducted along Sejong-ro had UHJXODUO\ FDXVHG VHYHUH WUDÉ?F FRPSOLFDWLRQV IRU WKH SUHFLQFW DQG FLW\ +DXEHQ ΖQ 5HEHO &LWLHV 'DYLG +DUYH\ notes that political authority frequently tries to rearrange urban infrastructure and life so as to manage agitated populations. By placing Gwanghwamun Square in the centre of the Sejong-ro roadway, the Seoul Metropolitan Government would be able WR VKLIW SURWHVWRUV RXW RI LWV WUDÉ?F ODQHV ZKLOVW DOVR LVRODWLQJ them from the Gwanghwamun precinct’s adjacent buildings. Furthermore, prior to the square’s construction, an ordinance rule change was made by the Seoul Metropolitan Government to declare Gwanghwamun Square a site of culture and leisure, free of citizen protests and demonstrations, thus securing the SROLWLFDO DSSURSULDWLRQ RI WKH *ZDQJKZDPXQ SUHFLQFW .LP

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Gwanghwamun Square’s southern region 7KH ȴUVW VHFWLRQ NQRZQ DV Ȋ'RZQWRZQ 3OD]Dȋ 9LVLWNRUHD is located on its southern end, and is characterized by its water IHDWXUHV DQG VWDWXH RI $GPLUDO <L 6XQVKLQ )LJXUH .H\ WR WKLV portion of the square is the 12:23 Fountain, commemorating the accomplishments of Admiral Yi Sunshin. The fountain honors the twenty-three victories and twelve warships of Admiral Yi’s EDWWOH DJDLQVW WKH -DSDQHVH LQYDVLRQ RI 9LVLWVHRXO The fountain space, paved in uniform material to the rest of WKH VTXDUH VORSHV GRZQ ȴYH FHQWLPHWHUV WR FRQWDLQ WKH ZDWHU blasted out from the fountain’s 364 water jets. Jets shoot water at varying speeds to create a rhythmical water show representing the rough seas that Admiral Yi fought across. At night, the water shows are dramatized via colored spotlights sunken into the IRXQWDLQ ȾRRU 7KH IRXQWDLQ RSHUDWHV IURP WR LQ WKH warmer months.

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Figure 1 Yi Sunshin statue.

Figure 2 Seating along the periphery.

Amid the 12:23 Fountain, stands the grand statue of Admiral Yi Sunshin. Prior to the completion of Gwanghwamun Square, the statue, erected in 1968 in the centre of Sejong-ro, was obscured amongst the Japanese Gingko trees. Now, the 6.5 meter tall statue stands proudly on a 10.5 meter tall stone pedestal, UHDFKLQJ D WRWDO KHLJKW RI VHYHQWHHQ PHWHUV 0RGHUQVHRXO 7KH SHGHVWDO LV SHUPDQHQWO\ URSHG RÎ? DFFRPSDQLHG E\ a sign instructing visitors not to sit on its base. Seating is provided on both sides of the fountain, along the west and east edges of the square. A total of twenty oval benches, WKDW GRXEOH XS DV ČľRZHUEHGV DÎ?RUG YLVLWRUV D FKDQFH WR UHVW LQ WKH VKDGH )LJXUH 7KHVH EHQFKHV RÎ?VHW QR PRUH WKDQ meters from the road edge, place seated visitors precariously FORVH WR WKH VSHHGLQJ WUDÉ?F RI 6HMRQJ UR 7R DFFRXQW IRU WKLV FRQFUHWH ČľRZHUEHGV DUH LQWHUPLWWHQWO\ SRVLWLRQHG DV D VDIHW\ barrier along the perimeter of the square.

7KH Ȋ0HPRULDO :DWHUZD\ &KHRQJJ\HFKHRQ 6WUHDP &RQQHFWRUȋ 9LVLWNRUHD IRUP WKH VTXDUHȇV VHFRQG VHFWLRQ +HUH WZR waterways, representing the past and future of Korea, merge into a small stream at the southern end of the square. The ZDWHUZD\V ȾRZLQJ RQ WKH ZHVW DQG HDVW VLGHV RI WKH VTXDUH WHOO WKH KLVWRU\ RI .RUHD )LJXUH

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Figure 3 Memorial Waterway along the east edge.

Figure 4 Children play along Cheongyecheon Stream Connector.

(DFK ZDWHUZD\ RÎ?VHW RQH PHWHU IURP WKH URDG HGJH LV meters long, 1 meter wide and 2 centimeters deep, with a shallow stream of water running over its stone tiles. The waterway on the east side contains tiles engraved with major historical event details since the start of the Joseon Dynasty. The waterway on the west is left empty, to mark future events in Korea’s history 9LVLWVHRXO 7KH WZR ZDWHUZD\V MRLQ WRJHWKHU LQWR D VPDOO DUWLČ´FLDO VWUHDP DW WKH VTXDUHȇV VRXWKHUQ HQG HPEHGGHG ZLWKLQ a block of turf, covered by glass panels extending beyond the southern edge of the square, toward Cheongyecheon stream )LJXUH 7KH LQWHQWLRQ RI WKLV DUWLČ´FLDO VWUHDP LV WR FUHDWH D sense of unity between Gyeongbukgung Palace, the public space of Gwanghwamun Square, and the public space around &KHRQJ\HFKHRQ VWUHDP 9LVLWVHRXO

The large statue of Yi Sunshin generates a distinct historical image throughout the southern region of Gwanghwamun Square, appearing to watch over any surrounding visitors and activities. Despite the statue’s prominence, the core physical feature generating activity in Gwanghwamun Square’s southern region is the 12:23 Fountain. This region of the square is characterized by a moderate concentration of children playing in its fountains DQG VWUHDPV ZKLOH JXDUGLDQV SDUWDNH DV E\VWDQGHUV )LJXUH

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Figure 5: Children play in the 12:23 Fountain.

Figure 6: Temporary changerooms.

For adults here, the shaded seating is the most popular physical feature. Guardians typically monitor their children from a seated distance, along the west and east edges of the square, while other guardians stand in close proximity to their children, WDNLQJ SKRWRV 0HDQZKLOH WKH WHPSRUDU\ FKDQJHURRPV )LJXUH SRVLWLRQHG QHDU WKH IRXQWDLQ SURYH WR EH SDUWLFXODUO\ XVHIXO for children to change out of their wet clothing.

The Cheonggyecheon Stream Connector appears to attract younger children who are perhaps not yet comfortable with the scale of the 12:23 Fountain. Intrigued by the water running beneath the glass panels of the stream, a number of the young children unconsciously progress dangerously close to the roadway on the square’s southern tip causing the concentration of guardians to stand close to their children. This potential for danger has resulted in community volunteers being stationed along each waterway, to blow whistles at any visitor risking the danger of slipping on a waterway tile and falling into the ERUGHULQJ WUDÉ?F *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUHȇV FHQWUDO UHJLRQ Further north is the square’s third section, referred to as the ČŠ6XQNHQ 6TXDUH &LYLO 3DUWLFLSDWLRQ 8UEDQ &XOWXUH 3OD]DČ‹ 9LVLWNRUHD 7KH VTXDUH JUDGXDOO\ VORSHV GRZQ DQG VLQNV LQ D VRXWKHUO\ GLUHFWLRQ EHQHDWK WKH )RXQWDLQ )LJXUH

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Figure 7: Sunken Square and slopes into Haechi Madang.

6WRQH VWHSV ČľDQN WKH ZHVW VLGH RI WKLV VORSH ZKLOH RQ WKH east side is a stand where visitors can go to be photographed ZHDULQJ WUDGLWLRQDO .RUHDQ FRVWXPHV )LJXUH

Figure 9: The prominent King Sejong statue.

Figure 8: Traditional Korean costume stand.

At the bottom of the slope is a space known as the Haechi Madang; a small exhibition hall showcasing caricatures of Haechi, the mythical creature said to have guarded ancient Seoul, adopted DV WKH FLW\ȇV PDVFRW *XVHRQJXN ΖQ WKH IDU FRUQHU RI WKH underground hall is a pictorial exhibit displaying the history of Yukjo Street, and the construction of Gwanghwamun Square. This space links to Gwanghwamun subway station, and includes D EDWKURRP FRÎ?HH VKRS DQG WR\VKRS The fourth section of Gwanghwamun Square is “Korea Main 3OD]DČ‹ 9LVLWNRUHD ZKHUH WKH VWDWXH RI .LQJ 6HMRQJ VLWV PRVW SURPLQHQWO\ )LJXUH

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This vast portion of space has no seating, shade, nor resting places, purposefully left bare to accommodate the installations and crowds expected during special events. At the foot of the King Sejong statue are four permanent installations commemorating the main inventions of the King’s reign. Meanwhile, behind the colossal statue of King Sejong are six stone pillars, each with a relief that depicts an important moment from the life of the King. At the rear of the statue’s heavy stone base, is the entrance to an underground exhibition hall celebrating the achievements of King Sejong and Admiral Yi Sunshin. The Haechi paraphernalia, traditional Korean costume stand, and invention installations project a distinct historical image to visitors within the square’s central region. However, the center piece of this historical image scheme is the massive statue of King Sejong, measuring 9.5 meters high and 11.5 meters wide 0RGHUQVHRXO 7KLV VWDWXH DOVR IXQFWLRQV DV WKH FRUH physical feature to generate activity in the square’s central region. This section of the square is characterized by a high concentration of adults taking photos in a northern direction, WRZDUG WKH VWDWXH RI .LQJ 6HMRQJ )LJXUH ZKLOH WKH IHZ children in this area typically gather in front of the King Sejong VWDWXH H[DPLQLQJ WKH LQYHQWLRQ LQVWDOODWLRQV )LJXUH

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The central region of the square has no seating, except for the VWRQH VWHSV ČľDQNLQJ WKH ZHVW HGJH RI WKH 6XQNHQ 6TXDUH 7KHVH steps are scarcely occupied, perhaps owing to the blank stone wall visitors face when seated there, or the long row of concrete ČľRZHUEHGV REVWUXFWLQJ PRYHPHQW WR WKH VWHSV *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUHȇV QRUWKHUQ UHJLRQ ČŠ5HHQDFWLQJ <XNMR 6WUHHW 3OD]DČ‹ 9LVLWNRUHD IRUPV WKH penultimate section of the square, intended to reestablish WKH RSHQ VSDFH WKDW <XNMR 6WUHHW RQFH RÎ?HUHG WR WKH SXEOLF To symbolically reenact this historical space where monarchs DQG FLWL]HQV UHSRUWHGO\ FRPPXQLFDWHG LGHDV .LP D PHWHU ZLGH E\ PHWHU ORQJ VWULS RI JUDVV )LJXUH OLHV within the northern region of Gwanghwamun Square.

Figure 10: Adults take photos in a northward direction.

Figure 12: Massive grass strip commemorating Yukjo Street.

During the square’s inauguration and opening months, this JUDVV VWULS WRRN WKH IRUP RI D ČľRZHU FDUSHW WKDW UHSRUWHGO\ ERDVWHG SODQWHG ČľRZHUV UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH QXPEHU RI GD\V VLQFH 6HRXO EHFDPH WKH FDSLWDO RI .RUHD .HOOH\ 7KH JUDVV VWULS LV UHJXODUO\ FRUGRQHG RÎ? WR YLVLWRUV Bordering the northern edge of the grass strip is “Recovering WKH +LVWRU\ RI *ZDQJKZDPXQ *DWH 3OD]DČ‹ 9LVLWNRUHD WKH Č´QDO VHFWLRQ RI WKH VTXDUH +HUH RQ WKH VSRW ZKHUH LW historically stood to protect Gyeongbukgung Palace before the Japanese occupation, stands the large stone sculpture of Haechi. Alongside this sculpture, facing Gwanghwamun gate, is the Woldae plaque commemorating the restoration and realignment of Gyeongbukgung’s main gate.

Figure 11: Children gather to examine the invention installations.

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The nearby landmark of Gwanghwamun gate generates a distinct historical image throughout the northern region of Gwanghwamun Square. Despite being outside the bounds of the square, Gwanghwamun gate serves as the core physical feature generating activity in the square’s northern area. This region of the square is characterized by a moderate

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concentration of adults taking photos in a northward direction, with Gwanghwamun gate as the backdrop of their pictures. Interestingly, the children occupying this region often hop back DQG IRUWK RYHU WKH URSH WKDW FRUGRQV RÎ? WKH JUDVV VWULS ΖW LV evident that visitors do not often take the opportunity to sit on the grass strip, despite the apparent lack of seating in the square’s northern region.

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Table 3: Attractions.

Cross-sectional survey results of Gwanghwamun Square To further investigate how and by whom Gwanghwamun Square is typically used and perceived, quantitative data was collected on site by means of a cross-sectional survey. On Saturday, 24th May and Monday, 26th May 2014, identical survey sheets were handed out to visitors who were exiting the square from the pedestrian crossing on its east side. Forty-eight survey VKHHWV SULQWHG LQ .RUHDQ DQG (QJOLVK ZHUH KDQGHG RXW WR WKH ȴUVW YLVLWRUV H[LWLQJ WKH VLWH EHWZHHQ DQG 6XUYH\ candidates were asked to select answers in response to seven questions. The ensuing quantitative data was tabulated and arranged in a set of bar graphs, so that the square’s apparent trends could be discussed.

This survey question determines what aspects attracted visitors WR *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUH 7DEOH 7RXULVP ZDV WKH PDMRU SXOO IDFWRU ZLWK SKRWRJUDSK\ D FORVH VHFRQG 7KH KLJK LQȾX[ of tourists to the square accounted for these two groups. The square’s educational aspect was an interesting feature revealed E\ WKH TXHVWLRQ $ VLJQLȴFDQW QXPEHU RI JXDUGLDQV DFFRPSDQLHG children to the square, to view the historical statues and features on show. The square’s water features proved to be an attractive weekend feature, drawing the highest number of visitors to the site on a weekend. An exceptional trait exposed by the question, was that zero visitors used the site as a public place in which to rest and socialize.

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Table 1: Demographics A.

Table 3: Attractions.

Table 2: Demographics B.

The initial question of the survey determines the demographic VKDUH RI YLVLWRUV WR *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUH 7DEOH 7KH KLJK number of tourists visiting the site was the outstanding statistic of this particular survey question, accounting for more than double any other demographic visiting the site. Second highest were the guardians accompanying children to the square. The large drop in this demographic number, from a weekend to a weekday, may be explained by the fact that children are attending school during the week, while guardians are at work. The most startling data revealed by this question was that no visitors to the site lived or worked within walking distance to *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUH 7DEOH 7KH VXUYH\ȇV RQO\ WZR ȆORFDOVȇ of the area were passing through the site to reach the opposite side of Sejong-ro.

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This survey question determines what aspects attracted visitors WR *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUH 7DEOH 7RXULVP ZDV WKH PDMRU SXOO IDFWRU ZLWK SKRWRJUDSK\ D FORVH VHFRQG 7KH KLJK LQȾX[ of tourists to the square accounted for these two groups. The square’s educational aspect was an interesting feature revealed E\ WKH TXHVWLRQ $ VLJQLȴFDQW QXPEHU RI JXDUGLDQV DFFRPSDQLHG children to the square, to view the historical statues and features on show. The square’s water features proved to be an attractive weekend feature, drawing the highest number of visitors to the site on a weekend. An exceptional trait exposed by the question, was that zero visitors used the site as a public place in which to rest and socialize.

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Table 4: Previous visits.

Survey candidates were asked how many times they had previously visited Gwanghwamun Square, so as to determine ZKDW DVSHFWV RI WKH VLWH FDXVHG YLVLWRUV WR UHWXUQ 7DEOH 7KH UHVXOWV VKRZHG DQ H[FHSWLRQDOO\ KLJK QXPEHU RI ȴUVW WLPH visitors, especially on weekdays, notably tourists. Return-visitors of the site were far more common on weekends. This may be attributed to the higher number of guardians and children repeatedly visiting the square’s fountain and water features on the weekend. No survey candidates visited the site as many as three times before, and the only multiple returnees were Gwanghwamun precinct locals using the site as a pedestrian thoroughfare. $FFHVVLELOLW\ DQG FRPIRUW UDWLQJV RI *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUH

Table 7: Image.

7KH Č´QDO TXHVWLRQ DVNHG VXUYH\ FDQGLGDWHV WR QRWH WKHLU SHUFHLYHG LPDJH RI *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUH 7DEOH 0RVW candidates perceived the image of Gwanghwamun Square to be ‘Traditional and Royal’, perhaps owing to the square’s historical statues, sculptures, and installations, as well as its close proximity to Gwanghwamun gate and Gyeongbukgung Palace. Despite the reasonably high number of candidates VSHFLČ´FDOO\ YLVLWLQJ *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUH IRU LWV IRXQWDLQ DQG water features, only a handful of visitors perceived the site to FDUU\ D SUHGRPLQDQW OHLVXUH EDVHG LPDJH 6LJQLČ´FDQWO\ WKH results showed that the square was not seen to carry a political or civic image, standing in contrast to the precinct’s long history as a place of government administration and political protests. 5HČľHFWLRQ RQ VXUYH\ UHVXOWV

Table 5: Accessibility rating.

Table 6: Comfort rating.

The survey acknowledged two key characteristics of public placemaking projects by asking survey candidates to rate *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUHȇV DFFHVVLELOLW\ 7DEOH DQG FRPIRUW OHYHOV 7DEOH $FFHVVLELOLW\ DQG FRPIRUW OHYHOV RI WKH VTXDUH were generally rated as moderate to easy/good. However, a noticeable trend was that the number of easy/good ratings for accessibility and comfort nearly doubled on weekdays, when tourists were by far the most regular visitors to the site. This importantly revealed that the square’s fairly good ratings received for these two placemaking aspects were given in relation to the accessibility and comfort needs of tourists and guardians accompanying their children to the square’s fountain and water features. Since no survey candidates visited the site as ‘resting locals’, Gwanghwamun Square’s accessibility and comfort levels could not be rated in relation to the needs of a visitor occupying the site with the intention to rest and socialize. In fact, the complete lack of survey candidates visiting the site from within walking distance to where they live or work is perhaps the best indication that the Gwanghwamun Square may rate very poorly as an accessible and comfortable public place in which to rest and socialize.

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Based on the survey results, the urban design project of Gwanghwamun Square has successfully improved the negative political and colonial image that the precinct previously held. Despite the reputation gained by the precinct as a place of political unrest, no survey candidates perceived the area to carry a predominantly political and civic image anymore. An overwhelming percentage of the surveyed visitors perceived Gwanghwamun Square and its surroundings to evoke a sense of Korean tradition and royalty, contrasting the colonial image that Sejong-ro’s Japanese ginkgo trees once carried. Thus, *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUH FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG WR KDYH HÎ?HFWLYHO\ lived up to its “landmark national squareâ€? description, as given by the Seoul Metropolitan Government. With its somewhat cluttered array of historically-themed statues, sculptures, stands, and installations, the physical reality of Gwanghwamun 6TXDUH DFKLHYHV DQ HÎ?HFWLYH LPDJH UHEUDQGLQJ RI WKH VSDFH WR serve as a landmark national square. Important to remember however, is the other key feature laid out by the Seoul Metropolitan Government. The urban design project also entailed “transforming ten lanes of Sejongro into a public space where Seoulites can rest and socializeâ€?. While a positive rebranding of the precinct’s image can be statistically supported, and ten lanes of Sejong-ro were evidently transformed into a space for the public, the ability of *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUH WR IXOČ´OO LWV UROH DV D ČŠSXEOLF VSDFH ZKHUH Seoulites can rest and socializeâ€? needs to be examined. Despite

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the considerable number of visitors frequenting the square and the positive comfort and accessibility ratings received, the survey results showed that zero candidates were attracted to WKH VLWH IRU LWV DELOLW\ WR RÎ?HU WKHP D SODFH WR UHVW DQG VRFLDOL]H in the precinct. To reveal why Gwanghwamun Square is not able to attract visitors for such purposes, it is important to consider the survey’s comfort and accessibility ratings in relation to the demographic group that contributed to those ratings, and why they intended to visit the square. The most positive comfort and accessibility ratings were given E\ WRXULVWV ZKR DFFRXQWHG IRU QHDUO\ Č´IW\ VL[ SHUFHQW RI WKH candidates. Based on the direct observations made on site, the typical activity and behavior trend of tourists was to wander around the statues of the square, taking pictures in front of its physical features, before leaving the site via one of its exits. The tourists in all probability gave their positive ratings in relation to the comfort levels expected when touring a national landmark, and not a public space in which to rest and socialize. At the same time, the tourists’ accessibility ratings may have been based on how easy it was to navigate the square within the entire city of Seoul, as opposed to its accessibility in relation to the surrounding city blocks. The lowest comfort and accessibility ratings were given by the demographic group of guardians who accompanied children to the 12:23 Fountain, while displaying activity and behavior trends most expected to be seen in a public space intended for rest and socializing. During the direct observations made on site, most of these guardians sat on the rows of oval benches placed on the west and east borders of the square. These benches, providing the only shade within the site, are positioned far closer to the EXVWOLQJ DQG QRLV\ WUDÉ?F RI 6HMRQJ UR WKDQ WR WKH FKLOGUHQ WKH seated guardians are watching over. Since the playing children regularly veered dangerously near to the southern edge of the square, a large number of guardians chose to stand in close proximity to their children.

comfortable and accessible outdoor public spaces nearby, such as Sejong-ro Park to the west, or Gwanghwamun Citizen Square to the north-east. Nevertheless, Gwanghwamun Square’s KLVWRULFDOO\ DQG V\PEROLFDOO\ LPSRUWDQW SRVLWLRQ LQ WKH FLW\ RÎ?HUV it a unique advantage over other sites, and survey results show that citizens are willing to travel to the site for the leisure RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRXQWDLQ DQG ZDWHU IHDWXUHV LW RÎ?HUV Recommendations for balancing image and interaction in Gwanghwamun Square Despite its current physical weaknesses, Gwanghwamun Square holds the potential to serve as a public space for Seoulites and even tourists to rest and socialize in. In the search for strategies to unlock the square’s potential, the Seoul Metropolitan Government may look toward three of the site’s prevailing successes. In doing so, the project-driven composition of the square may be amended to embrace and implement unplanned features that respond to the naturally emerging trends in visitors’ behavior. 2ULHQWDWLRQ DQG SUR[LPLW\ 'HVSLWH WKH QRLVH DQG QHDUE\ WUDÉ?F WKH RYDO EHQFKHV ORFDWHG DURXQG WKH )RXQWDLQ DUH IUHTXHQWO\ SRSXODWHG )LJXUH ZKLOH WKH VWRQH VHDWLQJ ČľDQNLQJ WKH 6XQNHQ 6TXDUH LV UDUHO\ SRSXODWHG GHVSLWH WKH UHODWLYH WUDQTXLOLW\ RI WKH VSDFH )LJXUH

Perhaps the low ratings given by the guardians may be DWWULEXWHG WR WKHLU GLÉ?FXOWLHV H[SHULHQFHG ZLWKLQ WKH VTXDUH LQ relation to their comfort and accessibility needs within a public space. While the square’s fountain and water features prove to be attractive features for a number of visitors, the supporting physical features of and within the site do not support the space as a place to rest and socialize in. Thus, it can be surmised that the physical features of and within Gwanghwamun Square do not appear to adequately support the space as a place for visitors to rest and socialize in, and may explain why so few people who work or live within the Gwanghwamun precinct visit the site. The surrounding roads that limit access onto Gwanghwamun Square, as well as the shortage of shading and suitable seating within the square may push ‘locals’ of the precinct to rest and socialize in more

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Figure 13: Frequented seating alongside the 12:23 Fountain.

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5HWUR Č´WWHG IHDWXUHV DQG DFWLYLW\ Some of the only concentrated activity taking place nearby the Sunken Square comes in the form of visitors queuing to take SKRWRV ZKLOH GUHVVHG LQ WUDGLWLRQDO .RUHDQ FRVWXPHV )LJXUH

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7KH RYDO EHQFKHV RÎ?HU VKDGLQJ DQG D YLHZ RI WKH IRXQWDLQ DQG surrounding leisure activity, while a seat on the stone seating RI WKH 6XQNHQ 6TXDUH RÎ?HUV WKH YLHZ RI D EDUUHQ VORSH DQG D blank stone wall. This reveals the importance of orientation and proximity for physical features and spaces within the square 8QLQWHQGHG XVH SRWHQWLDO Initially, security personal stationed nearby the 12:23 Fountain prevented visitors from playing in its water jets.

Figure 14: Children enthusiastically play in the 12:23 Fountain.

Today, the fountain and its surrounding water features KDYH SURYHQ WR EH VXFK D VXFFHVV )LJXUH WKDW WKH 6HRXO Metropolitan Government has added temporary changerooms to the site, for children changing in and out of their swimwear. This reveals the potential lying within the unintended use of spaces within the square.

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Figure 8: Traditional Korean costume stand.

7KH FURZG RI SHRSOH JDWKHUHG DURXQG WKH UHWUR Č´WWHG FRVWXPH VWDQG DGGV VLJQLČ´FDQW DFWLYLW\ WR DQ RWKHUZLVH EDUUHQ VSDFH 7KLV UHYHDOV WKH DFWLYLW\ WKDW UHWUR Č´WWHG IHDWXUHV PD\ DGG WR VSDFHV within the square. These three cases reveal the importance of considering the orientation and proximity of seating and shading in space; the potential lying within the unintended use of space; and the DFWLYLW\ WKDW UHWUR Č´WWHG IHDWXUHV FDQ JHQHUDWH LQ VSDFH ΖI WKH Seoul Metropolitan Government were to apply these principles to other spaces within Gwanghwamun Square, they may be able to foster spaces for Seoulites to better rest and socialize in. A hypothetical case may be put forward, in which these three principles are applied to the “Reenacting Yukjo Street Plazaâ€? VHFWLRQ RI WKH VTXDUH )LJXUH Figure 12: Massive grass strip commemorating Yukjo Street The intended function of the massive strip of grass located in the northern region of Gwanghwamun Square is to reenact the historical open space that once existed in Yukjo Street, where monarchs and citizens once communicated ideas. In reality, WKH VWULS RI JUDVV LV UHJXODUO\ FRUGRQHG RÎ? WR WKH FLWL]HQV RI WKH city, and the paved areas that border the grass strip functionally deteriorate to become mere thoroughfares between the northern end and central section of the square. If this massive JUDVV VWULS ZDV WR EH UHWUR Č´WWHG ZLWK DFWLYLW\ JHQHUDWLQJ features, with appropriately-oriented seating areas that provide shade for visitors, Gwanghwamun Square’s ability to function as a “public space where Seoulites can rest and socialize inâ€? may improve. Considering the grass strip temporarily functioned as D ČľRZHU FDUSHW GXULQJ WKH LQLWLDO ZHHNV RI WKH VTXDUHȇV RSHQLQJ this space has already shown some potential for adaptation.

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7KHUHIRUH E\ UHFRQȴJXULQJ WKH VLWHȇV VSDFHV WR EHWWHU VXSSRUW the desired uses of visitors, Gwanghwamun Square may be able to achieve a better balance of image and interaction, existing as both an image rebranding project and a placemaking project.

References $/(0$1 - 3URWHVW DQG 'HPRFUDWLF &RQVROLGDWLRQ $ Korea Perspective. International Journal of Korean Studies. >2QOLQH@ S $YDLODEOH IURP KWWS IDFXOW\ IRUGKDP edu/aleman/KoreanStudies.pdf [Accessed 22/06/2014]

/$1* - &LW\ %UDQGLQJ ΖQ %$1(5-(( - /28.$Ζ728 6Ζ'(5Ζ6 $ HGV &RPSDQLRQ WR 8UEDQ 'HVLJQ 1HZ <RUN Routledge. /(( . .RUHDQ DUFKLWHFWXUH HPSKDVL]HV WKH UHODWLRQDO aspects. [Online] Available from: http://vmspace.com/eng/ VXEBHPDJD]LQHBYLHZ DVS"FDWHJRU\ DUFKLWHFWXUH LG[ [Accessed: 22nd June 2014]. 0$&'21$/' ( 6WUHHWV DQG WKH SXEOLF UHDOP (PHUJLQJ 'HVLJQV ΖQ %$1(5-(( - /28.$Ζ728 6Ζ'(5Ζ6 $ HGV Companion to Urban Design. New York: Routledge.

%$1(5-(( 7 /28.$Ζ728 6Ζ'(5Ζ6 $ 'RZQWRZQ 8UEDQ 'HVLJQ ΖQ %$1(5-(( - /28.$Ζ728 6Ζ'(5Ζ6 $ HGV Companion to Urban Design. New York: Routledge.

0$''(1 . 3ODFHPDNLQJ LQ XUEDQ GHVLJQ ΖQ %$1(5-(( - /28.$Ζ728 6Ζ'(5Ζ6 $ HGV &RPSDQLRQ WR 8UEDQ 'HVLJQ New York: Routledge.

*86(21*8. +DHFKL +DHWDH >2QOLQH@ $XJXVW 1st. Available from: http://knowingkorea.wordpress. com/2013/08/01/haechi-%ED%95%B4%EC%B9%98-haetae%ED%95%B4%ED%83%9C. [Accessed: 10th October 2014].

02'(516(28/ *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUH 6HRXO È‚ 6WDWXHV RI .LQJ 6HMRQJ <L 6XQ 6LQ >2QOLQH@ -DQXDU\ WK $YDLODEOH from: http://modernseoul.org/2013/01/19/gwanghwamunsquare-seoul. [Accessed: 22nd June 2014].

+$59(< ' 5HEHO &LWLHV )URP WKH 5LJKW WR WKH &LW\ WR WKH 8UEDQ 5HYROXWLRQ 1HZ <RUN 9HUVRQ %RRNV

9Ζ6Ζ7.25($ *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUH >2QOLQH@ $YDLODEOH from: http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1. jsp?cid=929909 [Accessed: 22 June 2014]

+$8%(1 5 6RXWK .RUHDQ *RYHUQPHQW 0LVKDQGOHG Beef Deal. OhmyNews. 8th June. Available from: http://english. RKP\QHZV FRP DUWLFOHYLHZ DUWLFOHBYLHZ DVS"QR UHOB no=1. [Accessed: 25th May 2014]. +2+ . 7KH URDG OHVV WUDYHOOHG E\ FDUV .RUHD -RRQJDQJ Daily. 3rd August. Available from: http://koreajoongangdaily. joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2908222 [Accessed: 22nd June 2014].

9Ζ6Ζ76(28/ *ZDQJKZDPXQ 6TXDUH >2QOLQH@ $YDLODEOH from: http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_ PHWKRG YLHZ DUWBLG ODQJ HQ P [Accessed: 22 June 2014]

.(//(< 0 *ZDQJKZDPXQ DV 6HRXO &LW\ &HQWHU [Online] August 13th. Available from: http://discoveringkorea. com/090810/gwanghwamun-square-as-seoul-city-center. [Accessed: 22nd June 2014]. .Ζ0 0 &ULWLTXHB$JRUD &UHDWHG E\ >2QOLQH@ $YDLODEOH from: http://www.vmspace.com/eng/sub_emagazine_view. DVS"FDWHJRU\ XUEDQ LG[ >$FFHVVHG QG -XQH @ .Ζ0 7 &RQVWUXFWLRQ RI 3OD]D DW *ZDQJKZDPXQ %HJLQV The Korea Times. 23rd April. Available from: http://koreatimes. co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/04/113_23027.html. [Accessed: 25th May 2014]. .:$1 6 7KUHH 1HZ &LWL]HQ 6TXDUHV WR EH %XLOW in Downtown Seoul. The Chosunilbo. 16th February. Available from: http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_ dir/2004/02/16/2004021661028.html. [Accessed: 22nd June 2014].

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A STUDY ON THE HISTORICAL PROCESS OF THE ELEVATED WALKWAY NETWORK AROUND CENTRAL DISTRICT IN HONG KONG Hikaru KINOSHITA Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Environmental and Urban Engineering, Kansai University, Dr. Eng. 3-3-35, Yamatecho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680 kinosita@kansai-u.ac.jp Yoichi NISHIIE Okayama Prefecture, M. Eng. 8FKLVDQJH .LWD NX 2ND\DPD VKL 2ND\DPD delpiero45752580@hotmail.co.jp Keywords : +21* .21* (/(9$7(' :$/.:$< $57Ζ)Ζ&Ζ$/ /$1' 38%/Ζ& SPACE, PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATIVE

Abstract Central District of Hong Kong is composed of the high-rise buildings DQG GHČ´QHG DV KLJK GHQVLW\ RI &%' GLVWULFW EHFDXVH PRUH WKDQ WKUHH hundred thousand people work in about 3 km2. Mandarin Oriental +RWHO ZDV FRQQHFWHG ZLWK WKH VKRSSLQJ PDOO LQ 3ULQFHȇV %XLOGLQJ E\ WKH Č´UVW HOHYDWHG ZDONZD\ RI +RQJ .RQJ LQ %XW WKLV ZDV not for public use, but convenient for the guests of the hotel by the private developer. The Hong Kong Government found that the connection between the high-rise buildings or the high-rise building and public space could FRQWULEXWH WKH HÉ?FLHQW PDQDJHPHQW RI WKH FRQČľXHQFH DQG WKH characteristic composition of micro public spaces. The Government GHČ´QHG WKH HOHYDWHG ZDONZD\ LQ WKH RUGLQDQFH DV RQH RI XUEDQ design method in 1983, but added the incentive for development if private developers connect their building to the next existing one in 1999. Its elevated walkway network has become to cover the downtown stretches about 2km from west to east as the urban IDEULF LQ Č´IW\ \HDUV This historical process of the elevated walkway network was FODVVLČ´HG VWDJHV IURP WKH YLHZSRLQW RI UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH geographic context and the urban redevelopment by areas. The elevated walkway network in Hong Kong has grown piecemeal DQG VSUHDG RXW LQ &%' GLVWULFWV KRUL]RQWDOO\ DQG YHUWLFDOO\ 7KLV network has an important role in citizen’s activities and connecting between several urban functions based on the mixed land use. This network is constituted of public space owned private sectors and the government. And it is never closed by the complicated ownership. Therefore the space of this network has gradually become the privately owned public space as it was developed. The retail business has a strong relationship between every routes of this walkway, and then Hong Kong had these elevated and characteristic public spaces for citizen successfully.

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1.Preface 1-1 Purpose and background &HQWUDO GLVWULFW RI +RQJ .RQJ LV &HQWUDO %XVLQHVV 'LVWULFW &%' which is most high density of urbanization. There has been the FRPSOLFDWHG SXEOLF WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ V\VWHP VXEZD\ 075 EXV and tram on the underground and ground of CBD of Central District composed of a lot of skyscrapers. Then the pedestrian ČľRZ LV FRQVWDQWO\ JXVKLQJ IURP RÉ?FHV LQ &%' Ζ XVH WKH ZRUNLQJ SRSXODWLRQ LQGH[ RI &HQWUDO :HVWHUQ $UHD LQFOXGHG LQ WKH district of this research because there is no daytime population index in Hong Kong, its working population is 345 thousands SHRSOH DUHD LV NP %XW WKH DUHD RI &HQWUDO &%' LV approximately 1.6km2 by the data of TPU ,in other words, the UHVLGHQWLDO DUHD FDOOHG 3HDN DQG 0LG OHYHO RI &HQWUDO :HVWHUQ Area is 9.59km2 , therefore the area of Central CBD is about 3 km2 at most. As a result, most of 345 thousands working population concentrated in 3 km2 or less limited area in Central district. In case of Tokyo, Minato Ward has about 880 thousands daytime SRSXODWLRQ DUHD LV NP LQ PRVW DQG &KL\RGD :DUG KDV LWV KLJKHVW GHQVLW\ WKRXVDQGV GD\WLPH SRSXODWLRQ DUHD LV NP 7KHUHIRUH &HQWUDO GLVWULFW KDV EHHQ IRUPHG historically as the highest density CBD and urban center of Hong Kong in the world. 7KH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH VSDFH FRQČ´JXUDWLRQ LQ &HQWUDO &%' were based on these environmental conditions as fundamental background. One of the characteristics in Central CBD is the elevated walkway network spread out about 2km from Macau ferry terminal in Sheung wan of Westside to Admiralty of Eastside of the north shore in Hong Kong Island. The city in Japan has pedestrian bridge or deck at front of a station but rarely the elevated walkway connected between the buildings like Hong Kong. The elevated walkway network in Hong Kong has been gradually formed over 50 years historically by the unique process without strategic master plan. This study has great VLJQLČ´FDQFH KRZ WKH YHUWLFDO DQG KRUL]RQWDO SXEOLF VSDFH KDV been made use of by the elevated walkway network in addition WR KDQGOLQJ KLJK GHQVLW\ SHGHVWULDQ ČľRZ LQ &HQWUDO &%' 7KHUH DUH SUHYLRXV VWXGLHV VSDFH FRQČ´JXUDWLRQ DQG ODQG XVH plan of Central District WKH DQDO\VLV RI WKH SHGHVWULDQ ČľRZ in Hong Kong Island and Kowloon by the detailed drawings , the case study including part of this thesis from the viewpoint of urbanism as one of characteristic arcade in Asian Cities , elevated walkway in another area of Hong Kong by the same research method , the study of the relationship between public space and pedestrian mall . But there is nothing but this thesis of the elevated walkway network from the viewpoints

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RI KLVWRULFDO SURFHVV RI VSDFH FRQÈ´JXUDWLRQ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS RI land use around the environment and urban design method for making the public space in urban center of high density CBD. Therefore the purpose of this thesis makes clear of the characteristics and the transformation of public space of Central district in Hong Kong through the analysis of the elevated walkway network and related buildings. 1-2 Case study area and research method ΖQ WKLV WKHVLV Ζ GHÈ´QHG WKH HOHYDWHG ZDONZD\ DV WKH LQGHSHQGHQW pedestrian bridge, pedestrian bridge between the buildings DQG WKH DUWLÈ´FLDO HOHYDWHG ODQG RU VN\ZDON FRPELQHG ZLWK WKHVH bridge and land. This study took up elevated walkways, their FRQQHFWLQJ ȵRRUV RI UHODWHG EXLOGLQJV DQG VXUURXQGLQJ JURXQG as a subject of research, and analyzed the process of formation of the elevated walkway network from 1960’s to the beginning of 2000’s by using the historical maps and pictures. I did an actual survey when needed, also I made drawings of space FRQÈ´JXUDWLRQ FRPSRVHG RI HOHYDWHG ZDONZD\V FRQQHFWLQJ ȵRRUV RI UHODWHG EXLOGLQJV DQG VXUURXQGLQJ JURXQG 7KURXJK WKLV DQDO\VLV Ζ FODVVLÈ´HG VWDJHV RI WKH KLVWRULFDO SURFHVV according to Sheung Wan, Central and Admiralty District as shown in Figure1.

Figure 2.

2-2 The passage in buildings as public space The passage in buildings has been public space for the pedestrian by the walkway network connected with commerFLDO EXLOGLQJV 7KH SHGHVWULDQ FDQ ZDON WKURXJK WKH ȵRRU RI elevated walkway level in Alexandra House and move to the QH[W EXLOGLQJ GLUHFWO\ )LJXUH 6KRSV UHVWDXUDQWV DQG FDIHV DUH ORFDWHG QH[W WR WKH SDVVDJH RI WKH ȵRRU RU DWULXP 3ULYDWH sectors promoted the connection between buildings by the elevated walkway across the street and block at the 1st stage. Therefore, the passage in the commercial building has played the role of public space like the street in the city and the pedestrian can walk around the blocks like the circuit.

Figure 1.

WKH È´UVW FDVH LQ &HQWUDO GLVWULFW VW 6WDJH

2-1 The elevated walkway by the private sector ΖQ WKH ȴUVW HOHYDWHG ZDONZD\ ZDV EXLOW 0DQGDULQ 2ULHQWDO +RWHO )LJXUH FRPSOHWHG LQ RYHU 3ULQFHȇV %XLOGLQJ rebuilt on the street. It is thought that Hong Kong Land, the private developer owned both buildings, made the plan of the walkway so as to improve the convenience for the guest of the hotel to connect between the lobby of the hotel and the retail VKRSV LQ 3ULQFHȇV %XLOGLQJ 7KH SXUSRVH RI WKH ȴUVW ZDONZD\ ZDV FRPPHUFLDO XVH 1H[W $OH[DQGUD +RXVH DQG &KDWHU House FRQQHFW ZLWK 3ULQFHȇV %XLOGLQJ LQ DQG 7KH /DQGPDUN 7RZHU OLQN ZLWK $OH[DQGUD +RXVH LQ ΖQ WKLV way, privately owned commercial buildings were connected to on the opposite side of the street and the network of the commercial shops has been spread out by the connection of building one after another.

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Figure 3.

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3. The development in Sheung Wan and Central districts QG VWDJH

3-1 The elevated walkway by the public sector The long pedestrian bridge was constructed and connected &KDWHU +RXVH WR -DUGLQH +RXVH DQG *HQHUDO 3RVW 2É?FH

from north to south in 1972. And another pedestrian bridge was completed east and west from Jardine House to Macau Ferry 7HUPLQDO LQ WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI ȇV +RQJ .RQJ *RYHUQPHQW produced these bridges in the 2nd stage. In contrast to 1st stage, this pedestrian bridge is the semi-outdoor space with the roof and has spread like the main route antecedently. The buildings in surrounding area connected with this long bridge and have formed the linear network.

HOHYDWHG ZDONZD\ DQG WKLUG ČľRRU LV WKH URRI JDUGHQ )LJXUH ΖW LV WRR GLÉ?FXOW IRU SHRSOH WR PRYH WR WKH EORFN WR WKH RWKHU EHFDXVH WKH KLJK ULVH EXLOGLQJV LQFOXGHG 4XHHQVZD\ 3OD]D ZHUH FRQVWUXFWHG LQ KLJK GHQVLW\ DQG PL[HG ODQG XVH )LJXUH Therefore the pedestrian moves to use the elevated walkway WKURXJK WKH ČľRRUV RI WKH EXLOGLQJV RU WKH URRIWRS $OVR WKH pedestrian bridge at Murray Road Multi-storey Carpark Building FRQQHFWHG ZLWK &KDWHU *DUGHQ E\ WKH RXWGRRU VWDLUV )LJXUH ΖQ WKLV ZD\ SHRSOH FDQ XVH KRUL]RQWDOO\ YHUWLFDOO\ IURP WKH park and open space at ground level to the atrium and the roof garden freely by the elevated walkway network in Admiralty.

3-2 Assembly of various urban functions This long pedestrian bridge, where the citizen use to go to Macau Ferry Terminal and Star Ferry Terminal, connected with WKH ČľRRUV RI EXLOGLQJV DW VDPH OHYHO DQG WKH DUWLČ´FLDO ODQG RI ([FKDQJH 6TXDUH 7KHUHIRUH WKLV EULGJH KDV EHHQ WKH HOHYDWHG ZDONZD\ QHWZRUN ZLWK WKH EXLOGLQJV DV D UHVXOW LW IXOČ´OOV not only the walkway but also the various urban functions. For H[DPSOH WKH DUWLČ´FLDO ODQG RI ([FKDQJH 6TXDUH LV VXUURXQGHG with buildings and used by the citizen like the park or plaza. On the other hand, the roof garden and exhibition space FRQQHFWHG WR WKH EXV WHUPLQDO XQGHU WKH DUWLČ´FLDO ODQG DQG WKH OREE\ RI 2QH ([FKDQJH 6TXDUH DW WKH Č´UVW ČľRRU DUH RSHQ IRU the citizen as public space.

Figure 4.

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4-1 The collaboration between public and private sector $W $GPLUDOW\ LQ ȇV 4XHHQVZD\ 3OD]D LQFOXGLQJ 075 VWDWLRQ ZDV FRQQHFWHG WR 8QLWHG &HQWUH $GPLUDOW\ &HQWUH LQ DQG /LSSR &HQWUH LQ OLNH WKH FDVH RI &HQWUDO district in 1st stage. On the other hand, the public pedestrian EULGJH H[WHQGHG WR 4XHHQVZD\ 3OD]D IURP 0XUUD\ 5RDG 0XOWL storey Carpark Building constructed by the transportation department of Hong Kong Government in 1973, and to Hilton +RWHO &KHXQJ .RQJ &HQWHU DW SUHVHQW LQ LQ DGGLWLRQ +XWFKLVRQ +RXV( DQG %DQN RI $PHULFD FRQQHFWHG ZLWK this bridge like 2nd stage.

Figure 5.

The characteristic of 3rd stage is that the elevated walkway network has spread out beyond the blocks in Admiralty by the development method collaborated the public pedestrian bridge with the buildings by the private developers. 7KH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI VSDFH FRQČ´JXUDWLRQ

Figure 6.

ΖQ 4XHHQVZD\ 3OD]D DW $GPLUDOW\ WKH JURXQG ȾRRU LV WKH EXV WHUPLQDO VHFRQG ȾRRU LV WKH VKRSSLQJ PDOO FRQQHFWHG WR WKH

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7KH GHYHORSPHQW DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH WRSRJUDSK\ WKH HQYLURQPHQW WK DQG WK VWDJHV

5-1 The utilization of the existing passage The pedestrian bridge crossed over the road to hillside from 6WDQGDUG &KDUWHUHG %DQN LQ ΖQ &LWLEDQN 3OD]D FRQQHFWHG ZLWK &KHXQJ .RQJ 3DUN ZLWK &KHXQJ Kong Center and Hong Kong Park by the bridge. Central and Admiralty have been developed independently each other, but the pedestrian has the new way to walk from Central district to Admiralty district unrelated to roads at ground level after these pedestrian bridges are connected to the existing mountain path DQG SDWKV LQ +RQJ .RQJ 3DUN )LJXUH

Photo 1.

Figure 7.

5-2 The development method parallel to the construction of the park 3DFLČ´F 3ODFH ZDV FRQVWUXFWHG LQ DQG FRPSRVHG RI WKH VKRSSLQJ PDOO DW SRGLXP OHYHO KRWHOV DQG RQH RÉ?FH WRZHU of high rise buildings. The rooftop of the shopping mall in this FRPPHUFLDO DQG RÉ?FH FRPSOH[ LV OLQNHG WR +RQJ .RQJ 3DUN developed at same time according to the geography of north VLGH $QG 3DFLČ´F 3ODFH FURVVHV RYHU WKH PDLQ URDG RI $GPLUDOW\ RQ WKH VRXWK VLGH DQG FRQQHFWV ZLWK 4XHHQVZD\ 3OD]D E\ WKH SHGHVWULDQ EULGJH )LJXUH &LWL %DQN 3OD]D 3KRWR ZDV constructed in 1992 and connected to Hong Kong Park by the SHGHVWULDQ EULGJH 7KHUHIRUH WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI 3DFLČ´F 3ODFH 3KRWR KDG WKH UROH RI PDNLQJ WKH FRPIRUWDEOH HQYLURQPHQW through Hong Kong Park for the pedestrian between Central and Admiralty district.

Figure 8.

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Photo 2.

7KH GHYHORSPHQW DW ZDWHU IURQW RI 9LFWRULD KDUERU WK DQG WK VWDJH

6-1 The reclamation of Admiralty district (6th stage) 7KH UHFODPDWLRQ DW ZDWHUIURQW RI $GPLUDOW\ )LJXUH KDV EHHQ extended and in progress today. And when Citic Tower was constructed in 1997, the long pedestrian bridge in Admiralty was spread out and connected to it. The barracks were originally in this area at the waterfront, but now this is converted to the civic center area, including the Parliament, the Government House DQG UHODWHG JRYHUQPHQW RÉ?FH 7KHUHIRUH WKLV SHGHVWULDQ EULGJH is the axis of this area as prior investment by the government like 2nd stage in Central district because this waterfront area LV SODQQHG DQG GHČ´QHG DV WKH QHZ GHYHORSPHQW $QG WKLV ORQJ bridge has been extended according to the plan of surround buildings; as a result, the elevated walkway network has been formed as public space by the pedestrian bridge and related ČľRRUV RI EXLOGLQJV

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DQG WKH KRWHO IRU DERXW \HDUV )LJXUH ΖW LQWHJUDWHG ZLWK various urban functions and makes indoor and outdoor public space. And the various public space like a park at ground level, the atrium inside the building and the roof garden of the building connects with the public transportation like the ferry terminal, MTR and bus compactly. As a result, Hong Kong has the diverse land use of urban function through the elevated walkway network. Figure 9.

7KH UHFODPDWLRQ RI &HQWUDO GLVWULFW WK VWDJH

The new airport project at the north shore of Lantau Island forced the reclamation at the waterfront in Central district. IFC 0DOO Ζ)& 0DOO DQG )RXU 6HDVRQV +RWHO ZHUH FRQVWUXFWHG at this reclamation area in 2005. The main pedestrian bridge constructed at 2nd stage extended like a tree and connected with these new architecture through the pedestrian bridge, the roof garden and the plaza. And the long public bridge spread toward the new Star Ferry Terminal transferred at the waterfront by the reclamation.

Figure 11.

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7KH SHGHVWULDQ ȾRZ FRQFHQWUDWHV LQ Ζ)& 0DOO EHFDXVH LW FRQQHFWV with Star Ferry Terminal, Macau Ferry Terminal, the airport train, MTR and bus terminal through the pedestrian bridge. 7KHUHIRUH LWV VSDFH FRQȴJXUDWLRQ LV EDVHG RQ WKH ZLGH SDVVDJH the atrium, terrace and the roof garden for the convenience of the users smoothly. This indoor public space is utilized as not only the walkway, but also the rest or event space. In other word, this is the core of commercial mall and can play the role of the lively street and open space in the city functionally.

7KH LQGRRU ČľRRU RI WKH EXLOGLQJ FRQQHFWHG WR WKH HOHYDWHG walkway has the function of the public passage. As a result, the pedestrian can move easily horizontally and vertically from WKH JURXQG OHYHO WR WKH DUWLČ´FLDO ODQG OHYHO DQG WKH URRIWRS And shown in Figure 12, this elevated walkway network has the characteristic of the various alternative routes for the pedestrian.

Figure 10.

Figure 12.

7. The various alternative network in wide downtown area 7KH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH YDULRXV SXEOLF VSDFH DQG GLYHUVH land use of urban function The elevated walkway network has been formed the characteristic public space by the strong and complicated connection EHWZHHQ EXLOGLQJV LQFOXGHG WKH VKRSSLQJ PDOO WKH RÉ?FH

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7KH XSGDWH RI WKH ZDONZD\ QHWZRUN The elevated walkway network has been updated at any time according to the reconstruction of the building or the redevelopment of surrounding area. For example, the pedestrian bridge extended to AIG Tower reconstructed in 2005 from Murray Road Multi-storey Carpark Building. Also, Cheung Kong Park was developed in 2002 with Cheung Kong Center at the same time. It connected to Hong Kong Park by the

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pedestrian bridge and played the important role of open space in high-density urban area in Hong Kong. Therefore, the citizen can have various routes at the ground, elevated walkway and park level. 8. The development method, the management and the utilization status 8-1 The development method 7KH GHČ´QLWLRQ RI WKH HOHYDWHG ZDONZD\ E\ WKH OHJLVODWLRQ The elevated indoor walkway between the hotel and the commercial building produced by the private developer in 1965 ZDV GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH OHJLVODWLRQ DV WKH XUEDQ SODQQLQJ method of Hong Kong Government in 1983. It is thought that the typical example by this way was the outdoor pedestrian bridge at the 2nd stage. And Hong Kong government found public EHQHČ´W RU VRFLDO VLJQLČ´FDQFH LQ WKH H[SHULHQFHV E\ WKH SULYDWH sectors in spite of the commercial and economic purpose. There is the characteristic of the elevated walkway network in Hong Kong as urban design method that the legislation caught up with the practices by the private sectors, in other words, the process and relationship between the legislation and practice was reverse way. 7KH RUGLQDQFH $33 LQGLFDWHV WKH GHČ´QLWLRQ RI WKH HOHYDWHG walkway below. Where a bridge or associated highway structure is to be constructed wholly or partly within a private lot or gains support from or is connected to a building resting on a private lot, exemption under %XLOGLQJV 2UGLQDQFH VHFWLRQ LQ WR SHUPLW WKH EULGJH WR SURMHFW RYHU VWUHHWV RU ODQHV PD\ EH JLYHQ SURYLGHG WKDW D W LV UHTXLUHG XQGHU WKH OHDVH RU DSSURYDO FRQGLWLRQ RI D SODQQLQJ permission; or consistent with the Outline Zoning Plan(s) (OZP), Outline Development Plans or Layout Plans. E LV IXQFWLRQDOO\ QHFHVVDU\ WR IDFLOLWDWH WKH HÉ?FLHQW SODQQLQJ RI the developments on both sides of the streets or lanes serving as occupants’ movement between the buildings so as to relieve heavy SHGHVWULDQ WUDÉ?F DW VWUHHW ODQH OHYHO F LV KDYLQJ DQ LGHQWLČ´HG SXEOLF EHQHČ´W H J VHJUHJDWLRQ RI SHGHVWULDQ DQG URDG WUDÉ?F WR UHOLHYH KHDY\ SHGHVWULDQ ČľRZ DW VWUHHW ODQH OHYHO and facilitate commuters’ access to public transport facilities, public buildings or public footbridge network, and the proposal is acceptable to related organizations. On the other hand, where a bridge or associated highway structure of a free-standing type is to be constructed entirely on government land or over a public highway, ie wholly outside a private lot, WKH VWUXFWXUH LV H[HPSWHG IURP WKH SURYLVLRQV RI WKH %XLOGLQJV Ordinance. The Director of Highways is the competent authority for such structures.

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The bridge is for pedestrian circulation or vehicular links only. Commercial activities generally are not allowed unless with SODQQLQJ SHUPLVVLRQ DQG VSHFLČ´F MXVWLČ´HG SXEOLF EHQHČ´W DFFHSWDEOH to relevant government departments, and are accountable for GFA calculation under OZP. This example is IFC Mall cross over the road to Hong Kong 6WDWLRQ DW WK 6WDJH )LJXUH 3KRWR

Also, the width and number of storeys of the bridge require IXOO MXVWLȴFDWLRQ FRPPHQVXUDWH ZLWK WKH DQWLFLSDWHG SHGHVWULDQ ȾRZ ΖPSDFW DVVHVVPHQW VWXGLHV RQ YLVXDO DQG DLU YHQWLODWLRQ may be required for bridges more than 1 storey and/or clear width more than 6m.

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2) The design control of the pedestrian bridge The Advisory Committee on the Appearance of Bridges and $VVRFLDWHG 6WUXFWXUH $&$%$6 XQGHU %XLOGLQJV 2UGLQDQFH VHFWLRQ FRQWURO WKH GHVLJQ DQG VWUXFWXUH RI HOHYDWHG walkway and bridge. The design of all bridges is acceptable to ACABAS. The regular membership of ACABAS consist of all related organizations; Architectural Services Department, Civil Engineering and Development Department, Bridges and Structures Division the Highways Department, Planning Department, Housing Department, Hong Kong Institute of Architect, Hong Kong Institution of Engineers; and an academic LQVWLWXWLRQ WR EH LQYLWHG E\ WKH &KDLUPDQ LQ UHYLVHG HGLWLRQ The Ordinance APP-34 indicates the way of the design control below. 7KH WHUPV RI UHIHUHQFH RI $&$%$6 DUH WR HQTXLUH LQWR WKH YLVXDO merits, general amenity value and related environmental factors of all proposals for bridges and associated structures over, under, RQ RU DGMDFHQW WR SXEOLF URDGV LQ WKH 7HUULWRU\ DQG WR DGYLVH WKH Director of Highways on standards to be applied and procedures to be adopted to encourage an appropriately high level of aesthetic TXDOLW\ LQ WKH GHVLJQ RI EULGJHV $QG DUFKLWHFWV PXVW KDQG LQ EHORZ (a) drawings showing the general arrangement of the bridge (b) the elevations of all parts to be exposed to view together with HLWKHU D SHUVSHFWLYH RU D[RQRPHWULF YLHZ DQG VXÉ?FLHQW LQIRUPDWLRQ to illustrate the form, texture and colour treatment of the proposed bridge and associated structure

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(c) comprehensive photographs of the site G LQ WKH FDVH RI IRRWEULGJHV GHWDLOV RI DQWLFLSDWHG SHGHVWULDQ ČľRZV WR MXVWLI\ WKH SURSRVHG ZLGWK GHVLJQ DQG ORFDWLRQ Finally the Director of Highways refer to proposals, after consideration E\ $&$%$6 GLVDJUHHPHQW LV IRXQG WR EH LUUHFRQFLODEOH HLWKHU EHFDXVH for instance a design is likely to result in disproportionate damage to sensitive historic, scenic, ecological or other environmental features; RU EHFDXVH IRU LQVWDQFH WKH SURSRVHG OD\RXW VW\OH RU VXUIDFH Č´QLVKHV are considered to be inappropriate. Therefore, the proposal of the pedestrian bridge in Hong Kong has been checked so as to discuss what is the publicity of design individually from the viewpoint of not only the structural aspect, EXW DOVR YDULRXV SHUVSHFWLYHV 3KRWR

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3) The incentive of urban design But incentives of urban design were determined by the legislation when the elevated walkway network connected with WKH EXLOGLQJV RYHU WKH VWUHHW DW ODVW LQ %XLOGLQJ $XWKRULW\ %$ LQGLFDWHG JHQHUDO JXLGHOLQHV E\ WKH RUGLQDQFH WR GHGLFDWH land or area within a building for use as public passage and the concessions in 1999. The BA has the discretionary power WR JUDQW FRQFHVVLRQV LQ WKH IRUP RI H[HPSWLRQ RI FHUWDLQ ȾRRU DUHDV IURP WKH JURVV ȾRRU DUHD *)$ FDOFXODWLRQV DQG LQ WKH form of additional plot ratio and site coverage in exchange for dedication of land or area for use as public passage. Proposals for dedication usually fall into one of the following two categories in the ordinance APP-108 below. (a) Dedication of set back area at street level for the purpose of public passage The permitted site coverage and plot ratio for the building may EH H[FHHGHG WR DQ H[WHQW FDOFXODWHG LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK %XLOGLQJ (Planning) Regulations. The maximum additional plot ratio thus DSSURYDEOH LV ȴYH WLPHV WKH DUHD VR GHGLFDWHG RU RI WKH SHUPLVVLEOH SORW UDWLR ZKLFKHYHU LV WKH OHVV ΖQ DGGLWLRQ WKH %$ PD\ exempt areas accepted as dedicated for use as public passage from

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GFA calculations. (b )Dedication of an area within or through a building at ground OHYHO RU RWKHU ČľRRU OHYHOV IRU SXEOLF SDVVDJH The extent of the concessions, which may be granted by the %$ DFFRUGLQJ WR LQGLYLGXDO PHULWV UDQJHV IURP H[HPSWLQJ WKH dedicated area from GFA calculations to allowing bonus plot ratio and site coverage for the development. The maximum bonus plot ratio, in terms of additional GFA, generally will be at multiples of the GHGLFDWHG DUHD Č´YH WLPHV IRU GHGLFDWHG DUHD DW JURXQG OHYHO DQG WZR WLPHV IRU DUHDV DW RWKHU ČľRRU OHYHOV VXEMHFW WR WKH WRWDO ERQXV LQ UHWXUQ IRU WKH GHGLFDWLRQ QRW WR H[FHHG RI WKH SHUPLVVLEOH plot ratio with the dedicated area being exempted from accountable GFA. (a) alleviation of congestion problems of vehicular or pedestrian WUDÉ?F RQ SXEOLF URDGV RU ZDONZD\V E OLQNDJH ZLWK D IRRWEULGJH VXEZD\ RU SURSRVHG IRRWEULGJH subway which is or will be readily accessible to and used by the JHQHUDO SXEOLF DQG VXFK OLQNDJH ZRXOG VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ HQKDQFH SXEOLF safety or convenience F LPSURYHPHQW RI URDG VDIHW\ RU VLJQLČ´FDQW HQKDQFHPHQW RI SXEOLF convenience (d) provision of suitable greenery compatible with the use of the proposed public passageway Where the dedicated area within a building serves both the public and the users of the building, the amount of exempted GFA and/or bonus GFA will be assessed by taking into account WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI WUDÉ?F JHQHUDWHG E\ WKH SXEOLF DQG WKH XVHUV of the building. In all cases, the responsibility for the provision, maintenance and repair of the dedication areas will rest with the building owners. For greater transparency, notices advising the public of the dedication of the area for use as public passage, the opening hours of such a public passage and the party responsible for the management of the area should be displayed in conspicuous locations of the area to the satisfaction of the BA. ΖQ WKLV ZD\ SHGHVWULDQ EULGJH ZDV GHČ´QHG LQ GHWDLO WR JLYH WKH incentives as the urban design method in 1999 based on the ordinance for the pedestrian bridge between the buildings FURVV RYHU WKH URDG LQ WKURXJK WKH Č´UVW FDVH LQ 8-2 The management and the utilization status Every elevated walkway is managed by the owned private VHFWRUV RU WKH SXEOLF VHFWRU 7DEOH 7KH ČľRRUV LQVLGH EXLOGLQJV are open for the public from 9 am to 8 pm. The pedestrian can use about 50% of all elevated walkways for all days which are located near the public transportation like MTR, bus and ferry terminal. Therefore the elevated walkways managed by pubic DQG SULYDWH VHFWRUV FDQ EH GHČ´QHG DV WKH RSHQHG SXEOLF VSDFH LQ RWKHU ZRUGV LW LV GLÉ?FXOW WR EH FORVHG EHFDXVH RI PDQDJHPHQW by several sectors. The urban space connected by the elevated

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walkway network encouraged various people activities based on the multi and mixed land use composed and complicated of WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ 075 VWDWLRQ DQG EXV WHUPLQDO RSHQ VSDFH SDUN DQG SOD]D DQG FRPPHUFLDO IXQFWLRQ KRWHO RÉ?FH DQG VKRSV YHUWLFDOO\ LQ KLJK GHQVLW\ XUEDQ VSDFH SKRWR )LQDOO\ ZH FDQ understand how to enhance the potential of open and public space connected by this network. It is important that the retail VKRSV ORFDWHG DW IURQW RI RXWGRRU DUWLČ´FLDO ODQG DQG SOD]D RU RSHQHG LQWHUQDO ČľRRUV RI EXLOGLQJV KDYH FORVH UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK open space and promote the citizen’s activities and urban life style with open and public space.

development and has close relationship with open space OLNH WKH DUWLČ´FLDO ODQG DQG WKH URRI JDUGHQ $QG QG VWDJH had the characteristic of various and vertical land use not only for commercial, but also public transport. These 2 patterns of 1st and 2nd stages are fundamental method so as to extend and connect the elevated walkway network in 3rd to 7th stages. 7KH JRYHUQPHQW FROODERUDWHG ZLWK WKH SULYDWH V H F W R U V VR DV WR FRQČ´UP WKH HOHYDWHG ZDONZD\ QHWZRUN DQG WKH gardens and plaza on ground level have connected with surrounding architecture at 3rd stage. 7KH SHGHVWULDQ EULGJH FRQQHFWHG DQG XWLOL]HG WKH existing park and passage based on the geographic and environmental context, then the elevated network has been completed with connection between Central and Admiralty district. The pedestrian can get the route between both GLVWULFWV ZLWKRXW WUDÉ?F RQ WKH JURXQG WK VWDJH ZDV VDPH DV QG VWDJH DQG WKH VWUDLJKW DQG long pedestrian bridge was prior investment for the new development by the private sectors. The buildings connected to the pedestrian bridge constructed at 2nd stage and small open space by the buildings connected each other and extended huge open space at elevated level horizontally and continuously at the 7th stage.

Table 1.

9 Conclusions The historical process of the elevated walkway network around &HQWUDO GLVWULFW RI +RQJ .RQJ RYHU \HDUV ZDV FODVVLȴHG LQWR seven stages from the viewpoint of its characteristics. VW VWDJH KDV EHHQ SURPRWHG E\ WKH SULYDWH VHFWRU Commercial Buildings were connected by the several internal HOHYDWHG ZDONZD\V DQG WKH ȾRRUV RI HYHU\ EXLOGLQJ FRXOG EH not only internal and continuous one space for commercial, but also pubic passage. As a result, the pedestrian can walk same elevated level across the roads or select several circular paths. ΖQ FRQWUDVW WR VW VWDJH WKH JRYHUQPHQW KDV LPSOHPHQWHG 2nd stage. The outdoor pedestrian deck extended straightly as the axis previously and surrounding buildings connected with it by tree-like branch structure. Therefore, the pedestrian bridge by the government has activated private

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The elevated walkway network in Hong Kong has been updated and extended without master plan. It is complicated and organic generated urban space connected with various functions like FRPPHUFLDO RÉ?FH VSDFH SXEOLF WUDQVSRUW DQG H[LVWLQJ SDUNV SOD]DV 7KLV QHWZRUN HQDEOHV KLJKHVW GHQVLW\ RI &%' DOO RYHU WKH ZRUOG WR IRUP DQG GHYHORS LQ +RQJ .RQJ ΖVODQG 7KH ČľRRU inside buildings connected with rooftop, pedestrian bridge, or WKH DUWLČ´FLDO ODQG DW XQGHUJURXQG JURXQG DQG HOHYDWHG OHYHO And the pedestrian can choose several alternative routes and use the elevated walkway network most of the day because the ownership and management system by the collaboration between the government and private sectors never closed continuous open space. Therefore, this network has been appreciated highly because the citizen moves freely the elevated walkway network as the unique public space with ČľRRUV RI QHLJKERULQJ EXLOGLQJV KRUL]RQWDOO\ ZKLFK KDV WKH close relationship between all urban facilities at several levels vertically. And this characteristic open space is for the citizen as public space mixed with retail shops located along the elevated walkways. The historical process of this network indicated it is very important how to collaborate the government with the private sectors in order to promote the citizen’s urban life in Hong Kong.

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0RVW RI DUWLČ´FLDO ODQG RU SHGHVWULDQ EULGJH KDYH HQGHG LQ IDLOXUH in the 20th century of urban planning, but case study of Hong Kong has been a great success to form the active public space in the air over 40 years. That is why legislation or incentives of the ordinance had been constituted under the many trials by the private sectors in Hong Kong as the reverse way of ordinary urban design method. There is the issue I should work on the analysis of this method in detail. Generally the architect can negotiate with the building RÉ?FHU EDVHG RQ WKH GHWDLO GHYHORSPHQW FRQGLWLRQV RI D FDVH by-case site. Then consultation between the architect and the EXLOGLQJ RÉ?FHU LQČľXHQFHV HDFK VSHFLČ´F SXEOLF GHVLJQ DFFRUGLQJ to incentives. In other words, these Hong Kong’s cases can indicate important suggestions so as to realize the variety of public space for urban design method in Asian Cities of high density. Acknowledgments Dr. Tung-Yiu Stan Lai, Associate Professor of CHU HAI COLLEGE OF HIGHER EDUCATION and Mr. Edward Y.W.Leung, Aedas Ltd and HKU SPACE gave me important advices in case of previous studies and case studies. I would like to express my gratitude for them.

References 6DQFLD :DL 6DQ :DQ 7KH 5ROH RI WKH 6N\ZDON 6\VWHP LQ WKH Development of Hong Kong’s Central Business District, Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, 2007 6DQFLD :DL 6DQ :DQ 7KH &HQWUDO %XVLQHVV 'LVWULFW RI Hong Kong: Spatial and Functional Changes since 1990s, THE INTERNATIONAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY SOCIAL SCIENCES, 92/80( KWWS ZZZ 6RFLDO6FLHQFHV -RXQDO FRP Ζ661 1882,2007 $GDP )UDPSWRQ -RQDWKDQ ' 6RORPRQ &ODUD :RQJ &LWLHV Without Ground , ORO editions, 2012 /HVOLH /X 7KH $UFDGHV 3URMHFWV 3URJUHVVLYH 3RURVLW\ 7KH 0Ζ7 35(66 3HUVSHFWD 9RO -X[WDSRVLWLRQV SS ȍ 7XQJ <LX 6WDQ /DL (LVHQVWHLQ DQG 0RYLQJ 6WUHHW )URP )LOPLF Montage to Architecturural Space, Design Principles and 3UDFWLFHV $Q ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO 9ROXPH 1XPEHU KWWS ZZZ 'HVLJQ -RXUQDO FRP Ζ661 UHIHUHQFH

$IUR]D 3DUYLQ $UOHQ 0LQ <H %HLVL -LD 08/7Ζ/(9(/ 3('(675Ζ$1 029(0(17 GRHV YLVLELOLW\ PDNH DQ\ GLÎ?HUHQFH" Prodeedings040-1~16, 6th International Space Syntax

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Symposium, Istanbul, 2007 +R &KL NDQ +XEHUW ([SHULHQFLQJ WKH FLW\ D ZDONZD\ V\VWHP for Hong Kong’s Central District,Department of Architecture The University of Hong Kong Mater of Architecture, Thesis Report, http://hdl.handle.net/10722/27049,1995 /LQJ ;LDRKRQJ 0LFKHOOH $FFHVVLELOLW\ RI RSHQ VSDFH $ Study of Urban Morphology and its Relation to Open Space Use in the Wanchai District of Hong Kong, the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The Universtiy of Hong Kong, http://hdl.handle. QHW UHIHUHQFH

:HL 7LQJ 6.<:$/. 1HZ (OHYDWHG :DONZD\ 6\VWHP LQ Tsim Sha Tsui, Department of Architecture The University of Hong Kong Mater of Landscape Architecture, http://hdl.handle. QHW UHIHUHQFH

&HQVXV DQG 6WDWLVWLFV 'HSDUWPHQW 3RSXODWLRQ &HQVXV 2011, http://www.census2011.gov.hk/en/build-your-censusWDEOHV KWPO UHIHUHQFH

%XLOGLQJ 'HSDUWPHQW 5HI %' *5 23 $33 Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers 92, Structural Design and Bridges and Associated highway Structures %XLOGLQJ 'HSDUWPHQW 5HI %' *5 %5(* 3 Ë„Ä‹Ë… APP-108: Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers 233, Dedication of Land/Area for Use as Public Passage %XLOGLQJ 'HSDUWPHQW 5HI %' *5 && $33 Practice Note for Authorized Persons, Registered Structural Engineers and Registered Geotechnical Engineers,Bridges over 6WUHHWV DQG /DQHV %XLOGLQJ 2UGLQDQFH VHFWLRQ

(QYLURQPHQW 7UDQVSRUW DQG :RUNV %XUHDX *RYHUQPHQW 6HFUHWDULDW 5HI (7:% : /01, Environment,Transport and Works Bureau Technical &LUFXODU :RUNV 1R < 1LVKLLH + NLQRVKLWD DQG < $R\DPD $ 6WXG\ RQ WKH Historical Process of Pedestrian deck around Central District of +RQJ .RQJ 3DUW $Ζ- 8UEDQ 3ODQQLQJ SS < $R\DPD < 1LVKLLH DQG + NLQRVKLWD $ 6WXG\ RQ WKH Historical Process of Pedestrian deck around Central District of +RQJ .RQJ 3DUW $Ζ- 8UEDQ 3ODQQLQJ SS + NLQRVKLWD < 1LVKLLH DQG < $R\DPD $ 6WXG\ RQ WKH Historical Process of Pedestrian deck around Central District of +RQJ .RQJ 3DUW $Ζ- 8UEDQ 3ODQQLQJ SS

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Notes 738 LV WKH DEEUHYLDWLRQ RI 7HUWLDU\ 3ODQQLQJ 8QLW DQG there are 289 units in Hong Kong to implement urban planning and statistics of census. The division of Hong Kong Island can be refer below, http://www.census2011.gov.hk/pdf/maps/tpu/m_ sp_09_77.pdf 738 RI &HQWUDO DQG :HVWHUQ GLVWULFW LV FRPSRVHG RI units, TPU1.1.1~1.1.6,1.2.1~1.2.4,1.4.1~1.4.3,1.8.1~1.8.2 based on http://www.census2011.gov.hk/pdf/maps/Map_HK.pdf. And 6 units, TPU 1.1.1, 1.4.1~1.4.3, 1.8.1~1.8.2 are for residential area. 7KLV UHVHDUFK ZDV FDUULHG RXW LQ $XJXVW DQG the drawings were made of our actual measurement, each ȵRRU SODQ RI EXLOGLQJV DQG PDSV IURP /DQGV Department Hong Kong Map Service. 7KLV EXLOGLQJ ZDV UHEXOW LQ ZLWK WKH HODYDWHG walkway.

Figures Figure 1 The histrical formation process of the elavated walkway network Figure 2 The formative process of the elevated walkway network in each district Figure 3 The public passage inside privately owned building )LJXUH 7KH VSDFH FRQVWLWXWLRQ RI 4XHHQV :D\ 3OD]D Figure 5 High density and mixed land use in Admiralty District Figure 6 The public access from the pedestrian bridge to the park )LJXUH 7KH VHFWLRQ RI 3DFLÈ´F 3ODFH Figure 8 The extended and continuous elevated walkways based on the geographic context in Hong Kong Island Figure 9 The reclamation in Central and Admiralty district Figure 10 The space constitution of IFC Mall Figure 11 The close relationship between the urban functions and the elevated walkway network Figure 12 The various routes for the pedestrian around Cheung Kong Centre Photo Photo 1 The lobby of Citi Bank Plaza 3KRWR 7KH DWULXP RI 3DFLÈ´F 3ODFH 3KRWR )LUVW FDVH RI WKH HOHYDWHG ZDONZD\ LQ OHIW Ζ)& 0DOO crossed over the public road Photo 4 The examples of pedestrian deck’s design 3KRWR 9DULRXV XVDJH RI SXEOLF VSDFH FRQQHFWHG E\ WKH elevated walkway network 7DEOH 2SHQ DQG FORVH WLPH RI HYHU\ ȵRRU RG EXLOGLQJV connected by the elevated walkway network

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THE IMAGEABILITY AS A TOOL IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR CITIES Malik Tigziri 3K' Architect - EnviPro International 6W -RVHSK (DVW 0RQWUHDO 4& + + & &$1$'$ Email: maliktarchitecture@gmail.com

Abstract The strategies of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in urban spaces and cities need to investigate and work on the manner and the capacity of the people to understand their city and to memorize WKH GLÎ?HUHQW HOHPHQWV WKDW FRPSRVH WKHLU XUEDQ VSDFH 7KLV PHQWDO construction of the city by citizens will have an important role at various levels and phases of DRR strategies that we set up and produce. The Image of the City published in 1960 by Kevin Lynch, where he reported that citizens understood their surroundings in consistent DQG SUHGLFWDEOH ZD\V E\ IRUPLQJ PHQWDO PDS XVLQJ Č´YH XUEDQ HOHPHQWV ČŠSDWKV HGJHV GLVWULFWV QRGHV ODQGPDUNVČ‹ 2XU ZRUN ZLOO focus on the use of each of these 5 elements as urban risk reduction tools that will help us to set up and improve the various phases of DRR. This will allow people to build and form a mental risk map that FDQ DOORZ WKHP WR NQRZ DQG WR Č´QG WKH VDIH ZD\V DQG SODFHV DQG WR have the right behaviours to save human life. It is what we can call Imageability of risk.

places can be small in area, but they serve as a known spot of transportation mode changes or changes in direction. Paths are the channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally, or potentially moves. They are also the areas where people move through a city. Lynch states that “paths were the predominate city elements, although their importance varied according to the degree of familiarity with the city.� People who knew the city well often had detailed descriptions and understanding of their daily path. Districts are the medium or large sections of the city which hold a certain characteristic which someone could enter and exit.

Figure1: Illustration of the 5 elements of city (source - The Image of City)

The concept of Imagibility Introduction 7KH Č´YH HOHPHQWV RI WKH FLW\ We have to give a short understanding and remembering of .HYLQ /\QFK WKHRU\ GHČ´QLWLRQ DQG GHČ´QH WKH WRROV WKDW KH VHW up thanks to his work. Kevin Lynch has established 5 elements that allow and permit to citizen to orientate their self in the city. 7KHVH HOHPHQWV DUH GHČ´QHG E\ /DQGPDUNV (GJHV 1RGHV 3DWKV and Districts.

The main essence of the work of K. Lynch was to examine the visual quality of the environment, as he investigates the “mental imagesâ€? held by its citizens. He achieves his research by focusing on the most focal and central areas within three American Cities; Boston, Jersey City and Los Angeles. His objective was to expand upon, as well as assess his idea of ČŠLPDJHDELOLW\Č‹ WKDW KH GHČ´QHG DV D ČŠFKDUDFWHU RU TXDOLW\ KHOG E\ D SK\VLFDO REMHFWČ‹ WR Č´QG RXW ZKDW IRUPV WULJJHU OXFLG LPDJHV LQ the observer.

Landmarks are simple physical elements that vary widely in scale. These places are often unique, and provide a spatial reference point for locals and visitors alike. Citizen may often provide directions in reference to these places. Edges are the linear elements not used or considered between two phases, linear breaks in continuity: shores, railroad edges. These places can be physical or mental. These edges serve as a constant reminder of the city, and help one organize place spatially in their mind. Nodes are a strategic focus typically where paths cross. These

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and to have access to temporary health treatment centers and to refugee camps. They are also an element for rapid capacity of orientation in the city. The Paths must be designed with a large and long dimensions to be able to receive and to drain an important number of people to safe places, and thanks to its large dimension it can play a role of Firebreak in case of gas explosion after an earthquake. Paths must be equipped with signals that will show the way and direction to follow during an event to rich refuge zones. These signals can be color lines on ground or suspended panels; it can be also in form of light during night time. The paths should resist during an event and be functional. Figure2: The Boston image as derived from verbal interviews (Source - The image of City)

+RZ WR ΖQWHJUDWH ULVN GLVDVWHUV UHGXFWLRQ '55 LQ WKH FLW\" Most of the cities in ours countries are designed and organized without taken in consideration the problematic of risk disasters and large natural events. Today, after many cases of disasters in various cities, and the fast repetition of these events that became stronger, some states start to take in consideration the DRR in the urban design and planning of their cities, and work on solutions. Unfortunately the actual strategies of DRR stay at the level of logistics, materials, plans of evacuation and intervention, and did not focus on the design of the city itself WKDW LV WKH ȴUVW VWHS WR GHYHORS WR UHGXFH WKH LPSDFW RI WKH phenomena on the city. The capacity of ours urban tissues to be resistant and resilient during and after an event is low. So, what are the urban solutions that we can provide as architects and urban planners? How can we give this capacity for the city to become resilient and durable? The concept of K. Lynch that he develop in his book “The Image of City” published in 1960, where he explain the idea of Imagibility can be an important solution and tool that we can apply to WKH YDULRXV SKDVHV RI '55 7KH ȴYH HOHPHQWV DQG ΖPDJLELOLW\ concept can be the gears that will help to give the ability to the city to become resilient and can provide a safe urban planning and design to the population to protect them and save life.

Figure 3: People evacuate to a street, earthquake in Sendai Japan VRXUFH *RRJOH

The 5 elements of city in DRR We begin this part of the article by developing our vision and the relation that can be built between the 5 elements and the DRR, and this by explaining how each element of city can play an important role in reducing the risk in the urban space of city: Paths: Paths are the most important element of the city for DRR. They permit the evacuation of the citizens and the intervention of the rescue services. They allow people to move to the safes zones

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Figure 4: Example of a path Diagonal Avenue in Barcelona that FURVVHV WKH FLW\ 6RXUFH *RRJOH

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Nodes: These large intersections and places can regroup a large number of people where they can be safe and secure. The nodes can have various roles in DRR, they can be simply regrouping safe place for citizen, and they can be transformed to refugee camps ZKHUH FLWL]HQV FDQ Č´QG KHDOWK WUHDWPHQWV DQG DFFHVV WR ZDWHU food, and temporary house. For this, we have to design these nodes at the beginning with an access to water supply, electricity, wastewater draining, and container of waste recycling. These nodes must have also predesigned plans of the transformation from intersection to refugee camp, to permit a quick response. We can see an example of a situation of transformation of a square Place Saint Pierre in Port au Prince in Haiti to a refugee camp by the population after the earthquake of 2010.

IDFH WR 7KLV DELOLW\ RI WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH ODQGPDUNV FDVH RI EXLOGLQJ PXVW EH WKLQNLQJ DQG HVWDEOLVK GXULQJ WKH SURFHVV RI conception of the project.

Figure 7: Landmark in Barcelona, Agbar tower during day and night time (Personal photo editing) January 2010.

Figure 8: Land mark in Hanoi (Vietnam), Keangnam tower during day and night time (Personal photo editing). Figure 5: Saint Pierre square in Haiti after the earthquake of 12 January 2010.

Figure 6: Plaza EspaĂąa in Barcelona that is an important node in city.

Landmarks: Landmarks must be these elements that we can see from various sides of the city. These elements will help people to orientate their self during the event in situation of panic. Landmarks are visible during the day but must be also seen during night time, this is why it must be independent in electric energy. Landmarks can have various missions either than orientation, it can be transformed to a communication and disaster management center for decision making, it can also be transformed to health center for emergency treatment, refugee camp. This is why these landmarks must be resistant to the kind of risk that they

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Districts: 7KH GLVWULFW LV GHČ´QHG E\ UHODWLYHO\ ODUJH VHFWLRQV RI WKH FLW\ distinguished by some identity or character. In the case of DRR the character that we can give to a destrict is a speed back to normal life and high resistance to the event. This means that we think that the district can play an important role in the resilience of the city when we permit to people to back to normal situation after a large event with access to various sources of energy and communication, access to transport and infrastructures, access WR KRVSLWDOV DQG VFKRROV DQG Č´QDOO\ WKH FRQWLQXLW\ RI ZRUNLQJ of various institutions and industries. For example in case of earthquake, a district can back to normal life as we describe if it is totally build with earthquake resistance structures and techniques at the level of the urban and infrastructures and EXLOGLQJV 2I FRXUVH LW LV GLÉ?FXOW WR EXLOG DQ HQWLUH FLW\ IROORZLQJ this high standard of technology that resist to seismic events IRU Č´QDQFLDO UHDVRQV EXW ZH WKLQN WKDW ZH FDQ LQYHVW LQ DW OLVW one district of the city to guaranties a back to normal life after an event. This kind of district must contain the most important institutions such as government ones, hospitals, schools and university and others.

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)LJXUH ΖPSRUWDQW ȴUH RI .REH DIWHU WKH HDUWKTXDNH GHVWUR\

Edges: Edges are the contrast between two kinds of areas, they are linear elements not considered as paths. They can be a wall, change of topography, large water surface like lake, river or sea‌.etc. These Edges can be used in DRR during an event as elements of orientation, evacuation and intervention in city, they FDQ EH DOVR VRXUFHV RI ZDWHU VXSSO\LQJ FDVH RI ZDWHU VXUIDFHV RU D ȴUHEUHDN VXUIDFH DQG ȴQDOO\ WKH\ FDQ EH XVHG DV D UHIXJH place.

Table: Resume of the relation between DRR and the 5 elements of city Figures 10: Champ de Mars occupied by refugees after the HDUWKTXDNH RI LQ 3RUW DX 3ULQFH 6RXUFH *RRJOH

Figure 11: Champ de Mars occupied by refugees after the earthquake of 2010 in Port au Prince (Personal picture)

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The Imagibility in DRR The aim of this concept of imagibility in DRR is to pull and help the citizen to build a mental DRR map of his city, this means that through the 5 elements that we develop people can during an event or a disaster orientate them self in city to know the safe ZD\ IRU HYDFXDWLRQ DQG WR Č´QG KHOS UHVFXHV DQG UHIXJH :KHQ D FLWL]HQ NQRZV KRZ WR UHDFW LQ KLV FLW\ DQG KRZ WR Č´QG WKH Č´UVW necessary things to survive during a disaster, we are saving a lot of time that is very important during these situation and can save life. This concept of imagibility in DRR pushes the citizen to be active during an event and avoid staying passive. It is essential to understand that the mental mapping that each FLWL]HQ FUHDWHV LQ KLV EUDLQ LV GLÎ?HUHQW IURP RQH WR WKH RWKHU even if we live in the same city. The person that live in the East RI WKH FLW\ ZLOO NHHS LQ PLQG GLÎ?HUHQW ODQGPDUNV RU SDWKV DQG nodes that the person that lives in the West part of the city. Each of these people will build his mental map regarding the closer elements to his home place or workplace, and how they

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understand and look to their city. This is why we have to think WKH FLW\ LQ ]RQHV (DVW :HVW 1RUWK DQG 6RXWK DQG SURYLGH IRU each zone with the 5 elements that will assist the population during an event, with the aim to reduce the distance between citizen and safes places.

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Espaùa.

The bellow graphic explain us that the same 5 elements of city can allow citizen to create a mental map of city and a mental DRR map of the same one. This means that if we give to each of 5 elements of city a function in case of large event and disaster, and if we rethink and redesign each one regarding the natural risks, we can give a new and strong resilience capacity to a city that has been not designed regarding risks.

*UDSKLF WKH PHQWDO LPDJH DQG WKH UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH elements of the city and DRR

Conclusion All cities are composed by the 5 elements that Kevin Lynch set up through his work, and we can use and transform these ones during strong natural events to elements and tools of resilience and DRR in the urban space to save citizens and back to normal life. This transformation of spaces must be thinking during the step of conception of the urban planning and design, this will give the ability to local citizens to rebuild and transform their original mental map of the city to a mental DRR or risk map. We can say thanks to this perception, all actual cities can be transformed to improve them capacity of resistance and resilience after a strong event.

References .HYLQ /\QFK 7KH LPDJH RI FLW\ +DUYDUG 0Ζ7 -RLQW &HQWHU for Urban Studies Series, Cambridge Massachusetts, USA .HYLQ /\QFK *RRG &LW\ IRUP 0Ζ7 3UHVV &DPEULGJH Massachusetts, USA 0DOLN 7LJ]LUL $FXSXQWXUD XUEDQD HQ OD SUHYHQFL¾Q \ JHVWL¾Q GH ORV ULHVJRV JHRO¾JLFRV HQ OD FLXGDG GH $UJHO

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A DISCUSSION ON THE KEY ELEMENTS OF STREET SCALE AND FUNCTIONAL LAYOUT: STREET SIGHT AND FRAGMENTED SPACE FORM IN KAIFENG OF NORTHERN SONG CHINA RONG Qingwen, WANG Jianguo 1, School of Architecture, Southeast University, China Postal Address: Sipailou 2#, School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, China, 210096 rongqingwen88@126.com, 101002359@seu.edu.cn Keywords: 675((7 6&$/( )81&7Ζ21$/ /$<287 .$Ζ)(1* 1257+(51 621*

Abstract Scale and functional layout of street have attracted widely attentions IURP DUFKLWHFWV DQG XUEDQ SODQQHUV ZKRVH WDUJHW LV ČŠFRPIRUWDEOHČ‹ DQG ČŠUHDVRQDEOHČ‹ RI ČŠH[SHULHQFHČ‹ 7KLV DUWLFOH DWWHPSWV WR DUJXH WKDW LQ VRPH RI WKH VHHPLQJO\ ČŠVSRQWDQHRXVČ‹ IRUPHG VWUHHWV LQ history, rules and constraints from the rulers and administrators ZHUH QRW ODFNHG $QG ČŠUHDVRQDEOHČ‹ VFDOH DQG IXQFWLRQDO OD\RXW ZHUH PRVWO\ UHVXOWV RI FRQVWDQW FRQČľLFW DQG DGMXVWPHQW .DLIHQJ LQ WKH Northern Song Dynasty is one example. This article uses models to present spatial scale of parts of the streets and data to analyze the functional layout of Kaifeng in the Song Dynasty. And through the study of historical data and the revelation of the changing process of scales of some streets, the article summarizes the key IDFWRUV ZKLFK DÎ?HFWHG VWUHHW VFDOH DQG IXQFWLRQDO OD\RXW )XUWKHU there are deeper foundation and cultural roots of the formation RI UHDVRQDEOH SODQ XQGHU FRQČľLFWV RI PXOWLSOH LQWHUHVWV LQFOXGLQJ ways of cognitive, identity in changing, etc. Meanwhile, this article ZLOO VKRZ WKDW GLÎ?HUHQW IURP IUDJPHQWHG SODFHV DSSHDULQJ LQ ORWV of cities in modern China which are separated by government buildings, residential districts, and fragmented space form in Kaifeng LQ WKH 6RQJ '\QDVW\ LV D W\SH RI SDUWO\ PL[WXUH RI GLÎ?HUHQW KLHUDUFK\ levels, and is full of vitality and creative force. This argument and conclusion will contribute to contemporary planning on street scale and functional layout.

1. Background Nowadays, architects and planners draw widespread attention to the “comfort� and “reasonability� of street scale and function layout. This wide discussion has focused on the comparison of two design methods: the top-down design result oriented planning mode, and the down-top progressive generating scheme. This paper will illustrate one forming method of

“reasonableâ€? Chinese traditional street by taking Kaifeng City, the HDVWHUQ FDSLWDO 'RQJMLQJ RI WKH 1RUWKHUQ 6RQJ '\QDVW\ DV DQ example: the constraint of street scale and architectural form by the governor and manager as well as the spontaneous attempt and constant adjustment of residents jointly decided the street pattern. The fragmented space presented through partial mixing was also full of vitality and creativity. For convenience of study, this paper adopts the urban structure maps of Kaifeng city in Song Dynasty to make analysis. 2. Formation of “reasonableâ€? street )RUPDWLRQ SURFHVV RI ČŠUHDVRQDEOHČ‹ VWUHHW 'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI VWUHHW SDWWHUQ LQ .DLIHQJ &LW\ 'RQJMLQJ RI Northern Song Dynasty can be traced back to the top-down planning 2 of Li Mian in Tang Dynasty and the period of Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou Dynasty, and the Northern Song Dynasty made development and change on the basis of old city. The street had experienced a dynamic change process with multiple LQWHUHVW FRQČľLFWV IURP WKH VWULFW VWUHHW OD\RXW GHČ´QLWH VSDWLDO interface and functional limit development to the adaptability with urban life and more open and free mode. Related historical data shows that the embodiment of this process in the urban street was concentrated in the used space and activity time, and the governor’s attitude had occurred the following several PDLQ WUDQVLWLRQV Č´UVWO\ LQ WKH DVSHFW RI XVH VSDFH RI VWUHHW WKH constraint of related laws has been relaxed to a certain degree in the Later Zhou Dynasty comparing with the strict prohibiting of street occupation behaviors by individual construction activities in the Tang Dynasty, though streets in the Later Zhou '\QDVW\ ZHUH FOHDUHG DQG ZLGHQHG WR D FHUWDLQ H[WHQW *X S 7KHUHDIWHU D VHULHV RI ODZV DQG DQQRXQFHPHQWV issued by the governors in the early period of Song Dynasty UHSHDWHGO\ UHTXLUHG UHVLGHQWV WR GLVPDQWOH WKH RFFXS\LQJ KRXVHV RQ WKH VWUHHWV DQG DOVR GHVLJQDWHG VSHFLČ´F PDQDJHPHQW SHUVRQQHO WR WDNH FKDUJH RI LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ /L 7 S S 3. But the implementation process of WKH ODZV ZDV KLJKO\ SRVVLEOH WR HQFRXQWHU WKH ULJLG RU ČľH[LEOH reacting forces from the urban residents, so that the street occupation behaviors continued to occur despite repeated prohibitions. Meanwhile, commercial space was not limited in ČŠ6KLČ‹ D NLQG RI VDOHV PDUNHW ZLWK VSHFLČ´HG ORFDWLRQ 7KHUHDIWHU establishments of shops nearby the streets were approved E\ WKH PDQDJHPHQW SHUVRQQHO :X S ΖQ 7KH *RYHUQPHQW RI 6RQJ '\QDVW\ FUHDWHG D WDUJHWHG Č´QDQFLDO SHQDOW\ ČŠVWUHHW HPEH]]OHPHQW PRQH\Č‹ DQG WKH FUHDWRU DQ RÉ?FLDO ZDV QRW VDWLVČ´HG E\ WKH SHRSOH RI WKDW WLPH IRU KLV ORQJ WHUP

1 Part of information about the archaeological actual measurement map in existing data has not been determined, and the authors select the urban structure maps as the study-based map in combination with the consideration on study accuracy UHTXLUHPHQW RI WKLV SDSHU 2Q WKH EDVLV RI FRPSDULVRQ RI D ODUJH QXPEHU RI GDWD WKH DXWKRUV VHOHFWHG WZR VWUXFWXUH PDSV DQG RQH SODQH VFKHPDWLF GUDZLQJ IURP WKH ERRN /L /. DQG GLG YHFWRUL]DWLRQ RI WKHVH PDSV )LJ DQG )LJ DUH IURP /L /. S DQG /L /. S 7KH DXWKRUV GLG YHFWRUL]DWLRQ RI WKHVH WZR RULJLQDO JUDSKLFV DQG PDGH VRPH TXDQWLWDWLYH VWDWLVWLFV 7KH VWXG\ EDVHG PDS RI )LJ LV DOVR IURP /L /. S DQG WKH SRVLWLRQV RI ODQGVFDSH VSRWV ZHUH Č´JXUHG RXW E\ WKH DXWKRUV E\ FRPSDULVRQV RI KLVWRULFDO GDWD )LJ DQG )LJ DUH UHSURGXFLQJ PRGHOV GRQH E\ WKH DXWKRUV DQG FRDGMXWDQWV LQ UHIHUHQFH RI WKH SODQH VFKHPDWLF GUDZLQJ IURP /L /. S DQG /L /. S 2 Fence walls constructed in the Tang Dynasty determined the rudiment of the Kaifeng city, and in the Later Zhou Dynasty the city scale was enlarged with streets expanded, and in the same period street-locations were determined and clear stipulations were made on the road widths and structure-backways from the roads. 3 There are many other records in the historical data.

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W\UDQQLHV /L 7 S 4. To some extent, investigation DQG WD[DWLRQ E\ WKH VSHFLDOL]HG DJHQFLHV UHČľHFWHG WKH UHOD[DWLRQ of governors to the penalties of embezzlement behaviors besides the criminal penalties. During this process, part of the SRZHU DQG LQČľXHQFH OHYHO EH\RQG WKH LPSHUDWRU SDUWLFLSDWHG in the street embezzlement behaviors, while another part took the compulsory means to the common people for purpose of maintaining the national laws. Secondly, in the aspect of activity time of street, except for the recovery of curfew system in some SHULRGV /L 7 S 6RQJ S 5, the governors of the Song Dynasty managed and controlled the night markets and regular markets but overall hold tolerant attitudes on this LVVXH /L 7 S 6, which promoted the formation of “24hourâ€? active streets. Obviously, the spiritual demands and interest demands of urban residents existed as the motivation and internal cause during this dynamic process, while the multiple adjustments RI WKH JRYHUQRUVȇ UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG ČľXFWXDWLQJ FKDQJHV RI ČŠVWULFW SURKLELWLQJ FRQFHVVLRQČ‹ UHČľHFWHG WKHLU GHPDQGV RQ the displays of order and power on the one hand, and also UHČľHFWHG WKH FRQFHVVLRQ WR UHYROXWLRQ RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG Namely, the change of street function and pattern was induced by the demands of urban residents on the commercial and FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DFWLYLWLHV DQG DOVR FRQČľLFWHG ZLWK WKH XUEDQ managers. However, no matter the governor’s attitudes were determined because of economic factors or other reasons, their laws played a role of normalization for establishing the orderly street patterns and urban landscapes on the one hand, and limited constraints on various dynamic activities in the streets were also made due to appropriate concessions on the other hand. The game between the residents’ street embezzlement behaviors and managers’ governing behaviors enabled parts of street spaces to be used for commerce, greening, gathering and other public activities, so that urban life was extended from the indoors to the outdoors. Additionally, the relaxation of curfew mechanism made the streets have new meanings besides WKH WUDÉ?F IXQFWLRQ DQG PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO DV ZHOO DV IXOO\ DFWLYH streets in both space and time aspects provided spaces for FRPPXQLFDWLRQV ΖW FDQ EH VHHQ WKDW WKH Č´QDO GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI streetscape in the Song Dynasty was seemingly “spontaneousâ€?, but it also could not be ignored that they didn’t lack the provisions and constraints of governors and managers. The formation of “reasonableâ€? scale, layout and activity of streets were not a pure “self-organizationâ€? process to a large extent, but VKRXOG EH WKH Č´QDOO\ GHWHUPLQHG FRPSOLFDWHG UHVXOW REWDLQHG WKURXJK FRQVWDQW WULHV FRQČľLFWV DQG PXOWLODWHUDO FRRUGLQDWLRQ 0DWHULDO EDVLV RI ČŠUHDVRQDEOHČ‹ VWUHHW

Copious literature has illustrated the activity and meaning of Kaifeng streets in the Song Dynasty. In summary, the authors believe that the factors forming the material basis of “reasonableâ€? street in such period include at least the following points —— LQ D VHQVH WKH\ KDYH DOUHDG\ XQFRQVFLRXVO\ UHČľHFWHG VRPH requirements of the modern urban planning and design theory: 5RDG V\VWHP ZLWK VWULFW FODVVLČ´FDWLRQ RI IXQFWLRQV Under the framing of city wall and city gate, the four imperial streets were used as the uppermost channels connecting the inner city and outer city. These four streets were wide and KDG WKH PXOWLSOH IXQFWLRQV RI HWLTXHWWH ODQGVFDSH DQG WUDÉ?F /LX S 0HDQZKLOH WKH\ JXDUDQWHHG WKH FDUULHU VSDFH RI LPSRUWDQW HYHQWV 0HQJ S 7 and determined the development axis of the city. Other streets formed a network RQ VXFK EDVLV DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ 7KH XUEDQ VWUXFWXUH ZDV FOHDU with the visual image of the city extraordinary powerful.

Fig. 1 Locations of the Four Imperial Streets in the Urban Structure of Kaifeng City in the Northern Song Dynasty.

2UJDQLF FRPELQDWLRQ RI VWUHHW DQG HOHJDQW YXOJDU landscape The poetic city gates, gardens, traditional musical instrument practicing sites, temples, bridges, dikes and other landscapes )LJ 8 ZKLFK ZHUH RIWHQ FRPELQHG ZLWK OHJHQGV IRUPHG WKH street landscape together with the prosperous commercial street life. And they focused their own characteristics and linked together with the life of citizens through the wide praises of scholars9 DQG WLJKW FRPELQDWLRQV RI HOHJDQW YXOJDU landscapes in both locations and activities.

4 After this record there have also been some historical data that showed the taxations on street embezzlement behaviors. )RU H[DPSOH DFFRUGLQJ WR /L 7 S LQ WKH UHLJQ RI (PSHURU =KHQ]RQJ LQ 6RQJ '\QDVW\ EHJJLQJ RI WKH WK FHQWXU\ WKH VWUHHW XVH WLPH ZDV UHTXLUHG WR UHFRYHU WKH ROG V\VWHP LQ 7DQJ '\QDVW\ $QRWKHU H[DPSOH LV WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI VSHFLDO GUXPV IRU WLPH ZDUQLQJ LQ WKH ODWH WK FHQWXU\ DFFRUGLQJ WR S RI WKH ERRN 6RQJ S 7KHUH DUH VWLOO RWKHU H[DPSOHV 2WKHU WZR H[DPSOHV DUH LQ 0HQJ S DQG 0HQJ S &RPPHUFLDO DFWLYLWLHV ZHUH RULJLQDOO\ DOORZHG DW ERWK VLGHV RI WKH 6RXWK ΖPSHULDO 6WUHHW DQG WKHQ ZHUH QRW DOORZHG GXH WR WKH WUDYHOLQJ RI JRYHUQRUV ZKLFK ZDV RQH H[DPSOH RI FRQȾLFWV DQG DGMXVWPHQWV EHWZHHQ WKH XUEDQ PDQDJHUV DQG UHVLGHQWV ΖQ addition, the beautiful landscapes on Imperial Streets were maintained through the methods of planting vegetation and constructing facilities. :KHQ GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH ORFDWLRQV RI SDUWV RI WKH ODQGVFDSHV WKH DXWKRUVȇ KLVWRULFDO GDWD LV IURP /L / S 9 There are many related examples, such as the recalling-antiquity poems by Su Shi relating to the city gates, Mei Yaochen’s poems relating to the ancient city, Huang Tingjian’s poems relating to the Bian River, etc.

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Fig.4 Reproducing Model of Part of the Street Spaces in the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival.

0L[HG FRPPHUFLDO IRUPDWV DGDSWLYH WR WKH OLIH RI residents

Fig.2 Locations of Parts of the Landscape Sites described as “Daliang Ten Relics� and “Biancheng Eight Landscapes� in the Bian Jing Yi Ji Zhi in the Urban Structure of Kaifeng City.

3URSHU VFDOH DGDSWLYH WR WKH DPEXODWRU\ DFWLYLWLHV 0RGHOV RI SDUW RI WKH VWUHHWV LQ WKH 5LYHUVLGH 6FHQH DW 4LQJPLQJ )HVWLYDO )LJ DQG )LJ ZHUH UHSURGXFHG DQG GLVSOD\HG $QG according to these models, the street widths were almost EHWZHHQ DQG P DQG WKH VWUHHW VFDOHV EXLOGLQJ KHLJKW DW ERWK VLGHV RI WKH VWUHHW EH GLYLGHG E\ VWUHHW ZLGWK ZHUH EDVLFDOO\ ZLWKLQ %HVLGHV DW OHDVW RQH DPSOLČ´HG SXEOLF DFWLYLW\ node was arranged at any interval of less than 250m. There WKUHH Č´JXUHV JHQHUDOO\ DFFRUGHG ZLWK WKH WKHRUHWLFDO SRLQWV RI urban design today. In addition, landway and waterway were HÎ?HFWLYHO\ FRQQHFWHG 7KH VSDWLDO OD\RXW ZDV RYHUDOO ČľH[LEOH DQG street interfaces were often broken by a variety of elements.

'LÎ?HUHQW IURP WKH VHSDUDWLRQ RI ČŠ)DQJČ‹ VWULFWO\ OLPLWHG OLYLQJ ]RQH DQG ČŠ6KLČ‹ VDOHV PDUNHW ZLWK VSHFLČ´HG ORFDWLRQ XQGHU WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI RÉ?FLDOV DQG PDUNHW PDQGDULQV LQ WKH 7DQJ Dynasty, the locations of commercial space and residential space in the Kaifeng streets of Song Dynasty were combined WRJHWKHU DQG WKH\ UHČľHFWHG WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI IDPLO\ workshops. Adaptive to the life demands of residents, the commercial activities covered dinning, handicraft, stationery, HWF 0HQJ S S ZLWK WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI cultural entertainment commercial activities and characterized concentrated activity spaces accompanying10. Commercial activities were developed in various external forms such as building structure parts which intruded into the streets, bridge markets and mobile stalls. /DQGPDUN EXLOGLQJ Some landmark buildings were constructed in the city under the top-down advocacy of governors and bureaucrats, and these buildings became the important landscapes and activity sites. For example, the Iron Tower on the east of Anyuan Gate in the northern part of the city and Po Tower in Chui Estrade in the southern part of the city were both located in high places with WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH KHLJKWV RI P /LX S DQG P /LX S $QG EHFDXVH RI WKLV WKH\ EHFDPH WKH XUEDQ viewing points and were also regarded as the important viewing sites and landmarks. 2.3 Retrospect of sources

Fig.3 Reproducing Model of part of the Street Spaces in the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival.

Jane Jacobs pointed out in the “The Uses of Sidewalks: Safety� that one of the main points of a successful street was that SHRSOH VKDOO VWLOO IHHO VDIH DPRQJ VWUDQJHUV /H*DWHV 6WRXW S DQG LW LV QR GRXEW WKDW VWUHHWV LQ .DLIHQJ RI the Northern Song Dynasty could meet this point. Its formation was not purely one of the “top-down� or “down-top� way, but was with dynamic cognitions and procedural characteristics of organic gradual progress. This was related with the social and economic development, cultural atmosphere formed between the Tang and Song Dynasty and the traditional philosophy which could be traced back to earlier period. During the formation of urban streets in Kaifeng City of the Song Dynasty, the carrier space of important events and overall layout of the city were

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guaranteed and controlled through the “top-downâ€? constraint on the one hand, and the neighborhood relationships and public spaces occured through the “down-topâ€? growth process on the other hand, and in this process changes and diversity were fully recognized. In the traditional urban planning concept of China corresponding with the conventional philosophical concept, the rigorous and UHJXODU FRQVWUXFWLRQ PRGH LQ WKH =KRX /L .DR *RQJ -L 5LWHV RI =KRX y $UWLČ´FHU V 5HFRUG FRH[LVWHG ZLWK WKH QDWXUDO OD\RXW FRQFHSW LQ WKH *XDQ =L &KHQJ 0D *XDQ =KRQJ y +RUVH 5LGLQJ and the rationality of system had never been separated from the awareness and implication. If the spiritual space molding of streets in the revolution from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty was a transition from the orderly spatial norm to the GLYHUVLČ´HG QHZ IRUP WKHQ LW UHDOO\ H[SHULHQFHG D ]LJ]DJ DQG long cognition process. The above analysis reveals that this slow and progressive process is to be exact continuous harmony instead of fractured and dramatic. 6HYHUDO Č´JXUHV GLVFXVVLRQ RQ WKH VWUHHW VFDOH DQG function layout &KDQJHV RI VWUHHW VFDOHV UHVXOWLQJ IURP ČŠVWUHHW HPEH]]OHPHQWČ‹ Changes of Kaifeng street scales in the Northern Song Dynasty ZHUH UHVXOWLQJ IURP DW OHDVW WZR UHDVRQV WKH Č´UVW RQH ZDV WKH changes of building heights at both sides of streets due to the city manager’s recognition of the uses of storied-buildings :DQJ %= S 11, and the second one was the changes of street widths due to the embezzlement of street space by the urban residents. The authors have not found the data in the Northern Song Dynasty about the changes of street scales caused by the latter reason, and only the archaeological measurement data about the “street embezzlementâ€? in the Tang Dynasty and historical data about the allowable scope of “street embezzlementâ€? in the Later Zhou Dynasty could be referred for SXUSRVH RI H[SODQDWLRQ )LJ 12 and Fig. 613

Fig.5 Changes of Street Scale Caused by “Street Embezzlement� in the Middle Tang Dynasty.

Fig.6 Possible Changes of Street Scale Caused by “Street Embezzlement� in the Later Zhou Dynasty (Middle of the Tenth Century) Within the Allowable Scope.

The possible spaces at both sides of the streets occupied by the “street embezzlementâ€? as shown from the above two data have approximately already accounted for 1/5-1/4 of the whole street width. If the streets in the Northern Song Dynasty illustrated according to the historical data and related studies were shallower than those in the Tang Dynasty and the range and extent of “street embezzlementâ€? behaviors highly possibly exceeded those in the Tang Dynasty and Later Zhou Dynasty, then it was obvious that the changes to the urban street scale and landscape due to “street embezzlementâ€? in the Song Dynasty could not be underestimated. 3.2 Changes of area and service range of commercial space The area, distribution zone and service range of the commercial space had occurred huge changes from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty. In addition to part of commercial points distributed in the residential “Fangâ€? in Chang’an City of the Tang Dynasty, the east and west market areas which were the main commercial concentration spaces were totally 1.88km2, only accounting for 2.2% of the total area of the capital city, and the VHUYLFH UDGLXV RI WKHP H[FHHGHG NP /L 5> @ ZKLOH WKH VWDWLVWLFDO UHVXOW RI ODQG XVH DUHDV )LJ LQ .DLIHQJ &LW\ RI WKH Song Dynasty14 VKRZHG WKDW WKH FRPPHUFLDO ODQG LQFOXGLQJ WKH ODQG RI LQWHUPL[LQJ IXQFWLRQV RI ERWK FRPPHUFH DQG UHVLGHQFH was about 2.70km2, accounting for about 5.02% of the total area of the capital city, and the maximum service radius did not exceed 1.5km due to the changes of distribution mode comparing with that in the Tang Dynasty. The changes of area and service range of commercial space was EHFDXVH RI WKH ČľRXULVKLQJ HFRQRP\ LQ WKH 6RQJ '\QDVW\ DQG government support to the market and small business on the

([LVWLQJ GDWD VKRZV WKDW UHVLGHQWLDO VWRULHG EXLOGLQJV ZHUH DOORZHG WR EH FRQVWUXFWHG LQ WKH FDSLWDO FLW\ RI =KRX ;LDQGH SHULRG DQG WKH XUEDQ PDQDJHUV RI WKH 6RQJ '\QDVW\ KROG D VLPLODU SHUPLVVLRQ DWWLWXGH WR WKH EXLOGLQJ KHLJKWV )LJ LV SUHSDUHG E\ WKH DXWKRUV E\ UHIHUULQJ WR WKH DUFKDHRORJLFDO PHDVXUHPHQW PDS IURP 0D )LJ LV SUHSDUHG E\ WKH DXWKRUV E\ UHIHUULQJ WR WKH KLVWRULFDO GDWD IURP S RI WKH ERRN :DQJ 45 S 14 This data is only estimated due to the shortage and limited accuracy of historical data.

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one hand, and was also because of the mixing of commercial and residential functions in the spatial layout. This could be UHČľHFWHG ERWK LQ WKH VLGHV RI ODQG OD\RXW DQG DUFKLWHFWXUDO IRUP 3.3 Changes of functional layout Related data showed that the areas of the imperial palace FHQWUDO JRYHUQPHQW RÉ?FH DUHD DQG LPSHULDO FLW\ LQ &KDQJȇDQ of the Tang Dynasty accounted for approximately 1/8 of the WRWDO FLW\ DUHD 1LQJ ZKLOH WKH LPSHULDO FLW\ DUHD RI .DLIHQJ City in the Song Dynasty accounted for less than 1/14 of the WRWDO FLW\ DUHD /L 5> @ S 15. This was because that the functional division of Chang’an City in the Tang Dynasty was FOHDU DQG FRQFHQWUDWHG DQG WKH JRYHUQPHQW RÉ?FH DUHD ZDV centralized, while all other administrative areas in Kaifeng City of the Song Dynasty16 were located outsides of the imperial palace HVSHFLDOO\ DW ERWK VLGHV RI WKH 6RXWK ΖPSHULDO 6WUHHW H[FHSW IRU SDUWV RI JRYHUQPHQW RÉ?FH RUJDQL]DWLRQV FRQFHQWUDWHG LQ WKH imperial city, and the administrative areas outsides the imperial palace were spatially linked close with the religious lands and commercial lands. In addition, the statistical result of land use DUHD )LJ LQ .DLIHQJ &LW\ RI WKH 6RQJ '\QDVW\ VKRZHG WKDW WKH ODQGV IRU WKH SDODFH UR\DO JDUGHQV DQG JRYHUQPHQW RÉ?FHV LQ the inner city occupied about 1/6 ~ 1/5 of the total area of the inner city.

that the residential function and other functions of Kaifeng City in the Song Dynasty showed the mixed and fragmented OD\RXW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RQ WKH SODQH ZKLFK ZDV GLÎ?HUHQW IURP the clear and orderly residential pattern of Chang’an City in the 7DQJ '\QDVW\ EXW WKH 5LYHUVLGH 6FHQH DW 4LQJPLQJ )HVWLYDO DQG other picture scrolls showed us a kind of continuous spatial pattern and uniform style and features on such mixed layout. In addition, although the rhythm of general residential spaces ZDV EURNHQ E\ D VHULHV RI VFDWWHUHG VSDFHV LQ ZKLFK VRPH places were not allowed to be accessed to by ordinary people XQGHU QRUPDO FLUFXPVWDQFH VXFK DV WKH RÉ?FLDOVȇ UHVLGHQFH )LJ +RZHYHU GLÎ?HUHQW IURP WKH IUDJPHQWHG VSDFHV VHSDUDWHG by the government courtyards and residential areas in many cities of China today, the fragmented pattern in Kaifeng City of WKH 6RQJ '\QDVW\ ZDV WKH SDUWLDO PL[LQJ RI GLÎ?HUHQW OHYHOV DQG hierarchies, and it was full of vitality and creativity. The authors believe that this phenomenon is at least because of the following several reasons: Firstly, some apparent “isolation elementsâ€? were not completely isolated, for example, the temples in Kaifeng City of the Song Dynasty didn’t not occur absolute spatial and functional isolations with residential area by fence walls, and parts of the temples were even combined with the citizen’s recreations and market activities to become the commercial and cultural activity centers18, while the royal JDUGHQV ZHUH DOVR RSHQHG WR WKH XUEDQ FLWL]HQV DW Č´[HG WLPH &KDQJ S DQG XVHG IRU KROGLQJ ODUJH SXEOLF DFWLYLWLHV In addition, all spaces of the Imperial Streets were used jointly with the citizens except for a section of the South Imperial 6WUHHW UHVHUYHG IRU WKH HPSHURU /L +4 S 6HFRQGO\ the scattered-distributed Buddha towers and pavilions were relatively high, which formed the landmark landscapes of the city and occurred visual links with the residents on the streets /L +4 S 7KLUGO\ WKH PDWHULDOV KHLJKWV GHFRUDWLRQV and appearance styles of buildings in the city were maintained uniform, so that the street space showed the continuous characteristics; Finally, the formation of general mixed residing RI GLÎ?HUHQW KLHUDUFKLHV /L +4 S ZDV RI JUHDW importance to the street vitality.

Fig.7 Land Usage in Dongjing City in the Last Years of the Northern Song Dynasty

4. Mixed and fragmented functional pattern In combination with the Fig.7 and Fig.817 , it could be shown

15 The imperial city in Kaifeng of Song Dynasty is about 3.9km2 while the outer city area is about 57.58km2. 16 This data is only estimated due to the shortage and limited accuracy of historical data. )LJ LV GLUHFWO\ IURP 'HQJ S S S S ;LDQJJXR 7HPSOH LV DQ H[DPSOH DFFRUGLQJ WR /LX S

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Fig.8 Spatial Distributions of Several Main Buildings in Dongjing City of the Northern Song Dynasty.

5. Conclusion and discussion 6WUHHWVFDSH LQ .DLIHQJ &LW\ RI WKH 6RQJ '\QDVW\ NH\ HOHPHQWV in the “reasonableâ€? street scale and functional layout It can be seen from the above descriptions of Kaifeng streetscape in the Song Dynasty that the existence of “reasonableâ€? streets KDV VRPH FRPPRQ EDVLV GHČ´QLWH URDG IXQFWLRQ HÎ?HFWLYH combination with landscape, proper scale, a certain degree of mixing, landmark, safety decided by the neighborhood relationship, and “gray spaceâ€? between the streets and buildings at their both sides, etc. Consideration of key elements in these scales and layouts is a process full of target and rationality in the views of urban planners today, but they often become a kind of common awareness due to the common senses, spiritual demands and interest confrontations in the developments of ancient towns. Adding of investigations on such spiritual demands into the understandings of city will enable us to rethink the potential powers with very deep impacts in the urban developments. Then the following problems will be caused: Top-down or downtop? Progressive planning or targeted planning? 7RS GRZQ RU GRZQ WRS" 3URJUHVVLYH RU WDUJHWHG" 7KH WRS GRZQ PRGH FDQ JXLGH WKH UHVXOWV WKURXJK GHČ´QLWH overall target and strong control power, while the down-top mode can maintain dynamic developments by a kind of mutual constrained relationship. The example of Kaifeng City in the Song Dynasty is not an actual sample of purely selecting one from two. In here, accuracy scale determined by the top-down mode coexists with the constant attempts of down-top, and WKHLU FRQČľLFWV DQG DGMXVWPHQWV UHDOL]H D ČŠUHDVRQDEOHČ‹ UHVXOW after a long and complicated process. This example may inspire today’s urban planning, and a kind of limited and comprehensive planning mode may be incorporated into the thinking scopes of the planners. Due to the limit of time, data and space, a large number of historical data cannot be enumerated, some historical circumstances are also not fully restored and parts of information may have deviations. The authors hereby sincerely

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apologize for these and hope that correction comments can be proposed.

Acknowledge Doctoral student Li Jingjin from the Southeast University undertook most of the restoration work of the models in Fig.3 and Fig.4, and sincere gratitude is hereby expressed to him for KLV XQVHOČ´VK KHOS Figure 1: Locations of the Four Imperial Streets in the Urban Structure of Kaifeng City in the Northern Song Dynasty Figure 2: Locations of Parts of the Landscape Sites described as “Daliang Ten Relicsâ€? and “Biancheng Eight Landscapesâ€? in the %LDQ -LQJ <L -L =KL %LDQMLQJ 5HOLFV 5HFRUGV LQ WKH 8UEDQ 6WUXFWXUH of Kaifeng City in the last years of the Northern Song Dynasty and Their Relationships with the Main Streets Figure 3: Reproducing Model of Part of the Street Spaces in the 5LYHUVLGH 6FHQH DW 4LQJPLQJ )HVWLYDO

Figure 4: Reproducing Model of Part of the Street Spaces in the 5LYHUVLGH 6FHQH DW 4LQJPLQJ )HVWLYDO

Figure 5: Changes of Street Scale Caused by “Street Embezzlementâ€? in the Middle Tang Dynasty Figure 6: Possible Changes of Street Scale Caused by “Street (PEH]]OHPHQWČ‹ LQ WKH /DWHU =KRX '\QDVW\ 0LGGOH RI WKH 7HQWK &HQWXU\ :LWKLQ WKH $OORZDEOH 6FRSH Figure 7: Land Usage in Kaifeng City in the Last Years of the Northern Song Dynasty Figure 8: Spatial Distributions of Several Main Buildings in .DLIHQJ &LW\ RI WKH 1RUWKHUQ 6RQJ '\QDVW\ IURP OHIW WR ULJKW LQ order: Distributions of Religious Buildings in the Last Years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Commercial Space Distributions in the Last Years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Distributional &RQJUXHQFH RI 3DUWV RI 2É?FLDO 5HVLGHQFH LQ WKH 1RUWKHUQ 6RQJ '\QDVW\ DQG 'LVWULEXWLRQV RI 9DULRXV .LQGV RI *DUGHQV LQ WKH /DVW <HDUV RI WKH 1RUWKHUQ 6RQJ '\QDVW\

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Chang, WF 2006, ‘Study on gardening landscape and visiting gardens activities in Dongjing in Northern Song Dynasty’, 'LVVHUWDWLRQ RI 0DVWHU 'HJUHH RI +HQDQ 8QLYHUVLW\ S ΖQ &KLQHVH

Deng, Y 2004, ‘A study on the spatial morphology of Dongjing City in North-Song Dynasty’, Dissertation of Master Degree of 7VLQJKXD 8QLYHUVLW\ S S S S ΖQ &KLQHVH

Gu, YW 1984, Li Dai Zhai Jing JiশÔ“á†ľÓœä‡ , 1th edn, Zhonghua %RRN &RPSDQ\ UHY YRO =KRQJKXD %RRN &RPSDQ\ Ζ6%1 %HLMLQJ &KLQD S

Ning, X 2006, ‘Capitals of the Tang and Song Dynasties during the period of transition: the expansion of economic and social VSDFH LQ FLWLHVȇ $FDGHPLF 0RQWKO\ S ΖQ &KLQHVH

/H*DWHV 57 6WRXW ) HGV 7KH &LW\ 5HDGHU WK HGQ 7D\ORU )UDQFLV *URXS Ζ6%1 Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ Ȃ /RQGRQ and New York, p.107-108. /L +4 Ȇ5HVHDUFK RQ OD\RXW RI WKH 'RQJMLQJ &LW\ LQ 1RUWKHUQ Song Dynasty’, Dissertation of Phd Degree of Zhengzhou 8QLYHUVLW\ S S S ΖQ &KLQHVH

Li, L 1999, Bian Jing Yi Ji Zhi⊤Ӝ䚇䘊ᘇ WK HGQ =KRX %= &KHQJ 06 UHY YRO =KRQJKXD %RRN &RPSDQ\ Ζ6%1 %HLMLQJ &KLQD S

6RQJ 04 &KXQ 0LQJ 7XL &KDR /Xáą•á°žä˜°áľ?á–…, 1th edn, 5X 3 UHY YRO =KRQJKXD %RRN &RPSDQ\ Ζ6%1 .y %HLMLQJ &KLQD S Wang, BZ 1981, Sheng Shui Yan Tan Luâ‘ â‰¤â …äˆ¸á–…, 1th HGQ /Y <5 UHY YRO =KRQJKXD %RRN &RPSDQ\ Ζ6%1 %HLMLQJ &KLQD S :DQJ 45 &H )X <XDQ *XŢźá“Œâ€ŤÝłâ€Źĺ—?, 1th edn, Zhao, Y UHY YRO 3KRHQL[ 3XEOLVKLQJ +RXVH Ζ6%1 Nanjing, China, p.155. Wu, T 1982, ‘Construction and layout of the Kaifeng City in Song '\QDVW\ȇ -RXUQDO RI =KHQJ]KRX 8QLYHUVLW\ S ΖQ &KLQHVH

Li, LK 2012, Ancient capitals of Kaifeng and Hangzhou, 1th edn, 7VLQJKXD 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV Ζ6%1 %HLMLQJ China, p.53, p.62, p.64-65. Li, R[1] 2005, ‘Analysis on conformation of commercial space in the Chang’an City Tang Dynasty’, Journal of Chinese Historical *HRJUDSK\ S ΖQ &KLQHVH

Li, R[2] 2005, ‘The study on space form of the capital cities in Tang and Song Dynasties’, Dissertation of Phd Degree of Shaanxi 1RUPDO 8QLYHUVLW\ S ΖQ &KLQHVH

Li, T 1995, Xu Zi Zhi Tong Jian Chang Biană”?ä?´â‹Ťä™Š䢤䎯㕆, 1th HGQ 6KDQJKDL 1RUPDO 8QLYHUVLW\ +XDGRQJ 1RUPDO 8QLYHUVLW\ UHY YRO YRO YRO Ç‚vol. 297, Zhonghua Book &RPSDQ\ Ζ6%1 .y %HLMLQJ &KLQD S p.1114, p.2706, p.7234. Liu, CY 2004, Research on the Capital of Northern Song, 1th edn, 6FLHQFH 3UHVV Ζ6%1 %HLMLQJ &KLQD S S p.238, p.242, p.233-234. Ma, DZ 1989, ‘Archaeological excavation of Anding Fang in the &KDQJȇDQ &LW\ 7DQJ '\QDVW\ȇ $UFKDHRORJ\ S ΖQ &KLQHVH

Meng, YL 1957, Dong Jing Meng Hua LuŃŒÓœáť–༞á–…, 1th edn, &ODVVLFDO /LWHUDWXUH 3XEOLVKLQJ +RXVH UHY YRO YRO &ODVVLFDO Literature Publishing House, Shanghai, China, p.12, p.13-19,

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INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF URBAN RULES – A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE ARTERIAL STREETS IN GUANGZHOU, HONG KONG, AND MACAU Hendrik Tieben, Joanna CHU, Chungyim YIU 7KH &KLQHVH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI +RQJ .RQJ &8+.

hktieben@cuhk.edu.hk Nuno SOARES &8+. &HQWHU IRU $UFKLWHFWXUH DQG 8UEDQLVP &85% 0DFDX Keywords: URBAN RULES, ASIAN URBANISM, GUANGZHOU, HONG KONG, AND MACAU

Abstract

Introduction The following paper employs a comparative study of three “Great Streetsâ€? in Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Macau as a way to understand the impact of urban rules on the formation and transformation of urban forms and spaces. =KRQJVKDQ 5RDG LQ *XDQJ]KRX 4XHHQȇV 5RDG LQ +RQJ .RQJ $YHQLGD $OPHLGD 5LEHLUR RU ČŠ6DQ 0D /RČ‹ LQ 0DFDX )LJ ZHUH selected as they are the main streets of the three cities and all VKDUHG LQ WKH HDUO\ WK FHQWXU\ D VLPLODU VWUHHW VFDSH GHČ´QHG E\ URZV RI FRORQQDGHG VKRSKRXVHV )LJ 7KH OHQJWK RI WKHVH VWUHHWV RÎ?HU WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR FDSWXUH D UDQJH RI FRQGLWLRQV in central and more peripheral locations, which were built and UHGHYHORSHG DW GLÎ?HUHQW WLPHV

In Asian cities, the most important public spaces have often been VWUHHW VSDFHV UDWKHU WKDQ VTXDUHV +HUH FLWLHVȇ FXOWXUDO FRPPHUFLDO and political activities unfold and intermingle with residents’ HYHU\GD\ OLYHV ΖQ WKH SODQQLQJ RI ČŠ*UHDW 6WUHHWVČ‹ WKH PRWLYDWLRQ RI *RYHUQPHQWV YDULHG IURP FRQFHUQV IRU KHDOWK VDIHW\ DQG WUDÉ?F ČľRZ to the of unleashing of development potentials or constructions of VSHFLČ´F XUEDQ LPDJHV 7R DFKLHYH VXFK JRDOV RYHU WLPH GLÎ?HUHQW urban rules were implemented, repealed or revised. 7KLV SDSHU FRPSDUHV WKUHH ČŠ*UHDW 6WUHHWVČ‹ LQ WKH 3HDUO 5LYHU 'HOWD that function as main arterial roads in Guangzhou, Hong Kong, DQG 0DFDX 7KHVH VWUHHWV DUH =KRQJVKDQ 5RDG *XDQJ]KRX 4XHHQȇV 5RDG +RQJ .RQJ DQG 6DQ 0D /R $YHQLGD $OPHLGD 5LEHLUR 0DFDX 7KH IRFXV RQ WKHVH ČŠ*UHDW 6WUHHWVČ‹ DOORZV XV WR FRQGXFW D cross-sectional investigation of the formation and transformation of the urban forms and spaces of these cities. As these cities share a similar Cantonese culture, sub-tropical climate, and high density, the impact of their urban rules, which are based on their Chinese, %ULWLVK DQG 3RUWXJXHVH SODQQLQJ V\VWHPV EHFRPHV PRUH DSSDUHQW Particular focus of this paper is the study of the rules which led to the formation of streets with colonnaded shophouses (or Qi Lou), a street type which can be found in many Asian cities. The study UHYHDOV WKDW GHVSLWH VLPLODU IRUPV LQ HDFK RI WKH FLWLHV LQ WKH Č´UVW half of the 20th century, the formation processes leading to these VWUHHW VSDFHV ZHUH VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ GLÎ?HUHQW DV ZHOO DV WKH ZD\V KRZ they transformed to the present day. 7KH SDSHU LV RUJDQL]HG LQ Č´YH SDUWV DIWHU D EULHI LQWURGXFWLRQ ZH discuss (2) the rules, which shaped the characteristic form of the streets with colonnaded shophouses, (3) it then follows rules implemented for their redevelopment in phases of fast urban growth, and arriving (4) at those rules implemented to preserve the particular character of these streets. The paper concludes (5) with a GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH GLÎ?HUHQW XUEDQ UXOHV XVHG LQ WKH WKUHH FLWLHV DQG their impact on the street spaces how they exist today.

)LJ *UHDW 6WUHHWV LQ *XDQJ]KRX +RQJ .RQJ DQG 0DFDX GUDZLQJV LQ GLÎ?HUHQW VFDOHV

7KLV SDSHU LV SDUW RI WKH RQJRLQJ *HQHUDO 5HVHDUFK )XQG SURMHFW ΖQYHVWLJDWLQJ WKH 8UEDQ 'HVLJQ *XLGHOLQHV RI WKH 3HDUO 5LYHU 'HOWD &LWLHV Ȃ *XDQJ]KRX +RQJ .RQJ 0DFDX DQG 6KHQ]KHQ *5) DZDUGHG E\ WKH +RQJ .RQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ *UDQWV Committee. Prior studies compared urban rules of urbanizing villages and transformations of former industrial in these PRD cities.

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Formation During the early 20th century, the three selected streets with their colonnaded shophouses and bustling commercial life looked very similar, despite having their own histories and XQGHUJRLQJ GLÎ?HUHQW SURFHVVHV GXULQJ WKHLU GHYHORSPHQW (DFK RI WKHVH VWUHHWV ZDV EXLOW DW D GLÎ?HUHQW WLPH =KRQJVKDQ Road is the oldest of the three streets. A street at its location existed since the foundation of the provincial capital Canton. It acted as the main connector between the West and East gate of the historical walled city and had been one of Canton’s representative spaces and a center of its urban life. In the early years of the Chinese republic, the new Municipal Government, as part of a fundamental modernization and extension of the city, ordered the dismantling of the old city gates together with most parts of the city walls. In this process, the street was widened and extended. Along the widened street new public spaces and buildings were erected and on the remaining parts FRORQQDGHG VKRSKRXVHV ZHUH EXLOW )LJ :LWK WKHLU VLPLODU dimensions, materials and art-deco details the shophouses gave Guangzhou’s main street a modern façade. Following the DPELWLRQV RI WKLV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ WKH VWUHHW ZDV UHQDPHG Č´UVW to “Wai-Oi Roadâ€?, and later “Zhongshan Roadâ€? in memory of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, founder of the Chinese Republic. 4XHHQȇV 5RDG LQ +RQJ .RQJ KDV EHHQ WKH PDLQ GHYHORSPHQW spine when the young port-city expanded along the narrow stretch of space at the northern shore of Hong Kong Island between the steep rising hills and the harbor-front. This explains its winding path, which followed the original coastline. In the following decades new layers of land reclamations were added ZLWK WKH ZLGHU 'HV 9RHX[ DQG &RQQDXJKW 5RDGV DEVRUELQJ SDUWV RI WKH LQFUHDVLQJ YHKLFXODU WUDÉ?F IURP 4XHHQȇV 5RDG

=KRQJVKDQ 5RDG :DL 2L 0LGGOH 5RDG *XDQJ]KRX

Queen’s Road, Hong Kong, 1930

Street Morphology_FP_embedded_V1.indd 137

Avenida De Almeida Ribeiro, 1935

Although the Portuguese enclave Macau existed already WKUHH FHQWXULHV EHIRUH +RQJ .RQJ $Y $OPHLGD 5LEHLUR RU LQ &DQWRQHVH ČŠ6DQ 0D /RČ‹ ZDV EXLOW RQO\ LQ WKH Č´UVW KDOI RI WKH 20th century. Its construction started a decade before the above-mentioned street-widening project of Zhongshan Road LQ *XDQJ]KRX ΖQ FRQWUDVW WR =KRQJVKDQ DQG 4XHHQȇV 5RDG WKH Av. Almeida Ribeiro was cut through a dense existing district and created a straight connection between the city’s Inner and 2XWHU +DUERU &RG\ 7KLV PDVVLYH VXUJHU\ WKURXJK WKH existing fabric was followed by the eastwards extension of the historical center with a land-reclamation at the Outer Harbor covering the northern part of Macau’s Praia Grande. Similar to Zhongshan Road in Guangzhou, Av. Almeida Ribeiro too became the main artery. After the construction of the land reclamation it was extended with the Av. Infante D. Henrique to connect the new area with the historical center. Today, the lengths of WKH WKUHH VWUHHWV DUH =KRQJVKDQ 5RDG P 4XHHQȇV 5RDG 5000m, Av. Almeida Ribeiro 630m. Their original widths was very VLPLODU *= P +. P 0& P EXW VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ GLÎ?HUHG DIWHU VWUHHW ZLGHQLQJ DQG H[WHQVLRQ SURMHFWV *= P +. P 0& P )LJ

Zhongshan Road

Queen’s Road (left). Avenida De Almeida Ribeiro (right).

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Fig 3:

Street sections (in areas without street widening, 2014)

In Hong Kong, the colonnaded shophouses developed from the early type of “Tong Lauâ€?, a Chinese version of shop-tenement house. Throughout the second half of the 19th century there had been various attempts to improve the often hazardous living conditions within the “Tong Lauâ€?. At their street facades, these earlier types often had wooden balconies cantilevering over the sidewalks. As an immediate response to a devastating Č´UH WKH ČŠ 2UGLQDQFHČ‹ ZDV LPSOHPHQWHG ΖW GHFODUHG wooden verandas illegal and henceforth all verandas had to be built as masonry constructions and supported at ground level E\ FRORQQDGHV DORQJ WKH VLGHZDON )LJ ΖQ WKH IROORZLQJ \HDUV DORQJ 4XHHQV 5RDG DQG RWKHU SDUWV RI +RQJ .RQJ KRXVHV were constructed according to this rule, creating continuous covered walkways with masonry columns, which supported the EDOFRQLHV RI XSSHU ČľRRUV 7KH PRWLYDWLRQ RI WKH JRYHUQPHQW WR UHJXODWH WKH GHVLJQ RI SULYDWH KRXVHV DORQJ 4XHHQV 5RDG DQG RWKHU VWUHHWV ZDV WR UHGXFH WKH ODWHQW ULVN RI Č´UHV DQG collapses. The Building Ordinance of 1878 in addition allowed built volume to be extended legally at all but ground level to the edge of the street, thus giving private owners an incentive to make the requested changes. After an increasing death toll caused by the bubonic plague of 1894, further rules were implemented based on recommendations from a section on “Chinese Housesâ€? in Osbert Chadwick’s Report on the Sanitation of Hong Kong GHVFULELQJ LQ GHWDLO ZLWK LOOXVWUDWLRQV RI WKH ČŠ7RQJ /DXČ‹ in the 1880s which reduced the depths of the buildings to improve air ventilation, and required the construction of back alleys, and better sanitary installations in the Public Health and Buildings Ordinance of 1903. Since the verandas and balconies were projected over public streets, which therefore had to get concessionary approval from the Government. It also made the VSHFLČ´FDWLRQV DQG VL]HV RI YHUDQGDV DQG EDOFRQLHV EXLOW LQ WKLV period highly uniform.

Fig 4: Junction between Queen’s Road Central and Wellington Street in 1880s. (left: earlier house with balcony, center & right: new house with masonry colonnade)

The aesthetic aspects of Hong Kong’s most prominent street space weren’t considered in these regulations. Change of the street space in Hong Kong happened incrementally, on a “one building at a timeâ€? basis. Proposed safety and health regulations .2 were implemented only after catastrophes had happened, instead of a proactive approach which would timely address latent threats or consider the design of coherent urban spaces. +RZHYHU WKLV GLG QRW KLQGHU 4XHHQȇV 5RDG LQ LWV HYROXWLRQ LQWR an impressive and vibrant street space.3 The formation processes leading in Macau and Guangzhou WR WKH FRORQQDGHG VKRSKRXVH &KLQHVH 4L /RX VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ GLÎ?HUHG IURP +RQJ .RQJ In Macau, the Av. Almeida Ribeiro was built in the early 20th century, following a comprehensive plan, approved in 1910 until its completion in 1922. It aimed to connect two important parts of the city, emulating the new western urban planning standards that promoted the construction of broad new avenues that ZRXOG IDFLOLWDWH PRYHPHQW RI YHKLFOHV DQG JRRGV LPSURYH Č´UH safety while modernizing the city’s urban character.4 The opening of Av. Almeida Ribeiro, built up on the experience of the Inner Harbor waterfront, a plan commissioned by the JRYHUQPHQW WR 0LJXHO $\UHV GD 6LOYD WR ODQGČ´OO WKH 6RXWK SDUW of the Inner Harbor waterfront and to build on the reclaimed land. Built between 1877 and 1881 the plan standardized the waterline with a long and uniform waterfront façade made of two to three storeys shop-houses with arcades, which limited the traditionally organic growth of the Chinese Bazaar urban fabric. Typologically similar to those found in other Southeast Asian cities such as Malacca, George Town or Singapore’s Chinatown, the continuous covered walkway created a powerful precedent for the “New Avenueâ€?. $OWKRXJK GLÎ?HUHQW LQ DUFKLWHFWXUDO VW\OH DQG GLVSHQVLQJ ZLWK WKH round arch, the arcades in the Av. Almeida Ribeiro followed the spatial solution initially adopted for the Inner Harbour waterfront in the 1870s, but this time both the plan and implementation were managed directly by local authorities. The Av. Almeida Ribeiro project followed a series of plans for the urban amelioration of Macau initiated on the second half of the 19th century, whose legal framework dates back to the Decree-law of 31 December 1864, establishing the execution of a general city plan, followed by a general survey and city plan mapping mandated on the Provincial Ordinance 89 of 28 July 1883. The legal foundation for the “New Avenueâ€? project lays on the

$OWKRXJK WKHUH KDG EHHQ D FRPPRQ ''+ FODXVH IRU ČŠ'HVLJQ 'LVSRVLWLRQ DQG +HLJKWČ‹ LQ WKH ODQG OHDVH GRFXPHQWV ZKLFK VKRXOG KDYH EHHQ IROORZHG LI D SLHFH RI ODQG ZDV QHZO\ OHDVHG DQG QHZ EXLOGLQJV ZRXOG EH HUHFWHG WKH JRYHUQPHQW GLG QRW strictly enforce these requirements. 3 In the time before World War II, urban blocks were usually still leased and developed by only one owner, thus resulting in a more homogeneous streetscape. After the war, this changed when building sub-lots and individual tenements were sold to GLÎ?HUHQW RZQHUV 7KH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH $Y $OPHLGD 5LEHLUR ZDV FDUULHG RXW LQ IRXU VWDJHV WKDW LQYROYHG VHYHUDO GHPROLWLRQV DQG ODQG H[SURSULDWLRQV 7KH Č´UVW VWDJH VWDUWHG LQ FRQQHFWLQJ WKH /HDO 6HQDGR 6TXDUH WR 5XD GRV 0HUFDGRUHV WKH VHFRQG SKDVH H[WHQG LW GRZQ WR 5XD GR 0DVWUR DQG WKH WKLUG VHFWLRQ Č´QDOO\ UHDFKHG WKH ΖQQHU +DUERXU ZKHUH LW LQWHUVHFWV ZLWK 5XD GDV /RUFKDV ΖWV H[WHQVLRQ WR WKH 3UDLD *UDQGH ZDV SURSRVHG LQ E\ $GULDQR 7ULJR 'LUHFWRU RI 2EUDV 3ÂźEOLFDV DQG FXOPLQDWHG LQ D ČŠFXWWLQJ RI D KLOOČ‹ RQ WKH VRXWKHUQ HQG EULQJLQJ LW WR LWV FRPSOHWLRQ LQ &RG\

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provisional Regulation of 29th July 1901 with an overall plan to improve the city of Macau, establishing rules for the construction on new buildings and streets with hygienist principles as well as rules for land expropriation in case of public utility needed to implement the government plans. 'XULQJ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH Č´UVW VWDJH WKH 'HFUHH /DZ WK -XO\ ZDV SXEOLVKHG ZLWK VSHFLČ´F UXOHV IRU LQWHUYHQWLRQV on the existing urban fabric. Owners of large parcels of land without access to public roads were obliged to concede parts of the land for the construction of roads, and compulsory expropriation was enforced, further strengthening the role of the authorities on the urbanization process. The city was growing and a new General Plan was published in 1935, including a street plan, which aimed to improve KHDOWK FRQGLWLRQV LQ WKH FLW\ YLD VWUHHW SURČ´OH VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ alignment of streets and alleyways and the construction of new roads, laying the ground for the city expansion. Additional regulations were later added with the Decree n.Âş 40742, published on 8th of September 1956, commanding WKDW QHZ FRQVWUXFWLRQV PRGLČ´FDWLRQV UHQHZDOV RU UHSDLUV inside urban or suburban areas require a license from the city administration, further reinforcing its control and helping to preserve the character of the street.

Zhongshan Road’s colonnaded shophouses were built as part of a street-widening project of 1927, based on regulations, ZKLFK GHČ´QHG WKH GLPHQVLRQV DQG XVH RI WKH FRYHUHG ZDONZD\V $OUHDG\ LQ D JHQHUDO UHJXODWLRQ IRU WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI 4L Lou had allowed separate ownerships for the covered walkways in front of the buildings and created incentives system for their construction. 7KH GHVLJQ RI WKH 4L /RX DORQJ =KRQJVKDQ 5RDG GLÎ?HUHG IURP the colonnaded shophouses in Hong Kong and Macau as it created a system, which allowed subtle adjustments of the new structures to the pre-existing, centuries old, urban fabric, with its irregular network of narrow alleys and lanes. The new covered walkways along Zhongshan Road acted as a screen towards the historical fabric, creating a continuous modern street façade while keeping the access free to the old network of lanes. 7KXV LQ +RQJ .RQJ WKH VWUHHWVFDSH RI 4XHHQȇV 5RDG HYROYHG E\ the transformation of earlier Tong Lau following new building UHJXODWLRQV DIWHU WKH Č´UH RI ZKLOH WKH VWUHHWVFDSHV RI Av. Almeida Ribeiro and Zhongshan Road were the results of comprehensive planning interventions, combining considerations about safety and health with the creation of a modern urban image. 'HVSLWH WKHVH GLÎ?HUHQFHV DOO WKUHH VWUHHW VSDFHV ORRNHG VLPLODU DQG ZLWK WKHLU FRQWLQXRXV FRYHUHG ZDONZD\V RÎ?HUHG climatic comfort as they protected from strong sunlight and frequent rains, even though their intents as discussed had not been explicitly concerned with such matters. In addition, their provision of wide open and narrow shop spaces induced the streets with vibrant commercial life and boosted local businesses. Redevelopment

)LJ 7KH 0DS RI 7RZQ DQG 5RDG RI &DQWRQ *XQDJ]KRX EHIRUH extension of Zhongshan Road.

)LJ 0DS RI *XDQJ]KRX 5RDGV

:KLOH LQ 0DFDX DQG *XDQJ]KRX D VLJQLČ´FDQW QXPEHU RI colonnaded shophouses can still be found, in Hong Kong almost all disappeared. The redevelopment of most building ORWV DORQJ 4XHHQȇV 5RDG ZDV OLQNHG WR FRORQ\ȇV HFRQRPLF JURZWK after World War II and its underlying land lease system.5 Hong Kong being a “free harborâ€?, the government relied heavily on UHYHQXHV JHQHUDWHG E\ ODQG OHDVHV 7KXV LW GLUHFWO\ SURČ´WHG from the redevelopment of sites with higher densities. This was facilitated by changes of the urban rules since the 1950s. In Macau and Guangzhou the speed of development remained slow after World War II and after the establishment of People’s Republic of China. It only increased after implementation of the Chinese “Open Door Policyâ€? in 1979, after which both cities experienced waves of building booms. ΖQ D QHZ UXOH HQFRXUDJHG WKH Č´UVW WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH earlier colonnade shophouses as to create more space for SHGHVWULDQ DQG YLVLELOLW\ IRU WKH URDG WUDÉ?F 7KH UXOH HQFRXUDJHG QHZ VWUXFWXUHV LQ ZKLFK XSSHU ČľRRUV FDQWLOHYHUHG FROXPQ IUHH

5 Macau and Hong Kong both faced strong spatial constrains, however, in Macau many historical buildings survived, but not in Hong Kong. Thus spatial limitation alone cannot be the main reason for the radical transformation of Hong Kong’s VWUHHWVFDSHV LQ WKH VHFRQG KDOI RI WKH WK FHQWXU\

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RYHU WKH VLGHZDON VSDFHV )LJ 7KHVH VWUXFWXUHV KDG EHFRPH feasible by the cheaper use of reinforced concrete. Yet, projected balconies over public streets were still the common design because of the concessionary policy still in force until 1968.

The new plot ratio rules set the stage for Hong Kong’s rapid transformation into a high-rise city, because basically they didn’t UHVWULFW EXLOGLQJ KHLJKW EXW VHW D WUDGH RÎ? VFKHGXOH EHWZHHQ plot ratio and site coverage.7 7KH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI ČŠ&RPSUHKHQVLYH 'HYHORSPHQW $UHDVČ‹ &'$ in 1976 encouraged the amalgamation of building plots.8 It was particularly used on sites, which were redeveloped in context RI WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI +RQJ .RQJȇV Č´UVW PHWUR OLQHV LQ &HQWUDO in the late 1970s and early 1980s, which further boosted land prices.

Fig 7: Colonnaded Shophouses extended to edge of pavement on DOO ČľRRUV H[FHSW JURXQG OHYHO WR PD[LPL]H ČľRRU DUHD

Fig 8: After 1956 rule: cantilevered, column-free shophouses.

:LWK ULVLQJ GHPDQG IRU RÉ?FH DQG UHWDLO VSDFH LQ FHQWUDO locations, coupled with the advancement in construction technology, building high-rise structures had become an urge. The government had a strong economic incentive encouraging these high-rise developments, as it boosted public revenues E\ FKDUJLQJ ODQG SUHPLXP IURP ODQGORUGV IRU D PRGLČ´FDWLRQ of land leases. The government followed the example of New <RUN DQG HQDFWHG D %XLOGLQJ 3ODQQLQJ 5HJXODWLRQ ZKLFK changed the intensity control from volume to plot ratio and site coverage.6 These new rules fundamentally changed the relationship between the street and the height and position of the adjacent buildings.

7KH KLJK ULVH GHYHORSPHQWV DÎ?HFWHG QDWXUDO OLJKWLQJ HVSHFLDOO\ in the older parts on Hong Kong Island with their narrow street network. Therefore, in 1969, a street shadow area limitation ZDV LQWURGXFHG E\ V RI WKH %XLOGLQJ 3ODQQLQJ 5HJXODWLRQ However, with taller and taller structures being built, it was reported, that “the formulae for computing the permitted street shadow area proved to be so vague that many disputes followed, leading to litigation in some cases.â€?9 The street shadow UHVWULFWLRQ ZDV Č´QDOO\ UHSHDOHG LQ ΖQ WKH IROORZLQJ \HDUV there were new incentives placed to grant private developers plot ratio bonuses for the provision of building setbacks, arcades DQG IRRWEULGJHV WR FRSH ZLWK FRQJHVWLRQ )RU H[DPSOH V RI %XLOGLQJ 3ODQQLQJ 5HJXODWLRQ SURYLGHG WLPHV ERQXV SORW UDWLR compensation for dedication of setback area at street level for WKH SXUSRVH RI SXEOLF SDVVDJH DQG D SROLF\ $33 SURYLGHV two-times bonus plot ratio compensation for foot-bridge connections 10 :LWK WKH LQFUHDVHG GHQVLW\ WUDÉ?F FRQJHVWLRQ JUHZ :KHQ +RQJ .RQJȇV Č´UVW 075 OLQHV ZHUH FRQVWUXFWHG WR cope with this problem, they were built exactly under the H[LVWLQJ VWUHHWV PLQLPDOO\ DÎ?HFWLQJ SULYDWH SURSHUWLHV DV ZHOO DV the lease system, as it would have been a time-consuming and expensive procedure to acquire lots from their lease holders. Only in the urban renewal projects of the LDC and URA since 1989 and 2001 respectively, the government started to target entire street blocks for redevelopment. With the rules for CDAs and repeal of the shadow rule, development density was VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ LQFUHDVHG 11

7KH *RYHUQPHQW Č´UVW HQFRXQWHUHG VWURQJ REMHFWLRQV GXH WR WKH UHSHDOLQJ RI WKH FRQFHVVLRQDU\ VFKHPH RI SURMHFWHG EDOFRQLHV DPRQJ RWKHUV $ \HDU JUDFH SHULRG ZDV JUDQWHG DQG WKH LQWHQVLW\ FRQWURO PHFKDQLVP ZDV FKDQJHG IURP YROXPH FRQWURO WR SORW UDWLR )ORRU $UHD 5DWLR DQG VLWH FRYHUDJH FRQWURO ZKLFK ZDV Č´QDOO\ LPSOHPHQWHG LQ 7KH UXOHV ZHUH IXUWKHU GLÎ?HUHQWLDWHG ZLWK D V\VWHP RI GLÎ?HUHQW GHYHORSPHQWDO ULJKWV DFFRUGLQJ WR VLWH FODVVHV 6LWH FODVVLČ´FDWLRQ LV EDVHG RQ WKH QXPEHU RI VWUHHWV DEXWWLQJ WKH VLWH VWUHHW &ODVV $ FRUQHU VWUHHW &ODVV % RU PRUH VWUHHWV &ODVV & which determined the maximum plot ratio and site coverage allowed. Ȇ&'$ RU WKH SUHYLRXV ČŠ2WKHU 6SHFLČ´HG 8VHVČ‹ DQQRWDWHG ČŠ&RPSUHKHQVLYH 'HYHORSPHQW 5HGHYHORSPHQW $UHDČ‹ ]RQLQJ ZDV Č´UVW LQWURGXFHG LQ 2XWOLQH =RQLQJ 3ODQV LQ ȇ 2QH RI WKH PHQWLRQHG 3ODQQLQJ ΖQWHQWLRQV LV WR ČŠSURYLGH RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU VLWH DPDOJDPDWLRQ Č? WKHUHE\ RSWLPL]LQJ WKH GHYHORSPHQW SRWHQWLDO RI WKH VLWH ȇ VRXUFH 73% 3* 12 KWWS ZZZ LQIR JRY KN WSE HQ IRUPV *XLGHOLQHV SJ BH SGI

/HJLVODWLYH &RXQFLO %ULHI Č´OH UHI /: 7 (QFORVXUH 1R LQ ;&% /&% 10 APP-108, http://www.bd.gov.hk/english/documents/pnap/APP/APP108.pdf 7KHQ DV D UHVSRQGV WR JURZLQJ FRQFHUQV DERXW DLU SROOXWLRQ DQG JURZLQJ XUEDQ KHDW LQ WKH DPHQGPHQWV RI WKH 6DL <LQJ 3XQ DQG 6KHXQJ :DQ 2XWOLQH =RQLQJ 3ODQV LQ D VWHSSHG EXLOGLQJ KHLJKW SURČ´OH ZDV LQFRUSRUDWHG WR SURWHFW WKH ULGJHOLQHV QRQ EXLOGLQJ DUHDV DQG VSHFLČ´FDWLRQ RI VHWEDFN UHTXLUHPHQWV ZHUH DOVR GHVLJQDWHG WR IDFLOLWDWH DLU YHQWLODWLRQ *RYHUQPHQW 3UHVV 5HOHDVH LQ 0D\ KWWS ZZZ LQIR JRY KN JLD JHQHUDO 3 KWP

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Zhongshan Road

the example of Hong Kong and implemented a land lease system, ZLWK WZR NLQGV RI ODQG WUDQVDFWLRQV VDOH RI ODQG XVH ULJKWV DQG WUDQVIHU RI ODQG XVH ULJKWV 7KXV IRXU GHFDGHV DIWHU WKH Communist Government had collectivized private properties, now in the People’s Republic of China quickly a private property market reappeared, boosting building activities. At the same WLPH WKH Č´UVW ODUJH QHZ FRQVWUXFWLRQV DORQJ =KRQJVKDQ 5RDG appeared. Some were linked to the construction of Guangzhou’s PHWUR OLQH ZKLFK ZDV FRQVWUXFWHG LQ FXW DQG Č´OO PHWKRG XQGHU the Zhongshan Road and completed in 1997. In this context, the government encouraged large new developments around the new metro stations as a way to recover the construction costs of the new subway. As a result, along Zhongzhan Road, rows of old shophouses were demolished and new buildings FRQVWUXFWHG QRZ UHDFKLQJ WZHQW\ DQG PRUH VWRUH\V )LJ $W the same time, the width Zhongzhan Road in parts was widened IURP RULJLQDOO\ P WR RYHU P QRZ DFFRPPRGDWLQJ VL[ WUDÉ?F lanes.

Queen’s Road Fig 10 (left) : Highrise built above Metro Line 1, Zhongshan Road. Fig 11 (right) : At the Nanyue Wang Museum only the covered walkway of the Qi Lou was kept, while the main building part at the back was demolished. The Qi Lou thus lost its shophouse function.

Av. Infante D. Henrique (extension of Av. De Almeida Ribeiro) Fig 9: Street sections after street widening (drawings shows condition in 2014)

In Guangzhou, along Zhongshan Road, the prewar streetscape with its colonnaded shophouses remained almost unchanged WKURXJKRXW WKH ȴUVW GHFDGHV RI WKH 3HRSOHȇV 5HSXEOLF ΖQ the Central Government opened up Guangzhou, among 13 other of its coastal cities, as a Special Economic Zone to overseas investments. In 1991, the People’s Republic of China followed

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In Macau, changes of the Av. Almeida Ribeiro began to occur in the early 1980s just after the establishment of the Zhuhai Special Economic Zone just across the northern border of the 3RUWXJXHVH HQFODYH DQG WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI Č´QDQFLDO RÉ?FH towers in the western part of the Avenida. On the eastern side of the street, which was cut through a small hill, building lots were laid-out bigger from start. The tallest buildings of the street were constructed at the intersection with Macau’s Praia Grande. Lined along the Praia, larger houses such as governmental institutions and wealthy trading houses formed the face of Macau, as seen from ships sailing for Guangzhou and Hong Kong. Preservation In Macau, there had been prompt reaction to these abrupt FKDQJHV LQ WKH VFDOH RI GHYHORSPHQWV WR SUHVHUYH WKH XQLČ´HG design of the Av. Almeida Ribeiro and the surrounding historical DUHDV 2Q -DQXDU\ WKH 2UGLQDQFH Q| 0 )LJ required the construction of arcades on any new building on Av. Almeida Ribeiro, and in particularly for the section between the

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6HQDGR 6TXDUH DQG 5XD 9LVFRQGH 3DFR GH $UFRV DW WKH ΖQQHU +DUERU JLYLQJ LWV XQLIRUP FRORQQDGHG H[WHULRU 6SHFLȴF GHWDLOV such as dimensions were outlined in the Ordinance nº3/80/M.12 %\ D VWXG\ GRQH E\ WKH 3 7 *URXS WKH DUFKLWHFWV )HUQDQGR 7£YRUD 6L]D 9LHLUD DQG $QW¾QLR 0DGXUHLUD DV ZHOO DV Maunsell Consultants Asia and Collier Petty Chartered Surveyors resulted in the Urban Intervention Plan for Av. Almedia Ribeiro. 7KLV SODQ ZKLFK ZDV UHYLVHG DQG GHWDLOHG LQ VSHFLȴHG LQ D FDVH E\ FDVH PDQQHU WKH DFWLRQV WR WDNH DQG ȴ[HG KHLJKW limits, alignments, set back limits, vertical occupation, and the existence and dimensions of arcades. Four types of situations ZHUH LGHQWLȴHG DFFRPSDQLHG ZLWK LWV RZQ VHW RI FRQWURO &ODVVLȴHG %XLOGLQJV %XLOGLQJV WR EH SDUWLDOO\ SUHVHUYHG New Buildings, and 4. so called Special Cases. )LJ 3URWHFWLRQ =RQH RI &ODVVLȴHG (QVHPEOH LQFOXGLQJ $Y Almeida Ribeiro, Leal Senado Square and S. Domingos Square.

This “facadismâ€? practice, where the buildings are entirely redeveloped while preserving the façade only, is epitomized in WKH %DQFR 1DFLRQDO 8OWUDPDULQR EXLOGLQJ ORFDWHG RQ WKH corner between Av. Almeida Ribeiro and Av. da Praia Grande, where the façade of the original building was preserved and a KLJK ULVH RÉ?FH WRZHU ZDV EXLOW EHKLQG DWWHPSWLQJ DQ DSSDUHQW compromise between preservation and development. 'HVSLWH EHLQJ SURWHFWHG DQG OLVWHG DV D FODVVLČ´HG HQVHPEOH Av. Almeida Ribeiro’s streetscape was heavily impacted by the FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH PDVVLYH 3RQWH UHVRUW EORFNLQJ LWV view corridor towards Zhuhai.

Fig 12: Detailed drawing accompanying Ordinance nÂş3/80/M requiring the construction of arcades on any new buildings on Av. Almeida Ribeiro.

In 1984, the Decree Law nº56/84/M - Section III - Article 11 laid RXW WKH JURXQG ZRUN IRU EXLOGLQJ SUHVHUYDWLRQ IRU DOO FODVVLȴHG sites of Macau, which gave the Cultural Institute authority over any construction, reconstruction, or alteration in any plans that may alter the characteristics of heritage sites or buildings. One year after World Heritage listing of Macau Historic Center $Y $OPHLGD 5LEHLUR ZDV SODFHG ZLWKLQ D Ȋ3URWHFWLRQ Zone� together with Leal Senado Square and S. Domingos 6TXDUH DV D FODVVLȴHG HQVHPEOH )LJ ZKLFK ZRXOG ZDUUDQW its existing facades to be maintained, and may only be allowed KHLJKW LQFUHDVHV DFFRUGLQJ WR VSHFLȴF OLPLWDWLRQV

Authorized during the term of the former Macau SAR’s Secretary for Transport and Public Works Au Man long, Ponte 16 resort is one of several examples of ad-hoc top down praxis authorizing exemptions from the normal urban regulations. The absence of a masterplan for the city in a time of great economic development placed a great deal of discretionary power on the hands of the former Secretary that out ruled the legal framework ended up convicted for corruption. This period of fast urban development and case by case urban planning raised public’s opinion awareness and paved the way for a new OHJDO IUDPHZRUN WR UHJXODWH 0DFDXȇV IXWXUH XUEDQ SODQQLQJ /DZ Q | ODQG PDQDJHPHQW /DZ Q | DQG KHULWDJH SUHVHUYDWLRQ /DZ Q | +RZHYHU LQ WKH \HDUV WKDW OHG WR the publication of these laws in 2013, the Av. Almeida Ribeiro and surrounding area, although under a degree of protection, underwent a surge in demolitions and new projects approvals, prompted by the booming economy and land price rise and in anticipation of more restrictive rules under the Law nÂş11/2013. As of writing in 2014, Macau is considering the repeal of its VKDGRZ UXOH GHJUHH PHDVXUHG IURP WKH FHQWHU RI VWUHHWV :KLOH WKLV XQOLNHO\ ZLOO DÎ?HFW $Y $OPHLGD 5LEHLUR GLUHFWO\ LW FDQ DÎ?HFW EXLOGLQJV KHLJKWV DQG VWUHHW VSDFH DW WKH HDVWHUQ VWUHHW extension, Av. Infante D. Henrique, which is outside of the

2UGLQDQFH Q| 0 VWDWHV WKDW Ȋ7KH DUFDGHV PXVW EH IRUPHG E\ IDOVH SLOODUV VSDFHG QR PRUH WKDQ P DOLJQHG ZLWK WKH HGJH RI WKH VLGHZDON DQG MRLQHG E\ VWUDLJKW RU FXUYHG OLQWHOV ZKLFK ZLOO EH DW D KHLJKW RI PHWHUV DERYH WKH ȾRRU &HLOLQJ height of the arch may vary between 5.5m and 6m� 13 Up to max. 20.50m with set back from the depth of the arcade; total development volume to be decided by DSSOPT

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protection zone as well as other parts of Macau. In Guangzhou, preservation and development principles were SURSRVHG IRU 4L /RX 6WUHHW XQGHU ČŠ3ODQQLQJ DQG &RQVHUYDWLRQ for Historical and Cultural City of Guangzhou â€? by its planning committee in 2005. These principles regulated: surroundings, programs, spatial arrangement, existing building arrangement, new building arrangement, transport arrangement, building details and environmental control. Height restrictions were set RQ EXLOGLQJV ČľDQNLQJ WKH 4L /RX WR PHWHUV DV D PHDVXUH RI YLVXDO SURWHFWLRQ RI WKH 4L /RX VWUHHW 3URJUDP ZLWKLQ WKH 4L Lou, especially at the street level are retained to maintain its existing commercial use.14 7KH EXLOGLQJV RQ WKH 4L /RX VWUHHW must be at a building height to street width ratio of 0.6 to 0.8, in order to preserve the width and section of the existing street. It is explicitly stated that no mega building shall be built on the VWUHHWȇV ČľDQN OLPLWLQJ WKH KHLJKW RI WKH JURXQG ČľRRU RU SRGLXP to be 18-24m, with the height inside the colonnade to be 5 to 9 meters with a depth of 5 to 8 meters and spacing of colonnades of 6 to 8 meters. As a means to encourage pedestrian use of WKH 4L /RX VWUHHW WUDÉ?F VKRXOG EH GLYHUJHG WR LPSURYH WKH quality of the pedestrian area. Finally, regulations regarding the preservation of historical buildings such as forbidding alteration RU DGGLWLRQV GHFRUDWLRQ DQG FRORU ZHUH LPSOHPHQWHG ΖI D 4L Lou was destroyed, another must be rebuilt at the same location <DQJ :X 3DQ

)LJ 5HJXODWLRQV IRU 4L /RX LQGLFDWHG VSHFLČ´F VL]HV RI EXLOGLQJ dated from 1912.

ΖQ +RQJ .RQJ XQWLO WRGD\ WKHUH KDYH EHHQ QR VSHFLČ´F UXOHV WR preserve urban ensembles and vernacular buildings such as VKRSKRXVHV 9HU\ IHZ RI WKH EXLOGLQJV OLVWHG E\ WKH $QWLTXLWLHV and Monuments Ordinance are shophouses, and most of the conservation of shophouses is based on ad-hoc funding, such as the Mallory Street shophouses, the Wing Lee Street shophouses and the Prince Edward Road West shophouses by Urban Renewal Authority, and the Blue House Cluster by the Revitalisation Schemes of the government. Those few historical VKRSKRXVHV ZKLFK VXUYLYHG DORQJ RQ 4XHHQȇV 5RDG VHH )LJ GLG VR LQGHSHQGHQWO\ IURP SUHVHUYDWLRQ DWWHPSWV RI WKH government. Conclusion The above study of the urban rules of the selected “Great Streetsâ€? in Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Macau presents the GLÎ?HUHQW DWWLWXGHV WR XUEDQ SODQQLQJ DQG GHVLJQ RI HDFK FLW\ ZKLFK UHVXOWHG LQ WKHLU GLÎ?HUHQW VWUHHWVFDSHV WRGD\ DOWKRXJK DOO FLWLHV VKDUHG LQ WKH Č´UVW SDUW RI WKH WK FHQWXU\ D VLPLODU VWUHHWVFDSH GHČ´QHG E\ URZV RI FRORQQDGHG VKRSKRXVHV As a general attitude, in Hong Kong, new urban rules were implemented when government interventions became no longer DYRLGDEOH VXFK DV DIWHU GHYDVWDWLQJ Č´UHV RU HSLGHPLFV DQG were geared towards pragmatic solutions. The redevelopment of the streetscape from colonnaded shophouses into a mix RI GLÎ?HUHQW EXLOGLQJV DQG SUHGRPLQDQWO\ KLJK ULVHUV DIWHU World War II, was strongly linked not only to the fast increase of population and economic growth but also to its underlying land lease and tax system. With Hong Kong’s government relying on revenues coming from the land lease system, it more likely implemented rules, which encouraged redevelopment and increase of development density, especially after the new Buildings Ordinance was implemented in 1955, which greatly relaxed the development intensity control. Preservation of its streetscape was undesirable for the government and most RZQHUVȇ DOLNH $V RZQHUV KDG WR UHČ´QDQFH WKHLU ODQG DIWHU WKH OHDVH HQG WKLV ZDV PRUH Č´QDQFLDOO\ YLDEOH LI WKH QHZ OHDVH LV granted with an increase of development density. In Macau and Guangzhou these constraints based on the lease system didn’t exist, and thus the Governments in both cities implemented heritage rules and preserved parts of the historical streetscapes along Av. Almeida Ribeiro and Zhongshan Road. $Y $OPHLGD 5LEHLUR DQG 4XHHQȇV 5RDG GLGQȇW H[SHULHQFH VLPLODU street-widening campaigns as Zhongshan Road in Guangzhou. 7KH\ ZHUH OLQNHG KHUH WR WKH LQFUHDVH LQ WUDÉ?F DQG WKH construction to metro development in the 1990s

Fig 15: In 2010, YueXiu Sub-Bureau of Land Resources and Housing 0DQDJHPHQW RI *XDQJ]KRX 0XQLFLSDOLW\ GHPROLVKHG WR PHWHUV IURP EDFN RI 4L /RX IRU Č´UH Č´JKWLQJ DFFHVV VSDFH

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In Macau, this didn’t happen as the government implemented here preservation rules for the streetscape of Av. Almeida Ribeiro at the beginning of the growth period in the early 1980s, the street width was kept but over the last two decades there

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ZDV D VWURQJ LQFUHDVH RI EXV DQG FDU WUDÉ?F DQG DQ HYHQ JUHDWHU increase of tourists on the congested sidewalks under the arcades. $ORQJ 4XHHQȇV 5RDG DQG RWKHU VWUHHWV LQ +RQJ .RQJ VWUHHW widenings were not only complicated to realize due to the PXOWLSOH RZQHUVKLS RI EXLOGLQJV DQG ČľDWV EXW DOVR XQGHVLUDEOH for owners and the government as an extension of the streets ZRXOG UHGXFH PDUNHWDEOH ČľRRU DUHD DQG UHYHQXHV IURP ODQG OHDVHV ΖQ +RQJ .RQJ WKH LQFUHDVHG SHGHVWULDQ WUDÉ?F DQG problems of air ventilation, related to the increased density, ZHUH DGGUHVVHG E\ SORW UDWLR L H ČľRRU DUHD UDWLR )$5 LQFHQWLYHV for developers to provide building setbacks, footbridge connections and through-block passages. They gained for this plot-ratio bonus, which further increased building heights. ΖQ WHUPV RI WKH H[SHULHQFHV ZKLFK WKH VWUHHWV RÎ?HU SHRSOH WRGD\ WKH GLÎ?HUHQW UXOHV KDG GLÎ?HUHQW HÎ?HFWV 'HVSLWH WKH several rounds of redevelopments of the building stock along 4XHHQȇV 5RDG LW NHSW LV QDUURZ GLPHQVLRQV DQG VWLOO LV LPEHGGHG LQWR D Č´QH QHWZRUN RI VWUHHWV DQG DOOH\V ZKLFK ZHUH ODLG RXW in the 19th century, in a time before the planning for vehicular WUDÉ?F ΖW VWLOO NHSW LWV YLEUDQF\ DQG GLYHUVLW\ DQG RÎ?HUV D UDQJH RI DFWLYLWLHV DQG VSDFHV LQ D VKRUW ZDONLQJ GLVWDQFHV ZKLOH SDUDOOHO URDGV DQG WKH 075 KHOSHG UHGXFLQJ WUDÉ?F FRQJHVWLRQ %DVHG on the incremental change lot-by-lot and various revisions of its XUEDQ UXOHV RYHU WLPH DORQJ 4XHHQȇV 5RDG ZH FDQ Č´QG D JUHDW UDQJH RI EXLOGLQJV ZLWK GLÎ?HUHQW DJHV IXQFWLRQV KHLJKWV DQG layout providing for a vibrant and diverse urban experience of D VWUHHW ZLWK GLÎ?HUHQW KLVWRULFDO DQG VRFLDO GLPHQVLRQV UDWKHU than an uniformity or congruity with buildings. It is remarkable that on Zhongshan Road, despite the over 2000 year-long history of streets on this location, the oldest visible traces are those preserved parts form the Republican period, while all remaining parts are basically products of the last 30 \HDUV )LJ 0DLQ UHDVRQV KDYH EHHQ WKH H[WHQVLYH VWUHHW widening projects, which included the loss of most buildings of other periods and their substitution with large constructions following complete new rules. If we compare these recent changes to the careful planning of the street-widening project of the Republican period in the 1920s, there are remarkable GLÎ?HUHQFHV ΖQ WKH 5HSXEOLFDQ WLPH WKH URZV RI FRORQQDGHG shophouses were erected on narrow plots using an incentive strategy encouraging private investors to construct the new colonnade spaces as a shared public amenity. Based on their SDUWLFXODU UXOHV WKHVH FRYHUHG ZDONZD\V EHFDPH Č´OWHUV EHWZHHQ the new modernized streetscape and the irregular fabric of the historical city. Based on the large plot sizes and lack of detailed guidelines, the newly developed blocks, blocking access to the small systems of lanes behind them. In Macau, new urban rules were implemented in periods of political strength by the government. From the establishment

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of Macau as a Portuguese colony in the second half of 19th century, subsequent to the Opium War, a great emphasis was put on the expansion and modernization of the city and with new regulations and plans. Av. Almeida Ribeiro’s opening was a strong demonstration of political determination and power cutting trough physical urban fabric and tangible interests. Its urban process and architecture was supported by rules observed during the course of the 20th century. Protection rules were implemented in early eighties, and then relaxed during the instable period of sovereignty transition and reinforced again thirteen years after the handover with new GLSORPDV '/ While the streetscape of Av. Almeida Ribeiro in Macau is now SURWHFWHG LW VWLOO IDFHV FKDOOHQJHV VXFK DV LQWHQVH WUDÉ?F DLU pollution or vacant buildings and, just beyond the end of the street, development densities rapidly rise. On the other hand, the multiple-ownership and the development controls PDNH UHJHQHUDWLRQ RU UHGHYHORSPHQW RI WKH 4L /RX EXLOGLQJV FRPSOLFDWHG DQG Č´QDQFLDOO\ XQDWWUDFWLYH 7KXV PDQ\ RI WKH colonnaded shophouses along the western part of the street continue to dilapidate for three decades. In Macau Av. Almeida Ribeiro’s shophouse typology is also challenged but for a GLÎ?HUHQW UHDVRQ WKH ULVH LQ UHWDLO SULFH GURYH VKRS RZQHUV DZD\ and the narrow street front discourages a separate access for WKH XSSHU ČľRRUV WKDW DUH OHIW YDFDQW 0DLQ UHDVRQV IRU WKH GLÎ?HUHQW DWWLWXGH WRZDUGV XUEDQ UXOHV IRU redevelopment or preservation are the underlying economic orientations, tax and lease systems: Hong Kong with its low tax and land lease system and an HFRQRP\ GRPLQDWHG E\ WKH Č´QDQFLDO DQG SURSHUW\ VHFWRU Macau with government revenues depending on incomes from gaming and tourism; and Guangzhou with three major changes under the Republican, and the Communist government before and after the market reform.

References &RG\ - : &XWWLQJ )DEULF 0DFDX V 6DQ 0D /R $YHQLGD $OPHLGD 5LEHLUR 'LDORJXH Architecture+Design+Culture vol.30, pp.52-59. Taipei, Taiwan, )DXUH ' HG $ 'RFXPHQWDU\ +LVWRU\ RI +RQJ .RQJ +RQJ Kong: Hong Kong University Press. /LQ / *DQJ $R \X =KXMLDQJ 6DQMLDR]KRX GL \X MLDQ ]KX Guangdong qi lou. Beijing: Ke due chu ban she. 6KHOWRQ 6 .DUDNLHZLF] - DQG .YDQ 7 7KH 0DNLQJ RI +RQJ .RQJ )URP 9HUWLFDO WR 9ROXPHWULF 2[IRUGVKLUH 5RXWOHGJH 6RDUHV 1 7KH ΖQQHU +DUERXU %DFNJURXQG 'RFXPHQW RQ

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WKH 5HYLWDOL]DWLRQ RI 0DFDXȇV 9HUQDFXODU +HULWDJH The State Administration of Cultural Heritage of the People’s 5HSXEOLF RI &KLQD 7KH +LVWRULF 0RQXPHQWV RI 0DFDX <DQJ + :X : DQG 3DQ * &DQWRQ &KDUDFWHULVWLF DQG /LQJQDQ &XOWXUDO &ROOHFWLRQ ;LJXDQ 0DQVLRQ DQG 4L /RX Guangzhou: Jinan University Press. =KHQJ % + $ &HQWXU\ RI +RQJ .RQJ 5RDGV DQG 6WUHHWV Hong Kong: San Lian Shu Dian you xian gong si.

Figure 12: Government of Macau, Ordinance nº3/80/M, 12 January 1980. Figure 13: &ODVVLȴHG HQVHPEOH RI $YHQLGD $OPHLGD 5LEHLUR 7KH 6WDWH Administration of Cultural Heritage PRC, 2006. Figure 14-15: Author’s own photo

Image References Figure 1: Authors’ own drawings Figure 2: =KRQJVKDQ 5RDG :DL 2L 0LGGOH 5RDG *XDQJ]KRX www.lifeofguangzhou.com 4XHHQȇV 5RDG +RQJ .RQJ =KHQJ % + $ &HQWXU\ RI +RQJ .RQJ 5RDGV DQG 6WUHHWV Hong Kong: San Lian Shu Dian you xian gong si. - Avenida De Almeida Ribeiro, 1935 &RG\ - : &XWWLQJ )DEULF 0DFDX V 6DQ 0D /R $YHQLGD $OPHLGD 5LEHLUR 'LDORJXH Architecture+Design+Culture vol.30, pp.52-59. Taipei, Taiwan, Figure 3: Authors’ own drawings Figure 4: =KHQJ % + $ &HQWXU\ RI +RQJ .RQJ 5RDGV DQG 6WUHHWV Hong Kong: San Lian Shu Dian you xian gong si. Figure 5: UPO. á’Żá?Žá?˛ăż´ŕĄ‚á‰°Çƒá’Żá?Žá?˛ŕˇžá?˛á”Şä‡Žáş“ᚸ䞜 , “Annals of Guangzhou: The Urban Construction Between 1911 - 19149â€?. 2012. Figure 6: UPO. á’Żá?Žá?˛ăż´ŕĄ‚á‰°Çƒá’Żá?Žá?˛ŕˇžá?˛á”Şä‡Žáş“ᚸ䞜 , “Annals of Guangzhou: The Urban Construction Between 1911 - 19149â€?. 2012. Figure 7-9: Authors’ own drawings Figure 10: http://www.yuexiureit.com/gb2312/right3-3.html Figure 11: Author’s own photo

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TRADITIONAL SHOPPING STREETS IN TOKYO: PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF CREATIVE PLACE MAKING BY THE ELDERLY Dr. Kien TO Senior Research Scientist and Senior Teaching Fellow, Singapore University of Technology and Design 20 Dover Drive, Singapore 138682 Email: tokien@sutd.edu.sg Dr. Keng Hua CHONG Assistant Professor, Architecture and Sustainable Design Singapore University of Technology and Design Email: chongkenghua@sutd.edu.sg Keywords: 3/$&( 0$.Ζ1* 675((7 3$77(51 (/'(5 )5Ζ(1'/< &20081Ζ7< SHOTENGAI

Abstract This paper seeks to investigate and analyze creative urban place making and the civic negotiations behind those spatial arrangements LQ VSHFLČ´F XUEDQ FRQVWUDLQHG FRQWH[WV LQ $VLD WRZDUG HOGHU IULHQGO\ FLW\ PRGHO 6SHFLČ´FDOO\ LW DLPV WR H[SORUH WKH PRUSKRORJ\ RI street and back lane network, spaces in-between buildings, public and semi-public places, as well as the stakeholders and their SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ SODFH PDNLQJ LQLWLDWLYHV 7KH SDSHU Č´UVW GLVFXVVHV about global aging as well as elder-friendly and age-friendly urban environments, in which a new trend of creative, small-scale place making emerges, particularly in compact and high-density urban contexts. Then it focuses on a particular street form as a case VWXG\ WUDGLWLRQDO -DSDQHVH VKRSSLQJ VWUHHW VKRWHQJDL RU ଡ଼ᓇ㺇 in -DSDQHVH %DVLFDOO\ D VKRWHQJDL LV D VWUHHW ZLWK D FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI VKRSV DQG UHVWDXUDQWV XVXDOO\ ORFDWHG QHDU D WUDLQ VWDWLRQ %HVLGHV commercial function, shotengai plays many other important roles in the community such as welfare and security, carries rich local characteristics and traditions, and features ‘community business’ model. 2XU VWXG\ DLPV WR Č´QG RXW KRZ ORZ ULVH DQG VSDWLDOO\ FRPSDFW shotengai remained over centuries in the middle of the largescale, modern, high-dense and high-rise city of Tokyo; and (2) how creative place making takes shape by individual or collective UHVLGHQWV LQ FRQVWUDLQHG XUEDQ FRQWH[WV 7R DQVZHU WKHVH TXHVWLRQV WZR VKRWHQJDL LQ 7RN\R DUH VXUYH\HG 6XJDPR DQG 7RJRVKLJLQ]D The physical survey with observation data shows that the two shotengai have organic street and lane patterns, creative uses in compact spaces such as small gaps between buildings (originally IRU Č´UH SURWHFWLRQ DV UHJXODWHG WKURXJKRXW -DSDQ EDUULHU IUHH street design, pedestrian zones during designated hours, humanscale cozy streetscapes, and the ‘symbiotic’ relationship between the front and the rear blocks, etc. Particularly, Sugamo showcases sacred places as primary public and community places, while Togoshiginza features the ‘street-for-all’ concept, informal roadside

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dining places and labyrinth-like back lane morphology. The social VXUYH\ UHYHDOV WKH VLJQLČ´FDQFHV DQG YDOXHV RI WKH WZR VKRWHQJDL social networks and interactions among residents, stakeholder participation and negotiation in place-making processes, etc. From these case studies, the paper shows that elderly are creative in their ‘contextualized’ place making, and suggests that Asian cities can derive their own ways to become compact, culturally sensitive and socially sustainable cities.

Elder-friendly and age-friendly urban environments %DFNJURXQG RI JOREDO DJLQJ Aging is a great global challenge in this 21st century. The world SRSXODWLRQ KDV EHHQ H[SHULHQFLQJ VLJQLČ´FDQW DJLQJ WKH SURFHVV WKDW UHVXOWV LQ ULVLQJ SURSRUWLRQV RI HOGHUO\ SHRSOH DJHG DQG DERYH LQ WKH WRWDO SRSXODWLRQ DQG WKLV GHPRJUDSKLF WUHQG continues to get more intense. Population aging is taking place in most parts of the world, and most developed countries already have aged populations. Japan, Germany and Italy are the countries with the highest median ages in the world, and Japan is experiencing the world’s fastest speed of population aging. In Japan, more than half of the population was older than 45 years in 2010, and its median age is projected to rise to 53 years in 81 3RSXODWLRQ DJLQJ FRXSOHG ZLWK XUEDQL]DWLRQ has formed the two major global trends in this 21st century. $V FLWLHV Č‚ WKH KRPH IRU PDMRULW\ RI WKH ZRUOGȇV SRSXODFH DUH growing and getting older, their share of elderly residents is increasing. Thus, we need to think about socio-spatially contextualized urban agendas, urban design and place-making initiatives at small scales such as local municipality, district or neighborhood levels, which are adaptive to aging. We believe that institutional top-down approaches with globally mobilized policy ideas and discourse have not fully captured how each city interprets and deals with the aging issues locally. Therefore, our research aims to re-visit how ground-up urban design and place-making initiatives at local communities are creative and adaptive towards becoming elder-friendly or age-friendly. ‘Elder-friendly’ and ‘age-friendly’ concepts The concepts of ‘elder-friendly’ and ‘age-friendly’ may not be understood in the same way, and thus, should not be used interchangeably. While ‘elder-friendly’ can be understood FOHDUO\ DV D WHUP WR UHIHU WR VRPHWKLQJ H J D FLW\ D FRPPXQLW\ D SURGXFW HWF WKDW LV IULHQGO\ RU FRPIRUWDEOH WR VHQLRUV ROGHU people, ‘age-friendly’ can be understood ambiguously. While many people understand ‘age-friendly’ as something friendly or FRPIRUWDEOH WR ROGHU SHRSOH RQO\ RWKHUV PD\ WKLQN GLÎ?HUHQWO\ as being friendly or comfortable to other age groups

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concurrently. For example, according to WHO, “an age-friendly city emphasizes enablement rather than disablement; it is IULHQGO\ IRU DOO DJHV DQG QRW MXVW ȆHOGHU IULHQGO\ȇȋ :+2 S 7KHUHIRUH WR PDNH LW OHVV DPELJXRXV WKLV SDSHU XVHV WKH term ‘elder-friendly’ to refer to something that is friendly to the elderly primarily. Making ‘elder-friendly’ living environments is a great trend. In many cases, being ‘elder-friendly’ can become friendly for everyone. For example, when a place or a building or a pedestrianized street is easily accessible or barrier-free Č‚ ZKLFK DUH SDUW RI ȆHOGHU IULHQGO\ȇ IHDWXUHV Č‚ WKH\ DUH HDVLO\ accessible or barrier-free, and thus friendly, to all other age groups as well.

gradually evolved into the linear shopping streets with shops lined up on both sides, often with arches at either or both ends, and the shotengai system was born. Many of these shotengai are the bustling centers of countless communities in Japan, and KDYH ORQJ EHHQ GHHSO\ FRQQHFWHG WR WKHLU ORFDOLWLHV +DQL In many cases, they represent special or unique characteristics RI WKHLU DUHD )LJXUH

Emerging bottom-up creative place making initiatives and social capital Along with the institutional approach by worldwide city JRYHUQPHQWV DV ZHOO DV LQWHUQDWLRQDO RUJDQL]DWLRQV H J :RUOG Health Organization with its WHO Global Network of Age-friendly &LWLHV DQG &RPPXQLWLHV :+2 E WKHUH KDYH EHHQ LQLWLDWLYHV by local municipalities as well as communities, particularly the elderly themselves, to make their living environments become more elder-friendly or age-friendly. This emerging groundup and participatory approach is essential for the sustainable future of cities and communities. For instance, in addition to developing the physical and social facilities and services that are integrated and mutually enhancing to support people WR DJH ZHOO /XL HW DO HPSRZHULQJ DQG HQJDJLQJ ROGHU people as the main actors in improving neighborhoods and GHYHORSLQJ WKHP LQWR DJH IULHQGO\ SODFHV LV HVVHQWLDO 9HUW 7KHVH FRPPXQLW\ SDUWLFLSDWRU\ LPSURYHPHQWV DUH local and oftentimes small-scale, yet can have great impacts on the local living environments because they are initiated and done by the communities and for themselves, so they are connected directly to the communities’ own needs and demands. When the needs and demands of communities and individual residents change over time, their own initiatives can be adapted quickly and substantially. Community participation can also help strengthen the residents’ sense of belonging or SODFH DWWDFKPHQW DQG HQKDQFH WKH JHQLXV ORFL VSLULW RI SODFH 7KH FDVH VWXGLHV LQ 7RN\R UHȾHFW VXFK HPHUJLQJ DSSURDFK RI creative small-scale place making initiated primarily by senior citizens, among other cases in Singapore and Seoul with similar context of high-density Asian cities. 2YHUYLHZ RI -DSDQHVH VKRSSLQJ VWUHHW VKRWHQJDL

6KRWHQJDL ଡ଼ᓇ㺇 LQ -DSDQHVH LV D W\SH RI WUDGLWLRQDO VKRSSLQJ streets, which can be found in almost every town and city in Japan. Today’s shotengai are believed to take shape from the late 1500s, when merchants were permitted to operate rakuichiUDNX]D IUHH PDUNHWV WKDW ZHUH LQWURGXFHG DIWHU WKH DEROLWLRQ RI PDUNHW WD[HV DQG WKH PRQRSROLVWLF FRQWURO RI JXLOGV 2YHU time, the ancient free-market system has spontaneously and

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Figure 1: Shotengai in central Tsuyama City in Meiji era (ca. the turn of 20th century) (Source: See end note)

Shotengai are often for pedestrian-only, catering almost everything local people need for daily life. It is not customary in Japan to stock up on provisions, so most people buy their groceries every day. A typical shotengai may include: butcheries, supermarkets and grocery shops, restaurants, cafes, izakaya -DSDQHVH SXEV EDNHULHV FORWKHV VKRSV ODXQGU\ VKRSV ERRN VKRSV SDFKLQNR JDPEOLQJ SDUORUV SKDUPDFLHV PHGLFDO FOLQLFV PDVVDJH SDUORUV EDUEHU VKRSV JDPH FHQWHUV SRVW RÉ?FHV FRQYHQLHQFH VWRUHV DQG NREDQ SROLFH ER[HV 6KRWHQJDL QRW only provide people with daily necessaries and services, but also RIWHQ KRVW QXPHURXV FRPPXQLW\ DFWLYLWLHV QRWDEO\ VHDVRQDO IHVWLYDOV DQG VDOHV WKURXJKRXW WKH \HDU 0RVW LQWHUHVWLQJO\ and importantly, the shotengai has come to play many other important roles in the community, such as welfare and security, and help to create and support a sense of community. In short, shotengai are great place to visit to catch a snapshot of ‘authentic’ ordinary life in Japan in a cozy and distinct atmosphere. Shotengai can also be called ‘shopping neighborhood’, and they feature ‘community business’, a business model that is opposed to the common ‘global business’ found in many cities around the world. Community business bases on a living community or a neighborhood, where shoppers and storekeepers naturally get to know each other well, and come to develop a sense of intimacy and neighborly companionship. Community business might be small, but it can play a big role in its locality. Usually an area is considered as a shotengai when there are 30 or more commercial store establishments engaged in retail and UHVWDXUDQW LQGXVWU\ ZLWKLQ FORVH SUR[LPLW\ +DQL LELG

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Although well known as a society of rich and well-maintained traditional culture, people’s lifestyle in post-war Japan has changed vastly, particularly with regards to shopping culture, causing serious threats to the future of the shotengai. Like in many industrialized countries, people have become ever busier and often prefer to make purchase economically in bulk at one-stop large supermarkets and shopping centers particularly during weekends. Fewer shoppers make daily trips to their local small groceries shops, which can be found in shotengai. 7KHUHIRUH GHVSLWH WKHLU VLJQLČ´FDQW UROHV DV ORFDO EXVLQHVV FHQWHUV shotengai have been struggling to compete with big commercial complexes, and consequently declining steadily for decades. As of 2005, there were about 15,000 shotengai nationwide in Japan. A survey by the Small and Medium Enterprise Agency in 2004 found out that about 95% of the 3,500 shotengai that responded to a poll said their business was stagnant or declining. This phenomenon was inevitable possibly due to lifestyle change and globalization, and has caused localities to ORVH WKHLU WUDGLWLRQDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV Č‚ D VHULRXV FXOWXUDO SUREOHP IRU -DSDQ 'HVSLWH WKH GLÉ?FXOWLHV PDQ\ VKRWHQJDL DVVRFLDWLRQV are now trying to re-evaluate their roles in their community and starting to take actions to sustain their shotengai. And there are signs that customers are also beginning to rediscover the value RI WKHLU FRPPXQLW\ EDVHG EXVLQHVVHV +DQL LELG As the largest city in Japan and the world’s most populous PHWURSROLV 81 7RN\R LV WKH SROLWLFDO HFRQRPLF DQG cultural centers of Japan, where modern architectures, residential areas as well as big modern shopping complexes are showcased. However, as a city of long history dated back to 12th century, there still remain a number of traditional shotengai in Tokyo. Some of them are well-known, such as Asakusa Nakamise, Sugamo Jizou Dori, Ameya Yokocho, Togoshi Ginza, Kitasenju, Tsukiji, Monzen Nakacho, Shimokitazawa, Musashi Koyama, etc. Research interests and methodology This paper takes two shotengai in Tokyo as the case studies to investigate elder-friendly urban environments, particularly creative place-making initiatives with ground-up approach and at the local community level. It aims to clarify, in the highly developed, high-dense, high-rise, large-scale urban context of Tokyo, how can traditional, low-rise and compact shotengai be sustainable over centuries? Furthermore, how does creative place making take shape by individual or collective residents, particularly the elderly in such constrained urban context? In order to answer these questions, the paper combines physical and social surveys in data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Physical survey includes temporal site observations, photographical documentation, urban mapping and sketches of some selected small areas. We aim to observe DQG SKRWRJUDSK VSHFLČ´FDOO\ FKRVHQ VLWHV GXULQJ GLÎ?HUHQW WLPHV RI D GD\ RU GLÎ?HUHQW GD\V RI D ZHHN WHPSRUDO REVHUYDWLRQ LQ RUGHU WR XQGHUVWDQG GLÎ?HUHQW DWPRVSKHUHV FURZGHGQHVV W\SH of visitors and their activities, temporarily events or phenomena,

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HWF :H DOVR FRQGXFWHG XUEDQ PDSSLQJ E\ DQDO\]LQJ GLÎ?HUHQW NLQG RI PDSV VXFK DV DGPLQLVWUDWLYH FRPPHUFLDO DQG UHDO HVWDWHV DQG WKHQ PDSSLQJ UHWDLO W\SRORJ\ DQG VSDFH W\SRORJ\ RQ WKRVH PDSV LQ RUGHU WR DVVRFLDWH WKHP ZLWK GLÎ?HUHQW SDWWHUQV of people’s activities. Social survey was conducted in the form of semi-structured street interview in order to gain insights from visitors, residents and people who work in the shotengai. We interviewed the respondents, which centered on questions VXFK DV VLJQLČ´FDQFHV PHULWV DQG GHPHULWV RI WKH VKRWHQJDL DQG OHW WKHP VKDUH WKHLU JHQHUDO YLHZV DQG VSHFLČ´F LQWHUHVWV RI shotengai . The following two case studies were conducted in Sugamo Shotengai and Togoshiginza Shotengai in Tokyo. We conducted WKUHH Č´HOGZRUNV LQ WRWDO LQ 1RYHPEHU $SULO DQG 0D\ WKDW LQFOXGHG ERWK SK\VLFDO VXUYH\ DQG VWUHHW LQWHUYLHZ WRWDO RI SHRSOH Case 1: Sugamo shotengai %ULHI LQWURGXFWLRQ $V RQH RI WKH VKRWHQJDL WKDW EHQHČ´WV IURP WKHLU SUR[LPLW\ WR D SRSXODU GHVWLQDWLRQ 6XJDPR VKRWHQJDL á?“ĺ?˜ŕ­śá“‡ăş‡ LQ -DSDQHVH LV D QHLJKERUKRRG LQ 7RN\R V QRUWKHUQ 7RVKLPD :DUG )LJXUH which evolved over generations around a temple called Koganji that honors the goddess of good health. With its nearly 200 shops, it draws some 20,000 visitors daily.

Figure 2: Sugamo shotengai with 3 nearby train stations (left) and an administrative map showing street morphology (right) (Source: Authors)

7KH PDMRULW\ RI WKHP DUH ZRPHQ PRVWO\ HOGHUO\ DQG WKH VKRWHQJDL VSHFLČ´FDOO\ WDUJHWV WKRVH ZRPHQ ZKR YLVLW WKH WHPSOH DQG WKHQ VWUROO WKH VKRSV .LNNRPDQ 7KH business community here organized a business association for themselves as well as other self-governance systems such as an RÉ?FLDO ZHEVLWH XSGDWHG IUHTXHQWO\ ZLWK HYHQW LQIRUPDWLRQ ZZZ VXJDPR RU MS 7KH\ DOVR FROODERUDWH ZLWK WKH ORFDO DXWKRULWLHV for some form of a co-governance system. Sugamo shotengai has been moderately studied, and most of the previous studies have been done by Japanese research WHDPV DQG SXEOLVKHG LQ -DSDQHVH ODQJXDJH 2VKLPD HW DO studied about the sitting space usage by visitors in Sugamo VKRWHQJDL 7KH\ FRQGXFWHG Č´[HG SRLQW REVHUYDWLRQ VXUYH\ DQG TXHVWLRQQDLUH VXUYH\ RI YLVLWRUV DQG FRQFOXGHG WKDW QRW

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only those who visited Koganji temple but also other shotengai YLVLWRUV XVH WKH VLWWLQJ VSDFHV LQ .RJDQML 7HPSOH DQG WKH visitors who sat in the sitting spaces of Koganji Temple tend to drop by at many shops, and the sitting spaces of Koganji Temple is helpful to keep the shotengai active. Kakinuma and 6KRVKLURGD UHVHDUFKHG RQ EHKDYLRUDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI temporary staying of elderly visitors, with the aim to clarify actual behaviors of elderly visitors’ temporary staying and resting and the maintenance of the resting spaces in Sugamo shotengai. The research interestingly found out that the elderly themselves WU\ WR Č´QG RU FUHDWH ȆVLWWLQJ VSDFHVȇ ZKHUH QR VLWWLQJ IDFLOLWLHV DUH RÉ?FLDOO\ VHW XS PDQ\ RI ZKLFK DUH RUJDQL]HG E\ LQGLYLGXDO VKRSV spontaneously based on demand-supply principle. Iwata and ΖWR VWXGLHG DERXW FRPPXQLFDWLRQ LQGXFLQJ RSHQ VSDFHV in Sugamo shotengai. They observed visitors’ behaviors while resting on benches in open spaces such as small squares as well DV DQDO\]HG WKH EHQFKHVȇ GLPHQVLRQV DQG WKHLU FRQČ´JXUDWLRQV and found out that many visitors - particularly elderly who sat there alone - started conversation with each other, and the benches with distance between two sitting positions of 112.5 cm or larger tend to induce friendly communication between conversationalists. Through those above studies, we can see that previous urban research on Sugamo shotengai mainly IRFXV RQ YLVLWRUV SDUWLFXODUO\ WKH HOGHUO\ DQG WKHLU EHKDYLRUV LQ small-scale open public spaces, so our interests and approach DUH GLÎ?HUHQW DQG FRPSOLPHQWDU\ WR WKHLUV

Figure 3: Views of the main street (left) and a side alley (right) (Source: Authors)

Figure 4: Cross section of Sugamo’s main street (Source: Authors)

There is a small square right at the gateway to the shotengai, where a large and long comic-style painting illustrating the entire shotengai by a contemporary Japanese artist is hung. In front of the painting are a number of trumps designed and arranged nicely as a temporary sitting place for visitors, particularly the HOGHUO\ )LJXUH OHIW

Physical survey Sugamo shotengai has very good accessibility by public WUDQVSRUW 7KHUH DUH WZR WUDLQ VWDWLRQV RQ RQH HQG 6XJDPR station on JR Yamanote line and Sugamo station on Toei metro 0LWD OLQH DQG RQH WUDLQ VWDWLRQ RQ WKH RWKHU HQG .RVKLQ]XND VWDWLRQ RQ 7RGHQ $UDNDZD /LQH 7KH VKRWHQJDL LV D SHGHVWULDQ ]RQH GXULQJ VSHFLČ´F KRXUV EDVLFDOO\ DP DQG SP RQ weekdays, and 12-6pm for weekends and holidays, except WKH WK WK DQG WK RI HDFK PRQWK ZLWK D VHSDUDWH WLPLQJ Since the pavement and carriageway are on the same level, the street can be considered as barrier free and relatively safe to DOO SHGHVWULDQV LQFOXGLQJ WKRVH LQ ZKHHO FKDLUV )LJXUH OHIW ΖQ terms of urban design and townscape, shotengai has humanscale cozy streetscape, lined up by 3 to 4-storey shops and KRXVHV )LJXUH 7KH VKRWHQJDL RÎ?HUV D YHU\ JRRG GLYHUVLW\ RI products and services as well as activities particularly relevant to elderly people’s needs. Products and services for other age groups are also provided.

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Figure 5: Open space at the gateway (left) and along the main street (right) of Sugamo shotengai (Source: Authors)

When we entered the main street and conducted temporal observation sessions, we witnessed and documented in photographs large number of visitors from many places in Japan coming to the shotengai. Koganji Temple is a popular visitor spot, where the famous Togenuji Jizo statue is claimed to cure illness and extend life. There are two main areas within Koganji temple’s territory that attract the public: the goddess of good health’s place where many people gather and queue up to pray for good health and longevity, and the resting benches which are set up in circle form in the front yard, making the space OLNH D OLWWOH SXEOLF VTXDUH )LJXUH ULJKW )URP WKH JDWHZD\ LQZDUGV WKLV SODFH LV WKH VHFRQG SODFH WR RÎ?HU YLVLWRUV UHVWLQJ RSSRUWXQLWLHV DIWHU VRPH VFUROOLQJ UHIHU WR WKH Č´QGLQJV RI 2VKLPD HW DO

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)LJXUH ULJKW 7KH GLVWDQFHV EHWZHHQ DOOH\V DUH UHODWLYH VPDOO so if one takes a stroll along the main road of the shotengai, he or she will get frequent opportunities to turn right or left into the alleys and further to the back lanes. A number of shops in the main streets also expanded their guest serving spaces along either side of the alleys next to their shops. Figure 6: Public spaces in KoganjiTemple where people gather to pray, rest and socialize (Source: Authors)

Another impression we had was that the shotengai is primarily lived in, run and served by the elderly for the elderly. There are few other clusters of resting benches and/or chairs along the shotengai where people can sit down and rest along their stroll. Most of them have been initiated by the elderly themselves as PHQWLRQHG HDUOLHU LQ 6KRVKLURGDȇV VWXG\ )LJXUH

Figure 7: Resting chairs and benches provided by some shops (Source: Authors)

There are many family-run restaurants or other eateries outlets, some are trans-generational that carry and oftentimes exhibit in their spaces precious stories and memories of customers’ YLVLWV 6RPH UDUH PHUFKDQGLVH PXFK IDYRUHG E\ WKH HOGHUO\ Č‚ WKDW DUH KDUG WR Č´QG HOVHZKHUH Č‚ DUH VROG KHUH ZKLFK EHFRPH a shopping attraction. Of the 20 people we interviewed many PHQWLRQHG DERXW SURGXFWV VXFK DV UHG SDQWV LW LV EHOLHYHG WKDW UHG FRORU FDQ KDYH ȆUHYLWDOL]DWLRQȇ HÎ?HFW Ȇ6XJDPRQȇ D GXFN FKDUDFWHU FKRVHQ IRU 6XJDPR VKRWHQJDL Ȇ6KLR GDLIXNXȇ *UHDW /XFN VZHHWHQHG UHG EHDQ SDVWH DQG Ȇ:DNDPHȇ HGLEOH VHDZHHG that are permanently sold here. Besides, during monthly fairs, some vendors would sell even more rare products such as Ȇ0DPXVKLȇ D YHQRPRXV SLW YLSHU DQG VKDUN FDUWLODJH 0DMRULW\ of customers who buy these rare merchandise are elderly. Along the main street, a long open space in front of a set back collective-living mansion with low, see-through fence and a large folding gate could be found. It functions as playground for children, with landscape garden on one side and benches at the other side that allow their parents or grandparents to sit, rest DQG ZDWFK DIWHU WKHP 7KH JURXQG LV FRYHUHG E\ DUWLČ´FLDO JUDVV for comfort and children’s safety. Some elderly would also stop E\ WR WDNH D UHVW )LJXUH ULJKW Through analyzing the street maps, it is apparent that the street SDWWHUQ UHČľHFWV D FOHDU V\VWHP RI PDLQ VWUHHW DOOH\V EDFN ODQHV although in a more irregular manner rather than a regular grid

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Social survey Semi-structured interviews were conducted at Sugamo shotengai. One of the interviewees was a ticket salesman of the Koganji temple. According to him, the temple is a regional attraction with visitors coming from various parts of the country. ΖW LV ZHOO NQRZQ DV D KRO\ WHPSOH DQG WKHUH DUH SHRSOH PRVWO\ HOGHUO\ ZKR YLVLW LW GDLO\ WR SUD\ IRU KHDOWK and prosperity. During the weekends or holidays, there are many more visitors. Another interviewee was a rice cake trader cum shopkeeper, who has been working there for three years. He lives far from the shotengai and it takes him about 1 hour to commute there. According to him, the attractiveness of Sugamo lies in the elder-friendly places such as Koganji temple and many familyrun shops that make the atmosphere friendly, intimate and nostalgic. There are chairs in front of many shops, which facilitate the elderly to rest and chat while eating or drinking. Customers Č‚ PRVWO\ VLJKWVHHLQJ YLVLWRUV Č‚ DUH DOVR IULHQGO\ DQG HDV\ WR KDYH FRQYHUVDWLRQ ZLWK 7KHLU EHKDYLRUV DUH GLÎ?HUHQW IURP WKRVH ZKR shop in big shopping malls such as Aeon. However, Sugamo also SUHVHQWV GLÉ?FXOWLHV IRU RXWVLGH WUDGHUV OLNH KLP WR UXQ EXVLQHVV and integrate with the native community. Another interviewee, a real estate agent, shared that the elderly people who visited her shop are from the nearby area, some of whom are lonely seniors. Her business is getting slightly better recently. Many more were interviewed and most of the respondents replied that there were good public places in the shotengai especially the Koganji temple, which was mentioned the most. Result analysis Based on the physical and social survey, Sugamo is clearly an elder-friendly and communication-friendly neighborhood with UHODWLYHO\ JRRG DXWRQRP\ 6DFUHG SODFHV PRVW LPSRUWDQWO\ WKH .RJDQML WHPSOH DQG SRFNHWV RI RSHQ VSDFHV ZLWK UHVWLQJ benches along the main street certainly play an important role as anchor points in form of resting and communication-inducing public spaces. The self-governed ‘elderly serving elderly’ model LV XQLTXHO\ VLJQLČ´FDQW LQ 6XJDPR $V WKH QXPEHU RI HOGHUO\ in Japan and their life expectancy continue to rise, there will EH PRUH HOGHUO\ ZLWK ORQJHU ȆVHFRQG VWDJHȇ RI OLIH OLIH DIWHU UHWLUHPHQW 7KXV WKLV NLQG RI LQQRYDWLYH EXVLQHVV PRGHO WR JHW the retirees re-entered the workforce at local service sectors could be a creative, relevant and resilient approach. The street pattern is relatively organic and the connection between the main street and the back lanes is good at most parts of the shotengai. The expansion of the service area into the alleys is not only a good way of utilizing small space, but

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also helps to invite visitors to walk in the alleys and discover more areas in the shotengai, thereby strengthening the physical and social connection between the main street and the back lanes. However, the neighborhood is also a relatively ‘closed’ and conservative community, which may not be welcoming to businessmen from other places when it comes to social and business cohesion. Such exclusivity could be a double-edge sword. While it prevents the community from building diversity; on the other hand, it reinforces the inherent and established solidarity and cohesion among long-time, trans-generational households and individuals who have built and sustained a strong community over centuries. Case 2: Togoshiginza shotengai %ULHI LQWURGXFWLRQ 7RJRVKL *LQ]D VKRWHQJDL ᥨ䎺䢰ᓗଡ଼ᓇ㺇 LV D NP ORQJ traditional shopping street that spans through Hiratsuka, Togoshi, Yutaka-cho and Nishishinagawa municipalities in Shinagawa Ward, and is considered one of the longest shotengai in Japan. The shotengai has relatively good accessibility by public WUDQVSRUW DV WKH 7RJRVKLJLQ]D VWDWLRQ RQ 7RN\X ΖNHJDPL OLQH is located right in the middle of the long shotengai. From its two ends, there are a few train stations within about 15 minute ZDONLQJ GLVWDQFH )LJXUH

The shotengai is catered for pedestrians only during business KRXUV VSHFLČ´FDOO\ IURP SP RQ ZHHNGD\V DQG IURP SP RQ weekends and holidays. It is well known for catering not only to the elderly but also other groups of visitors such as families with \RXQJ FKLOGUHQ )LJXUH

)LJXUH 7KH EDQQLQJ RI FDU WUDÉ?F GXULQJ GHVLJQDWHG KRXUV OHIW makes the shotengai become pedestrian zone for all ages to scroll and mingle (right) (Source: Authors)

Togoshiginza shotengai was relatively less studied, and most of the previous studies were done by Japanese research teams DQG SXEOLVKHG LQ -DSDQHVH :DWDQDEH HW DO VWXGLHG DERXW WKH LQČľXHQFH RI VLWWLQJ EHKDYLRUV RQ WKH OHQJWK RI VWD\ LQ 7RJRVKLJLQ]D VKRWHQJDL ZKLOH 6DLM\R HW DO VWXGLHG DERXW reassessment of local resources toward ‘ubiquitous network VRFLHW\ȇ WKURXJK WKH FDVH RI 7RJRVKLJLQ]D VKRWHQJDL VSHFLČ´FDOO\ the adoption of ITC-based town making to vitalize the central part of the shotengai. Physical survey In terms of urban design and townscape, since the pavement and carriageway are on the same level, the street is barrierfree and accessible to pedestrians including those who are wheelchair-bound. The shotengai has intimate streetscape with 1.5m sidewalks on both side of a, 4m wide road, alongside 3 to VWRUH\ VKRSV DQG KRXVHV )LJXUH

Figure 10: Cross section of Togoshiginza’s main street (Source: Authors) Figure 8: Togoshiginza shotengai and Togoshiginza train station (left), and a map of a shotengai stretch showing street and land SDUFHO SDWWHUQV ULJKW 6RXUFH $XWKRUV EDVH PDS *RRJOH

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7KH VKRWHQJDL RÎ?HUV D YHU\ JRRG GLYHUVLW\ RI SURGXFWV DQG services as well as activities relevant not only to elderly people

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but also other groups such as families, women and young children. Even on a weekday afternoon, based on pedestrian FRXQW RI PLQ LQWHUYDO SP SP LW ZDV LQWHUHVWLQJ WR observed that majority of the pedestrian were in fact nonHOGHUO\ HOGHUO\ WR QRQ HOGHUO\ A particularly interesting approach of using small spaces in Togoshiginza is the utilization of gaps between buildings. 7KHVH JDSV ZHUH SODQQHG DQG EXLOW WR FRPSO\ ZLWK -DSDQȇV ȴUH SURWHFWLRQ FRGH WR SUHYHQW WKH VSUHDGLQJ RI ȴUH LQ WKH HYHQW RI D ȴUH LQFLGHQW 7KH ZLGWKV RI WKH JDSV YDU\ FDVH E\ FDVH UDQJLQJ IURP WKH QDUURZHVW FP WR DV ZLGH DV P 7DEOH 7DEOH *DSV EHWZHHQ EXLOGLQJV DQG WKH YDULRXV FUHDWLYH XVHV set up by the residents inside them, depending on their widths (Source: Authors)

Figure 11: Views inside labyrinth-like back lane network (Source: Authors)

6TXDUHV á’łŕš¤LQ -DSDQHVH DUH DOVR ORFDWHG DW WKH VKRWHQJDLȇV H[LW Č‚ LQ WKH IRUP RI VPDOO RSHQ VSDFHV LQ EHWZHHQ GHQVHO\ EXLOW up housing blocks, with trees and simple park furniture. Social survey The same semi-structured street interviews were conducted at Togoshiginza shotengai. One interviewee was a 30-year-old mobile shop vendor cum television comedian. He claimed to do WKLV VLGH MRE RI VHOOLQJ GLÎ?HUHQW NLQGV RI SRWDWRHV DQG FRÎ?HH LQ KLV PLQL YDQ DV D KREE\ +H PRYHG DURXQG DQG SDUNHG DW GLÎ?HUHQW VPDOO UHQWHG VSDFHV IRU DERXW <HQ DSSUR[LPDWHO\ 86' D GD\ IRU D IUHTXHQF\ RI WR WLPHV D PRQWK $V many visitors came to Togoshiginza shotengai mainly to enjoy GLÎ?HUHQW NLQGV RI VSHFLDO IRRG WKH\ DOVR SXUFKDVHG IURP KLP He would have fewer customers on rainy days, as the shotengai LV QRW VKHOWHUHG )LJXUH ULJKW

Analysis of the map of Togoshiginza shotengai shows that its VWUHHW SDWWHUQ LV GLÎ?HUHQW IURP WKDW RI 6XJDPR :KLOH LW DOVR UHČľHFWV D FOHDU V\VWHP RI PDLQ VWUHHW DOOH\ EDFN ODQH LW LV PXFK more organized as most alleys lie perpendicularly to the main VWUHHW )LJXUH ULJKW 7KH ZKROH VHWWOHPHQW ZHOO UHČľHFWV WKH ȆSDWFKZRUNȇ SDWWHUQ DV DUWLFXODWHG E\ %DUULH 6KHOWRQ when he compared the ‘patchwork’ morphology of Japan’s traditional urban design with ‘network’ morphology of Western urban planning tradition. The distances between alleys are much larger than that of Sugamo shotengai, and shops along the main street do not usually expand their business to side alleys. Within those regular ‘patchworks’, the back lane system is however rather organic. Such small alleys and back lanes are FDOOHG ȆURMLȇ LQ -DSDQHVH 6XUSULVLQJO\ FRPSOLFDWHG URML V\VWHP that functions like a labyrinth could be observed behind the PDLQ VWUHHWV )LJXUH

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Figure 12: Traditional foods are sold and enjoyed on the roadside (left) or creatively sold in a mobile van for take away by a young man (right) (Source: Authors)

Another interviewee was an ‘Oden’ shop owner. Oden is a kind of Japanese winter snack, consisting of several ingredients such as ERLOHG HJJV GDLNRQ UDGLVK NRQQ\DNX DQG SURFHVVHG Č´VK FDNHV VWHZHG LQ D OLJKW VR\ ČľDYRUHG GDVKL EURWK 7KH VKRS RZQHU ZDV in his 60s, who ran the Oden shop in his own house, and rented the next-door space to cater for customers’ dining space. Most RI WKH VKRS RZQHUV UHQW WKH VKRSV DQG WKH\ OLYH LQ GLÎ?HUHQW DUHDV QHDUE\ RU IXUWKHU +H VWDUWHG WKLV EXVLQHVV \HDUV DJR and wished to sustain it in long run. His business was running well and many people including famous television artists and frequent customers came to his shop for Oden. From his point of view, the merits of shotengai lie in its convenience, low living cost, wide and barrier-free road and sidewalk. However, the disadvantages are high properties rents, costly maintenance of

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SXEOLF LQIUDVWUXFWXUH VXFK DV XQGHUJURXQG FDEOHV DQG URDGVLGH GUDLQV ZKLFK DUH FR IXQGHG E\ ERWK ORFDO JRYHUQPHQW DQG the residents. Social connection in Togoshiginza shotengai is relatively good. For instance, he knows most of his neighbors within 100m. He has six family members, however, his children did not want to take over his shop. Another interviewee was the owner of a shop selling clothes. According to her, the elderly people who would buy clothes in her shop were often frequent customers. While there were many elderly visitors, there were also other age groups, such as women with kids. The business was running rather steadily. We also LQWHUYLHZHG WKH VWDÎ? RI 7RJRVKLJLQ]D %XVLQHVV $VVRFLDWLRQ 7KH %XVLQHVV $VVRFLDWLRQ RÉ?FH ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG D FRXSOH RI GHFDGHV ago. It is a self-initiated and autonomous organization, and the VWDÎ?V DUH SDLG E\ D FRPPRQ IXQG FRQWULEXWHG E\ VKRWHQJDL EXVLQHVVHV )RU VHOI JRYHUQDQFH WKH\ KDYH DQ RÉ?FLDO ZHEVLWH XSGDWHG IUHTXHQWO\ ZLWK HYHQW LQIRUPDWLRQ ZZZ WRJRVKLJLQ]D MS 7KH\ DOVR FROODERUDWH ZLWK WKH ORFDO DXWKRULWLHV LQ WKH IRUP of co-governance system. On another note, many original shop owners or shopkeepers have already become old and some of them have stopped their businesses. They have rented out their shops to others, and live upstairs or nearby. Many people come here after watching popular television programs that feature WKH VKRSV SURGXFWV SDUWLFXODUO\ WKRVH YLVLWHG E\ SRSXODU DUWLVWV Others simply stop by from train station to get daily groceries. The shotengai is very long, which is a good place to stroll and RÎ?HUV YDULRXV VHUYLFHV WR SHGHVWULDQV Result analysis Based on the physical and social survey, Togoshiginza is clearly a well self-governed shopping neighborhood. It is also a place where creative place making and the delicate social cohesion and negotiations behind them take place. As the width of the physical gaps between buildings increases, particularly along the main street, usage by the residents increases DFFRUGLQJO\ DQG DOVR GLYHUVLČ´HV VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ ΖQWHUHVWLQJO\ WKH\ UHČľHFW WKH YDULRXV ZD\V RI FUHDWLYH VSDFH PDNLQJ E\ WKH residents, as such compact spaces are optimized and utilized HÉ?FLHQWO\ 7KH ȆSDWFKZRUNȇ PRUSKRORJ\ LQ 7RJRVKLJLQ]D VWURQJO\ UHČľHFWV D W\SLFDO ZD\ RI WUDGLWLRQDO -DSDQHVH ODQG DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ PHWKRG E\ ȆFKRPHȇ Đąâ´ž DQ DHULDO XQLW DSSUR[LPDWHV WR D :HVWHUQ VWUHHW EORFN RU D FROOHFWLRQ RI VPDOO EORFNV 6KHOWRQ 7KHUH LV D JRRG FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH IURQW VKRS houses with the back lane housing blocks. Such relationship between the front and the back areas functions as strategic ‘symbiotic’ relationship, in which one supports the other for PXWXDO EHQHČ´WV DQG FR H[LVWHQFH )RU LQVWDQFH WKH FRPPHUFLDO front along the main street may provide most essential daily amenities for the entire community, while the back lane areas may provide accommodation opportunities with cheaper prices RU UHQWV DV FRPSDUHG WR PDLQ VWUHHW JUHHQHU TXLHWHU DQG

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more private areas for relaxation as well as living. The roji’s complex network can be explained from the land management viewpoint. According to Japan’s law, these lands are usually private. This means that the roji owner has the full right to organize circulation path within their private lands the way they like or even exclude it from public access. Therefore, the entire roji system is organic and complicated, which in fact, has created interesting small-scale places of distinctive characteristics. The quality and pace of life in these areas are usually tranquil and slow throughout the whole day. The organic roji network actually shapes up smaller communities of a few neighboring households who share common inner yards or passageways, creating a settlement of ‘communities within community’. The fact that the majority of pedestrians are non-elderly supports that Togoshiginza is an inclusive place that promote EXVLQHVVHV DQG XUEDQ HQYLURQPHQW IRU GLÎ?HUHQW W\SHV RI SHRSOH RI GLÎ?HUHQW DJH JURXSV Discussions and Conclusions This section aims to compare Sugamo and Togoshiginza based on the results from the physical and social surveys, and then explores how these generalized results can help address the research questions. In both cases, the shotengai are special and valuable in the following ways: Č? (OGHU IULHQGO\ HQYLURQPHQWV Č? *RRG DFFHVVLELOLW\ E\ SXEOLF WUDQVSRUW Č? )ULHQGO\ SHRSOH ERWK ORFDO DQG YLVLWRUV GXH WR FRPPXQLFDWLRQ IULHQGO\ XUEDQ VHWWLQJV

Č? +XPDQ VFDOH FR]\ VWUHHWVFDSH Č? *UHDW GLYHUVLW\ RI SURGXFWV DQG VHUYLFHV UDUH WUDGLWLRQDO merchandise relevant to elderly Č? %DUULHU IUHH VWUHHW GHVLJQ DQG SHGHVWULDQ ]RQHV GXULQJ designated hours +RZHYHU WKHUH DUH GLÎ?HUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR VKRWHQJDL Sugamo shotengai features: Č? $ VDFUHG VLJKWVHHLQJ DWWUDFWLRQ WKDW GUDZV QXPHURXV YLVLWRUV from diverse regions Č? 3RFNHWV RI RSHQ VSDFHV DORQJ WKH PDLQ VWUHHW DV UHVWLQJ DQG communication-inducing places Č? 2FFDVLRQDO WUDGLWLRQDO IDLUV RU IHVWLYDOV XVXDOO\ KHOG RQ WKH WK WK RU WK RI HDFK PRQWK

Č? 0DQ\ VKRSV WKDW DUH FDWHUHG IRU WKH HOGHUO\ DQG PDQDJHG UXQ and served by the elderly Č? 0DQ\ VKRSV LQ WKH PDLQ VWUHHWV H[SDQG WKHLU VSDFHV RI VHUYLFHV to side alleys Meanwhile, Togoshiginza features: Č? 6SHFLDO IRRG LQ SDUWLFXODU RXWGRRU GLQLQJ VHWWLQJV WKDW FUHDWH special dining experiences Č? 6RPH WUDGLWLRQDO IRRG VKRSV RI KLJK SRSXODULW\ GXH WR WHOHYLVLRQ

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shows that feature them Č? &UHDWLYH XWLOL]DWLRQ RI JDSV EHWZHHQ EXLOGLQJV DV D IRUP RI micro place making Č? 2UJDQLF URML QHWZRUN WKDW VKDSHV XS ȆPLQL QHLJKERUKRRGȇ RU ‘mini-communities’ Č? 0DQ\ VKRSV WKDW DUH FDWHUHG IRU WKH HOGHUO\ DV ZHOO DV RWKHU age groups 7KURXJK WKLV VWXG\ RXU Č´UVW UHVHDUFK TXHVWLRQ RQ KRZ WUDGLWLRQDO low-rise and spatially compact shotengai can be sustainable over centuries has been addressed properly. In terms of economical sustainability, both shotengai have successfully GHYHORSHG WKHLU RZQ PDUNHW ȆQLFKHȇ IRU VSHFLČ´F WDUJHW FXVWRPHUV the elderly and the public transport users. And together with the ‘community business’ model that strategically markets the entire solidary shotengai as one venue, the two shotengai have strengthened their competitiveness against large-scale modern shopping malls, where their retails are in competition and where younger and car-user customers frequent. In addition to numerous sales and festivals throughout the year, both shotengai business associations deploy various creative strategies to keep their shotengai remain active, lively, bustling and popular. For instance, some sell original sake and snacks under their own unique shotengai brand, while other groups organize recycling schemes where customers receive ‘gift points’ for returning empty cans and plastic bottles and these points can be claimed for purchases. As a result, there have been positive signs that customers are beginning to rediscover the value of this community business model. Features such as sacred place, rare traditional merchandise, traditional fairs or IHVWLYDOV DQG WUDGLWLRQDO IRRG VKRSV VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ DGGUHVV WKH cultural sustainability of the two shotengai. In addition, the VRFLDO VXVWDLQDELOLW\ LV UHČľHFWHG LQ SDUWLFXODU IHDWXUHV VXFK DV elder-friendliness, ‘elderly-serve-elderly’ model, friendly and communication-active people, and many shops and services WKDW DUH FDWHUHG IRU GLÎ?HUHQW DJH JURXSV Our second research question on how creative place making WDNHV VKDSH E\ LQGLYLGXDO RU FROOHFWLYH UHVLGHQWV LQ VSHFLČ´F XUEDQ FRQWH[WV KDV DOVR EHHQ ZHOO UHČľHFWHG WKURXJK YDULRXV ways of place making and place quality enrichment, including human-scale intimate streetscapes, barrier-free street designs and pedestrian zones during designated hours, distributed pockets of open spaces as resting and communication-inducing places, special outdoor dining settings, creative utilization of gaps between buildings, and ‘mini-neighborhoods’ in organic roji network. The case studies have shown that the elderly themselves are indeed creative in various ways and levels in making their living and working environments more elderIULHQGO\ JLYHQ WKHLU VSHFLČ´F FRQWH[WV DQG FRQVWUDLQWV From this study, it can also be concluded that shotengai in Japan, as in the case of Sugamo and Togoshiginza, represent an important form of urban core areas in most of the towns and

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cities - the traditional ‘central business district’ cum residential neighborhood with distinct atmosphere - which play essential roles in providing innovative ‘community business’ model, welfare, security, sense of community as well as local authentic FXOWXUDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV $OO RI WKHVH VLJQLČ´FDQW IHDWXUHV KDYH been making the two shotengai sustainable and remain vibrant for centuries, resilient to ever-increasing modernization threats from other high-rise, high-dense, large-scale urban development around them. Thus, despite the falling numbers of WUDGLWLRQDO VKRWHQJDL WKH\ VWLOO FRQWLQXH WR VXVWDLQ DQG ČľRXULVK due to strong community spirit and collaboration, individual and collective creativity and initiatives, nourished by local pride and mutual support. Lastly, this study suggests that Asian cities such as Tokyo can create their own ways of making them more elder-friendly. Leveraging on the lessons learnt, it calls for culture-sensitive and socially contextualized urban design strategies and policies for future neighborhood planning and developments in Japan as well as other parts of the Asian region. Acknowledgement This research has been supported by the SUTD-MIT International Design Centre of the Singapore University of Technology and 'HVLJQ 687' 6SHFLDO WKDQNV JR WR 0V 0DR 2VKLWD 0U 6KLQJR 6HNL\D DQG 0U <RVKLQR <DVXPRUL IRU VXSSRUWLQJ ZLWK WKH Č´HOG surveys.

Figure sources Figure 1: Available: http://kinyodo.moe-nifty.com/blog/2010/09/ SRVW Î?DG KWPO 2WKHU Č´JXUHV 7KH VRXUFH LV VWDWHG LQ Č´JXUH FDSWLRQ References +DQL < 6KRWHQJDL $YDLODEOH DW KWWS ZZZ MDSDQWLPHV co.jp/life/2005/06/12/to-be-sorted/shotengai/#.U9m_tf2gFz8 ΖZDWD 0 DQG ΖWR ) ȝɧɭÉ“ČšĎŒȿɯɝȧäƒˆâ˛ŞÇŽČ á’ł ๤ă‚ŞäŻƒČ€ÇšÇ™ÇťČƒâš„ă‚Ś á?“ĺ?˜ŕľ 㭼䙊Č&#x;ଡ଼ᓇ㺇ȧሎ䊑ǽǏǝ äš¨áŁŒáť‡ឲ â­?â?ŤâŤ ຳǽտᆾ䴰㎖ ȲĎŒČ´É’ČŹÉ‚É‘ÉƒÉ‹ȿɯɝ ᔪ ă‡šâ˝ŽŐŠČżÉ ÉŽɨ >LQ -DSDQHVH@ 6XPPDULHV RI WHFKQLFDO SDSHUV of Annual Meeting Architectural Institute of Japan. F-1, Urban planning, building economics and housing problems 2010, 1499-1502, 2010-07-20 -DSDQ *RYHUQPHQW &DELQHW 2É?FH $JLQJ VRFLHW\ DQQXDO report 2012. Section 4-Creating an environment in which elderly persons can thrive. Available: http://www8.cao.go.jp/kourei/ english/annualreport/2012/pdf/1-4.pdf .DQLQXPD 0 DQG 6KRVKLURGD $ ĺ„ˆĺ–’áś•ăş‡ă˜ľČƒâ”ŽâŽ‰ăšźŕ¤… ⢊á™—Č€äŻ’ÇŽČ âš„ă‚Ś á?“ĺ?˜ŕľ 㭼䙊Č&#x;ଡ଼ᓇ㺇ȧሎ䊑ǽǏǝ [in

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-DSDQHVH@ -RXUQDO RI WKH &LW\ 3ODQQLQJ ΖQVWLWXWH RI -DSDQ .LNNRPDQ FRP -DSDQ V 6KRWHQJDL Shopping Streets. Available at: http://www.kikkoman.com/ foodforum/spotlightjapan/20.shtml /XL & (YHULQJKDP - :DUEXUWRQ - &XWKLOO 0 %DUWOHWW + :KDW PDNHV D FRPPXQLW\ DJH IULHQGO\ $ UHYLHZ RI LQWHUQDWLRQDO OLWHUDWXUH $XVWUDODVLDQ -RXUQDO RQ $JHLQJ 9RO Issue 3, pages 116-121 2VKLPD + $PDQR . DQG 7DQLJXFKL + ŕ­śá“‡ăş‡áś•ăş‡ă˜ľČƒ á“—Č&#x;É É˘ĎŒÉ ŕĄ™â­˜Č€äŻ’ÇŽČ âš„ă‚Ś á?“ĺ?˜ŕľ 㭼䙊Č&#x;ŕ­śá“‡ăş‡Čƒ๤ਸ >LQ -DSDQHVH@ -RXUQDO RI DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG SODQQLQJ 2006-12-30 6DLM\R . 6X]XNL < .RED\DVKL 0 DQG .RLNH + DŽɎɛȾɇ É É•É‹É?ɡĎŒȡ⽎ŐŠČ€Ç&#x;ÇŚČ ŕľ ŕ¸?ä‹ˇâ“€ČƒŢ˝ä‚…â€Ť×‘â€ŹČ€äŻ’ÇŽČ âš„ă‚Ś : ᥨ䎺䢰ᓗଡ଼ᓇ㺇ȀÇ&#x;ÇŚČ á‡?ä Źá‡?ĺ ƒȧҝ֝ǽǏǝ ,7 䜭á?˛ä€¸â­Ť

[in Japanese] Summaries of technical papers of Annual Meeting Architectural Institute of Japan. F-1, Urban planning, building economics and housing problems 2009, 855-856, 2009-07-20 6KHOWRQ % /HDUQLQJ IURP WKH -DSDQHVH &LW\ /RRNLQJ (DVW LQ 8UEDQ 'HVLJQ 7D\ORU )UDQFLV 0D\ :DWDQDEH 7 $PDQR . 2VKLPD + 6DWR - DQG 7DQLJXWL + Ç‚áś•ăş‡ă˜ľČƒá“—Č&#x;ăšźâ›ŞÇĄâ”Žŕľ˜ṲäŻƒ ăƒťá‡´Č&#x;㚟अȀ৺ȑǎᖥ丯Ȁǚ Ǚǝ ᥨ䎺䢰ᓗଡ଼ᓇ㺇ȧሎ䊑ǽǏǝ տ⍠ຳČƒá–’áĄ€ ᔪ㇚䀸⭍ΖΖ [in Japanese]. Summaries of technical papers of Annual Meeting Architectural Institute of Japan. E-2, Architectural planning and design II, Dwelling houses and housing sites, rural planning, education 2004, 401-402, 2004-07-31 :+2 :RUOG +HDOWK 2UJDQL]DWLRQ *OREDO $JH )ULHQGO\ Cities: A Guide. Available: http://www.who.int/ageing/ publications/Global_age_friendly_cities_Guide_English.pdf WHO-b. WHO Global Network of Age-friendly Cities and Communities. Available at: http://www.who.int/ageing/age_ friendly_cities_network/en/ 81 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV 'HSDUWPHQW RI (FRQRPLF DQG 6RFLDO $Î?DLUV 3RSXODWLRQ 'LYLVLRQ :RUOG 3RSXODWLRQ $JHLQJ 67 ESA/SER.A/348. 9HUWÂŤ ' $VVHVVLQJ DJH IULHQGOLQHVV LQ FLWLHV (XURFLWLHV 6RFLDO $Î?DLUV )RUXP %UXVVHOV (XURFLWLHV

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SPATIAL FORM AND MICROCLIMATE IN PEDESTRIAN STREET IN NANJIN, CHINA Jingjin LI, Jianguo WANG Keywords: MICROCLIMATE, STREET FORM, ENVI-MET

Abstract The microclimate of the pedestrian street which is an important public space for citizens has important impact on people’s experience. The study presents the relationship between street form and urban PLFURFOLPDWH E\ WKUHH FDVH VWXGLHV LQ 1DQMLQJ &KLQD 7KH DLU temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation RI WKH VWUHHW DUH VLPXODWHG E\ DSSO\LQJ (19Ζ PHW VRIWZDUH %DVHG on the results of the experimentation, it studies the space form of street canyons and the microclimate in three—dimensional space from plane section, vertical section and transect. The results show that the sky-view, street length-width ratio, street interface have GLÎ?HUHQW HÎ?HFWV RQ WKH VWUHHW PLFURFOLPDWH 7KLV VWXG\ ZLOO H[SORUH WKH SRVVLELOLW\ DQG SRWHQWLDO RI XVLQJ PRUSKRORJLFDO WHFKQLTXHV WR LGHQWLI\ WKH NH\ IDFWRUV WKDW LQČľXHQFH PLFURFOLPDWH LQ VWUHHW DQG LQIRUP XUEDQ GHVLJQ WR SURYLGH D PD[LPXP FRROLQJ HÎ?HFW 7KLV will contribute to the ongoing research to identify which street form KDV WKH PRVW VLJQLČ´FDQW LPSDFW RQ PLFURFOLPDWH 7KH FRQFOXVLRQ can be used for architects and urban designers for the description of conditions and the development of possibilities for improving microclimatic conditions based on urban design.

Introduction The rapid advance of China’s urbanization process, resulting the expansion of urban scale and the increasing of building density DQG KHLJKW ZKLFK FDXVH WKH XUEDQ PLFURFOLPDWH LV GLÎ?HUHQW RI climatic phenomenon such as the urban heat island, and poor natural ventilation. With the continuous improvement of living standards, urban residents demanding more comfortable urban public space. However, the traditional urban designers focus on the reasonable needs of urban design aesthetics and function space, lack of consideration of urban micro-climate. A large number of high-density urban development activities changed microclimate, making the lack of sunshine street QHDU JURXQG OHYHO ORFDO KHDW SRRU YHQWLODWLRQ DQG GLÎ?XVLRQ RI pollutants are growing problems. A number of investigations revealed that people thermal assessments of an environment may extensively impact their usage of that place [1e27]. There is evidence that thermal comfort in the outdoor spaces and acceptable thermal range vary from the indoor thermal comfort

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due to psychological and behaviour factors [3,4e5]. Pedestrian street as an important public space, the quality RI WKH PLFUR FOLPDWH KDYH D VLJQLČ´FDQW LPSDFW RQ WKH SXEOLF experience. this research presented here intended to explore the relationship between spatial form and urban pedestrian street microclimate based on the simulation analysis of the microclimate in pedestrian street . 2 Backgroud 2.1 Related research In 1970s, with the proposed concept of sustainable development, western scholars launched studies of the relationship between urban form and urban microclimate, The book <Sunshine , ventilation and lighting - architectural design Strategies >which was written by American scholar Mark Derkay and GZ Brown made a comprehensive study on the relationship of city form and micro-climate, Robinson’s book<climate-sensitive urban design >in the tropical areas of the city for the design of how the layout of the building to reduce urban heat island HÎ?HFWV SURPRWH WKH LPSURYHPHQW RI EXLOGLQJ PLFUR FOLPDWH DQG other issues carried out in-depth research, the Massachusetts College of Sports CFD technology to expand the urban wind HQYLURQPHQW VWXGLHV ΖQ FKLQD :DQJ -LDQJXR RI 6RXWKHDVW University, Ding Wowo of Nanjing University, Liang Jiang of Dalian University of Technology, Bai chun and other scholars have theory research of the city morphology, urban design and other aspects of climate systems, Wu enrong, Ren Chao of Chinese University of Hong Kong study on Hong Kong ventilation from the perspective of urban climate map, Li Baofeng, Wang zheng of Hua zhong University of Science and Technology analyze the thermal environment if streets in Wuhan. Overall, these research on urban mico-climate focused on the theoretical framework and the level of large-scale studies , existing research often consider a single centralized climate elements. Software used in this article researching the micro-climate of the pedestrian street, intended to consider the thermal, wind , humility ,solar radiation. 2.2 Selection of relevant research software Currently existing analysis software for micro-climate are mainly FLUENT, CFX, CFD2000 etc. The main feature are shown in Table WKLV SDSHU FKRRVHV WKH (QYL PHW QRQ FRPPHUFLDO VLPXODWLRQ software which is developed by a German scholar, mainly used for urban Heat Island assess the mesoscale model. Unlike FLUENT, CFD and other simulation software focused on air ČľRZ FDOFXODWLRQ WKLV VRIWZDUH LV WKH Č´UVW VRIWZDUH ZLWK G\QDPLF numerical model representing the main atmospheric process in a urban environment , Numerical simulation of the overall

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environmental impact factors of urban micro-climate on WKH EDVLV RI FRQVLGHULQJ WKH UHOHYDQW IDFWRUV ČľRZ G\QDPLFV thermodynamics, and urban meteorology. For this research, (QYL PHW VRIWZDUH KDV WKH IROORZLQJ DGYDQWDJHV Č´UVW LW FDQ VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ VLPXODWH DLU ČľRZ KHDW ČľRZ UDGLDWLRQ DQG RWKHU parameters of the exchange process, second, minimum grid resolution of 0.5 meters is suitable for small-scale research such as Nanbuting pedestrian street, third in the model not only wind and solar radiation can penetrate the green vegetation Green , the process of evaporation of water and photosynthesis in the calculation, which can simulate the urban microclimate more accurately.

3 Method 3.1 Study area Nanjing is located at downstream of the Yangtze River, in the VRXWKZHVW RI -LDQJVX SURYLQFH ODWLWXGH ( r WR r ORQJLWXGH 1 r WR r 1DQMLQJ KDV D VXEWURSLFDO monsoon climate, abundant rainfall, annual precipitation is 1,200 mm, the annual average temperature of 15.4C, annual maximum temperature of 39.7C, the lowest temperature of -13.1 degrees. In the four seasons of Nanjing, spring and autumn are short, summer and winter are long , Nanjing is a famous hot city in china . 7KLV SDSHU FKRRVH WKUHH GLÎ?HUHQW FRPPHUFLDO SHGHVWULDQ streets in Nanjing, Shiziqiao pedestrian street is adapted from the original urban space, Nanbuting pedestrian Street is located in the historic district counterfeit Chinese traditional commercial street built with low-rise buildings and Hexi pedestrian street is a large-scale commercial pedestrian street created as modern business model: 6KL]LTLDR FRPPHUFLDO SHGHVWULDQ VWUHHW Shiziqiao commercial pedestrian street is located in the middle of the old city of Nanjing, about 1.5 km west of Xuanwu Lake, an important part of Hunan Road shopping district, which has been rapid development from 1997.The Street is about 15 degrees south east, total length is approximately 270 meters and width of 20 meters. The main entrance is a 1,000 square meters square on the south side of commercial Street. Both sides of the pedestrian street are multi-storey commercial buildings and UHVLGHQWLDO EXLOGLQJ WKHV WUHHW ČľRRU LV PDLQ PDGH RI VWRQH 2 Nanbuting commercial pedestrian Street Nanbuting pedestrian Street is located in the south of the ancient city of Nanjing, near the Ganxi historic buildings. It is constructed in 2006, the main buildings of the street are traditional style, surrounded by traditional houses, overall building height are under 12 meters. The street is 15 degrees south west, length about 150 meters and 3-9 meters wide. 3 Hexi pedestrian street Hexi pedestrian street is located in Nanjing Hexi New Town Center, east side of the Nanjing Olympic center, began construction in 2000. The pedestrian street is 25 degrees south west, 255 meters long from north to south, east-west width of 80 m. Both sides of the large public buildings. Landscape elements setting in internal pedestrian street are Grass ,trees and pool.

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Figure 3 temperature change of the street

Fig. 2. Location of the street.

3.2 Calculation Method The research start simulating the micro-climate of the three streets from 10:00 am to 16:00 pm in June 23,2014based on Envi-met , setting the same initial simulation parameters according to Meteorological data, the initial wind speed 2.5 m / s, wind direction southeast , the initial temperature 293K, initial humidity of 50%.

Judging from the temperature variation of the three Commercial pedestrian Street between 10:00 am to 16:00 pm , they belong to WKUHH GLÎ?HUHQW W\SHV RI WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQ +H[L SHGHVWULDQ street is belonging to the type grow steadily , from 10 am to 14:00 pm the temperature increased from 295K steadily to 300K, Nanbuting pedestrian is belonging to the type mutant variation . From 10:00 to 12:00 am temperature change is small, the temperature is maintained at 292K lower than the initial value, but from 12:00 to 14:00 pm the temperature rose rapidly to 295k to 297k. Shiziqiao Commercial Street has the smallest temperature change of the three models, the temperature keeps between 293 to 291.4, the highest temperature occurs between 11:00 to 12:00 noon, the temperature reaches 293K, but in 14:00 pm the temperature dropped to 291.4 k even lower than the temperature in 12:00. 2 Horizontal Temperature distribution

3.3 Simulation Results 3.3.1 Temperature Distribution Based on the three streets micro climate modeling, the paper VWDWLVWLFV VWUHHWV PLFUR FOLPDWH FKDQJH LQIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH GD\ V temperature changes, the horizontal spatial distribution of temperature, vertical spatial distribution temperature. 1 Temperature variation

On the view of the temperature horizontal spatial distribution, three streets vary greatly, Nanbuting has the maximum WHPSHUDWXUH GLÎ?HUHQFH LQVLGH &RPPHUFLDO 6WUHHW WHPSHUDWXUH of the entrance area adjacent to the east side of of Zhongshan Road 14:00 is 297.5k, the temperature on the west side of the &RPPHUFLDO 6WUHHW LV N WKH RYHUDOO WHPSHUDWXUH GLÎ?HUHQFH

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UHDFKHG N PD[LPXP WHPSHUDWXUH GLÎ?HUHQFH RI 6KL]LTLDR Commercial Street the at 14:00 reached 0.9k, south of the entrance plaza lowest temperature 290.8k, commercial Street on the north side temperature up to 291.7k, which is the lowest of the three streets. Hexi Street with highest temperature, but WKH WHPSHUDWXUH GLÎ?HUHQFH LV VPDOO WKH WHPSHUDWXUH FKDQJHV between 298.5K to 298.9K. 2 Vertical Temperature distribution

2 Vertical wind speed distribution

From the view of the wind speed vertical distribution, Shiziqiao pedestrian street has the higher wind speed, wind speed GLÎ?HUHQFHV H[LVW IURQ HDVW WR ZHVW VLGHV WKH HDVW VLGH LV UHODWLYHO\ lower wind speed of 1.4m / s with the higher wind speed the west of about 1.8m / s, wind speed changes in Hexi pedestrian small in near ground, wind speed is lower than 0.38m / s, wind speed in nanbuting pedestrian street changes between 0.66m / s to1.57m / s from the ground to the roof of the building, wind speed in west side is lower than the east.

The characteristics of temperature vertical distribution in the three streets at 14:00 is relatively the same, all shown the trend that from the ground up the temperature is gradually declining WKH GLÎ?HUHQFH LV WKDW EHORZ PHWHUV WKH WHPSHUDWXUH LQ Shiziqiao street is relatively stable at 291.4k, temperature in nanbuting pedestrian street at about two meters high is about 0.3k than the temperature of the ground, temperature in hexi pedestrian street changes between 298k to 296k from ground to18meters high .

3.3.3 Distribution of solar radiation

3.3.2 Wind speed distribution

7KH VRODU UDGLDWLRQ GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH WKUHH VWUHHW LV GLÎ?HUHQW at 14:00, solar radiation in Nanbuting pedestrian is about 800w / m2 with some areas of 450w / m2 , The solar radiation inside Hexi street reaches 900w / m2 ,which is the most in the three street, but the solar radiation where green vegetation with VKLHOGLQJ HÎ?HFW LV MXVW Z P2 . 3.3.4 Humidity distribution

From the view of wind speed horizontal distribution, Hexi street has the lowest wind speed of the three streets between 0.34m / s to 0.68m / s, and he wind speed of 80% of the street is less than 0.5m / s, which is just 20 percent of the initial wind speed. Wind speed in Nanbuting changes between 0.34m / s to 2.47m / s, wind speed in the interior Shiziqiao street between 0.59m / s to 2.37m / s. High speed wind appear in the zone of the southern entrance plaza of Shiziqiao pedestrian street where and the east entrance plaza Nanbuting pedestrian, while high speed wind of Hexi pedestrian street is outside the pedestrian area on the roads near by, there are two high-speed wind vortex area on the south side of the two iconic tower, wind speed UHDFKHV PRUH WKDQ P V RU PRUH WKH GLÎ?HUHQFH RI WKH ORFDO ZLQG VSHHG LV PRUH WKDQ Č´YH WLPHV 7KH ZLQG VLPXODWLRQ VWXGLHV FRQČ´UPHG ZKDW KDG EHHQ PHDVXUHG LQ RWKHU FLWLHV :LQGV KHUH are only 25 percent to 50 percent as strong as winds in the open countryside [6].

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On the view of the moisture distribution, Shiziqiao pedestrain street has the higher humidity variations between 61-71% in the three streets, humidity in nanbuting is between 59-63%, humidity in Hexi pedestrian is lower than the other two between 39% to 41%. 3.3 Index correlation study In the micro-climate index internal pedestrian street in the analysis above, some indicators showing a positive correlation

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HÎ?HFWV VXFK DV DLU WHPSHUDWXUH GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ of solar radiation, the overall temperature of the Hexi pedestrian is highest of the three streets and its surface solar radiation intensity is also the highest. Some indicators showing a negative correlation, such as air temperature and humidity distribution , the temperature distribution of the Shiziqiao pedestrian is the lowest but relatively with a high humidity distribution. In contrast Hexi pedestrian street has a high temperature about 6.8K higher than Shiziqiao but a lower humidity just between 20% to 30%. Also the air temperature distribution and the wind speed distribution have negative correlation, air temperature in Shiziqiao pedestrian street is lower but wind speed is relatively high.

1DQEXWLQJ HÎ?HFW WKH WHPSHUDWXUH GLVWULEXWLRQ LPSURYH WKH range of about 0.3k. The entrance plaza south of the Shiziqiao and central open node also cause bigger wind speed distribution. Bump interface will also cause wind speed changes, especially the part of the building angle to form a high wind area such as the two towers in Hexi. (Î?HFW RI VWUHHWV VHFWLRQ 6WUHHW / : OHQJWK :LGWK UDWLR

4 Discussions on relationships between space form and micro-climate Base on the simulation analyzing on the microclimate characteristics of the three streets, through the streets space form analysis, This article focuses on the factors Sky visual Č´HOG VWUHHWV LQWHUIDFH VWUHHW VHFWLRQV DQG JUHHQ YHJHWDWLRQ GLVWULEXWLRQ HÎ?HFWLQJ RQ WKH PLFUR FOLPDWH RI WKH VWUHHW (Î?HFWLRQ RI WKH 6N\ YLVXDO Č´HOG

7KH VN\ YLVXDO Č´HOG RI +H[L SHGHVWULDQ VWUHHW UDQJH EHWZHHQ WR VN\ YLVXDO Č´HOG RI 1DQEXWLQJ SHGHVWULDQ VWUHHW EHWZHHQ the lower range of 0.26 to 0.49, some space node reaches 0.78, VN\ YLVXDO Č´HOG RI WKH 6KL]LTLDR SHGHVWULDQ LV LQ WKH UDQJH IURP WR 6N\ YLVXDO Č´HOG GLUHFWO\ DÎ?HFWV WKH VXUIDFH VRODU UDGLDWLRQ LQWHQVLW\ DOVR KDV D GLUHFW HÎ?HFW RQ WKH VXUIDFH DLU temperature. The relationship between the sky and the wind VSHHG YLVXDO Č´HOG LV UDWKHU VSHFLDO 6KL]LTLDR SHGHVWULDQ VWUHHW has the maximum wind speed in the three streets, but its sky YLVXDO Č´HOG LV ORFDWHG EHWZHHQ WKH RWKHU WZR VWUHHWV (Î?HFW RI VWUHHWV LQWHUIDFH 7KH VWUHHWV LQWHUIDFH ČľDW GHJUHH HÎ?HFWWKH LQWHUQDO WHPSHUDWXUH distribution . The interface Hexi pedestrian street is tidy with no twists and turns, the temperature distribution and wind speed distribution changes are small. In contrast Nanbuting pedestrian space due to the traditional model used in street design, rich spatial variation brings a wealth of micro-scale climate change. For example, two enlarged nodes pedestrian street in central

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Judging from the site plan, Nanbuting pedestrian street’s maximum L/W ratio is about 15-30, which is closer to channel , spatial orientation is direct, in contrast Hexi pedestrian street’s L/W ratio is 3.2, which is closer to a square space with unclear GLUHFWLRQ / : UDWLR SURGXFHV D FOHDU HÎ?HFW RQ WKH WHPSHUDWXUH distribution inside the streets. For example, east of Nanbuting is the Zhongshan South Road main road of the city with the west is the traditional lane , the temperature the east side of the Nanbuting pedestrian street is higher than the west side, pedestrian street became a heat transfer path, the smoothness RI WKH LQQHU ZDOO RI WKH FKDQQHO SOD\ D FHUWDLQ LQČľXHQFH RQ temperature transmission. Nanbuting pedestrian street at 14 R FORFN WKH WHPSHUDWXUH GLÎ?HUHQFH EHWZHHQ HDVW DQG ZHVW VLGHV reached 1.5K, while at the same time the maximum temperature GLÎ?HUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH QRUWK DQG VRXWK RI 6KL]LTLDR RQO\ N WKH LQWHUQDO WHPSHUDWXUH RI WKH WHPSHUDWXUH GLÎ?HUHQFH between west pedestrian street in 0.2k. Street L/W ratio has a VLJQLČ´FDQW LQČľXHQFH IRU WHPSHUDWXUH WUDQVPLVVLRQ EXW IXUWKHU UHVHDUFK LV UHTXLUHG IRU VSHFLČ´F LPSDFW WKUHVKROG :LGWK RI WKH street appear no directly impact on the distribution of wind speed, Hexi pedestrian street with the larger width but did not bring greater wind speed distribution. 6WUHHW + : +HLJKW :LGWK UDWLR 2Q WKH RQH KDQG WKH + : UDWLR RI WKH VWUHHW HÎ?HFWHG WKH PLFURFOLPDWH KRUL]RQWDO GLVWULEXWLRQ VWUHHWV DOVR HÎ?HFW WKH vertical micro-climate distribution. Nanbuting has the larger H/W ratio reaches approximately 2 than other two streets, Hexi pedestrian street has the minimum H/W ratio of about 0.3, Shiziqiao’s H/w ratio is between 1.5 to 1.0. Judging from the vertical temperature distribution, Nanbuting has the larger vertical temperature and wind speed variations, at the top of the street wind speed is about 1.0 to

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P V ZKLOH WKH JURXQG ČľRRU RI WKH VWUHHWV ZLQG LV DURXQG 0.35m / s. Ground wind speed of Shiziqiao pedestrian street is 1.05m/ s, the wind speed at the top of the street 1.5m / s, WKH YHUWLFDO GLUHFWLRQ FKDQJHV LV OHVV WKDQ 1DQEXWLQJ 9HUWLFDO temperature and wind speed inside Hexi pedestrian street almost did not change much. Larger H/W ratio of the street cause bigger micro-climate vertical distribution variation. *UHHQ YHJHWDWLRQ LQČľXHQFH Through simulation studies , this article had found that the GLVWULEXWLRQ RI YHJHWDWLRQ LQWHUQDO VWUHHWV HÎ?HFW KXPLGLW\ DQG temperature distributions ,which have made some adjustments to optimize the enviroment. two streets involved in this study, Nanbuting pedestrian Street and Hexi pedestrian street set up some green vegetation. Trees on the northeast side of the 1DQEXWLQJ VWUHHW HÎ?HFWLYHO\ SUHYHQW WKH transmission of the high temperature, while the southeast side of the street because of the lack of green vegetation, high temperature zone extended to the internal pedestrian street. Some green vegetation was planted in the northwest of the Hexi pedestrian street which cause the local temperature dropped about 0.3k. 5 Pedestrian Street microclimate optimization strategy Based on the above simulation analysis and summary, in order to design pedestrian with better micro-climate, this article made four space optimization strategies: 5.1 Good direction choice 6WUHHW GLUHFWLRQ SOD\ D VLJQLČ´FDQW LQČľXHQFH RQ FKDQJLQJ WKH LQWHUQDO PLFURFOLPDWH 'XH WR GLÎ?HUHQW XUEDQ GLPHQVLRQ GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG WKH VXUURXQGLQJ WHUUDLQ GLVWULEXWLRQ 'LÎ?HUHQW FLWLHV KDYH GLÎ?HUHQW GLUHFWLRQV RI WKH WKHUPDO D[LV ZKHQ WKH street direction is close to the thermal axis will cause high temperature internal the streets. Street direction towards the city prevailing wind direction is in favor of ventilation. For example the Shiziqiao pedestrian street facing south east 15 degrees, avoiding the city of Nanjing southwest thermal axis and IDFLQJ WKH VXPPHU SUHYDLOLQJ ZLQGV DOWKRXJK VN\ YLVLEOH Č´HOG H/w ratio and other indicators of Shiziqiao pedestrian is higher than Nanbuting, but Shiziqiao pedestrian street has the lower temperature and higher average wind speed distribution than the other two streets. The possible pedestrian street direction choices in Nanjing should be the southeast which will get better microclimate. 5.2 Suitable L/W and H/W ratio 3URSHU / : DQG + : UDWLR IRU SHGHVWULDQ VWUHHW HÎ?HFW WKH microclimate distribution. Based on the above study, this article found that when the external temperature is high, the

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street should adopt a large L/W ratio to ensure the internal microclimate quality. And when the pedestrian street requires JRRG PLFUR FOLPDWH IRU WKH VHFRQG ČľRRU RU KDYLQJ VHW XS DFWLYH space on the roof ,we need to consider to optimize pedestrian vertical temperature distribution and wind speed distribution by adjusting the ratio of H/W. 5.3 Space node optimization Spatial nodes such as street entrance plaza, street central node through reasonable interface adjustment scale and spatial regulation, can also optimize the micro-climate inside the pedestrian street. Shiziqiao pedestrian Street in This study enlarged South entrance plaza and internal square ZKLFK HÎ?HFWLYHO\ UHJXODWH WHPSHUDWXUH GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG ZLQG speed distribution in the pedestrian street Comparing the two entrances on the east side of the Nanbuting pedestrian street, the north side of the inlet opening of scale by reducing the internal temperature to reduce street. Therefore, the spatial node adjustment should be combined with an external temperature distribution. 5.4 Reasonable vegetation Settlement On the basis of the spatial scale and orientation determination RQ WKH SDUW RI SRRU PLFUR FOLPDWH HQYLURQPHQW FDQ HÎ?HFWLYHO\ reduce the local temperature and increase air humidity by setting the vegetation and the pool, the main considerations: Č´UVW WKH FKRLFH RI VSHFLHV VKRXOG EH IXOO\ FRQVLGHUHG LQ JHQHUDO WUHHV KDYH WKH JUHDWHU HÎ?HFW RI WKH PLFUR FOLPDWH WKDQ VKUXEV VHFRQG ORFDWLRQ RI WKH YHJHWDWLRQ $VSKDOW LV WKH FLW\ V main high-temperature region, designers should try to increase vegetation planting in the pedestrian street and urban road junction. Third, to planting vegetation should considering the direction of the prevailing wind and the surrounding temperature distribution. 6 Conclusion According to previous studies, on the one hand the street PLFR FOLPDWH HQYLURQPHQW LV HÎ?HFW E\ WKH PLFURFOLPDWH LQVLGH the building on both sides of the street, one the other hand WKH JHRPHWULF FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH VWUHHWV DOVR HÎ?HFW WKH PLFUR FOLPDWH 7KH VWUHHWV RI GLÎ?HUHQW H[WHUQDO HQYLURQPHQW , orientation, scale and interface all have some impact on the microclimate distribution internal the street. And previous studies tend to focus on a single level, temperature or wind speed research study, this paper analyzes the relationship between the micro-climate of the street and the street space form, Base on the simulation , By way of comparison and quantify this article summed up the relevant characteristics impact the micro-climate of the street , provide the appropriate suggestions for street design. Future studies are required to

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address a number of issues including quantitative analysis of diurnal thermal comfort in various seasons; and the impact of WKHUPDO FRPIRUW RQ DWWHQGDQFH LQ GLÎ?HUHQW ]RQHV LQVLGH WKH street. NOTES [1] Thorsson S, Lindqvist M, Lindqvist S. Thermal bioclimatic conditions and patterns of behaviour in an urban park in Goteborg, Sweden. International Journal of Biometeorology 2004;48:149e56. [2] Knez I, Thorsson S. Thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a park: cross-cultural and environmental attitude comparisons. Building and Environment 2008;43:1483e90.

Francisco. Monograph No. 35, Institute of Urban and Regional Development. Berkeley, CA: University of California at Berkeley. [7]Arens, E., L. Berglund, and R. Gonzales. 1986. Thermal Comfort Under Extended Range of (QYLURQPHQWDO &RQGLWLRQV $6+5$( 7UDQVDFWLRQV 9RO 3W [8] T.R.Oke Street design and urban canopy layer climate Energy and Buildings 1988 11 1-3103-1131988 [9] Baruch Givoni Climate Considerations in Building and Urban 'HVLJQ -RKQ :LOH\ 6RQV Ζ1& 1HZ <RUN HWF [10] Thomas Herzog Solar Energy in Architecture and Urban Planning Munich Prestel 1996

[3] Nikolopoulpu M, Baker N, Steemers K. Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: understanding the human parameter. Solar Energy 2001;70:227e35. > @ 6SDJQROR - GH 'HDU 5- $ Č´HOG VWXG\ RI WKHUPDO FRPIRUW LQ outdoor and semi outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney Australia. Building and Environment2003;38:721e38. [5] Lin TP. Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions. Building and Environment 2009;44:2017e26. [6] Urban Form and Climate: Case Study, Toronto Peter Bosselmann , Edward Arens , Klaus 'XQNHU 5REHUW :ULJKW 3XEOLVKHG RQOLQH $SU

REFERENCES [1] Wang Jianguo,Ecological principles and green urban design, &RQVWUXFWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ 8-12 [2] Green urban design principles applied in the planning and GHVLJQ SUDFWLFH :DQJ -LDQJXR 6RXWKHDVW 8QLYHUVLW\ 9RO [3] Steemers K. Cities, energy and comfort: a PLEA 2000 review. Energy and Buildings 2003;35:1e2. [4] Foster R. Sustainable Urban Design, An Environmental Approach. London:Spon; 2003.[16] Lin TP, Ho YF, Huang [5] Knowles, Ralph. Sun Rhythm Form. 1981. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 229-97. [6] Bosselmann, Peter, et al. 1984. Sun, Wind, and Comfort, A Study of Open Spaces and Sidewalk in Downtown Sun

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MOVING BETWEEN THE TERRAINS OF TWO PATTERNS: A STUDY ON URBAN MODERNIZATION OF TAINAN CITY STREETS Cheng An-YU Ph D. Candidate, Department of Architecture, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Corresponding author, Email: yuzu40@gmail.com Wu Ping-Sheng Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Keywords: 85%$1 )$%5Ζ& 7$Ζ:$1(6( 6(77/(0(17 (&2120Ζ& $&7Ζ9Ζ7< HISTORICAL GIS

Abstract 7KLV SDSHU FODULČ´HV WKH PRGHUQL]DWLRQ RI 7DLZDQ E\ LQWHUSUHWLQJ the urban transformations of Tainan City. There are two kinds of historical narratives in the article. One is narrated from a topdown viewpoint about the modern urban plan of government, and the other is from the bottom-up perspective about the traditional settlement texture of ordinary people. )LUVWO\ ZH QDUUDWH WKH PRGHUQL]DWLRQ RI 7DLQDQ FLW\ LQ -DSDQHVH colonial period. In early 20 century, the colonizer put a haussmannized urban plan into practice for governance, public health, and economy. In late 1920s, the city government opened a new avenue, Suehiro Cho. This modern avenue was built away from the original central business district. And soon it became the street where new commercial activities gathering and the new spatial axis of Tainan City. In 1932, the city met the climax of its spatial-socioeconomic modernization since the inauguration of the Hayashi Department Store located in the Suehiro Cho. The urban plan led to a two-layer urban spatial fabric. In the planning blocks surrounded by perfectly straight avenues and streets existed the cobwebby lanes and alleys formed during the Qing Dynasty ruling period or earlier. In the second part, this article turns to focus on the traditional texture WR SRLQW RXW WKH VXEMHFWLYLW\ VKRZQ E\ WKH FRORQL]HG :H LQYHVWLJDWH the changes of economic activities in an anonymous street. This street once named as Mi Street in Qing Dynasty ruling period, which PHDQV WKH SODFH ZKHUH WKH ULFH ZDV FROOHFWHG IRU GLVWULEXWLRQ %\ the analysis, we indicate that the ordinary people had change their way of earning life since the urban plan had changed the locations of Mi Street. That means simultaneously these two spatial layers would be gradually integrated with each other by the daily practice of the citizens. And it is the very performance that the modernity LQWURGXFHG E\ -DSDQHVH FRORQLDO JRYHUQPHQW ZDV SURJUHVVLYHO\ merged into Taiwanese society. 2Q WK RI -XQH WKH RQFH DEDQGRQHG +D\DVKL 'HSDUWPHQW Store was reopened as a cultural creative department store. No doubt this historical building will become the most popular spot

in the city. Here we can claim a discourse to be the theoretical foundation of practice that the modernity could be a dynamic conception in the society with colonial experience. Where there are interactions between the historical architecture and space and the contemporary practice, there are necessary to rethink the modernity in the social context, historical background and socio-economic condition.

Introduction Purposes There are two purposes of this paper. First we interpret the urban spatial transformations by narrating a two-layer urban spatial fabric of Tainan city. One layer of these two layers is the haussmannized urban plan put into practice by colonial government. The other is the naturally developed traditional settlement texture before 1895. Here we compare the main VWUHHWV RI WKHVH WZR OD\HUV 7KH ČŠ6XHKLURFKR 6WUHHW ᾛᒳ⭪䙊 Č‹ RI WKH IRUPHU DQG WKH ČŠ+RQPRDFKL 6WUHHW áľœâ­Şä™Š Č‹ RI WKH ODWWHU The second purpose is to interpret the spatial transformation from a bottom-up perspective. By investigating the history of another anonymous street which was gradually formed during 4LQJ '\QDVW\ SHULRG ZH GLVFRXUVH WKH XUEDQ spatial transformation again. Here the history is about how ordinary people react to the macro urban spatial and socioeconomic transformations. Ultimately we rethink the meaning of modernization of ordinary people. And it could be one step to clarify the modernity of Taiwan. %DFNJURXQG We turn to investigate the performance of ordinary people after the previous research which we proposed the inherent and coherent logic of the historical narrative of Tainan City’s XUEDQ VSDWLDO WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV &+(1* $Q <X HW DO 1. The transformations of Tainan City at that time are oriented to the modern economy. Government’s urban plan and economic constructions renew the locations of the city. And subsequently, the local headmen responsively utilized the new urban locations by modern economic activities. But immediately we found out that history is just about the governance of the colonizer and WKH SURČ´W VHHNLQJ DFWLYLWLHV RI ORFDO KHDGPHQ 7KHUHIRUH ZH turn to see how ordinary people make themselves adaptive to the urban spatial and socio-economic transformations. And the focus on the essential livelihood-earning is just the basic researching dimension of the architectural tradition of Taiwan’s settlement study. We care more about material live than economic world or economic live, put in Braudel’s words.

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%UDXGHO GLÎ?HUHQWLDWHV WKH ČŠ(FRQRP\Č‹ LQWR WKUHH SDUWV WKH HFRQRP\ ZRUOG %UDXGHO WKH HFRQRPLF OLIH DQG WKH PDWHULDO OLIH %UDXGHO 7KH HFRQRPLF OLIH ČŠLV ERUQ RI WUDGH WUDQVSRUW GLÎ?HUHQWLDWHG PDUNHW VWUXFWXUHV DQG RI contact between already industrialized countries and those still primitive or underdeveloped, between rich and poor, creditors and borrowers, monetary and pre-monetary economies.â€? %ULHČľ\ VSHDNLQJ WKH HFRQRPLF OLIH LV WKH IDFW ZKDW ZH XVXDOO\ analyze when the market economy are discussed. However, there are two kind of economy furthermore. The economic world is “hovering above the sunlit world of the market economyâ€?. The social fact of economic world is something like “foreign exchange for example, which was tried to distant trade movements and to the complicated arrangements for credit, was a sophisticated art, open only to a few initiates at most.â€? Finally, Braudel purposed the concept “material lifeâ€?, which was the most creative viewpoint in the triple division. The material life “is made up of people and thingsâ€?, “consisting of very old routines, inheritances and successes, is there at the root of everything‌is an elementary life but neither entirely passive nor, above all, completely static.â€? :H DUH SURPRWHG E\ %UDXGHOȇV FODVVLČ´FDWLRQ WR VWXG\ WKH economy excluded from economic world and economic life. These two kinds of economy are frequently mentioned in Taiwanese architectural and urban spatial historical researches to be a not-so-accurate background. In this paper, we return to the original academic concern of Taiwanese settlement study and focus on the street ordinary people live in and react to the macro urban spatial and socio-economic transformations. Temporal and spatial research scope As Figure 1, this paper discusses three streets in Tainan City LV WKH \HDU 7DLQDQ &LW\ ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG 6LQFH WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW WKH Č´QDQFLDO DQG WD[ PHFKDQLVP RI FLW\ government was put into practice. That made city government LQGHSHQGHQW IURP WKH JHQHUDO RÉ?FH RI 7DLZDQ 7DLZDQ WR VRPH extent. And Japanese colony was terminated in 1945.

City. Figure 2: Honmachi street, Suehirocho street, and Mi street The coexistence of modern and traditional economic activities in the two-layer urban fabric $2Ζ $NLKLWR WDNHV D 7DLZDQ XUEDQ VHWWOHPHQW &KDQJKXD City as example to discuss the two-layer spatial urban fabric in Taiwan. He purposes that there were a process of tearing and healing between the spatial fabric of traditional Han’s settlement and the colonized urban plan. Comparing the site of several old temples between today and 1906, he demonstrates the tearing of a City caused by urban plan. “It’s like skin wounds of urban fabricâ€?, he made this metaphor. Going a step further, he described the healing of wound by investigate the changes of dwelling-cum-shops. The cadastral plates and buildings once FXW E\ XUEDQ SODQ QRZ ČŠUHFRYHUČ‹ E\ Č´OOLQJ LQ QHZ HFRQRPLF activities. In this paper, we combine the spatial information of economic activities with digital cadastral map by geography information V\VWHPV *Ζ6 7KDW KHOSV XV WR VSHFLČ´FDOO\ LQTXLU\ WKH HFRQRPLF performance of people who lived in Tainan City. The two-layer urban fabric: 7DLZDQ ZDV UXOHG E\ 4LQJ '\QDVW\ VLQFH EXW WKH +DQȇV settlements had developed in the early 17 century. In the early GD\V RI 4LQJ '\QDVW\ UXOLQJ SHULRG 7DLZDQHVH ZDV QRW DOORZHG WR build walls and gates for their settlement, even the most primary urban settlement, Tainan. The city walls were accomplished until the last years of 18 century. Then the socio-economic capital of Taiwanese society had accumulated to some extent. Since the 4LQJ '\QDVW\ GLG QRW SXW WKH SODQ RI ZDOOHG FLW\ LQWR SUDFWLFH WKH XUEDQ IDEULF RI 7DLZDQHVH VHWWOHPHQWV ZHUH PDLQO\ UHČľHFWHG WKH HÎ?HFW RI QDWXUDO HQYLURQPHQW

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The curved shape of the main street of Tainan city just an appropriate example. There are nearly 102 streets in Tainan city in 1807. In Figure 3, the patterns of a Han’s traditional settlement are depicted in the map. The unrestrained urban fabric is composed by streets, lanes, hundreds of squares of temples, rivers and harbors.

$V 7DEOH DQG )LJXUH ȴUVW WZR VWUHHWV ZH FRPSDUH LV WKH Honmachi street and the Suehirocho street. Honmachi Street ZDV WKH RULJLQDO PDLQ VWUHHW ZKHQ 7DLQDQ FLW\ ZDV XQGHU 4LQJ Dynasty’s ruling. And the Suehirocho Street is a whole new street of urban plan. Therefore there was no counterpart in 4LQJ '\QDVW\ 7KH ȴQDO VWUHHW GLVFXVVHG ZDV DQRQ\PRXV LQ -DSDQHVH FRORQL]HG SHULRG %XW LWV QDPH ZDV 0L VWUHHW LQ 4LQJ Dynasty, where the collecting and distributing center of rice.2 Here we also list the names of these streets after World War II. That implies the two-layer spatial fabric of contemporary Tainan

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Since the Tainan City Government was established in 1920, the main purpose of the new urban plan announced in 1929 became coherent with the economic constructions. The 1929 urban plan was an economy-oriented plan and the open of Taishocho Street and Suehirocho Street was the most concrete evidence. These two streets constitute the new main axis of the city and connect the railway station, city hall, the largest market, and the dock leading to Anping outport by means of canal

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)LJXUH &+(1* $Q\X HW DO As soon as Suehirocho Street had been opened, the administrative department subsequently arranged to build dwelling-cum-shops funded by the private sector. In 1932, the city met the climax of its spatial-socioeconomic modernization since the inauguration of Hayashi Department Store located in the Suehiro Cho. In early 20 century, department stores in -DSDQ KDG EHFRPH D ZLQGRZ GLVSOD\LQJ WKH ZHVWHUQ FXOWXUH ੲă?Šâ¨ś 6R IDU DV WKH GHSDUWPHQW VWRUHV LQ 7DLZDQ ZHUH concerned, the Hayashi Department Store just represented the modernity introduced by colonizers.

There are two kind of important urban spaces appeared in the haussmannized urban plan, the broad, strait streets and the blocks surrounded by these streets. Honmachi Street was broadened to be integrated with the urban plan. However, DOPRVW DOO RI +DQȇV VWUHHWV ZHUH FXW RÎ? DQG WKHQ EHFDPH ODQHV inside the blocks. Then we would take the Mi Street as example, to see how ordinary people response to the urban spatialsocioeconomic transformations.4 The socio-economic background of Mi Street

Figure 5: The new axis in an economy-oriented urban plan

7KH QDPH ČŠ0L 6WUHHWČ‹ RI WKLV VWUHHW ZDV Č´UVWO\ UHFRUGHG LQ ORFDO RÉ?FLDO GRFXPHQWDWLRQ ČŠ0L 6WUHHWČ‹ PHDQV WKH VWUHHW ZKHUH ULFH collected and distributed. However, the documentation of the trade of crops in this street could be tracked back to 1696. 0L 6WUHHW FRQQHFWHG WZR WHPSOHV WKH Č´UVW WHPSOH RI *XDQ*RQJ DQG WKH Č´UVW WHPSOH RI 0D7VX LQ WKLV VHWWOHPHQW 7DLQDQ GuanGong and MaTsu both are important and prevalent belief LQ +DQ VRFLHW\ 0L 6WUHHW DOVR FRQQHFWHG WZR ULYHU SRUWV ΖQ 4LQJ Dynasty, the numerous river ports were indispensable transfer SRVWV RI WKH WUDGH EHWZHHQ 7DLZDQ DQG PDLQODQG &KLQD )LJXUH

7KH LPSRUWDQFH RI 0L 6WUHHW LQ WKLV VHWWOHPHQW ZDV FRQČ´UPHG soon afterwards by the construction of city walls and gate. The government built the Minor North Gate and Minor West Gate and Mi Street was part of the route connecting these two gates.

The Traditional economic activities in the Honmachi Street

Figure 7: Mi Street and the man-made surface features nearby

$V PHQWLRQHG DERYH WKH 0DLQ 6WUHHW LQ 4LQJ '\QDVW\ ZDV broadened and renamed as Honmachi Street. Did the Honmachi Street economically depressed since the Suehirocho Street had been opened? We locate the spatial information of economic DFWLYLWLHV RI 7DLQDQ &LW\ LQ E\ *Ζ6 )LJXUH 3

The response to transformations of people living in the street Mi Street became an anonymous street in the Japanese urban plan. As the Tainan City was established in 1920, the downtown ZDV GLYLGHG LQWR &KRV â­Ş (YHU\ &KR FRPSULVHG RQH PDLQ street and the blocks around the street. For example, the main VWUHHW RI 6XHKLUR &KR ZDV FDOOHG 6XHKLURFKR 6WUHHW )LJXUH Under this circumstance, the Mi Street became the boundary RI IRXU &KRV )LJXUH 7KLV VWUHHW EHFDPH DQRQ\PRXV DQG marginalized.

Now we have an image of the haussmannized urban fabric in Tainan City. The city government created modern space by urban plans and economic constructions, and the local KHDGPHQ PRVW ZHUH -DSDQHVH RI SULYDWH VHFWRU XWLOL]HG WKH QHZ ORFDWLRQ WR Č´OO LQWR WKH PRGHUQ HFRQRPLF DFWLYLWLHV 1H[W ZH are going to investigate the economic activities of the original main street, Honmachi Street, to demonstrate another kind of spatial-socioeconomic transformations in the same time. Figure 4: Map of Tainan city with blueprint of urban plan on it

ΖQ WKH GLJLWDO FDGDVWUDO PDS ZH ȴQG RXW WKDW WKH HFRQRPLF activities of Honmachi Street are still intense. That means the traditional Han’s economic activities, including light and service industry, are still vigorous in the Honmachi Street. The urban plan supplies new locations attractive to modern economic activities, but the traditional economic activities never just disappear. Figure 6: The economic activities1937 A bottom-up perspective

In the map of colonizer, the Mi Street looks like invisible. However, the people who lived in the street never stopped their daily HQGHDYRUV WR HDUQ WKHLU OLYHOLKRRG ΖQ )LJXUH ZH FRXOG Č´QG RXW there were all sorts of economic activities in the Mi Street. There ZDV RQO\ RQH ULFH IDFWRU\ FXP VKRS 7KDW FRXOG EH WKH HÎ?HFW RI XUEDQ SODQ 7R VRPH H[WHQW WKH QHZ RSHQHG VWUHHW 6HLPRQFKR 6WUHHW WRRN WKH SODFH RI 0L 6WUHHW DV D QRUWKERXQG URXWH %XW there were other kind of traditional economic activities existed

3 There are 2,490 records in the Ç‰ă ŞŕŚ‡á?˛ŕ­śá?•ᚸ‍ޗ‏NJ published by ă ŞŕŚ‡नáž?ŕŚ„á´ł in 1934. Every record include the information about the address, name, manager, telephone number, and description about the economic activities of the shop. The principles of locating the economic activities recorded in as follows: Ζ

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fact that the land blocksâ€?n-1, n-2,‌, n-mâ€? are all divided from the original land block “nâ€?. That is the rule of cadastral system. III.

If there are more than one economic activity in one address, we will locate them on the block “n, n-1,‌, n-mâ€?.

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4 The “headmanâ€? and “ordinary peopleâ€? are two conceptualized idea types to signify the man who has enough social, economic, even cultural capital to utilize the acts of the government. Here the “headmenâ€? could be an individual or a social communiW\ 7KH ČŠRUGLQDU\ SHRSOHČ‹ VLJQLČ´HV WKH IDFHOHVV PDVVHV ZLWKRXW UHVRXUFH DQG DELOLW\ WR UHVSRQVH WKH XUEDQ VSDWLDO VRFLRHFRQRPLF WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV UDSLGO\ PXFK OHVV WR XWLOL]H ΖQ IDFW RQH FRXOG EH D KHDGPDQ LQ VRPH VSKHUHV DQG RUGLQDU\ SHRSOH LQ WKH other sphere.

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in the street. The shops of ritual money and incense still supplied the temples nearby. There were lots of simple food processing IDFWRULHV LQFOXGLQJ QRRGOH VR\ EHDQ VDXFH DQG JUDLQ ČľRXU Chinese pharmacies, wooden furniture stores, cotton cloth stores, and pottery stores. Besides, there were some modern industries like metalwork and delicate productions with noble metal. And there were some modern service industry like clinic, restaurant, pawnshop, and poolroom.

Reference

ΖQ VXP LQ 7DLQDQ &LW\ WKH PDFUR XUEDQ VSDWLDO socioeconomic transformation is the Japanese colonizers created new location by urban plan and economic constructions DQG WKH ORFDO KHDGPHQ XWLOL]HG WKH ORFDWLRQ E\ Č´OOLQJ ZLWK PRGHUQ HFRQRPLF DFWLYLWLHV 7KH VWUHHWV RI +DQȇV VHWWOHPHQW ZHUH FXW RÎ? but the ordinary people still strived to live. They might have no enough economic and social capital to utilize the new location, but they made themselves adaptive to the transformation in their own way.

&KHQJ $Q <X HW DO 7KH 8UEDQ 6SDWLDO DQG 6RFLR HFRQRPLF 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQV RI 7DLQDQ &LW\ An Economy-Oriented Modernization, Journal of Architecture, No.85, pp.17-37.

Figure 8: Mi Street became the boundary of four Chos. )LJXUH 7KH HFRQRPLF DFWLYLWLHV LQ 0L 6WUHHW

Conclusion ΖQ WKLV SDSHU ZH GHVFULEH WKUHH VWUHHWV LQ 7DLQDQ &LW\ DQG LQWHUSUHW WKDW WKH XUEDQ VSDWLDO VRFLRHFRQRPLF modernization of Tainan City is a gradual process. The modern and traditional economic activities coexist in the two-layer urban fabric simultaneously. Suehirocho Street represents the climax of the colonial government’s urban plan. And the Hayashi Department Store is the symbol how local headmen response the policy out into practice by colonizers. Comparing Suehirocho Street and +RQPDFKL 6WUHHW ZH FRXOG Č´QG RXW WKDW WKH PRGHUQ HFRQRPLF DFWLYLWLHV ZHUH Č´OOHG LQ WKH QHZ RSHQHG 6XHKLURFKR 6WUHHW EXW WKH traditional economic activities were still vigorous in Honmachi Streets. The two-layer urban fabric represents the coexistence of two kind of economic activities, one is introduced oversea by colonizers, and the other is rooted in the Han’s society. Going a step further, the responses to modernization are GLÎ?HUHQW EHWZHHQ KHDGPHQ DQG RUGLQDU\ SHRSOH ΖQ WKH FDVH of Mi Street, we notice that if research only focuses on the government and headmen, then the history would be unilateral. Like the Mi Street is a marginal boundary in colonizer’s map, the RUGLQDU\ FRXOG EH LQYLVLEOH LQ WKH KLVWRU\ ΖQ 0L 6WUHHW ZH Č´QG RXW various economic activities, including traditional and modern, industry and service. However, we can hardly use the term “modernizationâ€? to understand these ordinary people even they devoted themselves to some modern business. They just made themselves adaptive to the urban spatial-socioeconomic modernization. And that is the way the colonized represent their agency to the colonizer and headmen with resources.

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$QGUHZ $EERWW )URP &DXVHV WR (YHQWV 1RWHV on Narrative Positivism, Sociological Methods and Research, SS $2Ζ $NLKLWR ljᖠ༆аŇ?ËŒâ€ŤŢ?‏ᒤ˖á?˛ŕĽŞá­Šâ†“ÇĄäœ­ á?˛Č§ŕ¤…Ç ÇŽÇŠ &KDQJKXD 2VDND $FHWDWH

)HUQDQG %UDXGHO &DSLWDOLVP DQG 0DWHULDO /LIH 1400-1800. New York: Harper and Row. )HUQDQG %UDXGHO &LYLOL]DWLRQ DQG &DSWDOLVP 15th-18th Century. Berkeley : University of California Press. /DUU\ *ULÉ?Q 1DUUDWLYH (YHQW VWUXFWXUH $QDO\VLV and Causal Interpretation in Historical Sociology. American -RXUQDO RI 6RFLRORJ\ SS /DZUHQFH 6WRQH 7KH 5HYLYDO RI 1DUUDWLYH 5HČľHFWLRQV RQ $ 1HZ 2OG +LVWRU\ 3DVW DQG SUHVHQW SS 24. 8. Lu, Shao-LiË„ੲă?Šâ¨śË… ljኅ⽪㠪âš“Ë–â„şŕŁ‹Çƒ ă‚ŞäŻƒă ˇâ‡†â‰ ăŽĄâ‹Ťâ˛´á–’äŠ‘ăş˜ä˜ ÇŠ ([KLELWLLQJ 7DLZDQ 3RZHU 6SDFH DQG ΖPDJH 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI -DSDQHVH &RORQLDO 5XOH 7DLSHL Rye Field Publications.

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THE FORM BEHIND THE INFORMAL:

63$7Ζ$/ 3$77(516 $1' 675((7 %$6(' 83*5$'Ζ1* Ζ1 5(9Ζ7$/Ζ=Ζ1* Ζ1)250$/ AND LOW-INCOME AREAS Oscar Carracedo García-Villalba National University of Singapore, Singapore. Email: oscar_carracedo@nus.edu.sg / omc@coac.net Keywords: URBAN REGENERATION, INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS, STREET-BASED UPGRADING, ON-SITE UPGRADING, PLACEMAKING

Abstract The street constitutes the main public space in informal areas. While they usually emerge spontaneously, and in an unplanned way, their examination allows us to understand that there are spatial patterns of organization. Physical and spatial aspects that make WKHVH XUEDQ VSDFHV EHFRPH GLÎ?HUHQW W\SHV RI XUEDQ SODFHV 7KURXJK the understanding of these patterns of organization and by streetbased upgrading strategies, urban places can be formally set, making the streets not only spaces for mobility, for accessibility or for the pipelines, but also productive spaces where local economies and social and cultural activities can be promoted, and where the sense of community is enhanced. Recent approaches to the regeneration of low-income and informal settlements are evolving into strategies characterized by improving their existing conditions, minimizing relocations of their inhabitants. This on-site approach together with street-based upgrading FRQVWLWXWHV DQ HÎ?HFWLYH HYLFWLRQ DOWHUQDWLYH WKDW IDFLOLWDWHV WKH regeneration of informal areas. This paper shows how the improvements in low-income and informal settlements based on the understanding of physical organization patterns and on street-based upgrading constitute very powerful catalysts for the revitalization and regeneration process of informal areas, preserving the social organization network of communities and securing land tenure rights. This conclusion will contribute to the urban regeneration strategies for planning informal areas based on streets and public spaces, and to its transnational applicability.

1. Introduction ZDV D VLJQLȴFDQW ODQGPDUN LQ KXPDQ KLVWRU\ VLQFH LW ZDV WKH ȴUVW WLPH WKDW D PDMRULW\ RI WKH ZRUOGȇV SRSXODWLRQ OLYHG LQ urban areas. In 1950, one-third of the world’s population lived in cities. Only 50 years later population had increased to one-half and predictions say that it will get to two-thirds by 2050.

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Urbanization is a transformative process and as the cities grow and develop, slums, informal settlements and low-income areas arise. These urbanization outcomes are mainly taking place in the developing world, where the informal city is a growing phenomenon and is becoming the norm. According to the United Nations estimates, 32 percent of the world’s population lives in slums, and the number will reach 50 percent by 2030. In the 1950’s and 60’s, informal areas were generally considered urban, social, environmental and health trouble spots. Under WKH LQČľXHQFH RI XUEDQ UHJHQHUDWLRQ SROLFLHV GHYHORSHG DIWHU World War II in the west, many countries began the demolition, development and eradication of these informal areas by mainly IRFXVLQJ RQ WKH SURYLVLRQ RI SXEOLF DQG ORZ FRVW KRXVLQJ )LJXUH $IWHU VL[W\ \HDUV RI HUDGLFDWLRQ DQG UHORFDWLRQ SROLFLHV WKH objective to achieve social improvements, eliminate poverty and eradicate spatial disorder of informal settlements has not been HÎ?HFWLYHO\ DFKLHYHG GXH WR WKH FRPSOH[ VRFLDO DQG HFRQRPLF SUREOHPV LQ WKH LQIRUPDO VHWWOHPHQWV =KX +DL ER

Figure 1. Low-cost housing projects in USA, Europe and Asia.

In the recent years is noticeable a change in the regeneration policies, shifting from eradication, eviction and housing demolition policies, to the acceptance, recognition and consolidation of the existing reality. The failure of relocation and eradication programs has derived to the acceptance of the sense of belonging to the place of their inhabitants. This failure has been caused due to several reasons: imposed regeneration policies by governments with little or no participation of DÎ?HFWHG FRPPXQLWLHV UHORFDWLRQ LQ UHPRWH DUHDV RI WKH RULJLQDO settlements away from their communties and their workplaces and main sources of income; improvements primarily focused on the production of mass housing without regard to community VSDWLDO RUJDQL]DWLRQ HFRQRPLF SURČ´OHV RU VRFLDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKRVH DÎ?HFWHG RU GXH WR IRUJHWWLQJ WKH PDLQ SUREOHP RI these communities, obtaining tenure security. The paper is organized in four parts, after a brief introduction to the evolution of regeneration policies in informal settlements; the second part studies the physical and spatial organization patterns in informal areas in order to explain their ‘hidden’ IRUP ΖW WKH WKLUG SDUW WKH SDSHU H[SODLQV WKH GLÎ?HUHQW RQ VLWH strategies based on the street as a catalyst for regeneration,

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WR Č´QDOO\ FRPSDUH WKH VSDWLDO PRGHOV WKH VWUHHW RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG WKH LPSDFW RI Č´YH FDVH VWXGLHV 7KURXJK WKLV FRPSDUDWLYH method, the paper concludes with some suggestions for regeneration plans in low-income and informal settlements and the role of street-based strategies. 2. Understanding the existing spatial and organization patterns of informal settlements. A morpho-typological approach. The common perception of the physical space organization in slum and informal communities is that they develop spontaneously and in an unplanned way. The discontinuous and misaligned street space, the lack of urbanity, the use of multiple materials in buildings, the density, congestion or the poor hygiene conditions show a hardly comprehensible picture under the parameters of the planned city, which leads us to understand these marginal areas as disorderly and chaotic. )LJXUH However, a careful analysis of these marginal areas shows an underlying order and a “spontaneousâ€? hierarchy, which are QRQ REYLRXV DW Č´UVW VLJKW 7DNLQJ WKH FDVH RI D FKDUDFWHULVWLF informal settlement, Baseco, we studied the spatial and physical patterns of organization of open spaces in order to understand this underlying order.

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Most of the streets in Baseco have not been planned in advance, they shaped as the settlement consolidated forming the heterogeneous grid that we can observe today. However, a detailed observation shows that there is a hierarchy at GLÎ?HUHQW OHYHOV GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKHLU FRQQHFWLYLW\ WKHLU GHJUHH RI urbanization and their width. This unplanned hierarchy creates GLÎ?HUHQW DJJUHJDWLRQ XQLWV RI GLÎ?HUHQW VFDOHV FRPSRXQG GLVWULFW FOXVWHU )LJXUH DQG RUJDQL]HV WKH ZKROH VHWWOHPHQW LQ D FRKHUHQW DQG ORJLF ZKLFK VSRQWDQHRXVO\ JUDQWV VSHFLČ´F UROHV IRU HDFK RI WKH VWUHHWV )LJXUH

Baseco1 is the informal name of the Barangay 649 district, located at the mouth of the Pasig River in Manila. In 1990 %DVHFR EHFDPH WKH JRYHUQPHQWȇV RÉ?FLDO UHORFDWLRQ VLWH IRU HYLFWHG VOXP GZHOOHUV IURP GLÎ?HUHQW SDUWV RI WKH FLW\ OHDGLQJ to an accelerated growth of the area. The space between WKH WZR EUHDNZDWHUV ZDV UHFODLPHG ZLWK ODQG Č´OOLQJ PDWHULDOV and garbage to create enough room to house all the families, becoming the largest informal community in Manila with more than 6.000 families, 70.000 inhabitants and 13.000 housing XQLWV VWDFNHG LQ KHFWDUHV )LJXUH

Figure 2. Chaotic perception of informal settlments. Lack of urbanity, density and congestion.

Figure 4. Scheme of the aggregation units in Baseco. (Drawing MArch-NUS)

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It is noteworthy that, in general, the extensive occupation of these settlements due to the need for land for housing construction, makes public spaces a scarce or absent commodity, confering to streets the leading role of public spaces. However, we observe KRZ PXOWLSOH FRQČ´JXUDWLRQV DQG JHRPHWULHV RI WKH VWUHHWV HQG up creating a network of small widenings, dilatations or streetEHQGV )LJXUH $OWKRXJK WKHVH GLÎ?HUHQW IRUPV RI VPDOO RSHQ spaces constitute in many cases opportunity sites to build new housing, the community respects them, since they provide LW ZLWK GLÎ?HUHQW IXQFWLRQV DQG WKH\ FRQVWLWXWH VSDFHV ZKHUH neighbors can socialize, meet and interact.

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A more detailed analysis of a sample of Baseco to study the spatial and organization patterns of the open spaces and the VWUHHWV DQG WKHLU GLÎ?HUHQW OHYHOV RI SULYDF\ ZH QRWH WKDW WKHUH are mainly three types of organization: grids, linear and clusters. )LJXUH

Linear patterns or strips are those that develop along streets, where buildings are related and depend directly on them. In this case the buildings are placed continuously without any gap or connection space between them. Generally the strips are WKH UHVXOW RI WKH Č´UVW VHWWOHPHQWV ZKLFK DUH ORFDWHG DORQJ WKH access roads. The second pattern of organization is the grid, an evolution of the linear pattern. In the grids, a second strip arises along a new street parallel to the main one. In this way local access LV SURYLGHG WR WKH VHFRQG VWULS RI EXLOGLQJV ZKLOH RÎ?HULQJ WR WKH Č´UVW VWULS WKH SRVVLELOLW\ WR RSHQ D QHZ DFFHVV LQ WKHLU EDFN façade. The access to this second road is done through by-pass spaces in between buildings or through back streets. Figure 5. Spatial organization and street hierarchy according to the role of streets. (Drawing Zhang Shangyu, Xu Yan-MLA/NUS)

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Finally, the third form of organization is the cluster. This pattern is formed around small-scale spaces or pocket spaces, for

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neighborhoods, thereby maintaining the spatial organization of communities, as discussed later in other cases studied in this paper. 3. On-site strategies. A shift in the urban regeneration policies for informal neighborhoods. As discussed in the introduction, there is a remarkable a change in the recent approaches of urban policies regarding the regeneration of informal settlements. These approaches are evolving towards strategies characterized by improving their existing conditions, minimizing relocations and displacements, and keeping the attachment of their inhabitants to the site as well as the proximity to their places of work and their vital resources. As we will see in this chapter, these on-site strategies EDVHG RQ VWUHHW XSJUDGLQJ FRQVWLWXWH DQ HÎ?HFWLYH DOWHUQDWLYH WR eviction that facilitates regeneration.

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community or collective use. Controlled entry points do the access to the common space, which is bordered by a limited number of buildings. It is noteworthy that although these spaces tend to be delimited by the construction of gates and fences, members from outside the cluster may use them, since the sole purpose of delimitation is the social control of space, but in no case their private appropriation or their use restriction. ΖQ WKLV FDWHJRU\ ZH Č´QG WKUHH GLÎ?HUHQW VXEW\SHV UDGLDO FOXVWHUV linear clusters and precincts. The radial clusters are small organizations around cul-de-sac or street widenings, which form small squares. The linear clusters are organizations formed along alleys or streets that have restricted their access in order WR EHFRPH ORFDO FRPPRQ VSDFHV ΖQ WKHVH Č´UVW WZR W\SHV RI clusters, buildings locate their access and their main façades in relation to the common space. The third and last pattern is the precint. In this case, unlike the previous two, buildings are located within a fenced space, while others are located on the perimeter. Thus some of the buildings are isolated and surrounded by passageways and open spaces, allowing them JUHDWHU ČľH[LELOLW\ LQ ORFDWLQJ WKHLU DFFHVVHV As a result of this analysis we can conclude that, despite its apparent chaotic picture, informal settlements have, indeed, patterns of spatial organization. The understanding of these patterns can be used as a basis for the project of new

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One of the evidences of this change can be found in the types of development proposed by the Community Organizations 'HYHORSPHQW ΖQVWLWXWH &2'Ζ LQ 7KDLODQG WKDW ZH XVH DV WKH WKHRUHWLFDO EDVLV IRU WKH GHČ´QLWLRQ RI WKH RQ VLWH VWUDWHJLHV According to CODI there are three on-site development VWUDWHJLHV WKDW KDYH EHHQ WHVWHG LQ GLÎ?HUHQW FRPPXQLWLHV which deal with the layouts and physical conditions of streets and open spaces in order to improve the living environments and to address land tenure security. These three strategies are: UHEORFNLQJ RQ VLWH UHORFDWLRQ DQG RQ VLWH XSJUDGLQJ 7DEOH

The strategy of reblocking consists in the improvement of the physical conditions and infrastructure in existing communities, making adjustments to the layout of streets in order to install sewers, drains and walkways, and to establish a balanced plot division. The implementation of this strategy needs a detailed site analysis of the existing settlement in order to propose a new street layout that keeps the largest number of existing houses, RSWLPL]HV WKH ODQG GLYLVLRQ DQG PD[LPL]HV WKH HÎ?HFWLYHQHVV RI infrastructure. In the On-site reconstruction strategy, existing communities are totally demolished and rebuilt on the same land. The new developments usually imply important physical changes with completely new street layouts, generally based on very rational geometric patterns that, in a similar way to the reblocking strategy, aim to maximize the optimization of land and infrastructures. Finally, the On-site upgrading strategy consists in the improvement of the physical environment and basic services in existing communities, while preserving their location, character and social structures. This type of development, which constitutes the less agressive strategy towards the community and the most site-adapted strategy for upgrading, needs also a detailed site analysis of the existing spatial patterns of the neighborhood, since the aims are to reinforce the ties

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Table 1. Comparative analysis of study cases. Strategies, spatial site plans, urban models and production of outdoor space. Authors’ own table

established in the community, and improve the houses, streets and open spaces without changing the general layout of the neighborhood or even the plot sizes and its distribution. There are, in fact, more possible options to plan for housing WKH SRRU EXW WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI DERYH VWUDWHJLHV LQ GLÎ?HUHQW FRPPXQLWLHV KDV SURYHQ WR EH YHU\ HÎ?HFWLYH DQG D YHU\ LPSRUWDQW step towards land tenure security. The three strategies can be HDVLO\ UHSOLFDWHG LI DGDSWHG WR GLÎ?HUHQW FRQWH[WV FRQGLWLRQV or organizations, since they provide a very strong incentive to invest in housing through rebuilding or new construction, and more important, because they allow people to continue living in the same place, and to remain close to their work places and YLWDO VXSSRUW V\VWHPV &2'Ζ

4. Planning street layouts as a physical and spatial system for street-based upgrading The analysis of existing street layouts in informal settlements, as well as in their projects, allows us to classify their physical and spatial organizations in four basic types according to their site plans: Homogeneous grid plan, Linear plan, Cluster plan and +\EULG JULG SODQ 7DEOH

The homogenous grid plan establishes a pattern of regularly spaced streets, which divide the land and delimit the blocks. Although the grid can be hierarchical, it usually aims to democratize the land division and optimize the infrastructure layout. The linear plan organizes the neighborhood in a predominant direction along a main axis, around which most of the buildings are located. This axis usually constitutes the main open space, and the main infrastructural and circulation system. The cluster plan organizes the land subdivision in small

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communities around ‘cul-de-sac’ streets and open spaces, which play the role of common spaces. This layout also allows each cluster to have their own infrastructure, services and septic and rainwater tanks. Finally, the hybrid grid plan is the common type of organization of the original informal communities, which are usually developed incrementally. In this case the street layout becomes the public and open space that adapts to each local situation, resulting in a heterogeneous grid with no clear hierarchy that covers the whole neighborhood. Based on these types of physical and spatial site plans, and on the on-site strategies previously explained, this chapter shows the relationship between strategy, implemented spatial VLWH SODQ DQG UHVXOWLQJ RXWGRRU VSDFH VWUHHW VSDFH RSHQ VSDFH 7KURXJK WKH FRPSDUDWLYH DQDO\VLV RI Č´YH XSJUDGHG neighborhoods, and through quantitative analysis of parameters such as outdoor space ratio and its percenatage, and the housing density, we can draw conclusions about the success DQG UHSOLFDELOLW\ RI WKH GLÎ?HUHQW VLWH SODQV DSSOLHG 7DEOH

7KH Č´YH VWXG\ FDVHV FKRVHQ *. %DVHFR LQ 0DQLOD -XDQ %RER LQ Medellin, Navagampura in Colombo and Ruam Samakkee and Charoenchai Nimitmai in Bangkok, are representative samples RI WKH IRXU GLÎ?HUHQW W\SHV RI VSDWLDO SODQV ZKLFK DOVR GHYHORS the three on-site strategies mentioned. *. %DVHFR 0DQLOD 3KLOLSSLQHV 2Q VLWH UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ +RPRJHQHRXV JULG SODQ GK Baseco is developed over an area of 4.6 hectares occupied LQLWLDOO\ E\ D GHQVH LQIRUPDO IDEULF $IWHU D Č´UH LQ HDUO\ WKDW DÎ?HFWHG PRUH WKDQ KRXVHV HPHUJHQW VROXWLRQV ZHUH QHHGHG WR VROYH WKH KRXVLQJ VLWXDWLRQ DQG *DZDG .DOLQJD *.

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and Habitat for Humanity Philippines, two Non-Governmental Organization, started the on-site reconstruction of the new street layout and the houses without participation of the FRPPXQLW\ )LJXUH 7KH VROXWLRQ DGRSWHG LQ RUGHU WR PD[LPL]H the number of households and optimize infrastructure was a heterogeneous grid mainly formed by access streets to housing PHWHUV ZLGH DQG VHFRQGDU\ VHUYLFH DOOH\V PHWHUV ZLGH )LJXUH (DFK DOOH\ VHUYHV WZR OLQHV RI URZ KRXVHV ZKLFK LQ turn make up one block. Each line of row-houses is subdivided in plots of 6 x 3.5 meters.

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The analysis of GK Baseco shows that 26% of the area is used for outdoor space, corresponding to the streets and public spaces. If we analyze the same data for the informal fabric, we note that the outdoor space is considerably higher, 41.7%. This fact constitutes, in the area of GK Baseco, a 10% decrease in the ratio of outdoor space per inhabitant in respect to the same ratio in WKH LQIRUPDO IDEULF )LJXUH 7DEOH 7KLV GUDVWLF UHGXFWLRQ LV mainly due to the reduction in the diversity of the types of spaces that proposes the new grid. While the inhabitants in the original settlement had street spaces, community spaces or spaces for private use, the rationalization of the new spatial arrangement VLPSOLČ´HV WKLV FRPSOH[LW\ WR D VLQJOH DQG LQGLÎ?HUHQWLDWHG VSDFH the street. This reduction in the diversity and complexity of spaces, together with the reduction and standardization to a single type of housing, has led to the appropriation by residents of some areas of the street to expand their living space and generate intermediate spaces that protect the privacy of the interior spaces. This informal appropriation causes a greater reduction of the percentage and ratio of outdoor space in the pursuit of LQFUHDVLQJ WKH SULYDWH RU WKH FRPPXQLW\ VSDFH )LJXUH

It is important to note that the proposed solution not only does not increase the open space in absolute terms, but also fails to increase the housing density of the original urban fabric, which PHDQV WKDW QRW DOO WKH UHVLGHQWV DÎ?HFWHG ZHUH UHORFDWHG

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1DYDJDPSXUD &RORPER 6UL /DQND 2Q VLWH UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ &OXVWHU SODQ Navagampura sits on a former marshland used for cultivation of greens, bordering the San Sebastian Canal in northeast &RORPER 6UL /DQND 7KH KHFWDUHV SURSHUW\ RI WKH 6WDWH ZHUH Č´OOHG XS DQG UHFODLPHG EHIRUH WKH 1DWLRQDO +RXVLQJ 'HSDUWPHQW $XWKRULW\ 1+'$ WRRN WKHP RYHU IRU EXLOGLQJ D low-income housing project to resettle people from nearby VKDQW\ DUHDV )LJXUH 7KH SK\VLFDO GHVLJQ ZDV GHYHORSHG by the NHDA and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1982, as a result of a workshop for governmental planners, and with no participation from the communities. Since the site was an uninhabited and an entirely new reclaimed area, no buildings were demolished in order to implement the new project. However, some nearby communities were demolished and relocated in the new site. The proposed physical environment and street layout follows the cluster plan scheme. Each cluster consists of two alleys of 3 meters wide leading to a community space. All alleys connect with the main street, a space 11 meters wide that links to the city. Thirteen

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clusters of varying sizes are bounded by row-houses, being the VPDOOHVW WZHQW\ IRXU KRXVHV DQG WKH ODUJHVW Č´IW\ Č´YH ZLWK D WRWDO RI KRXVHV )LJXUH

)LJXUH &RPSDUDWLYH DQDO\VLV RI *. %DVHFR 2ULJLQDO neighborhood and new neighborhood, streets and build form (Authors’ drawing)

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The implementation started in 1985, with the intervention RI WKH 1+'$ LQ WKH GHČ´QLWLRQ RI WKH FOXVWHUV HDFK RI ZKLFK LV VXEGLYLGHG LQWR WZR VL]HV RI SORWV P DQG P )LJXUH 0RUHRYHU WKH 1+'$ EXLOW WKH Č´UVW FOXVWHU DV D GHPRQVWUDWLRQ EORFN WKDW LOOXVWUDWHG WKH GLÎ?HUHQW SODQV WR ZKLFK KRXVHV PD\ EH EXLOW 6XQLPDO +RZHYHU WKH 1+'$ GLG QRW LQWHUIHUH in the building of the rest of the clusters, and no building standards, type plans or modes of construction were imposed. 7KH Č´QDO UHVXOW VKRZHG WKDW SHRSOH GLG QRW FRPSOHWHO\ IROORZ the plans, and the demonstration block had less impact than the expected.

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The comparative analysis between the cluster layout and the spatial organization of the original communities shows that the total amount of outdoor spaces increases by 12,7%, while the UDWLR SHU LQKDELWDQW LQFUHDVHG E\ D VLJQLČ´FDQW LQFUHDVH LQ ERWK FDVHV )LJXUH 7DEOH

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Figure 13. Main street, common spaces and alleys in Navagampura. (Authors’ photos)

Figure 15. Comparative analysis of Navagampura. Original neighborhood and new neighborhood, streets and build form (Authors’ drawing)

However, it is remarkable to note that the plans suggested that buildings should be built at 60 cm from the alignment to the RSHQ VSDFH VHWEDFN OHDYLQJ D XQEXLOW VSDFH ZLWKLQ WKH SORW DV DQ H[WHQVLRQ RI WKH VWUHHW VSDFH )LJXUH 7KLV VSDFH KDV been generally respected although each family has attributed a GLÎ?HUHQW IXQFWLRQ WR LW ΖQ DQ\ FDVH DV RSSRVHG WR *. %DVHFR ZH QRWH WKDW GXH WR WKH GLYHUVLW\ RI W\SHV RI VSDFHV VWUHHWV FRPPRQ VSDFHV VHWEDFNV WKHUH LV QR QHHG WR DSSURSULDWH WKH common areas or even those not occupied in the plot itself. 5XDP 6DPPDNNHH %DQJNRN 7KDLODQG 2Q VLWH UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ /LQHDU SODQ

Figure 14. Navagampura plan and typical house plan. Setback space infront of houses. (NHDA and Authors’ photos)

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The neighborhood of Ruam Samakkee occupies 0.8 hectares of ODQG RI WKH &URZQ 3URSHUW\ %XUHDX &3% LQ 5DPNKDPKDHQJ 6RL DUHD LQ %DQJNRN )LJXUH 2ULJLQDOO\ LW ZDV DQ LQWHUVWLFLDO space that started to be occupied by rural migrants in the early 90’s. As the location was an access point to many job

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opportunities, the informal settlement grew rapidly through social connections becoming an over dense and over populated community with 124 families. In 1998, the CPB planned to develop the area and decided to lease the land to a private developer who should deal with the eviction of existing slums. The community rapidly started to organize in order to regularize their tenure status, and after registering as a cooperative, the community negotiated a 30 years lease with the CPB on the land they had already occupied, giving them the security of tenure required in order to further invest in the demolition and UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKHLU KRXVHV 6LP ΖQ WKH 7KDL government adopted the “Baan Mankong Housing Programâ€? or “Secure Housing Programâ€?, an ambitious policy that channels infrastructure subsidies and soft housing loans directly to existing poor communities so they can upgrade their housing, infrastructure, services and community environment. Ruam Samakkee Community was selected as one of the ten pilot SURMHFWV WKDW EHFDPH WKH Č´UVW PRGHO WR RWKHU FRPPXQLWLHV for future housing development, and in May 2003, the people began working with young architects from the Community 2UJDQL]DWLRQV 'HYHORSPHQW ΖQVWLWXWH &2'Ζ WR GHYHORS WKH new layout plan for the neighborhood. In the three months that followed, they demolished all the old houses, raised the OHYHO RI WKH ODQG WR SUHYHQW ČľRRGLQJ DQG ODLG WKH QHZ VWUHHWV and infrastructure. By the end of 2004, the construction of 82 housing units was completed, and by 2008, they had completed the construction of the 124 units, which increased the SHUFHSWLRQ RI VHFXULW\ RI WHQXUH DPRQJ UHVLGHQWV 81 +DELWDW $UFKHU ΖW VKRXOG EH PHQWLRQHG WKDW DFFRUGLQJ WR the residents, the community participation in the design process was limited to the consultation and consensus by voting on their preference from options provided. This fact suggests that there was minimal dialogue in the decision-making, and that the process was done from a top-down perspective, except for the construction phase, when the residents participated in the building labours.

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The proposed layout consists in a linear plan where a 6 meters width and 250 length street forms the main spatial organization spine for the community, accommodating also a small community center and a public space. The houses are arranged LQ WKUHH URZV WZR ČľDQNLQJ WKH PDLQ VWUHHW DQG RQH IDFLQJ WKH exterior road. The land is divided into 124 plots each measuring PHWHUV ZLGH DQG PHWHUV GHHS )LJXUH

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Figure 17. Comparative analysis of Ruam Samakkee. Original neighborhood and new neighborhood, streets and build form (Authors’ drawing)

After comparing the previous situation with the upgraded SURMHFW ZH FDQ VHH WKDW WKH RXWGRRU VSDFH ZDV VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ increased by 22,4%, as well as the outdoor space ratio per person, 356%, which shows the overcrowding conditions of the RULJLQDO FRPPXQLW\ 7DEOH +RZHYHU HYHQ WKRXJK WKH SURMHFW provided a small public space, a lack of spaces dedicated for WKH FRPPXQLW\ LV UHČľHFWHG LQ WKH VXUYH\V FRQGXFWHG ZKHUH WKH residents mention that there is “very little space to useâ€?, and “the street is an area to be improvedâ€?. Due to the use given to the public space, which acts as parking lot and area for drying laundry, “residents gather spontaneously of the main street, VLWWLQJ RQ FKDLUV EURXJKW RXW IURP WKHLU KRPHVČ‹ )LJXUH 7KH UHVLGHQWV KDYH UHDFWHG WR WKLV GHČ´FLHQF\ E\ DSSURSULDWLQJ the one metre wide sidewalk in front of their houses as a semi-private open space, which becomes the main site for social interactions within the community. This form of spatial appropriation occurs mostly on the houses facing the main street, where some degree of openness encourages the LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ QHLJKERUV )LJXUH 5HJDUGLQJ WKH houses facing the exterior, they made additions to obstruct the area in front of their houses. This appropriation of the street space has turned the sidewalk into a private enclosed space

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Figure 18. Public space used as a parking lot and area for drying laundry. (Photo D. Sim)

Figure 19. Main street and informal spatial appropriation. (Photo D. Sim)

as opposed to the sidewalk of the main street, which is used IRU VRFLDOL]LQJ 6LP ΖW KDV WR EH VDLG WKDW DOWKRXJK WKLV occupation decreases the percentage and the ratio of outdoor space, the total occupation of sidewalks only imply a decrease of 4.6% of outdoor space and 0.9 meters per inhabitant, which is still a reasonable standard. In conclusion we can say that, as happened in GK Baseco, Ruam 6DPDNNHH VKRZV KRZ FRPPXQLWLHV UHDFW WR WKH VLPSOLȴFDWLRQ RI spaces proposed by some of the site plans. With these informal appropriations of the open space, communities show the need for more diverse and complex spaces that allow greater social interaction and privacy of homes. &KDURHQFKDL 1LPLWPDL %DQJNRN 7KDLODQG 2Q VLWH UHEORFNLQJ +RPRJHQHRXV JULG The community of Charoenchai Nimitmai is one of the informal areas located between the Prem Prachakon drainage canal, the railway tracks and the Sirat expressway in Bangkok’s Chatuchak GLVWULFW )LJXUH 2ULJLQDOO\ IDPLOLHV ZHUH OLYLQJ LQ WKH 0.7 hectares, who had been renting the land from a private landowner for over 50 years. In 1998, threatened with eviction when the landowner put the land up for sale, the community started negotiations to buy the land for around a quarter of its

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market value. After establishing a cooperative, and with the aid RI D &2'Ζ ORDQ WKH\ DFTXLUHG WKH ODQG LQ 6LP &2'Ζ In 2003, after being selected as one of the pilot projects in the Baan Mankong programme, the community started an onsite reblocking project increasing the number of plots to bring down the cost per family. With the help of a young architect, a new spatial site plan was set with a total of 89 plots of varying sizes, incorporating 48 new plots to accommodate vulnerable IDPLOLHV VTXDWWLQJ QHDUE\ DV ZHOO DV D FRPPXQLW\ FHQWUH )LJXUH ΖQ RUGHU WR Č´W WKH QHZ VWUHHW OD\RXW KRXVHV KDG WR EH demolished and relocated within the site. However, according to the surveys, residents responded that the community members mostly undertook the design of the layout, and underwent PXOWLSOH LWHUDWLRQV RI SODQQLQJ JRLQJ WKURXJK HLJKWHHQ GLÎ?HUHQW OD\RXWV DV D SDUW RI WKH SURFHVV 6LP The proposed spatial site plan is a homogeneous grid formed by three parallel streets, each one 3.5 meters wide. Along the streets plots from 40 to 100 m2 are linearly organized. Similarly to Navagampura, no building standards, type plans or modes of FRQVWUXFWLRQ ZHUH LPSRVHG )LJXUH

In this case the comparison of the original community and the SURSRVDO VKRZV D YHU\ VLJQLČ´FDQW GHFUHDVH LQ WKH SHUFHQWDJH of outdoor space. This factor is essentially due to important LQFUHDVH RI WKH KRXVLQJ GHQVLW\ GXH WR WKH RFFXSDWLRQ of the existing open space in-between the houses of the original community. While this decrease also leads to a reduction in absolute terms of the ratio of outdoor space per person, it is interesting to note that, when comparing only the infrastructure for access, discarding the space in-between buildings, the ratio of outdoor space per person increased by 357%, from 1.4 to 5, ZKLFK LV IDU IURP QHJOLJLEOH 7DEOH )LQDOO\ LW LV DOVR QRWLFHDEOH LQ WKLV FDVH WKDW WKHUH DUH QRW VLJQLČ´FDQW VWUHHW DSSURSULDWLRQV probably due to the big size of plots and the short width of VWUHHWV )LJXUH

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GHYHORSPHQW )LJXUH 7KH UHJHQHUDWLRQ SURMHFW RI -XDQ %RER LQFOXGHV WKH QHLJKERUKRRGV RI 9LOOD 1L]D $QGDOXF¯D DQG 9LOOD GHO Socorro, in the northeast area of the city2. The 2.29 hectares of the intervention area had undergone a process of occupation of invasive nature, which caused the gradual disappearance RI JUHHQ DUHDV ('8 7KH IHZ H[LVWLQJ SXEOLF VSDFHV were limited to a very precarious trail system, and a series of residual natural spaces where, due to the topography, housing RFFXSDWLRQ ZDV QRW SRVVLEOH )LJXUH

Figure 21. Models of the neighborhood (before and after) done during the participation process (Photo D. Sim)

Figure 24. Formation and occupation process (Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano,EDU) Figure 22. Comparative analysis of Charoenchai Nimitmai. Original neighborhood and new neighborhood, streets and build form (Authors’ drawing)

Figure 23. Streets of Charoenchai Nimitmai do not present VLJQLÈ´FDQW LQIRUPDO DSSURSULDWLRQV 3KRWR ' 6LP

-XDQ %RER 0HGHOO¯Q &RORPELD 2Q VLWH XSJUDGLQJ +\EULG JULG The process of occupation of the area of Juan Bobo starts in the 50’s as an area of agricultural production, but not until the ȇV DQG ȇV WKDW LWV GHQVLÈ´FDWLRQ VWDUWHG PDLQO\ DV D UHVXOW of the processes of migration from rural areas. The scarcity of land, and the lack of housing programs and policies, made the slopes of the city of Medellin the ideal place for informal

Figure 25. Juan Bobo site location (Empresa de Desarrollo 8UEDQR ('8 $XWKRUVȇ GUDZLQJ RQ *RRJOH HDUWK

7KH -XDQ %RER SURMHFW LV ORFDWHG LQVLGH WKH 1RUWKHDVW &RPSUHKHQVLYH 8UEDQ 3URMHFWV 38Ζ 7KH 38Ζ ZHUH FUHDWHG E\ WKH 8UEDQ 'HYHORSPHQW (QWHUSULVH ('8 LQ WR LPSURYH WKH QHLJKERUKRRGV ZLWK KLJKHU UDWHV RI SRYHUW\ DQG LQIRUPDOLW\ DQG OHVV sense of belonging, and to perform several urban and social inclusion actions, based on a model of urban growth committed to the improvement, consolidation, regeneration, regularization, relocation and upgrading of informal settlements.

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Some basic principles such as no evictions and no expropriations, but with no new families settling in the territory were agreed between the community and the Municipality before starting the project. One of the main challenges faced was to implement the on-site upgrading strategy and resettling, which meant to deal with the existing community reducing demolitions as much DV SRVVLEOH )LJXUH 7R DFKLHYH WKLV REMHFWLYH DQG ZLWK WKH KHOS RI WKH FRPPXQLW\ DQ LQČ´OO VWUDWHJ\ ZDV XVHG 7KLV VWUDWHJ\ consisted in the construction of buildings to relocate in the same DUHD WKH DÎ?HFWHG SRSXODWLRQ DQG WR HVWDEOLVK LQWHUYHQWLRQV VXFK as improvements to buildings worth to preserve, the provision of public services, and improvements to environmental and SXEOLF VSDFHV )LJXUH

Figure 26. Streets in Juan Bobo previous to regeneration. (Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano,EDU)

FUHHN DV D SXEOLF VSDFH )LJXUH 7KH KRXVLQJ LPSURYHPHQW was made following these three sections and according to three strategies, new housing and on-site resettlement, which resulted in the creation of 130 new housing units, and upgrading RU UHSODFHPHQW WR EH DSSOLHG WR WKH UHVW ('8

The resulting spatial site plan is a hybrid grid based on the existing reality and adapted to the conditions of each section, ZLWKRXW DQ\ SUHGHȴQHG RU JHRPHWULFDOO\ IRUPDOL]HG VSDWLDO pattern. By analyzing the results we observe a remarkable LQFUHDVH LQ ERWK WKH RXWGRRU VSDFH DQG WKH RXWGRRU VSDFH UDWLR SHU LQKDELWDQW WKH KLJKHVW SHUFHQWDJHV RI DOO FDVHV VWXGLHG 7DEOH )LJXUH ΖQ DEVROXWH WHUPV P of public space were built in parks, plazas, parks and walkways ('8 WR ZKLFK PXVW EH DGGHG QHDUO\ WKUHH WKRXVDQG

Figure 28. Sections detected after the analysis of spatial and organization patterns. (Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano,EDU)

)LJXUH +RXVLQJ XQLWV WR EH UHORFDWHG ΖQȴOO VWUDWHJ\ 1HZ buildings for relocations (Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano,EDU).

The analysis of the spatial and organization patterns of the LQIRUPDO VHWWOHPHQW LGHQWLČ´HG WKUHH VHFWLRQV ZLWK GLÎ?HUHQW topographic and housing characteristics, from which the LQWHUYHQWLRQ VWUDWHJLHV ZHUH GHČ´QHG ΖQ WKLV ZD\ LW ZDV GHFLGHG that the spaces located on the highest part of slope would be XVHG IRU GHQVLČ´FDWLRQ DQG WR UHGHČ´QH WKH EORFNV WKH PLGGOH part of the slope would be used for the redistribution of housing, and the lower slope to recover the environmental space of the

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Figure 29. Comparative analysis of Juan Bobo. Original neighborhood and new neighborhood, streets and build form (Authors’ drawing)

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square meters of open spaces related to environmental LPSURYHPHQWV RI WKH QHLJKERUKRRG 7DEOH 3. This increase in public and open spaces, together with the 15% decrease of the building footprint, carried out residential improvements such as the decrease of the housing density, the relocation of dwellings located in risk areas, the increase by 31% of the average housing living area, or the improvement and legalization of 100% of households. In the case of Juan Bobo, no appropriations of the public spaces have been detected due to the diversity of ZHOO GHČ´QHG SXEOLF VSDFHV HDFK ZLWK D VWURQJO\ GLÎ?HUHQWLDWHG FKDUDFWHU )LJXUH

that seek to rationalize evenly the land division and the LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV $QG RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG WKRVH WKDW ZH GHȴQH DV based on site reading, which rely on a rigurous site analysis to understand the spatial organization patterns of the community with the aim of replicating them, give them continuity or adapt to them. Finding the strategy to apply in each community is not an easy task. With the selection of the strategy we are determining a physical and spatial pattern that will condition the lives of people living in the neighborhood. In order to facilitate the adaptation of the communities to their new environments, it is recommended that, whatever the strategy we choose, the proposed street layout should be based on the reading of the physical and spatial organization patterns of the original community. 7KH W\SH RI XUEDQ PRGHO GHȴQHV WKH VSDWLDO FRPSOH[LW\ RI WKH QHLJKERUKRRG From the point of view of urban spaces, we note that the complexity and diversity of the types of open space decreases in the planned models, while the models based on site provide greater diversity and complexity. This leads us to think that, in terms of urban spaces, the spatial site plans with higher probability of success in adapting to the spatial organization patterns of the community are those based on strategies and XUEDQ PRGHOV VHQVLWLYH WR WKH SODFH DQG WKH H[LVWLQJ UHDOLW\ RQ VLWH UHEORFNLQJ DQG RQ VLWH XSJUDGLQJ As Somsook Boonyabancha states, on-site upgrading is by far the best, cheapest and esiest way to preserve community systems and to maintain development from the past to link with future. With the proper assistance, simple, culturally appropriate, creatively-built, diverse forms of housing will automatically appear, forming community’s own physical identity in the city. 6WUHHW OD\RXW DQG VWUHHW VSDFH SRZHUIXO FDWDO\VWV IRU WKH UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ DQG UHJHQHUDWLRQ RI LQIRUPDO DUHDV

Figure 30. Streets in Juan Bobo before and after (Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano,EDU)

5. Conclusion: 3 strategies, 5 site plans, 2 models and 4 conclusions for the urban regeneration of informal areas 7KH W\SH RI UHJHQHUDWLRQ VWUDWHJ\ LPSOLHV D W\SH RI XUEDQ PRGHO Following the implementation of the three on-site regeneration strategies: reconstruction, reblocking and upgrading, we can VWDWH WKDW WZR GLÎ?HUHQW XUEDQ PRGHOV DUH GHULYHG 7DEOH On the one hand, those we might call planned models, which after the implementation of on-site reconstruction strategies translate into spatial plans with entirely new street layouts

As we have seen, streets and open spaces are primary and transversal themes for all cases studied. From the comparative DQDO\VLV 7DEOH ZH REVHUYH WKDW RQ RQH KDQG EHWZHHQ DQG RI WKH DUHDV DUH ΖQ &KDURHQFKDL 1LPLWPDL DQG -XDQ %RER GHGLFDWHG WR RSHQ VSDFHV DQG RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG RQH of the objectives in all cases is to increase the outdoor space ratio per person, which on average is situated on 4.4 m2 per inhabitant. These data show the importance of open spaces in the regeneration project of informal areas. For this reason we can state that, far from being an accessory component, urban regeneration strategies based on the open space, in this case the street, constitute a very powerful catalysts for the revitalization and regeneration process of the informal areas. However it should be added that it is not only a question of

7KH GLÎ?HUHQFHV LQ WKH WDEOH UHVSRQG WR WKH VSDFHV FRQVLGHUHG DV RSHQ VSDFHV EXW QRW RI SXEOLF XVH 7KH UDWLR DFFRUGLQJ WR ('8 FRQVLGHUV RQO\ SXEOLF VSDFH ZKLOH WKH VHFRQG Č´JXUH VKRZV WKH UDWLR IRU WKH WRWDO DPRXQW RI RSHQ VSDFHV LQFOXGLQJ environmental spaces with no public use.

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quantity, but also a qualitative matter about how spatial site plans distribute the outdoor spaces, as well as which type of spaces are produced. As we have seen, layouts with more geometric GHVLJQ DQG QRW EDVHG RQ VLWH UHDGLQJ SODQQHG KRPRJHQHRXV OLQHDU JULGV DQG SODQV VXÎ?HU PDMRU PRGLČ´FDWLRQV DQG adaptations of open spaces by residents. These pre-formalized layouts, although they rationalize the infrastructure and establish equitable land division systems, diminish community spirit due to the lack of positive interelationship between indoor and outdoor spaces. In these cases the street loses part of its function as a public space to become a functional space informally occupied with activities that extend from the LQWHULRU RI WKH KRXVHV )LJXUH ΖQ WKLV VHQVH SODQQLQJ ZLWK KRPRJHQHRXV JULGV DOWKRXJK HDV\ WR SODQ DQG HÉ?FLHQW IRU infrastructures, circulation, and services lines, should be more concerned about sense of community and common spaces, incorporating the diversity and multiplicity of spaces of the original communities.

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We can say, therefore, that the physical form of the streets and their layout is a relevant issue for the upgrading of informal settlements. The physical space of the street not only provides support for the division of land or for setting the infrastructure, essential aspects in the regeneration of informal settlements, EXW DOVR GHČ´QHV WKH SK\VLFDO HQYLURQPHQW RI WKH QHLJKERUKRRG which helps to develop the sense of community and promotes social relationships and local economies. It is not the physical space in itself, but what that physical space can create.

&DUUDFHGR 2 +ZDQJ < + Ȋ8UEDQ UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ VWUDWHJLHV for low-income communities in Manila�. National University of Singapore. CASA, Centre of Advanced Studies in Architecture.

7KH PRUH JHRPHWULF WKH OHVV ERWWRP XS Finally, through the comparative analysis we also observe a relationship between urban model and public participation model. Thus, we see that the schemes that are more planned, EDVHG RQ UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ IURP VFUDWFK RI WKH QHLJKERUKRRG RQ VLWH UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ DUH WKH RQHV ZKR KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG from a top-down perspective. While models based on site UHDGLQJ DQG RQ DGDSWHG VWUDWHJLHV WR WKH VLWH RQ VLWH UHEORFNLQJ RQ VLWH XSJUDGLQJ KDYH KDG D PRUH ERWWRP XS DSSURDFK ZLWK greater involvement of the community. This aspect leads us to conclude that the need to better understand the concrete reality of the neighborhood, implicit in these two strategies implies, on one hand, a better adaptation to community spaces, and on the other, greater and indispensable participation of residents in the analysis and design process, which results in a more open and adapted project most likely to succeed. References

$OFDOGÂŻD GH 0HGHOOÂŻQ ČŠ3ODQ GH 2UGHQDPLHQWR 7HUULWRULDOČ‹ 0HGHOOÂŻQ $OFDOGÂŻD GH 0HGHOOÂŻQ %DOER 0 -RUGÂŁQ 5 6LPRQL ' ČŠ/D &LXGDG ΖQFOXVLYDČ‹ 7KH LQFOXVLYH FLW\ 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV 6DQWLDJR GH &KLOH %RRQ\DEDQFKD 6 ČŠ%DDQ 0DQNRQJ JRLQJ WR VFDOH ZLWK ‘’slum’’ and squatter upgrading in Thailandâ€?. Environment and Urbanization 2005 17: 21 %RRQ\DEDQFKD 6 3URYLGLQJ +RXVLQJ )RU WKH 3RRU $ 1HZ Approach to achieving Comprehensive Housing Development by Urban Poor Communities and The City, as gathered from experiences in Thailand. UCDO Thailand

&DUUDFHGR 2 Ȋ6KDSLQJ LQIRUPDOLW\ 7KH UROH RI VWUHHW based strategies in revitalizing informal and low-income areas.� 7th International Urban Design Conference. Adelaide. Australia. &DUUDFHGR 2 Ȋ5HJHQHUDWLQJ QHLJKERUKRRGV WKURXJK identity and community places Planning and developing strategies for resilient informal settlements�. Conference Proceddings. 7th Conference of the International Forum on 8UEDQLVP Ζ)R8 7DLQDQ 7DLZDQ &DUUDFHGR 2 1RJXHU 1 Ȋ8SJUDGLQJ VXEXUEV LQ WKH Latin American context. A managment and transformation review of the slums�, Conference Proceddings. 25th Conference of the European Network of Housing Research, Tarragona. &DUUDFHGR 2 1RJXHU 1 Ȋ5HWURȴWWLQJ VXEXUELD DQG informal slums in the Latin American context. Recovering neighborhoods in extreme poverty conditions with tactical urbanism and new urbanism principles�, 21st Conference of New Urbanism, Salt Lake City. &DUUDFHGR 2 6RWRFD $ Ȋ)URP 0DVWHU 3ODQ WR SXQFWXDO interventions�, 21st Conference of New Urbanism, Salt Lake City. &DUUDFHGR 2 6RWRFD $ Ȋ+RXVLQJ LQ WKH IRUPHU SHULSKHU\ RI %DUFHORQD 7RZDUGV WKH ȴQGLQJ RI FULWHULD IRU XUEDQ renewal�, 23rd Conference of the European Network of Housing Research, Tolousse.

$UFKHU ' Ȋ(PSRZHULQJ WKH XUEDQ SRRU WKURXJK community-based slum upgrading: the case of Bangkok, Thailand�. 46th ISOCARP Congress 2010

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&DVWUR ) $ 'RURWDQ $ . HW DO ČŠ8QGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH spatial patterns in a slum community. A case study of Baseco, Manila, Philippinesâ€?. College of Architecture, University of the 3KLOLSSLQHV 'LOLPDQ &DPSXV 4XH]RQ &LW\ &RPPXQLW\ $UFKLWHFW 1HWZRUN &$1 &RPSUHKHQVLYH VLWH planning. Transform community to better living place for all. Handbook series II. &RPPXQLW\ 2UJDQL]DWLRQV 'HYHORSPHQW ΖQVWLWXWH &2'Ζ “Urban development towards sustainable cities and housing for the urban poor in Thailand. Bangkok. Community Organization Development Institute. (FKHYHUUL 5HVWUHSR $ 2UVLQL ) 0 ȊΖQIRUPDOLGDG \ XUEDQLVPR VRFLDO HQ 0HGHOOÂŻQČ‹ LQ ČŠ0HGHOOÂŻQ 0HGLR $PELHQWH Urbanismo Sociedadâ€?. Ed. M. Hermelin, A. Alejandro Echeverri 5HVWUHSR - *LUDOGR 5DPÂŻUH] 8QLYHUVLGDG ($)Ζ7 0HGHOOÂŻQ &RORPELD &HQWUR GH (VWXGLRV 8UEDQRV \ $PELHQWDOHV XUEDP (FKHYHUUL 5HVWUHSR $ ČŠ3ROÂŻWLFDV \ SUR\HFWRV HVWUDWÂŤJLFRV XUEDQRV SDUD 0HGHOOÂŻQČ‹ ('8 0HGHOOÂŻQ $OFDOGÂŻD GH 0HGHOOÂŻQ (PSUHVD GH 'HVDUUROOR 8UEDQR ('8 ČŠ0HGHOOÂŻQ 0RGHOR GH WUDQVIRUPDFLÂľQ XUEDQD 3UR\HFWR 8UEDQR ΖQWHJUDO 38Ζ HQ OD ]RQD QRURULHQWDOČ‹ ($)Ζ7 $)& ('8 $OFDOGÂŻD GH 0HGHOOÂŻQ Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano EDU: “Los proyectos urbanos LQWHJUDOHVČ‹ ('8 0HGHOOÂŻQ $OFDOGÂŻD GH 0HGHOOÂŻQ Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano EDU: “Los proyectos urbanos LQWHJUDOHVČ‹ ('8 0HGHOOÂŻQ $OFDOGÂŻD GH 0HGHOOÂŻQ (PSUHVD GH 'HVDUUROOR 8UEDQR ('8 6DQWDQD 9ÂŤOH] 2 “Ambientes Urbanos Marginales. Proyectos Urbanos Integrales38Ζ 0HGHOOÂŻQČ‹ ('8 0HGHOOÂŻQ $OFDOGÂŻD GH 0HGHOOÂŻQ

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ACCESSIBILITY OF PLAY SPACES IN DHANMONDI RESIDENTIAL AREA, DHAKA Md Rashed BHUYAN PhD Researcher Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore Address: 4 Architecture Drive, Singapore. Email: a0086231@nus.edu.sg

enhance spatial accessibility to opportunities in highly dense urban living environments.

YE ZHANG Assistant Professor Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore Address: 4 Architecture Drive, Singapore. Email: akizy@nus.edu.sg

1. Introduction

Keywords: $&&(66Ζ%Ζ/Ζ7< 63$&( 6<17$; 3/$< 63$&(6 &+Ζ/'5(1 '(16( URBAN ENVIRONMENT, DHAKA

Abstract Spatial accessibility measures have their roots in transportation and land use planning in the 1960s. While methods for measuring aggregate accessibility have been well established, developing highresolution models that are applicable at a disaggregate level is of recent interest. One of the challenges is to incorporate human factors in the assessment, so as to better describe the reality and improve the precision of analysis. Studies on children’s accessibility WR SOD\ VSDFHV &$3 DUH DPRQJ WKH QXPHURXV HÎ?RUWV WR DGGUHVV this challenge. This study asked what could be a potential conceptual framework to evaluate accessibility to outdoors play spaces for children in extremely dense urban context? Following a case study based mixed method approach; this study Č´UVW VWXGLHG WKH DFFHVVLELOLW\ SDWWHUQ RI D KLJKO\ GHQVH UHVLGHQWLDO DUHD LQ 'KDND 'KDQPRQGL 5 $ ZLWK VSHFLČ´F IRFXV RQ FKLOGUHQȇV accessibility to public play spaces. CAP was analyzed following WKH VSDFH V\QWD[ PRGHO RI DFFHVVLELOLW\ $QDO\WLFDO Č´QGLQJV ZHUH GLVFXVVHG ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR WKH Č´HOG REVHUYDWLRQDO DQG LQWHUYLHZ GDWD %\ GLVFXVVLQJ RWKHU UHOHYDQW DFFHVVLELOLW\ PHDVXUHPHQW models, this paper further developed a conceptual framework to evaluate disaggregate accessibility of play spaces for children in extremely dense urban context. The developed framework proposes D FRPELQDWLRQ RI VWDWH RI WKH DUW TXDQWLČ´DEOH PRGHOV WR PHDVXUH children’s accessibility to play spaces. This working paper reasserts the necessity to rethink urban public play spaces by considering place, path and people factors RI DFFHVVLELOLW\ 7KH SURSRVHG IUDPHZRUN PLJKW EHQHČ´W IXWXUH UHVHDUFKHV DQG XUEDQ SODQQLQJ SURFHVV ZKHQ WKH REMHFWLYH LV WR

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“A city should be a place where a little boy [or a girl] walking through its streets can sense what he [or she] some day would OLNH WR EHČ‹ /RXLV ΖVDGRUH .DKQ

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1.1 Accessibility Accessibility to opportunities is an essential urban spatial TXDOLW\ PHDVXUH (O *HQHLG\ HW DO $FFHVVLELOLW\ UHVHDUFK GHYHORSHG RYHU WKH ODVW \HDUV +DQG\ DQG 1LHPHLHU Ziang and Claramunt 2000, Kwan and Weber 2003, Miller 2005, El-Geneidy et al. 2006, Neutens et al. 2010, Horner and Downs )URP SODQQLQJ SHUVSHFWLYH DFFHVVLELOLW\ RI D JHRJUDSKLFDO DUHD KDG EHHQ GHȴQHG DV ȊWKH LQWHQVLW\ RI SRVVLELOLW\ RI LQWHUDFWLRQȋ +DQVHQ %URDGO\ ȆDFFHVVLELOLW\ȇ UHIHUV WR ȆWKH HDVH RI UHDFKLQJ YDOXHG GHVWLQDWLRQVȇ (O *HQHLG\ HW DO ΖQ RWKHU ZRUGV LW LV ȊD PHDVXUH RI LQGLYLGXDOȇV IUHHGRP WR SDUWLFLSDWH LQ DFWLYLWLHV LQ WKH HQYLURQPHQWȋ :HLEXOO FLWHG LQ 0LOOHU .H\ HOHPHQWV LQ DFFHVVLELOLW\ UHVHDUFK LQFOXGH SODFH DWWUDFWLRQV DFFHVV IURP ZKHUH WR ZKHUH SDWK QHWZRUN DFFHVV WKURXJK ZKLFK SDWK V

DQG PRYLQJ SHRSOH LQ VSDFH WLPH $FFHVVLELOLW\ RI ZKRP DQG RI ZKLFK WLPH )RU HÎ?HFWLYH HYDOXDWLRQ RI DFFHVVLELOLW\ GHČ´QLWLRQ RI RULJLQV L DQG GHVWLQDWLRQV M PHDVXUHPHQW PHWKRGV RI ȆDWWUDFWLRQȇ :L DQG ȆLPSHGDQFHȇ 'LM DQG WKH UHTXLUHG GHJUHH RI GLVDJJUHJDWLRQ LV SUHUHTXLVLWH :LOVRQ FLWHG LQ %KDW HW DO 1.1.1 Accessibility measures A various number of methods are used to measure accessibility. Widely used measures include cumulative measure, gravitybased measure, utility-based measure, constraints-based PHDVXUH DQG FRPSRVLWH DFFHVVLELOLW\ PHDVXUH 7DEOH (O *HQHLG\ HW DO %KDW HW DO &RPSUHKHQVLYH UHYLHZ of most of these existing measures of accessibility in geography DQG WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ SODQQLQJ FDQ EH IRXQG LQ %KDW HW DO 1HXWHQV HW DO

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RI WKH DGXOWV VXFK DV ȆZRUNSODFHVȇ RU ȆHPSOR\PHQWVȇ WKDQ RI FKLOGUHQ (O *HQHLG\ HW DO &KLOGUHQȇV JHRJUDSK\ DQG PRELOLW\ SDWWHUQ DUH VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ GLÎ?HUHQW WKDQ WKDW RI DGXOWV 0DWWKHZV .DUVWHQ 8UJH IRU PHDVXULQJ DFFHVVLELOLW\ across such heterogeneous group of people from detail area planning perspective is recent. Thus, a great deal of opportunities prevail for urban design oriented researchers to contribute in such gaps. 1.1.2 Urban network analysis: Distance factor of accessibility Among other approaches of measuring accessibility, networkbased approach got momentum with the development of HÎ?HFWLYH FRPSXWDWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHV ΖQ QHWZRUN EDVHG DSSURDFK urban spaces are represented as ‘nodes’ and ‘edges’ on a graphtheoretical basis and their interrelation is studied. The origin of graph theory however goes back to Leonhard Euler in the WK FHQWXU\ VHH 6WHDGPDQ 1HWZRUN EDVHG DSSURDFK LV FRPSXWDWLRQ LQWHQVLYH 1HWZRUN VL]H >16 Q Q @ JURZV QRQ OLQHDUO\ DV PRUH QRGHV Q DUH DGGHG WR WKH QHWZRUN NQRZQ DV 0HWFDOIHȇV /DZ VHH (O *HQHLG\ HW DO )RU H[DPSOH a system with 10 nodes will populate 90 potential relations between the nodes. However, network-based approach of urban space analysis best describes interconnections between PXOWLSOLFLWLHV RI IDFWRUV %DWW\ Among various approaches of urban spatial network analysis, two approaches of spatial representation of distance and two W\SHV RI VSDWLDO PDWUL[HV RI DFFHVVLELOLW\ DUH SURPLQHQW <H 7KHVH DUH 7DEOH 'LÎ?HUHQW PRGHOV IRU PHDVXULQJ DFFHVVLELOLW\ WR opportunities within urban spatial network (adapted from El*HQHLG\ HW DO

Three aspects of accessibility measures come to the foreground in those reviews, among others. First, researches on planning related evaluation of accessibility to opportunities had been mostly focused at large scales such as regions, cities and communities. However, accounting accessibility at smaller scale helps in revealing the underlying diversities or patterns of access in real street networks, blocks, and plots and thus eventually KHOSV XUEDQ GHVLJQHUV WR WDNH PRUH VHQVLWLYH GHFLVLRQV 0LOOHU 6HFRQG D JURZLQJ HÎ?RUW LV HYLGHQW LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUHV WR shift from place-based matrix to ‘people-based matrix’ or to a combined matrix. In people-based matrix, disaggregated DFFHVVLELOLW\ LV PHDVXUHG DFURVV GLÎ?HUHQW SRSXODWLRQ JURXSV and usually aggregated later for collective decision-making about urban areas as required. Although people-based and combined matrix is computation intensive and data extensive in nature, such approaches attempt to model contemporary XUEDQ GLYHUVLWLHV .DZQ 1HXWHQV HW DO 7KLUG HDUOLHU researches on accessibility focused mostly on opportunities

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6SDWLDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI GLVWDQFH 0HWULF +DQVHQ 3RUWD HW DO DQG 7RSRORJLFDO +LOOLHU DQG +DQVRQ +LOOLHU HW DO +LOOLHU DQG 6SDWLDO FRQČ´JXUDWLRQ +LOOLHU DQG +DQVRQ +LOOLHU HW DO DQG VSDWLDO FRQČ´JXUDWLRQ DQG ODQG XVH FRPELQHG +DQVHQ 6WDKOH HW DO 1.1.3 Space syntax model of accessibility Space syntax model of accessibility can be described as a unique type of accessibility that conceptualizes distance and people’s potential movement pattern with reference to spatial FRQČ´JXUDWLRQ ΖQ WKDW VHQVH VSDFH V\QWD[ FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG DV D VSHFLDO NLQG RI JUDYLW\ PHDVXUH +DQVHQ ZKHUH WKH attractions or ‘land uses’ are weighted equally. In space syntax WKHRU\ +LOOLHU DQG +DQVRQ +LOOLHU HW DO DFFHVVLELOLW\ RI XUEDQ RSHQ VSDFHV LV GHČ´QHG ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR ȆVSDWLDO FRQČ´JXUDWLRQȇ DQG ȆPRYHPHQW HFRQRP\ȇ Ȇ6SDWLDO FRQČ´JXUDWLRQȇ refers to the all-to-al relations of space-segments represented as one system of spatial network involving ‘nodes’ and ‘edges’. Cities or urban areas, according to space syntax theory, are

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characterized as a result of dual processes: a foreground and a background. Foreground and background form a deformed wheel pattern. The ‘emergent’ ‘foreground’ represents the ‘generative’ micro-economic forces; and the agent-based ‘background’, which is a functional derivative of the emergent foreground, is linked to ‘conservative’ socio-cultural forces. Put VLPSO\ WKH IRUHJURXQG FRQČ´JXUDWLRQ IRUPV WKH FRPPHUFLDO centers and public movement networks in a city; and the EDFNJURXQG FRQČ´JXUDWLRQ IRUPV WKH UHVLGHQWLDO TXDUWHUV DORQJ ZLWK UHODWHG FRPPXQDO IDFLOLWLHV LQ WKH FLW\ +LOOLHU )URP movement economy perspective, space syntax asserts that people move in least-lines, people interact in ‘convex spaces’ +LOOLHU DQG 9DXJKDQ Integration index of street network is the most commonly used DFFHVVLELOLW\ PHDVXUH LQ VSDFH V\QWD[ ΖQWHJUDWLRQ ΖQW LQGH[ measure the ‘to-movement potentials’ of a street segment +LOOLHU 6LPSOLVWLFDOO\ LQWHJUDWLRQ PHDVXUHV WKH relative depth of streets segments in relation to all other segments in the system and often expressed as: ΖQWHJUDWLRQ ΖQW . 7' +HUH . UHSUHVHQWV WKH WRWDO QXPEHU of street segments counted within the least path from one segment to all other segments and TD stands for total depth. Least path segments and depth are accounted topologically )RU GHWDLOV VHH -LDQJ In space syntax measure of accessibility, ‘attractions’ and ‘destinations’ are empirically correlated with integration of the street network through regression analysis. That means space V\QWD[ GLUHFWO\ PHDVXUH DFFHVVLELOLW\ LQWHJUDWLRQ RQO\ RI WKH RSHQ VWUHHW QHWZRUN DQG WHQGV WR H[SODLQ GLÎ?HUHQW W\SHV RI ODQG XVHV WKURXJK YDULHWLHV RI ȆV\QWDFWLFȇ YDOXHV DFURVV GLÎ?HUHQW street segments. 1.2 Accessibility to play opportunities for children Disaggregated accessibility refers to accessibility measures that are particularly concerned about certain social groups, opportunities or activities. Among other urban opportunities for people, contemporary international awareness on children’s DFFHVVLELOLW\ WR SXEOLF SOD\ VSDFHV &$3 LQFUHDVHG GXULQJ WKH ODVW WZR GHFDGHV 81&5& $ ZLGH ERG\ RI OLWHUDWXUH stressed the need for equitably accessible spatial opportunities IRU FKLOGUHQ WR IXOČ´OO WKHLU ȆULJKW WR SOD\ȇ &KDZOD *OHHVRQ DQG 6\SH )UHHPDQ DQG 7UDQWHU 6XFK PXOWL GLVFLSOLQDU\ FDOOV DUH VSHFLČ´FDOO\ GLUHFWHG WRZDUGV FKLOGUHQȇV XQVWUXFWXUHG DQG QDWXUDO SOD\ LQ RXWGRRUV VHWWLQJV /RXY :HQ HW DO .DUVWHQ $OVR WKHUH DUH DODUPLQJ HYLGHQFHV WKDW LQGHSHQGHQW PRELOLW\ RI FKLOGUHQ WR GLÎ?HUHQW RSSRUWXQLWLHV such as schools, neighborhood play spaces, is diminishing in XUEDQ DUHDV +LOOPDQ 2ȇEULDQ ΖVODP In urban planning and design disciplines, children’s accessibility WR SXEOLF SOD\ VSDFHV &$3 UHPDLQHG WR EH D WRSLF RI QHJOHFW

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)UHHPDQ DQG 7UDQWHU ΖQ DUFKLWHFWXUH LW ZDV $OGR 9DQ (\FN ZKR Č´UVW XVHG SOD\JURXQGV DV D VSDWLDO PHGLXP WR H[SUHVV DUFKLWHFWXUDO SKLORVRSK\ WKH ȆLQ EHWZHHQ UHDOPȇ 9DQ (\FN designed hundreds of play spaces in Amsterdam by highlighting the interstitial role of play spaces in creating relations between the FKLOG DQG WKH FLW\ 9DQ (\FN 2Q WKH FRQWUDU\ LQ WUDGLWLRQDO XUEDQ GHVLJQ OLWHUDWXUH KHXULVWLF FDWFKPHQW UDGLXV VXFK DV ~ NLORPHWHU IURP KRPH PLQXWHV ZDON IURP KRPH HWF LV RIWHQ set to ensure minimum number provisions of segregated play RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU FKLOGUHQ &XPXODWLYH DFFHVVLELOLW\ DSSURDFK Socio-spatial and contextual basis of such location based normative standards for opportunities are considered weak $OH[DQGHU %DWW\ )RU H[DPSOH GHVLJQV EDVHG RQ VXFK KHXULVWLF FRGHV PLJKW LJQRUH WKH VLJQLČ´FDQW HÎ?HFW RI WKH physical and social environment of the network of paths and FRQČľLFWLQJ SDWWHUQ RI GLÎ?HUHQW WUDYHO PRGHV ZLWKLQ WKH FHUWLČ´HG radius. Given such a background, by using Dhanmondi Residential Area, a semi-planned residential area in Dhaka, Bangladesh, as a case study, this study analyzed the accessibility pattern WR RSSRUWXQLWLHV RI WKH DUHD ZLWK VSHFLČ´F IRFXV RQ FKLOGUHQȇV accessibility to public play spaces. Along with discussing WKH VSDFH V\QWD[ EDVHG VSDWLDO DQG Č´HOG REVHUYDWLRQ EDVHG EHKDYLRUDO Č´QGLQJV WKLV SDSHU IXUWKHU DWWHPSWHG WR GHYHORS a conceptual framework to evaluate disaggregate accessibility to outdoors play spaces for children in extremely dense urban context. It is to be noted that, terms such as ‘play’, ‘play space’ DUH GLÉ?FXOW WR GHČ´QH XQLYHUVDOO\ 3LDJHW 6XWWRQ 6PLWK *UD\ ΖQ WKLV VWXG\ E\ SOD\ ZH UHIHU WR REVHUYDEOH FKLOGUHQȇV DJHG WR XQVWUXFWXUHG ȆVRFLDOȇ DQG ȆFRPSHWLWLYHȇ play in the urban spaces where a ‘plays space’ is one of the components among many other spatial entities.

2. Methods 7KLV VWXG\ IROORZHG D PL[HG PHWKRG DSSURDFK &UHVZHOO *URDW DQG :DQJ 7KH NH\ WRSLF RI WKH VWXG\ ZDV conceptualized based on multidisciplinary secondary literatures mostly from geography, urban planning and transportation, urban design. The case study based research involved both TXDQWLWDWLYH DQG TXDOLWDWLYH FRPSRQHQWV 4XDQWLWDWLYHO\ VSDWLDO accessibility of the formal play spaces within the studied area was measured with space syntax. We measured integration DQG FKRLFH YDOXHV 5 P 5 P IRU SHGHVWULDQ DQG 5 P 5 P IRU VLQJOH OLQHV RI SHGHVWULDQ DQG YHKLFXODU VLQJOH OLQH VWUHHW VHJPHQWV )RU YHKLFXODU VWUHHWV RI ZLGWK PRUH WKDQ 6 meters, we drew two separate lines along the streets to UHSUHVHQW SHGHVWULDQ PRYHPHQW )LJXUH D E F )RU VWUHHWV less than 6 meters, we used one line to represent all movement. Inclusion of 1200-meter radius for pedestrian travel might seem unusual. However, we included this radius for analysis as a proxy for dominant walking trips of low-income groups and

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‘Rickshaw-movement’ in Dhaka, which often range up to 1 and 5 NLORPHWHUV UHVSHFWLYHO\ -Ζ&$ Typical methods of drawing line segments in space syntax KDYH EHHQ IROORZHG +LOOLHU DQG 3HQQ +LOOLHU /HDVW possible street segments were drawn in Auto CAD on highUHVROXWLRQ *Ζ6 PDS DYDLODEOH RQOLQH $ EXÎ?HU RI DURXQG NLORPHWHU ZDV LQFOXGHG WR DYRLG ȆHGJH HÎ?HFWȇ 5DWWL +LOOLHU DQG 3HQQ 7RWDO QXPEHU RI VHJPHQWV VWXGLHG ZLWKLQ WKH EXÎ?HU DUHD LQFOXGHG IRU SHGHVWULDQ PRYHPHQW DQG for vehicular movement. Green play spaces were considered as linear pedestrian segments and least segment lines were drawn WKURXJK WKH HQWUDQFHV RI WKH SOD\ VSDFHV )LJXUH ΖQWHJUDWLRQ ΖQW YDOXHV DW GLÎ?HUHQW UDGLXV IRU DOO SHGHVWULDQ DQG YHKLFXODU segments were measured on Mapinfo platform using Confeego link. 4XDOLWDWLYH FRPSRQHQW RI WKH VWXG\ ZDV FRPSULVHG RI Č´HOG observations and semi-structured interviews. The study area LV IDPLOLDU WR WKH Č´UVW DXWKRU +H OLYHG LQ 'KDND IRU PRUH WKDQ \HDUV 'XULQJ WKH Č´HOG WULSV WKH Č´UVW DXWKRU ZDONHG DURXQG the play spaces, took notes and captured images. Some VHPL VWUXFWXUHG LQWHUYLHZV RI IRFXV JURXSV L H SOD\HUV LQ WKH SOD\JURXQGV Q ZHUH FRQGXFWHG 'XH WR LWV RQJRLQJ VWDWXV qualitative component of this study contributes mainly in the discussion of this paper.

7KHUH DUH JUHHQ RSHQ SOD\ VSDFHV RI PRUH WKDQ RQH DFUH LQ 'KDND $KPHG 0RELOLW\ SDWWHUQ RI SHRSOH LQ 'KDND LV GLÎ?HUHQW IURP GHYHORSHG FRXQWU\ FLWLHV ΖQ 'KDND DYHUDJH WUDYHO VSHHG IRU DOO PRGHV RI WUDQVSRUW LQFOXGLQJ FDUV LV RQO\ NLORPHWHU SHU KRXU GXH WR H[WUHPH WUDÉ?F FRQJHVWLRQ -Ζ&$ Low-income group people, including children, reportedly walk DV PXFK DV PLQXWHV L H PRUH WKDQ RQH NLORPHWHU WR DYDLO GLÎ?HUHQW RSSRUWXQLWLHV 'RPLQDQW PRGHV RI YHKLFXODU WULS VKDUH LQ 'KDND DUH ULFNVKDZ D KXPDQ KDXOHG WKUHH ZKHHOHG non-motorized public transport mode, followed by public bus ZDON DXWR ULFNVKDZ &1* FDUV and others. Traveling 1 to 5 kilometer through Rickshaw is FRPPRQ LQ 'KDND DERXW PLOOLRQ SDVVHQJHU WULSV SHU GD\ @ Table 2 provides brief information of Dhanmondi Residential Area. Figure 1 shows the boundary of the study area; its land use pattern, major peripheral roads and available public play spaces of the study area. Three types of major public play spaces were LGHQWLČ´HG LQ WKH VWXG\ DUHD ZKLFK DUH V\QWDFWLFDOO\ GLÎ?HUHQW WKH SOD\ VSDFHV ZLWK UHVHUYHG DFFHVV IRU VSHFLČ´F JURXS RI SHRSOH WKLV VWXG\ GLG QRW LQFOXGH WKLV JURXS LQ WKH V\QWDFWLF VWXG\ WKH SOD\ VSDFHV ZLWK ORZ LQWHJUDWLRQ S S S S DQG SOD\ VSDFHV ZLWK KLJKHU LQWHJUDWLRQ S S S

Table 2: Brief information about the study area

Figure 1: (From left) a) Pedestrian line segments b) Vehicular line segments c) i,ii,iii: Process of drawing segment lines on base map

3. Case study: Dhanmondi Residential Area, Dhaka 'KDQPRQGL 5HVLGHQWLDO $UHD '5$ LV D \HDU ROG SODQQHG UHVLGHQWLDO DUHD LQ 'KDND %DQJODGHVK )LJXUH 'KDND LV RQH of the densest and rapidly urbanizing cities in the world. More than 14 million people live in an area of 815.8 square kilometer %DQJODGHVK %XUHDX 6WDWLVWLFV 3HUFHQWDJH RI FKLOG SRSXODWLRQ DJHG LQ 'KDND LV DURXQG Ζ&''5% Provision of open space in the city is 0.4% of the total area.

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Figure 2: (from left) a) Map showing study area boundary along ZLWK EXÎ?HU DUHD E /DQG XVH F (OHPHQWV RI DFFHVVLELOLW\ DQDO\VLV p=play space, Pth=path, i=residential plot, ashen line segments representing entrance to play spaces.

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3.1 Spatial accessibility pattern of street networks 3.1.1 Integration accessibility (R400, R800, R1200, R2000): Pedestrian and vehicular paths Syntactically, integration index measures the ‘to-movement potential of a segment as a destination’; i.e. the ease of access WR JHW WR D VHJPHQW IURP DOO RWKHU VHJPHQWV +LOOLHU Integration study of the line segments across several radii reveals the accessibility pattern for pedestrian and vehicular modes of WUDYHO LQ 'KDQPRQGL 5HVLGHQWLDO $UHD '5$ ΖQWHJUDWLRQ VWXGLHV show that DRA is the most integrated and connected area within WKH WRWDO EXÎ?HU DUHD )LJXUH Pedestrian path analysis within 400m and 800m metric radius DORQJ WKH QHWZRUN VKRZV WKDW WKH ODNHVLGH SDUN DUHDV DQG some segment in the peripheral roads form the local integration core within the area. Pedestrian segment analysis within 1200m radius shows that the integration core shifts from the lakeside parks to the peripheral roads. Integration study across 2000m DQG P UDGLXV IRU YHKLFXODU SDWK VKRZV WKDW SHULSKHUDO URDGV PRUH LPSRUWDQWO\ 0LUSXU 5RDG DQG 6KDWPDVKMLG 5RDG DQG WKH OLQNLQJ EULGJH QHDU 5RDG IRUP WKH DOO PRYHPHQW FRUH for the greater area. In the existing land use map of the study area, it is apparent that retail business grew mostly along the Mirpur road, Shat Mashjid Road, Road 16 and Road 2. &KRLFH PHDVXUHV RI GLÎ?HUHQW UDGLL VKRZ WKDW DW VPDOOHU UDGLL 5 5 DGMDFHQW DUHDV EHVLGH WKH VWXG\ DUHD GHIRUPHG JULG VKRZ JUHDWHU WKURXJK PRYHPHQW SRWHQWLDO FRPSDUHG WR WKH VWXG\ DUHD LQWHUUXSWHG JULG SRVVLEO\ GXH WR VHJPHQW OHQJWK GLÎ?HUHQFHV ΖQVLGH WKH VWXG\ DUHD WZR GRPLQDQW SDWWHUQV RI WKURXJK PRYHPHQW DUH DSSDUHQW IURP FKRLFH VWXG\ 5 P 5 /RZ YHKLFXODU FKRLFH VWUHHWV QHDU WKH ODNH DQG KLJK vehicular choice streets near the peripheral roads.

)LJXUH $FFHVVLELOLW\ RI WKH VWXG\ DUHD PHDVXUHG DORQJ GLÎ?HUHQW study radius (a) R400m, b) R800m, c) R1200m from top-left to right) for pedestrian movement (color in digital copy).

3.2 Accessibility pattern of the play spaces Figure 4 shows the relative accessibility of the public play spaces for both pedestrian and vehicular path analysis. Considering SHGHVWULDQ SDWK VHJPHQWV WKH DPSKLWKHDWHU S VKRZV KLJKHVW DFFHVVLELOLW\ IROORZHG E\ WKH .DODEDJDQ SOD\JURXQG S $EDKDQL SOD\JURXQG S DQG WKH URDG SOD\JURXQG S :KHQ the vehicular paths are considered, the playgrounds near the peripheral roads, p4, p7 and p5, shows higher accessibility. Among the studied play spaces, pattern of pedestrian DQG YHKLFXODU VWUHHW FRQČ´JXUDWLRQ YDULHV )RU H[DPSOH S shows relatively higher integration only with reference to the pedestrian segments whereas p4 and p7 show higher vehicular path integration.

Street Morphology_FP_embedded_V1.indd 186

Figure 4: Relative accessibility of the play spaces in DRA considering pedestrian (right) and vehicular (left) path segments. Darker dots denote higher accessibility.

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4. Discussion :LOVRQ FLWHG LQ %KDW HW DO VSHFLČ´HG WKH UHTXLUHG conditions for accessibility measurements, which are as follows: D 'HČ´QLWLRQ RI RULJLQV L DQG GHVWLQDWLRQV M E PHDVXUHPHQW PHWKRGV RI ȆDWWUDFWLRQȇ :L F PHDVXUHPHQW PHWKRGV RI ȆGLVWDQFHȇ 'LM DQG G WKH UHTXLUHG GHJUHH RI GLVDJJUHJDWLRQ ΖQ WKLV VWXG\ D WKH RULJLQV L ZHUH DOO UHVLGHQWLDO SORWV ZHLJKWHG HTXDOO\ DQG WKH SOD\ VSDFHV M ZHUH ORRVHO\ GHČ´QHG E OLQH segments within the play spaces were weighted equally as the VWUHHW VHJPHQWV F GLVWDQFH IDFWRUV 'LM ZHUH PHDVXUHG DORQJ WZR GLÎ?HUHQW WUDYHO SDWKV ȆXQLTXHO\ȇ ZLWK VSDFH V\QWD[ DQG G GLVDJJUHJDWLRQ DFFHVVLELOLW\ RI SOD\ VSDFHV IRU FKLOGUHQ DW PLFUR OHYHO ZDV SUHVXPHG WR EH LPSRUWDQW 7KDW PHDQV WKDW this study evaluated accessibility partly with reference to the FRQFHSW RI WRSRORJLFDO GLVWDQFH LQ VSDFH V\QWD[ PRGHO +LOOLHU DQG +DQVRQ +LOOLHU 7KLV PHDVXUH PLJKW EH WHUPHG as ‘path-based’ since this only accounts the relationship of the linear path segments of urban spaces. 3ODFH IDFWRUV NH\ FRPSRQHQW RI JUDYLW\ EDVHG PRGHO +DQVHQ ZLOO SUHVXPDEO\ DÎ?HFW DFFHVVLELOLW\ RI SOD\ VSDFHV IRU children in the studied area. According to gravity model, relative sizes of the play spaces and other ‘distance-decay’ factors need to EH SUH LGHQWLČ´HG IRU DFFHVVLELOLW\ PHDVXUHPHQW ΖQ 'KDQPRQGL Residential Area, for example, p4 is 12 times bigger in size than S DQG WKLV ZLOO VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ DÎ?HFW DFFHVVLELOLW\ PHDVXUH 'XULQJ WKH Č´HOG VWXG\ VRPH RI WKH LQWHUYLHZHHV FKLOGUHQ DJHG WR DW S UHSRUWHG WKDW WKHLU KRXVH LV ORFDWHG PRUH WKDQ RQH kilometer from p4. This might be expectedly interpreted as sizefactor.

7KH JUDYLW\ PRGHO DOVR LGHQWLČ´HV WKH GLVWDQFH GHFD\ IXQFWLRQV of accessibility. Distance-decay refers to the fact that people’s potential preferences in using an urban opportunity will decrease exponentially based on ‘distance’. Distance decay, a subjective parameter, will be important for measuring children’s independent accessibility to play spaces. Children’s subjective preferences for urban play opportunities will be expectedly FRQVWUDLQHG E\ GLÎ?HUHQW VRFLDO IDFWRUV WKDW LV SHRSOH EDVHG IDFWRUV FRPSDUHG WR WKDW RI DGXOWVȇ RSSRUWXQLWLHV +RZHYHU behavioral research data, that could help to potentially identify the distance-decay functions for children, is scarce in this regard. 0RRUH DQG <RXQJ SURYLGHG WHUULWRULDO UDQJH PRGHO WKDW VWDWHV WKDW FKLOGUHQȇV PRELOLW\ WR GLÎ?HUHQW GLVFUHHW RSSRUWXQLWLHV increases along with their age. That means that in measuring FKLOGUHQȇV DFFHVVLELOLW\ WR SOD\ VSDFHV &$3 LGHQWLI\LQJ GLVWDQFH GHFD\ IRU VSHFLČ´F DJH JURXSV LV LPSRUWDQW 5HFHQW VWXGLHV RQ children’s independent mobility also provide some other VXEMHFWLYH IDFWRUV WKDW PLJKW VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ DÎ?HFW VXEMHFWLYH accessibility. Some of the important factors are gender SHUFHSWLRQV ΖVODP VSHFLDO LPSHGDQFHV DW YHKLFXODU FURVVLQJV 0RQVXU DQG ΖVODP IHDU RI YHKLFXODU WUDÉ?F ORZ DPRXQW RI OHLVXUH WLPH GXH WR HGXFDWLRQDO SUHVVXUH %KX\DQ DQG 6NHOWRQ SDUHQWȇV SHUPLVVLRQ :HQ HW DO HWF Most of such factors are qualitative in nature. In the recent years, time-geography based accessibility models incorporated SHRSOH IDFWRUV E\ LGHQWLI\LQJ SHRSOHȇV WLPH FRQVWUDLQWV 0LOOHU 0LOOHU +RUQHU DQG 'RZQV :KLOH VXFK time-geographic approaches have the potential to measure accessibility at individual level by incorporating subjective and digital data, computation process in those models is complex. Since, time geographic models are extremely sensitive to behavioral data, aggregation potential of the accessibility measures for urban planning and design remained elusive.

Figure 6: Key factors and matrixes of accessibility measures

Figure 5: Catchment area and attraction size of the play spaces in DRA. Visualized based on the data from interviews and observation. Number within the dark circles shows users during peak hours.

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The above discussion points to the fact that although a great variety of models to measure accessibility exist, each has their own limitations and strengths considering their conceptual basis, aggregation potential and accuracy. Considering children’s accessibility to opportunities, existing models can be grouped into three types of matrixes: place-based matrix, path-based matrix and people based matrix, with three types of policy and planning implications.

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These three matrixes of namely ‘place’, ‘path’ and ‘people’, with VSHFLČ´F HPSKDVLV RQ SDUWLFXODU DVSHFWV RI EXLOW HQYLURQPHQW DWWUDFWLRQ LPSHGDQFHV DQG ȆSHRSOHȇV SUHIHUHQFHVȇ UHVSHFWLYHO\ might be represented in an integrated way considering VSHFLČ´F REMHFWLYH )RU DQDO\VLV RI FKLOGUHQȇV DFFHVVLELOLW\ WR SOD\ opportunities at regional or city scale the place based matrixes might be more useful than other matrixes. In the studied example, for example, considering present state of play space SURYLVLRQV LQ WKH EXÎ?HU DUHDV DQG LQ JUHDWHU 'KDND WKLV FRXOG be suggested that those urban areas need more number of equitably distributed accessible playgrounds for children to SOD\ RXWGRRUV SODFH EDVHG DSSURDFK 6XFK FDOOV DUH HYLGHQW LQ WKH ORFDO QHZVSDSHUV %KX\DQ 7KH SDWK EDVHG matrixes might be of more help at the scale of community and neighborhood where analysis of street network is important during spatial design process. Path-based approach will be helpful in intuitively post-dicting potential pros. and cons. of any change of street patterns. Our syntactic study on Dhanmondi Residential Area was mostly path-based. The people based matrix, however, should be included in all types of study given DGHTXDWH UHVRXUFHV WLPH PDQSRZHU WHFKQRORJ\ HWF DUH available to address complexities involved. 5. Conclusion Relationship of people and their physical environment is complex. Such complexities however call for new ways of innovative research and exploration rather than neglect. Evaluating children’s accessibility to urban play spaces is FKDOOHQJLQJ VLQFH SOD\ VSDFHV DUH GLÉ?FXOW WR GHČ´QH IURP XUEDQ GHVLJQ DQG DUFKLWHFWXUDO SHUVSHFWLYH /DFN RI GHČ´QLWLRQDO FODULW\ of the meaning of ‘play space’ and ‘play’ prevail in the literature 6XWWRQ 6PLWK 6WHYHQV 7KLV VWUHVVHV IXUWKHU qualitative and explorative study on the topic. This case based study revealed that only path-based based PDWUL[HV RI DFFHVVLELOLW\ L H VSDFH V\QWD[ PHDVXUHV ZRXOG provide a partial representation of children’s accessibility to play space. Integration and choice index of space syntax measure a generic pattern of movement and interaction of all people, UDWKHU WKDQ RI VSHFLČ´F JURXS RI SHRSOH 2WKHU JHRJUDSKLF accessibility models and related behavioral studies provide VLJQLČ´FDQW LQVLJKW LQ WKH ODWHU DVSHFW DOWKRXJK ZLWK VHYHUDO limitations. The proposed framework might aid future studies in evaluating children’s accessibility to play spaces. However, indepth empirical studies are required to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed combined matrixes for children’s accessibility to play spaces.

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HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND URBAN REGENERATION &RQVHUYDWLRQ 5HJHQHUDWLRQ &XOWXUDO ΖGHQWLW\ $XWKHQWLFLW\ *HQWULČ´FDWLRQ Asia’s urbanization has escalated in past few decades, and huge amount of migrants from rural to urban areas raised global concern about the growth and expansion of Asian cities. It is remarkable to note that historical quarters in many Asian cities are at risk in the name of modernization. Many of them were wiped out for redevelopment due to soaring demand for urban land and swelling land value in old city centers. Some of them were refurbished for culture consumption and turned into tourist attractions, largely driven by governments’ political ambitions and pressures to generate revenue. A few of them are surviving to keep their ROG FKDUPV \HW VXÎ?HULQJ IURP GHWHULRUDWHG HQYLURQV DQG DJHLQJ LQKDELWDQWV +RZ WR UHQHZ DQG UHVWRUH SK\VLFDO IDEULF RI FLWLHV" +RZ WR SURWHFW ORFDO FRPPXQLWLHV IURP EHLQJ H[SORLWHG LQ XUEDQ UHJHQHUDWLRQ" +RZ WR DYRLG JHQWULČ´FDWLRQ DIWHU UHJHQHUDWLRQ" +RZ WR HQFRXUDJH SXEOLF SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ UHYLWDOL]LQJ WKHLU QHLJKERUKRRGV" +RZ WR UHJHQHUDWH KLVWRULFDO TXDUWHUV LQ creative and sustainable manners? In this chapter, the problems of heritage conservation and urban regeneration are addressed at both theoretical and practical levels to propagate a greater awareness of how to rejuvenate historical quarters in Asia’s diverse social contexts.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SANXIA AND DAXI HISTORIC DISTRICTS: &20081Ζ7< 352)(66Ζ21 $1' 32/Ζ&< 35$&7Ζ&( Huei-chen LEE Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Architecture, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan Chih-ming SHIH Professor, Department of Architecture, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan No.43, Sec. 4, Keelung Rd., Da’an Dist., Taipei 106, Taiwan (R.O.C.) hueijane.lee@gmail.com Keywords: HISTORIC DISTRICT, COMMUNITY PRACTICE, PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE, POLICY PRACTICE

Abstract The implementation of various preservation processes in two historic districts, the Sanxia Minquan District and Daxi Heping District, \LHOGHG GLÎ?HUHQW UHVXOWV ΖQ 'D[L ROG LQGXVWULHV DQG QHLJKERUKRRG networks still exist, whereas those in Sanxia have disappeared EHFDXVH RI WKH IRUPDWLRQ RI D QHZ FRPPHUFLDO FRPPXQLW\ SULPDULO\ IRFXVHG RQ KLVWRULF GLVWULFW WRXULVP 7KHVH UHVXOWV ZHUH LQČľXHQFHG E\ WKH SURPRWLRQ DQG SUHVHUYDWLRQ RI JRYHUQPHQW SROLFLHV WKH DFWLRQV RI DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG XUEDQ SODQQLQJ SURIHVVLRQDOV DQG WKH IRUPDWLRQ RI GLVWULFW SUHVHUYDWLRQ RUJDQL]DWLRQV &UXFLDO IDFWRUV for maintaining local characteristics after preserving historic districts are the government constantly investing in historic district preservation and revitalization programs, professionals facilitating and assisting the operation of community organizations, and locals RSHUDWLQJ FRPPXQLW\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV WKDW DUH FDSDEOH RI SURSRVLQJ DQG H[HFXWLQJ GLVWULFW SUHVHUYDWLRQ DQG UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ SURMHFWV

Introduction In Taiwan, the historic district preservation movement was initialized when these districts were at risk of disappearing because of rapid land development after the country’s HFRQRPLF WDNHRÎ? ΖQ WKH HDUO\ V WKH JRYHUQPHQW GLG QRW propose corresponding measures for historic districts, only normative systems regarding monument designation and SUHVHUYDWLRQ ]RQLQJ +DQ +VX +VX /LQ Yu, 1996). Therefore, landlords in historic districts opposed the preservation of such districts and defended their own interests in building development, which halted district preservation. In response to the complexity of whole district preservation

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and opposition from local residents, the government and professionals began analyzing and reorganizing the problems and strategies regarding historic district regional GHYHORSPHQW /HH 6KLK ΖQ DGGLWLRQ WKH\ SURSRVHG regional preservation and revitalization programs and relevant PRGLČ´FDWLRQV WR XUEDQ SODQQLQJ ODZV 6LPXOWDQHRXVO\ ZKHQ FRPPXQLW\ GHYHORSPHQW DQG WKH HFRQRPLF EHQHČ´WV RI FXOWXUDO tourism in historic preservation areas become crucial for community industries, the landlords, business owners, and residents shifted their perspectives and began supporting historic district preservation. After nearly 40 years since the beginning of the historic district preservation movement in Taiwan, a preservation system has EHHQ HVWDEOLVKHG WKURXJK FRRSHUDWLRQ DQG FRQČľLFWV EHWZHHQ communities, professionals, and the government. This preservation system, which was established through trial and HUURU LQČľXHQFHG WKH SUHVHUYDWLRQ UHVXOWV RI GLÎ?HUHQW KLVWRULF districts. In Taiwan, a historic district preservation system was developed through multiple social powers involving the promotion and preservation of government policies, the actions of urban planning professionals, and the formation and development of district preservation organizations. Healey (2003) cited the collaborative planning theory of public policy, which states that the operation of policy planning systems not only GHSHQGV RQ WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ VSHFLČ´F VWDNHKROGHUV but also the importance of practicing conventional social relations constructed by system design, underlying values, and philosophy. Analyzing the roles of and relationships between governments and communities regarding historic area revitalization WKURXJKRXW WKH V UHYHDOHG WKDW WKH 8 6 DQG (XURSHDQ governments increasingly took initiative to propel local HFRQRPLF UHYLYDO 7LHVGHOO 2F +HDOWK %HFDXVH KLVWRULF district preservation involves regional development and the living areas of many people, multiple dimensions must be FRQVLGHUHG EHIRUH FRPPHQFLQJ KHULWDJH SUHVHUYDWLRQ SURMHFWV such projects must involve diverse aspects and integrate land usage policies and plans. Heritage preservation provided a platform for local business and property owners to organize, raise funds, and improve local development with support from the government (Elsorady, 2011). Urban planning professionals and their relationships with FRPPXQLWLHV SOD\ D UROH LQ SUHVHUYDWLRQ DOWKRXJK WKHVH professionals cannot make decisions, they can help communities increase the capacity and knowledge regarding cultural heritage. Citizens who are supported by professionals are empowered

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actors in promoting the development and systematization RI FXOWXUDO KHULWDJH SUHVHUYDWLRQ 1\VHWK 6RJQQDV Tourism and heritage preservation were promoted by historic district preservation actors such as planners, who are not only market managers passing and managing land usage plans, but also the founders of town-heritage resource markets. The goal of revitalizing urban historic areas was shared by government agencies, landlords, residents, business owners, and local JURXSV EHFDXVH RI WKHLU FRPPRQ LQWHUHVW WKXV WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV were willing to be responsible and lead, and they were capable of transforming problems into opportunities (Tiesdell et al., 1996).

WKLV SHDN SHULRG EXW WKH FRÉ?Q VKRSV JUDGXDOO\ FORVHG EHFDXVH coal mining declined and the prevalence of cremation increased VHH )LJ ΖQ RQO\ WKUHH FRÉ?Q VKRSV UHPDLQHG LQ 6DQ[LD Historic District. The historic district preservation in Sanxia was LQLWLDWHG LQ EHFDXVH WKH ORFDO SRSXODWLRQ ZDV PRYLQJ abandoning stores and houses established through several generations of complex property rights.

This study analyzes the preservation process of the Sanxia and Daxi historic districts from the interaction of various perspectives, including the professional role of urban planning DQG DUFKLWHFWXUH FRPPXQLW\ DQG SROLF\ %\ FRQGXFWLQJ observations, we examined how the regeneration of historic district preservation maintains local atmosphere and historic VSDFHV LQ D PDQQHU WKDW GLÎ?HUV IURP JHQHUDO WRXULVP RULHQWHG preservation. Case analysis %\ REVHUYLQJ WKH SUHVHUYDWLRQ SURFHVV DQG GHYHORSPHQW RI the Sanxia Minquan Street and Daxi Heping Street in Taiwan, WKLV VWXG\ H[DPLQHV WKH LQČľXHQFHV H[HUWHG RQ KLVWRULF GLVWULFW preservation by interactions between the promotion and preservation of government policy, the actions of urban planning professionals, and the formation of district preservation organizations. The crucial texts regarding urban design adopted E\ WKLV VWXG\ ZHUH RÉ?FLDO XUEDQ SODQV IURP YDULRXV \HDUV DQG RÉ?FLDO SODQQLQJ VWXG\ UHSRUWV DQG QHZV UHSRUWV ΖQ DGGLWLRQ Č´HOG VXUYH\V RI KLVWRULF GLVWULFWV IRFXVLQJ RQ LQWHUYLHZLQJ business owners and residents were conducted ,and planning study reports were investigated. The preservation process of Sanxia Historic District Figure 1: Sanxia Historic District plan (Hsu, 2003).

In the Qing dynasty, Sanxia produced large quantities of woad, camphor, and tea, and Sanxia Historic District (see Fig. 1) became a collection and distribution center for agricultural produce and daily necessities. During the Japanese colonial period, the introduction of suits and kimonos resulted in the decline of the traditional dyeing industry in the area and the dyeing shops were converted into area-serving stores that VROG VXLWV JRIXNX DQG FORWK DQG JURFHU\ VWRUHV DQG KRVSLWDOV After the war, watercourse siltation and river transportation ceased and transporting goods on highways became the major transportation approach. The center of local development shifted and numerous residents of the district moved. In the 1960s, the mining industry in Sanxia peaked, resulting in the development RI FRÉ?Q VKRSV PHGLFDO FHQWHUV DQG GDLO\ FRQVXPHU VHUYLFHV 6DQ[LD +LVWRULF 'LVWULFW KDG HLJKW RU QLQH FRÉ?Q VKRSV GXULQJ

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Figure 2: The past situation in Sanxia Historic District in 1988, by thephotographer Po-chung Chang

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During the initial stage, the governmental preservation policy cannot EH FRRUGLQDWHG ZLWK SURIHVVLRQDO VWUDWHJLHV DQG SRSXODWLRQ QHHGV ΖQ WKH XUEDQ SODQ RI 6DQ[LD 7RZQVKLS WKH PHWHU ZLGH Minquan Street was designated to be widened to 15 meters. When the government was preparing to reclaim Minquan 6WUHHW LQ VHYHUDO UHVLGHQWV DQG WKH <DRVKDQ )RXQGDWLRQ which assists historic district preservation projects, launched a petition to the government regarding the widening of Minquan Street and suggested that the government preserve the street. :LWK WKH HÎ?RUWV RI QRQSURČ´W RUJDQL]DWLRQV SURIHVVLRQDOV DQG VFKRODUV WKH &RXQFLO RI &XOWXUDO $Î?DLUV GHVLJQDWHG 0LQTXDQ 6WUHHW DV D KLVWRULF VLWH LQ /RFDO UHVLGHQWV ZKR RSSRVHG the preservation protested the designation of monuments, citing reasons such as inappropriate procedures of monument listing, losing their own interests, buildings appearing old, and LQVXÉ?FLHQW FRQČ´GHQFH LQ WKH JRYHUQPHQW 0LL 7KH &RXQFLO RI &XOWXUDO $Î?DLUV KHOG VHYHUDO PHHWLQJV DQG DWWHPSWHG to solve the landlords’ problems of land development by WUDQVIHUULQJ GHYHORSPHQW ULJKWV KRZHYHU WKH &RQVWUXFWLRQ DQG Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior could not cooperate in XUEDQ SODQQLQJ EHFDXVH VXLWDEOH ODZV ZHUH ODFNLQJ +VLD Yen, 1993) During this period, regardless of the devotion of professionals and civil groups, the government was unable to propose VXSSRUWLQJ PHDVXUHV VXFK DV WKH Č´QDQFLDO SODQQLQJ RI restoration, overall environmental planning, and building maintenance. Therefore, monument designation was eventually cancelled because of opposition residents. Opportunities for preservation: government policy integration to VDWLVI\ SXEOLF GHPDQGV After the designated monument preservation and street widening development projects were cancelled, the government and professionals began to search for compensation strategies UHJDUGLQJ DUHD VSHFLČ´F SODQV RI KLVWRULF DUHDV DQG ČľRRU DUHD UDWLR WUDQVIHU ΖQ RÉ?FHUV IURP WKH ([HFXWLYH <XDQ 7DLSHL &RXQW\ JRYHUQPHQW DQG 6DQ[LD 7RZQVKLS RÉ?FH GLVFXVVHG GHVLJQDWLQJ 6DQ[LD +LVWRULF 'LVWULFW DV 6DQ[LD &XOWXUDO /DQGVFDSH Area, which was implemented within the year. To become the 6DQ[LD FXOWXUDO ODQGVFDSH DUHD UHVWULFWLRQV RQ WKH ČľRRU DUHD ratio were loosened and landlords were required to maintain the original landscape, including the façades, and to conduct the necessary restorations. In May 2000, the Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior approved the 6DQ[LD PRGLČ´FDWLRQ XUEDQ SODQ SURSRVHG E\ WKH 7DLSHL &RXQW\ government (a redevelopment plan for the Sanjiaoyong historic district) and designated Minquan Street as a historic area. In the same year, the vice mayor hosted a coordination and promotion committee of street preservation that included members from WKH 7DLSHL &RXQW\ JRYHUQPHQW 6DQ[LD 7RZQVKLS RÉ?FH &RXQFLO

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RI &XOWXUDO $Î?DLUV &RQVWUXFWLRQ DQG 3ODQQLQJ $JHQF\ 7RXULVP %XUHDX :DWHU 5HVRXUFH $JHQF\ DQG UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV RI WKH residents. All problems generated during district preservation and restoration were solved through cross-departmental and ministerial integration. In 2002, the Taipei County government entrusted architects to promote Sanxia Historic District reconstruction and planning. The architects established a Sanjiaoyong District planning RQ VLWH ZRUNVWDWLRQ WR PDLQWDLQ WKH Č´UVW KDOO EXLOGLQJV UHSDLU arcades, and conduct restoration based on actual user needs. The repair of traditional Sanxia shophouses included the renovation of interior structures, bathroom facilities, and kitchen pipes. In addition to historic building repair, relevant landscape improvements for surrounding alleys and connecting alleys were conducted, which included installing underground pipelines for sewage, telecommunication, gas, electricity, and cable TV. These procedures resulted in a completely repaired and integrated landscape. In summary, the conservation of Sanxia Historic District was GHSHQGHQW RQ WKH FURVV LQWHJUDWLRQ RI WKH EXUHDXV DQG RÉ?FHV of the central and local governments and the communication between on-site professionals and local residents. 7KH HQKDQFHPHQWV DQG KRPRJHQL]DWLRQ JHQHUDWHG E\ KLVWRULF DUHD tourism In 2004, shophouse restoration started in Sanxia Historic District and lasted for 3 years. In 2013, shophouse operation statistics before and after the restoration were studied, revealing that EXVLQHVV W\SHV KDG EHHQ JUHDWO\ DOWHUHG %DVHG RQ DQ DQDO\VLV of the stores, the business opportunities brought by district preservation planning decreased the number of home- and community-based retail stores, which transformed the district into a tourism-centered district (see Fig. 3).

Figure 3: The current situation in Sanxia Historic District.

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%\ FRPSDULQJ DQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ FRQGXFWHG LQ /HH and one in 2013 by the author of this study (see Table 1), it was discovered that only 4% of the original shops remained and the UHVW KDG DOWHUHG RSHUDWLRQV %HIRUH UHVWRUDWLRQ UHVLGHQFHV DQG stores selling necessities accounted for 65% of the shophouses on Minquan Street. In addition, before restoration, 14 folk art shops were located on Minquan Street and the development of the cultural tourism industry had already started. After restoration, multiple shops that had been repurposed into housing because of declining business opportunities had become stores again, but shops that sold necessities such as groceries, hardware, and oil disappeared. 7DEOH 6WDWLVWLFV UHJDUGLQJ Č´UVW ČľRRU VWRUHV LQ 6DQ[LD +LVWRULF District in 2003 and 2013

typical developments that are similar to those of other olddistrict tourism areas. The preservation process of Daxi Historic District During the Qing dynasty, Daxi Historic District (see Fig. 4) was located at the end of the Dahan River transportation route and functioned as a distribution point for economic resources such as wood, rattan, camphor, and herbs from mountains. With the opening of a trading port, mountain industries of products such DV WHD DQG FDPSKRU JUHDWO\ ȾRXULVKHG ΖQ WKH HDUO\ -DSDQHVH colonial period, Japanese trading companies developed the 'D[L PRXQWDLQ DUHD EHFDXVH RI WKH JUHDW EHQHȴWV RI FDPSKRU therefore, Daxi Historic District remained a crucial distribution center for agricultural products. At the end of the Japanese colonial period, the completion of Taoyuan Canal intercepted the Dahan River and decreased the river’s water level, and the river lost its function as a river harbor and a cargo distribution center. Consequently, business gradually declined.

Figure 4: Daxi Historic District plan (Huang, 2009).

At the beginning of restoration completion in 2007, the rent in Sanxia Historic District increased two to four times from the original amount of NT$20 thousand (Pan, 2011). In 2013, the UHQW IRU WKH Č´UVW KDOO VWRUHV ZDV EHWZHHQ 17 Č‚ WKRXVDQG Since the historic district preservation revitalized the area, landlords rarely live there because renting out their properties became a source of high income, with nearly 90% of shophouses being rented out. After Sanxia Historic District was restored and the stores had been in operation for 7 years since 2007, the operation revenue exhibited a decreasing trend, but the rent increased persistently, causing the stores to face operational crises. Overall, after the decline of the local mining industry, residents started to move away. Currently, Sanxia Historic District does not have a major distinguishing industry and the stores are SULPDULO\ WRXULVP RULHQWHG VWRUHV WKDW RÎ?HU ZDUHV VXFK DV antique furniture, ceramics, toys, and souvenirs. The increasing rent prices rendered specialized industries that require a long time to operate unable to survive. The problems that Sanxia Historic District has encountered are enhancements and other

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When the wood industry on Heping Road began, business RZQHUV SULPDULO\ UHFHLYHG DQG GHOLYHUHG RUGHUV LW ZDV QRW XQWLO later that stores were stocked with merchandise for customers to browse. The buildings located in the historic district were primarily factories and a majority of the current stores were not established until the 1960s. In the 1970s, with the economic WDNH RÎ? LQ 7DLZDQ DOWDUV ZHUH YDOXHG E\ PRVW KRXVHKROGV and became a crucial industry on Heping Road. In 1990, the Taiwanese government allowed wood importation and cheap DOWDUV IURP &KLQD JUHDWO\ LQČľXHQFHG WKH ZRRG LQGXVWU\ LQ 'D[L The development of the dried tofu industry in Daxi began in LQ WKH &LKX 0DXVROHXP RI /DWH 3UHVLGHQW /RUG &KLDQJ (Huang, 2009). The preservation of historic districts started in 1996, which was also the beginning of the decline of the wood industry. Professionals adopted the mode of community development to enter historic districts In Daxi Historic District, preservation was initiated by community development and façade preservation incentives. In 1996, professionals established an onsite professional WHDP &DRGLDQZHL 6WXGLR ZKLFK DVVLVWHG WKH WRZQVKLS RÉ?FH in administering the cash reward strategy for a 5-year façade preservation project. The professionals also introduced

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resources for community development to cultivate local organizations. In August 1996, residents organized and established the Taoyuan Tashi District Redevelopment Society (TTOSRS). During this process, professionals operated district preservation with the approach of community development to empower local residents and assist residents in establishing local organizations. Through the residents’ involvement in local DÎ?DLUV WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQV ZHUH HTXLSSHG ZLWK WKH FDSDFLW\ WR mitigate problems regarding district preservation.

operation status in 2013 as they did in 2003, whereas the rest RI WKH VWRUHV KDG DOWHUHG RSHUDWLRQV %HFDXVH RI WKH EHQHČ´WV RI the tourism generated by historic district preservation, buildings used for housing were converted into stores. In addition, the WRXULVP EHQHČ´WV DQG DJHLQJ RI EXVLQHVV RZQHUV UHVXOWHG LQ WKH gradual disappearance of dry cleaning and grocery stores. Table 2:Statistics of store numbers in Heping District, Daxi in 2003 and 2013

A locally operated community organization In 1997, the TTOSRS applied for funding from the government WR SHUIRUP D OLYLQJ VSDFH EHDXWLČ´FDWLRQ SURMHFW RQ +HSLQJ 5RDG 7KH RUJDQL]DWLRQ IRUPXODWHG Č´YH ZRUNLQJ GLUHFWLRQV EDVHG on the residents’ consensus: façade archway protection and restoration, underground pipeline installation, lighting system XSJUDGHV DUFDGH FHLOLQJ DQG ČľRRU WLOH OD\LQJ DQG VWUHHW IXUQLWXUH acquisition. For coordinating the façades throughout the district, the organization also planned to renovate the modernlooking façades of 60 buildings into antique-style façades. The organization actively worked to preserve Daxi Historic District and prompted the government to repair façade archways and spaces that exhibited local characteristics. The organization not only worked for the improvement of tangible structures, but also for the operation of local cultural activities by releasing auxiliary programs from the Taiwanese central government to local organizations. For example, funding from a business circle image counseling project developed by WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI &RPPHUFH 0LQLVWU\ RI (FRQRPLF $Î?DLUV was used in the Daxi Food Fair and Wood and Arts Exhibition to conduct store surveys and organize cultural festivals. Community organizations operated by locals maintained the local characteristics of historic districts. The preservation and revitalization of industries with local historic FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG KLVWRULF GLVWULFWV RSHUDWHG E\ FRPPXQLW\ organizations 6LQFH WKH 'D[L 7RZQVKLS RÉ?FH ORFDO UHVLGHQWV DQG professionals have continued to devote themselves to the preservation and revitalization of the historic district. Approximately 30 wood stores are still operated in Daxi Historic District and most are self-owned shophouses, where the business owners live and work. The development of the dried tofu industry resulted in 7 dried tofu stores located on Heping Road. The wood and dried tofu industries are crucial industries WKDW VWLOO H[LVW RQ +HSLQJ 5RDG WKHVH LQGXVWULHV KHOS PDLQWDLQ the district’s crucial characteristics.

The people in Daxi Historic District possessed great energy for local industry transformation. During the preservation process and the operation of the community organization, VRPH SKHQRPHQD ZHUH REVHUYHG LQ 'D[L %DVHG RQ LQWHUYLHZV and discussions on domestic and international historic district preservation by community organizations and the self-learning process of TTOSRS operation, most business owners shared a common vision for district operation and were certain that they must develop local industries to be distinguishable. The TTOSRS also assisted local store owners to have a clear vision regarding the district landscape, the usage of arcades and streets, and VSDFH TXDOLW\ KRZHYHU WKH DUFDGHV DQG VWUHHWV ZHUH PRVWO\ occupied by store owners from other localities. Some crucial characteristics can be observed from the preservation situation in Daxi, the operation of district organization, and the current business system. The Caodianwei Studio and the TTOSRS shared the same vision for district preservation. The vision was to develop industries with local features, value the existing tangible and intangible cultural heritage of Daxi (see Fig. 5), and preserve archway façades and DUFDGH VSDFH ȾXHQF\

%\ FRPSDULQJ DQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ FRQGXFWHG LQ /HH and one in 2013 by the author of this study, in Daxi Historic District (see Table 2), 46% of the stores maintained the same

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communities, professionals, and the government regarding the preservation process and current situations of Sanxia Historic District and Daxi Historic District (see Table 3), the following goals were observed: to demonstrate the distinct local features and uniqueness of historic districts, to maintain local characteristics, and to operate a tourism industry based on novel methods instead of general tourism-oriented historic street preservation. Table 3: Comparing the development of Sanxia Historic District and Daxi Historic District

Figure 5: The current situation in Daxi Historic District.

7KH UHVLGHQWV RZQ PRVW RI WKH SURSHUW\ RQ +HSLQJ 5RDG therefore, a high proportion of owners live on Heping Road and run their own shops. Young adults in Daxi also devote themselves to participating in the local tourism industry. Regarding store operation, Town Tofu Pudding located at No. 34-2 Heping Road and Japanese Style Handmade Tofu located at No. 54 Heping Road produce distinct products that represent the Daxi dried tofu industry. Yao Teahouse located at No 91 Heping Road integrates the wood industry and food. The young generation also participates in the conceptualization and execution of new family businesses. Earlier, Caodianwei Studio was established in 1996, and the TTOSRS held activities for local children during winter and summer vacation and also assisted children to SDUWLFLSDWH LQ SXEOLF DÎ?DLUV UHJDUGLQJ GLVWULFW SUHVHUYDWLRQ 7KHVH FRQQHFWLRQV GHYHORSHG GLÎ?HUHQW LGHDV UHJDUGLQJ GLVWULFW preservation development among the young generation. The *X IDPLO\ RI 1R DQG 1R +HSLQJ 5RDG IRXQGHG WKH Taiwan Old House Regeneration Association with the core value of preserving the heritage of traditional techniques and reusing old houses in the process of integrating the operation and repair of their own old house. The association cooperated with various professionals and scholars to prove the authenticity of WKH DJHV RI WKH KRXVHV ORFDWHG RQ 1R 1R DQG 1R +HSLQJ 5RDG 7KH KRXVH ORFDWHG RQ 1R +HSLQJ 5RDG QRZ functions as a local cultural museum. Interviews with business owners from Daxi Historic District showed that local residents had their own ideas and were willing to devote themselves to operating and modeling the district and producing products with local characteristics after participating in the TTOSRS. Consequently, a community organization comprising local business owners assisted in enhancing the store owners, self-improvement skills for store operation and IRUPLQJ DHVWKHWLFDOO\ XQLČ´HG GLVWULFW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV Comparing the preservation processes of Sanxia Historic District and Daxi Historic District When comparing the implementation processes between

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Community practice In the data regarding whether property owners lived or operated stores in Daxi Historic District after preservation, nearly 60% of the property owners still operated their own stores and DSSUR[LPDWHO\ RI WKHP VWLOO OLYHG LQ 'D[L +LVWRULF 'LVWULFW The data showed that after preservation, the original district network of Daxi was maintained and the original residents did not move away because of tourists attracted by the historic district atmosphere. The presence of the original district network facilitated the operation of historic district preservation organizations. The operation of historic district preservation organizations in Daxi showed that local organizations were largely devoted to local environment improvement projects regarding building maintenance, district repairs, and industry promotion to obtain government funding, actual environmental improvements, and the revitalization of the local tourism industry. Thus, community organizations devoted to district preservation were necessary in every locality to prepare communities for the integration of external resources in the preservation and revitalization of historic districts.

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The operation of the TTOSRS can be used as a reference for the operation of other district organizations. First, the TTOSRS maintained satisfactory interactions with preservation professionals, scholars, and groups, and employed government UHVRXUFHV LQ WKH UHFWLČ´FDWLRQ RI SXEOLF VSDFHV DQG ODQGVFDSHV and cultural activities. Second, the TTOSRS exhibited concern for women and the young generation by organizing activities during winter and summer vacation, such as activities for celebrating the theme of One Household, One Cuisine to unite local residents with a strong sense of community. Consequently, in Daxi Historic District, numerous women and young people have become entrepreneurs in the tourism industry. Finally, organization members all consent that maintaining the landscape quality of the district is essential. %\ FRQWUDVW DIWHU WKH GHFOLQH RI WKH PLQLQJ LQGXVWU\ LQ 6DQ[LD QXPHURXV UHVLGHQWV PRYHG RXW WKH GLVWULFW JUDGXDOO\ EHFDPH quiet, and the houses decayed because of a lack of care. In the 1990s, multiple houses collapsed in Sanxia Historic District and the buildings did not become livable until the government intervened to repair them. Approximately 90% of property right owners did not return to live in Sanxia after the district was repaired, and 90% of the buildings were rented to store owners. The stores sold tourism-related goods and lacked local specialties. In the early stage of preservation, two groups existed in Sanxia Historic District, the Sanxia Minquan District Selfhelp Association that supported demolition and the Sanxia Historic District Redevelopment Committee that supported maintenance. However, by the late stage of preservation, both organizations were no longer active. In 2007, after Improvement Works of Traditional Feature Preservation, 2ULJLQDO /RRN 5HVWRUDWLRQ DQG 6FHQLF 5RDG RI 7DLSHL &RXQW\ Sanxia Historic District Sanjiaoyong was completed, the Taipei County government allocated retention funds for Sanxia Historic District. The government expected the landlords to establish a management committee and to be responsible for the subsequent maintenance and management of the district. However, this committee was not established and the retention IXQGV ZHUH UHWXUQHG %HFDXVH WKH SURSHUW\ RZQHUV PRYHG WR other localities, most stores were leased by business owners from other localities, typically leasing stores for a short time. Thus, although the government provided funding to support the establishment of a management committee, a committee was not created because no participants were available. %DVHG RQ WKHVH WZR FDVHV LW FDQ EH FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH preservation of historic districts requires community organizations led by local residents. Through the process of self-empowerment, community organizations were capable of establishing and executing district preservation and revitalization programs to maintain the local characteristics and specialties of historic districts.

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Professional practice During the initial stage of the preservation of Sanxia Historic District, local residents either supported preservation or GHPROLWLRQ *UHDW FRQČľLFW H[LVWHG EHWZHHQ WKH UHVLGHQWV ZKR supported demolition and the professionals and scholars who supported preservation. The professionals and scholars did not interact much with the community in the late stage. In 2003, the repair of the whole area was conducted and a Sanjiaoyong District Planning onsite workstation established by Hsu Yu-Jian Architects was responsible for responding to the local residents’ house repair demands. Therefore, the studio reduced a large amount of internal resistance and the repair results and professional communication persuaded the shophouse owners, including those who initially planned partial repairs, to agree to FRPSOHWH UHSDLUV WKLV UHVXOWHG LQ FRPSOHWH GLVWULFW UHVWRUDWLRQ During the preservation process of Daxi Historic District, Tseng Tse-Fong established a professional team, Caodianwei Studio, which provoked the residents’ vision of district preservation by conducting extensive discussions with the residents. Simultaneously, the studio also assisted the residents in establishing the TTOSRS by introducing resources and programs for community development provided by the government. The community organizations established by local residents empowered themselves by implementing district preservation and community development programs. Subsequently, numerous professionals, scholars, and groups cooperated with the community organization in Daxi. Dynamic professional practice is extremely crucial in altering the status quo. In the prospect of professionally assisting residents, the keys lay in empowering community organization and facilitating residents to mobilize the community. The continual support of professionals assisted the residents in operating community organizations and was crucial in district preservation. Cooperation between community residents and professionals produced touching district preservation stories. Government policy The preservation of Daxi Historic District was supported by the community development policy, business circle redevelopment policy, and regional cultural heritage promotion proposed by the central government, and the dedication of the Taoyuan &RXQW\ JRYHUQPHQW DQG 'D[L 7RZQVKLS RÉ?FH WRZDUG 'D[L Historic District historic district reconstruction. The normality input of funding from the government can be observed in Daxi +LVWRULF 'LVWULFW KLVWRULF GLVWULFWV FDQ EH SUHVHUYHG E\ SURYLGLQJ districts with timely resources. In the preservation of Sanxia Historic District, we observed that the government only launched regulations that lacked guidance and building preservation models and provoked the opposition

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of residents in the early stages. In the late stages, the residents’ unwillingness to preserve the district was altered by the urban SODQQLQJ ODZ PRGLČ´FDWLRQV UHJDUGLQJ DUHDV ZLWK KLVWRULF IHDWXUHV ČľRRU DUHD UDWLR WUDQVIHUV DQG IXQGLQJ IRU UHSDLULQJ EXLOGLQJV DQG surrounding environments. The preservation of urban historic districts is complex because it involves the integration of private property, public infrastructure, and industrial development. Thus, the vice mayor of Taipei County hosted the cross-departmental DQG PLQLVWHULDO 6DQ[LD &XOWXUDO DQG /DQGVFDSH 'HYHORSPHQW Coordination and Promotion Committee to integrate the implementation of multiple governmental departments involved in the preservation process and facilitated district restoration. In the government policy regarding Sanxia Historic District, we observed that the participation of a governmental executive WHDP ZDV EHQHČ´FLDO IRU FRQGXFWLQJ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH LQWHJUDWLRQ and integrating regulations and resources from the central and local departments. Thus, the preservation and redevelopment of the district still can be fostered even when the opposition of local residents is encountered. Conclusion The two historic district preservation cases of Sanxia Minquan 'LVWULFW DQG 'D[L +HSLQJ 'LVWULFW H[KLELWHG GLÎ?HUHQW UHVXOWV DIWHU contrasting preservation processes. In Daxi, old industries and district networks still exist, but in Sanxia, the old businesses have disappeared and it has become a newly developed business community focused on district tourism. The results ZHUH LQČľXHQFHG E\ WKH LQWHUDFWLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH SURPRWLRQ and preservation of government policy, the movement of urban planning professionals, and the formation and development of district preservation organizations. In the process of Sanxia and Daxi historic district preservation, we observed that districts where community organizations were prosperous, such as Daxi Historic District, developed into districts with rich local characteristics that manufacture SURGXFWV ZLWK ORFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV %\ DQDO\]LQJ WKH YDULDWLRQV in the industrial structures that comprise the regional space of the historic districts, constant alterations were observed. The preservation of historic districts transformed the districts because industries that integrate culture and business were developed. However, the transformation of a cultural tourism industry that lacks the further development of the local industry and directed transformation promoted by local community organizations easily results in excessive tourism development lacking local characteristics, such as what occurred in the Sanxia Historic District. In the preservation of Sanxia, the government implemented strong integration and persuaded residents and landlords who strongly opposed preservation through clear policy guidance and resource input. In addition, the operation of a professional restoration team in the community successfully preserved

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street spaces. In Daxi, the government consistently provided policy execution programs. Historic district preservation was conducted by gradual execution of relevant programs by the central and local governments, professionals, and community residents. This showed the importance of the consistent input of government policy and resources regarding historic district preservation. Therefore, policy and professional development must be highly community-based because civil society supported by professionals was a powerful factor of cultural heritage preservation development and systematization in both Sanxia and Daxi. For example, in Daxi Historic District, professionals facilitated the formation of community organizations, which supported and facilitated historic district preservation. Thus, not only were the community networks preserved, but also the spaces and layouts.

References Elsorady, D. A. (2011). Heritage conservation in Rosetta (Rashid): A tool for community improvement and development. Cities, 29, +DQ 3 7 7KH VWXG\ RQ /XJDQJ +LVWRULF &RQVHUYDWLRQ GLVWULFW ΖQ &KLQHVH &KDQJKXD 7KH /XNDQJ %RDUG RI $QWLTXLWLHV Healey, P. (2003). Collaborative planning in perspective. Planning Theory, 2, 101-123. Hsia, C. J. (1992). The conservation of historic districts (In &KLQHVH 7DLSHL &RXQFLO IRU &XOWXUDO $Î?DLUV Hsu, Y. C. (2001). Criticism on the policy and social dynamic RI 7DLZDQ +LVWRULF 'LVWULFWV Č‚7KH FDVH VWXGLHV RI +XNRX +LVWRULF 6WUHHW 0HQJ[LD %RSLOLDR DQG 6KHQNHQJ +LVWRULF Street (In Chinese). In Proccedings of International Symposium RQ &XOWXUDO +HULWDJH 5HYLWDOL]DWLRQ SS +VX < - 7DLSHL &RXQW\ /DQGVFDSH 3UHVHUYDWLRQ DQG Rehabilitation of Sanchiaoyung Historic Street in Sansia ΖQ &KLQHVH 7DLSHL &RXQW\ 8UEDQ 5XUDO 'HYHORSPHQW Department. Hsu, Y. C. (2012). The opportunity and plight of sustainability plan for urban conservation and regional humanism in Taiwan. Journal of US-China Public Administration, 9, 691-706. Huang, S. C. (2009). The planning of Daxi Heping Historic 'LVWULFW 7DR\XDQ &XOWXUDO $Î?DLUV %XUHDX RI 7DR\XDQ &RXQW\ Government. /HH + & 6KLK & 0 7KH FRQVHUYDWLRQ RI KLVWRULF districts in Taiwan since 1970. Paper presented at 2012 Second International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil (QJLQHHULQJ Ζ&(7&( 0D\ 7KUHH *RUJHV <L&KDQJ

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Hubei, China, pp. 3021-3027. /HH 7 0 6WXG\ IRU JHQHUDOO\ FRQVHUYDWLRQ DQG sustainable development of traditional town area in Taiwan (In &KLQHVH 7DLSHL $UFKLWHFWXUH DQG %XLOGLQJ 5HVHDUFK ΖQVWLWXWH /LQ & & &ULWLFLVP RQ WKH KLVWRULF FRQVHUYDWLRQ SROLF\ and practice of the transfer of development rights in Taiwan (In Chinese). Journal of Culture Resources, 4, 27-92. Mii, F. K. (1991). The conservation of Sanxia Historic Street (In Chinese). Taipei: Ministry of the Interior. 1\VHWK 7 6RJQQDV - 3UHVHUYDWLRQ RI ROG GRZQV LQ Norway: Heritage discourses, community processes and the new cultural economy. Cities, 31, 69-75. Pan, S. J. (2011). A study on the issues of conservation and redevelopment of Sanchiaoyung historic streetscape (Master thesis, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, In Chinese). 7HLVGDOO 6 2F 7 +HDWK 7 5HYLWDOL]LQJ KLVWRULF XUEDQ Quarters. Oxford: Architectural Press <X & & $ 6WXG\ RQ WKH 6SHFLȴF 'LVWULFW 3ODQ DQG 8UEDQ Design in Penghu Magong Historic Street (In Chinese). Penghu: Penghu County Government. <HQ / < 3ROLWLFDO SURFHVV RI XUEDQ FRQVHUYDWLRQ $Q analysis of Min-Quan Street, Sanhsia (Master thesis, National Taiwan University).

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THE CONSERVATION MOVEMENT OF TOAD HILL SETTLEMENT IN TAIPEI, TAIWAN Yu-wen LIN *UDGXDWH VWXGHQW *UDGXDWH ΖQVWLWXWH RI %XLOGLQJ DQG 3ODQQLQJ National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan linyuwendy@gmail.com Address: 㠪⚓㠪༇á?˛ŕ˝—ᆚ༰㖾áŻ&#x;âžżä?&#x;ഋ⇼аă˛?ˈá?•á†¨ä˛’ă?Œਸŕ˝—â ƒ ᇔ Keywords: TOAD HILL SETTLEMENT, SETTLEMENT, HERITAGE, CONSERVATION MOVEMENT, PROGRESSIVE CITY

Abstract 7KH UHVHDUFK LV DERXW WKH FRQVHUYDWLRQ PRYHPHQW RI 7RDG +LOO VHWWOHPHQW 7RDG +LOO VHWWOHPHQW LV DQ XUEDQ VHWWOHPHQW ZKLFK FRPELQHV +XDQ 0LQ PLOLWDU\ GHSHQGHQW YLOODJH DQG LQIRUPDO VHOI KHOS VHWWOHPHQW LQ WKH PDUJLQ RI 7DLSHL 7DLZDQ %HFDXVH RI WKH environmental protection zoning and the hill-shape landform, Toad Hill settlement remains the pre-modern life style, architecture form, DQG PXOWL FXOWXUH LQ WKH GDLO\ OLIH 7KH FRQVHUYDWLRQ PRYHPHQW RI Toad Hill settlement erupted when the land management authority tend to implement the demolish plan on the settlement, not only OLWLJDWHG VHYHUDO KRXVHKROGV EXW DOVR SODQQHG WR EXOOGR]H +XDQ Min military dependent village, in order to introduce new campus GHYHORSPHQW SODQ +HQFH D JURXS RI FLWL]HQ IRUPHG D JURXS FDOOHG ČŠ*RRG 7RDG &OXEČ‹ 7KH WHDP LQLWLDWHG D VHULHV RI DFWLRQ DQG DLPHG to conserve the military dependent village, the informal settlement, DQG WR Č´JKW DJDLQVW WKH IRUFHG HYLFWLRQ ΖQ WKLV UHVHDUFK ZLWK WKH method of qualitative research and action research, researcher not RQO\ UHFRUGHG DQG DQDO\]HG WKH KDSSHQLQJV EXW DOVR SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ WKH FRQVHUYDWLRQ PRYHPHQW 7KHUH DUH WZR WHPSRUDU\ FRQFOXVLRQV LQ WKH UHVHDUFK )LUVW 7RDG +LOO VHWWOHPHQW FRXOG UHJDUG DV D FLWL]HQ SDUWLFLSDWRU\ VRFLDO PRYHPHQW ZKLFK KDG WKH DXWRQRP\ RI FLWL]HQ )URP FRPPXQLW\ EXLOGLQJ DUW LQWHUYHQWLRQ WR SROLWLFDO RSHUDWLRQ WKH *RRG 7RDG &OXE ZDONHG RXW D GLÎ?HUHQW FDPSDLJQ SDWK 6HFRQG the transformation of the existing social network in the community and the response of the government suggest that a progressive city KDG DOUHDG\ DSSHDUHG

settlement which combines Huan-Min military dependent village and informal (self-help) settlement in the margin of 7DLSHL 7DLZDQ %HFDXVH RI WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO SURWHFWLRQ ]RQLQJ and the hill-shape landform, Toad Hill settlement remains the pre-modern life style, architecture form, and multi-culture in the daily life. The conservation movement of Toad Hill settlement erupted when the land management authority tend to implement the demolish plan on the settlement, not only litigated several households, but also planned to bulldoze Huan-Min military dependent village, in order to introduce new campus development plan. Hence, a group of citizen formed a group called “Good Toad Clubâ€?. The team initiated a series of action and aimed to conserve the military dependent village, WKH LQIRUPDO VHWWOHPHQW DQG WR Č´JKW DJDLQVW WKH IRUFHG HYLFWLRQ Up to the present, Toad Hill settlement has been formally designated as a “culture landscapeâ€? by the Department of &XOWXUDO $Î?DLUV RI 7DLSHL FLW\ How did the conservation movement of Toad Hill settlement DFKLHYH WKH JRDO" :KDW JRDO RU YDOXH GLG WKH PRYHPHQW Č´JKW IRU" $OVR KRZ GLG WKH KHULWDJH FRQVHUYLQJ SURFHVV LQČľXHQFH WKH social relation in Toad Hill settlement? Moreover, when facing urban regeneration, what would be the progressive possibilities of urban settlements? In this paper, with the method of qualitative research and action research, researcher would not only record and analyzed the happenings, but also participate in the conservation movement, trying to point out the specialty of it. Ultimately, there are two temporary conclusions in the research. First, Toad Hill settlement could regard as a citizen participatory social movement which had the autonomy of citizen. From community building, art intervention to political RSHUDWLRQ WKH *RRG 7RDG &OXE ZDONHG RXW D GLÎ?HUHQW FDPSDLJQ path. Second, the transformation of the existing social network in the community and the response of the government suggest that a progressive city has already appeared.

Figure 1: Toad Hill settlement (photo by Zhe-wei Xu)

Introduction

Toad Hill settlement as an urban settlement

From downtown Kungkuan turned into Roosevelt Road, section 4, lane 119, a radio station greeted on the huge hill, groups of hillside settlement quietly appeared. In the settlement, small bungalows crawled up along winding stairs. It was hard to imagine the place as a part of Taipei city. However, the tranquil life was forced to change. Toad Hill settlement is an urban

Toad Hill settlement locats at the south mountain ring of Taipei basin, besides the vibrant shopping district. While wandering in the road toward Toad Hill, it is as if entering another secluded area of the city. The research regards Toad Hill settlement as an “urban settlement�, in other words, a settlement that located in the urban area. While, it specialty lies in the contradiction

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among urban and settlement. Settlement is the organism of KXPDQ FROOHFWLYH OLIH ΖW FRXOG DOVR PHDQ D YLOODJH WKDW GHČ´QHG by a particular life scale, pattern, or territory (ăœ‘áĽ&#x;â?˘, 1977). While, from the scope of culture landscape, settlement may indicate some kind of pre-modernized rustic lifestyle. In addition, settlement is a meaningful collective living unit, which relates to the developing of local culture and identity building (äœ?ăšˇăƒť $V IRU XUEDQ WKH UHDVRQ ZK\ XUEDQ LV XQLTXH LV EHFDXVH RI WKH DJJUHJDWLRQ RI GLÎ?HUHQFHV 3LOH ΖW LV possible to open up new form of social relation, interaction, and opportunities. In other words, urban is an open intensive status. :LWK PRELOLW\ ČľXLGLW\ DQG K\EULGLW\ XUEDQ LV WKH SODFH WKDW ZLWK openness and interactive connectivity. Through trade, politics, and immigration, the city would able to become a place where culture mix and multiple narratives gather (Massey, 1995). In the discussion of places like urban and settlement, especially WKH FRQWUDGLFWLRQV DQG GLÎ?HUHQFHV DPRQJ WKH WZR WKH VHQVH RI place and identity are always the critical issue. Massey (1993) pointed out that Harvey’s capital logic was inadequate. She proposed the power-geometry and the progressive sense of place. The place is not an actual space with actual boundary, but D SURFHVV :KDW JLYHV D SODFH LWV LGHQWLW\ DQG VSHFLČ´F FKDUDFWHU is not only the local history but also the social relations that met DQG LQWHUDFW LQ VRPH VSHFLČ´F SODFH 0DVVH\ )ROORZLQJ Massey, Castree (2009) mentioned that the meaning of a place had already changed from boundary and essence to network and linkage. He also used node as the analogy of place. However, it is important to know that a place would not always be in the status of changing, because the traditional of “placeâ€? was to discuss the boundary and territory. That is, only when ČŠČ´[HG WR SODFHVČ‹ FDQ SHRSOH JHQHUDWH WKH VHQVH RI SODFH HYHQ the identity, because people always live in place, in which people live daily and link to outside (Wills, 2013). The clear social composition provides Toad Hill settlement an obvious boundary, whether the architecture form (visually boundary) or the strong sense of place (abstract boundary). It is said that, the closed relation of pre-modern settlement would usually perform in the social structure which dominated by the local headmen. In Toad Hill settlement, the Chief of Village, Ms. /HH KDV EHHQ WKH PRVW LQČľXHQWLDO KHDGZRPDQ 6KH WDNHV FRQWURO of all the matters in the community. Residents rely on her to KDQGOH GLÉ?FXOWLHV LQ GDLO\ OLIH ZKLOH WKLV VLWXDWLRQ PD\ ZHDNHQ WKH opportunity of forming any community organization. Therefore, when the conservation movement commenced, the power of civil society somehow collided with the historical settlement. So as Haesbaert (2013) mentioned, the neighborhood would not simply open to the diversity and cultural hybrid. Once undergoing the process of re-territorializtion, it would indicate that the place has entered a game with multiple powers. ΖQIRUPDO VHWWOHPHQW Č´JKWLQJ IRU WKH ULJKW WR WKH FLW\

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The research based on the conservation movement of Toad Hill settlement. To call these series action as “social movementâ€? is because it involves changing of the status quo, as well as the intermediary of political and institutional status. Social movements, through history, are the producers of new values and goals around which the institutions of society are transformed to represent these values by creating new norms to organize social life (Castells, 2012). The research viewed the anti-eviction and conservation movement of Toad Hill settlement as the process that an informal urban settlement calling for the right to the city. “The right to the cityâ€? slogan was SRSXODUL]HG E\ +HQUL /HIHEYUH LQ WKH ULJKW WR WKH FLW\ LV OLNH D FU\ DQG D GHPDQG RI OLYLQJ LQ WKH FLW\ /HIHEYUH Moreover, the right to the city is far more than the individual liberty to access to urban resources: it is a right to change ourselves by changing the city. It is a common rather than an individual right since this transformation inevitably depends upon the exercise of a collective power to reshape the process RI XUEDQLVP +DUYH\ +RZHYHU ZKRVH ULJKW LV DERXW ZKDW right is it, and to what city? Form a view of critical urban theory, Marcuse (2012) reminded that the notion “rightâ€? has multiple meanings, which are incorporated by a right to public space, a right to information and transparency in government, a right WR DFFHVV WR WKH FHQWHU D ULJKW WR WKLV VHUYLFHV RU WKDW LQ VXP it is the right to a totality, a complexity. In the essay, researcher VKRXOG GLVWLQJXLVK WKH GLÎ?HUHQFHV RI YDULHV DFWRUV GHPDQGV DW GLÎ?HUHQW OHYHOV DQG WKURXJK ZKDW NLQG RI DFWLRQ GLG WKH DFWRUV achieve their demands. All in all, through the case of Toad Hill settlement conservation movement, it could be possible to form a dialectical relation between the critical theory and the radical practice. 5HYLHZ WKH DQWL HYLFWLRQ PRYHPHQW LQ 7DLSHL FRQWH[W /RFDWHG in the south of Taipei basin, Toad Hill has similar historical background to “Treasure Hillâ€?. Artist Marco Casagrande once described Treasure Hill as “The Attic of Taipeiâ€?, just as every house might have an attic, Treasure Hill was the existing subconscious of Taipei city. In the decade-long conservation movement, Treasure Hill had eventually designated as “historical settlementâ€? RI WKH KHULWDJH FRQVHUYDWLRQ /RRNLQJ EDFN DW WKH FRQVHUYDWLRQ planning, the endeavors of the conservation movement triggered a rezoning process of dynamic preservation which eventually DFTXLUHG RÉ?FLDO GHFODUDWLRQV RI 7UHDVXUH +LOO DV D KHULWDJH DQG legal residency of the original squatters. However, Min-jay Kang (2013) indicated that though the ongoing program continues to manage Treasure Hill as a social lab, everyday life has somehow become a gazed spectacle of a symbolic place.2 Whether from the urban settlement landscape, history, Ecological value, the arrival-city character, or the art intervene in the conservation movement, there was a high similarity between Treasure Hill and Toad Hill. At the moment when conservation movement is VWLOO RQJRLQJ 7UHDVXUH +LOO H[SHULPHQW LV OLNH D PLUURU UHČľHFWLQJ all the controversy. How could the experiment of Treasure Hill, which kept residents and made it a legal residency, become a

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“general principleâ€? for other urban settlement? When facing the zoning and planning rationale, how could the progressive principle break through the law source dilemma? These questions are left in every settlement conservation cases, and to the conservation group of Treasure Hill, this is the serious issue must face. The evolution of Toad Hill settlement Since Qing dynasty, Toad hill settlement had already served as an important transportation position. Toad hill settlement locats beside the major road connected Jingmei area and Taipei city. It was because of the location that Toad hill settlement became the earliest developed village in Kungkuan area. Then, LQ HLJKWHHQ FHQWXU\ WKH /LXJRQJ FDQDO SURMHFW FRPSOHWHG 7KH system of crisscrossed canals and irrigation ditches served as the crucial water source for the agriculture industry in the SODLQ DUHD RI 7DLSHL $W WKH WLPH WKH /LXJRQJ FDQDO ČľRZLQJ through Toad hill settlement became the important daily water source for households.3 WKH -DSDQHVH FRORQL]HG WLPH began, the strategic position of Taiwan was to become the DJULFXOWXUH NLQJGRP ZKLFK FRXOG SURYLGH VXÉ?FLHQW IRRG IRU Japan. Consequently, Japanese government established the “agricultural research instituteâ€? in the foot of Toad hill, due to the abundant water source and the terrain. The agricultural research institute then became the origin of the modernization of agricultural in Taiwan. Due to the establishment of agricultural research institute, the dormitories for the Taiwanese employees DOVR EXLOW EHVLGH 7RDG +LOO 7LOO QRZ VRPH RI WKH HOGHUO\ VWDÎ? VWLOO OLYH LQ WKRVH GRUPLWRULHV EHFRPH RQH RI WKH KLVWRULFDO OD\HUV LQ Toad hill settlement. In the time of Republic of China, Toad Hill had become a military landscape. 1949, HuanMin Tang4 lose Chinese Civil War and withdraw to Taiwan, therefore about two million political-forced refugees came to Taiwan with the military. Situated at the south mountain ring of Taipei basin, facing north to Tamsui River estuary, Toad Hill provided an excellent defensive position for the air force. Moreover, it is said that in the Japanese colonized time, Japanese were already tunneling under Toad Hill for military purpose. Therefore, the “Air Force Combatant Command of R.O.C.â€? chose Toad Hill as the locale of the military camp. Moreover, the time when the Korea War began, America government provided economic aid for R.O.C. military, establishing “Taipei Air Stationâ€? beside the Air Force Combatant Command around Toad Hill settlement. Once the military shown up, the military dependent village would also sprout up around the military camp in order to house the VROGLHUV %XLOW LQ ČŠ+XDQ 0LQ PLOLWDU\ GHSHQGHQW YLOODJHČ‹ served as one of the dormitories for the soldiers in the Air Force Combatant Command. Nevertheless, there were still many lower-rank soldiers who could not share the quota of WKH RÉ?FLDO GRUPLWRULHV 7KHVH ZRUNLQJ FODVV ODERUHUV VXFK DV FRRNV GULYHUV DQG FOHDQLQJ VWDÎ? OLYHG LQ WKH VHOI EXLOW

housing around Huan-Min military dependent village. This was how the informal (self-help) settlement of Toad Hill started. An interesting case of resident Mr. Chen illustrated the close interdependence of the residents of Toad Hill settlement and the military. Mr. Chen served as a military driver in the air force. %HFDXVH RI WKH HFRQRPLF GLÉ?FXOWLHV KH QRW RQO\ EXLOW KLV KRXVH with the hollow bricks which collected from Taipei Air Station, but also recycled some beautiful wood-framed windows from the military. In conclusion, the reason why Toad Hill settlement shown up was because of the establishment of the post-war garrison. In order words, it was because of the laborers living in the informal settlement around the air force that maintained the daily function of a formal city. The housing issue under the political reason as well as rapid urbanization continuing contributed to the multiple resident layers in Toad Hill settlement. In 1950s, KuoMin Tang government still held the ambition of counterattack, so there were no comprehensive urban planning projects, even though in the Taipei, therefore, about two million political-forced refugees WULJJHUHG RÎ? WKH KRXVLQJ LVVXH LQ 7DLSHL ä Ąŕś”áżž SRLQWHG out that those who did not assigned to houses squatted in public and private land, waterfront, and streets, therefore, formed the informal (illegal) settlements. During the urbanization of Taipei city in 1960 to 1970s, lots of rural-urban migrants moved from country area to city. According to the Census in 1963, one third of the households in Taipei lived in informal settlement, in other words, the informal settlements were the “general landscape of Taipeiâ€? (ਢᇃ, 2000). Toad Hill settlement accommodated those urban poor, becoming as the “arrival cityâ€? in Taipei context, because of the un-planned situation of and the cheap house price in Toad Hill. As Saunders (2011) mentioned about arrival city that this kind of community would not simply attach to the urban fringe, but tend to encourage the resident transit to urban life, becoming the city itself. Therefore, it is a critical issue to rethink the meaning of urban settlements in the context of housing demands. Today, the reason why Toad Hill settlement is special is because of its diverse composition, from the dormitory of agricultural research institute, military dependence village, UXUDO XUEDQ PLJUDQWV WR XUEDQ SRRU RI GLÎ?HUHQW WLPHV ZKLFK demonstrated the historical layers and the value of plebeian life of Taipei. The conservation movement of Toad Hill settlement The conservation movement of Toad Hill settlement began when the land management authority decided to demolish Huan-Min military dependent in the settlement, at the same time sued two of the households, in order to introduce new campus GHYHORSPHQW SODQ 7KH FRQČľLFW FRXOG WUDFH EDFN WR ZKHQ the government allotted parts of Toad Hill settlement to the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST). In order to obtain the land ownership without a hitch, NTUST signed a “relocation commitmentâ€?, in which NTUST promised

0LQ MD\ .DQJ ČŠ&RQVWUXFWHG V\PELRVLV DW 7UHDVXUH +LOOČ‹ WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI 7UHDVXUH +LOO VHWWOHPHQW IRU %L &LW\ %LHQQDOH RI 8UEDQLVP $UFKLWHFWXUH VLWHG GDWH WKH FDQDO ZDV FRYHUHG E\ WKH URDG \HW SHRSOH OLYLQJ WKHUH VWLOO VKDUHG WKH PHPRU\ RI WKH ČŠELJ GLWFKČ‹ LQ ZKLFK NLGV SOD\LQJ DURXQG DGXOWV ZDVKLQJ FORWKHV VZLPPLQJ DQG HYHQ Č´VKLQJ 4 KuoMin Tang is the biggest political party in The Republic of China (R.O.C.) in Taiwan.

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that all the residents would be properly relocated before new development projects. In the level of urban planning act, even today, the relocation commitment could be considered as a progressive approach to deal with illegal households. Paradoxically, after 14years, it was because NTUST failed to IXOČ´O WKH UHORFDWLRQ FRPPLWPHQW WKDW WKH VHWWOHPHQW ZRXOG EH able to maintain the current appearance and historical fabrics. May 2013, the removal works on the vacant Huan-Min military dependent village was going to start. Fearing that the fabric of the historical settlement would disappear, documentary Č´OPPDNHU /LQ 7LQJ FKLHK D WHQDQW ZKR OLYHG LQ 7RDG +LOO settlement for six years, initiated the conservation movement. *UDGXDOO\ ZLWK 7LQJ FKLHKȇV HÎ?RUW WKH LVVXH DWWUDFWHG PRUH DQG more attention. August 2013, a group of residents, university students, artists, and professors formed a group called “Good Toad Clubâ€?, initiating a series of action, in order to conserve the PLOLWDU\ GHSHQGHQW YLOODJH WKH LQIRUPDO VHWWOHPHQW DQG WR Č´JKW DJDLQVW WKH IRUFHG HYLFWLRQ ΖQ WKH Č´UVW \HDU RI WKH FRQVHUYDWLRQ movement, Good Toad Club had three main focuses: gathering support from the society, community building5 and taking political actions. On the aspect of gathering support, Good Toad Club organized VHYHUDO DFWLYLWLHV 7KH Č´UVW HYHQW ZDV WKH ČŠ6WRU\ ([KLELWLRQ RI 7RDG +LOO /LIHČ‹ ă˜ąâ€ŤŢœâ€Źä˝˜â­?â?Ťá­ľŇťáŠ…) in Cafe' Jam, a local store near Toad Hill settlement. During the preparations of the exhibition, an art curator in Good Toad Club organized the team. Hence the exhibition not only reached a professional standard but also successfully attracted attention of the society and brought in more participants, for instance, students form NTUST6, NTU7 , and art workers. In addition, a well-known local writer, Mr. Chang, was deeply moved by the conservation movement. He wrote an article about Toad Hill for the exhibition and during the activity, he also became the historical tour guide to lead people walking around Toad Hill. In order to support the conservation movement, an high school teacher, Mr. Ho, painted an “ink paintingâ€? of Toad Hill. Moreover, the ink painting later became the image of the conservation movement of Toad Hill settlement.

Original Filmmakers Union (TOFU), some artist friends and Good Toad Club (later called “the teamâ€?) together initiated the event. In the week, the team explored creative ways to use the vacant Huan-Min military dependent village and to interact with residents. The team launched series events, including cleaning XS YDFDQW KRXVHV Č´[LQJ ROG IXUQLWXUH JXLGHG WRXU PXVLF SHUIRUPDQFHV VLWH VKRRWLQJ Č´OP IHVWLYDO DQG SRWOXFN SDUW\ ΖW LV ZRUWK PHQWLRQLQJ DERXW WKH VLWH VKRRWLQJ Č´OP IHVWLYDO DQG SRWOXFN SDUW\ ΖQ WKH VLWH VKRRWLQJ Č´OP IHVWLYDO WKH WHDP LPLWDWHG Golden Sugarcane Film Festival, in which participants would VKRRW WKH Č´OP LQ WKH VHWWOHPHQW ZLWKLQ D ZHHN DQG WKHQ PDNH LW D UHDG\ Č´OP ΖQ WKH ODVW GD\ WKRVH Č´OPV ZHUH SURMHFWHG RQ to the big screen with the background of settlement scenery. In other words, through the so-called art intervening process, residents saw themselves representing on the screen, providing WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI VHOI UHČľH[LYLW\ $OVR LQ WKH SRWOXFN SDUW\ HDFK family prepared one best dish and shared together. On that occasion, Sichuan cuisine, Indian cuisine ZKHDW IRRGVWXÎ? DQG Hakka cuisine were on the table. The inclusive multi-cultural feast demonstrated the diverse components, the history, as well as the modern components of Toad Hill settlement. Addition to the above activities, Good Toad Club also held several small scale community activities not only to reach a better understanding of the settlement but also to win the support of grassroots.

Figure2: Ink painting of Toad Hill ( Ho-Tsung painted)

Then the most important event, the “Toad Hill Neighborhood Action Art Festivalâ€? Ç‹㸎㴽㚟अˉä? ä&#x;źäŽ§ŕŤ´ÇŒă°?ăşƒă‡° was carried out in September 2013. As a leader of the conservation PRYHPHQW Č´OPPDNHU /LQ 7LQJ FKLHK FRQQHFWHG IULHQGV RI WKH Č´OP LQGXVWU\ QHWZRUN 7KHUHIRUH 0V :DQJ IRUP 7DLZDQ

Figure 3 (top): watching movie (photo by Good Toad Club) Figure 4 (bottom): art work in Huan-Min military dependent village (photo by Good Toad Club)

5 Community building included interviewing residents and holding community activities. Good Toad Club thought that the purpose of “interviewing residentsâ€? were not only to understand the history and daily life in the settlement, but also could be the interface to build connection between residents and Good Toad Club members. 17867 VWXGHQWV ZHUH ODWHU WKH LPSRUWDQW PHPEHUV WR Č´JKW DJDLQVW WKH VFKRRO H[HFXWLYHV RQ EHKDOI RI VWXGHQWVȇ YLHZ HVSHFLDOO\ DWWUDFWHG VWXGHQWV IURP WKH *UDGXDWH ΖQVWLWXWH RI %XLOGLQJ DQG 3ODQQLQJ RI 1DWLRQDO 7DLZDQ 8QLYHUVLW\ 178

Some Indian students rent house here in Toad Hill settlement.

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creative conservation actions, if any change should happen, it is essential to face the institutionalized system. In the status that the land management authority NTUST could not stand the pressure from Good Toad Club, mass media, the public, and the FRQVHUYDWLRQ JURXS WKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ SODWIRUP Č´QDOO\ IRUPHG Good Toad Club initiated several coordination meetings, that is, through the so-called political action and informal relations, the citizen and planners pushed the conservation movement from bottom up. I think in this case, comparing to the traditional topdown planning, all the conservation practice could consider to be a citizen participatory planning process.

Figure 5 (top): potluck party (photo by Good Toad Club) Figure 6 (bottom): guided tour (photo by Good Toad Club)

In sum, regardless of success or failure, there were several reasons why the conservation movement of Toad Hill 6HWWOHPHQW GHPRQVWUDWHG D GLÎ?HUHQW SDWK IURP WKH WUDGLWLRQDO protesting way. First, the promoter’s social network brought in many art-related workers, as well as the creative power, for LQVWDQFH WKH Č´OP PDNHUV ZULWHUV GHVLJQHUV DQG DUW FXUDWRUV As such, the conservation movement formed an activity tone of exhibition, space renovating, and creative events. Second, because of the transplanted imagination of the well-known Treasure Hill settlement, Toad Hill Settlement was regarded as an un-planned living place with strong creative inspiration. Thus, during the events, Toad Hill even attracted radical artists and VTXDWWHUVȇ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ /DVW WKH FRQVWUXFWHG GLVFRXUVH RI WKH conservation legitimacy provided Toad Hill Settlement various historical, cultural and spatial collective “imaginationâ€?. Facing the future imagination9 and possibilities, the conservation issue somehow easily attracted planning and architecture students10 . With all the above aspects, the conservation movement then had scrolling more and more input of civil power, moving forward to the conservation goal. Political negotiation In addition to creative activities, Toad Hill Club organized several coordination meetings. In contrary to the out-of-system

There were several political consultation meetings. In the beginning, the core members of Good Toad Club took the initiative to lobby the city councilor, in order to postpone the removal works on the vacant Huan-Min military dependent village in 2013 summer. However, with the limited political power, the city councilor could only postpone the removal for about a month. Then, the second stage of negotiation started at September, following the “Toad Hill Neighborhood Action Art Festivalâ€?. In order to in traduce more possible government resources to Huan-Min military dependent village, Good Toad &OXE VRXJKW WKH KHOS IURP WKH /HJLVODWRU 8QGHU WKH KHOS RI WKH /HJLVODWRU DQG WKH HÎ?RUWV RI *RRG 7RDG &OXE WKH FRRUGLQDWLRQ PHHWLQJ LQYLWHG WKH FKLHI RI 'HSDUWPHQW RI &XOWXUDO $Î?DLUV WKH FKLHI RI XUEDQ UHJHQHUDWLRQ RÉ?FH WKH PHPEHU RI DLU IRUFH and the administrator of NTUST. In other words, almost all the related sectors were put together to discuss about the future projects. A total of four meetings were held in 2013 Autumn, however, the land management authority NTUST still held D FRQVHUYDWLYH DWWLWXGH Č´UPO\ UHMHFWHG WR DFFHSW WKH +XDQ Min building, and refused to start the reusing plan. Moreover, 17867 HYHQ UHMHFWHG D IDPRXV Č´OPPDNHU +RX +VLDR KVLHQȇV SURSRVDO WR XVH +XDQ 0LQ DV WKH Č´OP VFHQH RI WKH XSFRPLQJ Golden horse festival. A way to an institutionalized heritage In the coordination meeting in November, Good Toad Club failed to reach any agreement with the NTUST. In 2014 February, under the crisis that Huan-Min would still to be removed, Good Toad Club members decided to apply Huan-Min as the “historical buildingâ€?, aiming to protect the building and settlement layer through the “Cultural Heritage Preservation Actâ€?, in other words, once Huan-Min was assigned with any heritage status, the act would have mandatory protection of the heritage. Also, the authorities would have the obligation to maintain the heritage. Then came the fateful day: July 31st 2014, the day which led Toad Hill settlement to the next stage of heritage conservation. On the day of the council of the 'HSDUWPHQW RI &XOWXUDO $Î?DLUV WKH DSSOLFDQW FLYLF JURXSV DQG UHVLGHQWV ZHUH DEOH WR MRLQ 6XUSULVLQJO\ 0V /HH WKH &KLHI RI 9LOODJH PDGH DQ LQČľXHQWLDO VWDWHPHQW QRW RQO\ H[SUHVVHG VWURQJ nostalgia for the place where she grew up, but also showed her

%HFDXVH WKH ODQGVFDSH RI 7UHDVXUH +LOO VHWWOHPHQW DQG 7RDG +LOO 6HWWOHPHQW ZHUH PXFK DOLNH LW LV REYLRXV IRU SHRSOH WR FRPSDUH WKHVH WZR VHWWOHPHQWV 7R VRPH DUWLVWV WKURXJK WKH FRQVHUYDWLRQ SODQQLQJ 7UHDVXUH +LOO VHWWOHPHQW KDG DOUHDG\ ORVW LWV vivid self-help life. Rather, Toad Hill Settlement was regarded as the pre-planning Treasure Hill settlement. ΖQ WKHUH ZHUH ORWV RI DUFKLWHFWXUH RU ODQGVFDSH DUFKLWHFWXUH VWXGHQWV FKRVH 7RDG +LOO 6HWWOHPHQW DV WKHLU ȴQDO SURMHFW VLWH 7KXV WKRVH VWXGHQWV DOVR FRQWLQXLQJ EHFDPH WKH PHPEHU RI *RRG 7RDG &OXE

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support of the conservation by her political position. To win the support of the Chief of Village was a crucial change on the SURPRWLQJ RI FRQVHUYDWLRQ :LWK 0V /HHȇV VWURQJ VWDWHPHQW and the support of the committee members, after the council, Toad Hill settlement has been formally designated as a “culture ODQGVFDSHČ‹ E\ WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI &XOWXUDO $Î?DLUV RI 7DLSHL FLW\ It could be viewed as one of the achievements of the conservation PRYHPHQW +RZHYHU WKHUH ZHUH VWLOO ELJ GLÎ?HUHQFHV EHWZHHQ “historical buildingâ€? and “culture landscapeâ€? in the Cultural Heritage Preservation Act. In “historical buildingâ€?, stricter rules would regulate on the future usage of the buildings. While in “culture landscapeâ€?, if facing any development planning, the authorities only could require the developer to meet the original landscape and relevant principles. Hence, so far the Good Toad Club members were still considering initiating another heritage application also seeking more political aid. Each coin has two sides. To Good Toad Club, the application of the Cultural Heritage was a bet. Though the building or settlement would gain legitimacy, once entered the institutionalized process, the settlement would destine to be led to a planned status, even become a gazed spectacle. To the conservation of Toad Hill settlement, there is a dialectical relation between conserving the landscape and maintaining the residents’ daily life. The possibility to a progressive city Through the conservation movement, the possibility to a progressive city had gradually appeared. It could be viewed IURP WZR DVSHFWV )LUVW WKHUH DUH VRPH UHČľHFWLRQV RQ WKH transformation of the local relations. The so-called outsiders in WKH FRQVHUYDWLRQ PRYHPHQW SUDFWLFDOO\ DÎ?HFWHG WKH IXWXUH RI Toad Hill settlement. While to the residents, the intervening of the campaigners did make some disturbance about the daily OLIH ΖQ 7RDG +LOO VHWWOHPHQW WKRXJK WKHUH ZHUH LQQHU GLÎ?HUHQFHV of the local network and relation, most of the residents still held a collective identity of the place, for instance, women in WKH VHWWOHPHQW KDG D ČŠIRON GDQFHČ‹ WUDGLWLRQDO IRU DERXW \HDUV RWKHU UHVLGHQWV DOVR VKDUHG WKH PHPRU\ RI WKH /LXJRQJ FDQDO in front of the settlement, in which children swam and parents ZDVKHG FORWKHV DQG WKH SURFHVV RI EXLOGLQJ WKHLU RZQ KRXVH along the hillside and renovating stairs with neighbors. The sense of place deeply rooted in the process of participatory construction of the environment. :KHQ IDFLQJ WKH VWLPXODWLRQ RI WKH RXWVLGHUV DW Č´UVW WKH innovative activities and historical discourses do attract the attention of the residents, especially the elderly. They actively participated in the process and deepened the identity of the place they life for almost a decade. However, the frequent entering of the outsiders did cause a lot of distress to the residents. In addition, when the Good Toad Club tried to initiate WKH VHOI KHOS RUJDQL]DWLRQ LQ RUGHU WR Č´JKW DJDLQVW WKH IRUFHG eviction, some residents even thought that “naĂŻve students

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should not interfere with our lifeâ€?. It took more than half a year for the “conservativeâ€? local headmen to rethink about cultural KHULWDJH FRQVHUYDWLRQ DOVR IRU *RRG 7RDG &OXE WR Č´QG RXW D slower pace when getting along with the community. Then the existing social network gradually added a new joint cooperative relation, which composed of the campaigners and local headmen. The new network symbolized that the territory of the settlement became porous. The progressive power had merged ZLWK WKH SUH PRGHUQL]HG UXVWLF VHWWOHPHQW 7RDG +LOO VHWWOHPHQW was on the way to a new formation of urban settlement. Ultimately, an urban settlement should face the urban regeneration, but how could historical settlements like Toad Hill survived if it were not to be demolished because of the illegality? How to reach the goal of heritage conservation and renovation when maintaining the original living texture? The answer would be gradually evident in the further practice in the upcoming future. It is crucial for the conservation movement actors to look back the process, clarify issues in each stage, and most important, dialectically debate on what right and for whom WR Č´JKW IRU :KLOH LQ WKH FXUUHQW VWDJH 7RDG +LOO VHWWOHPHQW LV designated as “cultural heritageâ€?. It is the initial achievement to the conservation movement. It could be expected that under the control of Cultural Heritage Preservation Act, it would be much PRUH ČľH[LEOH LQ WKH IXWXUH UHQHZDO DQG EXLOGLQJ FRGHV WKDQ WKH implementation of a development master plan. Furthermore, on the positive side, through the conservation movement, a bottom-up planning urged by the grassroots autonomy would determine the possible future of the historical site. The relation between the governance of city, which meant the response of JRYHUQPHQW DQG WKH JUDVVURRWV ZRXOG LQČľXHQFH WKH SODQQLQJ route and the action strategies of conservation group. In conclusion, through the reaction of society and government, and the transformation of the existing social structure, the conservation process may lay the foundation for the progressive city.

References Castells, Manuel, 2012, “Networking mind, creating meaning, contesting power,â€? in Network of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age (pp. 1-19).Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Castree, Neol, 2009, “Place: connections and boundaries in an LQWHUGHSHQGHQW ZRUOGČ‹ LQ 1LFKRODV - &OLÎ?RUG 6DUDK / +ROORZD\ Stephen P. Rice and Gill Valentine (eds), Key Concepts in *HRJUDSK\ QG HG SS /RQGRQ 6DJH 'RXJ 6DXQGHUV $UULYDO &LW\ 1HZ <RUN 3DQWKHRQ %RRNV Haesbaert, RogĂŠrio, 2013, “A global sense of place and multiterritoriality: notes for dialogue from a "peripheral" point of view,â€? in David Featherstone and Joe Painter (eds.), Spatial Politics: Essays For Doreen Massey (pp. 146-157). Malden, MA: -RKQ :LOH\ 6RQV

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+DUYH\ 'DYLG ČŠ7KH ULJKW WR WKH FLW\Č‹ 1HZ /HIW 5HYLHZ 23-40. /HIHEYUH +HQUL ČŠ7KH ULJKW WR WKH FLW\ Č‹ LQ -RDQ 2FNPDQ HG $UFKLWHFWXUH &XOWXUH $ 'RFXPHQWDU\ $QWKRORJ\ SS 1HZ <RUN 5L]]ROR ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO 3XEOLFDWLRQV 2ULJLQDO ZRUN SXEOLVKHG Marcuse, Peter, 2012, “Whose right(s) to what city?â€? in Neil %UHQQHU 3HWHU 0DUFXVH DQG 0DUJLW 0D\HU HGV &LWLHV IRU 3HRSOH 1RW IRU 3URČ´W &ULWLFDO 8UEDQ 7KHRU\ DQG WKH 5LJKW WR WKH &LW\ SS /RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH Massey, Doreen, 1995, “The conceptualization of placeâ€?, in Pat -HVV 'RUHHQ 0DVVH\ HGV $ 3ODFH LQ WKH :RUOG" 3ODFHV &XOWXUHV and Globalization, Oxford University Press. Massey, Doreen. 1993, “Power-Geometry and a Progressive 6HQVH RI 3ODFHČ‹ LQ - %LUG % &XUWLV HGV 0DSSLQJ WKH )XWXUHV /RFDO &XOWXUHV *OREDO &KDQJHV SS /RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH 3LOH 6WHYH ČŠ:KDW LV D FLW\"Č‹ LQ ' 0DVVH\ - $OOHQ 6 3LOH eds. City Worlds, Routledge. Wills, Jane, 2013, “Place and politics,â€? in David Featherstone and Joe Painter (eds.), Spatial Politics: Essays For Doreen Massey (pp. 0DOGHQ 0$ -RKQ :LOH\ 6RQV ਢᇃˈ ËˆÇ‡äš…á”Şâ˝ŽŕĽ°ă ˇä‹‘á‡źă ˝ă?&#x;˖ԕ㠪༇á?˛áˆŚăŻżá?†⽎༰⛪ ÖťÇˆËˆŕ´ťăƒťă Şâš“ŕ˝—á†¨á”Şă‡šă ˇŕˇžäœšâš„ă‚ŚáĄ°âť™ŕź›ä„†ᎡÇ„ ăœ‘áĽ&#x;â?˘Ëˆ ËˆÇ‰ăšŠ㊭ྠ⨜á†¨ÇŠËˆă ŞŕĽ‡Ë–Đšâ‰ á´¨á‰°Ç„ ä Ąŕś”áżžËˆ ËˆÇ‡ă ŞŕĽ‡äšşă?“ྠ༰տᆾá?˛ŕš¤Ńťâ˝Žá´łá†¨ŕ śáˇ€ÇˆÇ„ŕ´ťăƒť 㠪⚓བྷᆨŕľ?áľ˜á?•ă€ťâš„れᥰ䄆ᎡÇ„ äœ?ăšˇăƒťËˆ ËˆÇ‡ŰŁăŽĄăšŠ㊭ă‚ŞäŻƒâš„ă‚ŚáŻŠâŒ…ÇˆËˆÇ‰ăšŠ㊭㠡⽎ᴳNJˈ 㠪༇˖⭠ྂ࡞á?˛Ç„

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PROTECTING THE AUTHENTICITY OF PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT CHARACTERISTICS BY CONTROLLING LAND USE CHANGES ON MAIN STREET CORRIDORS, A HERITAGE CONSERVATION STRATEGY CASE: .(%$<25$1 %$58 &216(59$7Ζ21 $5($ -$.$57$ Hadi PRABOWO $UFKLWHFWXUH 'RFWRUDO 3URJUDP Ζ7% 6FKRRO RI $UFKLWHFWXUH Planning and Policy Development, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Trisakti University Jakarta ahadipra@gmail.com Keywords: LAND USE CHANGES, PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT CHARACTERISTIC, HERITAGE CONSERVATION, AUTHENTICITY, KEBAYORAN BARU

Abstract 3K\VLFDO HQYLURQPHQW DV ZHOO DV EXLOGLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV KDV DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ VKDSLQJ WKH FKDUDFWHU RI DQ DUHD 3URWHFWLQJ WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI EXLOGLQJV DQG SK\VLFDO HQYLURQPHQW WKDW KDYH FXOWXUDO VLJQLČ´FDQFH LV UHTXLUHG LQ WKH FRQVHUYDWLRQ DFWLYLWLHV .HED\RUDQ %DUX DUHD ZDV EXLOW LQ ȇV DQG ZDV SODQQHG DV D JDUGHQ FLW\ ΖW ZDV KDYH D FOHDU ERXQGDU\ ZLWK JUHHQEHOWV DV EDUULHU IURP WKH VXUURXQGLQJ DUHDV DQG SXEOLF VSDFHV DV FRQQHFWRU SDUNV 7KH VWUHHW SDWWHUQ ZDV UDGLDO FRQFHQWULF ZLWK FLW\ FHQWHU ULJKW LQ WKH PLGGOH RI WKH DUHD 7KH\ EXLOGLQJV VW\OH ZDV D PL[ EHWZHHQ HDUO\ PRGHUQ 'XWFK DUFKLWHFWXUH ZLWK ORFDO DUFKLWHFWXUH .HED\RUDQ EDUX LV D UHVLGHQWLDO DUHD ZKLFK LV ORFDWHG YHU\ FORVH ZLWK -DNDUWDȇV EXVLQHVV FHQWHU %HFDXVH RI LWV VWUDWHJLF ORFDWLRQ PDQ\ UHVLGHQWLDO ODQG XVHV KDV FKDQJH LQWR FRPPHUFLDOV $IWHU \HDUV PRVW RI WKH EXLOGLQJV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV KDYH FKDQJHG EXW LQWHUHVWLQJO\ WKH SK\VLFDO HQYLURQPHQW LV TXLWH UHPDLQV ZLWK UHODWLYHO\ VPDOO FKDQJHV 7KH SDWWHUQ RI ODQG XVH FKDQJHV IURP residential to commercials initiated from corridors adjacent to the FRPPHUFLDO FHQWHUV $IWHU WKH HQDFWPHQW RI VWUHHW IXQFWLRQDO SODQ the changes is more concentrated at primary arterial corridors DQG FRQWLQXHG WR WKH VHFRQGDU\ DUWHULDO FRUULGRUV $OWKRXJK WKRVH FKDQJHV DUH DFFRPSDQLHG E\ D FRPSUHKHQVLYH FKDQJHV RI EXLOGLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV EXW WKH FKDQJHV RI WKH SK\VLFDO HQYLURQPHQW FKDUDFWHULVWLF LV UHODWLYHO\ VPDOO 7KH ODQG XVH FKDQJHV DW DUWHULDO streets serves as protection from the whole physical environment FKDUDFWHULVWLF FKDQJHV 7KLV KDSSHQV EHFDXVH RI WKH LQVLVWHQFH RI WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI DUHD FDQ EH DFFRPPRGDWHG RU GLVWULEXWHG RQ WKH DUWHULDO URDG FRUULGRU WKDW VHUYHV DV D ȆUHOLHI YDOYHȇ VR WKDW SK\VLFDO HQYLURQPHQW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV FKDQJHV FDQ EH LVRODWHG RQ DUWHULDO URDG FRUULGRUV &RQWURO RI ODQG XVH FKDQJHV LQ D SDUWLFXODU SODFH FDQ EH XVHG DV D VWUDWHJ\ IRU SURWHFWLQJ WKH DXWKHQWLFLW\ RI WKH SK\VLFDO HQYLURQPHQW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV 7KH GLVFXVVLRQ LQ WKLV SDSHU IRFXVHG RQ WKH SDWWHUQ RI ODQG XVH FKDQJHV DQG WKHLU HÎ?HFWV on the authenticity of the physical environment characteristics with PRUSKRORJLFDO DSSURDFK $QDO\VLV PHWKRG XVLQJ VXSHULPSRVHG EHWZHHQ WKH SDWWHUQV RI ODQG XVH FKDQJH PDSV ZLWK WKH FRQGLWLRQ RI

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SK\VLFDO HQYLURQPHQWDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV PDSV INTRODUCTION Urban land use patterns formed by elements that interact with each other. These elements are activity, people and location. Human to perform activities requiring space or land. The man KLPVHOI ZDV LQČľXHQFHG E\ WKH VRFLR FXOWXUDO EDFNJURXQG 8UEDQ land according (Kivell, 1993) can be the economic and political power as basic for planning system of urban environment. /DQG XVH SDWWHUQV DUH LQČľXHQFHG E\ HFRQRPLF IRUFHV WKDW implemented the physical form of the city. In the control of urban development, land use element becomes the dominant HOHPHQW 7KHVH VHWWLQJV LQFOXGH PDFUR DQG PLFUR ODQG XVH /DQG use decisions establish the relationship between circulation and GHQVLW\ RI DFWLYLWLHV ZLWKLQ XUEDQ DUHD 6KLUYDQL

7KH LVVXHV RI ODQG XVH SROLFLHV LQFOXGH ODQG XVH GLYHUVLȴFDWLRQ and fault in considering physical environmental factors. /DQG XVH FDQ DOVR EH D ODQG XVH FRQWURO VWUDWHJLHV WR DFKLHYH economic growth, livable area and the character of the town %DUQHWW &KDQJHV LQ ODQG XVH SDWWHUQV DV ZHOO DV DQ indicator of the growth of a city covering (Kivell, 1993): of a larger metropolitan area toward smaller, from the core of the city to WKH VXEXUEV IURP WKH XUEDQ WR WKH UXUDO /DQG XVH FKDQJHV DUH LQȾXHQFHG E\ .LYHOO PDUNHW IRUFHV LQFOXGH WKH GHPDQG force and the supply force. %XLOGLQJ DQG SK\VLFDO HQYLURQPHQW FKDUDFWHULVWLF LV FRPSRQHQW of neighborhood character. Interaction among building and physical environment characteristics creating unique character LQ QHLJKERUKRRG &XUWLV %XLOGLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLF FRQVLVWV of a type of function, form and mass of the roof of the building, architectural style, texture, material and color of the building. While the physical environment characteristic comprising: street patterns, topography, drainage, vegetation, open space or park (Jones, 2010) The philosophy of conservation at this time to support the valuebased approach and is based on integrity and authenticity. Conservation must be done with integrity, using appropriate PDWHULDOV LQ ȆȴWWLQJ PDQQHUȇ ΖQWHJULW\ LQFOXGHV SK\VLFDO LQWHJULW\ structural integrity, integrity of the design, aesthetic integrity, integrity of the setting and context, professional integrity of conservation team. Authenticity concerns the design or shape, material, technique, tradition, process, place, context and setting, function and use (Orbasli, 2000) .HED\RUDQ %DUX GHYHORSPHQW VWDUWHG LQ HDUO\ DQG ZDV completed in 1953 as a residential area located around the center

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RI DFWLYLW\ LQ 6RXWK -DNDUWD QDPHO\ &RPPHUFLDO &HQWUH %ORFN 0 %HFDXVH RI LWV VWUDWHJLF ORFDWLRQ WKDW DUHD KDV WKH SRWHQWLDO WR change from residential into commercial functions. Kebayoran %DUX GHVLJQDWHG DV D FRQVHUYDWLRQ DUHD LQ E\ *RYHUQRU Regulation. Already issued several governor regulations, EXW WKH FKDQJHV VWLOO RFFXU /DUJHVW FKDQJHV WKDW RFFXU DUH building characteristics, while the physical environmental characteristics relatively small changes. In the spatial planning has been established several road corridors that were originally residential neighborhood street into a secondary arterial roads. The policy encourages land use change along the arterial and collector roads and cause changes of building and physical environment characteristics along these roads (Prabowo, 2013). In this paper we will discuss the control of land use change on the main road to protect the physical environment characteristics and what factors can protect it. Analysis was performed with morphological approaches and analytical techniques superimpose a map of land use change with a map of physical environment characteristic condition. SPATIAL POLICIES AND NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTERISTICS $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH 0DVWHU 3ODQ .HED\RUDQ %DUX GHVLJQHG as a residential town for the middle class, covering an area of KHFWDUHV $SSUR[LPDWHO\ DFUHV RI DYDLODEOH ODQG XVHG to build 2,676 small type, 115 acres to house middle type, 105 DFUHV IRU YLOODV DQG ȵDWV DQG DFUHV WR VWRUHV DQG WUDGLQJ IDFLOLWLHV .HED\RUDQ %DUX ȵDQNHG E\ WZR ULYHUV QDPHO\ *URJRO river on the west and Krukut river on the east. Along the banks of the river designated as green open space. Appropriation WUDGH RQO\ DOORFDWHG DW FHUWDLQ SRLQWV VXFK DV %ORN 0 0DMHVWLN PDUNHW 6DQWD PDUNHW DQG %ORFN $ PDUNHW 7KH UHPDLQLQJ RWKHU land designated as residential and specialty building supplies. The main street is set across from the north to south and from west to east.

Figure 1 Map of Kebayoran Baru Master Plan, 1953 (left) and Building in Kebayoran Baru 1953 (right). Source : (Sudiro, 1953)

%XLOGLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ is shown by the facades of buildings that follows the rules of DUFKLWHFWXUDO VW\OHV QDPHO\ $PVWHUGDP VW\OH ΖQGLVFK %RXZVWLMO 0RGHUQ $UW 'HFR )XQFWLRQDOLVP HDUO\ 1LHXZH %RXZHQ Nieuwe Zakelijkheid, Flow Delft, American style. De Stijl, and Jenki. The physical environment characteristics is shown by grouping units based on the occupancy social and economic strata in the park as a neighborhood center. Road network in .HED\RUDQ %DUX KDYH UDGLDO FRQFHQWULF SDWWHUQ DQG KLHUDUFK\ of roads shown by the presence of the boulevard as the main DFFHVV WR DQG IURP WKH .HED\RUDQ %DUX $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH 'MDNDUWD 0DVWHU 3ODQ -DNDUWD FRPPHUFLDO ODQG XVH LV ORFDWHG LQ %ORN 0 0DMHVWLN 6DQWD PDUNHW DQG %ORFN $ PDUNHW 0DLQ 5RDGV LV VHW RQ WKH URDG WKDW UXQV QRUWK WR VRXWK WKDW GLYLGHV .HED\RUDQ %DUX LQWR WZR SDUWV 0HDQZKLOH DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH .HED\RUDQ %DUX VXEGLVWULFW Detailed Spatial Plan in 2005, expanded commercial land use on primary arterial roads, secondary arterial roads and primery collector roads.

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CHANGE OF BUILDING AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT CHARACTERISTICS In the land use maps published by the Department of Spatial Planning in 1972, there has been a change in land use or physical environmental characteristics from the original function of the JDUGHQ LQWR WKH RÉ?FH IXQFWLRQV RQ WKH 0DLQ 5RDG /DQG XVH changes from green open spaces into housing both along the .UXNXW ULYHU DQG *URJRO ULYHU ΖQ D FKDQJH WRRN SODFH QRW only in parks and open green spaces alone but began to change the use of buildings or building characteristics from housing into a commercial on secondary arterial roads and primary collector URDGV %HFDXVH WKHUH KDV EHHQ D ODQG XVH FKDQJH VR WKH ODQG XVH SODQ LQ WKH 'LVWULFW RI .HED\RUDQ %DUX 'HWDLO 6SDWLDO 3ODQ 2005 set a building use change on the primary arterial roads, VHFRQGDU\ DUWHULDO URDGV DQG SULPDU\ FROOHFWRU URDGV /DQG XVH Changes these followed by changes in building characteristic. After 60 years there has been a change in the building characteristics. From about 4 thousand units of the building is only about 4% which is still visible building characteristics in accordance with the early time of development or has undergone minor changes to the building characteristics, the rest are no longer visible at the building characteristics such as early development. Architectural style that still remains LV $UWGHFR IXQFWLRQDOLVP HDUO\ 1LHXZH %RXZHQ 1LHXZH Zakelijkheid, Delft style, and Jenki. Massive changes in the function of the building occurred on primary arterial roads, secondary arterial roads and primary collector roads. Physical environment characteristics such as land use and street pattern LV DOVR FKDQJLQJ /DQG XVH FKDQJHV RFFXU LQ RSHQ JUHHQ VSDFHV and parks. Especially open space on both banks rivers of Krukut river and Grogol river. Roads pattern Changes occurs several roads but overall changes in roads patterns that occur is very small.

Figure 2 Minor Change of Building Characteristic (top) and Major Change of Physical Environment Characteristic (bottom) Source : results of the data processed in 2013

DISCUSSION 'HYHORSPHQW RI WKH FLW\ WR WKH VRXWK WKHQ .HED\RUDQ %DUX location became a strategic area because it is close to the city centers. The emergence of commercial centers in the area GULYHV WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI .HED\RUDQ %DUX 7KH GHYHORSPHQW of that area made a pressure on the authenticity and integrity of the building characteristics and the physical environment characteristics. Changes in the building characteristics has EHHQ WDNLQJ SODFH WKURXJKRXW WKH .HED\RUDQ %DUX RQO\ D small portion of the building that experienced a minor change. The buildings were built in the early development has been changed to new buildings, although the function of the building remain residential. Changes in the building function occurred at the primary arterial road corridors, secondary arterial road corridors and primary collector road corridors. These changes OHDG WR VLJQLȴFDQW FKDQJHV LQ WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH EXLOGLQJ In early development, the riverbanks Grogol and riverbanks .UXNXW DUH JUHHQ RSHQ VSDFH ΖQ .HED\RUDQ %DUX 0DVWHU 3ODQ the banks of the river become catchment area used when the volume of water increases and as part of the drainage system of the area. During its development, the physical environment characteristics along the river has changed. These changes include changes in the function of the green open spaces into UHVLGHQWLDO +RZHYHU WKH SDWWHUQ RI URDGV LQ .HED\RUDQ %DUX relatively small changes. In general, the authenticity and integrity of the characteristic pattern of the road is still awake. The factors that cause changes in the physical environment characteristics and building characteristics is pressure area

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development that is driven by the increased accessibility to WKH .HED\RUDQ %DUX 'HYHORSPHQW RI %ORN 0 EXV WHUPLQDO cause increased range of transportation services. Increased accessibility have encouraged the growth of the area, especially commercial activities. Determination of road function policy also led to changes in the building characteristics and the physical environment characteristics. Road corridors that are designated as primary arterial roads, secondary arterial roads and primary collector roads since 2005, continuously change the use of buildings. The determination road function policy and then followed by a change in the distribution function of the building or just give 'relief valve' to cope with the demands of the development of commercial activities. These changes linearly along the arterial and collector roads corridors, causing the authenticity and integrity of physical environment characteristics on local road corridors remain protected. In addition, the land price factor also contributes to protecting the changing physical environment characteristics. Development is still in a small volume, because development can only be done on a relatively small parcel. Therefore, the development of commercial activities on small ORWV DUH QRW ZRUWK WKH LQYHVWPHQW RI FDSLWDO ZLWK SURȴW JHQHUDWHG ΖQ RUGHU WR REWDLQ DGHTXDWH SURȴW UHTXLUHG WKH GHYHORSPHQW of large-scale commercial activities that require merging plots. However, large-scale development is limited by the intensity of land use regulations.

-DNDUWD ' 7 'MDNDUWD 0DVWHU 3ODQ -DNDUWD 'LQDV Tata Kota DKI Jakarta. Jones, D. M. (2010). Understanding Place, Historic Area $VVHVVPHQWV 3ULQFLSOH DQG 3UDFWLFH /RQGRQ (QJOLVK +HULWDJH Publishing. .LYHOO 3 /DQG DQG 7KH &LW\ 3DWWHUQV DQG 3URFHVVHV RI Urban Change. New York: Routledge. Orbasli, A. (2000). Tourist in Historic Towns, Urban Conservation DQG +DULWDJH 0DQDJHPHQW 1HZ <RUN 7D\ORU )UDQFLV 3UDERZR $ + 'HYHORSPHQW 3DWWHUQ RI /DQG 8VH &KDQJH LQ &RQVHUYDWLRQ $UHD FDVH VWXG\ .HED\RUDQ %DUX -DNDUWD QG 3ODQRFRVPR ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH %DQGXQJ School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development, ΖQVWLWXW 7HNQRORJL %DQGXQJ 5RXWOHGJH 3 . /DQG DQG 7KH &LW\ 3DWWHUQV DQG Processes of Urban Change. New York: Routledge. 6KLUYDQL + 7KH 8UEDQ 'HVLJQ 3URFHVV 1HZ <RUN 9DQ Nostrand Reinhold Company. 6XGLUR 0 3HPEDQJXQDQ .RWD %DUX .HEDMRUDQ -DNDUWD Ministry of Public Work and Power.

CONCLUSION Determination of road function and land use policy on the main road corridors can be relief valves for pressure changes in land use development needs. Control of land use change on the main road corridors to protect the authenticity and integrity physical environment characteristics, but it can not protect the building characteristic changes. Development of the area should continue to protect Kebayoran %DUX DV D UHVLGHQWLDO DUHD E\ SURYLGLQJ RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU KLJK intensity residential development as meeting the housing needs while maintaining the authenticity and integrity physical environment characteristics as well as protecting the characteristics of the old building to retain the identity of .HED\RUDQ %DUX

BIBLIOGRAPHY %DUQHWW - 8UEDQ 'HVLJQ DV 3XEOLF 3ROLF\ 1HZ <RUN Srchitectural Record. Curtis, J. (2002). Frankston City Neighbourhood Character Study. Victoria: Frankston City Council.

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URBAN REGENERATION IN SHANGHAI’S SMALL TOWNS AND XINCHANG AS A CASE STUDY SHA Yongjie Associate Professor, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, China CHAN Wan Ting Pristine MArch Student, Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore, Singapore PAN Liyuan MArch student, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, China Keywords: URBAN REGENERATION, SHANGHAI, SMALL TOWN, SPATIAL ORGANIZATION, CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT PATTERN, XINCHANG TOWN

Abstract ΖQ WKH SDVW \HDUV 6KDQJKDLȇV FLW\ GHYHORSPHQW IRFXVHG RQ LWV &HQWUDO &LW\ DQG WKH QHZO\ IRUPHG 6DWHOOLWH &LWLHV :KLOH &KLQD HQWHUV LWV VHFRQG KDOI RI WKH XUEDQL]DWLRQ SURFHVV ZLWK QHZ IRFXV RQ XUEDQL]LQJ VPDOO FLWLHV DQG WRZQ PRUH HPSKDVLV KDV EHHQ VKLIWHG WR VPDOO WRZQV LQ 6KDQJKDLȇV VXEXUE DUHDV ZKLFK ZRXOG EH DFFRPPRGDWLQJ PRVW RI WKH SRSXODWLRQ WR EH XUEDQL]HG LQ WKH QH[W WZR GHFDGHV ΖQ VXFK EDFNGURS WKH SDSHU RXWOLQHV WKH VLWXDWLRQ LQ WZR IROGV )LUVW LW RXWOLQHV WKH RYHUDOO VLWXDWLRQ RI WRZQV LQ 6KDQJKDL UHJLRQV LQ YLHZ RI WKH FXUUHQW FKDQJHV DQG NH\ LVVXHV IURP XUEDQ SODQQLQJ DQG FLW\ JRYHUQLQJ SHUVSHFWLYHV 6HFRQG XVLQJ ;LQFKDQJ as a case study, the paper analyzes spatial patterns of traditional water towns and highlights key issues faced on the regeneration of ZDWHU WRZQV LQ WKH IXWXUH

1 Shanghai’s Urbanization from 1991 to Present: the Central City and Suburb Areas 4XDQWLW\ DQG 6SHHG %DVHG &LW\ 'HYHORSPHQW )RFXVLQJ RQ WKH &HQWUDO &LW\ RYHU WKH 3DVW <HDUV In 1990 the Chinese Central Government assigned Shanghai as the dragon head of China economy as a national development strategy. Starting from opening and developing Shanghai Pudong New District as the spur, Shanghai entered an era of rapid urbanization. Examining the Shanghai Comprehensive 3ODQ DQG WKH &RPSUHKHQVLYH 3ODQ RI 3XGRQJ 1HZ 'LVWULFW in 1991, it is clear that the main focus of development lies within the Central City. The objective of the two plans is to expand the scale and the capacity of the city to support the expansion of

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Shanghai’s GDP volume, to develop Shanghai comparable in that term to Hong Kong, Tokyo and other key Asian cities. The city focused on a fast paced, high quantity urban development strategy on the Central City throughout the last decade of the WK FHQWXU\ %HVLGHV WKH EXLOGLQJ RI LQIUDVWUXFWXUH VXFK DV highways in the suburbs, which connects Shanghai with other important cities in Yangtze River Delta, there were few actions done for suburbs development during these ten years. In 1999, the third version of Shanghai master plan after the China Open Door Policy, the Shanghai Comprehensive Plan 2000-2020 ZDV ODXQFKHG 7KLV SODQ Č´JXUHG RXW D QHZ VWUXFWXUH RI FLW\ town system for Shanghai’s development in both of urban and rural areas. A clearer and more comprehensive plan based on the structure strategy was further formulated in 2006 simply UHIHUUHG DV WKH 3ODQ )LJXUH 7KH SODQ FOHDUO\ GHČ´QHG 6KDQJKDL IXOO WHUULWRU\ȇV FLW\Č‚WRZQ V\VWHP LQWR IRXU KLHUDUFKLHV - namely 1 Central City, 9 Satellites Cities, about 60 Central Towns and about 600 Central Villages (Figure 2). With this clearly GHČ´QHG KLHUDUFK\ DOO DGPLQLVWUDWLYH DUHDV DUH FRYHUHG ZLWK WKH role of Satellite Cities as an anchor in the respective suburb area. This clear distribution of settlement approach allows for the systematic management in such vast suburb areas that is crucial in the planning of other aspects such as industry type, HQYLURQPHQW WUDÉ?F DQG SRSXODWLRQ 'XH WR LQČľXHQFH RI PDQ\ DVSHFWV WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH Shanghai Comprehensive Plan 2000-2020 was not ideal. From 2000 to 2010, the emphasis on urban development remained on the Central City especially with the attention placed on the 6KDQJKDL (;32 SUHSDUDWLRQ ΖQGHHG WKHUH DUH HÎ?RUWV by the respective government authorities in developing the suburbs area such as the building of expressways and roads to create an integrated road network within the whole of Shanghai. However, Satellite Cities and New Towns development faces challenges as the private markets are concerned only with the residential and manufacturing zones, neglecting other aspects like the provision of education, and medical facilities which are relevant to the daily life of people. Furthermore, the plans made for these Satellites Cities and towns are overly ambitious, in terms of physical forms. Too much attention and public resources have been paid for super large scale and high costs projects, with intention to attract investors, but have little relevance in improving the livability of the town for normal residents. This made the start-up of a new settlement as a live body even harder.

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6KLIWLQJ IURP 8UEDQ $UHD WR 6XEXUE $UHDV DQG D .H\ &KDOOHQJH In 2012, the Chinese Central Government released the new policy, National New-Type Urbanization Plan 2014-2020. Although the title of the new urban plan sounds seemingly similar to the previous one, there are some important issues that are brought up in this new plan. Urbanization has been a powerful engine for the economic GHYHORSPHQW LQ &KLQD HVSHFLDOO\ WKH ȴUVW WLHU FLWLHV 7KH RYHU UHOLDQFH RQ ODQG VDOHV DQG ODQG PRUWJDJH ȴQDQFLQJ WR SURPRWH urban construction has exacerbated the extensive land use. This raises an important point of concern, as large-scale developments are major contributor of the country’s GDP and the city developing pattern based on large land area available for ODUJH VFDOH GHYHORSPHQWV LV DSSURDFKLQJ DQ HQG IRU PRVW ȴUVW tier cities. Taking a leading urbanization role in China, Shanghai ZRXOG EH ȴUVW LQ HQFRXQWHULQJ WKLV SUHVVXUH 5HJDUGLQJ WKLV issue, two key concerns could be read through the National New-Type Urbanization Plan.

Figure 1: Shanghai Comprehensive Plans published in the 1980s and 1990s. Shanghai Comprehensive Plan, 1986 (Top left); The Comprehensive Plan of Pudong New District (Top right); Shanghai Comprehensive Plan 1999-2020, 1999 (Bottom right). Source: Shanghai Planning and Land Resources Administration Bureau

Figure 2: Diagram of Shanghai 1-9-6-6 city-town planning system; the grey shaded area represents the Central City, the orange squares and green dots denotes the 9 Satellite Towns and 60 Central Towns respectively (the about 600 Central Villages not indicated); an indicative location of Xinchang can be found on map.

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Firstly, there should be greater emphasis placed on town developments for more economic possibilities. To ensure continuous economy growth, the shift in developing urban area to the suburb areas is essential. This shift in focus would accelerate the economic and social development in rural areas, and both the government and the private sectors will play a more active role in the near future. With such conditions, it ZRXOG EH WKH EHVW RSSRUWXQLW\ WR FDUU\ RXW WKH XQČ´QLVKHG WRZQ urbanization process highlighted in the 1-9-6-6 Plan earlier. Secondly, with the saturation of large-scale developments, it creates an opportunity for smaller scale city regeneration to occur. Due to the high quantity and fast paced urbanization in the Shanghai Central City over the last 20 years, managing the quality of the city has a challenge. In other words, Shanghai’s GDP DQG Č´QDQFLDO UROH WRGD\ LV FRPSDUDEOH WR RWKHU NH\ $VLDQ FLWLHV but the gap with other cities on average quality and functioning of the city is obvious. As such, the current circumstances calls for a need to look at this issue and to come up with solutions in solving problems regarding the users and functions of a city. This would then give rise to a new model of urban renewal. %HVLGHV WKH LGHDV PHQWLRQHG WKHUH LV D NH\ LVVXH LQYROYHG LQ the shifting from urban areas to suburb areas. Throughout the history of China, cities have been deemed more superior WKDQ WKH VXEXUEV VXEXUEV DUH DOZD\V VHFRQGDU\ LQ WKH FRXQWU\ Resources in terms of capital, and population invested in the cities have always surpassed the suburbs greatly. Due to the GLÎ?HUHQFH LQ WKH DOORFDWLRQ RI UHVRXUFHV FLWLHV DUH RÎ?HUHG ZLWK greater opportunities causing a challenge in attracting people to stay in a town. The great disparity between the suburbs and cities has existed since history and it is not merely in terms of city development. Rather, it is a cultural issue that a villager is

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of a lower class than a city dweller and it has been a traditional mentality that leaving the suburb for the city is the most ideal pave one can achieve. This is one aspect that is not experienced in the context of a developed country. The ability to retain people in their hometowns and villages is not just physical considerations but also a culture issue in the social level. 2 Towns in Changing in Shanghai’s Suburb Areas 6KDQJKDLȇV 8UEDQL]DWLRQ LQ 5XUDO $UHDV Ȃ 0RYHPHQW RI 3HRSOH from Village to Town According to a statistical report by Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute, in 2014, the total number of villages in Shanghai’s suburbs has exceeded 36,000. That is the settlements accommodating Shanghai’s rural population. More than 60% of the rural population in the villages is made up of outsiders or migrants, with 70% of these outsiders residing in the suburb areas nearer to the Central City and the remaining 30% residing in suburb areas that are much further away from the &HQWUDO &LW\ /HVV WKDQ RI WKH ZRUNLQJ SRSXODWLRQ UHVLGLQJ LQ the suburbs is actually involved in agricultural activities. Also, the ageing population residing in the suburb is currently more than /RRNLQJ DW WKHVH ȴJXUHV WKHUH DUH VLJQLȴFDQW FRQFHUQV arising in the urbanization of rural areas in Shanghai. Firstly, the largely scattered low density villages. Due to the small population size dispersed over a large area, the average land use index in the rural villages is very high. With a total agriculture population not more than 2 million in Shanghai, the total built area for villages, excluding farming land, exceeds 550 km2. As a result of the largely scattered low density living, the provision of basic needs and public amenities for everyone becomes a challenge. Secondly, with such scattered low-density population, the job opportunities within the rural areas are very limited, resulting in the movement of rural population into the cities or towns in search of employment. In view of these circumstances, one of the primary objectives highlighted in the policy for Shanghai’s rural areas development is to move and concentrate population in the villages towards the new cities and new towns. With the gradual shift of rural population to urban areas, the corresponding capital in terms of resources per famer increases, which can contribute to the scale and mechanization of agricultural production. This will raise the level of modernization of agriculture and thus farmers' living standards. On the other hand, the town's economic strength will be further enhanced to promote economy in the rural areas. However, new cities are more crucial in undertaking the complementary role for the secondary industries from Central City. Hence, the role of urbanizing rural population would be mainly undertaken by New Towns.

the administrative system and established the 60 Central Towns EDVHG RQ WKH QHZ V\VWHP 7KH FOHDU GHČ´QLWLRQ RI WKHVH WRZQV LV FXUUHQWO\ FKDOOHQJLQJ DV WKH GLÎ?HUHQW DVSHFWV RI D WRZQ LQ terms of its location, history, economic structure and status quo conditions vary widely. Hence, in the midst of transformation, WKHUH DUH D ORW RI XQFHUWDLQWLHV LQ WKH IXWXUH RI WRZQ %DVHG RQ observations, the general phenomena in towns are categorized as followed. Physical Conditions in the Historic Core of Town - Due to its long history, the historic core of the town is made up of old traditional buildings, which generally provides poor living conditions such DV WKH ODFN RI SURSHU VDQLWDWLRQ DQG Č´UH VDIHW\ 7KLV LV HVSHFLDOO\ apparent at the areas further away from the main commercial street of the historic core. At the same time, it is also apparent that most historic cores are undergoing repairing works such as the paving of roads, and the renewing of drainage system which contributes to a highly disorganized outlook of the town. Also, intervention works such the additional of shelter with the use of scrapped materials in the old houses are commonly seen within the area. This results in the change of the spatial pattern of the houses, losing the original qualities of the traditional house (Figure 3).

*HQHUDO 3KHQRPHQRQ LQ 7RZQV In the past 10 years, the Shanghai Municipality has re-arranged

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Figure 3: The living conditions of historic core of Xinchang Town today. The main street of Xinchang town undergoing repairs (Top

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left); dilapidated old houses (Top right); typical example of an altered house with addition of scrapped materials and temporary shelters (Bottom right). Source: Photos by author, June 2014

Large Scale Developing Zones - The new zones in town are formed in the recent years. This newly built up areas are characterized by large-scale developments with wide roads, KLJK YHKLFXODU WUDÉ?F DQG D FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI KLJK ULVH EXLOGLQJV The developments are large in scale, and the amenities are generally further apart explaining the need for high car usage. The physical look of the new zone is very much similar to cities, ZLWK VWUHHW WUHHV WUDÉ?F OLJKWV ODUJH DUHD RI JUHHQ VSDFHV DQG open spaces. However, in terms of the population vibrancy, WKH QHZ ]RQH LV GHČ´QLWHO\ ODFNLQJ FRPSDUHG WR FLWLHV $OVR the residential estates in this area are gated communities that function independently as an estate. Hence, there is little opportunities for people to meet, thus less social interaction can be seen (Figure 4).

Heritage and Cultural Value of Towns - Even though the living conditions within the town are seemingly poor, the town has a strong sense of historical heritage and culture. Through a clearer examination of the elements of town, such as the waterways, bridges and buildings preserved, the essence of the old heritage could be experienced. Every town has its own unique sets of culture and heritage values, which is uncommon LQ FLWLHV WKH FKDUDFWHU RI WKH WRZQ LV DQ DFFXPXODWHG VHULHV RI events and historic values. Through the traditional architecture, LW LV UHČľHFWV WKH ULFKQHVV LQ DUWV DQG FXOWXUH SHRSOH LQ DQFLHQW time were immersed in. Also, certain way of life is still evident for instance its system of collectivization in the habits of life and agriculture as well as the traditional usage of the river such as the washing of clothes (Figure 5).

Figure 5: Shanghai Traditional Water Towns. Fengjing Town (Left); Liantang Town (Right). Source: Photos by author, June 2014. Figure 4: New Developments outside the old historic core. High rise residential and commercial buildings by private developers observed in Luxu Town, which is another typical water town sharing the similar situation as Xinchang Town (left); roads are furnished with greenery, street trees and lamps (right). Source: Photos by author, June 2014.

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Tourism and Conservation Aspects of Town - Generally the main street in the historic core of the town is the most well preserved area within the town. In recent years, towns are increasingly popular, as a tourist spot, and the demand RI WRXULVP KDYH EURXJKW DERXW JUHDWHU HÎ?RUW LQ FRQVHUYDWLRQ works especially along the main commercial street. The

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relationship between tourism and conservation has always been a controversial issue. As marketing strategy for tourism, the retail services found in the historic town are often serving the modern needs and ideas such as themed restaurants in the traditional buildings. As a result, the conservation plans often focus on facades preservation. Furthermore, the attraction of WRZQV DV D WRXULVW VSRW LV D UHFHQW WUHQG WKLV LV D VLJQLČ´FDQW contributing factor for the highly similar looking towns. On the RWKHU KDQG WRXULVP KDV RÎ?HUHG PRUH HFRQRPLF RSSRUWXQLWLHV which allows for greater developments for the town. 3 Spatial Organization of Traditional Water Town – Case Study of Xinchang /RFDWHG DW WKH VRXWK RI 6KDQJKDL 1HZ 3XGRQJ DUHD Xinchang Town is a traditional water town still present. With D IXOO DGPLQLVWUDWLYH WRZQ WHUULWRU\ RI NP DQG D WRWDO population of approximately 110,000 people, this traditional water town possesses elements of a typical town. Hence, the XVH RI ;LQFKDQJ 7RZQ DV D FDVH VWXGLHV WR UHČľHFW D JHQHUDO situation of towns in Shanghai in current stage. )RUPDWLRQ RI WKH 7RZQ DORQJ +LVWRU\ DQG LWV .H\ =RQHV %HVLGHV WKH DJULFXOWXUDO ODQG WKH WRZQ FRXOG EH YLHZHG DV D FROODJH RI WKUHH NH\ ]RQHV IRUPHG LQ WKH GLÎ?HUHQW GHYHORSLQJ stages of the town. And currently, there is a large area of interface zone, which is appearing as a neither urban nor rural situation, with uncertain future in terms of its physical spatial structure.

New Developments after the 1990s - The new developments done after the Chinese economic reform till date could be divided into two key components. First, the developments done in the 1990s that is mainly to develop the rural agricultural area into residences for the farmers. The construction consists of some multi storey residential estate and linear rows of farmers’ villa. This new villages built for the farmers are primary concentrated in the west of the town. This is also the interface zone mentioned earlier, where the situation of the area looks seemingly urbanized yet it possesses qualities of a rural. Second, the new developments done till date since the 21st century. This period of developments involve the construction of road infrastructures as well as the commercial projects done by the private developers. The road infrastructure is the building of major roads within the town, allowing greater access for vehicles into the town, forming a more apparent boundary of a centric town within the full administrative town territory. At the same time, the private developers begin commercial real estate constructions focus mainly on the residential sector. These high-rise residential estates and villa are found mainly at the Northeast of the town (Figure 6 and 7). ΖQ FRQVLGHUDWLRQ RI WKH GLÎ?HUHQW DVSHFWV VXFK DV WKH KLVWRULFDO heritage, natural river ways, locations, basic conditions and public amenities, the historic core of the town will possibly play D FDWDO\VW UROH DPRQJVW WKH GLÎ?HUHQW NH\ ]RQHV LQ OHDGLQJ WKH IXWXUH XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH WRZQ %DVHG RQ WKH FXUUHQW situation, the historic core of the town has the highest potential in continuing its role of the town center and to take lead in driving the growth of the whole town.

Historic Core of Town Č‚ 7KH DUHD ;LQFKDQJ ORFDWHG ZDV VKDSHG into land during the middle age of the Tang Dynasty, with a history of 1300 years. With large amount of slit brought about by wave and tide of the East China Sea to Yangtze River, the accumulation of slit at the estuary eventually formed into land. During the Song and Yuan Dynasty, the area was designated as a salt boiler and named Xinchang. As a salt boiler, Xinchang grew into a vibrant town of residences and market, forming the historic core seen in the town today. However, the salt industry declined during the Ming and Qing Dynasty. Hence, the historical buildings preserved in the historic core of the town today are mainly built since the Ming and Qing Dynasty. Development during the Socialist Time - The period after the founding of New China in 1949 till the China Economic Reform was half a century characterized by rapid development of the Chinese Socialist. During this period, developments in Xinchang begun at the fringe of the historic core, moving in an outwards direction from the core. This development consists mainly of low-rise socialist housing, schools and some small-scale factories. Even though there were some new constructions, the expansion of the town is relatively small.

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)LJXUH 7KH GLÎ?HUHQW NH\ ]RQHV RI ;LQFKDQJ IRUPHG DORQJ history. An old traditional house found in the historic core of the town (top left); new residential areas built in the 1980s, mainly the socialist housing (top right); new villages constructed for the farmers (bottom left); new commercial residential developments (bottom right). Source: Photo by author, June 2014

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)LJXUH 7KH PDS RI ;LQFKDQJ WRZQ DQG LWV NH\ ]RQHV /HIW

Figure 8: Overall structure of historic core of town. Source: adapted from Yisan Ruan [4] (Right)

6SDWLDO 2UJDQL]DWLRQ RI WKH +LVWRULF &RUH RI WKH 7RZQ Č‚ 6WUHHW and Plot The spatial organization of Xinchang Ancient Town is very VLPLODU WR RWKHU WUDGLWLRQDO ZDWHU WRZQV %XLOW XSRQ D QHWZRUN RI ZDWHUZD\V WKH VWUHHWV ZHUH XVXDOO\ IRUPHG SDUDOOHO WR WKH river stream. This is due to the high importance and value of river as a mode of transportation in the past. Hence, houses were built along the river, with a distance of 40-60m between the river and the street. This depth of the house is a typical Chinese traditional house with 3 to 5 courtyards. With the back of the house accessible to the water, it allows them to transport their goods and the front are often used as shop fronts for retail purposes. With such, the linear concentration of commercial activities gives rise to a main street forming the spine of a water town. In this case, the structure of Xinchang KLVWRULF WRZQ FDQ EH FOHDUO\ LGHQWLČ´HG ZLWK FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI commercial activities along Xinchang Street, and the residences RQ ERWK VLGH RI WKH VWUHHW DIWHU WKH OD\HU RI VKRS IURQWV %HVLGHV this strip of commercial activities, two nodes are formed when the main street intersects with another at the bridge, namely WKH +RQJ DQG %DR %ULGJH LQ WKH 1RUWK DQG 6RXWK RI ;LQFKDQJ Town respectively. These nodes are often characterized with an agglomeration of entertainment activities such as teahouses, WKHDWUHV EDWKKRXVHV DQG UHVWDXUDQWV )LJXUH DQG As the houses are built linearly along the river at a regular interval, a secondary lane to the main street is formed. This secondary lane allows public access to the river. With this clear structure of the river, main street and secondary lane, the plot LQ WKH KLVWRULF WRZQ FDQ EH FOHDUO\ LGHQWLČ´HG

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Figure 9: Diagrammatic layout depicting the River-Plot-Main Street-Plot-Street Relationship

In today’s context, the primary structure within the historic core of the town is relatively apparent, with the clear distinction of the how the main street and plot have developed along with the river adaptations. However, on a micro examination, the original OD\RXW RI WKH GZHOOLQJ KDG EHHQ YHU\ PXFK PRGLČ´HG VLQFH 1HZ China was founded and after which the rise of a new societal structure and this has changed the way houses are being lived in. Instead of a unit of large family, the house is being split into several units of occupants during the socialist time. Thus the layout of the houses is often altered to accommodate more occupants. Currently, it is already a challenge to identity the original elements, furthermore its original spatial arrangements. In addition, with the transformation of town, developments are sprawling outside the historic core of the town. These GHYHORSPHQWV KDYH GHČ´QLWHO\ DÎ?HFWHG WKH KLVWRULF IDEULF resulting in a blurred structure especially along the boundary of the historic core of the town. 4 Key Issues on Future of the Towns in Shanghai 7KH &KDQJH LQ 6RFLDO 6WUXFWXUH Č‚ )XWXUH 3RSXODWLRQ" %DVHG RQ REVHUYDWLRQV WKH FXUUHQW SRSXODWLRQ VWUXFWXUH of town consists of a small proportion of locals and a high SURSRUWLRQ RI PLJUDQWV ZKLFK LV DOVR NQRZQ DV WKH ȆȾRDWLQJ SRSXODWLRQȇ 7KLV ČľRDWLQJ SRSXODWLRQ PLJUDWHG LQWR WKH WRZQ LQ search of job opportunities. They are neither the population who created this town nor the future population projected to live in the town generally from a town’s development point of view. With lesser economic developments and thus less availability of jobs, this population could easily leave the town. Similarly, the young and able local in the town are no longer willing to remain the town. There is a general movement of young and able exiting the town and moving into the cities in search of better living opportunities. A consequence of such is the ageing population of town. With the uncertainty on the main

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composition of the future population, this puts the direction of the town questionable. -RE 2SSRUWXQLWLHV IRU WKH )XWXUH 3RSXODWLRQ LQ D &KDQJLQJ Economic Structure Having said about the uncertainty in the future population, the economic structure is closely relevant to this uncertainty. In this phase of economic transition and upgrading, there is a shift of focus in the nature of economic activities taking place in town. Firstly, the traditional focus of the economy of a town is the agriculture industry. With the changing nature of the society, less people are less willing to be involved in this industry and naturally the reduction in this industry. However, as a main contributor of the economy of towns, the reduction in agriculture questions the economic role of towns in Shanghai. Secondly, the inability to provide the cost advantage of manufacturing industry towns used to have resulted in the loss of economic opportunities. 7KH FRPPRQ VLJKWV RI DEDQGRQHG IDFWRULHV DQG HPSW\ RÉ?FH buildings in the town are recent phenomenon observed in town. These factories used to locate in towns due to its low cost of production. However, in today’s situation, towns are unable to provide such comparative cost advantage, and industries would easily relocate in areas that could provide much lower cost of production. As such, the working population in towns is losing their jobs and this questions the economic sustainability of towns. /DVWO\ LW LV REVHUYHG WKDW PRVW ZDWHU WRZQV DUH SXWWLQJ LQ JUHDWHU HÎ?RUW LQWR GHYHORSLQJ WRXULVP DV D IRUP RI HFRQRP\ 7KH UROH RI WRXULVP LQ ZDWHU WRZQ LV LQGHHG VLJQLČ´FDQW HVSHFLDOO\ with the changing nature of the economy. However, it is hard to decipher the role and direction of tourism in such water town developments. The concern is with an increasing number of water towns moving towards tourism, following the same approach of heritage conservations, all these towns are evolving to look the same, even though they were not previously developed the same way. This results in the loss of unique characteristics of water towns, which are valuable assets they have over the city. Also, to what extent should tourism be included in the town’s development? The consideration of adopting a pro-tourist scheme or a pro-users scheme is highly essential in determining the future of the water town as its controversial nature. )UDJPHQWHG 6SDWLDO 6WUXFWXUH DW WKH +LVWRULF &RUH DQG 7RZQ Scales At the scale of the historic core, it is hard to conclude whether WKH VSDWLDO VWUXFWXUH RI WKH WRZQ LV FOHDU /RRNLQJ DW WKH RYHUDOO structure of the historic core of town, the major streets and URDGV DUH YHU\ PXFK NHSW LQ LWV RULJLQDO VWDWH KHQFH WKHUH LV D FOHDU GHČ´QLWLRQ RI WKH VWUHHW QHWZRUN DQG WKH LQGLYLGXDO SORW However, zooming in at micro scale, within each plot of land, it is almost impossible to identity the original spatial pattern

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individually. This is due to the alterations done by the population that moved into the town at a later stage. To accommodate more occupants, these buildings are greatly altered and it changes the original logic spatial organization for the people at that point of time. Therefore, it is inappropriate to regard the structure clear. Simply put, the town is clearly outlined but with individual plots that are fragmented spatially. Moving on to a bigger scale, a fragmented spatial structure of the town has resulted due to a series of mono zones developed over time. As mentioned earlier, there are a few key zones in WKH WRZQ +RZHYHU DV WKH WRZQ H[SHULHQFH GLÎ?HUHQW UDWHV RI GHYHORSPHQW DW GLÎ?HUHQW WLPHV WKHVH ]RQHV KDYH OLWWOH integration. Often, these zones are planned independently and they are very much segregated in terms of the physical environment as well as the functionality as a town. In summary, there are many uncertainties in the future of towns and it is currently not possible to draw a conclusion for the issues faced and the spatial model. There needs to be detail exploration of the past, current and future situation in order for a deeper understanding of the town and thus town development planning. The regeneration of Shanghai small WRZQV ZRXOG GHČ´QLWHO\ EH D ORQJ SURFHVV IURP QRZ (This paper is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China)

Bibliographies 1. Mao, Jialiang (ed.). 2007. Urban planning administration SUDFWLFHV LQ 6KDQJKDL Č‚ $Q H[SORUDWLRQ WR XUEDQ SODQQLQJ DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ XQGHU WKH VFLHQWLČ´F FRQFHSW RI GHYHORSPHQW %HLMLQJ &KLQD $UFKLWHFWXUH %XLOGLQJ 3UHVV 6KDQJKDL 3ODQQLQJ DQG /DQG 5HVRXUFH $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ %XUHDX 6KDQJKDL 8UEDQ 3ODQQLQJ DQG 'HVLJQ 5HVHDUFK Institute. 2012. Shanghai in transition: Urban planning strategy. Shanghai: Tongji University Press. 7KH (GLWRULDO &RPPLWWHH HG /RFDO &KURQLFOHV RI ;LQFKDQJ 7RZQ %HLMLQJ )DQJ]KL 3XEOLVKLQJ +RXVH <LVDQ 5XDQ )HL <XDQ DQG /LDQJ *H ;LQ FKDQJ JX zheng - li shi wen hua ming zheng de bao hu yu chuan cheng. China: Oriental Publishing Centre. <RQJMLH 6KD -LDQJ :X <DQ -L 6DUD /L 7LQJ &KDQ DQG :HL 4L /LP 6KDQJKDL 8UEDQLVP DW WKH 0HGLXP 6FDOH %HUOLQ Heidelberg: Springer 6. Yu, Sijia. 2009. Urban development of Shanghai in the recent decade. Time + Architecture 110: 12-19

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Abstract $ FKDOOHQJH IRU WKH VW FHQWXU\ LV WKH UDSLGO\ DJHLQJ SRSXODWLRQV LQ $VLD 7KH QXPEHU RI HOGHUO\ SHRSOH ZLOO QHDUO\ WULSOH IURP PLOOLRQ LQ WR PLOOLRQ LQ 81)3$ :KLOH SHRSOH DUH DJHLQJ WKH XUEDQ HQYLURQPHQWV DUH DOVR XQGHUJRLQJ FRQVLGHUDEOH FKDQJHV DV SDUW RI WKH SURFHVV RI XUEDQL]DWLRQ DFURVV PRVW $VLDQ FLWLHV 7KLV SDSHU LQYHVWLJDWHV WKH G\QDPLF UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ SHRSOH DQG SODFHV L H DJHLQJ SRSXODWLRQV LQ XUEDQ QHLJKERXUKRRGV 6SHFLČ´FDOO\ WKLV SDSHU LQYHVWLJDWHV WKH QH[XV DQG WHQVLRQ EHWZHHQ SROLFLHV IRU ČŠDJHLQJ LQ SODFHČ‹ DQG RQ JRLQJ HÎ?RUWV IRU ČŠXUEDQ UHJHQHUDWLRQČ‹ LQ KLJK GHQVLW\ $VLDQ PHWURSROLVHV DQG GLVFXVVHV XUEDQ SODQQLQJ SROLF\ LPSOLFDWLRQV ZKLFK KDV QRW \HW EHHQ ZLGHO\ VWXGLHG 7ZR QHLJKERXUKRRGV DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ WKLV UHVHDUFK ČŠ-DQJVX 9LOODJHČ‹ LQ 6HRXO 6RXWK .RUHD DQG ČŠ5HGKLOOČ‹ LQ 6LQJDSRUH %RWK DUH FHQWUDOO\ ORFDWHG PDWXUH QHLJKERXUKRRGV ZLWK KLJK FRQFHQWUDWLRQV RI HOGHUO\ UHVLGHQWV <HW WKH\ GLÎ?HU LQ WHUPV RI XUEDQ FRQWH[WV DQG XUEDQ UHJHQHUDWLRQ DSSURDFKHV -DQJVX LV D ORZ LQFRPH QHLJKERXUKRRG RQ WKH HGJH RI FHQWUDO 6HRXO 6WHHS WRSRJUDSK\ regulations to protect local heritage sites, and complex land ownership undermined previous attempts at government-led and SULYDWH ODQG UHGHYHORSPHQW 5HFHQWO\ D VRFLDO HQWHUSULVH EDVHG LQ the community worked with the local government to develop an DOWHUQDWLYH XUEDQ UHJHQHUDWLRQ SODQ 7KHLU DLP ZDV WR SUHVHUYH WKH entire village as a cultural landscape, to provide new infrastructure, and to renovate housing and enhance the quality of life for residents, HVSHFLDOO\ WKH HOGHUV 0HDQZKLOH WKH 5HGKLOO QHLJKERXUKRRG RI 6LQJDSRUH KDV EHHQ D ORFDWLRQ RI FRQVWDQW XUEDQ UHGHYHORSPHQW IRU WKH SDVW VL[W\ \HDUV 5HGKLOO KDV EHHQ D IRFXV DUHD IRU JRYHUQPHQW OHG HÎ?RUWV LQ SXEOLF housing, infrastructure development, and optimization of land YDOXHV %HLQJ D PDWXUH QHLJKERXUKRRG LQ 6LQJDSRUH 5HGKLOO LV DOVR KRPH WR D ODUJH QXPEHU RI VHQLRUV 7KH ODWHVW UHGHYHORSPHQW SODQ LQ 5HGKLOO FDOOV IRU GHPROLWLRQ RI VL[W\ \HDU ROG UHVLGHQWLDO EXLOGLQJV

EXLOW E\ WKH 6LQJDSRUH ΖPSURYHPHQW 7UXVW D FRORQLDO HUD KRXVLQJ DQG SODQQLQJ DXWKRULW\ ZLWK WKHVH ČľDWV DUJXDEO\ EHLQJ RQH W\SH RI ČŠYHUQDFXODU KHULWDJHČ‹ 'HPROLWLRQ DQG UHGHYHORSPHQW RI WKHVH ČľDWV require relocation of current residents, many of them seniors, to new VWRUH\ ČľDWV QHDUE\ ZLWKLQ WKH QHZO\ GHYHORSHG QHLJKERXUKRRG Through literature review, historical review, site analysis, interviews DQG FRPSDUDWLYH DQDO\VLV WKLV UHVHDUFK H[DPLQHV XUEDQ FRQWH[W DQG H[LVWLQJ UHVHDUFK DQG DQDO\VHV WKH WZR QHLJKERXUKRRGV VHSDUDWHO\ DQG FRPSDUDWLYHO\ 7KH -DQJVX 9LOODJH DQG 5HGKLOO PRGHOV SUHVHQW GLÎ?HUHQW DSSURDFKHV DQG FRQVLGHUDWLRQV WR QHLJKERXUKRRG UHJHQHUDWLRQ DQG RXWFRPHV IRU HOGHUO\ UHVLGHQWV 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ FRXQWU\ VSHFLČ´F RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG FKDOOHQJHV WKLV UHVHDUFK GLVFXVVHV LI WKHUH FDQ EH D EDODQFHG IRUP RI XUEDQ UHJHQHUDWLRQ LQ Asian cities that harmonizes the needs of ageing residents in mature QHLJKERXUKRRGV ZLWK WKH QHHGV IRU JURZWK DQG UHGHYHORSPHQW

1. Introduction %RWK 6RXWK .RUHD DQG 6LQJDSRUH KDYH JRQH WKURXJK UHPDUNDEOH economic growth after their respective independence, which nicknamed them “Asian Dragonsâ€? (Vogel, 1991). Seoul used to be the capital city of Chosun Dynasty from 1394 to 1910. It is currently the capital city and the largest metropolis in South .RUHD Č‚ ZLWK D SRSXODWLRQ RI DURXQG WHQ PLOOLRQ .LP +DQ 2012). Singapore, a highly-dense city-state, has developed within 50 years from third-world status after the colonial period to a global city and one of the wealthiest countries in the world today - with a population of 5.47 million (NPTD, 2014). Consequently, urban environment and social lives in Seoul and Singapore changed enormously in the past several decades of rapid development (Watson, 2011). Nowadays, modern and prosperous metropolises such as Seoul and Singapore are facing unprecedented challenges from their ageing populations. One of the global challenges for the 21st century is the rapidly ageing populations in Asia. The number of elders in Asia will nearly triple from 447 million in 2012 to 1,253 PLOOLRQ LQ 81)3$ +HOS$JH ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO $JHLQJ phenomena in South Korea and Singapore have been mainly resulted from falling fertility rate and increasing longevity1 %\ WKH \HDU RI LW LV H[SHFWHG WKDW DURXQG RI WKH population in South Korea and 21% of residents in Singapore ZLOO EH HOGHUV DJHG \HDUV DQG DERYH .267$7 137' 2013). Asian countries such as South Korea and Singapore are also ageing at an unprecedented speed. It has been projected that it ZLOO WDNH RQO\ \HDUV2 for the elderly population in South Korea to double from 7% to 14%, and only 16 years in Singapore3.

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The respective numbers in France, USA, and Germany are 115 \HDUV \HDUV DQG \HDUV +RZH HW DO Ζ/& 6LQJDSRUH :KLOH ZLWK WKHVH WUHQGV SHRSOH DUH EHQHČ´WLQJ IURP ULVLQJ ORQJHYLW\ DQG EHWWHU TXDOLW\ RI OLIH WKH UDSLG ZDYHV RI DJHLQJ in Asia have profound implications on society, economy, and policies. Ageing issues have long drawn the attention of policy-makers in South Korea and Singapore. The South Korean government began incorporating ageing populations into its social policies in WKH V DQG LQ D KLJK OHYHO SROLF\ SODQQLQJ FRPPLWWHH was established. A comprehensive 5-year national plan for low fertility and ageing issues was subsequently launched in 2006 (Choi, 1996, 2009). In Singapore, ageing has been part of the QDWLRQDO DJHQGD VLQFH WKH V :LWK UHFRJQLWLRQ WKDW DJHLQJ issues are complex and multifaceted, the Singapore government has consistently used a multi-agency approach - forming several “high-levelâ€? inter-ministerial committees to monitor the DJHLQJ WUHQGV GHVLJQ SROLFLHV DQG FRRUGLQDWH HÎ?RUWV DPRQJ governmental agencies4 (Chong et al., 2014). While people are ageing, the urban environments they live in are also undergoing considerable changes as part of the SURFHVV RI XUEDQL]DWLRQ LQ PRVW $VLDQ FLWLHV 7KH HÎ?RUWV IRU “urban regenerationâ€? Seoul and Singapore have tremendously changed their urban landscapes. In South Korea, rapid industrialization and urbanization of the 1960s and 1970s was accompanied by a surge of ruralurban migration, which resulted in widespread squatter dwellings in large cities (Ha, 2001, 2007). The government primarily responded by supporting slum clearance and urban redevelopment projects, largely driven by private developers and property speculators that created high-rise buildings rather than renovating older neighbourhoods5. As a result, these projects RIWHQ FDXVHG GLVSODFHPHQW RI ORZ LQFRPH GZHOOHUV +D 6KLQ :DWVRQ +RZHYHU UHFHQWO\ WKH SDUDGLJP IRU redevelopment has begun to change in South Korea. There have EHHQ LQFUHDVLQJ UHČľHFWLRQV RQ WKH SURČ´W GULYHQ UHGHYHORSPHQW and resulting inequities, as well as a growing awareness of the social and cultural assets in old urban neighbourhoods (Ha, 6HRQJEXNJX :LWKLQ VXFK D FRQWH[W D VR FDOOHG “village makingâ€? movement has recently become a new trend in Korean cities which encourages renovating neighbourhoods without massive redevelopment or eviction6. Since late 1990s, the municipality of Seoul has gradually expanded supports for “village makingâ€? projects7. 0HDQZKLOH LQ 6LQJDSRUH WKH +RXVLQJ DQG 'HYHORSPHQW %RDUG

+'% HVWDEOLVKHG LQ HÎ?HFWLYHO\ UHQHZHG WKH RYHU SRSXODWHG VTXDWWHUV LQ WKH GRZQWRZQ DUHDV DQG RYHU WLPH FDPH WR KRXVH RYHU RI WKH FLW\ VWDWHȇV SRSXODWLRQ LQ KLJK rise public housing buildings (QJ .RQJ $IWHU WKH Č´UVW \HDUV RI +'%ȇV UDSLG FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI SXEOLF KRXVLQJ +'% KDV worked to upgrade and regenerate old residential estates since PLG V (QJ .RQJ 2QH RI WKHVH +'% SURJUDPPHV is called SERS - Selective En-bloc Redevelopment Scheme - and is usually realized through relocating homeowner residents from old estates to other new estates in a nearby neighbourhood at a subsidized market price while their previous buildings are being redeveloped to newer and higher residential estates. 7KLV SDSHU SUHVHQWV D FURVV FXOWXUDO FRPSDUDWLYH UHVHDUFK DQG explores the nexus between urban regeneration and ageing population in high-density Asian cities through two case studies - Jangsu Village in Seoul and Redhill in Singapore. The two sites share contextual similarities, and at the same time represent VLJQLČ´FDQW GLÎ?HUHQFHV LQ WKH DSSURDFK WRZDUGV UHJHQHUDWLRQ RI mature urban neighbourhoods with a large ageing population. This paper begins by introducing issues of ageing populations, ageing policies and urban regenerations in Seoul and Singapore, followed by illustrating key debates in existing literature that relate elderly people with changing environment. Then the two cases, Jangsu Village and Redhill, are examined separately through urban historical review and urban analysis. )XUWKHU Č´YH PHDQLQJIXO DVSHFWV DUH WKHQ LGHQWLČ´HG WR DQDO\VH the two cases comparatively: 1) drivers of urban regeneration, 2) models of urban regeneration, 3) ageing in place, 4) Roles of heritage in urban regeneration, and 5) social sustainability of neighbourhood development. Finally, concluding remarks SURYLGH UHČľHFWLRQV DQG UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV IRU SODQQLQJ DQG policy-making. 2. Ageing in Place, Continuity, and Disruption ‘Ageing in place’ has increasingly become popular in ageing SROLF\ DQG UHVHDUFK 9DVXQLODVKRUQ HW DO :LOHV HW DO 2011). The term can be understood as the preference by most elders to grow old in their familiar environments as long as SRVVLEOH +HXPDQQ %ROG\ 6PLWK 7KH RSWLRQ RI DJHLQJ LQ SODFH LV XVXDOO\ PRUH FRVW HÎ?HFWLYH WKDQ PRYLQJ WR nursing homes in late life, and also enables elders to remain LQGHSHQGHQW DQG WR EHQHČ´W IURP WKHLU HQYLURQPHQWV DW DQ ROG DJH +HXPDQQ %ROG\ 5RZOHV %HUQDUG The theory of ‘continuity’ in ageing has been mainly developed by Robert Atchley. His book Continuity and Adaptation in Ageing (1999) comprehensively examines how people evolve continuity

.H\ WKUXVWV RI WKHVH FRPPLWWHHV IRFXV KDYH EHHQ KRXVLQJ DQG ODQG XVH XQLYHUVDO GHVLJQ DQG DFFHVVLELOLW\ KHDOWKFDUH HOGHUFDUH Č´QDQFLDO VHFXULW\ HPSOR\DELOLW\ OLIHVW\OHV DQG ZHOOEHLQJ LQ ODWHU OLYHV &$Ζ $OWKRXJK RWKHU SURJUDPPHV DLPHG WR LPSURYH UHVLGHQWLDO HQYLURQPHQWV ZLWKRXW PDVVLYH GHPROLWLRQ H J WKURXJK VHOI KHOS KRXVLQJ DQG GLVWULFW UHJHQHUDWLRQ WKH\ ZHUH QRW ZLGHO\ VXFFHVVIXO GXH WR UHDVRQV VXFK DV LQVXÉ?FLHQW FDSDFLW\ RI ORFDO residents and distributional problems (Ha, 2010). For most of the time, redevelopment was still the dominant approach. )DPRXV FDVHV LQFOXGH *DPFKHRQ 9LOODJH LQ %XVDQ ΖKZD 9LOODJH LQ 6HRXO 'RQSLUDQJ 9LOODJH LQ 7RQJ\HRQJ +DQRN 9LOODJHV LQ -HRQMX HWF ZKLFK DGRSW YDULRXV WR LPSURYH WKH TXDOLW\ RI EXLOW HQYLURQPHQW DQG VRFLDO FXOWXUDO DQG HFRQRPLF VWDWXV LQ WKH neighbourhoods without massive redevelopment or relocation. ΖQ WKH ČŠ%XLOW (QYLURQPHQW 5HQHZDO 'HYHORSPHQW $FWČ‹ ZDV UHYLVHG ZKLFK IRUPDOL]HG WKH SUHVHUYDWLRQ RI EXLOGLQJV WKDW DUH RI VRFLR HFRQRPLF DQG FXOWXUDO LPSRUWDQFH IRU FRPPXQLWLHV GXULQJ UHJHQHUDWLRQ 6HRQJEXNJX 7KHVH +'% EXLOGLQJV DUH ORFDOO\ FDOOHG +'% ČľDWV RU HVWDWHV

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during ageing processes and how they adapt to change, which is crucial for old people’s physical, psychological and social wellbeing in later life. Change is constant. Continuity and change are not opposite. Rather, “continuity and change are themes that usually exist simultaneously in people’s livesâ€? (p.3). Continuity is embedded in a type of ‘evolutionary change’ that connects ‘the SDVW SUHVHQW DQG DQWLFLSDWHG IXWXUHȇ S *RODQW DOVR suggested that a ‘trajectory of change’ should be incorporated into evaluating the person-place relationship. Regarding FRQWLQXLW\ LQ XUEDQ HQYLURQPHQWV /\QFK DGYRFDWHG IRU ‘imageable places’ that ‘could be apprehended over time as a pattern of high continuity with many distinctive parts clearly interconnected, that familiar observers could absorb new sensuous impacts without disruption of his basic image, and each new impact would touch upon many previous elements’ (p.10). While continuity is “a consistency in general patterns of thought, behaviour, relationships, and living circumstancesâ€?, discontinuity or disruption, in contrast, is “a relatively serious and potentially disruptive level of changeâ€? (Atchley, 1999). Some scholars paid attention to involuntary relocation and found ‘disruptions’ DQG ȆVHQVH RI ORVVȇ DV FRPPRQ UHDFWLRQV %DVHG RQ UHVHDUFK RI WKH XUEDQ UHQHZDO RI :HVW (QG QHLJKERXUKRRG LQ %RVWRQ )ULHG LGHQWLČ´HG WZR PDMRU GLVUXSWLRQV RI LGHQWLW\ DPRQJ relocated residents: disruptions of spatial identity and collective LGHQWLW\ %URZQ DQG 3HUNLQV LQ WKHLU UHVHDUFK DERXW WKH LPSDFW RI WKH %XÎ?DOR &UHHN ČľRRG LQ :HVW 9LUJLQLD IRXQG WKDW many relocated residents experienced long-term psychological loss, loss of social ties, and loss of meaningful behaviours tied to ZRUN OHLVXUH DQG FHOHEUDWLRQ %HFNHU EDVHG RQ KLV year study of over 200 ethnic minority elders in an urban area in Northern California, summarized that displacement could make people feel vulnerable, unstable, stressed, and even under threat. Cook and colleagues (2007) studied the loss of familiar physical environment, community and also familiar retailers among ageing adults in changed communities in Iowa, and highlighted the importance of ‘continuity’ in ageing experience. The concept of “ageing in placeâ€? connects population ageing with their living environment. Maintaining continuity and reducing disruptions contribute to successful ageing experiences. Though this topic has been discussed in the western world for over 20 years, it has not been widely studied in Asian context. Yet it is a meaningful topic for many Asian cities as their populations are rapidly ageing and meanwhile their urban environments are undergoing tremendous changes. 3. Jangsu Village in Seoul, South Korea +LVWRU\ DQG 8UEDQ &RQWH[W RI -DQJVX 9LOODJH

Figure 1. Location of Jangsu Village in Seoul (Source: Google Earth)

Jangsu Village is a neighbourhood of 2 ha in Seongbukgu District. Despite being located near the central area of Seoul, for more than half a century Jangsu Village has been mostly untouched by the massive urban redevelopment. Jangsu Village is situated on sloping lands adjacent to the historic Chosun Dynasty (1392-1910) city wall. Thus, Jangsu Village has been administered by spatial regulations and restrictions. Given the steep topography, the strict heritage regulations around the protected city wall, and as a result of complicated patterns of land ownership in the area, private developers have been SUHYHQWHG IURP UHGHYHORSLQJ -DQJVX 9LOODJH Č‚ HYHQ GHVSLWH the redevelopment plan announced by the city government in 2004. Instead, since the Japanese colonial period the area has GHYHORSHG DV D VOXP OLNH ČŠYLOODJHČ‹ Č‚ ZLWK XQSODQQHG XUEDQL]DWLRQ and massive rural-urban migration taking place at that time. As a result, throughout the years Jangsu has remained mostly underdeveloped, characterized by a large number of elderly residents, a high percentage of low-income households, and the ubiquity of informal settlements (Seo et al., 2011).

Figure 2. Bird’s-eye view Map of Jangsu Village (Source: Guga Urban Architecture)

Jangsu Village was initially formed during the Japanese colonial SHULRG ZKHQ VOXPV ZHUH EXLOW DORQJ ZLWK LQČľX[ RI PLJUDQWV IURP countryside to cities. The large number of returnees after 1945 and the massive rural-urban migration in the 1960s resulted in

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rapid population growth in Seoul. Many people ended up illegally squatting in any spaces available the city, when the basic form RI -DQJVX 9LOODJH WRGD\ ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG +D 6HRQJEXNJX 2014). In the late 1970s, government agencies started to register unauthorized houses built on public land, including those in Jangsu Village. Since the 1990s onwards, Jangsu Village has been designated by the government for redevelopment. %XW UHGHYHORSPHQW SURMHFWV FRXOG QRW EH UHDOL]HG PDLQO\ GXH WR ORZ HFRQRPLF HÎ?HFWLYHQHVV 6HRQJEXNJX Jangsu Village is predominantly a residential neighbourhood built mostly on public land9. Migrants settled in Jangsu Village without any permission. In the 1960s and 1970s some public land was sold to residents10 1HYHUWKHOHVV DERXW RI WKH land in Jangsu Village today is public. Many rental households in Jangsu Village owe the government 10 to 30 million won11 IURP XVLQJ SXEOLF ODQG RYHU WKH \HDUV EXW WKH\ FDQQRW DÎ?RUG WR SD\ EDFN 6HR HW DO 6HRQJEXNJX 6XFK PL[HG ownership and accumulated arrearage prevented the village from redevelopment. Proposed redevelopment of Jangsu Village is also constrained due to its adjacency to heritage sites. The village is located next to Seoul City Wall and Chongmudang Hall12. To protect cultural SURSHUWLHV WKH KHLJKW ČľRRU DUHD UDWLR DQG VW\OH RI VXUURXQGLQJ buildings are constrained by several regulations13, which limited WKH SRWHQWLDO SURČ´W IURP W\SLFDO UHGHYHORSPHQW 6HRQJEXNJX 2014). Jangsu Village is located next to the peak of Naksan Hill. It is surrounded by two parks, one university, and near a subway station14. Although the location is central and convenient, the topography and lane pattern make Jangsu Village not easily accessible. The steep topography15, as well as the unplanned and incremental growth of the village resulted in a complex and disorganized system of lanes16. The spatial layout also leaves LQVXÉ?FLHQW URRP IRU FRPPXQDO VSDFH RU GLVDVWHU SUHYHQWLRQ

Figure 3. Jangsu Village adjacent to the city wall on Naksan Hill (Source: Seongbukgu, 2014)

The infrastructure is poor and the built environment is GHWHULRUDWHG LQ WKH YLOODJH %HIRUH WKHUH ZDV QR JDV supplied for heating. The sewage and drainage pipes were combined. Pavements of lanes were deteriorated. Houses in Jangsu Village are one or two stories, some with traditional architecture features. Almost all buildings were constructed over 20 years ago and were deteriorated before the recent renovation. Demographically, Jangsu Village is featured with a high concentration of elderly and poor residents who have lived in the neighbourhood for long. The average age of residents is \HDUV ROG DQG RI UHVLGHQWV DUH RYHU \HDUV ROG Among the 299 households in total, 55% of are single or twoperson households. About 40% households are low-income17, and 21% of households live on support of the government. The DYHUDJH SHULRG RI UHVLGHQFH LQ -DQJVX 9LOODJH LV DERXW \HDUV relatively long compared to other neighbourhoods in Seoul. The Alternative Urban Regeneration Plan in Jangsu Village In 2012, Seoul City Wall was nominated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The nomination took several years of preparation OHG E\ WKH FLW\ JRYHUQPHQW 7R IXOČ´O WKH :+6 DSSOLFDWLRQ WKH FLW\ government of Seoul launched a comprehensive Seoul City Wall programme . This programme promoted tourism around the city wall sections, including Naksan Park, and also acknowledged the historical, cultural, and scenic values of those village-like neighbourhoods adjacent to city wall. 6LQFH DQ DOWHUQDWLYH SODQ RI -DQJVX 9LOODJH ZDV LQLWLDWHG by the city government, the Seongbuk-gu district government, a VRFLDO HQWHUSULVH Č‚ 'RQJQHPRNVX WRJHWKHU ZLWK UHVLGHQWV DQG external researchers and architects. The alternative plan aims to enhance the quality of life of residents through improving houses and infrastructure, keeping the social, cultural and historical identity of the community, reviving the economy, DQG HVWDEOLVKLQJ VXVWDLQDEOH PDLQWHQDQFH V\VWHP 'LÎ?HUHQW from conventional redevelopment projects, this plan uses a multi-stakeholder, co-funding, and participatory approach. The master plan was gradually established through in-depth surveys

9 Public land in Seoul is owned by the government. 10 These were some maintenance or improvement projects carried out by the city government in the 1960s and 1970s. $ERXW 86 &KRQJPXGDQJ LV WKH PDLQ KDOO RI WKH RÉ?FLDO EXLOGLQJV RI WKH PLOLWDU\ DJHQF\ LQ ODWH &KRVXQ '\QDVW\ ΖW ZDV RULJLQDOO\ EXLOW LQ DQG ZDV GHVWUR\HG LQ Č´UH DQG UHEXLOW LQ &KRQJPXGDQJ ZDV PRYHG WR WKH FXUUHQW ORFDWLRQ LQ WKH V )RU H[DPSOH WKH ČŠUHVLGHQFH HQYLURQPHQW PDLQWHQDQFH SODQČ‹ RI 6HRXO UHJXODWHV EXLOGLQJV LQ WKLV DUHD QRW H[FHHGLQJ Č´YH ČľRRUV DQG WKH ČľRRU DUHD UDWLR ORZHU WKDQ 7KHUH DUH DOVR VWDQGDUGV RQ WKH GHVLJQ RI EXLOGLQJV DFFRUGLQJ WR ČŠ6HRXO FLW\ scenery master planâ€?. 1DNVDQ 3DUN DW WKH WRS RI 1DNVDQ +LOO IHDWXULQJ D SDUW RI WKH FLW\ ZDOO ZDV SODQQHG LQ ODWH V DQG FRPSOHWHG LQ 6DPVHRQ 3DUN DW WKH IRRW RI 1DNVDQ +LOO ZLWK &KRQJPXGDQJ +DOO LQFOXGHG ZDV PDGH LQ RQ WKH ODQG SUHYLRXV XVHG IRU vocational training. Hansung University is next to Jangsu Village at the foot of Naksan Hill. The nearest subway station is Hansung University Station. 15 Slopes in Jangsu Village range from 20 to 50 degrees. 7KHUH LV QR PDMRU ODQH ZLWKLQ WKH YLOODJH Č‚ PRVW ODQHV DUH QDUURZ ]LJ]DJJLQJ DQG VWHHS 17 These are households with monthly income lower than 1 million won (about US$937). 6HH WKH 81(6&2 ZHEVLWH DQG WKH RÉ?FLDO ZHEVLWH RI 6HRXO &LW\ :DOO E\ 6HRXO 0HWURSROLWDQ *RYHUQPHQW

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of the community, dozens of various community workshops and UHVLGHQWV PHHWLQJV RYHU Č´YH \HDUV 6HRQJEXNJX

4. Redhill Neighbourhood in Singapore &RQVWDQW 8UEDQ 5HGHYHORSPHQW LQ 5HGKLOO

6R IDU WKH DOWHUQDWLYH UHJHQHUDWLRQ SODQ KDV VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ improved the quality of life in Jangsu Village. Residents are able WR VWD\ LQ WKHLU FRPPXQLW\ DQG EHQHČ´W IURP WKH UHJHQHUDWLRQ projects such as housing and infrastructure renovation, agefriendly facilities, new community spaces, community activities, and chances to earn some income through contributing to the community. The plan was selected as a pilot project of “village makingâ€? by Seoul Metropolitan Government in 2012, and also replaced the previous redevelopment plan launched in 2004 (Seongbukgu, 2014).

Redhill is a residential neighbourhood near the downtown area of Singapore. Administratively, Redhill is a sub-zone RI %XNLW 0HUDK 8UEDQ 3ODQQLQJ $UHD GHČ´QHG E\ WKH 8UEDQ Redevelopment Authority. As a mature neighbourhood, Redhill is featured with a high concentration of public housing estates and also a large number of elderly people who have lived in the neighbourhood for long time. Mainly due to its proximity to downtown and convenient transportation, Redhill has gone through several rounds of redevelopment projects over the past 60 years. Higher and newer housing blocks have gradually dominated the urban landscape of Redhill.

Figure 4: Community Park at the entrance of the village (Photo credit: authors)

Figure 7. Map of Redhill (Source: Street Directory Singapore)

Figure 5: Community Centre and Museum (Photo credit: authors)

Figure 8. Seven-storey Redhill Close estate after the upgrading programme

Figure 6. Location of Redhill in Singapore (Source: Google Earth)

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ΖQ HDUO\ WK FHQWXU\ WKH ODUJH DUHD RI %XNLW 0HUDK ZDV PRVWO\ undeveloped and covered by swamps, hills and forests. Due to its vacancy and proximity to the back-then-overcrowded Chinatown, Redhill area became Chinese burial grounds and the rubbish dumping area outside downtown (Federal

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Publications, 1996). It was the housing development projects conducted by the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) under the %ULWLVK FRORQLDO JRYHUQPHQW WKDW VWDUWHG WR XUEDQL]H 5HGKLOO DQG VLJQLȴFDQWO\ FKDQJHG LWV XUEDQ ODQGVFDSH ΖQ HDUO\ V DQ A-shape ring road Redhill Close was planned and constructed by SIT along the contour line of the northern half of a hill19. After WKH KLOO ZDV HYHQHG RXW DQG WKH VZDPSV ZHUH ȴOOHG VHYHQ VWRUH\ SXEOLF KRXVLQJ EXLOGLQJV RI WKUHH URRP ȾDWV ZHUH EXLOW E\ 6Ζ7 $V WKH ȴUVW DQG RQO\ JURXS RI PRGHUQ EXLOGLQJV LQ WKH DUHD Redhill estate became a local landmark. It was also a pioneer KRXVLQJ SODQQLQJ PRGHO DW WKDW WLPH ZKLFK LQFOXGHG WKH ȴUVW community centre and market built within public housing estate in Singapore. Redhill estate housed mainly residents who were relocated from the construction of other housing estates and DOVR ZKLWH FROODU ZRUNHUV ZKR ZRUNHG LQ WKH FLW\ )UDVHU Federal Publications, 1996). ΖQ +'% ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG ZKLFK UHSODFHG WKH SUHYLRXV 6Ζ7 )ROORZLQJ +'%ȇV SULQFLSOH RI EXLOGLQJ DV PDQ\ ȾDWV DQG DV fast as possible during the 1960s, a number of public housing estates, especially low-income ones were built in Redhill area. /RZ LQFRPH SHRSOH IURP RYHUSRSXODWHG GRZQWRZQ DUHD DQG surrounding redevelopment projects20 were relocated to Redhill21. The Redhill Industrial Estate was established in early V ZKLFK SURYLGHG MREV H J 3LOODL )HGHUDO 3XEOLFDWLRQV 1996). ΖQ WKH ODWH V DQG V 5HGKLOO EHFDPH D PRGHUQ neighbourhood next to the core of the city, featured with highrise commercial buildings, public housing for low-income and middle class residents, various community facilities, a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station and a bus interchange22. Tenants of WKH 6Ζ7 ȾDWV EHFDPH KRPHRZQHUV LQ 7DQ ΖQ WKH V WKH ROG 6Ζ7 ȾDWV EXLOW LQ WKH V DQG WKH surrounding neighbourhood facilities23 were renovated by +'% WR LPSURYH WKH OLYLQJ HQYLURQPHQW 6HYHUDO RWKHU +'% blocks in Redhill were also upgraded during the same period. 0HDQZKLOH VHYHUDO +'% EORFNV EXLOW LQ V DQG V ZHUH demolished and redeveloped to higher ones, providing larger dwelling units to middle-income families (Federal Publications, $URXQG WKH \HDU RI WHQ VWRUH\ QHZ +'% EORFNV next to the MRT station were erected to accommodate nearly 1,600 middle-income households, together with multi-storey car park buildings and community facilities. From the late 2000s onwards, large piece of land north to the MRT station has been WUDQVIRUPHG IURP WHQ VWRUH\ +'% EORFNV EXLOW LQ V WR D few 40-storey private condominiums. Redhill Close Redevelopment and the Ageing Population

The historical review has shown that Redhill has changed almost every decade over the past 60 years. Today housing estates that ZHUH GHYHORSHG RU UHGHYHORSHG GXULQJ GLÎ?HUHQW SHULRGV FRH[LVW in the 20 ha land of Redhill neighbourhood. Each of these projects represents the changing paradigms of spatial planning DQG GHVLJQ XQGHUWDNHQ E\ +'% RU 6Ζ7 LQ GLÎ?HUHQW SHULRGV

)LJXUH 'LÎ?HUHQW KRXVLQJ W\SHV FRH[LVW LQ 5HGKLOO ΖOOXVWUDWHG E\ authors based on Singapore Street Directory)

One change recognized over the decades is that the building GHQVLW\ KDV VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ LQFUHDVHG IURP WKH VHYHQ VWRUH\ public housing blocks in the 1950s, to the ten to twenty-storey blocks of the 1960s and 70s, and to the over 20 and 30-storey housing blocks since the 1990s. A second change has been that the use of land has changed from SIT land and villages sixty \HDUV DJR WR DOPRVW DOO ODQG EHLQJ +'% HVWDWHV DQG UHFHQWO\ a large tract of land turned to private condominiums. A third FKDQJH KDV EHHQ LQ WKH W\SHV RI ČľDWV PDNLQJ XS WKH KRXVLQJ EORFNV ΖQ WKH V WKH ČľDW W\SHV ZHUH PRVWO\ WKUHH URRP XQLWV ΖQ WKH V WKH ČľDWV EHFDPH VPDOO RQH RU WZR URRP XQLWV ΖQ WKH V WKH\ DJDLQ EHFDPH WKUHH URRP ČľDWV DQG DIWHU WKH V WKH ČľDW W\SHV EHFDPH IRXU WR Č´YH URRP XQLWV $ IRXUWK VLJQLČ´FDQW FKDQJH LQ 5HGKLOO KDV EHHQ LQ WKH W\SHV RI public spaces available. Early forms of public spaces included: multi-functional spaces between blocks, shared corridors on HDFK ČľRRU RI +'% ČľDWV DQG JURXQG ČľRRU VSDFHV GHGLFDWHG IRU shops and communal uses24. These spaces have more recently VKUXQNHQ DQG DUH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ FOHDUO\ GHČ´QHG IXQFWLRQV LQ the middle of point blocks25, smaller corridors and smaller “void GHFNČ‹ VSDFHV PDLQO\ IRU FLUFXODWLRQ SXUSRVHV Č‚ ZLWK IHZHU VKRSV DW WKH JURXQG ČľRRU Each redevelopment project has also resulted in change of demographics through relocating original residents to other nearby estates and at the same time introducing large groups of new residents to the redeveloped estates. Infamous in the

19 The hill used to be called “Rubbish Hillâ€? as it was the rubbish dumping area. 6XFK DV &KLQDWRZQ DQG %XNLW +R 6ZHH DUHDV 21 With a concentration of low-income public housing, Redhill was infamous for high crime rate in the 1960s and 1970s. :LWK WKH PRGHUQL]DWLRQ FULPH UDWH DOVR VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ GHFUHDVHG 23 Upgrading projects also included the Redhill hawker centre and market, walkways between buildings, and open spaces, etc. The upgrading was under the Major Upgrading Programme. 7KHVH RSHQ JURXQG ČľRRU VSDFHV DUH ORFDOO\ FDOOHG ČŠYRLG GHFNVČ‹ 0RUH WKDQ LWV DUFKLWHFWXUDO IHDWXUHV YRLG GHFNV ZHUH HQYLVLRQHG DV VRFLDO VSDFHV WR FUHDWH RSSRUWXQLW\ IRU FRPPXQLW\ LQWHUDFWLRQ LQ +'% EORFNV 'HVLJQHG DV DQ HPSW\ ČľH[LEOH H[SDQVH of sheltered ground level space, it was the stage for myriad activities. 25 Such as gardens, play grounds or senior activity corners.

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1960s and 70s for its concentration of low-income housing and high crime rate, Redhill today has the newest condominiums DQG VRPH RI WKH PRVW H[SHQVLYH +'% ČľDWV LQ WKH ODUJH %XNLW 0HUDK UHJLRQ 7KH WUHPHQGRXV FKDQJHV LQ 5HGKLOO UHČľHFW WKH growth of the economy and improvement to the quality of life in Singapore over the decades. The recent redevelopment projects in Redhill also represent the increasing economic value of the land near the central city and the government’s response in optimizing this value. Moreover, throughout the decades, residents have not been involved in the decision-making process of redevelopment, which have been decided by the government. Although the homeowner residents receive compensation of selling their ČľDWV DW WKH PDUNHW DQG FKDQFHV RI EX\LQJ QHZ ČľDWV QHDUE\ WKH\ have to accept the relocation packages even if they do not want to move out26. 7RGD\ WKH VHYHQ VWRUH\ 6Ζ7 ČľDWV 5HGKLOO &ORVH EXLOW LQ V KDYH EHHQ DQQRXQFHG E\ +'% WR EH GHPROLVKHG XQGHU 6(56 LQ 5HVLGHQWV PDQ\ RI ZKRP DUH HOGHUO\ ZLOO EH UHORFDWHG WR WKH QHZ JHQHUDWLRQ Č´YH EORFNV RI VWRUH\ +'% HVWDWH ČŠ&LW\ Vueâ€? which is currently under construction. This redevelopment SURMHFW IROORZV WKH ODWHVW +'% SODQQLQJ DQG GHVLJQ FRQFHSWV 7KLV UHGHYHORSPHQW RÎ?HUV FXUUHQW UHVLGHQWV RSSRUWXQLWLHV RI PRYLQJ WR QHZ ČľDWV QHDUE\ UHQHZLQJ WKHLU \HDU +'% OHDVHV enjoying new facilities and making new friends. Nevertheless, the relocation will also challenge the elderly residents in leaving old homes and adapting to a new environment at old age.

%RWK ZHUH HVWDEOLVKHG DURXQG VLPLODU SHULRG ZKHQ PDVVLYH urbanization and rapid population growth took place in their UHVSHFWLYH FRXQWULHV %RWK DUH FXUUHQWO\ KRPHV WR ODUJH numbers of elderly residents most of whom have been living in these neighbourhoods for decades. And recently, both neighbourhoods are undergoing urban regenerations. /LNHZLVH WKHUH DUH PDQ\ GLÎ?HUHQFHV WKDW FDQ EH LQYHVWLJDWHG between the two cases27. The focus of this research however lies on the nexus between urban regeneration and ageing LVVXHV 7KLV FURVV FXOWXUDO DQG FRPSDUDWLYH VWXG\ LGHQWLČ´HV Č´YH DVSHFWV WKDW DUH YDOXDEOH WR EH FRQVLGHUHG LQ SODQQLQJ DQG policy-making. Each of these is discussed below. 1) Drivers of Urban Regeneration Since the late 1970s, large-scale urban redevelopment has been the dominant urban renewal strategy of improving substandard settlements in Seoul (Ha, 2001). Redevelopment projects have usually been driven by private developers under the government redevelopment plans. Mainly driven by PD[LPL]LQJ WKH SURČ´WV WKH UHGHYHORSPHQW W\SLFDOO\ DOLJQV ZLWK the interests of the government on macroeconomic concerns and overall housing improvement in the city, with interests of landowners to increase property values, and with the interests of middle-class people who look for housing around the central city. Such redevelopment has often resulted in displacement RI SRRU SHRSOH DQG KDV LQDGYHUWHQWO\ FRQWULEXWHG WR ZLGHQLQJ social inequity, polarizing the quality of housing of the wealthy and the poor, and breaking community ties among the evicted GZHOOHUV +D 6KLQ +RZHYHU ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ UHČľHFWLRQV RQ UHGHYHORSPHQW and growing awareness of social and cultural capitals in old communities, recently the paradigm of redevelopment has started to change in South Korea (Ha, 2007). The recent regeneration of Jangsu Village is a pilot project of this peoplecentric movement of “village makingâ€?. The project aims to SULRULWL]H EHQHČ´WV RI UHVLGHQWV WR HPSRZHU UHVLGHQWV WR JHQHUDWH win-win model through multi-stakeholder collaboration, and to encourage incremental improvement. Yet, the improvement is limited due to constraints of the steep topography and existing building situation.

Figure 10. Rendering of 48-storey City Vue estate in Henderson (Source: HDB, 2013)

5. Comparative Analysis Jangsu Village in Seoul and Redhill in Singapore are contextually VLPLODU LQ VHYHUDO ZD\V %RWK DUH QHLJKERXUKRRGV ORFDWHG near central city areas in developed Asian metropolises.

In Singapore, urban planning and development have been led by the government, within the context of “state capitalismâ€? and “state dominance of land, property and the economyâ€? (Shatkin, 2014). Under this mechanism, the state has a direct stake in revenues from real estate development which eventually IDFLOLWDWH RYHUDOO HFRQRPLF JURZWK &DVWHOO 6KDWNLQ $ORQJ ZLWK D JURZLQJ HFRQRP\ DQG D FKDQJLQJ VRFLHW\ +'%ȇV goals have evolved over the years from solving a severe housing shortage in the 1960s, to optimizing scarce land resources and providing a total living environment with community facilities in

7KH UHORFDWLRQ SROLFLHV DUH GLÎ?HUHQW IRU KRPHRZQHU UHVLGHQWV DQG WKRVH UHVLGHQWV DW JRYHUQPHQW VXEVLGL]HG UHQWDO ČľDWV )ODWV DW 5HGKLOO &ORVH DUH RZQHG E\ UHVLGHQWV 7KLV SDSHU GRHV QRW HODERUDWH RQ WKH UHORFDWLRQ SROLF\ IRU WHQDQWV DW WKH UHQWDO ČľDWV )XUWKHU GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH SURFHVV RI 6(56 LV HODERUDWHG LQ WKH IROORZLQJ VHFWLRQ 27 For example, the topography, landscape, history, urban forms, accessibility, infrastructure, housing types and situations, demographics, ownership, etc. that have been introduced at previous sections.

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WKH V DQG WR PHHWLQJ WKH LQFUHDVLQJ DÉžXHQFH DQG KLJKHU H[SHFWDWLRQV LQ V (QJ 6DYDJH 6LQFH WKH V PRUH HÎ?RUWV KDYH JRQH LQWR SURYLGLQJ ČŠTXDOLW\ OLYLQJČ‹ LQ WKH +'% HVWDWHV Č‚ WKDW LV EH\RQG IXOČ´OOLQJ RQO\ WKH EDVLF QHHGV RI KRXVLQJ (QJ .RQJ 7KLV JRDO KDV EHHQ DFFRPSOLVKHG PDLQO\ through upgrading or redeveloping older estates to optimize land use and maximize land values, to encourage steady increase in property values, to maintain the vibrancy of neighbourhoods E\ LQČľX[ RI \RXQJHU IDPLOLHV WR ROGHU QHLJKERXUKRRGV DQG WR cater for growing aspirations of Singaporeans &KXD (QJ .RQJ 6KDWNLQ 5HGKLOO KDV JRQH WKURXJK FRQVWDQW XUEDQ FKDQJHV ZKLFK UHČľHFWHG the evolution of government-led housing development at each period. The latest redevelopment of the oldest cluster of housing in Redhill demonstrates the current drivers of redevelopment in Singapore29 7KH UHGHYHORSPHQW ZLOO VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ LQFUHDVH WKH QXPEHU RI ČľDWV DQG SRSXODWLRQ GHQVLW\ LQ WKH DUHD ZKLFK ZLOO not only maximize land values and increase property value, but also meet the needs of middle-class and upper-middle class buyers of owning properties near the city centre. The recent UHGHYHORSPHQWV DOVR EULQJ LQ D ODUJH LQČľX[ RI \RXQJHU IDPLOLHV to the mature neighbourhood. In sum, the regeneration of Jangsu Village is recently driven by multiple stakeholders aiming to improve the quality of life for residents without relocation or commercialization, which represents an alternative paradigm of urban regeneration in Seoul. The redevelopment of Redhill Close is mainly driven by the government aiming to redevelop the centrallylocated, mature neighbourhood to optimize land value and cater for latest aspirations, which follows the evolving urban regeneration paradigm in Singapore. While economic growth and revenue from land are crucial drivers in the development and redevelopment in both Seoul and Singapore, the changes of global economy and emerging challenges such as ageing have called for a balance between economic-driven and socially or culturally driven development. 2) Models of urban regeneration The Alternative Development Plan of Jangsu Village is a pilot project that involves multiple stakeholders including both public and private sectors. Initiated by Seongbuk-gu District Government and the social enterprise Dongnemoksu, and supported by the FLW\ JRYHUQPHQW ERWK Č´QDQFLDOO\ DQG SROLWLFDOO\ WKH UHJHQHUDWLRQ model has actively involved primary stakeholders including residents, the social enterprise, the district government, the city government, the public architects30 and the researchers, each SOD\LQJ D VLJQLČ´FDQW UROH LQ WKH SURFHVV 7KH UHJHQHUDWLRQ KDV also other secondary stakeholders such as activists, tourists, university students, new residents, etc.

Figure 11. Stakeholder mapping of the Alternative Regeneration Plan, Jangsu Village (Illustrated by authors)

The regeneration of Jangsu Village is realized through a participatory approach. Community participation is incorporated at each stage of the regeneration project such as community organization, planning preparation, action plans, implementation, and management. The participation has been realized through forming community associations and small community groups, organizing multi-stakeholder meetings and community workshops, etc. Residents play active roles in decision making, in contrast to passively following the government-led plan. Moreover, the regeneration model of Jangsu Village integrate the social, economic, and cultural revitalization into the improvement of the physical environment, ZKLFK HQVXUHV WKH UHVLGHQWV EHLQJ WKH SULPDU\ EHQHČ´FLDULHV through regeneration. The model of Alternative Development Plan facilitates incremental, integrated, dynamic and small-scale changes in WKH FRPPXQLW\ 6LQFH WKH DFWLYH HQJDJHPHQW RI YDULRXV VWDNHKROGHUV KDV VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ LPSURYHG WKH FRPPXQLW\ 7KH community have also been empowered through being part of the planning and place-making processes. However, the physical improvement in the community is slow31 due to the multi-stakeholder and participatory nature of the project. It was hard to form a community association, which slowed down the entire process. Some houses in Jangsu Village cannot be renovated because they are too deteriorated or the residents DUH XQDEOH WR DÎ?RUG HYHQ ZLWK WKH VXEVLG\ The redevelopment of Redhill Close is a typical SERS project that is top-down and dominated by a single government agency. 7KLV PRGHO IDFLOLWDWHV HÉ?FLHQW HÎ?HFWLYH RQH RÎ? DQG ODUJH VFDOH FKDQJHV LQ 5HGKLOO ΖQ WKLV PRGHO +'% FRPSUHKHQVLYHO\ SODQV the redevelopment project and makes the decision from a macro perspective. Residents choose from relocation options JLYHQ E\ +'%32 6(56 LV Č´QDQFLDOO\ IDLU DQG VRFLDOO\ FRQVLGHUDWH for relocated residents. Financially, homeowner residents

7KHUH LV DQRWKHU FRQVWDQW DQG XQGHUO\LQJ OD\HU RI SROLWLFDO SXUSRVH EHKLQG WKH UHJHQHUDWLRQ DQG WKDW LV IRU WKH OHDGLQJ SROLWLFDO SDUW\ WKH 3HRSOHȇV $FWLRQ 3DUW\ WR PDLQWDLQ LWV OHJLWLPDF\ RI KHJHPRQ\ DQG DW WKH VDPH WLPH WR JDLQ SROLWLFDO VXSSRUWV IURP WKH PDMRULW\ (QJ .RQJ 6KDWNLQ 7KLV SDSHU GRHV QRW HODERUDWH RQ WKLV DVSHFW 6HH DOVR /XP HW DO *XJD 8UEDQ $UFKLWHFWXUH KDV EHHQ HQWLWOHG E\ WKH FLW\ JRYHUQPHQW DV ȊSXEOLF DUFKLWHFWȋ ZLWK D FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RQ QRQ SURȴW DUFKLWHFWXUH SURMHFWV IRU WKH LPSURYHPHQW RI WKH UHODWLYHO\ XQGHUSULYLOHJHG QHLJKERXUKRRGV 31 Such as installation of grabbing bars, housing renovation, installation of gas pipes, etc. 7KH SURFHVV RI 6(56 LQFOXGHV WKH IROORZLQJ PDLQ VWHSV +'% LQIRUPLQJ UHVLGHQWV RI WKH 6(56 GHFLVLRQ +'% KROGLQJ H[KLELWLRQV DERXW WKH VSHFLȴF 6(56 SURMHFW JRYHUQPHQW DSSRLQWHG YDOXHU HYDOXDWLQJ WKH FRPSHQVDWLRQ RI ROG ȾDWV UHVLGHQWV LQTXLULQJ ȴQDQFLDO DQG UHSODFHPHQW SODQV IURP +'% UHVLGHQWV FKRRVLQJ IURP UHKRXVLQJ RSWLRQV DQG UHJLVWHULQJ IRU QHZ ȾDWV UHVLGHQWV VHOHFWLQJ QHZ ȾDWV UHVLGHQWV PRYLQJ WR QHZ ȾDWV +'% 6(56 ZHEVLWH

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ZRXOG JDLQ PRQHWDU\ FRPSHQVDWLRQ IURP VHOOLQJ WKHLU ROG ČľDWV at a price determined by the government-appointed valuer, DQG DOVR VRPH VXEVLG\ DQG SULRULW\ LQ EX\LQJ QHZ ČľDWV33. They ZLOO DOVR JHW D IUHVK \HDU OHDVH IRU WKHLU QHZ ČľDWV 6RFLDOO\ homeowner residents can be relocated to new estates near their old neighbourhoods. They also have a chance to apply WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKHLU IULHQGV WR OLYH LQ DGMDFHQW ČľDWV LQ WKH QHZ estates. Moreover, relocated elderly residents have additional options such as moving to Studio Apartments34. However, residents in SERS estates have to move even if they do not want to be relocated. Some residents may have to change to smaller QHZ ČľDWV LI WKH\ FDQQRW DÎ?RUG WKH WRS XS DPRXQW35. There is little community participation in the decision-making process36 so the residents are passive in the process. ΖQ VXP WKH WZR FDVHV SUHVHQW GLÎ?HUHQW PRGHOV RI XUEDQ regeneration in terms of process, stakeholder engagement, VFDOH DQG HÉ?FLHQF\ :KLOH HÉ?FLHQW UHJHQHUDWLRQ DQG SURYLVLRQ of necessary age-friendly feature are important, it is equally LPSRUWDQW WR GHVLJQ D ZLQ ZLQ PRGHO WKDW EHQHČ´WV DOO WKH stakeholders, and having community participation in the process. 3) Ageing in Place The regenerations of Jangsu Village and Redhill Close have UHVSRQGHG GLÎ?HUHQWO\ WR WKH JHQHUDO SUHIHUHQFH RI DJHLQJ LQ place among elders. In South Korea, national policies on ageing focus on crucial IDFWRUV VXFK DV Č´QDQFLDO VHFXULW\ DQG KHDOWK FDUH LQ ROG DJH The government supports community services for elderly and sponsors care services for the poorest elderly. There is no elaborate policy on housing for elderly except assisting the poorest37 &KRL +RZH HW DO 7KH QDWLRQDO SROLF\ does not include concerns on “ageing in placeâ€? . The typical redevelopment model sometimes displaces low-income elderly residents to far-away places, which is not conducive for continuity at old age. Most low-income elderly residents in Jangsu Village have been “stuck in placeâ€? for decades even if WKH\ ZDQW WR PRYH RXW EHFDXVH WKH\ FDQQRW DÎ?RUG :LWKLQ WKLV context, the Alternative Development Plan facilitates the elderly residents to age in a better place through integrated measures that improves the physical environment and the socio-economic wellbeing39.

The government of Singapore has encouraged ‘ageing in place’ under the comprehensive inter-ministerial ageing policy framework. Housing policies include building Studio Apartments to encourage ageing in place or near family members. Elderly KRPHRZQHUV DOVR KDYH WKH RSWLRQV RI PRQHWL]LQJ WKHLU +'% properties40 (CAI, 2006). Programmes such as Main Upgrading 3URJUDPPH DQG /LIW 8SJUDGLQJ 3URJUDPPH KDG LQFRUSRUDWHG PRUH DJH IULHQGO\ IHDWXUHV LQ +'% HVWDWHV (OGHUFDUH SODQV KDYH developed a strong network of community-based eldercare VHUYLFHV DQG VHQLRU DFWLYLW\ FHQWUHV LQ +'% HVWDWHV &KRQJ HW al., 2014). Ageing issues in Redhill drew attention of the local government back in 1970s41. Today, there are convenient public transportation, community amenities, barrier-free environment, exercise corners, senior activity centres, etc. in Redhill. Ageing in SODFH KDV DOVR EHHQ FRQVLGHUHG E\ +'% LQ 6(56 SURMHFWV WKRXJK residents have to “move in placeâ€? during the constant urban redevelopment. On one hand, elders get a chance to still live in a familiar area. Most residents will be relocated to the same estates so they can still see their old friends in the new estate. They will also be provided with new age-friendly facilities and eldercare services. On the other hand, elders have to leave from the place that they have built emotional attachment with, that they have accumulated memories over decades. Elders have to experience a sense of loss, and adapt to the newest-generation spatial paradigm, new orientation in the neighbourhood, new navigation paths42 D ODUJH LQČľX[ RI QHZ UHVLGHQWV QHZ socio-economic activities, etc. Some of these changes can be challenging for certain elderly residents. In both regeneration cases, elderly residents have almost no FKRLFH Č‚ KDYLQJ WR ČŠVWXFN LQ SODFHČ‹ LQ -DQJVX 9LOODJH RU KDYLQJ WR “move in placeâ€? in Redhill. In Jangsu Village, residents can age in a familiar environment, but the public infrastructure and housing situation are still challenging for some elders even with the incremental improvements from the regeneration programme. They have to stay even if some want to move out. Compared to Jangsu Village, housing, accessibility, infrastructure and services in Redhill are more age-friendly. For most elders this could have been a convenient and decent environment to age in place. However, elderly residents have to experience disruption to certain extent at an old age. They have to move out even if some want to stay.

7KH\ QHHG WR WRS XS IURP WKHLU RZQ &3) DFFRXQW RU SHUVRQDO VDYLQJV LI WKH\ FKRRVH WKRVH QHZ ČľDWV WKDW DUH PRUH H[SHQVLYH WKDQ WKHLU ROG RQHV 6WXGLR $SDUWPHQWV DUH GHVLJQHG WR PHHW WKH QHHGV RI HOGHUO\ UHVLGHQWV 7KH\ DUH VPDOO ČľDWV VROG RQ \HDU OHDVHV ZLWK DJH IULHQGO\ IHDWXUHV 7KH SHU VTXDUH IRRW SULFHV RI QHZ ČľDWV DUH PRUH H[SHQVLYH WKDQ WKH ROG RQHV 36 Residents have no say in the decision making process of SERS except possibly having a chance to vote for the name of the new estate and the precinct facilities. 37 Other sectors are actively involved in ageing issues. NGOs work actively in providing eldercare services for the larger group of low-income elders. The private sector is actively involved in the “silver industryâ€?. 6FKRODUV KDYH VXJJHVWHG LQFRUSRUDWLRQ FRQFHUQV RI HOGHUV DJHLQJ LQ IDPLOLDU XUEDQ HQYLURQPHQW H J &KRL 39 The measures include improving infrastructure, renovating housing, adding grab bars along lanes, providing social gathering spaces and community facilities, organizing community activities and workshops, providing jobs, etc. (OGHUV FDQ PRQHWL]H WKHLU +'% ČľDWV WKURXJK ČŠGRZQJUDGLQJČ‹ WKHLU ČľDWV WR VPDOOHU RQHV RU JHWWLQJ UHYHUVHG PRUWJDJH IURP VHOOLQJ WKHLU ČľDWV EDFN WR WKH JRYHUQPHQW RYHU \HDUV 7KH Č´UVW ČŠ2OG )RONVȇ &OXEČ‹ LQ 6LQJDSRUH ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG LQ 5HGKLOO LQ WR DVVLVW WKRVH ORZ LQFRPH HOGHUO\ UHVLGHQWV )HGHUDO 3XEOLFDWLRQV 42 For example, City Vue is situated on a piece of land about eight metres higher than the surrounding area, which will require residents to go up and down along ramps to move around to places such as the market, the food centre, and the MRT.

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In sum, it is important to maintain the continuity during neighbourhood regeneration to facilitate successful ageing in place. Though changes are constant, negative disruptions in ageing experience should be reduced. It is also important for the government and all the sectors to make both the “hardwareâ€? (i.e. the physical environment) and “softwareâ€? (i.e. the socioeconomic and cultural assets, services) age-friendly. Moreover, it is conducive in ageing experience if a range of choices can be RÎ?HUHG WR PHHW GLÎ?HUHQW QHHGV RI HOGHUV 4) Roles of heritage in urban regeneration The historic heritage of the city wall has played a crucial role in the development and regeneration of Jangsu Village. It was the spatial regulation of the heritage site that prevented Jangsu Village from being redeveloped by private developers over the decades. On one hand, being neglected by mainstream redevelopment resulted in little improvement of the quality of life in Jangsu Village for long time, leaving the community GHWHULRUDWHG KRXVHV LQVXÉ?FLHQW LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG ORZ LQFRPH and elderly residents. On the other hand, it has also preserved the harmony between human and nature, the traditional buildings, and the friendly social ties among residents. The recent nomination of the Seoul City Wall as a World Heritage Site has brought opportunities and at the same time challenges to Jangsu Village. Walking trails along Seoul City Wall has been promoted as a touristic attraction in Seoul. Thus, Naksan Park as a part of the city wall was enlarged and renovated during 2007 to 2010 (Seongbokgu Govt, 2014). The project provided residents better accessibility to the rest of the city, large recreational green spaces, and economic opportunities. However, the construction of the park also removed around one third of houses in Jangsu Village, including several shops. Except the city wall as a heritage site, Jangsu Village itself DOVR KDV XQLTXH KHULWDJH YDOXHV WKDW SOD\HG D VLJQLČ´FDQW UROH in the regeneration. At the beginning stage of regeneration proposal, Dongnemoksu highlighted the cultural heritage values43 RI -DQJVX 9LOODJH WR DSSO\ IRU Č´QDQFLDO VXSSRUW IURP DQG partnership with the government44. Jangsu Village got a chance to be preserved and renovated with supports from the city and district governments. Nevertheless, the village itself has not yet EHFRPH D SRSXODU WRXULVWLF GHVWLQDWLRQ RU EHHQ JHQWULČ´HG ZKLFK has been purposely avoided in the Alternative Development 3ODQ WR HQVXUH WKH YLOODJH DQ DÎ?RUGDEOH DQG SHDFHIXO KRPH IRU WKH ORZ LQFRPH DQG HOGHUO\ UHVLGHQWV ZLWKRXW VXGGHQ LQČľX[ RI investment or tourism which might drive current residents out or disturb residents’ everyday lives.

5HGKLOO &ORVH KDV QRW EHHQ RÉ?FLDOO\ LGHQWLČ´HG DV DQ\ IRUP RI heritage. Nevertheless, the estate contains heritage features that are valuable to the residents and the society. First, as one of the early public housing projects built by SIT during colonial period, the estate is representative of the housing planning and architecture design concepts of SIT, which established the IRXQGDWLRQ IRU ODWHU KRXVLQJ GHYHORSPHQW E\ +'% 6HFRQG Redhill Close estate is historically valuable as one of the only two existing large-scale and seven-story SIT estates45. After both estates to be demolished in a few years’ time, three to IRXU VWRUH\ 7LRQJ %DKUX HVWDWH ZRXOG EHFRPH WKH RQO\ ODUJH scale and multi-story SIT estate that has been preserved which cannot fully represent the variety of SIT housing history. Third, Redhill Close estate, locally called chek lau in Hokkien meaning “seven storiesâ€? by elders, has been a local landmark for about 60 years. They are the oldest housing estate that has not been redeveloped in the area. The estate is important in the collective memory and identity of the community. Fourth, located in densely populated central area that has gone through constant urban redevelopment, Redhill Close as an old landmark that exists not only in the memory of current residents, but also related to a large number of people who used to live, study, or work in the area47. ΖQ VXP KHULWDJH SOD\V D VLJQLČ´FDQW UROH WKDW DGGV YDOXHV WR WKH regeneration of Jangsu Village, whereas the historic or heritage value has not been addressed in the redevelopment plan of 5HGKLOO &ORVH 7KHUH VKRXOG EH EURDGHU GHČ´QLWLRQ RI KHULWDJH with recognition of the historical, social and cultural values of old neighbourhoods to local residents. Urban regeneration should also consider these values. 5) Social sustainability of neighbourhood development A socially sustainable community can continually adapt to the changing needs of its residents while also preserving the FDSDFLW\ RI WKH HQYLURQPHQW WR VXSSRUW WKH FKDQJH %ULGJHU /XORÎ? 7KH UHJHQHUDWLRQ PRGHOV LQ -DQJVX 9LOODJH DQG 5HGKLOO KDYH UHVSRQGHG WR DJHLQJ LVVXHV GLÎ?HUHQWO\ ZKLFK OHDG WR GLÎ?HUHQW W\SHV RI VRFLDO VXVWDLQDELOLW\ The ageing experience in Jangsu Village has been continuous as most residents have lived in the small community for GHFDGHV %HIRUH WKH UHJHQHUDWLRQ WKH GHWHULRUDWHG KRXVHV DQG LQVXÉ?FLHQW LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LQ WKH VWHHS VORSH WHUUDLQ FRXOG hardly meet the basic needs of the elderly, and most young people moved out from the neighbourhood. The regeneration programme has improved th environment that meets needs of the residents. The process is also continuous as residents have been actively engaged at each stage of the programme,

44 Such as the modern history of urban settlement in Seoul, traditional housing types, the harmony with hilly landscape, strong social ties, etc. 45 Since the village has not experience any major urban redevelopment since 1960s as most other parts of Seoul, some living heritages have been continuously preserved. Regarding tangible value, some of the buildings have preserved building materials and styles, interior design features, old furniture and items, etc. that tell the stories of the past. Regarding intangible value, some old residents have continuously lived there for a long time and have witness the process of migration, urbanization, PRGHUQL]DWLRQ DQG VLJQLȴFDQW VRFLDO FKDQJHV LQ 6HRXO 7KH UHVLGHQWV WKHPVHOYHV DUH SDUW RI ȊWKH RWKHU VWRU\ȋ RI WKH KLVWRU\ 7KH RWKHU VHYHQ VWRUH\ 6Ζ7 HVWDWH LV 'DNRWD &UHVFHQW WKDW DUH URRP UHQWDO ȾDWV ΖW KDV DOVR EHHQ DQQRXQFHG E\ +'% WR EH UHGHYHORSHG XQGHU 6(56 LQ D IHZ \HDUVȇ WLPH 47 The famous market, food centre, schools, shops, shopping and employment centres are all located around Redhill Close

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so they can easily adapt to the incremental changes in the neighbourhood. Speculative investment, rampant growth of WRXULVP DQG UDSLG LQČľX[ RI QHZ UHVLGHQW KDYH EHHQ SXUSRVHO\ avoided to ensure the continuous experience of ageing in place. 7KH ORQJHU WHUP YLVLRQ LV UHČľHFWHG RQ WKH VORZ FKDQJH RI WKH demographics and the land value as some younger people interested in the charm of the place have started to move in. The ageing experience in Redhill has been periodically disrupted due to constant urban redevelopment and relocation. Although most residents have been relocated in the nearby area with fair compensation, every time they have to experience a sense of loss and adapt to new environments. They were also out of the decision-making process and given no choice but moving RXW +RZHYHU WKH SURJUHVVLYH DQG HÉ?FLHQW UHGHYHORSPHQW DOVR meets the growing needs of the ageing population through making age-friendly built environment and providing social and eldercare services in the estates. The changes introduce QHZ JHQHUDWLRQ KRXVLQJ PRGHOV DQG LQČľX[ RI ODUJH QXPEHU RI younger people to the prime location, along with new socioHFRQRPLF DFWLYLWLHV 7KLV UHČľHFWV RQH RI WKH UHVSRQVHV WR DJHLQJ issues from the government: bringing in younger families through redevelopment of old estates, so as to sustain the vibrancy of the neighbourhood. In sum, the regeneration model in Jangsu Village facilitates the continuity and social sustainability through the participatory process, incremental improvement and slow change of demographics and land value. Even so, the improvement is still OLPLWHG DQG VORZ DQG WKH ORQJ WHUP Č´QDQFLDO RU GHPRJUDSKLF sustainability is uncertain. The redevelopment model in Redhill has promoted the social sustainability at a macro scale through progressively changing the demographics, density, and physical environment. Although this model is economically fair, socially FRQVLGHUDWH DQG UHČľHFWLQJ ORQJ WHUP YLVLRQ RI HFRQRPLF growth, it may miss some in-depth considerations at the micro scale regarding the continuity of ageing experiences and the impact of relocation on each individual or family. 6. Concluding Remarks This cross-cultural comparative study investigates the nexus between rapidly ageing population and practices of urban regeneration in developed and high-density Asian metropolises. Although many Asian cities are facing challenges from ageing issues and at the same time also undergoing rapid urban UHJHQHUDWLRQV WKHUH LV FXUUHQWO\ LQVXÉ?FLHQW UHVHDUFK WKDW connects ageing policies and urban regeneration planning. This research contributes to this nexus by demonstrating two urban UHJHQHUDWLRQ FDVHV DQG XQIROGLQJ Č´YH DVSHFWV WKDW DUH YDOXDEOH for policy makers, planners, practitioners, researchers, etc. to consider in policy making and planning. It is common that mature neighbourhoods are usually homes of relatively large number of elderly residents due to urbanization

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processes. It is also common that most old residents have lived in these mature neighbourhoods for relatively long time. On one hand, urban regeneration is necessary as many old neighbourhoods cannot meet basic needs of elders and evolving aspirations of people any more. On the other hand, urban regeneration of mature neighbourhoods should be carefully planned as many elderly residents have developed physical, social, and psychological attachment to their familiar neighbourhoods over the years. The historical, cultural, and social assets of old communities should also be considered in urban regenerations. “Ageing in placeâ€? has long been an important topic in academia and policy making in the western world. It should play a more important role in rapidly-ageing and fast-changing Asian cities. On one hand, the government and all sectors in the society VKRXOG PDNH HÎ?RUWV WR HQFRXUDJH ČŠDJHLQJ LQ SODFHČ‹ WKURXJK measures such as age-friendly environments, housing options IRU HOGHUV Č´QDQFLDO RSWLRQV DW ROG DJH SURYLVLRQ RI HOGHUFDUH services, activities and wellbeing, etc. On the other hand, while regenerating old urban neighbourhoods is necessary, needs and rights of elderly residents to age continuously in their familiar environments should be integrated in regeneration plans. A balance is needed to improve the living environment to facilitate successful ageing in place, and at the same time to minimize the negative disruptions to ensure continuity in ageing experiences. Moreover, developed and emerging Asian economies have enjoyed rapid economic growth for decades. Economic growth and revenue from land are crucial drivers in the development and redevelopment in Seoul and Singapore. The changes of global economy and emerging challenges such as ageing call for a balance between economic-driven development and additional, multi-dimensional drivers of development such as needs of ageing population, civic participation, place attachment, social and cultural assets of community, etc. /DVW EXW QRW OHDVW WKLV UHVHDUFK LV MXVW D VWDUW RI FRQQHFWLQJ ageing issues with urban regeneration in rapidly-ageing, fastchanging, and high-density Asian cities. Facing the global challenges and opportunities from population ageing, more HÎ?RUWV RQ WKLV WRSLF QHHG WR EH GRQH :LWK XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKDW HDFK FLW\ KDV GLÎ?HUHQW FRQWH[W OHVVRQV OHDUQHG IURP RWKHU FLWLHV are valuable to be innovatively incorporated to local context to sustain urban changes for elders and all citizens.

References $7&+/(< 5 & &RQWLQXLW\ DQG $GDSWDWLRQ LQ $JLQJ &UHDWH 3RVLWLYH ([SHULHQFHV %DOWLPRUH 0' 7KH -RKQ +RSNLQV University Press.

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%(&.(5 * 0HDQLQJV RI SODFH DQG GLVSODFHPHQW LQ WKUHH groups of older immigrants. Journal of Aging Studies, 17, p.129149. %5Ζ'*(5 - & /8/2)) $ ( %XLOGLQJ WKH VXVWDLQDEOH community: Is social capital the answer? Sociological Inquiry. S Ȃ %52:1 % % 3(5.Ζ16 ' ' 'LVUXSWLRQV LQ 3ODFH $WWDFKPHQW ΖQ Ζ $OWPDQ 6 0 /RZ (GV 3ODFH $WWDFKPHQW +XPDQ %HKDYLRU DQG (QYLURQPHQW S 1HZ <RUN 1< Plenum Press. CAI (Committee on Ageing Issues). (2006) Report on the Ageing Population. Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports (MCYS). Singapore. &$67(//6 0 *2+ / .:2. 5 7KH 6KHN .LS 0HL Syndrome: Economic Development and Public Housing in Hong .RQJ DQG 6LQJDSRUH /RQGRQ 3LRQ

)('(5$/ 38%/Ζ&$7Ζ216 %XNLW 0HUDK )URP D +LOO\ Kampong to a Modern Town. Singapore: Federal Publications. FRASER, J.M. (1952) Town Planning and Housing in Singapore. 7KH 7RZQ 3ODQQLQJ 5HYLHZ SS /LYHUSRRO /LYHUSRRO University Press. FRIED, M. (2000) Continuities and Discontinuities of Place. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 20, p. 193-205. *2/$17 6 0 &RQFHSWXDOL]LQJ WLPH DQG EHKDYLRXU LQ environmental gerontology: a pair of old issues deserving new WKRXJKW 7KH *HURQWRORJLVW S *8*$ 85%$1 $5&+Ζ7(&785( $YDLODEOH IURP KWWS JXJD FR NU >$FFHVVHG WK 2FWREHU @ HA, S. K. (2001) Substandard Settlements and Joint Redevelopment Projects in Seoul. Habitat International. 25. p.

CHOI, S. J. (1996) Aging and Social Policy in Korea. Korea Journal of Population and Development. 25:1. p. 1-25.

+$ 6 . +RXVLQJ 5HJHQHUDWLRQ DQG %XLOGLQJ 6XVWDLQDEOH /RZ LQFRPH &RPPXQLWLHV LQ .RUHD +DELWDW ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO S 116-129.

CHOI, S. J. (2009) Ageing Society Issues in Korea. Asian Social :RUN DQG 3ROLF\ 5HYLHZ S

HA. S. K. (2010) Housing, Social Capital and Community Development in Seoul. Cities. 27. p. S35-S42.

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+$1 3 'XDOLW\ LQ FRQWHPSRUDU\ .RUHDQ FLWLHV ΖQ %+$51( V. (ed.). The Emerging Asian City: Concomitant Urbanities and Urbanisms. Oxon: Routledge.

&+8$ % + 3ROLWLFDO /HJLWLPDF\ DQG +RXVLQJ 6WDNHKROGLQJ LQ 6LQJDSRUH /RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH &+8$ % + 1RQ WUDQVIRUPDWLYH 3ROLWLFV &LYLO 6RFLHW\ LQ 6LQJDSRUH ΖQ 6&+$. ' +8'621 : HGV &LYLO 6RFLHW\ LQ Asia. Surrey: Ashgate. &22. & & 0$57Ζ1 3 <($516 0 '$0+2567 0 / $WWDFKPHQW WR Ȋ3ODFHȋ DQG &RSLQJ ZLWK /RVVHV LQ &KDQJHG Communities: A Paradox for Aging Adults. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 35(3), p. 201-214. '$/( 2 - 8UEDQ 3ODQQLQJ LQ 6LQJDSRUH WKH Transformation of a City. New York: Oxford University Press. (1* 7 6 .21* / 3XEOLF +RXVLQJ LQ 6LQJDSRUH Interpreting ‘Quality’ in the 1990s. Urban Studies. 34(3). p. 441452. (1* 7 6 6$9$*( 9 5 6LQJDSRUH /DQGVFDSH $ Historical Overview of Housing Change. Singapore Journal of 7URSLFDO *HRJUDSK\ S

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+2:( 1 -$&.621 5 1$.$6+Ζ0$ . 7KH $JLQJ RI .RUHD 'HPRJUDSKLFV DQG 5HWLUHPHQW 3ROLF\ LQ WKH /DQG RI the Morning Calm. Global Aging Initiative (GAI). The Center for 6WUDWHJLF DQG ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO 6WXGLHV &6Ζ6 $YDLODEOH IURP KWWS FVLV RUJ ȴOHV PHGLD FVLV SXEV BJDLBDJLQJNRUHDBHQJ SGI Ζ/& 6LQJDSRUH ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO /RQJHYLW\ &HQWUH 6LQJDSRUH $ 3URȴOH RI 2OGHU 0HQ DQG :RPHQ LQ 6LQJDSRUH 7VDR )RXQGDWLRQ ΖQLWLDWLYH $YDLODEOH IURP KWWS WVDRIRXQGDWLRQ RUJ GRF 3URȴOHB2IB2OGHUB0HQB B6LQJDSRUH SGI .Ζ0 + 0 +$1 6 6 &LW\ SURȴOH 6HRXO &LWLHV S 142-154. .2+ < 3 'HLWLHV RI WKUHH WHPSOHV PRYH LQWR RQH KRPH 7KH 6WUDLW 7LPHV WK 6HSWHPEHU S KOSTAT (Statistics Korea). (2011) Population Projections for .RUHD $YDLODEOH IURP KWWS NRVWDW JR NU SRUWDO HQJOLVK QHZV LQGH[ ERDUG"EPRGH UHDG D6HT /<1&+ . 7KH ΖPDJH RI WKH &LW\ &DPEULGJH 0$ 0Ζ7 Press. NPTD (National Population and Talent Division). (2013) A Sustainable Population for a dynamic Singapore: Population :KLWH 3DSHU $YDLODEOH IURP KWWS ZZZ QSWG JRY VJ FRQWHQW 137' QHZV BMFUBFRQWHQW SDUBFRQWHQW GRZQORDGB ILOH UHV population-white-paper.pdf NPTD (National Population and Talent Division). (2014) 2014 3RSXODWLRQ LQ %ULHI $YDLODEOH IURP KWWS ZZZ QSWG JRY VJ FRQWHQW 137' KRPH BMFUBFRQWHQW SDUBFRQWHQW GRZQORDGB ȴOH UHV SRSXODWLRQ LQ EULHI SGI 3Ζ//$Ζ 5 * :RUN WR VWDUW VRRQ RQ IDFWRU\ HVWDWH 7KH Singapore Free Press. 29th September. p.1. 52:(/6 * ' %(51$5' 0 7KH 0HDQLQJ DQG 6LJQLȴFDQFH RI 3ODFH LQ 2OG $JH ΖQ * ' 5RZHOV 0 %HUQDUG (Eds.), Environmental Gerontology: Making Meaningful Places in Old Age (pp. 3-24). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, //&

p. 906-917. SHATKIN, G. (2014) Reinterpreting the Meaning of the ‘Singapore Model’: State Capitalism and Urban Planning. International -RXUQDO RI 8UEDQ DQG 5HJLRQDO 5HVHDUFK S GRL SMITH, A. E. (2009). Ageing in Urban Neighborhoods: Place $WWDFKPHQW DQG 6RFLDO ([FOXVLRQ %ULVWRO 8. 7KH 3ROLF\ 3UHVV 7$1 + + )ODWV DUH EHLQJ ZRUNHG RQ 7KH 6WUDLW 7LPHV 25th August. p.17. 81)3$ 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV 3RSXODWLRQ )XQG +HOS$JH ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO (2012) Ageing in the Twenty-First Century: A Celebration and A Challenge. UNFPA and HelpAge International. Available from: KWWSV ZZZ XQISD RUJ SXEOLF KRPH SXEOLFDWLRQV SLG 81(6&2 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV (GXFDWLRQDO 6FLHQWLČ´F DQG &XOWXUDO 2UJDQL]DWLRQ 6HRXO &LW\ :DOO KWWS ZKF XQHVFR RUJ HQ WHQWDWLYHOLVWV >$FFHVVHG WK 6HSWHPEHU @ 9$681Ζ/$6+251 6 67(Ζ10$1 % $ /Ζ(%Ζ* 3 6 3<1226 J. (2012) Aging in Place: Evolution of a Research Topic Whose Time Has Come. Journal of Aging Research, vol. 2012. doi: 92*(/ ( ) 7KH )RXU /LWWOH 'UDJRQV 7KH 6SUHDG RI Industrialization in East Asia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. WATSON, J. K. (2011) Seoul and Singapore as “New Asian Citiesâ€?: /LWHUDWXUH 8UEDQ 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ DQG WKH &RQFHQWULFLW\ RI Power. Positions. 19 (1). p.193-215. WHO (World Health Organization). (2012) Good health adds OLIH WR \HDUV $YDLODEOH IURP KWWS ZKTOLEGRF ZKR LQW KT WHO_DCO_WHD_2012.2_eng.pdf :Ζ/(6 - /(Ζ%Ζ1* $ *8%(50$1 1 5((9( - $//(1 5 (2011). The Meaning of “Aging in Placeâ€? to Older People. The Gerontologist, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 357-366.

SEO, J. K. et al. (2011) Survey of residential environments of Jansgu village. Korea City Research Centre 6(2*1%8.*8 :KLWH 3DSHU RQ -DQJVX 0DHXO 6HRQJEXN gu Jangsu Maeul ‘Village Making’ Project. Seoul: Seongbuk-gu 2É?FH 6RFLDO (FRQRP\ 'LYLVLRQ 6(28/ 0(75232/Ζ7$1 *29(510(17 6HRXO &LW\ :DOO RÉ?FLDO ZHEVLWH KWWS VHRXOFLW\ZDOO VHRXO JR NU 6+Ζ1 + % 3URSHUW\ EDVHG UHGHYHORSPHQW DQG JHQWULČ´FDWLRQ 7KH FDVH RI 6HRXO 6RXWK .RUHD *HRIRUXP

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FRAMING SEJONG MAEUL: THE PURSUIT OF GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS IN THE CULTURAL DISTRICT OF SEOCHON, SEOUL Paul D. MULLINS 122A-106 Faculty Apartments Seoul National University, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea. paulmullins@snu.ac.kr Keywords: CULTURAL DISTRICTS; HERITAGE; SEOCHON; SOUTH KOREA

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PRESERVATION;

Abstract 7KLV SDSHU ZLOO FRQVLGHU KRZ 6HRFKRQ DQ DUHD ZHVW RI *\HRQJERN 3DODFH LQ 6HRXO KDV EHHQ IUDPHG E\ PHWURSROLWDQ FXOWXUDO SROLFLHV DV SDUW RI D ODUJHU DJHQGD RI FLW\ EUDQGLQJ %\ H[DPLQLQJ WKH renaming of the area from Seochon to Sejong Maeul and the FRQWHVWHG VLWH RI WKH KRXVH RI WKH SRHW <L 6DQJ LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH FXOWXUDO DQG SUHVHUYDWLRQ SROLFLHV RI LW VHHNV WR JDLQ insight into how external forces have shaped this area and impacted WKH ORFDO FRPPXQLW\ ΖW ZLOO EH DUJXHG WKDW UHFHQW SROLFLHV KDYH EHHQ inherently contradictory, and provided a limited polarized identity RI WKH DUHD DV HLWKHU DQFLHQW RU PRGHUQ .RUHD ΖW ZLOO DGGLWLRQDOO\ GLVFXVV WKH ODUJHO\ QHJDWLYH DQG GLYLVLYH DÎ?HFW RI VXFK SROLFLHV RQ WKH ORFDO FRPPXQLW\ $OWKRXJK WKHUH KDV EHHQ D ULVH LQ VFKRODUO\ LQWHUHVW UHFHQWO\ WKH LPSDFW RI KHULWDJH WRXULVP DQG XUEDQ SROLF\ RQ WKH ORFDO FRPPXQLW\ KDV EHHQ OHVV IRUWKFRPLQJ ΖQ UHODWLRQ WR KHULWDJH policies, academic literature has had a tendency to focus on the SK\VLFDO UDWKHU WKDQ VRFLDO QDUUDWLYHV 7KHUHIRUH E\ H[DPLQLQJ ERWK physical and social narratives of the area is where this paper aims WR DGG YDOXH 7KURXJK DQDO\VLV RI D FRPELQDWLRQ RI SULPDU\ DQG secondary sources, including government policy documents and regeneration guidelines, this paper will assess the impact of heritage SROLFLHV DQG WKH PDWWHUV DULVLQJ DW D QHLJKERXUKRRG VFDOH

Introduction

Figure 1: Drying Peppers in Hwaechon-Gun and Tongin-Dong (2014).

Cultural images that the Korean tourist board most often promote include picturesque palaces, integrated technological features and the bustling shopping districts of Seoul. More GLÉ?FXOW WR Č´QG DUH SLFWXUHV RI HYHU\GD\ ORFDO SHRSOH HQJDJHG LQ traditional Korean tasks such as the seasonal group-orientated task of kimchi-making or drying peppers. Tasks such as these, which are still commonplace in the countryside, have been forced to adapt to the urban milieu (as seen in Figures 1.). However, one area within Seoul’s ancient city walls where such scenes may still be glimpsed is Seochon, a village to the west of *\HRQJERN 3DODFH :KLOH WKH VXUURXQGLQJ DUHDV %XFKRQ GRQJ and Samchung-dong -- have become unrecognisable in their GHPRJUDSKLF WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ WKURXJK D SURFHVV RI JHQWULČ´FDWLRQ Seochon remains populated by modest-to-moderate income families and small local businesses rather than the multinational conglomerates that line up the skyscrapers of City Hall. In this neighbourhood, village people may still be found engaged in the seasonal tasks of food preparation. However, the diverse traditional activities that currently exist in this neighbourhood are at threat of being sanitized or even erased in favour of the HFRQRPLF EHQHČ´WV RI KHULWDJH WRXULVP ΖQ UHFHQW GHFDGHV 6HRXO KDV EHQHČ´WWHG HFRQRPLFDOO\ IURP LWV global elevation through the hosting of mega events such as WKH 2O\PSLFV DQG )Ζ)$ :RUOG &XS .DQJ Within this timeframe a fundamental shift in approach was XQGHUWDNHQ DW DQ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH OHYHO DUWLFXODWHG E\ WKH FLWLHV ever evolving motto â€?Seoul to the Worldâ€? to “Global Seoul.â€? Thus the Seoul Metropolitan Government (hereafter SMG) no longer viewed the term “globalâ€? as separate entities, as the city began the process of globalization.1 Furthermore, in 2006, Seoul was promoted, autonomous of any scheduled mega event, as the singular focus of a major government-funded national and global positioning strategy campaign. The administration charged with this responsibility was the Global Marketing Division of the SMG.2 What propelled this strategy was Seoul’s ability, at a city scale, to compete with other cities within the Asian region, such as Singapore and Hong Kong. In comparison with these competing cities, the SMG had LGHQWLČ´HG WKDW IURP DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO VWDQGSRLQW 6HRXO ODFNHG a distinctive cultural identity. This was perhaps inevitable given the speed of Seoul’s rapid economic growth and transition from a manufacturing-centred export economy to a service-based one. In 2010, to highlight the importance of Seoul global competiveness, the SMG hosted an international forum.3 Rolf Jensen, a keynote speaker asserted that, for Seoul to reach the fourth or ‘dream city’ phase, it needed to become a city based on

'XULQJ WKLV SHULRG WKH QXPEHU RI WRXULVWV WR 6HRXO LQFUHDVHG VKDUSO\ IURP YLVLWRUV LQ WR LQ 6LJQLČ´FDQWO\ UHQDPHG IURP LWV SUHYLRXV WLWOH DV ČŠ7KH &LW\ 0DUNHWLQJ 7DVNIRUFHČ‹ LQ ČŠ7KH )XWXUH RI *OREDO 0HWURSROLV 6HRXO )URP /LPLWOHVV &RPSHWLWLRQ WR %RXQGOHVV &RRSHUDWLRQ Č‹ $ IRUXP OHG E\ 0D\RU 2K ZKLFK LQFOXGHG VFKRODUV KLJK UDQNLQJ EXVLQHVV RÉ?FLDOV DQG OHDGHUV IURP RYHU FRXQWULHV WKDW ZHUH LQYLWHG DV SDUW RI D knowledge-exchanging exercise.

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aspiration, culture and new technologies.4 This was also echoed by Major Oh’s speech at the beginning of the conference.5 %RWK VSHDNHUV LGHQWLČ´HG WKDW LQ RUGHU IRU 6HRXO WR VHFXUH LWV SODFH DV a future leading world city, it needed to develop and integrate creative cultural foci into the city’s developmental programme. 7KLV SDSHU ZLOO FRQVLGHU 60*ȇV HÎ?RUWV WR UH VKDSH 6HRXOȇV identity in its pursuit to become a more globally competitive capital city. In particular, the case study of Seochon -- an area west of Gyeongbok Palace in Seoul will be assessed in terms of the SMG’s strategy of establishing Cultural Districts for tourism. It will examine how Seochon is being shaped by metropolitan cultural policies as pÂŹart of the larger agenda of city branding DQG VHHN WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH HÎ?HFW RI WKLV KDUPRQLRXV cultural “realizationâ€? -- implemented in the name of global competitiveness -- on local citizens. This paper aims to unravel how such policies relate to the needs and character of the local community or if they exist autonomously without consideration of the impact on local people. This paper argues that policies, which focus on heritage issues (such as those relating to the preservation hanoks) without considerations of their impact on local people, are divisive.6 7R WKLV HQG WKLV SDSHU ZLOO Č´UVWO\ GHČ´QH ZKDW LV PHDQW E\ D cultural district and then explore two main issues regarding the LPSRVLWLRQ RI FXOWXUH DQG KHULWDJH SROLFLHV RQ 6HRFKRQ Č´UVWO\ the proposed renaming of the area from Seochon to Sejong Maeul and secondly, the question of whether to replace or preserve the house of the Korean Modern poet Yi Sang. Due to the scope of this paper, the research will be drawn mainly from SMG literature and published statistics, primary sourced local accounts, such as newspaper articles, neighbourhood blogs and TV debates, as well as secondary scholarly literature. Cultural districts In order for Seoul to achieve its goal of becoming a leading “globalâ€? city, the SMG has embarked on a process of introducing cultural policies into the Seoul Metropolitan Area. These polices have been largely presented as components of wider visions of the city such as the “Major of Seoul’s Masterplan 2020â€? (Seoul metropolitan government. Department of urban planning. 2009:1-77). A major part of this process has been thematically prescribing districts as focal areas for traditional Korean cultural production. After being designated a cultural district, an area EHFRPHV VXEMHFW WR WKH SROLFLHV RI WKDW GLVWULFWȇV FODVVLČ´FDWLRQ DV GHČ´QHG E\ WKH 0D\RUȇV RÉ?FH DQG OHJLVODWLRQ The term “Cultural Districtâ€? is not a Korean invention, and, as :RQ %DH .LP QRWHV ČŠFLWLHV KDYH DOZD\V KDG VSDFHV that have formed clusters of entertainment, arts and cultural consumption, whether as scattered venues across the city or in clusters of entrepreneurial activity.â€? In spatial terms, cultural districts, according to Allen J. Scott (2000) should not be considered uniform in their distribution throughout a city, as

they tend to gravitate to particular areas of the city. This may EH H[SODLQHG VLPSO\ E\ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS RU QHHGV RI WKH VSHFLČ´F cultural production process. 7KH SULPDU\ OHJDO GHČ´QLWLRQ UHJDUGLQJ ZKDW FRQVWLWXWHV D cultural district in Korea may be found in “Seoul Metropolitan Government Framework Ordinance On Cultural Cityâ€? (2006). $OWKRXJK QR RÉ?FLDO GHČ´QLWLRQ IRU D GLVWULFW LV SURYLGHG WKH GRFXPHQW VSHFLČ´HV WKDW D FXOWXUDO FLW\ LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG DV RQH where “citizens may feel a sense of cultural identity in their daily lives based on the realization of culture and art in which life becomes cultureâ€? Scott, (2000). This is to be realized by the promotion of cultural industries based on knowledge and originality through the creation of people-oriented comfortable urban space and the realization of cultural welfare. Intriguingly, this document makes constant reference to improving citizens’ welfare and daily lives, whilst simultaneously enhancing Seoul’s global competiveness. Despite a commendable claim to be a people-orientated policy, the social narrative and impact has to date been omitted not only in relation to Seochon, but also throughout the Jongno district. This also extends to academic literature, as Noha Nasser DQG %ODĹ€ .ULĹ€QLN KDYH QRWHG $FFRUGLQJ WR .ULĹ€QLN (2011), “urban policy as well as on everyday life in Seoul remains rather unacknowledged so far.â€? Although there has been a rise in scholarly interest, the impact of heritage tourism and urban policy on the local community has been less abundant. In relation to heritage policies, academic literature has tendened to focus on the physical rather than social narratives. For example, Nasser’s work -- on reconciling conservation, tourism, and sustainable development (2003)-- elucidates the negative consequences of tourist-led development strategies that create what Healey (1992) calls “enclave tourismâ€? as it is not geared towards the local community. As Cultural Districts in Seoul become prevalent and their polices become more extensive and indeed dictatorial, by examining the impact of heritage policies in Seochon in terms of social and physical narratives is both timely and necessary. As mentioned there is also a gap in the academic literature where this paper can add value. Seochon Vs. Sejong Maeul: What’s in a name? Seochon is one of the few remaining areas in Seoul that acts as a link for citizens and tourists alike to Korea’s ancient and modern past. Here, a cross-section of the Korean architectural landscape FDQ EH ZLWQHVVHG Č´UVW KDQG EXLOGLQJV DQG DOOH\ZD\V WKDW GDWH back to the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910). Seochon consists of 15 small neighbourhoods and has a long history of artistic production from famous Korean painters such as Jeon Seon (1676-1759) to Modernist literary poets such as Yi Sang (19101937). What is unique in this regard is that Seochon has always

4 Rolf Jensen of the Dream Company Denmark, discussed his 4-phase “dream cityâ€? concept, and suggested that Seoul was in the third phase (the technological and information-centredÂŹÂŹÂŹ stage). 5 “As many scholars emphasize, cities that harmoniously integrate creativity, culture, sensitivity, storytelling, dreams, hope, creative talent and cutting edge technology will be the leading cities in this new chapter of our history.â€? Mayor Oh, 2010, forum, ČŠ7KH )XWXUH RI *OREDO 0HWURSROLV 6HRXO )URP /LPLWOHVV &RPSHWLWLRQ WR %RXQGOHVV &RRSHUDWLRQ Č‹ 6 Hanok: traditional Korean wooden house

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been a place of artistic endeavour. Since the Joseon period, it has been a place where technical professionals, doctors, translators, artists and poets lived.7 After Japanese colonization, these areas changed considerably as the generous parcels of land occupied by the noble classes were broken down into smaller densely packed layouts. Under the “The Joseon Planning Actâ€? (1934) passed under Japanese colonial rule, a major land readjustment process in Seoul was initiated, and a new hanok typology -- the “Urban Hanokâ€? emerged. In contrast to the many neighbourhoods in Seoul, which experienced dramatic changes or were erased altogether, the spatial layout of Seochon has remained largely unchanged. Despite the covering-up of the water and sewage ways in 6HRFKRQ WKH URDG QHWZRUNV DERYH JURXQG VWLOO UHČľHFW WKHLU historical location and, correspondingly, the residential layout reveals an arrangement that is over 600 years ago. Despite its location in Jongno, a district which has become the domain of high commerce, retail and tourism, Seochon remains a living community that has retained its traditional resident groups, including artists. This condition of Seochon as a living community is supported by Jongno district statistics from 2012. For instance LQ FRPSDULVRQ WR %XFKRQ GRQJ ZKLFK KDV WKH ORZHVW ELUWK UDWH Seochon has the largest number of children’s nurseries in the district.9 More recently, comparable areas within the Jongno district, VXFK DV %XFKRQ GRQJ DQG 6DPFKXQJ GRQJ KDYH VHHQ WKHLU FRPPXQLWLHV JUHDWO\ DÎ?HFWHG E\ JHQWULČ´FDWLRQ 'HVSLWH Seochon’s close proximity to a major national heritage place, it has remained largely unknown to visitors, Koreans and internationals alike until fairly recently. The majority of tourist literature, especially for the Asian market, has focused mainly RQ 6DPFKXQJ GRQJ DQG %XFKRQ GRQJ 7KLV KDV LQ SDUW EHHQ driven by the export and popularity of Korean television dramas that often use these areas for the backdrop of their productions. For over a decade now, Korean dramas have become a powerful marketing tool for the Korean Government and commercial sponsors owing to their dedicated international fan base. Therefore, in this context, it is not surprising that the process of Korea’s self-fashioning of cultural identity for international consumption has been extended beyond the physical monuments to the TV drama, one of its most successful exports. ΖQ WKLV FRQWH[W VLJQDOOHG WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI D .LQJ 6HMRQJ renaissance starting with a historical drama called “King Sejong WKH *UHDWČ‹ RQ WKH 6WDWH UXQ QHWZRUN .%6 IROORZHG E\ DQRWKHU GUDPD ČŠ'HHS 5RRWHG 7UHHČ‹ RQ WKH SULYDWH QHWZRUN 6%6 LQ In the same year, a 9.5m high bronze statue was erected in

Gwanghwamun Square opposite the King Sejong Centre. The emphasis on this monarch at time of heightened awareness regarding cultural identity and branding is no coincidence as .LQJ 6HMRQJ VLJQLČ´HV D JROGHQ WLPH LQ QDWLRQDO history and is especially admired for his own achievements, namely being accredited as the creator of Hangul.10 Given his pre-eminent status in the Korean psyche, it is perhaps inevitable that the birthplace of king Sejong has become embroiled in a renaming dispute. This comes at a time when the Korean Government had already successfully renamed (on larger scale) a newly opened administrative city of “Sejong Cityâ€? in 2012.11 However, what is perhaps surprising in this case, is WKDW WKLV LV QRW D IHXG EHWZHHQ ORFDOV DQG JRYHUQPHQW RÉ?FLDOV as part of a ‘top-down’ SMG initiative. In fact, the debate has EHHQ Č´HUFHVW ZLWKLQ WKH ORFDO FRPPXQLW\ ZLWK RQH VLGH SLWWLQJ against the other. The area to be renamed in this case is the smaller neighbourhood scale of Seochon. It must be noted that, although it is widely accepted that this is the area that King Sejong was born the exact location of his birthplace is unknown. ΖQ DIWHU WKH FRPPXQLW\ PDQDJHG WR WKZDUW WKH 60*ȇV redevelopment plans to reinstate the original waterways that currently lie beneath the roadways which would be detrimental WR ORFDO EXVLQHVVHV WKH DUHD VWDUWHG WR EH UHFRJQL]HG RÉ?FLDOO\ as Seochon. The usage of the name Seochon was increased by the media coverage and interest due to the overturning of the SMG plans (Fouser, 2013). The name Seochon is attributed to the geography and location in relation to the Gyeongbok Palace: “Seoâ€? means west and “Chonâ€? refers to village (location as seen in Figure 2.)

Figure 2: Adapted location Map of Seochon (2013).

7 Also referred to in Korea as the middle people (wihangin in Korean). 7KH ZDWHU DQG VHZDJH ZD\V IDOO GLUHFWO\ EHORZ URDGV 3LUXQ UR 2JLQ JLO DQG -DKDPXQ UR 7KH RFFXSDQF\ SHU KRXVHKROG LV DERYH DYHUDJH IRU WKH GLVWULFW SHRSOH SHU KRXVHKROG DV LV WKH QXPEHU RI ELUWK UDWHV SHU \HDU ZKLFK LV PDQLIHVWHG -RQJQX *X 'LVWULFW 2É?FH +DQJXO Č´UVW SXEOLVKHG LQ LV WKH QDPH RI WKH .RUHDQ SKRQHWLF DOSKDEHW V\VWHP WR EH XVHG E\ WKH PDVVHV %HIRUH WKLV WLPH RQO\ WKH .RUHDQ KLJK FODVVHV NQRZQ DV WKH <DQEDQ ZHUH DEOH WR UHDG DQG ULJKW ZKHUH WKH\ ZURWH LQ .RUHDQ E\ DGDSWLQJ Chinese characters known as Hanja. ΖQ WKH .RUHDQ *RYHUQPHQW GHFLGHG WR FUHDWH D VSHFLDO DGPLQLVWUDWLYH GLVWULFW QHDU 'DHMHRQ 7KLV GLVWULFW ZDV RÉ?FLDOO\ RSHQHG DV 6HMRQJ 6SHFLDO $XWRQRPRXV &LW\ LQ

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Seochon has since become a place of (re)discovery for Koreans DQG WRXULVWV DOLNH 2ZLQJ WR WKH QHZIRXQG DWWHQWLRQ SRVW D SURSRUWLRQ RI WKH ORFDO FRPPXQLW\ Č‚ PDLQO\ ORFDO PHUFKDQWV DQG longstanding residents of the area -- formed a support group to promote the neighbourhood. Shortly afterward its formation, this appellation was dropped in favour of “Sejong Maeulâ€? (Sejong Village) to capitalize on the fact that the location is the birthplace of King Sejong (Fouser, 2013). In 2011, “Sejong Maeulâ€? began to EH XVHG LQ DQ RÉ?FLDO FDSDFLW\ E\ WKH 0DMRU RI -RQJQR *X DQG DIWHUZDUGV LQ RÉ?FLDO GRFXPHQWDWLRQ $FFRUGLQJ WR 5REHUW - Fouser (2013) in both instances, the use of this name “actively discouraged the use of Seochon.â€? Since 2011, the issue of changing the name to Sejong Maeul has generated a great deal of tension amongst local residents. 6SHFLČ´FDOO\ D ODUJH SURSRUWLRQ RI WKH UHVLGHQWV KDYH EHHQ particularly unhappy that the name change was not part of a democratic process, but rather centrally exposed (Fouser, 2013). This contestation was recently played out on a live TV debate on 27th November 2013, which demonstrated the divisory feelings between residents for and against the change (Tbs TV. Seochon, Sejong Maeul Naming Controversy 2013). In this debate, the host and producers of the show polemicized the occasion by framing it as “Seochon Vs. Sejong Maeul.â€? Two ORFDO UHVLGHQWV UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH WZR VLGHV RI WKH DUJXPHQW /HH Hong-Hwan (for the name change) and Kim Han-Neul (against) -- were each given time to make their case before an open TXHVWLRQ DQG DQVZHU GHEDWH VHVVLRQ /HH 9LFH 0D\RU RI WKH area and a local resident-- proposed the name change mainly arguing that the area lacks a clear identity and that the strategy of name changing has worked before, such as in the renaming of Sejong-Dae-Ro in Gwanghwamun to sever associations with the period of Japanese colonialism.12 He was also extremely enthusiastic about the tourist possibilities of using the Sejong name, and argued that this would help local businesses and reinvigorate the area which he said is currently “lacking in LGHQWLW\ Č‹ ΖQ FRQWUDVW KLV RSSRQHQW UHVSRQGHG ZLWK GLÎ?HUHQW perspectives on the points raised. Kim Han-Neul, who is involved in researching the residential space of the area and a leading member of the recently formed “Seochon Neighbourhood 6RFLHW\ Č‹ LV YHKHPHQWO\ RSSRVHG WR WKH QDPH FKDQJH .LP Č´UVW argued that the name Seochon has been used to refer to the area as far back as the Joseon Dynastic period, so predating the Japanese Colonial period, renaming would not be comparable with the case of Sejong-dae-ro. He went on to argue that the ODFN RI DQ LGHQWLW\ IURP D GHČ´QLQJ QDPH LV OHVV WKUHDWHQLQJ WR the area compared to the constant threat of redevelopment. He also questioned, if a central purpose of changing the name is to LQFUHDVH WRXULVP ZK\ KDG FRPSDUDEOH DUHDV VXFK DV %XFKRQ dong and Insa-dong not changed their names? He further voiced the concern that the very name Sejong Maeul may promote kitsch tourism, which would damage the uniqueness of the neighbourhood. Finally, he concluded by stating that, as the name Sejong Maeul has never been used in the history

of the area, and is “alienâ€? to the district, a more appropriate proposed name should be “New Sejong Maeul.â€? An underlying LVVXH WKDW .LP UDLVHG LV WKH FRPPRGLČ´FDWLRQ RI WKH 6HMRQJ EUDQG on Seochon, and the threat it poses in overpowering the unique character of an area that has developed over 600 years. This recent debate highlights the growing internal division regarding how the community views its own identity. The community is split between those who identify their neighbourhood with the proud tradition and heritage of the Joseon dynasty, and those who see no need to associate the DUHD ZLWK MXVW RQH DVSHFW RI LWV ULFK KLVWRU\ IRU LQVWDQFH WKH area is also of cultural importance in terms as a place of artistic experimentation during the Modern period of early-twentiethFHQWXU\ -DSDQHVH RFFXSDWLRQ %\ QDPLQJ DQG SURPRWLQJ WKH DUHD RÉ?FLDOO\ DV ČŠ6HMRQJ 0DHXO Č‹ WKH QHLJKERXUKRRG KDV ORVW LWV autonomy as a place of multiple authentic narratives in favour of a singular identity driven by the reclamation of an idealized history which enables brand construction. The renaming of Seochon to Sejong Maeul reveals the actors involved in driving this change, and in this instance can be thought of as both ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’ in its conception and implementation. However, both forms of governance are being shaped by external economic motives. These changes FDQ DOVR EH FRQVLGHUHG DW GLÎ?HUHQW VFDOHV RQH RI WKH ORFDO businesses and then the larger SMG tourist economy and associated global competiveness ambitions. Indeed, it is SRVVLEOH WR UHFRJQLVH WKDW WKH SURFHVV DV LGHQWLČ´HG E\ .ULĹ€QLN (2011) in his article “Selling Global Seoulâ€?, where the image or meaning of a particular place is being intentionally changed in order to attract new investments, events and tourists to the city, is going on in Seochon. The case of Yi Sang’s house 2QH HVSHFLDOO\ VLJQLČ´FDQW LVVXH UHJDUGLQJ WKH GHYHORSPHQW of cultural districts in Seoul is the contentious issue of hanok preservation. Since the 1960s, the rate of decline in the number of hanoks in Seoul has been exacerbated through the easing of planning regulations and high cost of repair. The easing of planning regulations, until recently, was largely attributed to the economic pressures of maximizing land revenues and satisfying rapid population growth (increasing density). As a result of a ODFN RI HQIRUFHG OHJDO SURWHFWLRQ VLJQLČ´FDQW QXPEHUV RI KDQRNV were lost in favour of multi-level housing. Another issue for existing hanok residents was the huge cost in repairs that could only be carried out by specialist hanok builders, which often exceeded the price of a new property.13 It is estimated that, between 1960 and 2006, the number of hanoks in Seoul declined from 220,627 to 100,000, and, between 2006 and WKLV QXPEHU UHGXFHG E\ D IXUWKHU Ζ&2026 3DULV ΖQ LQ UHFRJQLWLRQ RI WKLV WKUHDW DQG DV /HH SRLQWV outs, at the crucial time just before the co-hosted 2002 FIFA

12 Road in Gwanghwamun, renamed Sejong-Dae-Ro from Yukcho-Gari, the Japanese name in 1946 after independence from colonization of Japan. +DQRN &DUSHQWHUV IURP XQGHUZHQW D VLJQLČ´FDQW UHGXFWLRQ LQ QXPEHUV DV WR VDZ D UDSLG GHFOLQH LQ KDQRN FRQVWUXFWLRQ GXH WR ODFN GHPDQG

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:RUOG &XS ZKHQ FXOWXUDO VLJQLČ´HUV RI GLVWLQFWO\ .RUHDQ LGHQWLW\ were becoming of upmost importance, the SMG announced the Hanok Restoration Policy and Hanok Regeneration Project (ICOMOS. Paris. 2011). In 2009 the SMG announced the “Seoul Hanok Declarationâ€? in 2009.14 This declaration included an expansion of the hanok conservation areas by extending the areas allocated as hanok districts. In 2010, the hanok conservation area was extended to Seochon, as part of its designation as a Historical and Cultural District by the SMG. Part of this policy initially relied on the encouragement of hanok residents to register their hanok with the SMG. In doing so, the owner was then legally obliged to maintain the dwelling as a hanok. In this case, partial or full GHPROLWLRQ LQ RUGHU WR GHYHORS D QHZ RU GLÎ?HUHQW SURSHUW\ W\SH was forbidden. Therefore, the owners were no longer in their full control over their property rights. In return for this partial transfer in governance, the owner would receive government subsidies under the SMG “Hanok Aid Ordinance.â€?15 The nature of repairs also had to be approved by and satisfy Korean heritage guidelines, which often meant that the costs exceeded the amounts of the loan or grant provided, as the repairs could only be carried out by designated specialized hanok carpenters. 7RGD\ LQ %XFKRQ GRQJ WKH KRPRJHQHRXV DSSHDUDQFH DQG character of the ‘saved’ hanoks contributes to the imagined historical reclamation, and, “Disneyizationâ€? on traditional Korean neighbourhood architecture.16 In stark contrast, the hanoks in 6HRFKRQ UHWDLQ DQ REVHUYDEOH ULFK XQLTXHQHVV RI FKDUDFWHU HDFK KDQRN LV GLVWLQFWO\ GLÎ?HUHQW GXH WR WKH LQGLYLGXDO HYROXWLRQ of repairs and adaptions to modern lifestyles over the last century. Seochon has a reported 600 registered hanoks and a further 50 which are abandoned or in a condemned state owing to concerns about structural safety. Part of the reason for the number of empty houses has been inhabitants’ inability to payback loans, as well as the spiralling costs of repair that exceed the loan (subsidy) designated for the repairs. The neighbourhood impact of these empty houses according to one Jongno district police RÉ?FHU /HH ZDV D ULVH LQ ORZ OHYHO FULPH UDWHV DURXQG these areas where gangs use these buildings for illegal activities (i.e. drug use). Part of the SMG’s vision for Seochon as a Historical and Cultural district was “to construct museums and memorial places dedicated to the intelligentsiaâ€?(Sung, 2013). As previously stated, Seochon has a rich history in relation to Joseon Dynasty and Modern Korean artistic production. In the Joseon period, notable artistic residents included the landscape painter Jeong 6HRQ DQG VFKRODU .LP -HRQJ KXL ΖQ WKH Modern Korean period, which for the purpose of this paper is regarded as 1910 and the beginning of Japanese colonization, notable residents included No Cheon-Myeong (1912-57) and Yi Sang (1910-37). The latter, the writer known by his pen name ‘Yi

Sang’ (born Kim Hae-gyeong) lived in Seochon for 20 years. His works in Korean literature and poetry written during the time of Japanese colonization have, since the 1970s, been highly UHJDUGHG E\ VFKRODUV DV WKH ČŠ.RUHDQ UHVSRQVH WR WKH LQČľX[ RI modernist culture, both high and lowâ€? (Chang et al., 2005) 5HFHQWO\ <L 6DQJ KDV EHHQ UHDVVHVVHG DV D EULGJLQJ Č´JXUH between old and modern Korea. His former property, framed by the SMG’s historical reclamation and cultural agendas, has become a site of contestation between local groups in opposition about the neighbourhood’s identity. The house of Yi Sang, as it is commonly known, is located in Tongin-dong ZKHUH WKH 6HRFKRQ DUHD XQRÉ?FLDOO\ EHJLQV )URP WKH RXWVLGH this house looks quite unremarkable as it is typical of the urban hanoks in the area (as seen in Figure 3.).

Figure 3: The house of Yi Sang before and after purchase by the (2009/2010)

%HIRUH Č´QDOO\ OHDYLQJ 6HRFKRQ DW WKH DJH RI IRU 7RN\R ZKHUH he died a year later in a Japanese prison in 1937, Yi Sang spent WZR GHFDGHV LQ WKLV SURSHUW\ 6LJQLČ´FDQWO\ LW LV ZKHUH KH LV thought to have written most of the works he is famed for. In 2009, the National Trust for Cultural Heritage (hereafter NTCH) RÉ?FLDOO\ SXUFKDVHG WKH SURSHUW\ ZLWK WKH VXSSRUW RI .RRNPLQ %DQN DQG WKH $UXPMLJL )RXQGDWLRQ 7KURXJK WKHVH DGGLWLRQDO funding sources, the NTCH was able to secure the funds necessary for the demolition of the current hanok property, in favour of a modern 2-storey multi-use building, which will also act as a dedicated memorial space for the poet. Due to the sensitivity of preserving traditional Korean architecture locally and administratively, the NTCH’s initial plan to demolish the eighty-year-old hanok was unsurprisingly opposed. Fouser one of the very few non-Korean local residents of Seochon, who is the chairman of the Hanok Preservation Society in Seochon, is vehemently opposed to the NTCH’s plans to redevelop the site. Along with other residents who are against the demolition, Fouser sees the property primarily as an eighty-year-old hanok. According to Fouser, the fact the house LV D K\EULG RI HLJKW\ \HDUV RI PRGLČ´FDWLRQV SHUIHFWO\ UHSUHVHQWV Yi Sang on a personal and artistic level as: “He is a kind of mixed identity. You can think about Yi Sang in that environment because the environment is also mixed upâ€? ((Sung, 2013). Moreover, he observes that the hanok represents the changes that the area has undergone from Japanese colonization to post-colonization

6HRXO +DQRN 'HFODUDWLRQ 6HRXO 6+ &RUSRUDWLRQ 7KH DPRXQW RI VXEVLG\ ZDV LQFUHDVHG WR 86' PLOOLRQ .5: JUDQW DQG 86' PLOOLRQ .5: ORDQ ΖQ VXEVLGLHV UDQJHG IURP DQ ORDQ WR JUDQW WR FRQWULEXWH WR WKH UHSDLUV DQG XSNHHS FRVWV RI WKH KDQRN SURSHUW\ 'LVQH\L]DWLRQ D WHUP SRSXODUL]HG E\ $ODQ ( %U\PDQ ΖQ KLV ERRN 7KH 'LVQH\L]DWLRQ RI 6RFLHW\ 6DJH 3XEOLFDWLRQV LQ UHIHUHQFH WR UHSODFLQJ ZKDW KDV JURZQ RUJDQLFDOO\ ZLWK DQ LGHDOL]HG WKHPHG LQIXVLRQ RI SODFH ZLWK D SDUWLFXODU LGHD

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and the changes in Korean society and the way people live: “It’s KDQRN EXW LWȇV QRW UHDOO\ KDQRN ΖW UHČľHFWV WKH ZD\ SHRSOH KDYH lived here and still live here. It has a sense of history and time. It’s organic to this place. In that sense, the building is perfectâ€? (Sung, 2013). Roh Eun-joo, another local resident and architect shares Fouser’s concerns, but additionally asks, if the purpose is to create a dedicated memorial space, then why can it not be built in an alternative location? He argues that Yi Sang’s works were not directly related to the building, and that, regardless of his connection, “The building itself is meaningful because it has EHHQ WKHUH IRU DERXW \HDUV ZLWQHVVLQJ DOO WKH XSV DQG GRZQV of Korean modern historyâ€? (Sung, 2013). +RZHYHU WKH 17&+ LQ MXVWLČ´FDWLRQ RI WKHLU SODQV LQVLVWHG WKDW WKH FXUUHQW KDQRN KDG OLWWOH DUFKLWHFWXUDO VLJQLČ´FDQFH DV WKH KRXVH LWVHOI ZKLFK KDV XQGHUJRQH HLJKW\ \HDUV RI PRGLČ´FDWLRQV is in a poor state of repair. Adding that the overall costs of UHSDLU ZRXOG RXWZHLJK WKDW RI D QHZ HÉ?FLHQW EXLOGLQJ WKDW FRXOG better serve the community. They were equally dismissive of WKH KDQRNȇV LQČľXHQFH RQ <L 6DQJȇV ZULWLQJV EHFDXVH PRVW FULWLFV until recently, have only referred to the author’s Modernist 'DGD DQG (XURSHDQ LQČľXHQFHV 7KH\ UHFDOO IRU LQVWDQFH WKH fact that he deeply desired to go to Paris, but was trapped under Japanese colonization, and suggest that this was the SUHGRPLQDQW LQČľXHQFH RQ KLV ZRUN DQG WKH PRWLYDWLRQ EHKLQG his notable works, such as “The Wings.â€? Proponents of the argument that the house bears no relevance to Yi Sang’s art also point out that, after his death, his wife sold all his possessions (including the property), so that there are almost no physical traces of him left.17 $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH 17&+ ČŠ7KH VLWH >ZKHUH WKH +RXVH RI <L 6DQJ LV ORFDWHG@ LV WKH RQO\ WKLQJ ZH KDYH DERXW himâ€? (Sung, 2013). In further support of the relevance of the site, opposed to the actual building, is the fact that, in 2004, the Korean Government designated Yi Sang’s house a cultural asset but later rescinded its decision on the grounds that although this was, indeed, Yi Sang’s property, the degree to which he lived inside the house was negligible. The former Minister of Culture, /HH 2 <RXQJ FRPPHQWHG WKDW <L 6DQJ ČŠZURWH LQ D VPDOO and dark room. He had no concept of a house. All he needed was a small room and the sky.â€? Therefore, suggesting that the hanok of Yi Sang as physical cultural asset has little value in relation to his work. Whereas the majority of the hanoks in the area tend to only EHQHČ´W WKH SULYDWH RZQHUV DQG RQO\ LQ D YHU\ LQGLUHFW ZD\ WKH local neighbourhood, this new building, according to Mr Shin $UXPMLJL )RXQGDWLRQ RÉ?FLDO LV LQWHQGHG WR EHQHČ´W WKH ZKROH community. (Sung, 2013). This is because the building is LQWHQGHG WR EH D PXOWL XVH VSDFH ZKHUH WKH JURXQG ČľRRU ZLOO be open to artists and local community groups while the upper ČľRRU LV XVHG DV D Č´[HG PHPRULDO VSDFH $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH 17&+ stated that they do not intend to ignore the idiosyncratic nature RI WKH 6HRFKRQ QHLJKERXUKRRG LWV UHSUHVHQWDWLYH 0U 6KLQ KDV RÎ?HUHG DVVXUDQFHV WKDW WKH\ LQWHQG WR FUHDWH ČŠD JRRG H[DPSOH

of new buildings that can go well with this neighbourhood and preserve the spirit of Yi Sangâ€? (Sung, 2013). The issue of the preservation of Yi Sang’s house is also intricately tied up with the cultural identity of Seochon. In terms of adopting the new name, “Sejong Maeul,â€? the development of a memorial space, which pertains to a Modernist writer, appears to challenge the re-branding strategy of focusing on the more palatable distant past of Joseon period compared to the more GLÉ?FXOW DQG SHUKDSV DZNZDUG UHFHQW SDVW RI HDUO\ WZHQWLHWK century. Conclusion This paper has assessed the impact of heritage policies on Seochon, and the matters arising at a neighbourhood scale. Through examining the cases of the (re)naming of Seochon, the issue of hanok preservation and Yi Sang’s house, it has been revealed that the power dynamics involved in the implementation of SMG’s planning policies is intricate and complex going far beyond a two-way tussle between the Government and community members. In the case of Yi Sang’s House, the actors involved are not simply the SMG and local UHVLGHQWV EXW DOVR WKH 17&+ .RRNPLQ %DQN ZKR DUH SURYLGLQJ part of the funding, the Hanok Heritage Association, Yi Sang enthusiasts, as well as local residents’ groups. This web of actors -- each possessing their own agenda -- does not necessarily have the interests of the local community. It, therefore, seems clear that the future shaping of contested spaces in Seochon will depend on these groups’ economic and cultural motivations DV ZHOO DV WKHLU Č´QDQFLDO DELOLWLHV Regarding the renaming of Seochon to Sejong Maeul, it has been revealed that the nature of the actors involved in driving this change can be thought of as both ‘bottom-up’ and ‘topdown.’ What is striking, here, is that both forms of governance are being shaped by external economic drives even when WKHVH FKDQJHV DUH FRQVLGHUHG DW GLÎ?HUHQW VFDOHV In both FDVHV WKH DLP LV WR UHDS WKH HFRQRPLF EHQHČ´WV RI V\PEROLFDOO\ UHFRQVWUXFWLQJ WKH DUHD %\ FRQVWUXFWLQJ 6HRFKRQ WR KDYH D more streamlined identity, and reducing its character and history there is a genuine danger of loosing the multifarious unrelated yet unique aspects of the locale, which have evolved organically over the past 600 years. As discussed above, the call for name change initially came from within the community itself. +RZHYHU E\ XVLQJ WKH QDPH LQ RÉ?FLDO FRQWH[WV WKH 60* LV arguably creating the conditions that justify, and even legitimize, future cultural developments that can be made in the name of reclaiming “Joseonâ€? heritage. The issue of the preservation of Yi Sang’s house is also intricately tied up with debates about Seochon’s cultural identity. In relation to the new name, “Sejong Maeul,â€? the development of a memorial space to celebrate the achievements of a Modernist writer is

17 In 1937, shortly after Yi Sang went to Tokyo he died of tuberculosis in a Japanese prison after he was arrested and charged with a “thought crime� 7KH VPDOO ORFDO EXVLQHVVHV VHHNLQJ D JUHDWHU IRRWIDOO IRU FXVWRPHUV DQG WKH ODUJHU 60* VHHNLQJ WR ERRVW WR WKH WRXULVW HFRQRP\ ZLWK LWV DVVRFLDWHG JOREDO FRPSHWLYHQHVV DPELWLRQV

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potentially destabilizing to the SMG’s re-branding strategy, which focuses on the Joseon history of the neighbourhood. Furthermore, in this case, the seemingly contradictory issue of what cultural factor is most important is raised: hanok SUHVHUYDWLRQ RU ZKDW WKH 60* GHČ´QHV DV RQH RI WKH NH\ IDFWRUV of its Cultural District criteria: “a people-oriented cultural city.â€? As Kim (2011) incisively questioned in the conclusion to his paper, “what do we want to preserve and promote: cultural activity or place?â€? In Seochon, a dynamic residential community, unusually for the district now associated with commerce, tourism and business, continues going about life infused by the rich layers RI .RUHDQ KLVWRU\ DQFLHQW DQG PRGHUQ %\ HPSKDVL]LQJ RQH particular strand of its history over another, the balance of the QHLJKERXUKRRG KDV EHFRPH GLVUXSWHG FUHDWLQJ D GLYLVLYH HÎ?HFW on community cohesion.

References

All the policies that have been enforced by the SMG have, of course, been done in the name of raising Seoul’s international reputation and competitiveness. Yet it has been questioned what is at stake when a community is forced to take on a prescribed identity and forgo other aspects of its history and cultural identity. Returning to my introductory observations about Seochon -- its exceptionality in the heart of Jongno-Gu district as a living and working community of everyday Koreans -- it is clear that what is at stake from all the policies mentioned in this paper, that there is real danger of loosing Seochon as an authentic living community to a manufactured and imagined one.

.DQJ + % 0HJD (YHQWV DV 8UEDQ 7UDQVIRUPHU 7KH Experience of Seoul. Seoul City Research. 5 (3). p.1-15.

%DOLEUHD 0 3 8UEDQLVP &XOWXUH DQG WKH 3RVW LQGXVWULDO &LW\ &KDOOHQJLQJ WKH %DUFHORQD 0RGHO -RXUQDO RI 6SDQLVK &XOWXUDO 6WXGLHV S &KRL - 5 /LP ' * $ &DVH 6WXG\ RI &XOWXUDO 6SDFH WR 5HYLWDOL]H /RFDO &RPPXQLW\ ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI +LVWRU\ DQG culture. 1 (1). p.1-14. (FRQRPLVW 7KH +RW VSRWV %HQFKPDUNLQJ JOREDO FLW\ competitiveness. January 12th. Fouser, R.J. (2013) What's in a Neighborhood Name? The Korean 7LPHV WK $SULO $YDLODEOH IURP KWWS ZZZ NRUHDWLPHV FR NU (Accessed: 20th October 2013).

.LP - + .LP 6 + 6HR < + &RQVHUYDWLRQ DQG UHVWRUDWLRQ RI +LVWRULFDO DQG &XOWXUDO /DQGVFDSH RQ 6HRFKRQ LQ 6HRXO -RXUQDO .RUHDQ ΖQVWLWXWH RI 7UDGLWLRQDO /DQGVFDSH $UFKLWHFWXUH S .LP : % 7KH YLDELOLW\ RI FXOWXUDO GLVWULFWV LQ 6HRXO &LW\ Culture and Society. 2 (3). p.141-50. .ULŀQLN % 6HOOLQJ *OREDO 6HRXO &RPSHWLWLYH 8UEDQ 3ROLF\ and Symbolic Reconstruction of Cities. Revija za sociologiju. 14 (3). p.291-392. -XQ 1 Ζ <RRQ & 6 $ 7\SRORJLFDO &RPSDULVRQ RI 7UL )RUP 8UEDQ +DQRN LQ 0RGHUQ +RXVLQJ 'LVWULFWV LQ 6HRXO -$$%( (2) p.231-39. /HH + - &ULPH 5DWHV DQG +RWVSRWV LQ 6HRFKRQ ΖQWHUYLHZ 24th April 2013. /HYHU : ) 7XURN Ζ &RPSHWLWLYH &LWLHV ΖQWURGXFWLRQ WR the Review. Urban Studies. 36 (5-6). p.791-93. Nasser, N. (2003) Planning for Urban Heritage Places: Reconciling Conservation, Tourism, and Sustainable Development. Journal RI 3ODQQLQJ /LWHUDWXUH S 3$5Ζ6 Ζ&2026 /HH . (FRQRPLF 9DOXH RI +DQRN Regeneration Project in Seoul: Changes in 10 years and lessons learned.�

Figure 4: Taking tea in the alleyways of Seochon. (2013).

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Metropolitan Government Framework Ordinance On Cultural &LW\ (QDFWPHQW 1R +L 6HRXO /HJDO $GPLQLVWUDWLYH VHUYLFHV $YDLDEOH IURP KWWS OHJDO VHRXO JR NU (Accessed 3rd December 2013). 6(28/ 0(75232/Ζ7$1 *29(510(17 2))Ζ&( -21*18 GU DISTRICT OFFICE. (2013) Jongnu -Gu Statistical Yearbook. -RQJQX *X 'LVWULFW 2ɝFH 6(28/ 0(75232/Ζ7$1 *29(510(17 '(3$570(17 2) 85%$1 3/$11Ζ1* 0DVWHUSODQ (GLWHG E\ Department of Urban Planning: p1-77. Song S.H. (2010) Creativity, technology: what a city needs to become future leader. Korean Herald. 29th March. Available IURP KWWS ZZZ NRUHDKHUDOG FRP $FFHVVHG 1' 'HFHPEHU 2013). Sung S.Y. (2013) In historic Seochon, hanok is where the art LV .RUHDMRRQJDQJGDLO\ 7+ )HEXUDU\ $YDLODEOH IURP KWWS koreajoongangdaily.joins.com (Accessed: 10th October 2013). TbsTV. 서촌, 세종마을로 명칭 변경 논란(In Korean) Seochon, 6HMRQJ 0DHXO 1DPLQJ &RQWURYHUV\ .%6 QG 1RYHPEHU <L 1 + &KDQJMH 8 7UDQVODWHG E\ %URWKHU $QWKRQ\ 7ZHQWLHWK &HQWXU\ .RUHDQ /LWHUDWXUH (DVW %ULGJH 6LJQDWXUH %RRN List of Figures Figure 1: Mullins P.D. (2014). Drying Peppers in Hwaechon-Gun Tongin-Dong. Authors own. Photograph. Figure 2: Naver Maps. (2012) Adapted location Map of Seochon. $YDLODEOH IURP KWWS PDS QDYHU FRP $FFHVVHG WK 2FWREHU 2013). Map )LJXUH /HH - < 7KH +RXVH RI <L 6DQJ EHIRUH DQG DIWHU SXUFKDVH E\ WKH 17&+ $YDLODEOH IURP KWWS MRR\RXQJOHH RUJ $FFHVVHG WK 2FWREHU Figure 4: Mullins P.D. (2013). Taking tea in the alleyways of Seochon. Authors own. Photograph.

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ORDINARY PLACE IDENTITY“CONSERVATION� OF IDENTITY IN TOKYO� Milica MUMINOVIC University of Canberra milica.muminovic@canberra.edu.au Keywords: PLACE IDENTITY, ORDINARY, PRESERVATION, CHANGE

Abstract ΖQFUHDVLQJ XUEDQL]DWLRQ JOREDOL]DWLRQ DQG JURZWK RI FLWLHV LQ $VLD DUH UDLVLQJ WKH TXHVWLRQV RI LGHQWLW\ DQG SUHVUYDWLRQ LQ EXLOW HQYLURQPHQW 7KH ZD\ LQ ZKLFK ZH FRQFHLYH DQG WKXV GHVLJQ SODFHV UHSUHVHQWV LPSRUWDQW SDUW RI WKDW SURFHVV :KHQ ZH GLVFXVV SODFH LGHQWLW\ ZH DUH JHQHUDOO\ UHIHUULQJ WR ZHOO known places that attract numerous tourists from various parts RI WKH ZRUOG 2UGLQDU\ HYHU\GD\ DQG QRQ IDPRXV DUFKLWHFWXUH are often overlooked for having the potential to create places with VWURQJ DQG ZHOO GHYHORSHG LGHQWLW\ 7KLV SDSHU GLVFXVVHV WKH ZD\ LQ ZKLFK SODFH LGHQWLW\ FRXOG EH EDVHG RQ RUGLQDU\ DQG HYHU\GD\ DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG D SRVVLELOLW\ WR FUHDWH GLÎ?HUHQW PHWKRG WR SUHVHUYH SODFH LGHQWLW\ ZKLFK GRHV QRW Č´QG LWV EDVLV LQ WKH FRQVHUYDWLRQ RI LQGLYLGXDO LFRQLF EXLOGLQJV 7KH SDSHU VWDUWV ZLWK GHČ´QLWLRQV RQ RUGLQDU\ SODFH LGHQWLW\ DQG H[DPLQHV D FDVH VWXG\ LQ RUGHU WR IXUWKHU GHYHORS WKDW SURSRVDO 7RN\R LV WKH FLW\ WKDW KDV VXÎ?HUHG QXPHURXV GHVWUXFWLRQV GXH WR WKH QDWXUDO KD]DUGV DV ZHOO DV 6HFRQG :RUOG :DU 7KXV WKHUH DUH few locations that have monuments or reminiscent from the times EHIRUH WKH 6HFRQG :RUOG :DU +RZHYHU WKHUH DUH SODFHV WKDW DUH ODUJHO\ GHČ´QHG DV KLVWRULFDO GHVSLWH WKH IDFW RI QRW SUHVHUYLQJ WKH KLVWRULF EXLOGLQJV 7KDW LV ZK\ WKH SDSHU SURSRVHV GLVFXVVLRQ RQ RQH RI WKH SUHFLQFWV LQ 7RN\R ZKLFK QXUVHV LWV LGHQWLW\ EDVHG RQ WKH SDVW LV ORFDWHG ZLWKLQ HDVWHUQ SDUW RI LWV FHQWUDO DUHDV FDOOHG <DQHVHQ The paper is framed with discussion on place identity at the example RI <DQHVHQ SUHFLQFW LQ 7RN\R H[SODLQV WKH HOHPHQWV WKDW SURGXFH WKDW LGHQWLW\ DQG SRLQWV WR VRPH GLÉ?FXOWLHV LQ FDSWXULQJ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQDO\VLQJ DQG DSSURDFKLQJ PDLQWHQDQFH RI WKDW LGHQWLW\ 7KH UHVXOWV VKRZ KRZ UHODWLRQVKLSV EHWZHHQ HOHPHQWV RI EXLOW HQYLURQPHQW DUH LPSRUWDQW IRU WKH SHUVLVWHQFH RI SODFH LGHQWLW\ ΖQGLYLGXDO DQG LFRQLF EXLOGLQJV DUH QRW QHFHVVDU\ SUHVHUYHG DQG WKLV DOORZV JUHDW ČľH[LELOLW\ DQG VSDFH IRU WKH FLW\ WR FRQWLQXH its development and potential to rethink current practices of SUHVHUYDWLRQ

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Introduction Increasing changes in urban settings in Asia are raising questions of place identity, strongly tight with indigenous characteristics of built environments. Place identity represents important aspect of any city that allows people to identify, belong, promote and EH SDUW RI JOREDO ČľRZV RI SHRSOH FDSLWDO NQRZOHGJH DQG VR IRUWK 3ODFH LGHQWLW\ LV GHČ´QLQJ WKH FRQWLQXRXV PRUSKRORJ\ RI build environment that links past and present ways of building. It is interconnected with the practices of preservation and conservation of iconic buildings. Often when we speak about place identity we are referring to well-known places that attract numerous tourists from various parts of the world. Cities like 5RPH %DUFHORQD /RQGRQ 1HZ <RUN DQG VR IRUWK DOO KDYH WKHLU distinctive identity and all have their unique places recognizable throughout famous and iconic buildings. Ordinary, everyday and non-famous- architecture is often overlooked for contribution or having the potential to create places with strong and well developed identity. This paper aims to explore an unusual urban situation of a place that manages to build its identity on ordinary architecture. The case study is used in order to illustrate the discussion on dialectics between extraordinary and ordinary and to further question the notions of identity its elements and the ways in which conservation and place identity could approached. The paper suggests alternative ways of preserving the place identity, which are not based on conservation of iconic buildings. 7KLV SDSHU LV GLYLGHG LQ WZR VHFWLRQV )LUVW WKH GHČ´QLWLRQV RI place identity and their relationships with ordinary architecture are exposed. Secondly, those relationships are further explored through the case study of Yanesen, its place identity and historical concept of Shitamachi. The paper concludes with the discussion on the relationship between ordinary architecture in Yanesen and historical character of Shitamachi and its implications on conservation and maintenance of identity. Place identity- what is it? /RFDWLRQ SODFH FKDUDFWHU RI WKH SODFH DQG SODFH LGHQWLW\ DUH IRXU GLÎ?HUHQW FRQFHSWV WKDW QHHG WR EH FRQVLGHUHG 7KH GHČ´QLWLRQ of place introduced by Heidegger (1962: 151-2) indicates the basic element that constitutes any place: built environment. The location becomes a place from the moment we build, and thus create a relationship with that location through our own being, and therefore dwelling. Once we start analysing all those concepts we realise complex (not complicated) and interdependent relationships between them (see Norberg6FKXOW] &UHVVZHOO

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Every place has an identity. Whenever we reach consensus on location to be a place, in addition, we consequently assign to WKDW SODFH D SDUWLFXODU LGHQWLW\ %HFRPLQJ SODFH DQG KDYLQJ DQ LGHQWLW\ DUH LQVHSDUDEOH SURFHVVHV GHČ´QHG WKURXJKRXW SHRSOHȇV experiences of a location. That identity is constructed based RQ SHRSOHȇV FRQVHQVXDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI D SODFH ΖW GHČ´QHV what the place is, or what the place is becoming (Dovey, 2010). Identity and place are indivisible characteristics of any location for which people agree to be more than just a location. Identity emerges from the place observed as a whole. Place identity is phenomenological category, developing as an idea based on the relationship between a person and outside world. However, that very personal idea of a place is strongly rooted on the built environment and the activities conducted within that location. Thus, place identity emerges from the interaction of three spheres: built environment, activities and meanings 5HOSK DQG WKRVH DVSHFWV DUH LQWHUGHSHQGHQW FUHDWLQJ D FRPSOH[ UHODWLRQVKLSV LQ GHČ´QLWLRQ RI WKH SODFH LGHQWLW\ It takes time for place identity to emerge. People’s experiences RI ORFDWLRQ WDNH WLPH DQG LW FRXOG EH VDLG WKH\ DUH HYHQ UHČľHFWHG LQ SHUVRQȇV PXVFOHV DQG ERQHV 7XDQ 'HVSLWH the fact that place identity is product of person’s individual experiences and time spent in a location, it also represents a shared phenomenon among all those diverse experiences. Place LGHQWLW\ LV GHČ´QHG WKURXJKRXW LQWHUVHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ YDULRXV actors in a place. It is not only based upon the experiences of people who spend long time knowing the location. There are numerous shades between those who spend their whole lives knowing the place (insiders) and those who can have only a JOLPSVH XSRQ LW RXWVLGHUV 5HOSK $OO RI WKHP DUH actively involved in constant re-production of the place identity, creating a consensus upon which identity emerges. ΖGHQWLW\ GHČ´QHV GLÎ?HUHQFH RI WKH SODFH WR DQ\ RWKHU SODFH DV ZHOO DV LWV FRKHUHQFH ΖW VLJQLČ´HV LWV XQLTXHQHVV 7KDW uniqueness is based on its distinctive and indigenous elements. Often that distinctiveness is based on famous building, its shape, construction, materials, and as such identity is directly interrelated with visual aspects of built environment. Thus in many cases place identity is equal with the place image, image of the city and so forth. We could agree that in many cases SODFH LGHQWLW\ LV FRQVWUXFWHG LQ WHUPV RI LWV YLVXDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV KRZHYHU WKDW LV RQO\ RQH SDUW RI WKH GHČ´QLWLRQ RI SODFH LGHQWLW\ 1DUURZQHVV RI WKDW GHČ´QLWLRQ EHFRPHV FOHDU ZKHQ ZH GHDO ZLWK change and persistence of built environment and place identity. 7KHUH DUH PDQ\ DWWHPSWV WR GHČ´QH SODFH LGHQWLW\ LQ LWV WRWDOLW\ DQG WR DYRLG UHGXFWLRQLVW GHČ´QLWLRQV RI SODFH DV DQ LPDJH 0RVW QRWDEO\ 1RUEHUJ 6FKXOW] DQG KLV GHČ´QLWLRQ EDVHG RQ WKH VSLULW ČŠJHQLXV ORFLČ‹ 2U PRVW UHFHQWO\ 'RYH\ȇV GHČ´QLWLRQ RI SODFH DV DQ DVVHPEODJH %RWK GHČ´QLWLRQV DWWHPSW WR FDSWXUH WKH place in its totality, former from transcendental position and the latter from materialistic. $Q LPSRUWDQW HOHPHQW WKDW QHHGV WR EH FRQVLGHUHG LQ GHČ´QLWLRQ

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of identity is related to time, durability and persistence, thus questions of conservation of built environment. Identity (particularly of the place that has change as part of its nature) is element that allows us to evaluate the level of persistence of place character. It allows us to comprehend the place as the same in two instants in time. Place identity and persistence are related characteristics of a place and can be associated with very long periods of time, where place is described to have a historic character or very short lifespan in which identity is related with modern, new, fashionable and so forth. Since place identity emerges when the location is observed as a whole, it is a complex system. The complexity depends on the place itself and the processes within it. However, it is important to mention here, that since place is complex system the relationship between change of its elements and identity do not exhibit characteristics of linearity. For example, if the building is replaced with another building that does not necessarily means that its place identity will be altered. That will depend on the level of complexity of the place and its identity, as well as on element(s) that constitute place identity. Place identity and ordinary architecture In his writings about space and ordinary (infra-ordinary) Georges 3HUHF QRWHV LPSRUWDQW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH RUGLQDU\ WKDW LW WDNHV PRVW RI RXU WLPH DQG WKDW LW LV GLÉ?FXOW WR FDSWXUH and describe. Perec notes “What speaks to us, seemingly, is always the big event, the untoward, the extra-ordinary‌What’s really going on, what we’re experiencing, the rest, all the rest, ZKHUH LV LW"Č‹ 3HUHF Ordinary places are places where we spend most of our time. We are emotionally attached to them, they are our places. Places where we were born, loved places of happiness and as 7XDQ GHČ´QHV WKRVH DUH SODFHV RI ČŠKROLQHVVČ‹ The identity of these places is ours, personal and to a certain H[WHQW SULYDWH ΖW LV QRW VKDUHG E\ RXWVLGHUV LW LV GHČ´QHG RQO\ by us. As such, it is based on the experiences and memories that gain very strong meanings. Those meaning are private DQG QRW VKDUHG E\ RWKHUV 7KXV LI ZH KDYH GHČ´QHG LGHQWLW\ DV something consensual, as an agreement between insiders-us and outsiders-them, then ordinary places could not have the potential to have an identity. However, this does not mean that there is no possibility for a location to have a broadly recognizable identity and in the same time very personal experiential meanings. However, we have to acknowledge that there is less potential for a location that has no particular distinctiveness (thus it is considered to be ordinary place) to attract and create experience of outsiders. It also means that even the location has identity based on the consensus of outsiders and insiders and as well very personal attachments from the insiders, rarely those two will be overlapping. In most

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of the cases, personal experiences of insiders and consensual H[SHULHQFHV RI RXWVLGHUV ZLOO EH FRPSOHWHO\ GLÎ?HUHQW It could be argued that in order to create a consensus or place identity, there has to be an element based on the location itself (within its built environment, activities, meanings or their various FRPELQDWLRQV WKDW ZLOO KDYH VWURQJ LQČľXHQFH RQ H[SHULHQFH RI both outsiders and insiders. That element is usually an iconic building, extraordinary architecture, material, decorative elements etc. that needs to be conserved. If the place is ordinary, that means that there is no distinctive or extraordinary element which will allow for the emergence of place identity, in words of Perec it will not “speak to usâ€?. This seemingly paradoxical characteristic of place identity raises the question: how can we conserve and preserve ordinary place identity? This paper is determined to discuss an urban situation in which RUGLQDU\ DQG HYHU\GD\ KDYH PDQDJHG WR Č´QG WKHPVHOYHV DV PDLQ HOHPHQWV RI SODFH LGHQWLW\ %\ H[SRVLQJ LWV LGHQWLW\ ZH will then discuss which elements of built environment are maintained from the past. Methods In order to analyse the persistence of place identity based on the ordinary architecture paper uses a case study approach. The selected case study has place identity that is persistent-based RQ WKH SDVW KRZHYHU LWV EXLOW HQYLURQPHQW FDQ EH GHČ´QHG DV ordinary and there are no buildings conserved from the past (Muminovic, 2013). To examine which elements of built environment are maintained ZLWKLQ WKH FKDQJH Č´UVWO\ ZH ZLOO EH DQDO\VLQJ WKH GLVFRXUVH RQ place identity. The approach is based on content analysis of two place identities: one related to present and descriptions of the case study (Yanesen) and the second describing the place character that is found on the past (Shitamachi). Comparison of these two characters will be used in order to identify the similarities. The hypothesis is that those similarities are bases for persistent place identity and that there are persistent aspects of built environment linked with those similarities. Second part of the analysis aims to determine aspects of build environment which are persisting over time. The case study: Yanesen and its character 7RN\R LV WKH FLW\ WKDW KDV VXÎ?HUHG QXPHURXV GHVWUXFWLRQV GXH to the natural hazards as well as Second World War. Thus, there are few locations that have monuments or any reminiscent from the times before the Second World War. However, there DUH SODFHV ZKLFK DUH ODUJHO\ GHČ´QHG DV KLVWRULFDO GHVSLWH WKH IDFW of not preserving the historic buildings. One of such places in Tokyo, which nurses its identity based on the past, is located

within eastern part of its central areas, called Yanesen. Yanesen is located within 23 wards in Tokyo and it consists of three neighbourhoods, Yanaka, Nezu and Sendagi. The area was largely spread during the two massive destructions in 20th century, however it does not preserve any buildings from the past (Muminovic et al, 2013). Yanesen consists of hilly part with its temples and shrines and area in the valley with dominantly residential and commercial spaces. It is foremost low rise high density area with ordinary single family houses and low rise apartments. Small local shops and galleries are located in VKRWHQJDL DUHDV FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI DQ\ QHLJKERXUKRRG LQ 7RN\R VHH IRU H[DPSOH %HVWRU Place identity of this area is characterised as historic town, nursing its traditional sense of place and Edo (former Tokyo) residential atmosphere as well as sense of closeness, smallness, modest and neighbourhood. The area contains no traditional or historic buildings and more importantly, there are no iconic buildings that can be associated with that Shitamachi identity1. Shitamachi is a concept that represents part of the place identity in contemporary Yanesen. It links the character of this place to traditional neighbourhoods and Edo, as well as to indigenous character and in the same time represents part of ordinary, everyday life of lower classes of society in Edo period. Shitamachi- identity based on everyday Shitamachi is a complex concept that has various meanings and it is changing over time. Mapping this heterogeneous idea involves outlining its geographical boundaries as well as GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ WKH VWDQG SRLQW DQG WLPH IURP ZKLFK LW LV GHČ´QHG That is due to the fact that meanings of Shitamachi have been changing over time (Waley, 2002). In broadest terms, Shitamachi can be related with the way of living and particular patterns of participation in urban life (Smith, 1960: 249) as well as certain VRFLDO VWUXFWXUH RI LWV LQKDELWDQWV 'RUH $OWKRXJK usually related with Edo-Tokyo, Shitamachi can also be found in other cities (e.g. Osaka, see Cybriwsky, 1997: 130-1). The very complexity and change over time gives the hint on how adaptable this concept is. Despite its broad applications and meanings, Shitamachi has in recent years largely been associated with particular character of the place which maintains the qualities and spaces from the past. As such, this character has become part of place identity in certain areas in Tokyo. There are two elements that need to be addressed in order to focus on the relationship between contemporary Yanesen and its place identity. Those are: (1) Shitamachi as place character and (2) kind of architecture and spaces that produce Shitamachi character.

5HVXOWV GHULYLQJ IURP UHVHDUFK FRQGXFWHG IURP WR DV SDUW RI ODUJHU SURMHFW %DVHG RQ WKH DQDO\VLV RI WRXULVW JXLGHV WKDW ZHUH FROOHFWHG ZLWKLQ WKDW SHULRG WKHUH ZHUH GLÎ?HUHQW NH\ZRUGV WKDW DUH GHVFULELQJ <DQHVHQ DQG DUH VXPPDULVHG under: traditional spaces-appearing in 65% of all texts, temples and shrines: 65%, smallness: 50%, peaceful: 46%, Japanese everyday life: 30% etc.

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Shitamachi as place character The old city of Tokyo (Edo) was, from its beginning, divided in two regions: Yamanote (the hilly parts of the city or the high city) and Shitamachi (alluvial areas or low city). Yamanote was place of aristocratic dwellings, shrines and temples and Shitamachi was home of town’s people, merchants and artisans. The SUHFLVH ERXQGDULHV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR DUHDV DUH KDUG WR GHČ´QH 6HLGHQVWLFNHU KRZHYHU GXULQJ WKH 7RNXJDZD SHULRG low city comprised areas east from the castle. At the beginning of 20th century, Shitamachi areas were expanding northwards. During the second half of the 20th century the low city further expanded along Sumida and Edo river banks (Waley,2002). ΖQ RUGHU WR VWUXFWXUDOL]H DQG DWWHPSW WR FOHDUO\ PDS WKLV ČľRDWLQJ character of Shitamachi, we will focus on its three aspects: historical, socio-economic and popular. Shitamachi in historical terms relates to the founding of the city and its earlier name (Edo) and comprises areas around Nihonbashi and Asakusa to the north. In the same time it marks a particular class of city GZHOOHUV FDOOHG FKÄ?QLQ RU WRZQVSHRSOH ΖW LV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW WR note here, that these people were not part of the ruling class (despite the fact that the class system was not based on the wealth) and thus they did not comprise extraordinary or iconic DUFKLWHFWXUH $OWKRXJK LW LV KLVWRULF GHČ´QLWLRQ WKH 6KLWDPDFKL does not clearly relate to any particular historic period from 17th to 20th century. Thus, it is not clear which period in time we are talking about or what kind of townspeople it comprises. However, the meaning strongly relates to the earliest periods of the city of Tokyo and to the townspeople. 6RFLR HFRQRPLF GHČ´QLWLRQ RI 6KLWDPDFKL Č´QGV LWV EDVLV RQ the small scale enterprises and close-net communities. This GHČ´QLWLRQ LV GHULYLQJ DV D FRQVHTXHQFH RI WKH YDJXH DQG XQGHWHUPLQHG KLVWRULFDO GHČ´QLWLRQ ZKLFK LV RQO\ UHODWHG WR WKH particular class of people-townspeople. Thus, it is not necessarily linked with Edo period, but with the characteristics of lower classes of people. It is mainly focused on the period after the Great Kanto earthquake (1923) until 1960s. It comprises much ODUJHU DUHDV WKDQ KLVWRULF GHČ´QLWLRQ HYHQ WKH DUHDV DW HDVW EDQN of Sumida River. 1RVWDOJLF DQG SRSXODU GHČ´QLWLRQ RI 6KLWDPDFKL LV WKH EURDGHVW one. It comprises strong neighbourhood and community connections as well as traditional shopping streets. In WHUPV RI ORFDWLRQV WKLV GHČ´QLWLRQ FDQ EH UHODWHG WR DOPRVW any neighbourhood in Tokyo. That is well described at the H[DPSOH RI 0L\DPRWR FKÄ? %HVWRU H[SODLQV WKDW WKLV QHLJKERXUKRRG LV QRW SDUW RI WKH ČŠWUXH 6KLWDPDFKLČ‹ KRZHYHU LW dates before Second World War and has gained some of the “customs and cultural values that characterize Shitamachiâ€?. He further argues that for many Japanese that is what characterizes Shitamachi- the way of life and not the place or architectural monuments from the past.

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The way of life in Shitamachi was developing in densely populated areas. It is characterised throughout communal life, wide open HYHU\GD\ OLIH ZLWKRXW VHFUHWV 'RUH KLJK OHYHOV of urbanity with mixed functions of downtown (Smith, 1960), SOHDVXUH TXDUWHUV DQG SXEOLF EDWKV 6HLGHQVWLFNHU %DVHG RQ WKRVH GHČ´QLWLRQV WKH 6KLWDPDFKL FKDUDFWHU LV ODUJHO\ outlined around concepts of neighbourhood, merchants and artisans, small enterprises, modest, downtown, ordinary, community and tradition. In general, this character is based on ordinary and everyday life of modest people, those who do not belong to the ruling classes. The built environment of Shitamachi Shitamachi areas were planned as right angled grid, while the high city’s streets were following the terrain (Seidensticker, /RZ FLW\ ZDV GHQVHO\ SRSXODWHG DQG KLJK FLW\ DUHDV were occupying two-thirds of Edo’s territory with population of quarter of that in commoner’s arias (Sorensen, 2002: 33). The living conditions in low city were overcrowded, with density much higher than 673 people per hectare (Kobayashi, 2013: 70). Standard dwelling for the poorer tradesman and artisan were in the back alleys (roji) with the house approximately 2.5 meters wide and 3.5 m deep (nagaya) and consisted of two YHU\ VPDOO URRPV RQH RI WKHP HDUWK ČľRRUHG 7KH KRXVHV ZHUH wooden and one storey high (only at the beginning of the 20th FHQWXU\ WZR ČľRRU KRXVHV VWDUWHG DSSHDULQJ /RZ FLW\ DUHDV ZHUH XVXDOO\ ODLG RXW LQ WKH JULG SDWWHUQ WKDW follows Chinese model adopted from Kyoto and was planned by city elders. As Sorensen (2002: 25-30) describes, the main SDWWHUQ ZDV EDVHG RQ EORFN FKÄ? HDFK PHDVXULQJ DSSUR[LPDWHO\ ZLWK PHWHUV ΖQ SDUDOOHO FKÄ? ZDV XVHG WR GHVFULEH WKH size, residential neighbourhood and administrative unit. Thus from the very beginning, these areas were designed to have very strong sense of community. This also was not the case of the Yamanote areas that had much lower density of population. $QRWKHU LPSRUWDQW FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI FKÄ? LQ WKH 6KLWDPDFKL areas was the diversity of classes of commoners: from wealthy merchants, landlords, and shopkeepers with the houses fronting the main streets to the tenants of nagaya in the back alleys who were usually employees or servants of the merchants. The houses facing the main streets were usually functioning DV UHVLGHQFH DQG VKRS RÉ?FH ZDUHKRXVH RU ZRUNVKRS FDOOHG machiya). That was contributing to the rich public life on the streets. The most numerous of all types of the houses were actually located at the inner parts of the block (called nagaya). This vibrant life on the streets in Shitamachi was opposed to the almost rural life in very low density Yamanote areas (ibid). Nagaya or the row houses were facing the small alleys (roji) only 1m or 2m wide, behind and between the machiya. The entrance to the house was directly from the alley, where because of very

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high density, the alleys became semi-private spaces shared among the tenants. Usually they were gated (and the gates were closed during the night), and served as space for cooking, FOHDQLQJ DQG RWKHU GRPHVWLF DFWLYLWLHV 6KHOWRQ Due to the lack of housing during the Meiji period this type of housing was largely spread thought the northern and eastern parts of the city, creating settlements that can be characterised DV LQVDQLWDU\ VOXPV :DOH\

Analysis of the urban characters of Shitamachi and Yanesen has shown that there are three main similarities, thus permanences: scale, density and modest buildings.

The houses were largely wooden, with main characteristics of densely packed apartments under the long roof. Due to very KLJK GHQVLW\ DQG RYHUFURZGLQJ WKH Č´UHV ZHUH DSSHDULQJ DOPRVW HYHU\ \HDU ZLWK PDMRU FRQČľDJUDWLRQV KDSSHQLQJ RQ DYHUDJH HYHU\ VL[ \HDUV .HOO\ 'HVSLWH IUHTXHQW Č´UHV WUDGLWLRQV of wooden architecture were dominating the cityscape. Even at the end of 19th and beginning of 20th century 97% of all houses were wooden (Sorensen, 2002: 42). From that number 57% ZHUH FDOOHG \DNH\D EXUQDEOH KRXVH RU Č´UHWUDS 7KH DYHUDJH lifespan of this house was very short and those were usually rental dwellings for commoners (nagaya) thus landlords had no desire to invest in more expensive and permanent materials and building methods. The houses were thus built with the idea that they are just temporary and did not seek for any extraordinary architectural expression. Those were ordinary buildings meant to be replaced. Shitamachi character in Yanesen Despite the fact that Shitamachi was linked with other areas in (GR 7RN\R FRQWHPSRUDU\ <DQHVHQ LV GHČ´QHG E\ ERWK RXWVLGHUV DQG LQVLGHUV WR KDYH 6KLWDPDFKL VSLULW %XLOW HQYLURQPHQW LQ Yanesen has basis for Shitamachi character emergence. When compared, two descriptions of place identity in Yansen (today) and Shitamachi (past) there are similarities. Those resemblances can be found at the levels of scale, density, community and temples and shrines. However, both characteristics that can be related to Shitamachi and Yanesen do not build their identity on particular building or space. Even when the character is related to space (i.e. temples and shrines-highlighted in orange Figure 1.) it is very generic- does not refer to particular building, or street or any other element of built environment. There are also the aspects of Shitamachi which cannot be found LQ <DQHVHQ 2QH LV UHODWHG ZLWK LWV XUEDQLW\ GHČ´QLQJ WKLV SDUW of the city as downtown. This characteristic was particularly important as opposed to Yamanote areas (higher classes of SHRSOH ZKLFK ZHUH GRPLQDQWO\ UXUDO DQG KDG D GLÎ?HUHQFLQJ quality for the Shitamachi. Another characteristic of Shitamachi WKDW ZH FDQQRW Č´QG DQ\ PRUH LQ <DQHVHQ LV PDWHULDO ZRRG ΖQ Edo period and in more general terms, traditional Japanese architecture is wooden. Due to the hazards and planning laws, this characteristic of Japanese architecture is largely lost today. Thus it cannot be found in Yanesen.

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Scale All the elements of built environment in Yanesen are dominantly EHORQJLQJ WR D VPDOO DQG KXPDQ VFDOH %XLOGLQJ IRRWSULQW DV ZHOO as sizes of streets and blocks belongs to the small scale (Figure %XLOGLQJ KHLJKW LV DOVR UHSUHVHQWHG ZLWK GRPLQDQWO\ RQH WR WZR ČľRRUV EXLOGLQJV 7KRVH HOHPHQWV DUH QRW KRPRJHQHRXVO\ GLVSHUVHG WKURXJKRXW WKH ZKROH QHLJKERXUKRRG WKHUH DUH elements of built environment of various sizes, however small represent the dominant character. Smallness was important characteristic of Shitamachi and it is linked with density as well as modesty and classes of people that inhabited these areas. Smallness was necessity in that period. Today, that smallness is lost in many neighbourhoods in Tokyo, and it is continuing to disappear. In areas such as Yanesen it is linked with all elements of built environment: streets, blocks and plots, all exhibiting characteristics of small and creating interdependent relationships. Those relationships, allow change of sizes of elements that are however, limited in

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terms of scale (because of their interdependence).

Figure 3: Semi private streets. Shitamachi and traditional roji (left) and contemporary Yanesen (right).

Modest buildings

Figure 2: The number of elements of built environment (streets: s (<1200m2), m (1200-2500 m2), l (2500-3700 m2), xl (<9300 m2); blocks s(<8500 m2), m (8500-17000 m2), xl (17000-62000 m2); building footprint xs (< 17 m2), s (17- 120 m2), m (120-230m2), l P [O P EXLOGLQJ KHLJKW V ČľRRUV P WKUHH ČľRRUV O ČľRRUV [O ČľRRUV

Density Despite the fact that built environment is not constructed in the VDPH PDQQHU DV RULJLQDOO\ SODQQHG FKÄ? ZLWK SDUWLFXODU VWUXFWXUH RI PDFKL\D DQG QDJD\D W\SHV WKHUH DUH VLJQLČ´FDQW VLPLODULWLHV that can be found in contemporary Yanesen and Shitamachi. Those similarities are related to ways in which public and private spaces are structured. Due to the higher density as well as low rise of the buildings, public and private spheres of the houses are largely overlapping and creating various zones and shades of semi-public and semi-private spaces. It is evident that due to the sizes of houses and streets, there is a close relationship between private sphere of domestic everyday life and public sphere of the city. The private spaces are highly exposed to the public. Outsiders, although cannot see private spaces inside the houses, can very often hear and smell and thus experience that domestic, everyday private lives. In that sense, it could be argued that streets become semi private spaces, where that privateness is extended due to both smallness of the house and smallness of the street. 7KRVH VHPL SULYDWH VSDFHV LQ WKH VWUHHWV DUH GLÎ?HUHQW IURP the alleys (roji) that could be found in Shitamachi. The alleys in Shitamachi were closed and used as domestic spaces which streets in Yanesen do not exhibit today. However, the fact that there is a sense of privatness of the streets in Yanesen can be linked with the sense of privateness in Shitamachi. The space is not preserved, but its character remains the same: semi-private (Figure 3).

All the buildings in the area are dominantly residential, thus ordinary and everyday buildings. Exceptions are more than hundred temples and shrines which are scattered around Yanaka. Although, dominantly in wood and following the traditional patterns of building, they are not preserved or conserved and thus have no historical value. Majority of the buildings belong to the residential buildings and are conceived as ordinary. Shitamachi’s buildings were constructed from light and LQH[SHQVLYH PDWHULDO 7KH UHDVRQ IRU WKDW ZHUH QXPHURXV Č´UHV and earthquakes. In that sense it was never important how the building looks like. That is why, contemporary buildings in Yanesen could be still considered to follow that tradition. They are modest and functional. They can be found anywhere in Japan. Those are ordinary buildings. Summary There are characteristics of built environment in Yanesen that are maintained and thus allowing for place identity to be preserved. Those are related with scale, public-private relationships and modest architectural expressions. None of those elements has its particular characteristics and shapes that need to be conserved. Each one of them is based on the complex relationships between various elements. The same FKDUDFWHU FDQ EH DFKLHYHG E\ DVVHPEOLQJ GLÎ?HUHQW HOHPHQWV 7KH EXLOW HQYLURQPHQW LV WKXV ČľH[LEOH DQG FKDQJHDEOH This example shows important characteristic of ordinary: it is amorphous. There is no iconic building that preserves or FRQVHUYHV SODFH LGHQWLW\ RI 6KLWDPDFKL %HFDXVH RUGLQDU\ FDQ take various shapes and it is not directly linked to our visual experiences. They are evoked through other senses: smell and sound were noted as important for public-private relationships in Yanesen. The closeness, community and neighbourhood are perceived through sound of the plates during the lunchtime or water from the shower that someone is taking. That proximity and exposure is very subtle but present and perceived by outsiders. 2XWVLGHUV DUH LPSRUWDQW LQ FUHDWLRQ DOPRVW YHULČ´FDWLRQ RI SODFH identity. Usually outsiders experience the place that is visually

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dominant- iconic building, plaza, street and other elements of build environment. Those elements are recognized and place identity is conserved through outsiders’ experiences. In the case of Yanesen there are no iconic buildings, plazas or streets. There are however, familiar home feelings, evoked by sounds, smells and space that can be recognised by outsiders. They are ordinary and familiar and in that sense Shitamachi becomes universal and easy to grasp.

1RUEHUJ 6FKXO] & *HQLXV ORFL WRZDUGV D SKHQRPHQRORJ\ of architecture. New York, Rizzoli International Publications. 3HUHN * 6SHFLHV RI 6SDFHV DQG 2WKHU 3LHFHV /RQGRQ Penguin Classics.

The fact that the identity is based on ordinary allows for architecture, buildings and spaces in Yanesen to change. 2UGLQDU\ RI WKH WK FHQWXU\ LV GLÎ?HUHQW IURP RUGLQDU\ LQ WKH 21st century. However, they are both ordinary, and that seems to be one of the key connections and ambiguities that allows for this identity to keep changing and persisting in the same time. It might be argued here that feelings of Shitamachi character are those being conserved.

Smith, R. 1960. ‘Pre-Industrial urbanism in Japan: A Considerations of Multiple Traditions in Feudal Society’. Economic development and Cultural Change 9(1, part 2) pp.241-57.

References %HVWRU 7 1HLJKERXUKRRG 7RN\R 6WDQIRUG 6WDQIRUG University Press. &UHVVZHOO 7 3ODFH $ VKRUW LQWURGXFWLRQ 0DOGHQ %ODFNZHOO Publishing.

5HOSK ( 3ODFH DQG SODFHOHVVQHVV /RQGRQ 3LRQ /LPLWHG 6HLGHQVWLFNHU ( /RZ &LW\ +LJK &LW\ 7RN\R IURP (GR WR theearthquake. Tokyo, C.E. Tuttle.

Sorensen, A. 2002. The making of urban Japan, Cities and SODQQLQJ IURP (GR WR WKH WZHQW\ Č´UVW FHQWXU\ /RQGRQ Routledge. Tuan, Y. 1977. Space and Place- The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis, The University of Minnesota Press. Waley, P. 1992. Fragments of a city: A Tokyo antology. Tokyo, The Japan Times. Waley, P. 2002. ‘Moving the Margins of Tokyo’. Urban Studies, 39 (9) pp. 1553-50.

&\EULZVN\ 5 +LVWRULFDO 'LFWLRQDU\ RI 7RN\R /RQGRQ 7KH Scarecrow Press. 'RUH 5 &LW\ OLIH LQ -DSDQ D VWXG\ RI 7RN\R ZDUG /RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH DQG .HJDQ 3DXO /WG 'RYH\ . %HFRPLQJ SODFHV 8UEDQLVP $UFKLWHFWXUH ΖGHQWLW\ 3RZHU /RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH +HLGHJJHU 0 %HLQJ DQG 7LPH WUDQV 0DTXDUULH - DQG 5RELQVRQ ( 2[IRUG %DVLO %ODFNZHOO .HOO\ : ΖQFHQGLDU\ $FWLRQV )LUHV DQG )LUHČ´JKWLQJ in the Shogun's Capital and the People's City', in J. McClain, J. 0HUULDPDQ DQG 8 .DURX HGV (GR DQG 3DULV 8UEDQ /LIH DQG WKH 6WDWH LQ WKH (DUO\ 0RGHUQ (UD /RQGRQ &RUQHO 8QLYHUVLW\ Press. Kobayashi, H. 2013. 'Quasi-Dense City-Tokyo: Toward a New 0LGGOH /DQGVFDSH LQ ' 5DGRYLÉ HG 0Q 0 :RUNERRN ΖQWHQVLWLHV LQ 7HQ &LWLHV 7RN\R )OLFN 6WXGLR SS Muminovic, M, Radovic, D and Almazan, J. 2013. ‘On innovative practices which contribute to preservation of place identity: the example of Yanesen, Tokyo’. Journal of Civil Engineering and $UFKLWHFWXUH SS

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CULTURAL NETWORKING FOR PLANNING THE HISTORY

Federico GIGLI Arch PhD “SAPIENZAâ€? UniversitĂ di Roma 'Ζ378 'LSDUWLPHQWR ΖQWHUDWHQHR GL 3LDQLČ´FD]LRQH 7HUULWRULDOH e Urbana Via Flamina 70 Roma giglif@tin.it, federico.gigli@uniroma1.it Bruno De MEULDER Professor 'HSDUWPHQW RI $UFKLWHFWXUH .8 /HXYHQ %HOJLXP .DVWHHOSDUN $UHQEHUJ EXV %( +HYHUOHH %HOJLXP bruno.demeulder@isro.kuleuven.be Keywords: PLANNING HISTORY, PLANNING THEORIES

Abstract :KDW ZH DUH DVVXPLQJ KHUH LV WKDW DSSO\LQJ DQ ȊKLVWRULF DSSURDFKȋ WR SODQQLQJ FDQ KHOS XV LQ PDNLQJ RXU GLVFLSOLQH PRYLQJ DKHDG ΖQ IDFW ZH VWURQJO\ EHOLHYH WKDW +LVWRU\ FDQ KHOS XV LQ VWXG\LQJ DQG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RXU SUHVHQW DQDO\]LQJ RXU SDVW FDQ PDNH LW SRVVLEOH WR ȴQG VRPH JHQHUDO UXOHV RI GHYHORSPHQW WKDW FDQ GULYH RXU SUHVHQW FKRLFHV WR GHVLJQ RXU IXWXUH This paper, then, as it seems that oriental cities are still living in a SKDVH RI WKHLU OLIH WKDW ȊZHVWHUQȋ RQHV KDYH DOUHDG\ JRQH WKURXJK would like to trying to analyse how and in which ways actual WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ SURFHVVHV RI WKH HDVWHUQ FLW\ FDQ ȊOHDUQȋ IURP HDUOLHU development phases of the western one and to what extent they PD\ EH VWLOO LQȾXHQFHG DQG PRGLȴHG E\ WKHVH ODVW RQHV 7R UHDFK this goal two cities, taken as two case studies, one eastern and one ZHVWHUQ ZLOO EH WDNHQ LQ FRQVLGHUDWLRQ 3DUWLFXODUO\ ZH ZLOO UHIHU WR 5RPH DQG 6KDQJKDL $QDO\VLQJ WKHVH H[DPSOHV ZH KRSH WR XQGHUVWDQG EHWWHU RXU SUHVHQW FLWLHV ΖQ WKLV ZD\ ZH PLJKW VXFFHHG LQ GHFRGLQJ WKH JURZLQJ ODZV RI XUEDQ V\VWHPV LQ RUGHU WR DSSO\ WKHP WR SUHVHQW FLWLHV WR VXFFHVVIXOO\ GHVLJQ WKHLU IXWXUH

particularly in planning. )LUVW RI DOO ZH KDYH SHUKDSV WR GHČ´QH WKH FRQFHSW RI KLVWRU\ as well as the one of theory before connecting them with the discipline of planning. $W Č´UVW VLJKW DV ZH VDLG ZH PLJKW GHČ´QH +LVWRU\ DV WKH GLVFLSOLQH of Memory, as well as Theory as the one of Project. In fact we usually think to History as a way to study and understand our past, as well as we always look for framing our new projects in the context of strong theoretical structures, able to give us a UHVSRQVH DQG D MXVWLČ´FDWLRQ WR RXU GHVLJQ FKRLFHV WKDW PLJKW otherwise appear arbitrary. It is obvious that we are not speaking of the word History in its easy meaning of a chronicle of past events but rather as the way through which we attempt to reach their interpretation. In this sense the reconstruction of what has happened at a FHUWDLQ WLPH WKH FKURQLFOH LV WKH EDVLV WR JR DKHDG LQ WKH HÎ?RUW of understanding what stays behind the events, which were its causes, which ideals drove people in one direction rather than another. This activity is much more delicate as we have to interpret, through our present way of thinking, facts often very far from us, both chronologically and culturally. All the things that have just been referred to “Historyâ€? in general can be applied to “Planning Historyâ€? and to “History of the Cityâ€? as particular branch of the historic disciplines. As a matter of fact Planning History and History of the City are sorts of border disciplines between history and planning. So History can become (but I’d rather say “shouldâ€? become!) the more important to our present as far as our society is willing to remembering its past.

CENTRAL THEME:

As a matter of fact, we have to recognise that our society, VSHFLȴFDOO\ WKH ZHVWHUQ RQH DQG SDUWLFXODUO\ WKH ΖWDOLDQ LV TXLWH FRQFHUQHG DERXW WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI KLVWRU\ ȂDQG WR D ZLGHU extent, of heritage- for its development.

:H FDQ VWDUW RXU UHČľHFWLRQV RQ WKH WRSLF XQGHU GLVFXVVLRQ DÉ?UPLQJ DV D Č´UVW VWDWHPHQW WKDW ČŠKLVWRU\Č‹ FDQ EH GHČ´QHG DV the discipline of memory whereas “theoryâ€? can be more easily connected with project.

:KDW VWLOO VHHPV DOO WR EH GHČ´QHG LV WKH ZD\ WKURXJK ZKLFK ZH can try to reach our goal of making history an instrument for the progress of our society and, particularly, of the discipline of planning.

'LÎ?HUHQW FXOWXUHV Č‚ERWK LQ WLPH DQG VSDFH KDYH JLYHQ GLYHUVH weight to connections between history and theoretical thought. 7KLV LV WUXH LQ YDULRXV Č´HOGV RI NQRZOHGJH DQG DPRQJ WKHP

To this extent we have to remind that “remembrance� can consist either in “physically� maintaining the traces of our past or in keeping just its memory through symbols (as a monument):

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WKLV FDQ DSSO\ WR YDULRXV GLVFLSOLQHV DQG DPRQJ WKHP FDQ DÎ?HFW particularly the choices of Planning, depending on the results our discipline is from time to time willing to obtain. We must also note that, while “western cityâ€? has almost totally ended its growing process, it has, on the other side, begun a WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ SURFHVV WKDW DÎ?HFWV SDUWLFXODUO\ WKH H[LVWLQJ urban fabric. In this context history is the most useful tool to understand the structure and the growing rules of the existing city in order to plan its improvement. It is to be very clearly outlined also that, while working on the H[LVWLQJ FLW\ RU Č‚ZH ZRXOG EHWWHU VD\ ZKLOH WUDQVIRUPLQJ LW RXU DFWLRQ ZLOO QRW RQO\ DÎ?HFW KLVWRU\ IURP D PHWKRGRORJLFDO SRLQW RI YLHZ Č‚DV D PHUH PHDQ RI DSSURDFKLQJ WKH SUREOHP DV LW might happen if we were designing an extention of the city)-, but rather “involveâ€? it while forcing us to give an evaluation of the built environment and of its quality, in order to decide which parts of it have an “historic valueâ€? that makes them worth being either preserved or transformed (to a little or big extent). RELEVANCE: The real point to remark is the meaning of the word “Historyâ€? itself. It was not by chance, in fact, that in the preceding lines the word “Historyâ€? has not been used always, being often replaced E\ WKH ZRUG ČŠ(YROXWLRQČ‹ :H KDYH LQ IDFW WR GHČ´QH ZKDW ZH exactly mean with the word “Historyâ€?. Is it a mere reconstruction RI IDFWV" 2U LV LW LQVWHDG DQ HÎ?RUW WR XQGHUVWDQG ZK\ WKLQJV happened in the past in a certain way? Is it a “chronicleâ€? or an “interpretationâ€?? It is obvious, by all that has been said until now, that we incline to the last. As we can see, also on this side we come to another strong point of connection between History and Planning Theory. We still agree with the famous latin orator Marco Tullio Cicerone WKDW LQ KLV 'H 2UDWRUH ΖΖ LQ )LUVW &HQWXU\ % & GHČ´QHG +LVWRU\ DV “magistra vitaeâ€? (i.e. literally “teacher of lifeâ€?). In fact, after more than two thousand years we still think it is possible to learn from our past the right way to orient our present and future behaviour. This attitude towards History can be extended also to Planning History and perhaps, by extension, to the History of the City, in an attempt to read our past trying to get some suggestions to design cities for the future. :KDW ZH VKRXOG LQ DQ\ FDVH DYRLG WKRXJK LV Č´QGLQJ LQ KLVWRU\ D sort of shelter to escape from real problems: history has to be considered as a “methodâ€? and not at all as a “formâ€?. We have to study it to understand its structures, its mechanisms, being

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aware that we cannot anymore simply reproduce old schemes and models. :H DOVR KDYH WR Č‚DQG SHUKDSV WKLV LV HYHQ PRUH LPSRUWDQW understand all the mistakes that have been done in the past, in order to avoid doing them again. 2QO\ DQDO\VLQJ RXU SDVW Č‚LQ DOO LWV Č´HOGV EXW LQ WKLV FRQWH[W particularly thinking to planning and all disciplines related in any possible way with cities’ evolution- we can thus try to discern good things from bad ones and to get the instruments to obtain correct rules to shaping future cities for a sustainable life. APPROACH: Starting from its title, this Symposium is focused on “great Asian streetsâ€?. As an European person, a “westernâ€?, and particularly an Italian, WKH Č´UVW WKLQJ Ζ FDOO WR P\ PLQG ZKHQ WKLQNLQJ WR ČŠ$VLDČ‹ DQG WR “streetsâ€?, or I’d better say to “routesâ€?, is my “compatriotâ€? and “predecessorâ€? Marco Polo who many centuries ago (as far as in 1271!) left Venice with his father and his uncle to reach Asia. He spent 24 years traveling around this continent and, despite not EHLQJ WKH Č´UVW (XURSHDQ WR UHDFK &KLQD LQ WKH 0LGGOH $JH KH ZDV WKH Č´UVW SHUVRQ ZKR OHIW D GHWDLOHG FKURQLFOH RI KLV MRXUQH\ making it possible for us, since then, to improve the knowledge of our cultures between each others. ΖȇP QRW DW DOO IHHOLQJ Č‚QRU Ζ HYHQ DVSLUH WR UHJDUG P\VHOI DV D “Marco Polo of nowadaysâ€? but I ‘d like to regard at his experience as at something that has enriched both the western and the oriental culture, your one and my one. He traveled along the ancient “Silk Roadâ€?, a route that since WKH &KLQHVH +DQ '\QDVW\ L H VLQFH VHFRQG FHQWXU\ % & KDV been opened to connect our two worlds, which were so distant, making it possible not only a connection of merchants, pilgrims, traders, material goods, etc. but also a real cultural interaction of ideas and thoughts between countries that were so far away from each others in terms of both physical and intellectual distance. I cannot avoid to remember another fundamental protagonist of the cultural exchange between western and eastern culture, another Italian, again, the Jesuit Priest padre Matteo Ricci who DUULYHG LQ 0DFDX LQ DQG VLQFH WKHQ VWDUWHG KLV ČŠFKLQHVH DGYHQWXUHČ‹ WKDW OHDG KLP WR EHFRPH RQH RI WKH PRVW VLJQLČ´FDQW scholars in the cultural exchange between western and eastern world, in particular with China and not only for his times, the XVI Century, but until now. Padre Matteo Ricci brings us closer to our theme as he was SDUWLFXODUO\ VNLOOHG LQ FDUWRJUDSK\ KH GHVLJQHG WKH Č´UVW (XURSHDQ

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6W\OH PDS RI WKH ZRUOG LQ &KLQHVH LQ FDOOHG ČŠ.Ä­Q\Âź :¢QJXÂľ 4XÂŁQWŸȋ OLWHUDOO\ ČŠ$ 0DS RI WKH 0\ULDG &RXQWULHV RI WKH :RUOG LQ ΖWDOLDQ ČŠ&DUWD *HRJUDČ´FD &RPSOHWD GL WXWWL L 5HJQL GHO 0RQGRČ‹ printed at the request of the Wanli Emperor) so, in a way, he mastered very well the knowledge of the land, that should be one of the main topics within planning discipline. So, from Marco Polo’s Silk Way to Padre Matteo Ricci’s chart we come back to our theme: “Streetsâ€? and “Planningâ€?. The idea is again that of an exchange of ideas among our cultures, trying to make each one learn from the other’s experiences, both the good ones and the bad ones. The image we have at the moment of China is one of a great country undergoing a crucial process of evolution and transformation that. starting from an economic and social point of view, is involving other aspects of the life of the nation, particularly, in our case, the image of the city, with the caveat that urban shape is not only a matter of outward appearance but -in the XXth Century’s rationalist idea that “form follows IXQFWLRQČ‹ WKH UHVXOW RI D GHVLJQ LGHD DQG RU WKH FRQVHTXHQFH RI FKRLFHV RU QRW FKRLFHV LQ WKH Č´HOG RI WKH ČŠVFLHQFH RI SODQQLQJČ‹ Far away from suggesting to stop the present development process of the cities, what we would like to propose here, is a GHHS UHČľHFWLRQ RQ ZKDW KDV KDSSHQHG WR RWKHU FLWLHV WKDW KDYH undergone a similar development process in the past. This UHČľHFWLRQ LV Č´QDOL]HG WR WKH SXUSRVH RI EHFRPLQJ DV EHVW DV we can, aware of the consequences that particular planning FKRLFHV KDYH EURXJKW RXW LQ RUGHU WR EH DEOH WR IXOO\ Č´JXUH RXW what might be very likely to happen to ours. This paper was inspired by my visit to Shanghai some years ago. What I have seen was a gigantic city, strongly rooted in its history and in that of the ancient Chinese city type, that was undergoing a radical transformation, apparently orienting it, rather than WRZDUGV DQ LQQRYDWLRQ LQ WKH WUDFN RI LWV WUDGLWLRQ 1 % WKDW KDV not to be confused with the traditional architectural style, that paradoxally tended to be kept very well “preservedâ€?!), in the direction of an anonym “world cityâ€?, concerned with heavy car WUDÉ?F KLJK ULVH EXLOGLQJV KLJK GHQVLW\ RI LWV LQKDELWDQWV JOREDO brands “colonizingâ€? its main streets‌ Is this the future that such an important city deserves? Is this the “wayâ€?, the “routeâ€?, the “streetâ€?, the “pathâ€?, it has to follow? Shanghai was a very rare example of rounded shape Chinese city but its original historic district has been heavily transformed and turned into a new urban fabric made of new buildings, KLJKHU WKDQ WKH RULJLQDO RQHV DQG WKDW RQO\ VXSHUČ´FLDOO\ through their architectural shapes, recall the features of the old neighborhood.

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Our western culture is very much concerned not only by the form, the appearance of something but also by its material‌ It is not important that much to preserve the image of something, particularly that of an ancient building or, in our case, an old urban fabric, if we do not maintain the originality that lies in the truthfulness of its materials. Rome’s Colosseo is of inestimable value not only because of its shape and proportions but because its stones, its bricks are still the original ones that were implemented 2000 years ago and that have still resisted to the passage of time. And that’s why at the moment we keep it as a “ruinâ€?, while being fully technically able to restore it and to rebuild its lacking parts. We feel crucial then that it has to be to maintained not only the path of an historic street, but also that original atmosphere that may only come out from the ancient urban fabric originated by the preservation of all the historical environment that surrounds it. This a great challenge though because it often happens that the ancient environment does not bear the impact with modern society. Here it comes the opportunity to make a comparison with what is going on in western cities too, particularly in Rome, where old shops, old jobs, old enterprises are undergoing the strong risk to be canceled by the new trends of the economy. At least in Rome we have quite strong rules that preserve old buildings and the historic district of the city. Thus we can be quite sure that one of the oldest and better preserved ancient city centers in western world will be kept safe from strong “urban renewalâ€? operations. On the other side nevertheless -as we have just observed that a city is not just its urban fabric, its monuments, its historic buildings, but also the life that happens in it-, we have to take note that despite its physical preservation, a strong transformation is anyway strongly modifying the life of our historic districts (particularly in Rome) through the heavy substitution of old and traditional economic activities with new RQHV XVXDOO\ VOLJKWO\ GLÎ?HUHQW Particularly in Rome the historic district’s streets are seeing a progressive growth in the economic (but non only) weight of low quality food shops for tourists that spread all over outdoor dining tables, thus transforming our streets in open air dining rooms for what we in Italian call “mordi e fuggiâ€? (literally “bite and escapeâ€?) tourists. In Italy we hope we can stop this process and preserve or restore the quality of the built and social and economic environment of RXU VWUHHWV %XW LWȇV D YHU\ KDUG MRE As I mentioned before, some years have passed since my last visit to Shanghai but it is still very vivid in my mind the memory

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RI KRZ IXOO RI OLIH WKH 1DQMLQJ /X ZDV DQG KRZ VWURQJ ZDV WKH contrast between new super-modern (and in some cases, super-tall) buildings and the palpable strength of the traditional chines culture. While the traditional appearance, the “imageâ€? of WKLV YHU\ ROG VWUHHW Č‚D ODQGPDUN LQ WKH XUEDQ IDEULF RI WKH FLW\ of Shanghai!- was leaving its place to modernity, to globalized brands, still it was quite clear that such a strong change in its morphological aspect was yet far to “scratchâ€? its life, the life of its inhabitants, their traditions‌ So coming to an end of this speech, let’s hope we can manage to exchange again our ideas and ways of thinking in order to mutuate the best practices of each other. In our western world, particularly in Italy, where we luckily still have such a huge amount of historical and cultural heritage, we VKRXOG EH DEOH WR PDLQWDLQ RU UHJDLQ Č‚ZKHUH ZH KDYH DOUHDG\ lost it- the spirit od our cities and of our streets, with their lives, their traditional activities, etc. that is what UNESCO as recently GHČ´QHG DQG FRGHG DV ČŠLPPDWHULDO KHULWDJHČ‹ On the other side, let’s hope that Asian streets - whilst having apparently been more able than the western ones to preserve the vividness of their traditional lives- will be better preserved in their traditional physical environment, not letting too much place to buildings of types and shapes too distant from the original ones. In conclusion, I’m quite sure we will be able to preserve the ČŠVSLULWČ‹ RI RXU KHULWDJH WKH PHPRU\ RI VXFK ROG DQG UHČ´QHG civilizations as the western and the eastern through keeping our streets alive and innovating them in a way being always fully respectful of their history and heritage. IN SUMMARY: As we can see, it is very interesting to analyse streets’ evolution LQ RUGHU WR Č´QG RXW ZKLFK LGHDV DQG ZKLFK WKHRULHV VWDQG EHKLQG it. And each project of transformation of a street is able to let us discover the whole world of theoretical knowledge on which it is based on the side of planning discipline and practice.

REFERENCES: &+2$< ) /ȇ8UEDQLVPH 8WRSLHV HW UÂŤDOLWÂŤV 3DULV Editions du Soeuil. /<1&+ . $ WKHRU\ RI JRRG FLW\ IRUP &DPEULGJH 0DVV The MIT Press. 3Ζ&&Ζ1$72 / /D SURJHWWD]LRQH XUEDQLVWLFD /D FLWW¢ come organismo (ed. by G. Astengo). Venezia: Marsilio.

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RESEARCH ON THE POPULATION DISPLACEMENT PHENOMENON OF CHINESE HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL BLOCKS UNDER THE BACKGROUND OF TOURISM COMMERCIALIZATION, TAKING KULANGSU AS AN EXAMPLE ZHANG Ruoxi Assistant Professor YIN Qiuyi, LIU Xuting, ZHANG Yunyi, YANG Luxia Undergraduate Department of Urban Planning, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xiamen University $GGUHVV 5RRP 'D[XH 5RDG 6LPLQJ 'LVWULFW ;LDPHQ Fujian, China, 361005 E-mail: zhangruoxi@xmu.edu.cn Keywords: POPULATION DISPLACEMENT; INDIGENOUS CULTURE; HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL BLOCKS; KULANGSU

with an increasing and uncontrolled growth trend. Kulangsu becomes lonelier and lonelier with massive losses of primitive residents. Population displacement has become an internal injury of Kulangsu. 7KHRUHWLFDO EDVLV Social Exchange Theory is a social theory emerged and prevailed in 1960s, which advocates all human’s activities related to social relations should be oriented by reward and remuneration EDVHG RQ WKH DVVXPSWLRQ RI VHOȴVK KXPDQLW\ 0DLQO\ WKHUH DUH two schools of social exchange theory: Table 1 Brief analysis of the two schools of social exchange theory

Abstract ΖQ UHFHQW \HDUV WKH WRXULVP FRPPHUFLDO H[SORLWDWLRQ RI &KLQDȇV KLVWRULFDO DQG FXOWXUDO EORFNV KDV EHHQ LQ IXOO VZLQJ +RZHYHU WKH status quo of those historical sites is increasingly worrying, due to their over-commercialization, the dissimilation of the original life and, especially, the phenomenon of population displacement, with WKH DERULJLQHV PRYLQJ RXW DQG WKH QRQ QDWLYH SRSXODWLRQ ȾRRGLQJ LQ ZKLFK GLUHFWO\ JLYHV ULVH WR WKH ORVV RI WUDGLWLRQDO FXOWXUH $V SHU RXU LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI .XODQJVX WKH UHVHDUFK REMHFW FRQFHUQLQJ LWV current population and culture situations, this paper aims to dig out the root cause of the population displacement, grasp the law and IHDWXUHV RI WKLV SKHQRPHQRQ DQDO\]H WKH VLJQLȴFDQFH DQG LPSDFWV LW EULQJV DERXW DQG SXW IRUZDUG RSWLPL]DWLRQ SURSRVDOV IRU WKH VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW RI .XODQJVX ΖVODQG

Chapter 1 Exploration and planning in the early stage 5HVHDUFK EDFNJURXQG In recent years, the rise of commercial tourism in historical and cultural blocks has vitalized the previously declining blocks with new look. However, the development of historical and cultural blocks is worrying due to its deep commercial atmosphere and scarcity of primitive ecological life. The scenery in the historical and cultural blocks has become a false outlook because of the emigration of primitive residents and the immigration of migrant ZRUNHUV HVSHFLDOO\ DÎ?HFWHG E\ WKLV UHDVRQ FXOWXUH LQ KLVWRULFDO blocks has lost its original appearance directly. Kulangsu is a typical epitome of historical and cultural blocks in our country. Due to multiple factors, most primitive residents in the island have moved out to other places while many immigrated population have come for commercial activities

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%RWK WKHRULHV FDQ EH XVHG WR H[SODLQ WKH UHDVRQV IRU SRSXODWLRQ GLVSODFHPHQW LQ KLVWRULFDO DUHDV HVSHFLDOO\ LQ .XODQJVX %RWK primitive residents’ emigration and migrant population’s immigration are rational behaviors guided by interest with a trend of attraction, competition, and diversion shown during their collision. Thus, we are going to study and analyze the essential reasons, trend and optimization of population displacement with social exchange theory as the theoretical basis. 'HČ´QLWLRQ RI WKH FRQFHSW ČŠ3RSXODWLRQ GLVSODFHPHQWČ‹ The population displacement studied in this paper refers to a phenomenon that the emigration of primitive residents who have lived for over ten years, as well as the immigration of external population who have lived for one year to ten years in a particular historical area. In order to study the root reasons for population displacement as well as its development and optimization of status quo, “displacement reactionâ€?, which in chemistry is used as carrier with Social Exchange Theory as basis in this paper, is going to be used as an analogy and build the equation for population displacement by principles of displacement reaction and the deep principle of this reaction.

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7DEOH ([SODQDWLRQ IRU SDUDPHWHU GHČ´QLWLRQ RI SRSXODWLRQ displacement reaction

5HVHDUFK SXUSRVHV The purposes for this social investigation are as follows: Table 4 Outline for investigation purposes

Figure 1 Analysis on the establishment of the equation for “population displacement�

Under certain catalysis as well as displacement reaction in GLÎ?HUHQW VWDJHV DOLHQDWHG LPPLJUDWHG SRSXODWLRQ SULPLWLYH residents as well as culture of Kulangsu are produced, referred WR DV $ % DQG & ZLWKLQ ZKLFK % LV LVRODWHG ZKLOH $ DQG & DUH combined together. Therefore, occurrence conditions as well as results of population displacement are problems to be discussed in this paper.

Chapter 2 Research framework 'HČ´QLWLRQ RI UHVHDUFK DUHDV In order to better analyze the phenomenon of “population displacementâ€? in Kulangsu, research aim for this social investigation is the whole island, displayed in Figure 2.

7DEOH ([SODQDWLRQ IRU PDLQ FRQFHSW GHČ´QLWLRQ RI SRSXODWLRQ displacement

Figure 2 Location map of Kulangsu

ČŠ'LVSODFHPHQW DFWLYLW\Č‹ The condition for chemical displacement reaction is expressed DV DFWLYLW\ RI PHWDO $ LV VWURQJHU WKDQ % DQG WKHQ LW FDQ UHSODFH % 7KLV SULQFLSOH LV DOVR DGDSWDEOH WR SRSXODWLRQ GLVSODFHPHQW with similar reaction principle.

Addressing the basic status quo of Kulangsu, we have selected several typical historical blocks as the sample and important investigation areas for this research: 7DEOH ([SODQDWLRQ IRU GHČ´QLWLRQ RI UHVHDUFK DUHDV

According to Homan’s social exchange theory, all human’s social interactive behaviors are exchanges based on interest. 7KHUHIRUH ZH FDQ FRQWULEXWH UHDFWLRQ DFWLYLWLHV RI $ DQG % WR WKH direct interest correlation of Kulangsu’s overall development including culture and commerce.

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Figure 3 Illustrations for main research areas and interview spots

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Figure 4 Illustrations of technical routes for investigation

Chapter 3 Process and analysis for the investigation 3.1. The emergence for population displacement The planning and development of Kulangsu as well as migration within the island can be traced back as shown in the following WDEOH /LQ

Figure 5 Memorabilia as well as background of population displacement in Kulangsu

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Therefore, “population displacementâ€? today can contribute to WKH ČŠSXVK SXOO HÎ?HFWČ‹ 7KDW LV FDWDO\VW DQG KHDWLQJ FRQGLWLRQV Table 6 Analysis on the contributing factors to population displacement

Figure 7 Analysis on places for population displacement in Kulangsu

And further analysis is given addressing partial problems with the analysis results shown as follows. Table 7 Statistical analysis on the investigation of population status

7KH VWDWXV TXR DV ZHOO DV LQČľXHQFH RI SRSXODWLRQ GLVSODFHPHQW 7KH VWDWXV RI SRSXODWLRQ Data analysis results of basic personal information in the questionnaire are shown in Figure 6.

/LIH DQG FXOWXUH 'LÎ?HUHQW RSLQLRQV DUH JLYHQ E\ SULPLWLYH UHVLGHQWV DQG LPmigrated people addressing life and activity conditions in Kulangsu. 3ULPLWLYH UHVLGHQWV DUH XQLYHUVDOO\ GLVVDWLVČ´HG ZLWK WKH KHDOWK and environment, public activities, and income level, while immigrated people are positive about these aspects.

Figure 6 Statistical chart of basic information for activity subjects living in Kulangsu

%HVLGHV WKH EDVLF LQIRUPDWLRQ DERYH VWDWLVWLFDO GDWD IRU VRXUFH places of immigrated population and emigration of primitive residents are shown in Figure 7.

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)LJXUH 6WDWLVWLFDO FKDUW IRU WKH GLÎ?HUHQFH RI VDWLVIDFWLRQ WRZDUGV life and culture in Kulangsu

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7DEOH $QDO\VLV RQ WKH VDWLVIDFWLRQ GLÎ?HUHQFH RI OLIH DQG FXOWXUH in Kulangsu

Table 9 Analysis on the satisfaction consensus about current life and culture in Kulangsu

%RWK SULPLWLYH UHVLGHQWV DQG LPPLJUDWHG UHVLGHQWV DUH GLVVDWLVČ´HG ZLWK SUREOHPV LQ .XODQJVX OLNH VKRUWDJH RI infrastructures, noisy environment, rising prices as well as FRPSOH[ VWDÎ?

Figure 10 Distributions of public service facilities in current Kulangsu

3)The two kinds of residents have no special inclination towards family relationships and neighborhood relationships which are varying from people to people. Family relations is a relatively private problem which is GLÎ?HUHQW IURP SHRSOH WR SHRSOH ZLWKRXW DQ\ GLUHFW UHODWLRQV with population displacement in Kulangsu combining with the interview results.

Figure 9 Statistical chart of satisfaction consensus of current life and culture in Kulangsu

On the whole, residents in Kulangsu have low satisfaction about life conditions here and according to social exchange theory, it is mainly due to the pursuit for interest maximization. The deep commercial atmosphere of tourism in Kulangsu results in more SXUVXLW IRU HFRQRPLF EHQHČ´WV IURP WRXULVP GHYHORSPHQW EXW less attention on invisible values about life conditions by local residents especially by immigrated people. $UFKLWHFWXUDO FXOWXUH %XLOGLQJV LQ .XODQJVX KDYH GLYHUVLČ´HG IXQFWLRQV ZLWK PDQ\

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old buildings being transformed to stores for business. %RWK DERULJLQHV DQG LPPLJUDWHG SHRSOH SHUPLW WKH LOOHJDO constructions and transformation of old buildings into stores or hotels. Distributions of architectural functions in Kulangsu within the LQYHVWLJDWLRQ UDQJH KDYH EHHQ DFKLHYHG E\ È´HOG LQWHUYLHZ 6HH Figure 11) :H FDQ VHH IURP WKH È´JXUH WKDW PDQ\ EXLOGLQJV KDYH UHWDLQHG their living function with various matching public service facilities in Neicuo community with an overall remaining of basic form DQG VWUXFWXUH LQ OLYLQJ FRPPXQLW\ ZKLOH LQ /RQJWRX FRPPXQLW\ many buildings have been transformed to stores as hot area for tourism and commerce.

Figure 12 Analysis on the current buildings quality in Kulangsu

5HOLJLRXV FXOWXUH 7KH È´JXUH EHORZ VKRZV XV WKH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ VLWXDWLRQ RI LPSRUWDQFH WR WUDGLWLRQDO IHVWLYDOV E\ DERULJLQHV %

)LJXUH 6WDWLVWLFDO ȴJXUH RI UHVLGHQWVȇ LPSRUWDQFH WR WUDGLWLRQDO festivals as well as religious activities in Kulangsu )LJXUH $QDO\VLV ȴJXUH IRU FXUUHQW DUFKLWHFWXUDO IXQFWLRQV LQ Kulangsu

At the same time, distributions of architectural quality have been obtained by evaluating architectural quality within the investigation area. (See Figure 12) :H FDQ È´QG WKDW ZLWKLQ WKH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ DUHD È´UVW FODVV EXLOGLQJV include public buildings as well as newly built houses with good TXDOLW\ WKH VHFRQG DQG WKLUG FODVV EXLOGLQJV DUH KRXVHV IRU FRPPRQ SHRSOH DV ZHOO DV SDUWLDO VWRUHV DOVR WKHUH H[LVW VRPH slum-dwellers, illegal constructions as well as old dangerous decrepit houses with poor quality.

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Although impacted by tourism commercialization and LPPLJUDWHG SHRSOH % SULPLWLYH UHVLGHQWV VWLOO DWWDFK JUHDW importance to traditional festivals and participate in religious activities actively while most A (newly immigrated people) have no religious belief with less attention to traditional festivals and less participation in religious activities due to their living environment and conditions. Table 10 Analysis on the status of religious belief and culture in Kulangsu

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Most interviewees showed that mandarin has become more and more common and popular. Communicating in mandarin is more convenient for visitors since they come from GLÎ?HUHQW SODFHV XQGHU WKH EDFNJURXQG RI GHYHORSLQJ WRXULVP commercialization in Kulangsu. Although aborigines insist on VSHDNLQJ +RNNLHQ +RNNLHQ DV WKH RÉ?FLDO ODQJXDJH EHIRUH KDV VWLOO EHHQ LPSDFWHG E\ PDQGDULQ IRU SXUVXLQJ HFRQRPLF EHQHČ´WV under the tourism tide. Some primitive residents of middle and old ages even said their sons and grandsons can’t speak Hokkien anymore.

)LJXUH 6WDWLVWLFV RI LGHQWLČ´FDWLRQ RI FXUUHQW FKDUDFWHULVWLF culture in Kulangsu

Figure 14 Distributions of current facilities for religious culture in Kulangsu

7KHUHIRUH JHQHUDOO\ % DWWDFKHV PRUH LPSRUWDQFH WR UHOLJLRXV culture and traditional festivals compared to A since they are more willing to participate in such kind of activities for two reasons basically. On one hand, they have better material support, and on the other hand they have stronger support of mental belongings. &XOWXUH ZLWK FKDUDFWHULVWLFV 7KH IDPLO\ PXVLFDO FXOWXUH KDV EHFRPH ZHDN ZLWK ORZ SRSXODULW\ RI PXVLF DQG VKRUWDJH RI PXVLFDO DHVWKHWLFV Most interviewees said that they had little knowledge about musical culture as well as family concert in Kulangsu with little care either, let alone participate in it. Table 11 Analysis on current culture with characteristic in Kulangsu

Figure 16 Distributions of current musical and cultural facilities in Kulangsu

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1) Analysis of factor evaluation Addressing questions designed in the questionnaire, 5-point assignment method will be adopted in this investigation with the basic elements of architecture, life, religion and characteristic culture as evaluation factors and then give evaluation scores and weight conversions to each question by 5-point assignment method. The statistical results are shown below:

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Table 12 Statistics of factor evaluation

1) Attraction In the beginning, some migrant workers came to Kulangsu under government’s vigorous promotion of tourism development. At that time, Kulangsu had a large demand for labors since tourism development was in the primary stage and culture at that moment also remained its primitive condition. A (immigrated people): They had an increasingly stronger will to reform Kulangsu with higher activity. According to social exchange theory, migrant workers are easy to get MRE RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG JDLQ HFRQRPLF EHQHȴWV IURP WRXULVP commercialization directly since labors are scarce in the initial stage of development.

Scores of each aspect can be reached comprehensively by integrating basic elements of four cultural aspects and the results can be displayed intuitively by radar chart after weight conversion.

% SULPLWLYH UHVLGHQWV &RPSDUHG WR PLJUDQW ZRUNHUV SULPLWLYH residents belong to labors with higher cost, which are less likely to be hired by employers with less participation in commercial GHYHORSPHQW ZLWKRXW GLUHFW PDWHULDO EHQHÈ´WV QDWXUDOO\ % MXVW keep a stand-by attitude towards such development with a low activity. 2) Competition

Figure 17 Radar chart of comprehensive factor evaluations

Chapter 4 Features and rules of population displacement 6XPPDU\ IRU GLVSODFHPHQW VWDJH $FFRUGLQJ WR VRFLDO H[FKDQJH WKHRU\ E\ %ODX WKH process of human’s communicating mode mainly includes attraction, competition, division and integration, which also ȴWV IRU SRSXODWLRQ GLVSODFHPHQW +RZHYHU EDVHG RQ EDVLF investigation, population displacement in Kulangsu maybe GHWHULRUDWH WR GLYLVLRQ DIWHU GLYHUVLȴFDWLRQ DFFRUGLQJ WR FXUUHQW trend. The major four development stages for population displacement in Kulangsu are shown as Table 13: Table 13 Parameters of displacement reactions in each stage

Cultural brands in Kulangsu have become gradually mature ZLWK WKH LQFUHDVH RI EHQHȴWV IURP FRPPHUFLDO GHYHORSPHQW meanwhile A (immigrated people) have entered Kulangsu for EHQHȴWV LQ PDVVLYH VFDOH ZLWK FRQVWDQWO\ LQFUHDVLQJ DFWLYLW\ 2Q WKH FRQWUDU\ % SULPLWLYH UHVLGHQWV EHJDQ WR OHDYH .XODQJVX because of the deteriorating environment, declining cultural atmosphere and rising prices impacted by commercial tourism development with a decreasing population. Most of them who have left are young and strong labor force, so both subjective will and objective capabilities are decreasing for primitive residents ZLWK ORZHU DFWLYLW\ 7KXV $ KDV EHHQ JUDGXDOO\ VWURQJHU WKDQ % LQ terms of activity. Then displacement action occurred at this moment, during which both commercial development and traditional culture protection have been developed with an increase of overall activity since migrant workers are coexisting with primitive residents. 'LYHUVLȴFDWLRQ As a famous tourist attraction, Kulangsu has been quite mature under operation. Government was forced to remove the rest primitive residents under the deteriorating environment and ULVLQJ SULFHV GXH WR WKH PDVVLYH EHQHȴW SXUVXHUVȇ FRPLQJ 7KXV $ȇV DFWLYLW\ UHDFKHG WR WKH SHDN ZKLOH %ȇV DFWLYLW\ GHFUHDVHG regardless of quantity and quality. Displacement reaction has developed into incandescent state. The overall Kulangsu is under huge changes accompanying the

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displacement reaction. Due to the incompatible proportion between traditional culture protection and commercial development, many problems have been resulted such as environment deterioration and deep commercial atmosphere with a declining development activity for Kulangsu on the whole, which is also the status quo of Kulangsu we are researching. 4) Division (forecasting stage) 7KH SRSXODWLRQ GLVSODFHPHQW ZLOO EH ȴQDOO\ WXUQHG LQWR D division stage if the conditions continue to deteriorate as the FXUUHQW WUHQG WKDW LV DOO % DUH UHPRYHG RXW ZLWK ]HUR DFWLYLW\ left and complete division of traditional culture and commercial development. Without support of traditional culture, Kulangsu will become a commercial island completely, which is unlikely to receive sound and sustainable development as such a pure FRPPHUFLDO VFHQLF VSRW $ȇV EHQHȴWV DUH DOVR FRQWHPSRUDU\ VLQFH .XODQJVX ZLOO EH ȴQDOO\ GHFOLQHG ZLWK WKH RYHUDOO GHFUHDVH of development activity.

Figure 19 Analysis on population displacement as well as its activity variation rules in Kulangsu

$QDO\VLV RQ FRUUHODWLRQ FRHÉ?FLHQWV First, make data initialization of each year by taking data in 2005 as 1 7DEOH 6WDWLVWLFV RI GDWD LQLWLDOL]DWLRQ UHVXOWV

Remarks: Related raw data sources are Xiamen statistical \HDUERRN .XODQJVX VWUHHW RÉ?FH DQG .XODQJVX FRPPLWWHH RI administration. &RUUHODWLRQ FRHÉ?FLHQW LV FRXQWHG E\ WKH IRUPXOD

Figure 18 Analysis on the principles of population displacement in Kulangsu

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&RUUHODWLRQ FRHÉ?FLHQWV FDQ EH FRXQWHG ZLWK UHVXOWV VKRZQ below by replacing x with the amount of primitive and immigrated residents and replacing y with data of each aspect.

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7DEOH &DOFXODWLRQ UHVXOWV RI FRUUHODWLRQ FRHÉ?FLHQWV

A (immigrated people) have always gained direct economic EHQHȴWV GXULQJ WKH LUUHYHUVLEOH SURFHVV RI WRXULVP FRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQ 7KH\ DUH FRQQHFWHG WR FRPPHUFLDO EHQHȴWV without connections to culture protection in Kulangsu. On WKH FRQWUDU\ % SULPLWLYH UHVLGHQWV DUH UHODWHG WR FXOWXUH SURWHFWLRQ ZLWKRXW JDLQLQJ DQ\ GLUHFW EHQHȴW IURP WRXULVP commercialization. 7KHUHIRUH RQO\ LI ZH FRQQHFW $ DQG %ȇV EHQHȴW WR WRXULVP commercialization development and historical culture protection during the displacement reaction, so that balance can EH UHDFKHG IRU $ DQG %ȇV DFWLYLW\ DQG WKXV ZH FDQ ȴQDOO\ DFKLHYH DQ RSWLPDO UHVXOW IRU $ % DQG &ȇV VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW

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Chapter 5 Suggestions and Optimization According to theories above, suggestions are proposed in WKH IROORZLQJ SDUW WR EDODQFH DFWLYLW\ DQG LPSOHPHQW EHQHČ´W connections. 3UHVFULSWLYH PHDVXUHV Allowance: special allowance is abstracted from Kulangsu tourism taxes by government for primitive residents, such as one-card. Update: Provide primitive residents with life convenience by updating life facilities, retaining and developing schools and hospitals to create a more vigorous community. )LJXUH ΖOOXVWUDWLRQV RI IDFWRU FRUUHODWLRQ FRHÉ?FLHQWV RI traditional culture and commercial development by primitive and immigrated residents

&RUUHODWLRQ FRHÉ?FLHQWV FDQ EH UHDFKHG E\ FDOFXODWLRQ 7DEOH $QDO\VLV RQ IHDWXUHV RI FRUUHODWLRQ FRHÉ?FLHQWV

Creation: Create more space for neighbor’s communication among primitive residents and maintain traditional QHLJKERUKRRG UHODWLRQVKLSV 6SHFLȴF PHDVXUHV DUH DV IROORZV Gathering area for primitive residents should be restricted to tourists so as to create a relatively quiet life community with authenticity. Expected results: The primitive residents’ living environment FDQ EH LPSURYHG ZKLOH REWDLQLQJ HFRQRPLF EHQHȴWV ZLWK PRUH LGHQWLȴFDWLRQ DERXW WRXULVP ΖQVWUXFWLYH PHDVXUHV Tourism projects with characteristic culture — government should develop tourism projects with characteristic Kulangsu culture as a leader, such as related cultural projects about

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celebrities, buildings, religions and music by inviting primitive residents who understand Kulangsu culture deeply, so as to REWDLQ MRE RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG HFRQRPLF EHQHÈ´WV ZLWK FXOWXUH regression.

and harmonious relationship between primitive residents and immigrated population.

Proposal for environmental protection — Government should strengthen promotion of the importance of HQYLURQPHQWDO SURWHFWLRQ E\ IRUPXODWLQJ VSHFLȴF PHDVXUHV DQG policies so as to create sound living environment for Kulangsu residents. Expected results: The sound development momentum of projects with characteristic culture will be surely popular among WRXULVWV DQG UHVLGHQWV DV ZHOO DV WRXULVWV ZLOO EH VDWLVȴHG ZLWK the good environment so as to create business opportunities. In order to better implement instructive measures by mastering traditional culture value of Kulangsu, hot distributions of life, religions as well as characteristic culture are counted in the IROORZLQJ :H FDQ VHH IURP WKH ȴJXUH WKDW WKHUH DUH VHYHUDO KRW cultural central areas in Kulangsu which can carry out tourism projects with characteristic culture one by one.

)LJXUH )ORZFKDUW RI RSWLPL]DWLRQ VWUDWHJLHV

Through these suggestions, we hope there will be further combination reaction for Kulangsu’s status after displacement GULYHQ E\ EHQHȴW FRQQHFWLRQV DQG DFWLYLW\ EDODQFH VR WKDW current primitive and immigrated residents can live in harmony to promote a sustainable development of Kulangsu, which was a famous historical and cultural place. The equation for combination reaction is expressed below.

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Chapter 6 Conclusion Figure 22 Distributions of the comprehensive evaluations on hot traditional culture in Kulangsu

6SRQWDQHRXV PHDVXUHV Spontaneous participation — the immigrated population PD\ RUJDQL]H VLPLODU DFWLYLWLHV VSRQWDQHRXVO\ IRU EHQHȴWV VR WKDW they can protect traditional culture and maintain environment in Kulangsu voluntarily. Expected results: Under the rational stipulation and sound guidance by government together with the positive role by primitive and immigrated residents, traditional culture protection and environment protection as well as commercial development in Kulangsu have received sustainable development neck and neck, which results in interdependent

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%\ VWXG\LQJ WKH SRSXODWLRQ GLVSODFHPHQW LQ .XODQJVX ZH FDQ VHH this phenomenon is a behavior of population exchange, driven E\ EHQHÈ´W GXULQJ LWV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ DQG GHYHORSPHQW ZKLFK primitive residents have been pushed out by government’s policies while external people have been pulled in for economic EHQHÈ´WV ΖWȇV D FRPPRQ VRFLDO SKHQRPHQRQ GXULQJ WKH restructuring progress and development of historical blocks and old cities, but it usually goes to irreversible division condition DIWHU H[SHULHQFLQJ DWWUDFWLRQ FRPSHWLWLRQ DQG GLYHUVLÈ´FDWLRQ since it hasn’t attracted enough value from government and the society. In terms of development in historical blocks, economic EHQHÈ´WV DQG GHYHORSPHQW EDVLV PD\ EH DFKLHYHG E\ SRSXODWLRQ displacement, but traditional charm and pure cultural spirit may be lost. Although commercial development of tourism in KLVWRULFDO EORFNV KDV LWV RZQ YDOXHV D VHULHV RI FRQȵLFWV DQG contradictions caused by population displacement under the

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big background of commercialization should be solved so as to promote a sustainable development of traditional cultural blocks.

References > @+RPDQV * 6RFLDO %HKDYLRU DV ([FKDQJH $PHULFDQ -RXUQDO RI 6RFLRORJ\ 9RO 1R 0D\ SS > @%ODX 3 ([FKDQJH DQG 3RZHU LQ 6RFLDO /LIH 6RFLDO )RUFHV 9RO 1R 6HS S > @/LQ :HLOLQJ 6WXG\ RQ WKH UHVLGHQWVȇ OLIHVW\OH FKDQJHV LQ .XODQJVX XQGHU WKH LQȵXHQFH RI WRXULVP 0DVWHU V WKHVLV Huaqiao University

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RECONSTRUCTING SPATIAL NARRATIVES AS A MODE OF URBAN REGENERATION – LOCAL ACTIONS AND COMMUNITY INITIATIVES IN THE NEIGHBORHOODS OF GARA, TAIPEI

Min Jay KANG Min Jay KANG is an associate professor of Graduate Institute of %XLOGLQJ DQG 3ODQQLQJ 1DWLRQDO Taiwan University, corresponding author, kminjay@ntu.edu.tw, kminjay@gmail.com Hao-Jia-Zai Atelier Hao-Jia-Zai Atelier is a dynamic group of 5 -10 active members, all of whom are graduate students ofGraduate Institute of %XLOGLQJ DQG 3ODQQLQJ 178 7KH WLWOH +DR -LD =DL ŕž­ŕŁ?ŕľ˜) in Mandarin means A Good Home at Gara (or, in wordplay, Good 3OXV /RFDWLRQ \HW LQ GLDOHFWLF SURQXQFLDWLRQ PHDQV /XFNLO\

1. Introduction Gara (ŕŁ?㲝Ô„) is a relatively unknown historical area located at the southwest end of Taipei’s Wanhua(ăŠœă¨&#x;) district and originally constituted of six farming settlements surrounding a small market street. These settlements were later incorporated into the colonial Capital City and slowly evolved into ‘villages in the city’ back when their adjoining farmlands were abundant ZLWK Č´HOG SURGXFHV 7KH SRVW :DU GHYHORSPHQW RI 7DLSHL further propelled the expansion of Gara into a patchwork of ‘urban settlements’ as a spatial blend of modern housing, public facilities and infrastructures, and organic villages. The juxtaposition of the pre-modern fabric and the modern settings, densely dotted with ‘family-as-factory’ type of light industries, imprinted a chaotic ‘third-world’ image of Gara which labelled its associated neighborhoods with a marginalized and deteriorating outlook till today.

Fig 1 The urban settlements and urban fabric of Gara

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These neighborhoods of Gara have undergone Taipei’s uneven geographic development which prioritizes eastward expansion SDUWLFXODUO\ VLQFH WKH V 7KRXJK VORJDQV RI ȆUHYHUVLQJ WKH axis of development’ often propagated as a hope of reclaiming the faded glory of the West City during the heated periods of municipal elections, the large part of the west-side story resumes its blighted chapter and stigmatized setting. The FXOWXUDOO\ VLJQLČ´FDQW XUEDQ VHWWOHPHQWV DQG RQFH WKULYLQJ shop-houses of Dong-yuan(ᜥŕľ‚) Street of Gara gradually become signs of retrogression and clusters of disfranchised citizens. A few corporation-led renewal projects popped up randomly in the past few years and dominated over Gara’s XUEDQ ODQGVFDSH \HW WKH\ RQO\ PDJQLČ´HG WKH JDS EHWZHHQ the decontextualized and gated communities and the original settlements. Urban regeneration of Gara, if optimistically conceived, may have to reroute a community-driven and participatory process to avoid an imposed planning operation of wishful thinking and irretrievable replacement. 2. Urban regeneration via conservation and the FRQVHTXHQWLDO JHQWULČ´FDWLRQ The recent hype of creative-industry based urban regeneration LQ 7DLSHL KDV HÎ?HFWLYHO\ SURPRWHG DOWHUQDWLYH DSSURDFKHV RI urban conservation in contrast to their counterpart of ‘razed’ urban renewal in the historical areas. Yet the consequential JHQWULČ´FDWLRQ FDWHULQJ IRU WKH WDVWH RI WKH QHZ PLGGOH FODVV has drastically made over the original spatial and social fabrics of such neighborhoods. The resurgence of Taipei’s historical 'L KXD 6WUHHW EORFNV VWUDWHJLFDOO\ QXUWXUHG E\ WKH EHQHČ´WV of Transfer of Development Right (TDR) and the top-down ‘acupunctural’ implants of Urban Regeneration Station (URS), is D SULPH H[DPSOH RI UHJHQHUDWLRQ FXP JHQWULČ´FDWLRQ DQG VXEWOH transformation of traditional shop-house environment into a creative cluster. On the surface, urban renewal and regeneration aim to revitalize targeted urban areas which are considered spatially or socially excluded due to physical degradation, yet the deep-rooted logic of boosting up the consumption market and the price tag of real estate via revitalization to encourage further exogenous investment is also the initiator of the 'catch-22' conundrum /HHV HW DO %XWOHU ZKLFK PD\ H[FOXGH WKRVH ZKR cannot reach the minimum economic threshold. Unless all stakeholders of urban regeneration can and do participate in the decision-making process and resume their rights to the city afterwards, the disintegration of the original neighborhood and its social networks is almost inevitable no matter how quaint, HFRQRPLFDOO\ VXFFHVVIXO DQG KLVWRULFDOO\ FRUUHFW WKH HÎ?HFW RI

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regeneration may be. In Zukin's potent argument (2010) against the aesthetics economy of urban regeneration, the outcome of Jane Jacob's contention on guarding neighborhood identity and vibrant street life is eventually twisted by neo-liberalism's 'acculturation DQG FRPPRGLČ´FDWLRQ RI HYHU\WKLQJ %DUHQERLP DQG 6DLG into neighborhood branding and yuppie lifestyle. The 'revanchist FLW\ Č´UVW LGHQWLČ´HG E\ 1HLO 6PLWK 6PLWK /HHV HPSOR\V WKH PHFKDQLVP RI JHQWULČ´FDWLRQ WR JUDGXDOO\ DWWDLQ WKH JRDOV RI VSDWLDO XSF\FOLQJ DV ZHOO DV VRFLDO UHSODFHPHQW DQG LQ WKH JXLVH RI D GLYHUVLČ´HG XUEDQ PLOLHX DQG DXWKHQWLF IHDWXUHV the appealing façade conceals the discomforting reality of social and spatial exclusion. On the other hand, the relentless measures of wholesale renewal projects continue to tramp down existing urban fabrics and QHLJKERUKRRGV DV WKH PRVW HÎ?HFWLYH PRGH RI UHGHYHORSPHQW To expedite the neighborhood revitalization process, the Urban Renewal Department of Taipei City demarcates 'urban renewal zones' superimposed on a general urban plan to give extra incentives for self- mobilized renewal projects or redevelopment initiatives. The label of urban renewal zone is an implication of urban blight both in terms of physical and social degradation. Urban regeneration thus enhances certain image reinventing to give new identities to stigmatized neighborhoods and reverse their downturn deterioration. Some of the urban renewal zones, due to historical and social encumbrance or intentional tagging, even beget the reputation of a perceived and conceived ‘sin city’ (Kang 2013). 3. Reconstructing narratives of a place In many rapidly urbanizing and compactly populated Asian cities, the historic neighborhoods are often regarded as a liability rather than an asset of the contemporary city. Historic preservation, if it ever prevails over modern development and political struggles, can only declare token heritage and landmark monuments based on the grand narrative of authorized history. Comparatively, the pico- narratives of ‘everyday urbanism’ &UDZIRUG RU ȆWDFWLFDO XUEDQLVPȇ +RX FDQ KDUGO\ Č´QG LWV SRVLWLRQ LQ WKH KLVWRULF GLPHQVLRQ RI XUEDQ GLVFRXUVH not to mention that of the peripheral citizens. Reconstructing narratives of a place does not imply a linear retelling of existing local history, but may involve the depreciated YRLFHVȇ ULJKW WR VSHDN RXW UHSRVLWLRQLQJ RI WKH QDUUDWRUV LQČ´OWUDWLQJ into the grand narrative by pico-narratives, restructuring of existing narratives, and other strategic deployments of spatial QDUUDWLYH /\RWDUG UHJDUGV QDUUDWLYH URRWHG LQ LWV /DWLQ HW\PRORJ\ JQDUXV Č‚ ȆWR NQRZ ȇ DV D PRGH RI NQRZOHGJH 7XUQHU H[SOLFDWHV WKDW QDUUDWLYH LPSOLHV D NQRZOHGJH REWDLQHG from actions and the contingencies of lived experiences. The knowledge about narrative in a social group or community also distinguishes the outsiders from the local. Some of the narrative

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theories break down narrative into the dimensions of story and GLVFRXUVH 0F4XLOODQ ZKLOH VRPH GLÎ?HUHQWLDWH WKH FRQWHQW RI QDUUDWLYH VWRU\ IURP LWV H[SUHVVLRQ WHOOLQJ &KDWPDQ Giannetti (1990) illuminates the narrative devices regarding how a story is told, how the plot is designed, and how the media and forms of VWRU\ WHOOLQJ DUH IDEULFDWHG ZKLOH %HQMDPLQ UHPLQGV WKH anonymity of narrators in most stories and the manipulation of stories by the dogmatic narrators. 3RWWHLJHU DQG 3XULWRQ LQYHVWLJDWH ODQGVFDSH QDUUDWLYHV and pay special attentions to the practices of designing place and story which also include cultural practices of daily life, rituals and interpretation. They further look into the practices of naming, sequencing, revealing and concealing, gathering, and opening (among many others) which are considered to be the most fundamental of narrative. These practices signify alternative planning-and-design methodology outside the rational and functional realms and have strong implications on action planning and reconstructing spatial narratives for the area of impending urban regeneration. The spatial practices of narrative heighten the intangible quality of a place while consolidating the planning and design of the tangible forms. Without the knowledge and understanding of local narratives, hasty implementation of renewal or regeneration strategies PLJKW EH GHWULPHQWDO WR WKH DÎ?HFWHG FRPPXQLW\ 7KURXJK WKH grassroots practices of reconstructing narratives, the power geometry (Massey RI WKH JOREDO ORFDO UHODWLRQVKLS FRXOG DOVR EH UHFRQČ´JXUHG 4. Hao-Jia-Zai’s action planning and practices of narrative in Gara The conundrum of ‘upgrading neighborhood quality’ via high-end FRQVXPSWLRQ RI FUHDWLYLW\ DQG FUHDWLYH PLOLHX WULJJHUV UHČľHFWLRQV on the impact of neo-liberalist economy, even though current Gara is far from being ready to plunge into the regeneration competition of creative industry. Instead, reconstructing the spatial narratives of Gara is consciously activated as a series of collaborative endeavors of Hao-Jia-Zai Atelier and local participants to confront the issues of the encroachment of large-scale urban renewal projects as well as the disintegration of Gara’s place identity and daily-life patterns. Activists and planners of Hao-Jia-Zai Atelier attempt to break new grounds by adopting various modes of narrative practices to reinforce place identity and initiate bottom-up projects of community empowerment. The following accounts highlight Gara as a contested site of meaning and retrospect the on-going process of Hao-Jia-Zai’s action planning since the fall of 2013: Ζ 7KH 0DJLF &DUSHW SURMHFW DQG WKH Č´OPLF QDUUDWLYHV $V D SDUW RI WKH FROODERUDWLYH 0DJLF &DUSHW SURMHFW WKH Č´UVW \HDU VWXGHQWV RI WKH *UDGXDWH ΖQVWLWXWH RI %XLOGLQJ DQG 3ODQQLQJ

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explored the urban scenes and the rarely told stories of south :DQKXD YLD H[SHULPHQWDO Č´OPLQJ 0RUH WKDQ WKLUW\ PLQXWH XQFXW Č´OPV DQG VL[ PLQXWH HGLWHG Č´OPV SURYLGHG D ZLGH range of fresh perspectives on the mundane livelihood of the historical yet marginalized neighborhoods (vis-Ă -vis Hong Kong’s Sai Ying Pun neighborhood). Entitled Re- envisioning Wanhua, WKH FROOHFWLYH Č´OPLQJ SURMHFW UHSUHVHQWV RXWVLGHUVȇ REVHUYDWLRQV and interpretations of Wanhua’s social spaces and discloses a few hidden issues of urban regeneration of the local. The SDUWLFXODU VOLFH RI WKH FRPPXQLW\ LQ Č´OPV FRQQRWHV D UDQJH RI VSDWLDO QDUUDWLYH EH\RQG KLVWRULFDO DQG RÉ?FLDO XUEDQ GLVFRXUVHV From a short Gara residential alley with a high concentration RI EHDQ VSURXW SURGXFWLRQ WR DQ XQJODPRURXV ZDON XS ČľDW IRU ex-homeless tenants, from a Gara shop-house operated by a 93-year-old ‘grandma’ who has been retailing rice business in the community for more than 70 years to a Nintendo store which almost serves as an after-school ‘daycare’ in the public housing cluster, these new revealing of community episodes embody daily-life tactics as well as social and spatial struggles. More importantly, the students established a closer and continuous relationship with the inquired neighborhoods and community PHPEHUV YLD Č´OPLQJ DQG WKH IRXQGDWLRQ RI WUXVW OHG IXUWKHU into the later development of action planning and community HPSRZHUPHQW SURMHFWV EDVHG RQ WKH LGHQWLČ´HG LVVXHV DQG WKHLU related socio-spatial analyses.

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6FUHHQLQJ HYHQWV RI WKH 0DJLF &DUSHW Č´OPV WRRN SODFH LQ PDQ\ semi-public spaces and unlikely corners, including a curvilinear temple plaza adjacent to the residential row-houses, the roofWRS RSHQLQJ RI WKH ZDON XS ČľDW IRU H[ KRPHOHVV D VHW EDFN corridor of a resettlement housing, a former private kitchen, a defunct public-market open space, the rice shop, the Dong-yuan street arcade, and many other semi-private semi-public venues. The screening events are generally a celebration of traditional community life echoing an outdoor cinema or how local people QLFNQDPH DV D PRVTXLWR FLQHPD \HW WKH VFUHHQHG Č´OPV DUH directly shot in Wanhua with real community characters, the Magic Carpet approach understatedly sutures the gap between representation and reality and invites the audience to gaze at WKHPVHOYHV IURP D FULWLFDO DQG UHČľHFWLYH GLVWDQFH 7KH VFUHHQLQJ events also turn the ‘taken-for- granted’ locales into narrative spaces or potential community spaces. The ‘negotiated SXEOLFQHVVȇ LQ WKHVH VSDFHV LV VRPHZKDW GLÎ?HUHQW IURP WKH legal publicness of the designated public spaces. It challenges the dominant paradigm of public space planning and design based on a strict separation between public and private and counteracts spatial exclusion by zoning. Accordingly, urban regeneration strategies in these ‘developmentally deferred’ neighborhoods may adapt to their everyday rhythm and cultural milieu, and reconstruct local narrative to re-envision the social imagination for a more inclusive public. ΖΖ 5HDÉ?UPLQJ RULJLQDO SODFH QDPHV DQG WKH QDUUDWLYH power of naming

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One of the direct impacts of Magic Carpet on the community is the launch of a facebook site in the name of “I am a Wanhua localâ€?(ᥠáą&#x;ăŠœă¨&#x;ÓŞ) established by a young woman who happened to take part in the screening event in front of Gara’s GuangZhao Temple(ᔓ➗ᇞ). She was called up to give comment on WKH Č´OPV DERXW WKH SODFH ZKHUH VKH JUHZ XS DQG VKH ZDV curious why young outsiders would be interested in telling their stories while most local folks of her generation chose to look away and were hardly present at public events or discourses. 6KH GHFLGHG WR VHW XS WKH IDFHERRN SODWIRUP WR UHDÉ?UP WKH subjectivity of Wanhua and reconnect the concerned people via virtual network. In less than a year, “I am a Wanhua localâ€? links up more than 600 members to engage in daily dialogues about Wanhua and events sharing. Sometimes serious and at times trivial, these conversations and exchanges nonetheless reveal earnest craving for a shared community-based identity. Wanhua is a more encompassing scope for place identity, yet it also subsumes many sub-districts of distinct identities. Gara, for instance, is often recognized as a part of Wanhua, but its place name can be traced back to even earlier stage of cultivation in the city of Taipei than Wanhua’s original title of Monga. While “I am a Wanhua localâ€? intends to enhance the Wanhua identity as a tool to overturn its stereotyped and stigmatized image, Gara IRONV XQGHUVWDWHGO\ PDQHXYHU D GLÎ?HUHQW DJHQGD WR UHFODLP the place title when a new proposed MRT line is underway. There will be two new stations in Wanhua district and one of them is located at the heart of contemporary Gara, and many community members believe that the naming of Gara station ZRXOG EH PRUH PHDQLQJIXO WKDQ WKH RÉ?FLDOO\ VXJJHVWHG WLWOH RI Wanda station which represents a controversial post-War urban renewal project (Wanda Project) and a street name. To name a MRT station with the original place title is a gesture to connect the future with its history and as Potteiger and Puriton (ibid.) rightly argue, â€œâ€Śthe name creates a continuity with the past, the family line, or cultural memory while projecting future hopes and aspirations of who the individual will become. Naming both situates things within narratives and marks the beginning of narratives.â€? To recover the title and image of Gara for the potential new centrality around the MRT station, the Gara community is embarking on a cultural imagination of urban regeneration. Gara is an indigenous expression for a marsh land of abundance. During the earliest stage of agricultural cultivation by the Han LPPLJUDQWV LW VLJQLČ´HG WKH IDUPLQJ KLQWHUODQG RI VL[ VDPH FODQ settlements and a market place at the intersection of the cross SDWKV %HIRUH WKH V WKH PDMRU SURGXFH RI WKH *DUD farmland (Yuan ŕľ‚) was jasmine petal for green tea which further bestowed the local names of Dong-yuan (east-farmland), Xiyuan(west-farmland), and Shuang- yuan(double farmlands). Many local seniors still remember the scene and fragrance of drying up jasmine petals around the settlement opening or along the streets, while children of the hundred-year-old Dong-

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yuan elementary school all graduate with an emblem of the agricultural bygone. The landscape of Yuan no longer persists, yet the place name carries the collective memory. When the jasmine industry declined during the War, bamboo VKRRW UHSODFHG WKH ČľRZHU SHWDO DQG EHFDPH WKH QH[W DJULFXOWXUDO LFRQ RI *DUD %DPERR IRUHVW VSUHDG IURP WKH ULYHUVLGH WR WKH IDUP Č´HOG DQG HYROYHG LQWR WKH GRPLQDQW ODQGVFDSH WKHQ during the period of post-War administration, the dialectic pronunciation of bamboo were inconspicuously embedded into many re-demarcated neighborhood units. It’s curious to compare the naming of Gara streets with those of the other administrative districts of Taipei which were deliberately named according to their orientations with, based on an overlay of a conceived territorial map of Mainland China, the positions of &KLQHVH FLWLHV LQ GLÎ?HUHQW SURYLQFHV 2Q RQH KDQG VSDULQJ *DUD from the street naming system which discloses the Nationalist government’s ideological infusion of national identity coincides ZLWK LWV SHULSKHUDO VWDWXV LQ WKH &DSLWDO FLW\ EXW RQ WKH RWKHU such a slip from the ideological control allows the development of Gara’s spatial identity grounded on local characteristics and resources. The third symbolic feature of Gara’s ‘agricultural’ produces is bean sprout, a vegetable which does not grow in farmland but LQ GRPHVWLF IDFWRU\ %HDQ VSURXW UHČľHFWV D QHZ HUD RI *DUDȇV landscape transformation from large-scale farming into urban development and land readjustment, particularly enhanced E\ WKH V ȆHFRQRPLF WDNHRÎ?ȇ SROLF\ RI ȆIDPLO\ DV D IDFWRU\ȇ which encouraged the surplus domestic labor to join in the production line and adaptation of private interiors to informal VSDFHV RI SURGXFWLRQ 2QH RI WKH 0DJLF &DUSHW Č´OPV HQWLWOHG Sprout is a gentle documentation of the daily routine of a EHDQ VSURXW SURGXFHU 0U /HH DQG WKH ODQH ZKHUH VSURXW production concentrates in. This ‘sprout lane’ is a moniker of an alley close to Guang-zhao Temple and responsible for a large proportion of daily bean sprout provision for the entire FLW\ WKRXJK E\ DSSHDUDQFH LW GRHV QRW ORRN DQ\ GLÎ?HUHQW IURP D UHVLGHQWLDO SDWK 8QRÉ?FLDO QDPLQJ RI WKH ȆVSURXW ODQHȇ FDQ EH UHDG DV D JHVWXUH IRU SHWLWLRQLQJ ORFDO LGHQWLW\ DV ZHOO DV RÉ?FLDO recognition of a ‘cultural landscape’ - a type of cultural heritage which, according to the Cultural Heritage Preservation Act, may unfasten the restriction of contemporary land-use zoning of a residential area and make exception for small-scale production of bean sprout and extraction of unchlorinized underground ZDWHU LQVLGH DSDUWPHQW EORFNV ΖQ VSLWH RI WKH ]RQLQJ FRQČľLFW local families can have a direct access to purchasing bean VSURXW IURP WKH QHLJKERU SURGXFHUV DQG LQ WHUPV RI XUEDQ regeneration strategy, the resurgence of bean sprout business as a community economy is a distinctive urban narrative which KHOSV WR EXLOG XS FRPPXQLW\ FRQČ´GHQFH 5HDÉ?UPLQJ SODFH QDPHV LQIHUV UHVWUXFWXULQJ ORFDO QDUUDWLYH for contemporary context and counteracting the sin-city label

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of Gara. One of the most infamous gangster heads of the city was known as ‘Gara-kiang’ (ŕŁ?㲝ឌ)associated with the turf of his root and underground maneuver, yet such a title left Gara a bad name. Taipei’s history is hardly immune from feuds EHWZHHQ GLÎ?HUHQW FODQV JHRJUDSKLF RULJLQV DQG VHWWOHPHQWV and Wanhua and Gara epitomize the culture of an immigrant society as well as its concomitant internal struggles. The 2010 Č´OP 0RQJD 㥝㥪 is a cinematic text interpreting the historical Wanhua as a hotbed of gangster and prostitution culture, but the consequential disputes against such stereotyping from local historians and cultural activists revealed strong resistance to the sin-city label and urge to reconstruct spatial narrative for alternative urban regeneration. III. Inheriting Gara’s farming tradition and landscape narratives The exploration of Gara’s story often leads to the knowledge of its agricultural past, though the practice of farming is ironically restricted to the domestic production of bean sprout. As a regeneration strategy, Hao-Jia-Zai Atelier and their SDUWQHUV RI &ODVVLF /DQGVFDSH 'HVLJQ DQG (QYLURQPHQWDO 3ODQQLQJ Č´UP LQLWLDWHG 2SHQ Green program and guerilla urban farming at various corners and left-over spaces to pay tribute to Gara’s farming tradition. The intention of the action planning was not to fully recover the DJULFXOWXUDO ODQGVFDSH DPLGVW WKH H[WDQW XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW rather, in the face of urban reality, the guerilla farming H[SHULPHQW ZDV WR VXWXUH WKH Č´VVXUHV EHWZHHQ GLÎ?HUHQW XUEDQ layers with historic agricultural elements that Gara people still LGHQWLI\ ZLWK Č‚ HVSHFLDOO\ MDVPLQH EDPERR DQG RWKHU HGLEOH or herbal plants. From bland rooftop to campus ground, from intersection alcoves to street arcades and sideways, small-scale greenery were planted in vacant lots and plank boxes made with recycled materials by ex-homeless carpenters. Each plant FKRVHQ ZDV LPEXHG ZLWK VSHFLČ´F VWRULHV RU KLVWRULFDO FRQWH[W and urban farming became a medium of story-telling. This approach was welcomed by local elementary schools and incorporated into a special vernacular education program. HaoJia-Zai members curated an exhibition of Gara’s agricultural landscapes in Wanda Elementary School hallway and trained a few 4th-6th graders to serve as exhibition guides for visitors and other students. Prior to the training, these young guides did not know much about the history of their home turf besides regular education materials for exams, but in the process of guiding and telling agricultural stories they were able to argue WKH VLJQLČ´FDQFH RI ORFDO SURGXFHV DQG PDS RXW WKH UHODWHG landscapes and locations of meaning. They can now represent WKH VFKRRO WR HÎ?HFWLYHO\ SUHVHQW WKH FRQWHQW RI WKH SDQHO exhibition in front of the general public. Interestingly, some of the students came from families of the ‘new immigrants’ (or families with foreign spouses) and hardly paid attentions to *DUDȇV IDGHG JORU\ WKURXJK WKH UROH RI D VWRU\ WHOOHU WKH\ PLJKW be able to share Gara’s identity with other students of local

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background. The inclusive and shared identity of Gara, though GLÉ?FXOW WR GHČ´QH DW FXUUHQW PRPHQW LV FULWLFDO WR IRVWHULQJ D progressive sense of place and deepening the social dimension of urban regeneration. IV. Planners in residency and the reprogrammed narrative spaces 7KH SUDFWLFHV RI ȆJUHHQ Č´QJHUVȇ DUH OLQNHG WR WKH FRPPXQLW\ȇV concern for historic continuity as well as for healthy food and sustainable wellbeing. The Community Health and Service Center of Wanhua District is a public facility which has been promoting the concept of holistic living and community wellbeing, and the administrators of the Center strongly support Hao-Jia-Zai’s community outreach and urban farming experiment and give the Atelier special permission to the daily use of a two-story building adjacent to the Center. Dearly renamed as Dong-yuan Good Nest (Dong-yuan Hao-Wo ᜥŕľ‚ŕž­ăƒ™), the underused building use to be the oldest public health clinic of Taipei and is now accommodating the periodic needs of a volunteer organization and a rehabilitation program on certain days. Hao-Jia-Zai proposed the Good Nest to further integrate art therapy and KHDOLQJ JDUGHQ LQWR IXWXUH SURJUDP DQG DGRSW GLÎ?HUHQW PRGHV of narrative to weave the interior and outdoor spaces into a semi story house. Dong-yuan Good Nest would also be a ‘gathering’ and ‘sharing’ place of a variety of expertise including farming, horticulture, carpentry, cooking, theatre, physical and mental therapy, history, cartography, photography, painting, editing, and many other professions found in the community or along the streets, and through the exchange of knowledge and expertise the Good-Nest network can even expand into a model of community economy and social innovation. The Healing Table project is accordingly derived out of such spatial reprogramming. Each healing table includes a hexagonal wooden surface whose removable central piece can be easily transformed into a planting container for healing garden courses, and the basic unit of one table and two chairs stands for a mode of communication but can be further connected ZLWK HDFK RWKHU DQG H[WHQGHG LQGHČ´QLWHO\ LQWR D URZ RI WDEOHV and chairs along the arcade. The healing table surface can also be detached from its pedestal and used as a wall panel for exhibitions and story-telling, or Taoist families can use the table for the setting of ritual worship. The design of the healing table followed the collective concept of collaborative planning teams and its manufacture was hand-made with recycled planks by a carpenter who joined the ‘gathering’ event. He then passed down his know-how to ex-homeless people who might make a living out of the production of healing tables. The Good Nest hosted a lot of creative workshops and forums, and these community-based events elicited local participants

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from all walks of life. One of the most popular workshops was making community newsletter which Hao-Jia-Zai Atelier LQLWLDWHG DV WKH Č´UVW VWHS RI DFWLRQ SODQQLQJ %\ NQRFNLQJ GRRU to door to engage in informal yet in-depth interviews and Č´OPLQJ +DR -LD =DL JURXS ZHUH EHIULHQGHG DQG WUXVWHG E\ many community members. The collection of life stories of a pastry maker, a veterinary-cum-‘street guardian,’ a senior dowry preparer, a jewelry shop owner, and so on gradually evolved into a publication with a format of a community newsletter. The title of the newsletter Hao-Jia-Yo-Nie-Zai (ŕž­ŕŁ?á´šÖ?ŕľ˜) play with dialectical pronunciation and Mandarin writing to connote the meaning of “good to have you aroundâ€? or “a good home is where you are at.â€? Each issue is a chorographic rewriting with D VSHFLČ´F WKHPH RU IRFXV SULQWHG E\ D ORFDO SULQWLQJ VKRS WR accord with an unwritten principle of ‘employing resources within 500-meter radius.’ The distribution of Hao-Jia-Yo-Nie-Zai was again through a doorto-door visit to make sure that most households of the direct QHLJKERUKRRGV FRXOG DFTXLUH FRSLHV EXW PRUH LPSRUWDQWO\ +DR -LD =DL VDZ LW DV DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR PDNH WKH EHVW HÎ?HFW RI person-to-person contact to reinforce the impression of the planning team. Whenever a senior or an illiterate could not understand the text, the distributor had to orally explicate the content to the reader. It is always heart-warming to witness the expressions of those who are written into the stories, especially when their images are shown in pictures. The re-envisioning of WKH UHSUHVHQWHG VHOI KDV D VXEWOH HÎ?HFW RQ LQGLYLGXDOV ZKR DUH rarely the focus of media gaze, and the reassured subjectivity may be crucial for their self-empowerment. The newsletter is therefore not only an information provider, but also a platform of community encountering and interactions. 7KH Č´UVW IHZ LVVXHV RI WKH QHZVOHWWHU FRQFHQWUDWHG RQ WKH ordinary stories of common people, however, the editorial workshops in the Good Nest often brainstormed with local participants to further address the environmental issues and encouraged them to write or argue for what they stand for. On one particular workshop, two childhood friends had opposite views on a recycle dump which has been a resourceful site for the disfranchised people yet also an environmental eyesore for the past thirty years. Their arguments were written in narrative forms and presented face-to-face in the newsletter guestedited by another Gara resident. The recycle dump happened to be located around an open irrigation channel built in Ch’ing '\QDVW\ Č‚ SRVVLEO\ WKH ODVW RQH RI LWV NLQG LQ 7DLSHL \HW KDUGO\ ever been noticed by the community. The written debate and the mapping of the controversial site called the public attention and became an integral part of a later landscape conservation DFWLRQ WR NHHS WKH ČľRZLQJ ZDWHU IURP EHLQJ FRYHUHG XS DV D sewage line. The conservation action catalyzed the alliance of various planning and cultural groups which is now advocating the preservation of a run-down settlement nestled by the channel, against the imminent threat of mega urban renewal

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project. These unexpected turns of action planning lead to a city-wide petition for the designation of Ku-la-tau Settlement as a cultural heritage, and though its future is uncertain in the face of rapid urban renewal, a preservation-based plan is now proposed by collective endeavor of the alliance as an alternative urban regeneration project. V. The Fun-fun House and the culinary stories %HVLGHV WKH *RRG 1HVW +DR -LD =DL HVWDEOLVKHG D ȆVSXWQLNȇ residency inside a small house of less than 3 x 3m - in fact a separate defunct kitchen outside a row-house. The owner of the house granted the permission of temporary public use of the kitchen to Hao-Jia-Zai as a matter of trust, and the catchy name came from the play of Mandarin pronunciation of ‘square’ in English. The Fun-fun House(ᯊᯊቝ) is indeed a square-square house.

Fig 3 Hao-Jia-Zai Atelier at the Fun-fun House

The open space adjacent to the Fun-fun House used to house the public Dong- yuan Market which, after demolition, morphed into a linear street market around the original site. In another word, the Fun-fun House could be contextualized along the culture of food and cooking. Hao-Jia-Zai optimized the Fun-fun FRQWH[W DQG H[SHULPHQWHG ORFDO ȾDYRUV ZLWK WKH QHLJKERULQJ residents, and turned the small house into a community kitchen project. The renovation of the Fun-fun House was a self-help hands-on process, but many required materials and technical details such as glass works and furniture repair still relied on the resources of local shops and craftsmen. The call for community help grew into a network of possible community economy, and Hao-Jia-Zai got to know a few skill-and-craft masters and young playful children through the creative collaboration of renovation. Eventually the House is embraced by warm colorful mapping of Gara’s fabric on the walls and a new trellis where loofa vines serpentine. The opening event of the Fun-fun House was also a celebration of the community kitchen lab. Hao-Jia-Zai invited a wheel pie PDVWHU WR H[SHULPHQW WKH ȴOOLQJ ZLWK WKH WKUHH LFRQLF SURGXFHV of Gara and invent the delicious bean-sprout pie, bambooshoot pie, and jasmine-butter pie. The famous traditional baker

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DQG WKH Č´VK PDVWHU LQ WKH 'RQJ \XDQ 0DUNHW WKH GXPSOLQJ PDVWHU WKH RUJDQLF KHUE WHD PDNHU 0U /HH RI WKH EHDQ VSURXW lane also brought their special treats to the Fun-fun House - plus many other dishes and snacks from the neighborhoods. The recipe of the dishes represented an assemble of food stories from local families and shops, and by cooking and sharing WRJHWKHU WKH FRPPXQLW\ FUHDWHG GLVWLQFWLYH QHZ ČľDYRUV ZLWKRXW relinquishing the traditional palate. On a practical level, the community kitchen lab might also be regarded as an incubator for a healthy community economy and a culinary culture based on local produces and cooking stories.

Fig 4 The stall of the wheel-pie master near the Fun-fun House

VI. Reiterating and reinventing the narrative routes +DR -LD =DL REVHUYHG WKDW IURP WKH H[SHULHQFHV RI ȴOPLQJ WKH Rice Shop, the arcade spaces along both sides of Dong-yuan Street were indispensable to the entirety of Gara’s social life. As a semi-public space with private ownership and a transitional space from individual shops to public streets, arcade marks the daily routines of most community members and inevitable encounters between neighbors. The pedestrian-only path is resounded with internal gossips and anecdotes, yet it is also a portal to meet strangers and to hear stories of the outside world. Walking through the weather-proof corridor of the Dongyuan arcade, a pedestrian can pace with a spatial rhythm scored by the regular subdivision of shop- houses and a good variety of idiosyncratic stores. The place ballet of the Dong-yuan arcade is choreographed by individuals who are entrenched in its place identity or embark on a narrative journey. %XW WKH DUFDGH LV DOVR D PXFK WDNHQ IRU JUDQWHG VSDFH WKDW LV vulnerable when a large-scale urban renewal project takes its place and replaces its street life with a setting of a gated high-rise FRPPXQLW\ ΖQ WKH SDVW ȴYH \HDUV QHZ UHQHZDO GHYHORSPHQWV broke down the scale of Dong-yuan Street and interrupt the rhythm of its arcade experiences. Hao-Jia-Zai activated a series of arcade project to remind the neighbors and the passersby what an arcade space could be socially imagined and lived, DQG WKHUHE\ LQWHQVLȴHG LWV IXQFWLRQ DV D SODFH WR KDQJ RXW ZLWK

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families and friends other than simply a path to go through. Many participants enjoyed an afternoon tea, a massage session, or a beauty-parlor type of treatment in the arcade, then wrote down what they wished to do if they were allowed to in it. The wish list covered a large scope of activities which were analyzed and prioritized for the design of the next arcade project, but altogether it embodied a desire for a shared public space which might feel like an extended living room and a narrative route where stories abound. On one of the ‘gathering’ events along the Dong-yuan arcade, Hao-Jia-Zai exchanged a box of plants with the stories of individual shop-houses, and asked an artist to collaborate with the shop-owners to turn the stories into sign boards. One shop, one story. Hopefully Dong-yuan Street could grow into a tangible narrative route connecting a diversity of picoQDUUDWLYHV 6WUDWHJLFDOO\ VXFK DQ LGHQWLČ´DEOH SODFH PLJKW KDYH D EHWWHU FKDQFH WR UHLQVWDWH FRPPXQLW\ FRQČ´GHQFH WR KHOS LWV members to make choices of redevelopment on the basis of FXOWXUDO DQG VRFLDO VXVWDLQDELOLW\ UDWKHU WKDQ UHDO HVWDWH SURČ´W %HVLGHV +DR -LD =DLȇV DUFDGH SURMHFW VRPH RWKHU DUWLVWV DOVR HPEDUN RQ WKH QDUUDWLYH URXWHV RI *DUD )LVK /LQ OHDG VLQJHU and rapper of the indie band of Kou Chou Ching(ᤧ⿝औ), is a proud son of Gara and often raps about his hometown with XQDSRORJHWLF GLJQLW\ 2Q DQ HYHQW SHUIRUPDQFH )LVK /LQ chanted and rapped along the patrol route of a local deity which GHPDUFDWHG DQ XQRÉ?FLDO WHUULWRU\ RI DQ RULJLQDO VHWWOHPHQW RI Gara, and his lyrics expressed a narrative connection with the route where his ancestors had treaded upon. Also, Zhou MingYi, a visual artist from the newly established Waley Art in Gara, transformed a sequence of texts written by local historians DQG GLÎ?HUHQW PHPEHUV RI +DR -LD =DL LQWR QLQH SDLQWLQJV WR commemorate the disappearing landscape characters of Gara and Ku-la-tau Settlement. His works of art did not literally interpret the linear narratives of the texts, but infused certain surreal elements and distorted images into an estranged scenario. Starting from a nostalgic picture of a disappearing otter in the contaminated water but ending with an image of choosing from divergent paths, Zhou reinvents local stories as an open-ended narrative of art. 5. Conclusion Reconstructing the spatial narratives of Gara is an alternative action planning to intervene the process of local regeneration. Through a series of practices of narrative, the Gara community is motivated to participate in a variety of programmed events and initiate grassroots actions of urban conservation. If cultural and social sustainability based on shared and cooperative community economy is the core value of Gara’s urban regeneration, the tactics of reconstructing spatial narratives not only intend to envision the community’s future on the cornerstone of its meaningful present and past, but also to plot for an inclusive and a progressive sense of place.

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Bibliography: %DUHQERLP ' DQG 6DLG ( 3DUDOOHOV DQG 3DUDGR[HV Explorations in Music and 6RFLHW\ HG $ *X]HOLPLDQ /RQGRQ %ORRPVEXU\ %HQMDPLQ : ΖOOXPLQDWLRQV HG + $UHQGW /RQGRQ Fontana. %XWOHU 7 *HQWULȴFDWLRQ DQG WKH 0LGGOH &ODVV $OGHUVKRW $VKJDWH &KDWPDQ 6 6WRU\ DQG 'LVFRXUVH 1DUUDWLYH Structure in Fiction and Film. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. &UDZIRUG 0 ΖQWURGXFWLRQ DQG 3UHIDFH 7KH &XUUHQW 6WDWH of Everyday Urbanism, from Everyday Urbanism. ed. J. Chase, M. Crawford, and J. Kaliski. New York: The Monacelli Press. Hou J. (ed) (2010) Insurgent Public Space: Guerrilla Urbanism and the Remaking of &RQWHPSRUDU\ &LWLHV /RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH *LDQQHWWL / 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ 0RYLHV 3UHQWLFH +DOO ΖQF Kang, M.J. (2013) From Sin City to Cine City: Re-peeling of Taipei’s Skin-Peeling Alley, in The Routledge Companion to Urban Regeneration. ed. M.E. /HDU\ DQG - 0F&DUWK\ /HHV / 7KH JHRJUDSK\ RI JHQWULȴFDWLRQ WKLQNLQJ WKURXJK comparative urbanism, Progress in Human Geography 36(2): 155-171. /HHV / 6ODWHU 7 DQG :\O\ ( *HQWULȴFDWLRQ /RQGRQ Routledge. /\RWDUG - ) 7KH 3RVW 0RGHUQ &RQGLWLRQ WUDQV * %HQQLQJWRQ DQG % 0DVVXPL Manchester: Manchester University Press. Massey, D. (1993) Power-geometry and a progressive sense of SODFH LQ 0DSSLQJ WKH )XWXUHV /RFDO &XOWXUHV *OREDO &KDQJH HG - %LUG % &XUWLV 7 3XWQDP * 5REHUWVRQ DQG / 7LFNQHU /RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH Ȃ 0F4XLOODQ 0 7KH 1DUUDWLYH 5HDGHU /RQGRQ DQG 1HZ York: Routledge. 3RWWHLJHU 0 DQG 3XULQWRQ - /DQGVFDSH 1DUUDWLYHV Design Practices for Telling 6WRULHV 1HZ <RUN -RKQ :LOH\ 6RQV ΖQF 6PLWK 1 7KH 1HZ 8UEDQ )URQWLHU *HQWULȴFDWLRQ DQG WKH Revanchist City. /RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH 7XUQHU 9 6RFLDO 'UDPDV DQG 6WRULHV DERXW 7KHP ΖQ 2Q Narrative. Ed. W.J.T. Mitchell. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 137-164. =XNLQ 6 1DNHG &LW\ WKH 'HDWK DQG /LIH RI $XWKHQWLF Urban Places. New York: Oxford University Press.

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Abstract 7KH 6LQJDSRUH JRYHUQPHQW YLHZV FRPPRGLČ´FDWLRQ DV D PHDQV RI VXSSRUWLQJ 6LQJDSRUHȇV HFRQRP\ 7KH JRYHUQPHQW IRUFHG KLVWRULFDO architectures to undergo adaptive reuse to serve a contemporary IXQFWLRQ VXFK DV UHWDLO &RQWLQXHG XVDJH WKURXJK VXVWDLQDELOLW\ ZLOO H[WHQG WKH DUFKLWHFWXUHȇV OLIHVSDQ DVLGH IURP HQVXULQJ D SODFH LQ WKH IXWXUH WKDW LV Č´OOHG ZLWK PRGHUQ DUFKLWHFWXUH 1RWZLWKVWDQGLQJ LWV KLVWRU\ DQG KHULWDJH WKH DUFKLWHFWXUH ZLOO KDYH WR DGRSW WKH VWDWH FRQVWUXFWHG LGHQWLW\ DQG GLVUHJDUG RWKHU QDUUDWLYHV &RPPRGLČ´FDWLRQ WHQGV WR ȆPXVHXPLVHȇ KLVWRULFDO DUFKLWHFWXUH PDNLQJ RÉ?FLDO WKH VWDWH FRQVWUXFWHG LGHQWLW\ ΖQ WKH 6LQJDSRUH JRYHUQPHQW DFTXLUHG *HGXQJ .XQLQJ <HOORZ 0DQVLRQ ORFDWHG LQ .DPSRQJ *ODP XQGHU WKH /DQG $FTXLVLWLRQ $FW that allows the government to forcefully acquire any private land, JHQWULI\LQJ WKH UHVLGHQWLDO VHWWOHPHQW WR EHFRPH D FRPPHUFLDO ]RQH *HGXQJ .XQLQJ ZDV WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR D SURČ´W GULYHQ UHVWDXUDQW ΖWV UHDO KLVWRU\ DQG WUDGLWLRQ DUH XQGHUPLQHG WKURXJK WKH UHVWDXUDQWȇV PDUNHWLQJ VWUDWHJLHV Č‚ D QHZ Č´FWLWLRXV LGHQWLW\ LV FUHDWHG DV D VHOOLQJ SRLQW LQGLUHFWO\ PDVTXHUDGHG DOO WKH WUDGLWLRQDO YHUQDFXODU IHDWXUHV 7KLV SDSHU IRFXVHV Č´UVWO\ RQ KRZ 6LQJDSRUHȇV KLVWRULFDO DUFKLWHFWXUH KDV EHHQ FRPPRGLWLVHG WKURXJK WKH XVH RI LQDSSURSULDWH government policies, where heritage, traditions and history are EHLQJ UHFRQVWUXFWHG WKURXJK WKH PHFKDQLVPV RI WKH JRYHUQPHQW DQG FRPPHUFLDO HQWLW\ 7KH WRXULVW DQG FRQVXPHU RULHQWHG SROLFLHV

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Introduction Gedung Kuning (Yellow Mansion) was built for Tengku Mahmud, the son of Sultan Ali Iskandar Shah of Johor . It was built around WKH V Č‚ V DIWHU 6XOWDQ $OL UHEXLOW ΖVWDQD .DPSRQJ Gelam or the Kampong Gelam Palace . Tengku Mahmud named the house Gedung Kuning after its yellow walls . It was probably SDLQWHG \HOORZ DV D VLJQLČ´HU RI D UR\DO KRXVH 2Q UG 'HFHPEHU GXH WR D VXFFHVVLRQ GLVSXWH WKH &RXUW RI $SSHDO RI WKH Colony decided that no one could claim the estate and it now EHORQJHG WR WKH &URZQ $ 6WDWXWRU\ /DQG *UDQW ZDV LVVXHG when one of Sultan Ali’s sons, Tengku Mohamed mortgaged the house to R.M.P.S Annamalay Chitty on 25th January 1907 . On WK -XO\ +DML <XVRÎ? ELQ +DML 0RKDPHG 1RRU D SLRQHHU Malay entrepreneur, bought the house from R.M.P.C Mootiah &KLWW\ IRU DERXW LQ FDVK +DML <XVRÎ? VROG WKH KRXVH RQ 2nd May 1919 to raise capital for his business before buying it back in 1925 . During the period of six years, several Chinese families owned the house starting with Choo Saw San in 1919 and ended with Oei Tiong Ham. After the latter’s death in 1924 , his son, Oei Tjong Swan, sold the house in 1925. Rumours had it that the Chinese families were often plagued with personal misfortune during their stint in Gedung Kuning and after they VROG WKH KRXVH )RXU JHQHUDWLRQV RI +DML <XVRÎ?ȇV IDPLO\ VWD\HG in Gedung Kuning from 1925 until 1999 when the government DFTXLUHG LW WKURXJK WKH /DQG $FTXLVLWLRQ $FW ZLWK WKH LQWHQWLRQ of making it into a gallery cafĂŠ. Despite the property was deemed as ‘having no commercial value’ , Gedung Kuning had VLQFH KRXVHG WZR IXOO ČľHGJHG FRPPHUFLDO UHVWDXUDQWV Č‚ 7HSDN Sireh Restoran (December 2003 to January 2012) and Mamanda (current).

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Gedung Kuning in Kampong Glam historic district *HGXQJ .XQLQJ LV ORFDWHG DW 6XOWDQ *DWH 6LQJDSRUH in the historic district of Kampong Glam in Singapore. Kampong Glam was gazetted and given a conservation status on 7th July 7KH FRQVHUYDWLRQ DUHD LV ERXQGHG E\ 9LFWRULD 6WUHHW -DODQ 6XOWDQ %HDFK 5RDG DQG 2SKLU 5RDG ΖW IHDWXUHV PRVWO\ WZR storey shophouses of the Early and Transitional Shophouse architectural styles . There are a few major landmarks in the DUHD Č‚ 6XOWDQ 0RVTXH 6LQJDSRUHȇV VHFRQG ROGHVW DQG ELJJHVW mosque), Istana Kampung Gelam (the former Royal palace), Gedung Kuning (the former residence of the family of Haji <XVRÎ? $OVDJRÎ? $UDE 6FKRRO RQH RI WKH ROGHVW PDGUDVDKV RU Islamic schools in Singapore) and Hajjah Fatimah Mosque (one of the oldest mosques in Singapore). As such, the area became an important beacon and the spiritual centre for Muslims in Singapore. Kampong Glam was named after the gelam (kayu putih or Melaleuca cajuputi) tree that grew in the area, which ZDV XVHG IRU VKLSEXLOGLQJ DQG PHGLFLQH ΖQ ΖQGLDQ FRQYLFWV IURP %ULWLVK ΖQGLD GHYHORSHG .DPSRQJ *ODP IRU D period of eight months and with a total cost of $500 . The architecture of Gedung Kuning Architectural analysis of Gedung Kuning Gedung Kuning was made for the colonial lifestyle in the tropics. It had vernacular features to adapt to the tropical climate such as adjustable window louvers, vernacular roof, a sizeable verandah, forecourt compound and natural ventilation. Those features resembled those of a shophouse in the area. According to Singapore’s Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), the key elements of a shophouse are roofs, foundation, party walls, timber beams and joist, air wells, rear court, windows, doors, staircase, façade and the forecourts’ wall, and gate. A section of the house contained extended housing for ZRUNHUV DQG VODYHV 7KRXJK ORFDO EXLOGHUV XVHG %ULWLVK WLPEHU and frame construction methods in classical architecture style, they adapted the local methods of construction and materials. The house’s main structure consists of a mixture of timber framing for the roof and load-bearing walls. Gedung Kuning is made mostly of wood and bricks clad with plaster for a smooth Č´QLVK $V ZRRG LV DQ HFRQRPLFDO EXLOGLQJ PDWHULDO DEXQGDQW LQ Singapore, all the carvings, cornices, balusters of the stairs, the EHDPV ČľRRU MRLVWV DQG URRČ´QJ V\VWHPV DUH ZRRGZRUN Gedung Kuning as a Malay house Several features of Gedung Kuning are similar to early single storey bungalow constructed of brick and wood. Adaptations were made to increase ventilation such as adding a protection verandah, broad eaves overhangs, ventilation grilles in the walls, large windows and doors, and rooms with high ceilings. These features replicate to some degree indigenous Malay building traditions . Notwithstanding Gedung Kuning having housed

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Malay families, it had limited reference to a Malay house. However, Gedung Kuning did have three basic components of a 0DOD\ KRXVH Č‚ IURQW KDOO RU UHFHSWLRQ YHUDQGDK PDLQ ERG\ DQG NLWFKHQ DOO PRGLČ´HG LQWR WKH FRQWH[W RI D FRORQLDO EXQJDORZ 7KH IDPLO\ RI +DML <XVRÎ? KDG VXFFHVVIXOO\ DGMXVWHG WKHPVHOYHV into the house (Figure 6). In a typical Malay house, guests are received in the serambi (reception verandah). Guests to Gedung Kuning who enter from Sultan Gate will be greeted in the verandah or the da’yoh (guests) room. If guests were to enter from Kandahar Street, they will be greeted in though the indoor ambin (a long raised wooden platform for sitting) room but this space was probably used by close friends and family members as it is a semi-private space as compared to the da’yoh room, a semi-public space. In modern context, a da’yoh room is a sitting room or a living room. The kitchen in a Malay house is usually found in separate building that is linked by a saloran (verandah). As Gedung Kuning housed a multi-generational family, there are separate kitchens for separate families. The kitchen is housed in the additional space outside of Gedung Kuning and it is accessible by a verandah. One of the kitchens is inside the main house FRPSRXQG SHUKDSV EHFDXVH RI LQVXÉ?FLHQW NLWFKHQ VSDFH IRU the various families. Architect Christopher Alexander emphasizes that the design of space, private dwelling is as important as communal SDUWLFLSDWLRQ 7KH XSSHU ČľRRUV RI *HGXQJ .XQLQJ LOOXVWUDWH WKLV SRLQW 7KH XSSHU ČľRRU LV UHJDUGHG DV LQWLPDWH IDPLO\ DUHD ZKHUH guests were not admitted. There is a private sitting room for family members, and there are removable partitions so that more rooms could be created for the growing family. The living space is located closer to the centre of the house and on the XSSHU ČľRRU Gedung Kuning as a Peranakan house There are several architectural elements in Gedung Kuning that suggest that it had housed a Peranakan family such as GHFRUDWHG ČľRRU WLOHV )LJXUH WLPEHU GLYLGHU LQ WKH PDLQ KDOO (Figure 2), green glazed ceramic bamboo mullions in a square aperture on the sidewalls as a vent (Figure 3), and the colour of the house façade (Figure 4). These elements existed because Gedung Kuning had probably gone through at least one addition and alteration phase. The façade paint of a Peranakan House in the early stages was in hues of lime plaster that aged into a mottled white and muted earth tones. Through time, the colours evolved from ochre, green and indigo to a full colour spectrum . When a section of SDLQW ZDV FKLSSHG RÎ? IURP *HGXQJ .XQLQJ LW UHYHDOHG SDVWHO EOXH JUHHQ SDLQW )LJXUH

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7KH ČľRRU WLOHV RI *HGXQJ .XQLQJ KDYH ČľRUDO SDWWHUQV RI DQ HLJKW SHWDOOHG ČľRZHUV LQ DQ RFWDJRQDO VKDSHG WLOHV )LJXUH 7KH number eight (ba, ‍ )ޛ‏sounds similar to the word that means ‘prosper’ or ‘wealth’ (fa, ⲏ DQG UHČľHFWV D VLJQLČ´FDQW V\PEROLVP 7KH ČľRUDO PRWLIV DSSHDOHG WR WUDGLWLRQDO &KLQHVHȇV DHVWKHWLF sensibilities, while the tiles (of European origins) give a certain DÉ?QLW\ WR WKH FRORQLDO PDVWHUV

(DVW ΖQGLD &RPSDQ\ EXLOW .DPSRQJ *ODP WKH Č´UVW IHZ KRXVHV in Singapore have been described as ‘very similar to houses of WKH SHULRG LQ ΖQGLDȇ $QJOR ΖQGLDQ DUFKLWHFWXUH FDQ EH EULHČľ\ GHVFULEHG DV D K\EULG RI FODVVLFDO DUFKLWHFWXUH IRXQG LQ %ULWDLQ ZKHUH DGMXVWPHQWV KDG EHHQ PDGH WR Č´W WKH FOLPDWH DQG materials found in India with hybrid construction styles of India DQG %ULWDLQ

There is a carved timber divider in the main interior front hall (Figure 2). In a Peranakan House, the front hall or parlour is usually separated from the rest of the house by an elaborate carved wooden screen . The timber divider together with the wooden screen facing the main door acts as a ‘Spirit Wall’ to prevent evil spirits from entering the house by obstructing their path. Interestingly, there is another Spirit Wall on the second ČľRRU RI *HGXQJ .XQLQJ )LJXUH 7KH ZRRGHQ VFUHHQ KDG D Č´OLJUHH SDQHO WKDW DOORZHG ZRPHQIRON WR SHHN DW YLVLWRUV LQ traditional households, male guests rarely venture beyond the front hall. The timber divider acts as a transition space from the public space to semi-public space.

Architect Christian Norberg-Schulz described architecture as a public act as they commemorate the celebration of place and culture. He stated that when faced with an unknown task, builders returned to prototypes to obtain an environment FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR WKHLU SXUSRVHV WKH\ GLG QRW VWDUW IURP ]HUR but reinterpreted known forms . As such, Gedung Kuning was designed as a vernacular architecture with classical architecture IRUP DQG ΖQGLDQ LQČľXHQFHV 1RUEHUJ 6FKXO] H[SODLQHG WKDW when such transplantation occurs, a certain ‘fragmentation and relativisation’ occurs but it does not ‘disintegrate and devalue’ the architecture. Today, the architecture style of Gedung Kuning is described as the classical architecture style of Palladian . Fearing that any other label would devalue the building, the architectural descriptions remain with the original classical archetype. As Gedung Kuning had evolved over time with additions and alterations, it is therefore more apt to describe the typology of Gedung Kuning as a soft typology (changeable) RI D 6LQJDSRUH $QJOR ΖQGLDQ %XQJDORZ

Other Chinese elements present in Gedung Kuning include additional carved timber dividers that included carved and gilded pintu pagar that created a detached kitchen and servant quarters . A Peranakan Chinese residence usually shows a wealth of ornamentation for fengshui and harmony. However, Chinese characters and images were removed when Gedung Kuning became a Muslim home. Although Gedung Kuning was built for the Malays’ traditional way of living, it appealed to the Peranakan as they were able to apply the basic principles of planning as prescribed by their traditions. The Peranakan house is abled to ‘emerge’ with time, place, environment and economic circumstances . As Gedung Kuning had already a very strong symmetry, the Peranakans just had to alter and add on to turn Gedung Kuning into a Peranakan House. A typical Peranakan House is usually ‘inwards looking’ as it is surrounded by solidly built boundary walls, symmetrical and planned as a progression of spaces because privacy of the family is important. Air wells and courtyards are also found in a 3HUDQDNDQ +RXVH SURYLGHG WKH KRXVH LV VXÉ?FLHQWO\ ZLGH Typology of Gedung Kuning 6XOWDQ $OL ZDV NQRZQ DV WKH Č´UVW $VLDQ LQ 6LQJDSRUH WR GZHOO LQ D house of colonial architecture. His house has been described as ‘a house constructed after the style of the European residents’ . It is comparable to a colonial bungalow in a villa compound because it had a mix of structure. The only other existing building with similar typology in Singapore is the neighbouring Istana Kampong Glam. Gedung Kuning falls under the typology of Anglo-Indian %XQJDORZ DUFKLWHFWXUH $V ΖQGLDQ FRQYLFWV XQGHU WKH %ULWLVK

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Perhaps the spirit of inventiveness of the Asian builder that created the rich ornamentation with playful reinterpretation of classical elements such as French windows and Ionic columns. These hotchpotch of elements did not follow any architectural theory or principles . Possibly, the Asian builders who made an untutored application of classical features appropriated them from colonial architecture, creating a spontaneous, unsophisticated hybrid . Gedung Kuning as a modern Asian Architecture modern Asian Architecture Network (mAAN) describes modern Asian architecture as one that is mirrored by the history of Asia LWVHOI ZKHUH LWV DUFKLWHFWXUH KDV GLÎ?HUHQW OD\HUV RI K\EULGLW\ through experiencing various industrialisation, urbanisation, westernisation, colonisation, decolonisation and nationbuilding process creating a plethora of layering which seldom exist in western architecture. Modern Asian architecture is a repository of cumulative memories of inhabitants. It is a unique manifestation of culture and identity. It has a constant presence in our collective consciousness. Comparatively, modern Architecture in western pedagogy disregards history, heritage DQG WUDGLWLRQ WKURXJK WKH VLPSOLČ´FDWLRQ RI IRUP DQG DEVHQFH of applied decoration. It reconciles the principles of rapid technological advancement and the modernisation of society with the architecture design . The memories attached in Asian architecture, possibly due to colonisation, could be associated

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with painful memories causing the historic architecture being YLHZHG GLÎ?HUHQWO\ GXH WR WKH QHHG WR GLVDVVRFLDWH IURP the architecture. Thus, reasons for the conservation and preservation of the historic Asian city and architecture are not as strong as western city and architecture. Despite the modern form of the architecture barely resembling a kampong, the architecture of Gedung Kuning is still considered traditional because instead of just copying a form directly forcing a transplantation, Gedung Kuning includes or rather follows the spirit of the kampong making it a Malay House. Kampong spirit refers to neighbours sharing and helping out one another based on trust and friendship, forging bonds and strong ties within the community . Akin to a human body, Gedung Kuning has a spirit and a body as the structure. The house is a living machine. As such, the house has achieved the highest level in WKH PRGHUQLVDWLRQ SURFHVV Č‚ LQGLJHQLVDWLRQ 0RUHRYHU *HGXQJ Kuning is a good piece of architecture because it is simple, HÉ?FLHQW GXUDEOH DQG UHTXLUHV ORZ PDLQWHQDQFH 6LQJDSRUHȇV YHUQDFXODU DUFKLWHFWXUH DV D PRGHUQ $VLDQ DUFKLWHFWXUH The vernacular architecture of Singapore should be seen as a modern Asian architecture. As Singapore was built by a nation of immigrants, mobility was a factor in building up Singapore because they needed to build a nation fast. Gedung Kuning was surviving well into the twentieth century but it was not open to the general community as it was a private estate. During the conquest of nation building, Singapore adopted the need for urbanisation as it needs to continuously sustain its developed economy. The government opened up Gedung Kuning together with its tradition, heritage and architecture to the open market. Therefore, it is more important to strike a balance between FRPPRGLČ´FDWLRQ DQG WKH DUFKLWHFWXUH KHULWDJH DQG WUDGLWLRQ RU LW ZLOO FUHDWH D P\ULDG RI VLGH HÎ?HFWV WKDW LV EOLQGHG E\ WKH economy. Often, such complexities and contradictions in the present society could devalue the inherent heritage and traditions of the vernacular architecture. The reason for the GHYDOXDWLRQ LV VHOI PDGH Č‚ PDQȇV QHHG IRU FXOWXUDO DOLEL DQG the desaturation of tradition as the price of access to tradition FKHDSHQV FRXSOHG WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKH HÎ?HFWV RI FRPPRGLČ´FDWLRQ Articulation and characterisation give way to a pompous H[KLELWLRQ RI VXSHUČ´FLDO HÎ?HFWV WKXV GHYDOXLQJ WUDGLWLRQV LQ SXUVXLW RI WKH HFRQRPLF EHQHČ´W RI FRPPRGLČ´FDWLRQ However, if we create a tradition that is shared with locals and tourists alike, the tradition will lose its value as it cheapens the price of access to the tradition. Just like the case of Gedung Kuning. The self-interest of the authorities concerned with FUHDWLQJ D VWDWH FRQVWUXFWHG WUDGLWLRQ FRQČľLFWV ZLWK WKH DUFKLWHFWXUH WUDGLWLRQ DQG KHULWDJH Č‚ WKH RQH YHVWHG ZLWK IRUPDO SRZHU FRQWUROV WKH WUDGLWLRQ WKH ZD\ LW VHHV Č´WWLQJ WR PD[LPLVH SURČ´WV DQG WKH UHVLGHQWV ZKRVH VKDUHG PHPRULHV RI WKH SODFH GLG QRW KLQJH RQ DQ\ SROLWLFDO DJHQGD %RWK SDUWLHV XVHG

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DQG HQWHUWDLQHG GLÎ?HULQJ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV DQG SHUVSHFWLYH RQ traditions and how to participate on the need to commodify. 7KH SXUVXLW RI FRPPRGLČ´FDWLRQ LQ YHUQDFXODU DUFKLWHFWXUH LQ Singapore has always been political and strategic, and the FODVK RI SULRULWLHV RIWHQ Č´QGV UHVROXWLRQ WKURXJK D FRPSOLFDWHG VWUDWHJLFDO SURFHVV RI FRQČľLFW DQG QHJRWLDWLRQ LQ ZKLFK WKH QHHGV EHWZHHQ FRPPRGLČ´FDWLRQ DQG YHUQDFXODU DUFKLWHFWXUH WUDGLWLRQ and heritage interact to constitute the resultant vernacular architecture in the built environment of the contemporary world. Often, a more dominant group (the government), secures instrumental control while the other party resists exclusionary GHČ´QLWLRQV RU WDFWLFV DQG WR DGYDQFH LWV RZQ FODLPV ΖW LV WKXV HVVHQWLDO WR Č´QG D EDODQFH EHWZHHQ FRPPRGLČ´FDWLRQ DQG vernacular architecture. &RPPRGLČ´FDWLRQ RI *HGXQJ .XQLQJ 8UEDQ SUREOHPV LVVXHV ZLWK $VLDQ XUEDQLVDWLRQ Singapore is experiencing urbanisation at a rapid rate. Some of the problems arising are cultural amnesia and commoditisation of heritage. A city might re-edit itself in the name of nation building or to create a national identity causing a displacement RI KLVWRU\ TXHVWLRQDEOH DXWKHQWLFLW\ DQG JHQWULČ´FDWLRQ RI VRFLHW\ that may change the character and remove the spirit of the place. 7KLV PD\ FDXVH GLVDSSHDUDQFH RI Č´QH JUDLQV WKH EDFN ODQHV DQG small roads) and the emergence of coarse grains (main roads and expressways) of the city. This means that heritage might be commoditised by actively converting heritage places into an amusement park or shopping centres. This will eventually cause the destruction of old buildings and pose a threat to the ORFDO ZLVGRP DFTXLUHG /RFDO ZLVGRP LV NQRZOHGJH JDLQHG RYHU centuries from a particular culture, a combination of beliefs, P\WKRORJ\ LQWHUQDOLVDWLRQ RI WKRURXJKO\ ZHOO UHČľHFWHG WKRXJKWV and actions that supported it. A threat to the local wisdom would FDXVH D GHČ´FLW LQ KXPDQ FXOWXUH DQG DOVR WKUHDWHQ WKH FXOWXUHȇV traditions and resilience. This is another reason why a particular piece of architecture should be conserved to safeguard and preserve its heritage. +DML <XVRÎ? XQGHUVWRRG KRZ *HGXQJ .XQLQJ LV HPERGLHG LQ $VLDQ DUFKLWHFWXUH KH FKDQJHG WKH VSLULW RI WKH KRXVH WR D positive one that focuses on family, religion, the kampong spirit and gotong-royong spirit. This ensured that the house survived into the future, as people would associate the house with a positive meaning. As the government forcefully acquired the house, urbanisation has put an additional strain upon the local vernacular settlement of Kampong Glam. All of the local wisdoms in the house are facing a threat because the house is undergoing a rapid large-scale commoditisation that changes the spirit and character of the place.

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Adaptive reuse of Gedung Kuning In 1999, the Singapore government forcefully acquired Gedung .XQLQJ XQGHU WKH /DQG $FTXLVLWLRQ $FW 7KLV JRYHUQPHQW OHG initiative has turned the residential settlement of Kampong Glam into a full commercial zone. The government forced Gedung Kuning to undergo adaptive reuse to serve contemporary IXQFWLRQ DQG WUDQVIRUPHG LW LQWR D SURČ´W GULYHQ FRPPHUFLDO HQWLW\ in the form of a restaurant . The primary aim of conservation through adaptive reuse is to consolidate and enhance the ethnic-based activities that contribute to the overall identity, character and charm of Kampong Glam. The continued usage of Gedung Kuning would ensure that the original identity would be maintained and its useful lifespan extended while maintaining the building’s current architectural integrity and contributing to the overall identity of the area. The Singapore government views this commoditisation as supporting Singapore’s economy and ensuring that Gedung Kuning has a place in Singapore’s IXWXUH Č´OOHG ZLWK PRGHUQ DUFKLWHFWXUH 7KLV UHEUDQGLQJ DSSHDUV exotic to tourist but lacks the authenticity to citizens who had experienced the traditional architecture of Gedung Kuning. A disparity between the function and the genius loci of the place generates architecture similar to an empty soulless shell. 7KLV FRXOG OHDG WR D GHWULPHQWDO SURČ´W RULHQWHG VRFLHW\ ZKHUH money could cloud the nation’s judgment on the authenticity of traditional architecture, creating a rift between the citizen and the government. Certain cultural amnesia and commoditisation of heritage is already happening in Gedung Kuning. The history of the building LV JHWWLQJ UH HGLWHG UHQDPLQJ WKH KRXVH 5XPDK %HQGDKDUD (Prime Minister’s House) . The house was built in the 19th FHQWXU\ EXW LW LV RIWHQ UH HGLWHG WR D GLÎ?HUHQW GDWH 7KH VSDWLDO FRQČ´JXUDWLRQ RI WKH VSDFH LV HGLWHG WR Č´W LQWR D FRPPHUFLDO restaurant. This misplaced all the local knowledge and the spirit of the place. The restaurant owners removed the mango tree IURP WKH FRPSRXQG HÎ?HFWLYHO\ UHPRYLQJ WKH PRVW DXVSLFLRXV space in the house to create more economic space for dining. Not understanding the genius loci is detrimental to heritage conservation as well. Signage (‘Mamanda’ at the entrance) is a new addition to Gedung Kuning as Gedung Kuning had always been a family home. It does not need a sign due to the unique colour of the building that serves as a sign. Even the neighbouring shophouses with forecourt rarely feature a shop front as they were built for residence. The government usually emphasised on appropriate building signage and colour but there had been generally no control on the choice of colour or appropriate signage size except Gedung Kuning that has to remain yellow (Figure 7). The economic value of the prime land of Gedung Kuning made it irresistible for the government to acquire it for commercial prosperity . Gedung Kuning was eventually promoted as a tourist attraction. The area is met with moderate success as it

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LV LQWHQGHG IRU WRXULVWV /RFDOV EDUHO\ SDWURQLVH WKH DUHD ΖI ZH create a tradition that is shared with locals and tourists alike, the tradition will lose its value as it cheapens the price of access to the tradition. Although the architecture of Gedung Kuning is still there, the spirit of place is gone. The place is like an empty shell. Due to economic greed, the government does not mind cultural amnesia or commoditisation of heritage. This causes Gedung Kuning to have a tragic ending by displacing its residents and turning the place into a mediocre restaurant. Gedung Kuning as a museum for the Malays %HLQJ D IRUPHU FRORQLVHG QDWLRQ WKH 6LQJDSRUH JRYHUQPHQW DGKHUHV WR FHUWDLQ %ULWLVK UXOHV $IWHU LQGHSHQGHQFH LQ WKH JRYHUQPHQW SLFNHG XS ZKHUH WKH %ULWLVK OHIW RÎ? DQG UXOHG Singapore as imagined by the colonial master . As the primary aim for the adaptive reuse of Gedung Kuning is to ‘consolidate and enhance ethnic based activities’ , Gedung Kuning is being IRUFHG WR Č´W LQWR D SDUWLFXODU ȆFHQVXV FDWHJRU\ WKDW LV YLVLEO\ DQG H[FOXVLYHO\ UDFLDOȇ OLNH KRZ 6LU 6WDPIRUG 5DÉžHV IRUPXODWHG SODQV 5DÉžHV 7RZQ 3ODQ WR GLYLGH 6LQJDSRUH LQWR FRPPXQDO neighbourhoods during his second visit to Singapore . 6RFLRORJLVW %HQHGLFW $QGHUVRQ GHVFULEHG WKDW ȆWKH Č´FWLRQ RI FHQVXV LV WKDW HYHU\RQH LV LQ LW DQG HYHU\RQH KDV RQH Č‚ DQG RQO\ RQH Č‚ H[WUHPHO\ FOHDU SODFH 1R IUDFWLRQV ȇ 7KLV LV GHWULPHQWDO WR the architecture of Gedung Kuning that had history and usage from more than one census. Although the creation of census was for taxation purposes, it had crept into the cultural aspect of society making it simpler for the government to classify a certain space. Going by the root of the building, the building LV FODVVLČ´HG DV D 0DOD\ KHULWDJH GHVSLWH HOHPHQWV IURP RWKHU heritage. Colonies are ‘museumised to be repositioned as regalia for secular colonial state’ so the ‘prestige of colonial state is linked to the homeland superior’ . The Singapore government ‘museumised’ Gedung Kuning and Kampong Glam as Malay heritage. The purpose is to create a link that Malay is part of Singapore’s identity, a state construct ethnicity. Writer Guy Debord in Society of Spectacle he traced the development of modern society that has replaced authentic social life with its representation : Gedung Kuning and Kampong Glam as representative of the Malay identity. This is part of the overall national identity of Singapore used in the nation-building agenda. Recommendations 6ORZLQJ WKH JHQWULČ´FDWLRQ RI .DPSRQJ *ODP Kampong Glam is presently littered with eateries, massage SDUORXUV SXEV DQG EDUV DOO ZLWKLQ ZDONLQJ GLVWDQFH WR WKH 6XOWDQ Mosque. The cacophony of prayer calls and din from bar-goers LV DQ LURQ\ DV WKH RQFH 0XVOLP TXDUWHU RI 6LQJDSRUH LV JHQWULČ´HG as another drinking hole. Ground-up initiatives such as the ‘Alcohol-free zone’ set up by some restaurateurs in Kampong

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*ODP PHW ZLWK PRGHUDWH VXFFHVV 7R VORZ JHQWULȴFDWLRQ SHUKDSV EXVLQHVVHV VXFK DV WKH %HWHO %R[ %DFNSDFNHUV +RVWHO and Tours could restore the authentic feel of Kampong Glam. %HWHO %R[ RSHUDWHG RXW RI D UHVWRUHG VKRSKRXVH RI 3HUDQDNDQ architecture in Joo Chiat Road (eastern part of Singapore). The economic objectives are achieved, while at the same time, SUHVHUYLQJ WKH RULJLQDO DPELHQFH RI KRXVH ΖQ IDFW %HWHO %R[ frequently conducted tours around the neighbourhood for its visitors, and talks about heritage to the public via the Singapore Heritage Society.

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Instead of a restaurant operating out of Gedung Kuning, perhaps the authority involved in the preservation of Gedung .XQLQJ FRXOG HPXODWH WKH H[DPSOH RI /RYH/DQH +RWHO D 10 room hotel situated in the heart of George Town in Penang WKDW KDG WKH H[DFW W\SRORJ\ DV *HGXQJ .XQLQJ /RYH/DQH Hotel had won several prestigious awards such as the Malaysian ΖQVWLWXWH RI $UFKLWHFWXUH *ROG $ZDUG :LQQHUV IRU LWV HÎ?RUWV in preserving the authenticity of the place. Conclusion In order to understand the real state of vernacular architecture in Singapore, it is essential to see its place in the built environment of the contemporary world. Gedung Kuning’s vernacular heritage and traditions are interweaved and attached to the vernacular architecture. The heritage and tradition transmit customs and beliefs from generation to generation and they tell the stories of people, places, and architecture. There is history behind every architecture and building. Very often, people (the architect, occupants) shape the traditions of the building, just like how WKH GLÎ?HUHQW RFFXSDQWV RI *HGXQJ .XQLQJ PDGH WKH EXLOGLQJ a home in their own way. They put meaning in the architecture WKURXJK WKH XVH RI VSDFH FRORXU DQG RUQDPHQWDWLRQ 'LÎ?HUHQW NH\ SOD\HUV RU VWDNHKROGHUV KDYH GLÎ?HUHQW SXUSRVHV DQG LQWHQWLRQV DQG WKH\ JLYH GLÎ?HUHQW PHDQLQJ WR *HGXQJ .XQLQJ The omissions or negation of narratives, and the creation of new narratives add to the diversity of traditions of Gedung .XQLQJ +RZHYHU WKH\ DUH WKH VLGH HÎ?HFWV RI FRPPRGLČ´FDWLRQ As mentioned earlier, the typology of Gedung Kuning is a soft typology, one that could be changed. This would have an impact on the traditions of the house, with each key player adopting their own version of what its tradition is. Thus, we have to rethink and reassess vernacular architecture in Singapore in relation to the government agenda on nation building and its SXVK IRU FRPPRGLČ´FDWLRQ

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)LJXUH OHIW 6TXDUH 9HQWV k )DX]\ ΖVPDLO )LJXUH ULJKW 7KH \HOORZ SDLQW FKLSSHG RÎ? UHYHDOLQJ D EOXH underneath it. Corbels can be seen connecting the beams and FROXPQV 'XULQJ WKH UHVLGHQF\ RI +DML <XVRÎ?ȇV IDPLO\ WKH ZLQGRZV are turquoise with white frames. Gedung Kuning, Singapore, 1999. k +LGD\DK $PLQ

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References Hidayah Amin, Gedung Kuning: Memories of a Malay ChildKRRG 6LQJDSRUH 6LQJDSRUH +HULWDJH 6RFLHW\ +HODQJ %RRNV 2010), 14-15. Tommy Koh, Singapore: The Encyclopaedia (Singapore: Didier Millet, 2006), 259. Ahmad Mohd Don, ‘Asal usul Gedung Kuning di Kampong *ODPȇ %HULWD +DULDQ -XQH -HÎ? 2HL ȊΖVQȇW <HOORZ &RORXU 5R\DO"Č‹ DVLDQFRUUHVSRQGHQW FRP 24 October 2007, KWWS DVLDQFRUUHVSRQGHQW FRP LVQW \HOORZ FRORXU UR\DO ! >DFFHVVHG 1RYHPEHU @ “Yellow is (the) royal colour in Malaysia.â€? 6XOWDQ +XVVDLQ 2UGLQDQFH &KDSWHU 2ULJLQDO (QDFWPHQW Ordinance 13 of 1904) Revised Edition 2000 (30th December 2000), Attorney-General’s Chambers Singapore, KWWS VWDWXWHV DJF JRY VJ DRO VHDUFK GLVSOD\ YLHZ Z S SDJH TXHU\ 'RFΖG $ I HE H H HHE EF FFD H F F 6WDWXV $LQIRUFH 'HSWK $ UHF ! >DFFHVVHG $SULO @ 6WDWXWRU\ /DQG *UDQW 1R 6XUYH\ 1R 'LVWULFW 6LQJDSRUH 7RZQ 7 6 ;Ζ9 /RW 1R 6XOWDQ *DWHČ‹ ZZZ JHGXQJNXQLQJ FRP KLVWRU\ SGI 6WDWXWRU\B/DQGB *UDQWB SGI! >DFFHVVHG $SULO @ Amin, Gedung Kuning, 16-17.

Figure 6a (top) : Level 1 Floor Plan of Gedung Kuning, rooms of Haji <XVRÎ?ȇV IDPLO\ LQGLFDWHG k )DX]\ ΖVPDLO Figure 6b (bottom) : Level 2 Floor Plan of Gedung Kuning, rooms of +DML <XVRÎ?ȇV IDPLO\ LQGLFDWHG k )DX]\ ΖVPDLO

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/DQG 2É?FH 1RWLFH 6HFWLRQ /DQG $FTXLVLWLRQ $FW 6LQJDSRUH /DQG $XWKRULW\ WK 0DUFK KWWS ZZZ JHGXQJNXQLQJ FRP IDPLO\VDJD SGI SGI! >DFFHVVHG 'HFHPEHU @ Dan Koh, “A Palace Within A Kampong: Re-tracing the body RI .DPSRQJ *ODPČ‹ SRVNRG VJ -XO\ KWWS SRVNRG VJ 3RVWV $ 3DODFH :LWKLQ $ .DPSRQJ! >DFFHVVHG $SULO @ Kampong Glam Conservation, Urban Redevelopment AuthorLW\ KWWS ZZZ XUD JRY VJ XRO FRQVHUYDWLRQ FRQVHUYDWLRQ [PO DVS["LG .3*/! >DFFHVVHG $SULO @ Tommy Koh, Singapore: The Encyclopaedia, 273. Vernon Cornelius-Takahama, “Indian convicts’ contributions to HDUO\ 6LQJDSRUHČ‹ 6LQJDSRUH ΖQIRSHGLD 1DWLRQDO /LEUDU\ %RDUG Singapore, KWWS HUHVRXUFHV QOE JRY VJ LQIRSHGLD DUWLFOHV 6Ζ3B B KWPO! >DFFHVVHG $SULO @ Historic District: Kampong Glam, Urban Redevelopment $XWKRULW\ Davison, Julian, Singapore Shophouse (Singapore: Talisman Publishing, 2010), 32. Norberg-Schulz, Christian, Architecture: Meaning and Place 1HZ <RUN (OHFWD 5L]]ROL Knapp, Ronald G., The Peranakan Chinese Home: Art Culture LQ 'DLO\ /LIH 6LQJDSRUH 7XWWOH Davison, Shophouse, 57. Details: Front Hall, Pinang Peranakan Mansion KWWS ZZZ SLQDQJSHUDQDNDQPDQVLRQ FRP P\ PRUHBGHWDLOV KWP! >DFFHVVHG $SULO @

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STREET NETWORKS 6WUHHW SDWWHUQ 6SDWLDO FRQČ´JXUDWLRQ 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 3K\VLFDO ΖQIUDVWUXFWXUH The importance of street network as public urban spaces to cities has been repeatedly advocated by both scholars and professionals. However, in the planning and design of many Asian cities, whereas the focuses are usually on land use layout and transportation system, VWUHHW QHWZRUN KDV RIWHQ EHHQ UHJDUGHG DV WKH EDFNFORWK 7KLV UHČľHFWV D ODFN RI FRQVLGHUDWLRQ both in theory and practise, of the association between the physical aspects of the urban system and functional, behavioural and social aspects of the city. Given the rapid urbanisation of Asian cities, exploring these relationships will potentially provide us with an in-depth XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH FRPSOH[LW\ RI HPHUJLQJ XUEDQ V\VWHPV VR DV WR HÎ?HFWLYHO\ LPSURYH street environment of cities in the Asian context. This chapter examines the interactions between physical street network and social, economic and environmental aspects of the city, and the cutting edge methods and approaches to studying this relationship.

Encouraging Walkability Around Rail Station Area

Carriedo Street and Its Environs: A Study On the Commercial District of Quiapo,

Dyah Titisari WIDYASTUTI, Bambang Hari WIBISONO, Danang PARIKESIT, Ikaputra

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Ecosystem of a Transport Hub: Analysis on the Urban Development of Cubao, Metro Manila Glenn T. ORBON

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ENCOURAGING WALKABILITY AROUND RAIL STATION AREA CASE: INDONEDIA RAIL-STATION AREA Dyah Titisari WIDYASTUTI Doctoral Candidate Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, dyahtitisariw@ugm.ac.id Bambang Hari WIBISONO Professor Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada wibisono@ugm.ac.id Danang PARIKESIT Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, dparikesit@ugm.ac.id Ikaputra Associate Professor Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, ikaputra@ugm.ac.id Keywords: RAIL STATION AREA, RAIL-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT, MOBILITY, PEDESTRIAN MOBILITY

Abstract &UHDWLQJ VXVWDLQDEOH WUDQVSRUW LV D NLQG RI FKDOOHQJH IRU PDQ\ $VLDQ FLWLHV WKDW DUH FRPPRQO\ GRPLQDWHG E\ URDG UDWKHU WKDQ UDLO WUDQVSRUW LQ XQRUJDQL]HG FLW\ SODQ (YHQ WKRXJK WUDLQ LV D NLQG RI PRGH RI WUDQVSRUW WKDW LV WKH PRVW HFRORJLFDO IULHQGO\ DQG PRVW HÉ?FLHQW YHKLFOH FRPSDUH WR RWKHU PRWRUL]HG WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ PRGHV 2QH RI SUREOHPV LQ VXVWDLQLQJ UDLO VHUYLFH DV PDLQ SXEOLF WUDQVSRUW LQ Ζ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The Development of Urban Rail-Station Area in Indonesia 'HČ´QLWHO\ WKH JHQHUDO SUREOHP RI UDLO VWDWLRQ DUHD GHYHORSPHQW in Indonesia so far is un-integrated to rail-track routes as mass public transportation. The current government policy on public transportation so far has not considered it. This condition causes limited choice for people mobility on rail transport. The development of railway track in Indonesia was began in Java LQ WKH SHULRG RI ZKHQ WKH Č´UVW UDLOZD\ WUDFN ZDV EXLOW connected Semarang to Solo as well as Semarang to Yogyakarta. At that time, the railway track became valuable for trading, freight distribution and people moving. However, at the moment, some parts of the railway track are underutilized with many reasons. $OWKRXJK WUDLQ LV WKH PRVW HFRORJLFDO IULHQGO\ DQG PRVW HÉ?FLHQW vehicle compare to other motorized transportation modes, it was only 7.32% people used train for their mobility compare to 84.13% people used motorized road transportation mode in Indonesia (Ministry of Transportation Republic of Indonesia, 2011). The Implementation of Transit-Oriented Development on Rail-Station Area Development (Rail-Oriented Development) Looking at many cases of rail-station area development in several countries, there are various concepts on creating rail-station as public transit node that can bring good impact to rail-station surrounding area (Kido, 2005), such as ‘Station Renaissance’ (Europe countries), ‘Context Sensitive Design’ (United States), and ‘Context Sensitive Design for Railways’ (Japan). RIC (RailIntegrated Community), as Calimente (2012) explained, is one of the development concepts of rail-station area in Japan

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through encouraging high density and mixed use development surrounding rail-station with pedestrian-friendly design supported by government policy on public transportation. All of those concepts are ended on the enhancement of rail-station area quality. Moreover, Cervero (1993) in Zhao and Deng (2013) stated that through the quality improvement of rail-station area, SHRSOH VSHFLČ´FDOO\ UHVLGHQW FRXOG EH HQFRXUDJHG WR XVH UDLO transit. He also added that based on his previous study, the residents in the area surrounding rail-station are 5-7 times prefer to travel by train compared to people far from rail-station.

safety walking on pedestrian space throughout the network that is shaped by built environment. Walking trip has two components, i.e. origin-destination and path as said by Sallis et al (2004) and Hanson (1984) in Yin (2013). On the way from origin to destination, walking trip passes through spaces that accommodated by path through street connectivity and integration. Both path variables could be indicators of built HQYLURQPHQW LQ DÎ?HFWLQJ OHYHOV RI ZDONDELOLW\ %HVLGHV VDIHW\ KDV become the third variables of path component in encouraging walkability.

Similar to RIC, originally, Calthorpe (1993) described TOD as mixed use community in walkable distance from public transit node (see Fig. 1). Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is a kind of concept that integrate compact rail-station area (mixed-use high and density development) and public transit interchange in order to increase accessibility to public transport as well as increase people mobility. This research is based on the context of rail-station area development in Indonesia which is railway asset and infrastructure as well as passenger service have been available but did not integrate in line with rail-station area development. The adapted concept of TOD would be elaborated focusing on encouraging pedestrian friendly environment surrounding station.

Meanwhile, according to Jaskiewicz (2001) in Southworth (2005), key factor in walkability is the quality of pedestrian path network. In encouraging walkability, pedestrian needs good quality of environment that can be represented by a. Connectivity of path network (high density of intersections, small blocks sizes); b. Linkage with various modes (pedestrian path that link modes of transport/transit intermodal to residential as well as commercial zones in walking distance); c. Fine grained land use patterns (land use intensity and diversity in walking distance from transit node/rail-station); d. Safety (availability of crosswalks, pedestrian pathway condition, night lighting, surveillance as well as handicapped supports); e. Quality of path (width, paving, landscaping, signing, lighting), f. Path context (street design, visual attraction, transparency, VSDWLDO GHČ´QLWLRQ ODQGVFDSH

Figure 1: Concept of Transit-Oriented Development Source: Re-drawing from Calthorpe, 1993

Principally, Transit-Oriented Development would generate public transit area as node and place (Dittmar dan Ohland, 2004; Chorus dan Bertolini, 2011). As a node, TOD/ROD has role as concentration of activity in providing connectivity among various origin and destination. Meanwhile, as a place, TOD/ROD has a role as place-making that can generate livable community surrounding station. The Role of Rail-Oriented Development in Encouraging Walkability around Rail-Station Area :DONDELOLW\ ZDV GHČ´QHG E\ 6RXWKZRUWK DV FRPIRUW DQG

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Regarding to pedestrian-friendly environment, Shastry (2010) said that as a place, TOD/ROD represents diversity in mixed used development, density in housing and working place, as well as street network connectivity that accommodate pedestrianfriendly design. The importance of TOD/ROD in shaping node and place, as illustrated in Fig. 2, also accommodated by Dittmar and Ohland (2004), Greenberg (2004) in Dittmar and Ohland (2004), Ewing and Cervero (2001) and Ewing et al (2009) in Ewing and Cervero (2010) as well as Chen (2010). According to them, basically, TOD/ROD plan and design concept leads to walkable community with 5 D strategies: (i) density (high density concentrates on center of area/transit node/rail-station in order to ease pedestrian accessibility); (ii) diversity (proportional mixed land use that can encourage people to walk in meeting daily need); (iii) distance (walkable distance between home and rail-station/transit node); (iv) destination accessibility (good accessibility from transit node/rail-station to activities centers, intermodal connectivity in walking distance); (v) design (urban form that creates amenity, safety, security, spatial and visual comfort for walkability).

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Srowot Rail-Station Area

Figure 2: ROD Strategies for Walkable Communities Source: Calthorpe (1993), Dittmar and Ohland (2004), Greenberg (2004) in Dittmar and Ohland (2004), Ewing and Cervero (2001) and Ewing et al (2009) in Ewing and Cervero (2010), Chen (2010).

Located on Sumbersari, Klaten Regency-Central Java Province, 6URZRW UDLO VWDWLRQ DUHD LV LGHQWLČ´HG DV UXUDO DUHD $YHUDJH population density in this area is around 47 people/ha or 13 households/ha or 4 people/household. As can be seen on Fig. 4, agriculture and green space dominates land form (87%) compared to built-up space that has land use composition of housing and non-housing 3:1. Today, Srowot station is operationally active but underutilized for serving passenger mobility because of operational cost reason.

Through the above strategies, TOD/ROD would decrease distance and increase community accessibility in their daily activities. Furthermore, it can change people choice on modal share for daily mobility, i.e. motorized vehicle modal share in mobility will decrease and walking as well as cycling will increase. Hence, pedestrian-friendly design is needed in walkable distance area from rail-station/transit node. Case Study Cervero (2012) said that TOD cannot be transformed optimally at well-to-do communities. However it will reach good result if transformed into area with function and activity degradation or DUHD ZLWK VWDJQDQW FRQGLWLRQ DV ZHOO DV JUHHQ ȴHOG DUHD ZLWK WKH focus of transit-accessible location. Moreover, he argued that when private motorized vehicles still dominate access to transit node, green concept in TOD that represents pedestrian-friendly environment cannot be happened. Nowadays, commuter mobility between the city of Yogyakarta and Solo is supported by intercity bus as well as commuter train in balance modal share. Unfortunately, commuter train is only stop on 6 (six) stations from 13 (thirteen) stations along Yogyakarta – Solo commuter line (see Fig.3). Many stations no longer serve commuter mobility. This condition makes commuter train lost in competition with intercity bus and private motorized vehicle.

Figure 4: Walkable Distance Area from Srowot Rail-Station

There are two nodes of activities in radius 500 m from station VHH )LJ WKH Č´UVW QRGH FRPSULVHV ORFDO JRYHUQPHQW RÉ?FH DQG public facilities (traditional market, elementary school, mosque, public transport interchange) which is adjacent to station and the other is on South periphery of delineation area.

Srowot and Klaten rail-station area were chosen as case studies in this research. These two stations are located on Yogyakarta – Solo commuter line. Srowot station represents inactive station and Klaten station represents active station. The delineation of study area is limited on radius of 500 m (walking distance) from rail-station (around 78.5 ha).

Figure 5: Nodes of Activities in Srowot Rail-Station Area Figure 3: Existing Physical and Operational Condition of RailStations along Yogyakarta-Solo Commuter Line

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Street network in walking distance around station is radial

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pattern centered on public node activity adjacent to station and supported by organic pattern on each housing cluster as illustrated on Fig. 6. The average block size surrounding station is around 100 meters with 4 intersection/ha. Hence, along walking distance from station there are 5 blocks in average. However, it has not been supported by pedestrian access. There is no pedestrian pathway as well as pedestrian amenities (see Table 1).

up space that has land use composition of housing and nonhousing 2:1. Today, Klaten station is operationally serving passenger mobility for both of commuter and regional line.

Figure 7: Walkable Distance Area from Srowot Rail-Station

'LÎ?HUHQW IURP 6URZRW DUHD QRGHV RI DFWLYLWLHV WUDGLWLRQDO market, school, public transport interchange) in this case spread over several location surrounding station (see Fig. 8). Location of intercity-bus terminal physically adjacent to railstation but separated by high-speed road and no direct access that connect them.

Figure 6: Street Network in Srowot Rail-Station Area

With this condition, walking as modal share in daily mobility pattern is discouraged by private motorized vehicle even for internal mobility. Nevertheless, with the average daily mobility pattern 6.16 trip/house hold/day, it shows balanced proportion between external and internal mobility. Table 1: Quality of Street Network in Srowot Station Area

Figure 8: Nodes of Activities in Klaten Rail-Station Area

Klaten Rail-Station Area Located on Klaten, Klaten Regency-Central Java Province, Klaten UDLO VWDWLRQ DUHD LV LGHQWLČ´HG DV JHQHUDO XUEDQ DUHD $YHUDJH population density in this area is around 64 people/ha or 16 households/ha or 4 people/household. It can be seen on Fig. 7, green space dominates land form (74%) compared to built-

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The main street network in North part of rail-station represents radial pattern centered on rail-station supported by typically grid pattern in each housing cluster as can be seen on Fig 9. Meanwhile, main street network in South part of rail-station do QRW KDYH VLJQLČ´FDQW SDWWHUQ EXW LW KDV RUJDQLF VWUHHW SDWWHUQ LQ almost all housing cluster. The average block size surrounding station is around 70 meters with 4 intersection/ha. Hence, along walking distance from station there are 7 blocks in average.

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on walking, bicycle and public transport transit system. Multiple UHJUHVVLRQ DQDO\VLV KDV EHHQ XVHG WR Č´QG VLJQLČ´FDQW IDFWRUV (including design feature) that potentially encourage pedestrian mobility (see Fig. 10).

Figure 10: Process of Analysis

Srowot Rail-Station Area Figure 9: Street Network in Klaten Rail-Station Area

Pedestrian sidewalk is available but the quality, connectivity, and amenity is not good enough (see Table 2). Nevertheless, modal share in daily mobility pattern is dominated by walking and cycling on internal mobility, meanwhile private motorized vehicle strongly dominates modal share on external mobility. This modal share pattern generates 7.89 trip/house hold for daily mobility. It shows proportion of 3:2 between external and internal mobility. Table 2: Quality of Street Network in Klaten Station Area

The area coverage in the case of rail station area is limited on walkable distance from rail station (around 500 m or 5-10 minutes’ walk). In the case of Srowot Rail-Station Area, daily mobility pattern of people who lives there was balanced between internal (50%) and external mobility (50%) from the average 6.16 trips/house hold/day. On internal mobility (all daily trips at the walkable distance from rail-station), people tend to walk or cycling from home to work, home to school, shop or public transport interchange, and from place to place on the area of walking distance from station (62%) compared to the use of private motorized vehicle/motorcycle (38%). Meanwhile, on external mobility (all daily trips to outside of the walkable distance area from rail-station or more than walkable distance), people tend to use private motorized vehicle (87%) for daily mobility compared to people use non-motorized vehicle and public transport (13%).

Analysis

Generally, distance, density (household size), private motorized YHKLFOH RZQHUVKLS KDV VLJQLČ´FDQW LQČľXHQFH LQ HQFRXUDJLQJ GDLO\ mobility in this case study (see Fig. 11). The shorter distance from origin to destination, the larger size of household size, and the bigger number of private motorized vehicle ownership give impact on the larger number of daily mobility. On the other hand, the aspect of diversity of land use as well as physical form DQG VSDFH RI WKH DUHD KDYH QRW LQČľXHQFHG RQ WKH QXPEHU RI daily mobility.

How far is the daily mobility pattern of people who live in walking GLVWDQFH DUHD IURP UDLO VWDWLRQ VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ SHGHVWULDQ PRELOLW\ encouraged by character of district that contributes to RailOriented Development, i.e. density, diversity, design, distance to transit and destination accessibility? In other words, how far the density, diversity, design, distance to transit and destination accessibility encourage pedestrian mobility surrounding station? This research question has been answered through trip generation study overlaid with layer of street pattern due to identify the pattern of existing mobility surrounding station in the radius of 500 m as well as its modal share concerning

In the context of internal mobility, the ownership of private motorized vehicle has discouraged walking and cycling VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ LW LV DOVR DJJUDYDWHG E\ XQDYDLODELOLW\ RI SHGHVWULDQ sidewalk and its amenities. Meanwhile, diversity of land use LQ WKH ZDONDEOH GLVWDQFH IURP KRPH GR QRW KDYH LQČľXHQFH RQ encouraging pedestrian mobility, it can be seen on the number of home based work and home based other trips where is internal mobility and external mobility on balance proportion. It LV EHFDXVH RI LQFRPSOHWH SXEOLF IDFLOLWLHV VSHFLČ´FDOO\ KLJK VFKRRO and availability of job opportunity that can make people choose to go to school or work outside the walking distance. In the

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context of external mobility, the use of private motorized vehicle is more popular than mass public transportation (minibus) due to the reason of bad service on public transportation schedule.

of transport in short distance. On the other hand, public facilities (traditional market, commercial facilities, government service, school) can be easily accessed in walking distance because they are spread evenly on the whole area. Interestingly in the context of external mobility for the destination Yogyakarta or Solo, people on the Northern part of the area tend to take train for daily mobility mode of transport, meanwhile people on the Southern part of the area tend to take intercity bus. Although rail-station is located adjacent to bus station, there is no direct connectivity between them, they get separated by high-speed road.

Figure 11: ROD Concept Analysis on Srowot Rail-Station Area Daily Mobility Pattern

Klaten Rail-Station Area Daily mobility pattern of people who live in range of 500 m from Klaten rail-station tend to be more on external mobility (60%) rather than internal mobility (40%) with the average of 7.89 trips/house hold/day. Similar to Srowot rail-station area, internal mobility (all daily trips at the walkable distance from rail-station) in this case shows people tend to walk or cycling from home to work, home to school, shop or public transport interchange, and from place to place on the area of walking distance from station (65%) compared to the use of private motorized vehicle/ motorcycle (35%). Meanwhile, on external mobility (all daily trips to outside of the walkable distance area from rail-station or more than walkable distance), people tend to use private motorized vehicle (79%) for daily mobility compared to people use non-motorized vehicle and public transport (21%). Density, diversity of land use, destination accessibility, physical form and space of this area, as well as private motorized vehicle RZQHUVKLS KDV HQFRXUDJHG PRELOLW\ VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ VHH )LJ The large size of household size, the high level of diversity of land use, the shorter distance from station to intermodal change, the large number of intersection density and better pedestrian connectivity as well as large number of private motorized vehicle ownership generates large number of daily mobility. Distance from rail-station in this case does not have VSHFLČ´F LPSDFW LQ HQFRXUDJLQJ PRELOLW\ EHFDXVH RQO\ IHZ SHRSOH surrounding station take train for their daily mobility transport mode. The ownership of private motorized vehicle, similar to Srowot VWDWLRQ DUHD KDV GLVFRXUDJHG ZDONLQJ DQG F\FOLQJ VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ however the availability of pedestrian sidewalk and its amenities can push the choice of walking and cycling dominate the mode

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Figure 12: ROD Concept Analysis on Klaten Rail-Station Area Daily Mobility Pattern

Lesson Learned /RRNLQJ DW WKH DERYH FDVH VWXGLHV LW FDQ EH VHHQ GLÎ?HUHQW condition between underutilized and active rail-station, as ZHOO DV GLÎ?HUHQFHV EHWZHHQ UXUDO DUHD UDLO VWDWLRQ DQG JHQHUDO urban rail-station. In underutilized rail-station, proximity to railstation for dwelling is not as important as proximity to public facilities in generate mobility on foot. Moreover, the service of public transport concentrates only on location of public facilities (traditional market). The physical characteristic of rural area that is dominated by green open space and agriculture land bring into lack of connectivity and amenities of pedestrian network. The rural area character that divided into several housing cluster with public facilities concentrated on center generate highest mobility located on adjacent area from center. Location of housing on periphery area tends to push mobility outside away from center because the distance of similar public facilities is shorter than to the center. Meanwhile, physical character of general urban that is more compact with public facilities spread over the area evenly make the distance to station do not LQČľXHQFH OHYHO RI PRELOLW\ Similarly, in both cases, the aspect of density and ownership RI SULYDWH PRWRUL]HG YHKLFOH KDYH VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ HQFRXUDJHG higher mobility. However, regarding to pedestrian-friendly environment, although generate higher mobility even for

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walking distance, the large number of private motorized vehicle could bring negative impact. Meanwhile, aspects of diversity, distance, destination accessibility and design only have impact on one case in generating pedestrian friendly environment surrounding station. To conclude, in adapting ROD concept on Indonesia rail-station area, there are the preliminary ideas: Reactivate underutilized station with good service of intermodal interchange adjacent to station; Promoting higher population density in walking distance from station in order to providing accessibility to use public transport rather than private motorized vehicle in daily mobility; Fitting out public daily needs through locating public facilities such as all level education school and traditional market or commercial facilities spread over the area in walking distance from home; Providing good pedestrian network for pedestrian comfort that connect dwelling into public facilities and railstation in walking distance

KIDO, EM. (2005). Aesthetic Aspects of Railway Stations in Japan and Europe, as a Part of ‘Context Sensitive Design for Railways’. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies. Vol 6, 4381-4396. SHASTRY, S. (2010). Spatial Assessment of Transit Oriented Development in Ahmedabad India, M.Sc. Thesis: University of Twente. SOUTHWORTH, M. (2005). Designing the Walkable City. Journal of Urban Planning and Development. 2005, 131: 246-257. <Ζ1 /Ζ $VVHVVLQJ :DONDELOLW\ LQ WKH &LW\ RI %XÎ?DOR Application of Agent-Based Simulation. Journal of Urban Planning and Development. 2013. 139: 166-175. ZHAO, J & DENG, W. (2013). Relationship of Walk Access Distance to Rapid Rail Transit Stations with Personal Characteristics and Station Context. Journal of Urban Planning and Development. 2013. 139: 311-321.

References CALIMENTE, J. (2012). Rail Integrated Communities in Tokyo. The Journal of Transport and Land Use. Vol. 5, No.1. Spring 2012, 19-32. CALTHORPE, P. (1993). The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community and the American Dreams. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. CERVERO, R. (2012). Transit Oriented Development: A Conversation with Professor Robert Cervero. Berkeley Transportation Letter. UC Berkeley. CHEN, X. (2010). Prospect of the Transit Oriented Development in China, Management Research and Practice. Vol 2, Issue 1, March 2010. CHORUS, P & BERTOLINI, L. (2011). An Application of the Node Place Model to Explore the Spatial Development Dynamics of Station Areas in Tokyo. The Journal of Transport and Land Use. Vol. 4 No. 1, Spring 2011, 45-48. DITTMAR, H & OHLAND, G. (2004). The New Transit Town, Best Practices in Transit-Oriented Development. London: Island Press. EWING, R & CERVERO, R. (2010). Travel and the Built Environment: a Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Planning Association, 76:3, 265-294.

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ECOSYSTEM OF A TRANSPORT HUB: ANALYSIS ON THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF CUBAO, METRO MANILA Glenn T. ORBON Architect, University Research Associate, Graduate Student College of Architecture, University of the Philippines Diliman E. delos Santos Street, UP Diliman Campus, Quezon City, Philippines 1101 glenn_gensai@yahoo.com, gtorbon@upd.edu.ph Keywords: CUBAO, TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, SOCIO-ECONOMIC LINKAGES

Abstract 'XH WR LWV JHRJUDSKLFDO DQG VWUDWHJLF ORFDWLRQ DW WKH KHDUW RI WKH PHWUR WKH &XEDR GLVWULFW LQ 4XH]RQ &LW\ 3KLOLSSLQHV KDV HYROYHG WKURXJK WKH \HDUV DV D PDMRU SXEOLF DQG SULYDWH WUDQVSRUW KXE ZLWKLQ 0HWURSROLWDQ 0DQLOD 'HYHORSLQJ IURP WKH SULYDWH RZQHG $UDQHWD &HQWHU WRZDUGV WKH DGMDFHQW UHVLGHQWLDO DQG FRPPHUFLDO DUHDV &XEDRȇV XUEDQ JURZWK SURGXFHG QRW RQO\ VRFLR HFRQRPLF LPSDFWV WR WKH FRPPXQLW\ EXW WR WKH QDWXUDO DQG EXLOW HQYLURQPHQW DV ZHOO 7KLV VWXG\ IRFXVHV RQ WKH LPSDFWV RI WKH XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW RI &XEDR DV DQ LPSRUWDQW WUDQVSRUW KXE RI 0HWURSROLWDQ 0DQLOD DQG LWV HQYLURQV 7KH DLP RI WKLV SDSHU LV WR GHWHUPLQH WKH H[WHQW RI WKH VRFLR HFRQRPLF OLQNDJHV RI &XEDR DUHD WKDW DUH EHQHČ´FLDO RU SUREOHPDWLF WR WKH FLW\ȇV JURZWK )RU WKLV VWXG\ WKH UHVHDUFKHU GLVFXVVHG DQG DQDO\]HG WKH SRVLWLYH DQG QHJDWLYH LPSDFWV RI LWV WUDQVSRUW RULHQWHG GHYHORSPHQW RQ WKH HFRQRP\ VRFLHW\ DQG SK\VLFDO HQYLURQPHQW Č‚ WKH HÎ?HFWV RI WKH WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ V\VWHP RQ XUEDQ TXDOLW\ RI OLIH RI WKH SHRSOH UHVLGLQJ ZLWKLQ SDVVLQJ WKURXJK DQG XWLOL]LQJ WKH DUHD DQG LWV VXUURXQGLQJV 7R VXVWDLQ &XEDRȇV GHYHORSPHQW DQG JURZWK SRVLWLYH UDPLČ´FDWLRQV PXVW EH IXUWKHU HQKDQFHG DQG VSHFLČ´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Č´WV RI WKH XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW LQ WKH DUHD ZKLOH DGGUHVVLQJ LWV QHJDWLYH HÎ?HFWV

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The Cubao district in Quezon City, Philippines is geographically located at the heart of the Metropolitan Manila and is situated at the crossroad of 2 major metropolitan access corridors: Epifaniodelos Santos Avenue (a circumferential road popularly known as EDSA) traversing North-South direction and Aurora Boulevard (a radial road) passing through the East-West axis. These major roads are used by thousands of private and public utility vehicles going from one direction to another within and RXWVLGH WKH PHWUR :LWK WKH KLJK YROXPHV RI YHKLFXODU WUDÉ?F passing through Cubao every day, this area became a transport hub – bothfor private and public utility vehicles. As a result, the development in the area is transport-oriented, that is, the JURZWK RI &XEDR DV WR ZKDW LW LV WRGD\ LV JUHDWO\ DÎ?HFWHG E\ the transportation system in the city and metro. As stated in the Quezon City website (2014), Cubao was in the middle of nowhere and was considered a dead spot when businessman J. Amado Araneta bought a 35-hectare land here in 1952 to put up a recreational venue just like theones he saw abroad. But as the years passed, the stature of the Cubao district had totally changed towards what Araneta had envisioned for his land, with the development eventually spreading to the nearby communities. Aside from the tons of private-owned vehicles passing through Cubao, various types of public utility transport systems are also present in the area: the elevated mass transit railway systems (MRT-3 along EDSA & LRT-2 along Aurora Boulevard), provincial and metropolitan buses with terminals, public utility jeepneys, FX or megataxis, taxis and tricycles within the residential areas. Of these transport systems, buses and jeepneys are the predominant modes of public transportation in the metro and environs, which according to Bayan (2005) serve the needs and demands in mobility of people from all walks of life. A huge volume of pedestrians and commuters transfer from one type of public transport to another within Cubao, making it a major transfer or interchange node not only for vehicles but for people as well. This lead to the emergence of various commercial, recreational and leisure facilities and services in the area, pioneered by the rapid development of Araneta Center and spreading towards the residential communities adjacent or near this “Entertainment and Shopping District of Cubaoâ€?.

Introduction ČŠ6XVWDLQDEOH WUDQVSRUW GHYHORSPHQW FRPSULVHV RI GLPHQVLRQV HFRQRPLF VRFLDO DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO Č‹

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goal which is achieving balanced physical development, sustained economic growth and enhanced quality of life for the citizenry" by transforming it and its immediate environs into a "premier commercial/business center where work, living, shopping and recreation are well integrated" (City Planning DQG 'HYHORSPHQW 2É?FH +RZHYHU WKH LQGHSHQGHQFH LQ growth of Araneta Center through the private sector makes it GLÉ?FXOW IRU WKH JRYHUQPHQW WR GHYHORS WKH VXUURXQGLQJ DUHDV in accordance with the original vision for the area, thus opting WKH ORFDO JRYHUQPHQW WR VKLIW WKHLU HÎ?RUWV RI HVWDEOLVKLQJ D IXWXUH &%' RI WKH FLW\ WR D GLÎ?HUHQW DUHD $V IRU &XEDR LW LV QRZ envisioned as a “growth centerâ€?, together with other areas in Quezon City surrounding the new proposed Central Business District (CBD) Knowledge Community.

Figure 1: Map of Metropolitan Manila showing the location of Cubao and other districts and zones within the region.(Source: Metro Centro QC-CBD Development Program, 2001) Figure 3: Map of Cubao area showing the extent of the originally proposed Central Business District of Quezon City, with the Araneta Center (red) serving as the core of the development. (Source: Metro Centro QC-CBD Development Program, 2001)

Figure 2: Cubao is situated at the crossroad of two major metropolitan thoroughfares, with various types of private and public utility vehicles passing through the area every day.

Cubao has, or had, the potentials to become a Central Business District (CBD) as envisioned more than a decade ago during the term of former Quezon City Mayor Feliciano Belmonte. 7KH Ȋ0HWUR &HQWURȋ 'HYHORSPHQW 3URJUDP LGHQWLȴHG &XEDR as the possible future CBD due to its contributions to the city's economy. Its strategic location and the availability of existing socio-economic facilities and services made Cubao as an easy choice for this kind of development. The proposal envisioned Cubao "to contribute in attaining the City’s overall development

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Figure 4: Map of Quezon City showing the locations of the proposed Central Business District and various Growth Centers – including Cubao area.(Source: Quezon City Comprehensive Land Use Plan 2011-2030)

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This paper focuses on the impacts of the urban development of Cubao as an important transport hub of Metropolitan Manila and its environs. For this study, the author attempted to point out the positive and negative manifestations of these impacts through Cubao’s urban form. Sustaining the transport-oriented GHYHORSPHQW RI &XEDR ZRXOG DÎ?HFW KRSHIXOO\ LQ D SRVLWLYH ZD\ not only the community living and working within the area but DOVR RWKHU SHRSOH SODFHV DQG LQVWLWXWLRQV WKDW DUH DOVR EHQHČ´WLQJ from the area’s functions and services. The socio-economic development

linkages

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Cubao’s

urban

The aim of this paper is to determine the extent of the socioeconomic linkages of Cubao area as a transport hub that are EHQHČ´FLDO RU SUREOHPDWLF WR WKH FLW\ȇV XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW 2WKHU sub-problems to be discussed and answered here include the following: Č? :KDW DUH WKH H[LVWLQJ VRFLR HFRQRPLF OLQNDJHV LQ Cubao area as a transport hub and what are the indicators of their existence? Č? +RZ DUH WKHVH VRFLR HFRQRPLF OLQNDJHV PDQLIHVWHG LQ terms of urban form? Č? :KDW DUH WKH SRVLWLYH FRQQHFWLRQV RU EHQHČ´WV DQG VSHFLČ´F XUEDQ SUREOHPV DULVLQJ IURP WKHVH OLQNDJHV" Č? :KDW VROXWLRQV RU UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV FDQ EH GRQH WR address the negative impacts of the linkages in Cubao area?

and Aurora Boulevard was still open for pedestrians crossing these major roads.

Figure 5: An old panoramic photo of Araneta Coliseum prior to the construction of Gateway Mall. (Source:http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread. php?p=41141864)

As the years have passed, the increase in vehicular volume on the PHWURSROLWDQ URDGV FDOOHG IRU SURYLVLRQV WR HÎ?HFWLYHO\ VHSDUDWH WKH WUDÉ?F ČľRZV RI WKH YHKLFOHV DQG SHGHVWULDQV (OHYDWHG walkways, connecting bridges, and pedestrian overpasses have been constructed and sidewalks have been improved to provide ample spaces for pedestrians. The government also established multi-level modes of public transportation, with elevated mass transit railway systems running separately from on-ground YHKLFXODU WUDÉ?F

In answering these sub-problems, several objectives have been set for this study: to verify the existing socio-economic linkages in Cubao area; to identify the manifestations in urban form of these linkages; to analyze the positive and negative HÎ?HFWV RI XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW RI &XEDR DV D WUDQVSRUW KXE WR the community within the area and to the city as a whole; and WR UHFRPPHQG SRVVLEOH VROXWLRQV WR DGGUHVV VSHFLČ´F XUEDQ problems that cause negative impact not only to Cubao itself but also to other areas within the metro. &XEDR DW WKH VWDUW RI WKH FHQWXU\ During the period of inception of the Metro Centro QC-CBD Development Program at the start of the 21st century, Cubao was already at the center of transport system in Metropolitan Manila. A decade ago, the Light Rail Transit - Line 2 (LRT-2) running East-West along Aurora Boulevard from Santolan station in Pasig to Recto station in Manila was yet to be constructed. Araneta Center was also undergoing major redevelopment during that time with the construction of Gateway Mall in 2003 and improvement of other existing malls and facilities. There were lesser provincial and metro buses along the major thoroughfares, particularly along EDSA, as compared today and restrictions on loading and unloading of passengers and commuters were not strict yet. With the limited number of pedestrian overpass before, the intersection of EDSA

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Figure 6: Satellite image of a portion of the Cubao area showing the Araneta Center (red) and Barangay E. Rodriguez (orange) as part of the scope for this study. (Base map source: Google Earth, 2013)

7KH &XEDR RI WRGD\ )RU WKH SXUSRVH RI WKLV SDSHU LGHQWLČ´FDWLRQ RI WKH VRFLR economic linkages of Cubao's development and growth shall be limited to two (2) areas only: Araneta Center and the residential community of Barangay E. Rodriguez across Aurora Boulevard. At present, Araneta Center has redeveloped itself as an “Entertainment and Shopping Districtâ€? within Cubaowhile adding new residential high-rise condominiums (Manhattan Garden City) and IT-based industries. Smooth vehicular and WUDÉ?F ČľRZV KDYH EHHQ DGGUHVVHG E\ SURSHUO\ VHSDUDWLQJ WKH

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access for vehicles and pedestrians through construction of elevated walkways and bridges, wide sidewalks with plant strips RU EXÎ?HUV SDUNLQJ EXLOGLQJV DQG EDVHPHQWV IRU SULYDWH YHKLFOHV relocation of terminals of public utility vehicles (PUV) near the RXWVNLUWV RI $UDQHWD &HQWHU WR DYRLG WUDÉ?F FRQJHVWLRQ ZLWKLQ SURYLVLRQV IRU WD[L ED\V DQG GURS RÎ? FXUEV DQG HVWDEOLVKPHQW of a centralized or integrated provincial bus terminal.

strip of open space above the utility water pipe lines running under the ground. The presence of these settlements, coupled with the absence of clear and concrete policy that addresses the issue of informal settlers in the area, are just some of the negative impacts of the urban development in Cubao.

Figure 9: Informal settlements are existent within Barangay E. Rodriguez. These informal settlers occupy not only the open spaces but the sidewalks as well.For some areas that are not traversed

Figure 7: View of the integrated provincial bus terminal within Araneta Center, with the condominium towers of Manhattan Garden City at the background.

The development of Araneta Center sprawled towards the residential community adjacent to it, particularly towards Barangay E. Rodriguez at the north. This area consists of mixeduse structures and establishments, mostly caused by the urbanization and emergence of Cubao as a major transport and pedestrian node. The huge concentration of public and private YHKLFOHV LQ WKH DUHD KDV JUHDWO\ DÎ?HFWHG WKH ZD\ RI OLIH RI WKH residents and community.

by public utility transportation routes, the more socially active communitiesare usually present where the informal settlements are located, with regular dwellers staying only within their houses or premises.

To easily identify the socio-economic linkages of Cubao's urban growth, the author analyzed the positive and negative development impacts of the area as a transport hub to the community and surroundings. Photographs of the existing conditions served as aid in pinpointing the linkages and their manifestations in urban form. Results of the photo documentation and analysis were used to determine the development of Cubao as a transport hub and the positive and negative socio-economic linkages extending up to residential areas. Transport-oriented developments 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ DQG XUEDQ JURZWK

Figure 8: View of a street in Barangay E. Rodriguez, with public utility jeepneys passing through the area. Transportation played an important role in shaping the urban development of this area.

Just like in other parts of the metro, informal or illegal settlements are also present in the area. These settlements occupied the

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$FFRUGLQJ WR 6FKDHÎ?HU DQG 6FODU FLWLHV ZHUH FUHDWHG E\ men as economic and social tools to provide easy access to their needs and demands for various services and opportunities in life. With the invention of automobiles, men have been aided with their mobility from one place to another. However, the rearrangement of physical location patterns of society due to the use of transportation somehow destroyed or severely limited the movement and access of others to their personal needs for services and opportunities. Sadly, the excessive reliance of people on private vehicles due to absence of properly functioning public transportation system adds to the social ills and economic ailments of the post-industrial society. To address this issue, planners and builders promote walking FLWLHV DORQJVLGH HÉ?FLHQW SXEOLF WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ V\VWHP DQG HÎ?HFWLYH FLUFXODWLRQ SDWWHUQV

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Araneta Center implemented strategies to address these issues as stated in its present conditions. In general, most areas within Araneta Center can be considered as walkable spaces for pedestrians, considering the large volume of vehicles passing through this area. However, the separation between vehicular DQG SHGHVWULDQ WUDÉ?F EHFRPH EOXU DW WLPHV ZKHQ ORWV RI SHRSOH gather in Araneta Center during major events or happenings in the Araneta Coliseum, sales at malls, or special occasions such as Yuletide season, etc. On the other hand, several parts of Cubao outside Araneta Center seem to have failed in providing D VPRRWK DQG HÉ?FLHQW FLUFXODWLRQ SDWWHUQV IRU ERWK YHKLFOHV DQG pedestrians. The lack or absence of delineation or separation between the spaces allotted for vehicles and pedestrians poses danger to the walking people. Sidewalks occupied by informal vendors, parked vehicles, and even extensions or protrusions from the houses cause inconvenience for the pedestrians and the drivers as well.

Revitalization of the Cubao residential sector In a tropical landscape architecture graduate thesis at the UP College of Architecture, Tenza-Lava (2009) discussed the transformation of the residential community in Barangay E. Rodriguez as a result of the rapid and rabid changes from external forces, in this case the urban development of Araneta Center and its environs, as manifested by the state of its natural and built environment. She emphasized the environmental degradation and breakdown of urban life in the area as part of its continuous urban deterioration. The order, visual quality, peacefulness, air quality and the like of the streets environs RI &XEDR KDYH EHHQ DGYHUVHO\ DÎ?HFWHG E\ WKH XUEDQ JURZWK occurring in the area. Changes in zoning towards commercial FODVVLČ´FDWLRQ DQG HQWU\ RI XSSHU DQG PLGGOH FODVV LQYHVWPHQWV UHVXOWHG WR JHQWULČ´FDWLRQ FRQJHVWLRQ DQG SROOXWLRQ WKDW UDSLGO\ GHČ´QHG WKH QDWXUDO DQG EXLOW HQYLURQPHQW

Figure 12: Actual 2009 Land Use Map of Barangay E. Rodriguez VKRZLQJ WKH GLÎ?HUHQW ]RQLQJ W\SHV WKDW HPHUJHG LQ WKH DUHD GXH WR WKH HÎ?HFWV RI XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW LQ &XEDR $UHDV LQ JUD\ FRORU show the location of informal settlements, mostly evident along the diagonal strip of land traversing the area. (Source: The P.R.A.: An Approach to Revitalization of the Cubao Residential Sector Towards Reclaiming Quality of Life for Pioneer Urban Residential Neighborhoods, 2009)

Figures10 and 11: The separation of vehicular and pedestrian ČľRZV IRU ERWK $UDQHWD &HQWHU DQG SDUWV RI %DUDQJD\ ( 5RGULJXH] are shown above. While Araneta Center (above photo) provided ZLGH VLGHZDONV ZLWK SODQW VWULSV WKDW DFW DV EXÎ?HUV VHYHUDO streets in the residential community either have narrow and uneven sidewalks or vehicles and protrusions of houses and establishments blocking them and forcing the pedestrians to walk along the road intended for vehicles.

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7HQ]D /DYD V HQXPHUDWLRQ RI WKH HÎ?HFWV RI XUEDQ JURZWK DQG sprawl to the residential sector showed that the impacts of &XEDR V GHYHORSPHQW DUH QRW RQO\ UHČľHFWHG WKURXJK WKH VRFLDO and economic aspects of the community but through the natural and built environment as well. To revitalize the residential community's quality and way of life, there is a need to address the negative impacts of the development. With this, Barangay E. Rodriguez may catch up with the rapid development of Araneta Center and may be part of a larger positive urban growth in the entire district of Cubao. ΖPSDFWV RI WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ RQ XUEDQ TXDOLW\ RI OLIH $ SDSHU E\ 5DPLUH] 9LOORULD LGHQWLČ´HG WKH HFRQRPLF

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social, and environmental impacts of transportation system performance on urban quality in the metro. Despite signs of urban deterioration, Metropolitan Manila is still at the forefront of economic, social, political, and cultural activities in the country. However, provisions on basic services have been greatly DÎ?HFWHG E\ WKH KHDY\ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI SHRSOH RYHUFURZGLQJ LQ the metro.

Figure 14: Araneta Center malls and establishments provide needs DQG VHUYLFHV ZKLOH EHQHČ´WLQJ IURP DW WKH VDPH WLPH WR WKH KXJH volume of patrons and passers-by every day.

)LJXUH &RQJHVWLRQ RI YHKLFXODU WUDÉ?F LV D FRPPRQ VFHQDULR LQ WKH &XEDR DUHD +RZ GRHV WKLV DÎ?HFW WKH XUEDQ TXDOLW\ RI OLIH LQ the area?

Various impacts of development stated in this paper will be GLVFXVVHG IXUWKHU LQWR WKH VSHFLČ´F FRQWH[W RI &XEDR V RZQ transport-oriented urban development. Photographs of existing conditions in Cubao will be used to identify the positive and negative socio-economic linkages of its development, as well as the urban form manifestations of these linkages. Analysis on the urban development of Cubao (FRQRPLF LPSDFWV 7KH KLJK YROXPHV RI YHKLFXODU DQG SHGHVWULDQ WUDÉ?F LQ &XEDR area open easy access to job opportunities and markets within the area and to other places in the metro as well. Araneta Center, through its commercial, entertainment, and business industries, and other small commercial establishments and service providers in the area maximize the presence of huge amount of people passing through and staying in Cubao from all walks of life. This approach applies not only to the more established businesses of the Aranetas but even also to smalltime low-income earners and informal or ambulant vendors and hawkers along the road intersections, inner streets and sidewalks.

Figure 15: The sidewalks of Cubao are usually lined up with formal and informal commercial establishments and stalls. Their existence along the sidewalks, however, also causes inconvenience to the pedestrians.

)LJXUH 'LÎ?HUHQW DSSURDFKHV LQ VROYLQJ WKH HYHU\GD\ SUREOHP RI YHKLFXODU WUDÉ?F FRQJHVWLRQ L H VHJUHJDWLRQ RI EXV WHUPLQDOV at strategic stopovers along EDSA, have been implemented by various government agencies concerned such as the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority or MMDA.

9HKLFXODU WUDÉ?F FRQJHVWLRQ KDV EHHQ DQ HYHU\GD\ SUREOHP of almost all urban areas in the metro, especially those areas that are strategically located at the crossroads of vehicular thoroughfares such as Cubao. Since the access to services and

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RSSRUWXQLWLHV UHO\ RQ WKH PRELOLW\ RI WKH SHRSOH RQ DQG RÎ? WKH YHKLFOHV DQ\ WUDÉ?F FRQJHVWLRQ UHVXOWV WR QHJDWLYH HÎ?HFW RQ productivity and huge losses on aggregate output to work of DQ LQGLYLGXDO 7KH LQHÉ?FLHQF\ RI WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ VHUYLFHV XVXDOO\ results to wastage of resources. With this, the local government DQG DJHQFLHV UHVSRQVLEOH LQ DGGUHVVLQJ WKH LVVXH RQ WUDÉ?F congestion implement various approaches to ease, if not prevent, the occurrence of these problems on the roads and transport nodes such as Cubao. As previously mentioned, the presence of huge amount of people in the area has been maximized by various commercial establishments and service providers – even abused in a way that informal sector activities such as ambulant vendors, hawkers, eateries, fruit or vegetable stands, and the like tend to encroach on roadsides, foot paths, bus stops, and sidewalks. Illegal parking is also tolerated at times, depending on the level RI SROLFH DQG WUDÉ?F HQIRUFHPHQWV LQ WKH DUHD 7KHVH SUDFWLFHV FRPSURPLVH WKH WUDÉ?F HÉ?FLHQF\ DQG VDIHW\ IXQFWLRQV RI WKH road. The pedestrians usually are the ones that are exposed to imminent danger more than the drivers.

Figure 18: Several businesses have started constructing mediumrise to high-rise structures within the residential area of Cubao, particularly on lots near Araneta Center.

Aside from the usual huge concentration of pedestrians in &XEDR DUHD WKH KHDY\ YROXPH RI YHKLFXODU WUDÉ?F DOVR RSHQHG small business opportunities related to transportation. Gas stations, vulcanizing and automotive shops, and even motor hotels are visibly present in the residential community. Several residences have also converted portions of their lots and/or VWUXFWXUHV WR FRPPHUFLDO XVH UHVXOWLQJ LQ JHQWULČ´FDWLRQ DQG conversion of land use from residential to mixed-use.

Figure 17: With the emergence of informal activities occupying the sidewalks of Cubao, pedestrians and people who are forced to use the roads allotted for the vehicles are exposed to possible dangers and accidents.

Unlike Araneta Center, which is privately-owned and relies on its own pace of development, the adjacent residential areas usually have a hard time keeping up with the rapid growth of the commercial center. One possible reason for this is the small parcels of land distributed among residences at Barangay ( 5RGULJXH] PDNLQJ LW GLÉ?FXOW WR EXLOG D ODUJH VWUXFWXUH RU development in the area. The increased value of land assets due to urban development is not utilized to the maximum. However, several establishments near Araneta Center are now starting WR FRQVWUXFW YHUWLFDOO\ WR LQFUHDVH WKH ČľRRU DUHD IRU FRPPHUFLDO purposes.

Figures 19 to 21: Transport-related businesses such as gas stations, automotive shops, and motor hotels emerged within the residential community of Cubao.

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ΖPSDFWV RQ VRFLHW\ SXEOLF KHDOWK DQG VDIHW\ According to Ramirez-Villoria (1998), inequity in mobility as part RI XUEDQ OLYLQJ LV UHVXOWHG E\ GLÎ?HUHQW WUDQVSRUW QHHGV RI HDFK individual, especially those with disability or have special needs VXFK DV FKLOGUHQ DQG HOGHUO\ ΖW LV WKHUHIRUH LPSRUWDQW WKDW WUDÉ?F services be reliable and safe as well for all types of vehicle users and pedestrians. Provision of exclusive lanes for other modes of transport, including walking, must be encouraged. A livable FRPPXQLW\ LV SRVVLEOH ZKHQ WKH YHKLFXODU WUDÉ?F LV NHSW WR D PLQLPXP SUHVHQFH RI DHVWKHWLFV SURWHFWLRQ IURP KHDY\ WUDÉ?F peace and quiet, and active street life.

)LJXUHV DQG 7KH HÉ?FLHQW XVDJH RI VLGHZDONV DQG RYHUSDVVHV is compromised with informal vendors occupying such spaces, Figure 22: Sidewalks must be safe to walk on, especially for those ZKR KDYH GLÉ?FXOW\ LQ ZDONLQJ

The emergence of informal settlements resulted not only to the breakdown of community life for regular dwellers but also to the exposure of residents, drivers and passers-by to crime and road accidents. Exposure to accident risks is greatest for pedestrians as well as non-motorized road users. The regular dwellers in the residential area opted to provide gates around their premises for the safety and security of their property. Some establishments below the elevated mass transit railways turned into blighted areas. Air and noise pollutions generated from the YHKLFOHV DOVR KDYH QHJDWLYH HÎ?HFW RQ WKH SHRSOH FUHDWLQJ VWUHVV in the process.

Figure 23: With the streets occupied mostly by vehicles, several portions of Barangay E. Rodriguez have little or no community life outdoors.

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causing inconvenience and danger to the passers-by.

$UDQHWD &HQWHU WULHG WR OHVVHQ WKH LOO HÎ?HFWV RI KLJK YROXPH RI automobiles in the area by providing more trees, plants, and landscapes on available spaces – notonly for aesthetics but also for protecting its users from such conditions. Having wide roads also allowed daylight to reach most of its outdoor spaces. As VWUXFWXUHV DQG RXWGRRU VSDFHV PDQLSXODWHG WKH ČľRZ RI KXPDQ WUDÉ?F SDVVLQJ WKURXJK &XEDR VR DV WKH SHRSOH VKDSHG WKH architecture and urban design of the area. With the presence of provincial bus terminals along EDSA, the concentration of pedestrians is extended towards them, and so thus the development. Linkages of Cubao's urban growth are also evident along major thoroughfares traversing Cubao.

Figure 26: Several establishments along major thoroughfares below mass railway transits turned blight and gloomy. Air and noise pollutions are also easily collected under the stations.

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Figure 27: Trees are lined up along the roads and street aisles within Araneta Center.

mall structures and high-rise residential towers of Araneta Center to single-storey to medium-rise developments within WKH UHVLGHQWLDO DUHD &XEDR KDV HYROYHG ZLWK GLÎ?HUHQW IDFHV DQG facades to its architecture. The residential sector is gradually shifting to medium-rise and medium-density buildings and land usage to maximize the value of land in the area. With WKH H[FHSWLRQ RI $UDQHWD &HQWHU KDYLQJ GLÎ?HUHQW RZQHUV DQG stakeholders undertaking various developments towards GLÎ?HUHQW GLUHFWLRQV UHVXOWHG WR WKH ODFN RU DEVHQFH RI D XQLI\LQJ factor or element in the residential areas. Also, the imbalance between developments in Cubao is more evident in the visual appearance of structures and spaces.

ΖPSDFWV RQ SK\VLFDO HQYLURQPHQW A transport-oriented development requires provision of road systems and networks, and in the process alter the natural and visual equilibrium of the environment. Aesthetics must not be VDFULČ´FHG \HW IXQFWLRQDOLW\ PXVW EH DFKLHYHG LQ GHVLJQLQJ URDGV for transport use. Considerations on the visual attractiveness of the surroundings and existing topography of the site prior to construction of road systems are of utmost importance when planning and designing road developments. Flora and fauna are DOVR GLUHFWO\ DQG LQGLUHFWO\ DÎ?HFWHG E\ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKHVH road systems.

Figure 29: A modern commercial tower within Araneta Center is shown at the background of an old residential dwelling within Barangay E. Rodriguez.

Conclusions and recommendations There is a need to change the automobile-centered culture of the Filipinos towards pedestrian-friendly and public transportoriented living. Sustaining the development of Cubao area DV D WUDQVSRUW KXE KDV PDMRU LPSDFWV DQG EHQHČ´WV QRW RQO\ to Quezon City but also to other cities in the metro as well, thus the importance of addressing the issues pertaining to transport system on metropolitan level or scale. Cooperation between public institutions and private stakeholders is of XWPRVW LPSRUWDQFH WR SUHVHUYH WKH EHQHČ´WV RI WKH GHYHORSPHQW DQG UHSODFLQJ WKH QHJDWLYH HÎ?HFWV WR JRRG RQHV 7KH ORFDO government – city, metropolitan, and even national level – must have strong political will to implement rules and regulations to ensure public health and safety in road systems. Figure 28: Thematic map of Cubao showing the extent and degree of transport-oriented development at Araneta Center and its environs. Darker shades signify strong links or connections of development to transport usage. From the Araneta Center, the development sprawls mostly towards major thoroughfares (especially along EDSA towards north where provincial bus WHUPLQDOV DUH ORFDWHG 7KH UHVLGHQWLDO DUHD KDV DOVR EHHQ DÎ?HFWHG by the development.

'XH WR WKH GLÎ?HUHQW SDFH RI GHYHORSPHQWV ZLWKLQ &XEDR WKHUH is variety in the architectural character of the area. From huge

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The transport-based ecosystem of Cubao has positive and QHJDWLYH VRFLR HFRQRPLF OLQNDJHV WKDW DÎ?HFW QRW RQO\ WKH economic and social aspects of urban community living but the physical environment as well. These linkages are manifested ZLWKLQ WKH XUEDQ IDEULF LQWR GLÎ?HUHQW IRUPV IURP VWUXFWXUHV and spaces to elements and details that shaped Cubao as a major transport hub.With the validation of negative impacts of development in the Cubao area, particularly within the residential sector, there is a need to improve portions of its urban form that caused degradation to the quality of life in

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the community: improvement of blighted areas, removal of poor urban attributes, and addressing the issue of informal or illegal occupants, among others. These steps must be done while preserving the existing good indicators to help the local government in addressing the issues and problems on the public and private transportation systems not only in Quezon City but in the entire Metropolitan Manila as well. The following are some of the recommendations, among other possible solutions, in addressing the negative impacts of the automobile-oriented development of Cubao, particularly within the residential area of Barangay E. Rodriguez that is mostly DÎ?HFWHG E\ WKH JURZWK RI &XEDR DV D WUDQVSRUW KXE Č? 5HFRQČ´JXUH WKH FXUUHQW ODQG XVH SDWWHUQ LQ WKH DUHD E\ decentralizing the commercial establishments along the main roads, especially the removal of informal and/or ambulant vendors, and strengthening the community through provision of facilities and spaces for social and recreational uses (community parks, green spaces, mixed-use centers, etc.);

)LJXUH 7KHUH LV D QHHG WR HÎ?HFWLYHO\ VHSDUDWH WKH WUDÉ?F IRU vehicles and pedestrians within the residential area.(Illustration by Jeremy Jade Balagat and Claudia Isabelle Montero, 2014)

Č? &OHDU WKH VWULS RI XWLOLW\ OLQH IURP LQIRUPDO VHWWOHPHQWV WR EH relocated by the local government) and redevelop the area into a community linear park (or a combination of a linear park and a strip of commercial stalls that may house former informal and/ or ambulant vendors); Č? 5HGHVLJQ UHSDLU DQG FOHDU DOO VLGHZDONV IRU WKH SHGHVWULDQV most especially for the physically handicapped individuals, and strictly implement rules to prevent protruding residential and commercial structures (so as to avoid blocking the pathways for pedestrians); Č? 3URYLGH FRPPXQLW\ SDUNLQJ DUHDV DVLGH IURP DOORZLQJ RQH ODQH parallel parking (or tricycle terminals), and implement car-less street days and/or times during Sundays at some streets and portions of the residential area (to allow social and recreational opportunities for the community); Č? %ULJKWHQ WKH JORRP\ DUHDV SDUWLFXODUO\ DW WKH ERWWRP RI WKH LRT station, by providing adequate street lighting, plants (that may survive with little or no sunlight) and lively paint colors (or art murals) on the concrete posts;

Figure 31: Proposed Community Park to be located on the vacant lot at the corner of EDSA and Aurora Boulevard.(Illustration by Jeremy Jade Balagat and Claudia Isabelle Montero, 2014)

Č? /LPLW DQG SURSHUO\ VHJUHJDWH WKH DFFHVV RI YDULRXV SXEOLF transportation systems (buses, jeepneys, tricycles, FXs, taxis) within the residential area towards the outskirts of the community; and Č? ΖQWURGXFH PRUH JUHHQ IHDWXUHV DQG ODQGVFDSHV LQ WKH community to provide pleasing visual corridors and promote healthy living for the people.

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Figures 32 and 33: Possible schemes for the strip of linear park above the utility line traversing the residential community of Barangay E. Rodriguez.(Illustrations by Jeremy Jade Balagat and Claudia Isabelle Montero, 2014)

References Bayan, J.M. (2005). Cost Characteristics of Bus and Jeepney Transport Systems in Metro Manila. (Unpublished graduate thesis). Quezon City: University of the Philippines School of Urban and Regional Planning. &LW\ 3ODQQLQJ DQG 'HYHORSPHQW 2É?FH 0HWUR &HQWUR Quezon City (QC-CBD) Central Business District Development Program. Quezon City. Enhancing Local Capacity for Environmentally Sustainable Public Transport in the Philippines (2005). UP Diliman, Quezon City: National Engineering Center. Ramirez-Villoria, A.G.B. (1998). The Impacts of Transportation on Urban Quality of Life. Philippine Planning Journal (XXIX), p.58-70. 6FKDHÎ?HU . + DQG 6FODU ( $FFHVV IRU $OO 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ and Urban Growth. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books Ltd. Tenza-Lava, G. (2009). The P.R.A.: An Approach to Revitilization of the Cubao Residential Sector Towards Reclaiming Quality of Life for Pioneer Urban Residential Neighborhoods. (Unpublished graduate thesis). Quezon City: University of the Philippines College of Architecture. The Local Government of Quezon City (2014). Araneta Center: QC’s pioneer business district. Web Team Communications Coordination Center. [Online] Available from: http://www.quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_ content&view=article&id=326&Itemid=284 [Accessed 4th November 2014].

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CARRIEDO STREET AND ITS ENVIRONS: A STUDY ON THE COMMERCIAL DISTRICT OF QUIAPO, MANILA -RVHČ´QD 6DQWRV GH ASIS Chair, Department of Architecture and Drafting Technology Technological Institute of the Philippines, Manila 363 P. Casal St. Quiapo, Manila, Philippines 117 Brisbane St. Green Park Village Pasig City, Philippines jsantosdeasis@yahoo.com Keywords: COMMERCIAL STRIP, DOWNTOWN, CARRIEDO, QUIAPO, MANILA

Abstract &DUULHGR 6WUHHW LV D YHU\ OLYHO\ FRPPHUFLDO VSLQH FRQQHFWLQJ WZR PDMRU QRGHV QDPHO\ WKH 0LQRU %DVLOLFD RI WKH %ODFN 1D]DUHQH PRUH FRPPRQO\ NQRZQ DV WKH 4XLDSR &KXUFK DQG D /LJKW 5DLO 7UDQVLW /57 6WDWLRQ ΖQ LWV FXUUHQW VWDWH &DUULHGR 6WUHHW DV ZHOO DV WKH DUHDV VXUURXQGLQJ LW PD\ EH GHVFULEHG DV DQ DUHD Č´OOHG ZLWK DFWLYLW\ QRLVH DQG GLVRUGHU DV YDULRXV YHQGRUV FRPSHWH IRU WKH DWWHQWLRQ RI SDVVHUV E\ %XW KRZ GLG WKLV VWUHHW DQG DUHD HYROYHG LQWR LWV FXUUHQW IRUP" :KDW ZHUH WKH IDFWRUV DW SOD\ LQ LWV JURZWK" :KDW LQWHUYHQWLRQV GLG WKH &LW\ *RYHUQPHQW RI 0DQLOD SURSRVHG WR SURYLGH RUGHU WR LWV GHYHORSPHQW DQG KRZ HÎ?HFWLYH ZHUH WKH\" :KDW UROH GRHV WKLV DUHD SOD\ LQ WKH SODQV RI WKH JRYHUQPHQW IRU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH FLW\" 7KHVH DUH VRPH RI WKH TXHVWLRQV WKDW WKH SDSHU LQWHQGV WR DGGUHVV DV LW ORRNV FORVHO\ DW WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI &DUULHGR 6WUHHW Č‚ WKH OLYHO\ FRPPHUFLDO VWULS RI 4XLDSR 0DQLOD

Pre-1800 maps of Manila show Quiapo being surrounded by canals leading to the Pasig River. During rainy season, WKHVH FDQDOV RYHUȾRZ ȴOOLQJ WKH DUHD ZLWK VZDPS\ ODQG 7KLV condition became the perfect breeding place for the Kiyapo (Pistia Stratiotes) plant - a specie with thick, light green leaves, similar to a tiny cabbage – which then became the name of the place. (Andrade:2006 in Zialcita) When Manila was taken over by the Spaniards, the name was changed to Quiapo since the Spanish alphabet did not contain the letter K. (Rico:1999) The formal opening of the Port of Manila to world trade in 1834 DOVR RSHQHG WKH ȾRRGJDWHV RI QDWLYH FRPPHUFLDO WDOHQW ΖQ WKH mainstream of trade, the Indio and Mestizo Filipinos marshalled industry and resources and went into export, sent their sons to schools in Europe, and quickly built-up large fortunes. These QHZ ULFK ZHUH ȴUVW FRQFHQWUDWHG LQ %LQRQGR ODWHU PRYLQJ HDVW to the green countryside of Quiapo, eventually making Quiapo an Ilustrado territory – the enclave of the rich and powerful. (Ira and Medina:1983) During all the years that followed, bringing with it rebellions, change of colonizers (from Spaniards to Americans), and the advent of World War II, Quiapo has undergone several cycles of growth, destruction, and rehabilitation. (Andrade:2006 in Zialcita) After WWII, Quiapo once again became a commercial district because of the Quiapo Church, through which Quezon Boulevard passed, leading to the new Quezon City. (ibid)

1.0 Introduction: The history of Quiapo ČŠ4XLDSR EHDUV PDQ\ LGHQWLWLHV ȆSXOVH RI WKH QDWLRQȇ ȆKHDUW RI 0DQLODȇ ȆKXE RI WKH FLW\ȇ Ȇ0DQLODȇV GRZQWRZQȇ ȆFURVVURDGV RI WKH QDWLRQȇ ȆVWDWH RI PLQGȇ DPRQJ PDQ\ RWKHUV 7KH GLVWULFW KDV JURZQ WR EH D YLEUDQWO\ SXOVDWLQJ FHQWHU RI HYHU\WKLQJ Č‚ FRPPHUFH ZRUVKLS SROLWLFV IRONORUH SRSXODU FXOWXUH PXVLF Č‹ 0D 3DWULFLD %ULOLDQWHV 6LOYHVWUH 0XVLF LQ WKH +HDUW RI 0DQLOD 4XLDSR IURP WKH &RORQLDO 3HULRG WR &RQWHPSRU\ 7LPHV 7UDGLWLRQ &KDQJH &RQWLQXLW\ The description of Quiapo, quoted above, is indeed a very apt description for the district. Its core alone, where the 4XLDSR &KXUFK RÉ?FLDOO\ FDOOHG DV WKH 0LQRU %DVLOLFD RI WKH Black Nazarene), the Plaza Miranda, the Quinta Market, and the streets of Carriedo, Hidalgo, and Evangelista are located, presents an unusual blend of activities where religiosity, occult, commerce, and politics coexist in one place. To understand this mix, one must go back to the history of the place to trace how it developed to its current form. Figure 1. Central Market District of Quiapo

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3.0 The commercial district of Quiapo: Carriedo and its environs The central market district of Quiapo is composed of an indoor market, a church (shaded in pink in Figure 1), four (4) main streets, and a plaza (shaded in green). Plaza Miranda is the physical and symbolic heart of Quiapo’s market district. It anchors the main FRPPHUFLDO VWUHHWV DQG DEVRUEV RYHUȾRZ IURP WKH DFWLYLWLHV RI the neighborhood. The four (4) main streets, on the other hand, namely Carriedo, Evangelista, R. Hidalgo, and Villalobos, create the primary commercial area. (Cristobal:2010). This central market district is the area indicated at the beginning of this paper where an unusual blend of activities such as religiosity, occult, commerce, and politics coexist in one place. Religiosity and the occult The Quiapo Church, formally known as the Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene, is the home of the dark brown life-size statue of Christ known as Nuestro Padre Seùor Jesus de Nazareno where devotees come sometimes daily, but mostly on Fridays, as its special day of devotion; and most especially on January 9, where they join the procession of the Black Nazarene. (Figure 2)

Figure 3. Religious-themed products sold at the periphery of the church

*LYHQ WKLV OHYHO RI UHOLJLRVLW\ LW LV WKHQ QRW XQFRPPRQ WR Č´QG vendors of candles, statues and images of the Nazarene, and other similar items at the periphery of the church. (Figure 3) The uncommon or surprising fact about this phenomenon is that almost next to these vendors are vendors whose products RU VHUYLFHV VRPHKRZ FRQČľLFWV ZLWK WKLV UHOLJLRVLW\ 7KHVH products or services, that are manifestations of the belief in the occult, are comprised mostly of amulets, folk medicine (some even claiming to induce menstruation), fortune tellers delving in tarot reading and palmistry. (Figure 4)

Figure 2. Black Nazarene procession

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Figure 4. Products sold at the periphery of the church manifesting belief in the occult

Commerce and politics Plaza Miranda, a venue for local politics, protesters, and debates until the 1970s continue to be associated with politics, long after the last political rally held there has ended. But apart from its historic political role and its yearly religious role as that starting point of the Black Nazarene parade, Plaza Miranda continuously plays a social role to the residents, especially the urban poor, of Quiapo and its daily passers-by. The plaza itself becomes a big open space where kids run around, not minding the National Road beside it (Quezon Boulevard) while its periphery holds ambulant vendors. (Figure 5)

of Manilaâ€?, “Carriedo – on both sides a jungle of shoestores and sidewalk stalls selling every conceivable item is the main artery RI 0DQLODȇV SHGHVWULDQ SRSXODWLRQ ČľRZLQJ WR DQG IURP 3OD]D 0LUDQGD 6WRSSHG E\ WUDÉ?F OLJKW DW WKH FRUQHU RI 5L]DO $YHQXH (location of LRT) and Carriedo, the stream of people spills out OLNH D PLJKW GDP ZKHQ WKH JUHHQ OLJKW ČľDVKHV D Č´WWLQJ WULEXWH to Don Francisco Carriedo, the galleon trade tycoon whose bequest to the city funded Manila’s waterworks system.â€? Establishments along Carriedo street are mostly for retail or wholesale shopping. Several buildings contain within them multiple stalls selling almost anything one can imagine, from apparels, to school supplies, to household items, to trinkets, to beauty products, to toys, to gadgets, and so much more. One notable shopping center within the street is the SM Carriedo branch, now more commonly known as SM Clearance Outlet. This is one of the oldest, local commercial establishment in the DUHD DQG EHOLHYHG WR EH WKH Č´UVW 60 LQ WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV VLQFH WKH owner, Henry Sy, once resided in the area. The shopping center is true to the old SM style (department store layout) where goods are marketed equally unlike the shopping mall model where signature brands have their own stalls or kiosks. Outside these establishments, directly along the streets, is an open street market, which sells an even wider variety of goods than may be found within the establishments. Cooked and uncooked food, pets, brand imitations, medicinal herbs, even audio and video discs, are only some of the items that may be found here. Product variety are not permanent since most vendors change their wares in accordance with the needs of times and in accordance with the needs of the buyers. (Yu: 1981) Include in the mix of ever changing goods the sight of multicolored umbrellas or tarpaulins that these street vendors set up individually to protect themselves and their products from sun and rain, the jeepneys that cross through one of the streets intersecting Carriedo, the pedicabs and tricycles that weave through the stalls and the pedestrians, shouting or honking their horns to announce their presence, as well as the sound of vendors hawking their wares, and music blasting from loudspeakers, to complete the picture of Carriedo that is both chaotic and lively. (Figures 6 and 7)

Figure 5. Plaza Miranda as a space for political, religious, social, and commercial activities

But this buzz of activity in Plaza Miranda is nothing in comparison with that in Carriedo street. Carriedo, is the most direct line of travel from Quiapo church and Lacson underpass, where people from the other side of Quezon boulevard cross, to LRT Carriedo station – a characteristic which helps in continuously ensuring its character as a main commercial thoroughfare of the district. As described by Ira and Medina in the book “Streets

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Figure 6. Carriedo street corner Rizal Avenue (Avenida) before (previous) and after (current) the construction of LRT 1 Carriedo station

Immediately beyond this area (orange), products sold are mostly apparel and home related products and the sound of mass slowly begins to be indistinct, especially when mixed with the sound of hawkers in the area. As one gets closer to the middle portion of the street (beginning of red area) you will now encounter the occasional vendor of movie and audio discs testing their products or simply playing it out loud to get the attention of the passersby. As one moves closer to the other end of Carriedo (LRT station), the noise continues to escalate and navigation becomes a bit more of a challenge. The vendors selling movie or audio discs increase, so much so, that there is a continuous stream of music as one walks along this portion of the street. What is noteworthy about this is that the vendors have seemed to reach a tacit agreement regarding the use of loudspeakers that after passing the range of a stall using one, you would have a few seconds silence before entering the range of the next. And since Christmas season is approaching, the playlist for all stalls are Christmas-related songs which gives an air of festivity to the area especially when you reach the end stalls selling Christmas ornaments. This change in product types to be able to sell what is in demand for that particular period is very common in the area. In terms of navigation, the layout of the stalls vary almost the same way as the level of noise. At the area closest to the church, there is no particular layout of stalls since these are mostly 1 sqm. foldable tables or small wheeled carts. But once RQH HQWHUV &DUULHGR D GLÎ?HUHQW OD\RXW XQIROGV

Figure 7. Present-day state of Carriedo street as seen from LRT 1 Carriedo station

To the common observer, this street can easily be described and GLVPLVVHG DV DQ ČŠDUHD Č´OOHG ZLWK FKDRWLF EXVWOHČ‹ EXW LQ UHDOLW\ there is organization in this chaos. (Figure 8) At the farther end of the picture is a portion of Plaza Miranda and the side of the Quiapo church. And since this photo was taken on a Friday, a special day of devotion to the Black Nazarene, a day when spillover of churchgoers attend mass at the plaza, listening to the mass as broadcasted via loudspeakers placed outside the church aimed at the Plaza and its environs, the immediate areas surrounding the church and the plaza (yellow) maintain their silence out of respect for the mass. Some vendors, even while watching over their wares, participate in reciting the response usually given in mass. However, it is also in this area that beggars, fortune tellers, vendors of folk medicine and amulets, proliferate together with those selling religious paraphernalia.

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7KURXJKRXW WKH VWUHHW LWV VLGHV ZHUH ČľDQNHG E\ EXLOGLQJV ZLWK stalls inside selling a wide variety of goods, with a few dining establishments (e.g. Jollibee, Greenwich, Chowking, KFC, etc) and major chain department stores (e.g. Isetann and SM Clearance Outlet) mixed in. Directly outside these buildings is a narrow arcaded sidewalk, about 0.6m-1.0m in width (depending on whether the stall owners closest to the sidewalk decides to bring out some of their products). Beyond this sidewalk, at the farthest edge of the street (closest to gutter), stalls that are approximately 2.0m x 2.0m in size, are lined throughout the entire length of the street. At the exact center of the street, vendors either carry carts or trays that are about 1 sqm. in size, or set it up on foldable tables. This leaves a width of about 1.0m - 1.5m on both sides of the central stall for people to walk in. Near the end closest to LRT, the path widens a bit since the bigger stalls (4sqm) on the right were moved slightly away from the sidewalk and the central stalls were eliminated. However, what makes walking in this area more challenging, is the presence of fruits sold on wheeled carts that are continuously passing through this area.

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implementation was that the Mayor did not want the city to VXÎ?HU IURP ČŠDQDO\VLV SDUDO\VLVČ‹ VR LQVWHDG RI KDYLQJ D PXOWLWXGH of plans not implemented, they went straight to implementation without conducting in-depth study of the area.

Figure 8. Delineation of noise and activities along Carriedo street

4.0 Government plans for Carriedo Back in January 2003, to provide order to the place, the then Manila Mayor Lito Atienza, discussed to the public a “Carriedo redevelopment planâ€?, wherein concave overhead panels PDGH RI SRO\FDUERQDWH URRČ´QJ VKHHWV RU VLPLODU WUDQVOXFHQW materials will be installed between the buildings to protect middle portion (street) from the elements. The plan is for the street to be air-conditioned eventually and for the buildings to be interconnected at the second level via elevated walkways. Similar treatment was planned for the other commercial hubs within the area which would then convert the whole block into a shopping area where one could buy quality consumer goods DW YHU\ DÎ?RUGDEOH SULFHV ΖI WKLV SODQ SXVKHG WKURXJK &DUULHGR ZRXOG EH FORVHG WR YHKLFXODU WUDÉ?F DQG EH WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR D covered pedestrian shopping strip similar to Bugis Junction in Singapore. (Felipe:2003) As with most government plans to revive the old grandiose glamour of the city, the implementation of this plan was sorely lacking that the outcome was very far from the image painted by the proposal. Change of leadership, lack of funds, and many other factors, made a project – initially advertised as something that the property owners are very enthusiastic about – that was VXSSRVHG WR EH VWDUWHG PRQWKV IURP WKDW Č´UVW DQQRXQFHPHQW LQWR VRPHWKLQJ WKDW LV VWLOO XQČ´QLVKHG WRGD\ DOPRVW \HDUV after. The overhead panels that was supposed to span from building to building so as to protect the street can only be found along the periphery of Plaza Miranda. 7KURXJK D GLÎ?HUHQW PD\RUDO WHUP WKH VWUHHW YHQGRUV ZHUH moved into standard-sized and uniform-looking stalls (i.e. the P [ P VWDOOV ČľDQNLQJ WKH VLGHV RI WKH VWUHHW 7KLV WR D point, provide a bit of organization to the set up. However, ZKHQ WKH 3ODQQLQJ 2É?FH RI WKH &LW\ *RYHUQPHQW RI 0DQLOD was asked for a copy of said proposals or plans, during the conduct of this research, they stated that they do not have a copy of said proposals since some of the developments (e.g. the standardized stalls) did not have a plan or study per se but was directly implemented as per order of the Mayor. The reason given out for not having a plan or study prior to the

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In the Manila CLUP and Zoning Ordinance 2005-2020, in their Five (5) Item Plan Hi-Lights, under the Promotion of Mix of Uses (Plan No. 2), they mentioned two (2) objectives for the area, namely (1) to create an organized and pedestrianized commercial district with emphasis on the religious and cultural aspects; and (2) to develop the area into a safe, well-lit, walkable, bikeable, and pleasant themed destination for the tourists and the local patrons. Almost 10 years after the indicated starting period of the MCLUPZO, Carriedo street is now a pedestrianized commercial street that may be viewed as having an emphasis on the religious and cultural aspects, but it being organized (or pleasantly organized in the traditional sense since it was shown earlier that there is a semblance of order in its chaos) or a pleasant themed destination, is still as far from reality as when it was envisioned as an air-conditioned shopping center back in 2003. 6.0 Conclusions In the end, Carriedo street and its environs, evolved into its current form, not much because of the planned interventions of the government, but because of its location and the presence of core establishments/structures in the area. Its location as the connector of Quiapo and Sta. Cruz (area beyond Rizal Avenue/ LRT), both a commercial area, ensured that people would always go through this area, which, in the end makes the street very marketable. The presence of Quezon Boulevard and the LRT station further ensured that there will always be a stream of people walking through this street. Also, the presence of Quiapo church and Plaza Miranda, ensured that the area remains embedded in the religious, political, and social life of the people in the area. 7KH VWUHHW LWVHOI WKRXJK PD\ VHHP FKDRWLF DW ȴUVW KDV DQ embedded order, as was discussed earlier. Also, it may be YLHZHG DV D UHȾHFWLRQ RI WKH )LOLSLQR FXOWXUH DQG FKDUDFWHU Ȃ D melting pot of sorts, peacefully co-existing and working out a silent agreement for compromise, adaptive, and always has a URRP IRU D OLWWOH ȊȴHVWD DWPRVSKHUHȋ Judging from what has transpired from the past, as well as its condition now, Carriedo street and its environs will continue to exist as it has done before – a part of the daily life of the people in the area. Needless to say, it needs improvement from its current state, but these improvements should not be so far removed from what is transpiring now, because Carriedo (including its environs) without its unusual blend of activities and without its organized chaos is not Carriedo anymore.

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References: Brilliantes-Silvestre, M.P., 2008. Music in the Heart of Manila: Quiapo from the Colonial Period to Contemporary Times: Tradition, Change, Continuity. www.cilam.ucr.edu/diagonal/ issues/2008/Briliantes-Silestre2.pdf Cristobal, J.M., 2010. Space Utilization in Filipino Culture: The Bahay Kubo and Quiapo. Journal of Architecture and Allied Arts in the Philippines. Felipe, C.S., 2003. Revving up Carriedo as shoppers’ haven. The Philippine Star. Ira, L.B. and Isagani R. Medina, 1983. Streets of Manila. Kyodo Printing Co., Inc. Rico, F., 1999. Ang Kasaysayan ng Quiapo. Manila: Manila Studies Program, University of the Philippines, Manila. Yu, Y.Y., 1981, Quiapo Church: A Study of its Lifestyles and Rituals. University of the Philippines Zialcita, F.N., 2006. Quiapo: Heart of Manila. Manila: Cultural Heritage Studies Program, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Ateneo de Manila University: Metropolitan Museum of Manila. Andrade, P., 2006. Quiapo in the History of the Nation. Manila Comprehensive Land Use Plan and Zoning Ordinance 2005-2020.

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Sustainable Development of Urban Land Use: Case Study of the Tianjin City in China

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INVESTIGATION ON THE APPLICATION OF ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT DEVELOPMENT TREND IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN LAND USE: CASE STUDY OF THE TIANJIN CITY IN CHINA Xiwei XU Lecturer in Urban design, School of Architecture, Tianjin University, No.92 Weijin Road, Tianjin China xuxiwei@tju.edu.cn Tim HEATH Professor in Urban design, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham Paton House, University Park, Nottingham UK, NG7 2RD Tim.Heath@nottingham.ac.uk Yan ZHU Professor in Urban design, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham Paton House, University Park, Nottingham UK, NG7 2RD Yan.Zhu@nottingham.ac.uk Peng ZHANG Engineer in Urban design, No.192 Anshanxi Road, Tianjin China 464061079@qq.com Xue Bai Master student in Urban design, School of Architecture, Tianjin University, No.92 Weijin Road, Tianjin China 783863296@qq.com Keywords: ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT, DEVELOPMENT TREND, URBAN LAND USE, TIANJIN CITY IN CHINA

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1. Introduction At present, along with the rapid urbanization and industrialization in China, the population gathers toward cities. The rapid urbanization incurs some problems in cities, such as obviously quicker urbanization of land than population, low degree of intensiveness of construction land, extensive and LQHÉ?FLHQW ODQG XWLOL]DWLRQ ZDVWH RI ODQG UHVRXUFH HWF 7KH UDWLR between population urbanization and land urbanization from 1990 to 2000 is 1.71, while such ratio from 2000 to 2010 is 1.85[1]. Meanwhile, the urban spatial layout and scale structure are inconsistent with the bearing capacity of resources and environment. The city concentrated areas in East China are increasingly restricted by resource and environment, and the contradiction between population and comprehensive bearing capacity of megacities is worsening. Coastal areas in East China are pioneers of economic development, and also forthgoers in population concentration and land expansion. However, along with the rapid development, many problems appear and aggravate, such as out-of-order GHYHORSPHQW RI XUEDQ VSDFH LQVXÉ?FLHQW FDSDFLW\ RI XUEDQ pollutant disposal, environmental pollution, and so on. As shown by the investigations made by the State Ocean Administration from 2004 to 2012[2]: about 90% of coastal cities are short of water; the area of coastal wetlands is 57% less than 60 years ago, and the area of mangrove forest is reduced by 73%; 48 estuaries are polluted by heavy metal and other pollutants. Besides, the high-density and high-speed development of coastal areas is followed by increase in automobile exhaust, FRQVWUXFWLRQ GXVW WUDÉ?F GXVW LQGXVWULDO ZDVWH JDV DQG 62 ΖQ the ranking list of urban PM2.5 pollution in 2013[3], the BeijingTianjin-Hebei area ranks number one, and coastal cities such as Tangshan, Tianjin and Cangzhou rank top 20. The maximum daily average concentration of PM2.5 (Îźg/m3) is 394 in Tianjin,

1 This paper is supported by Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51208345), the Major Teacher of Beiyang Program� Research on city ecological evaluation of coastal city space in urbanization period “ (Grant No. 2014XRG-0113)

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497 in Tangshan, 361 in Hangzhou and 407 in Lianyungang, all PRUH WKDQ WLPHV WKH YDOXH VSHFLȴHG LQ WKH $PELHQW $LU 4XDOLW\ Standard.

model. From Figure2 and Figure3 below, it can be seen that the period from 1990 to present is a period of rapid growth of per-capita energy consumption and per-capita GDP in Tianjin, so this paper tries to analyse the relation between ecological footprint and land use by means of the quantitative study on the ecological footprint development trend of Tianjin from 1990 to present. Table 1: Annual average increment of construction land area in Tianjin in the 600 years since its establishment as a town.

Figure 1: Population change of Tianjin in the last 600 years after establishment as a town (Source: drawn by the author)

Tianjin is an economic center and important harbor city in North China, and also a comprehensive industrial base. Along with the economic and social development and the urbanization, a series of ecological problems occurred here, such as water resource shortage, lower water quality, water and soil loss, worsened air pollution, vegetation degradation, wetland reduction, sharpened contradiction between population and land, and so on. These problems adversely impact the sustainable development of Tianjin. To realize harmonious and sustainable economic, social and natural development, we should know clearly the status TXR RI WKLV FLW\ ȴUVW )LJXUH VKRZV WKH SRSXODWLRQ FKDQJH LQ the last 600 years after establishment of Tianjin as a town, and IURP WKLV ȴJXUH ZH FDQ VHH WKH UDSLG SRSXODWLRQ LQFDVH LQ WKH last 100 years. And the related statistical data[4] show that the permanent resident population of Tianjin had a rapid growth in the 21st century, setting new highs in both increment and growth rate. From 1980 to 2010, the permanent resident population of Tianjin respectively increased 1.1734 million, 1.3465 million and 2.9838 million[5] in each decade; the urban construction land also had rapid growth from 2000 to present (Table 1). Changes in urban land use mainly impact ecological footprint model and ecological environment through land use transfer, population increasing and resource consumption. Ecological footprint model can be used to judge whether a land use manner conforms to sustainable development by calculating the change trend of indexes toward the state of sustainable development. Fossil fuel consumption is the primary factor for ecological footprint. Some scholars pointed out in their researches on the Bohai Economic Circle a positive correlation between ecological footprint or fossil fuel footprint and economic growth[2]. Land use transfer, changes in fossil fuel consumption and population LQFUHDVH IROORZHG E\ XUEDQ H[SDQVLRQ FDQ EH GLUHFWO\ UHȵHFWHG in indexes of ecological footprint model, so it is feasible and H΍HFWLYH WR VWXG\ XUEDQ ODQG XVH XVLQJ HFRORJLFDO IRRWSULQW

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Figure 2: Per-capita end consumption of energy in Tianjin from 1980 to 2010 (10,000 tons of standard coal per capita) (source: drawn by the author)

Figure 3: Per-capita GDP of Tianjin from 1950 to 2010 (RMB 10,000 per capita) (source: drawn by the author)

2. Analysis on the status quo and trend of ecological footprint of Tianjin 3URȴOH RI 7LDQMLQ Tianjin is located in the north of North China Plain, from 116°43'

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E to 118°04' E, and from 38°34'N to 40°15' N. It is one of the four municipalities directly under the central government in China, and an economic center, international shipment center, logistic center and harbor city in North China. The Binhai New Area in the east of Tianjin is called the third pole of Chinese economic growth. Tianjin is 189km long from north to south, and 117km wide from east to west. Consisting of 12 municipal districts, 1 sub-provincial district, and 3 municipal counties, it has a total area of 11916.85km2, a coastline of 153km, and a permanent resident population of 14.7221 million (as at the end of 2013)[6].

primary industry was RMB 18.845 billion, taking 1.3% of the total GDP; GDP of the secondary industry was RMB 727.668 billion, taking 50.6% of the total GDP; GDP of the tertiary industry was RMB 690.503 billion, taking 48.1% of the total GDP. Agriculture of Tianjin is of suburb type, and industry of Tianjin is developed and complete in sorts. Eight emerging industries, such as aviation and aerospace, electronics and IT, biological medicine, new energy and new materials, have become new industrial pillars. The tertiary industry of Tianjin is developing rapidly, and Binhai New Area has become a pilot and demonstration area of Č´QDQFLDO LQGXVWU\ LQ &KLQD

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Tianjin became prosperous by virtue of river and sea. In this city there are many rivers and wetlands, respectively falling within the Haihe water system and the Ji Canal water system. Haihe River not only provides water resource for the city, but also plays an important role in forming and development of urban spatial layout of this city. In addition, Tianjin has a rich ground water reserve, with good water quality. To mitigate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resource, a water diversion project from Luanhe River to Tianjin City was completed, which can supply about 1 billion tons of water to Tianjin. Tianjin is high in northwest and low in southeast. The landform of the city is mainly plain and depression, although the landform of the north part is low mountain and hill and the landform of Binhai New Area is saline. The total land area of the whole city is 11,916.85km2. According to the statistical data of 2013, the area of agricultural land is 7,079.65km2ÂŹ, including cultivated land of 4,407.46km2 and woodland of 558.17km2; the area of construction land is 3,946.13km2; the area of unused land is 873.07km2.

The sustainable development analysis indicators used in the ecological footprint model in this paper include: per-capita ecological footprint, ecological footprint per GDP of RMB 10,000, ecological bearing capacity, ecological surplus and GHČ´FLW DQG GLYHUVLW\ RI HFRORJLFDO IRRWSULQWV %DVHG RQ WKH data in the Statistical Yearbooks of Tianjin 1991 to 2013, the accounts chosen (biological account and energy account) are adjusted in consideration of the features of Tianjin as a coastal city, and then the data of ecological footprints, ecological EHDULQJ FDSDFLW\ HFRORJLFDO VXUSOXV DQG GHČ´FLW DQG GLYHUVLW\ RI ecological footprints are obtained as follows. Table 2: Per-capita ecological footprints of Tianjin from 1990 to 2012

&OLPDWH FRQGLWLRQV Tianjin is located in the north temperate zone, on the east HGJH RI (XUDVLD DQG ZHVW FRDVW RI 3DFLČ´F 2FHDQ ΖW KDV D ZDUP WHPSHUDWH VHPL KXPLG PRQVRRQ FOLPDWH EXW DÎ?HFWHG E\ WKH ocean climate of Bohai Bay. It has four distinctive seasons. The annual average precipitation is 360-970mm, and the annual DYHUDJH WHPSHUDWXUH LV

Table 3: Ecological footprints per GDP of RMB 10,000 of Tianjin from 1990 to 2012

(FRQRPLF DQG VRFLDO FRQGLWLRQV In 2006, Binhai New Area in Tianjin became the second comprehensive pilot area of reform following Pudong New Area. This greatly promoted the economic development of Tianjin, and made it the third pole of economic growth in China. After that, Tianjin was leading in economic growth rate for years. In 2013, GDP of Tianjin reached RMB 1,437.016 billion, and the per-capita GDP reached RMB 91,242. Thereinto, GDP of the

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Source: Statistical Yearbooks of Tianjin 1991 to 2013 Table 4: Per-capita ecological footprints of water resource of Tianjin from 1990 to 2012

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Table 5: Proportions of ecological bearing capacities of various lands in total ecological bearing capacity of Tianjin(1990 to 2012)

Figure 4: Changes in various ecological footprints of Tianjin from 1990 to 2012 (source: drawn by the author)

Table 5: Proportions of ecological bearing capacities of various lands in total ecological bearing capacity of Tianjin(1990 to 2012)

From the changes in ecological footprint and bearing capacity from 1990 to 2012, it can be seen that the ecological footprint data of Tianjin in the last 30 years have the following characteristics: (1) Biological resource account footprint of Tianjin is mainly cultivated land resource footprint, indicating the importance of cultivated land resource for ecological safety of Tianjin; There are less biological footprints of woodland, grassland and waters, indicating the low demand of Tianjin for these biological resources.

Source: Areas of various lands in 1990 are derived from the Ecological Risk Evaluation on Land Use in Tianjin written by Xiao Lin in 2014. Due to the change in statistical caliber, the land for LUULJDWLRQ ZRUNV LQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ ODQG LV Č´UVW VHHQ LQ WKH VWDWLVWLFDO yearbook of 2002, and the data of 2002 are used for the areas of previous years. 7DEOH (FRORJLFDO VXUSOXV DQG GHČ´FLW RI 7LDQMLQ IURP WR

Note: Positive values in this table mean ecological surplus and QHJDWLYH YDOXHV PHDQ HFRORJLFDO GHČ´FLW Table 8: Ecological footprint diversity indicators of Tianjin from 1990 to 2012

Figure 5: Curve of changes in ecological footprints per GDP of RMB 10,000 of Tianjin from 1990 to 2012 (source: drawn by the author)

(2) Energy account footprint of Tianjin takes over 63% of the total ecological footprint, and during the period analyzed it increases at an annual rate of 9.85%, indicating that Tianjin needs to strengthen energy saving and reduce energy consumption in order to mitigate the threat against the ecological environment of the city. 3ROOXWDQW IRRWSULQWV KDYH D WHQGHQF\ RI ČľXFWXDWLQJ UHGXFWLRQ and water pollution footprints have the largest proportion in pollutant footprints, taking over 90%. This indicates that considerable achievements have been made in pollutant prevention and treatment, and in future more attention should be paid to water pollution treatment. (4) Productive footprints of cultivated land are much higher than the footprints of assimilating solid pollutants, and the footprints from pollutant assimilating by woodland and waters are much higher than corresponding productive footprints. This indicates that the important function of cultivated land in Tianjin is mainly embodied in production, while the ecological

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function of woodland and waters is more embodied in pollutant assimilating and absorption. (5) Per-capita ecological bearing capacity of Tianjin has a WHQGHQF\ RI ČľXFWXDWLQJ UHGXFWLRQ ZLWK PXFK KLJKHU ČľXFWXDWLRQ 7KH HFRORJLFDO GHČ´FLW LQFUHDVHV TXLFNO\ DW DQ DQQXDO UDWH RI 18.02%. This indicates that the ecological environment of Tianjin has great pressure. (6) The city is expanding, the area of construction land is increasing, and the proportion of the ecological bearing capacity of construction land in the total capacity is increasing quickly. Construction land invades other lands, and the total population is increasing, resulting in reduced per-capita ecological bearing capacity. $QDO\VLV RQ WKH WUHQG RI HFRORJLFDO IRRWSULQWV RI 7LDQMLQ LQ WKH ODVW \HDUV (FRORJLFDO IRRWSULQW SHU *'3 RI 50% UHČľHFWV WKH HÉ?FLHQF\ RI HFRORJLFDO UHVRXUFH XWLOL]DWLRQ GXULQJ HFRQRPLF development. The calculation results show that the ecological footprint per GDP of RMB 10,000 of Tianjin during the period DQDO\]HG KDV D WUHQG RI ČľXFWXDWLQJ UHGXFWLRQ DQG WKH YDOXH of 2012 is just 20.93% of that of 1990. This indicates that the HFRORJLFDO UHVRXUFH XWLOL]DWLRQ HÉ?FLHQF\ LV LPSURYLQJ JUHDWO\ in the last 30 years, the function of advanced science and technology in economic development is increasingly strong, and the reliance on ecological resource is lowering. This is both the requirement for and fruit of ecological environment building in Tianjin. 2.3.2 Ecological environment of Tianjin was always unsafe, and the pressure index was increasing year by year. Especially, such index had a sharp increase from 2010 to 2012, which was mainly caused by increased fossil fuel consumption, and was related to the former industrial development mode of Tianjin. It can be seen that development of emerging industries that have lower reliance on fossil fuel can greatly mitigate the ecological pressure of Tianjin. 2.3.3 The ecological footprint diversity of Tianjin had a drop from 1990 to 2012, indicating a lower stability of the ecological system. However, as the increase rate of ecological footprints is much higher than the drop rate of the diversity, the index of development ability of the ecological economic system is increasing, and the ecological development ability of Tianjin is increasing. 3. Correlation between urban land use layout and ecological footprints of Tianjin To analyze the correction between the urban land use layout DQG WKH G\QDPLFV RI WKH HFRORJLFDO IRRWSULQWV ZH Č´UVW QHHG WR

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study the ecological bearing capacity of various lands per unit area within the city. In land system, wetland is an important organic carbon storage, and Tianjin has large area of wetland, so wetland is also considered in this paper. Social and economic development comes with expansion of urban space, and the total ecological footprints increase sharply. From Table9 and Table10 it can be seen that the ranking of ecological bearing capacity of various lands per unit area is: cultivated land > waters > wetland > woodland; From Table4 and Table5 it can EH VHHQ WKDW WKH HFRORJLFDO IRRWSULQWV DQG HFRORJLFDO GHČ´FLWV RI fossil fuel respectively take the most part of the total ecological IRRWSULQWV DQG WRWDO HFRORJLFDO GHČ´FLWV 3URGXFWLRQ RI HFRORJLFDO footprints of fossil fuel land is mainly due to CO2 emission of fossil fuel combustion. CO2 absorbing lands include wetland and fossil fuel land, in which the carbon storing capacity of wetland is much higher than fossil fuel land. Thus, it is vital to protect and expand wetland and avoid wetland degradation and loss caused by excessive utilization for reducing ecological IRRWSULQWV DQG PLWLJDWLQJ JUHHQKRXVH HÎ?HFW Table 9:Ecoloigcal bearing capacity per unit area of various lands of Tianjin

Note: The high ecological bearing capacity per unit area of grassland is mainly caused by the amortization using the animal product proportions brought forward by Wang Hongbo in 2013. As the area of grassland in Tianjin is 6km2 only, to avoid the underestimation of the bearing capacity of cultivated land caused by such calculation, here grassland is ignored and the bearing capacity of cultivated land is re-calculated as follows. Table 10: Ecological bearing capacity per unit area of cultivated land of Tianjin

Urban land layout changes along with land use transfer, increase of construction land, increase urbanization rate, population growth, industrial structure change, GDP change, technological advance, and so on. The relation between these factors and the PRGLČ´HG HFRORJLFDO IRRWSULQW PRGHO LV DV IROORZV (1) Land use transfer and change of various productive ecological lands directly cause change in ecological footprints and ecological bearing capacity, and impact other indicators. For example, occupation of cultivated land, woodland, grassland and wetland by construction land, and break-up of other lands

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by random expansion of construction land may cause decrease of productive capacity of ecological lands and thus decrease of total ecological bearing capacity; Drying of wetland or suburb land desolation may cause change in corresponding ecological footprints in consumption account and pollutant account, and WKXV FDXVH FKDQJH LQ YDULRXV HFRORJLFDO VXUSOXV DQG GHČ´FLW> @ (2) Increased urbanization brings increase in construction land and urban population. Change of rural population to urban population causes increase in per-capita and total ecological footprint in biological resource account[7]. (3) Population growth causes increase in total ecological footprints and drop in per-capita ecological bearing capacity, and makes other indicators change towards unsustainable development. (4) Transfer of the primary industry to the secondary industry causes increase in consumption of fossil fuel, increase in ecological footprints of energy account and pollutant account, and worsening of ecological environment. 4. Conclusion In this paper, the ecological footprints, ecological bearing FDSDFLW\ DQG HFRORJLFDO VXUSOXV DQG GHČ´FLW RI 7LDQMLQ IURP 1990 to 2012 are calculated and analyzed, and the potential of sustainable development in future is estimated based on the general land use planning and other data. Then, the following improvement suggestions and conclusions are made:

as follows: a. From 1990 to 2012, the per-capita ecological footprints increased, the per-capita ecological bearing capacity dropped, DQG WKH HFRORJLFDO GHČ´FLW ZDV FRQWLQXRXVO\ ZRUVHQHG 7KH SHU capita ecological footprints increased by 432% from 1.03hm2 in 1990 to 5.48 hm2 in 2012; The per-capita ecological bearing capacity dropped by 24% from 0.31 hm2 in 1990 to 0.24 hm2 in 7KH HFRORJLFDO GHČ´FLW LQFUHDVHG E\ IURP KP LQ WR KP LQ ΖQ WKH HFRORJLFDO GHČ´FLW WKH GHČ´FLW of fossil fuel land takes the largest proportion, which is mainly caused by the increased demand for fossil fuel and increased emission of CO2 as a result of extensive economic growth. Thus, Tianjin should pay close attention to improvement of fossil fuel XWLOL]DWLRQ HÉ?FLHQF\ DQG FRQWURO RI WKH GHPDQG IRU IRVVLO IXHO E ΖQ WHUP RI UHVRXUFH XWLOL]DWLRQ HÉ?FLHQF\ WKH HFRORJLFDO footprints per GDP of RMB 10,000 reduced by 79.1% from 2.87ha./RMB 10,000 in 1990 to 0.61 ha./RMB 10,000 in 2012, indicating the improvement in land production capacity and UHVRXUFH XWLOL]DWLRQ HÉ?FLHQF\ DQG FRQVLGHUDEOH DFKLHYHPHQWV made in energy saving and consumption reducing. c. In term of ecological safety, the ecological pressure index of 7LDQMLQ LQFUHDVHG ZLWK ČľXFWXDWLRQ IURP LQ WR in 2012. The ecological demands exceeded the supply, and the gap was increasing, indicating that this area was always in an extremely unsafe state. Fossil fuel land had the greatest ecological pressure, as a result of the great consumption of fossil fuel. Then, fossil fuel land is followed by woodland in ecological pressure, which is caused by the high ecological footprint arising from absorption of atmosphere pollutants. Thus, to reduce the ecological pressure index of Tianjin and improve ecological safety, the key point is to control the use of fossil fuel. d. The diversity index of ecological footprints of Tianjin dropped from 0.95 in 1990 to 0.25 in 2012, indicating poorer and poorer ecological stability. However, although the diversity index is decreasing, the development ability of the ecological economic system of Tianjin increased from 0.98 in 1990 to 1.35 in 2012 due to the sharp increase of ecological footprints. This indicates that the development ability of Tianjin is increasing, but with excessive occupation of ecological resources.

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(1) Generally Tianjin is in a condition of unsustainable development. The increased ecological footprints, the ČľXFWXDWLQJ GURS RI HFRORJLFDO EHDULQJ FDSDFLW\ DQG WKH LQFUHDVH LQ ELRORJLFDO GHČ´FLW LQ UHFHQW \HDUV LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH HFRORJLFDO resource use in Tianjin has exceeded the bearing capacity of the ecological system, and the current resource use mode is unsustainable. Thus, it is necessary to take appropriate actions. The conclusions of the ecological footprint model evaluation are

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(2) Urban space expansion, invasion of construction land against productive land, quick population growth, and increased consumption of fossil fuel along with the economic growth cause increased resource consumption and pollutant emission, and thus increase in total ecological footprints. Meanwhile, due to the decrease of productive land, the total ecological bearing capacity is decreasing. In addition, the per-capita ecological bearing capacity is further decreased due to population growth. 7KH LQWHJUDWHG HÎ?HFW RI WKHVH IDFWRUV LV ZRUVHQHG HFRORJLFDO GHČ´FLW KLJKHU HFRORJLFDO SUHVVXUH ORZHU HQYLURQPHQWDO TXDOLW\ and lower sustainableness of development. Wetland system

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takes a large proportion of land area in Tianjin, and plays an important role for the ecological system. Compared with other land types, wetland in Tianjin has high ecological bearing capacity per unit area and total ecological bearing capacity. Besides, wetland system is also important for CO2 absorption DQG UHGXFWLRQ RI WKH HFRORJLFDO GHČ´FLW LQ HQHUJ\ DFFRXQW Occupation and destruction of wetland will directly cause LQFUHDVH LQ HFRORJLFDO GHČ´FLW LQ HQHUJ\ DFFRXQW DQG KDYH DGYHUVH impact on total water resource. Considering the comprehensive function of wetland system, Tianjin should pay more attention to protection of existing wetland and wetland recovery and rebuilding. It is forecasted that the shortage of cultivated land in Tianjin in 2020 is mainly caused by the much lower production volume of biological resource of cultivated land than the FRQVXPSWLRQ YROXPH DQG WKH LQVXÉ?FLHQW DUHD RI ZRRGODQG DQG waters is mainly caused by the excess air and water pollutant emission over the ecological load. By means of increasing the areas of corresponding lands, woodland, grassland and waters in Tianjin may realize productive ecological surplus in 2020, and cultivated land may realize ecological surplus in solid pollutant account. The key point in water pollution and air pollution treatment is to control pollution source and reduce pollutant HPLVVLRQ $V WKH HFRORJLFDO GHČ´FLW RI IRVVLO IXHO ODQG WDNHV RI WKH WRWDO HFRORJLFDO GHČ´FLW LW LV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW WR develop new energy, reduce fossil fuel use and improve energy XVH HÉ?FLHQF\ LQ RUGHU WR PLWLJDWH WKH JUHDW HFRORJLFDO SUHVVXUH of Tianjin in future. (3) To achieve sustainable development in future, Tianjin should pay close attention to population control, fossil fuel use reduction and CO2 emission reduction. Meanwhile, it should control pollution sources and reduce emission of air and water pollutants, protect and increase productive lands represented by cultivated land, and increase the production capacity per unit area of land.

References: 1.http://epaper.oeeee.com/D/html/2013-04/01/ FRQWHQWB KWP"BVČ´QDSXE SXE 2.http://oversea.huanqiu.com/economy/2012-11/3259006. html 3.http://cn.chinagate.cn/news/2014-02/27/content_31613919. htm 4.http://tj.focus.cn/news/2011-12-05/1634662.html 5. Collection of Statistical Materials in the 50 Years after Establishment of PRC and Statistical Yearbooks of Tianjin 19992011 issued by National Economy Comprehensive Statistics Division of National Bureau of Statistics of China 6. Statistical Yearbook of Tianjin 2013 4XDQWLW\ RI FKDQJH TXDQWLW\ RI WKLV VWDWLVWLFDO \HDU Č‚ TXDQWLW\ of previous statistical year

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IN SEARCH OF BIODIVERSITY IN A DOMESTICATED LANDSCAPE

CHANG Huaiyan Landscape architect director of Salad Dressing 12 Prince Edward Road, #01-01/02, Bestway Building Annex D, Singapore 079212 huaiyanc@yahoo.com Keywords: BIODIVERSITY, ECOSYSTEM, COMMODITY, KEYSTONE SPECIES, BIOPHILIC NATURE

Abstract ΖQ WKH SDVW UDSLG XUEDQL]DWLRQ LQ FLWLHV KDV OHG WR WKH GLYLVLRQ EHWZHHQ KXPDQV DQG QDWXUH 7KLV LV WUXH DOVR LQ D VPDOO DQG FRPSOH[ FRXQWU\ OLNH 6LQJDSRUH ZKHUH XQLTXH QHVV RI ELRGLYHUVLW\ DQG HFRV\VWHPV VWLOO WKULYHV DPLGVW WKH XUEDQL]HG ODQGVFDSH 7KLV SDSHU UHČľHFWV RQ KRZ QDWXUH FXUUHQWO\ KDV EHHQ LQWURGXFHG LQ WKH XUEDQ VHWWLQJ ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR 6LQJDSRUH DQG VHHNV IRU DQ DOWHUQDWLYH YLVLRQ RI WKH UHODWLRQVKLS KXPDQV QDWXUH LQ WKH FLW\ ZKHUH PDQ DGDSWV WR nature, overturning the conventional opposite belief. 0DQNLQG KDV ERUURZHG HOHPHQWV IURP WKH QDWXUDO ZRUOG LQWR WKH FLWLHV WR DGDSW WR RXU OLYLQJ HQYLURQPHQW 3ODQWV DUH SODFHG LQ EDOFRQLHV DQG LQGRRU VSDFHV WKH\ DUH VKDSHG DQG DOWHUHG LQ DFFRUGDQFH WR PDQȇV GHVLJQ 1DWXUH LV VHHQ DV D W\SH RI FRPPRGLW\ XVHG WR EHQHČ´W DQG VDWLVI\ PDQNLQGȇV GHVLUHV This paper envisions humans as the new potential pollinators to UHFRQFLOH D ORVW UHODWLRQVKLS DQG WR UHVWRUH EDODQFH EHWZHHQ KXPDQV DQG QDWXUH LQ WKH FLW\ ΖW LV WKH DGDSWDELOLW\ DQG %LRSKLOLF QDWXUH WKDW humans possess which will allow to be the keystone species in the FUHDWLRQ RI D PRUH ELR GLYHUVLČ´HG HQYLURQPHQW 7KH UHVHDUFK DLPV WR VKRZ WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI DGDSWLQJ WKH FLW\ LQWR QDWXUH E\ SXWWLQJ IRUZDUG WKH EXULHG KXPDQ DELOLW\ WR SHUIRUP H[WUHPH PRYHPHQWV RU WR LQYHQW ȆPHFKDQLVPVȇ RI DGDSWDWLRQ LQ RUGHU WR UH ZLOG WKH WDPHG HQYLURQPHQW DQG WR UHVWRUH WKH QDWLYH ELRGLYHUVLW\ RI D UHJLRQ ΖW LV D SURJUHVVLYH HÎ?RUW LQ ZKLFK ODQGVFDSH DUFKLWHFWV VKRXOG FUHDWH DQ HQYLURQPHQW ZKHUH WKDW KXPDQV FDQ IHHO IRU DQG EH SDUW RI OLYLQJ DV RQH LQ WKH ELJ V\VWHP RI QDWXUH

Introduction Biodiversity refers to the richness of life; the interaction between RUJDQLVPV LQ GLÎ?HUHQW HFRV\VWHPV UHVXOWLQJ LQ WKH YDULDWLRQ RI genetics, species and ecosystems. It is not about conservation EXW KRZ OLYLQJ WKLQJV HYROYH WR IXOČ´OO WKHLU UROHV LQ WKH 1DWXUDO world. 2XU LQQDWH DÉ?QLW\ DQG ORYH IRU RWKHU OLYLQJ V\VWHPV GHVFULEHV men’s inborn Biophilic behavior. As Wilson (1992, p.350)

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describes, â€œâ€Ś the connections that human beings subconsciously seek with the rest of life.â€? He proposed the possibility that the GHHS DÉ?OLDWLRQV KXPDQV KDYH DUH URRWHG LQ RXU ELRORJ\ ȊΖW LV WLPH WR LQYHQW PRUDO UHDVRQLQJ RI D QHZ DQG PRUH SRZHUIXO NLQG WR ORRN WR WKH YHU\ URRWV RI PRWLYDWLRQ DQG XQGHUVWDQG ZK\ LQ ZKDW FLUFXPVWDQFHV DQG RQ ZKLFK RFFDVLRQV ZH FKHULVK DQG SURWHFW OLIH :H DUH KXPDQ LQ JRRG SDUW EHFDXVH RI WKH SDUWLFXODU ZD\ ZH DÉ?OLDWH ZLWK RWKHU RUJDQLVPV WKH\ RÎ?HU WKH FKDOOHQJH DQG IUHHGRP LQQDWHO\ VRXJKW 7R WKH H[WHQW WKDW HDFK SHUVRQ FDQ IHHO OLNH D QDWXUDOLVW WKH ROG H[FLWHPHQW RI WKH XQWUDPPHOHG ZRUOG ZLOO EH UHJDLQHG Ζ RÎ?HU WKLV DV D IRUPXOD RI UH HQFKDQWPHQW WR LQYLJRUDWH SRHWU\ DQG P\WK Č‹ (Wilson,1992,p.138-139) The Tropics Tropics is a region of Earth surrounding the equator, often referred as the tropical zone and the Torrid Zone. The word ‘tropical’ is used to describe the all year round warm to hot and moist climate of this region. Due to the climatic conditions, biodiversity in the Tropics is the richest and supports several number of ecosystems which includes the rainforest, dry deciduous forests, spiny forests, desert and many other habitats. The highly varied kinds of habitats available in tropical DUHDV IRXQG LQ GLÎ?HULQJ DOWLWXGHV UDLQIDOO VHDVRQDOLW\ VRLO PL[ HWF KDYH UHVXOWHG LQ D P\ULDG RI SODQWV DQG DQLPDOV VSHFLČ´F WR each habitat. %LRGLYHUVLW\ LQ WKH WURSLFDO UDLQIRUHVW Tropical rainforest are said to be the oldest biome on Earth, thus it is not surprising that they contain the most species. The Rainforest covers only 2 percent of the Earth’s total surface (Facts About Rainforests, 2014), yet it holds more than half the world’s plants and animal species. With a high amount of rainfall annually and high humidity levels, animals and plants that thrive in the rainforest are adapted to these conditions. By far, only less than one percent of the total species has been studied and already a quarter of our medication comes from the rainforest plants. There are distinct layers, or strata, which provides a variety of habitats in a rainforest. The emergent canopy layer, 50m above JURXQG OHYHO LV RQH WKDW LV HQHUJHWLF DQG OLYHO\ ZLWK ČľXFWXDWLQJ light, erratic winds, varying temperature and humidity levels. They provide homes to one of the jungle’s deadliest hunters, the harpy eagle. Most of the rainforest creatures live in the canopy level, 30-50m above ground level because of its abundant food VWRUH RI ČľRZHUV IUXLWV DQG EHUULHV 7KH XQGHUVWRUH\ OHYHO P above ground level is dimly lit and dominated by a layer of young trees and palms (Whitmore, 1998). The ground level is calm and quiet with a relatively constant temperature and extremely

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low light levels. They are covered with leaf litter for insects and organisms to break down into nutrients for the trees. The trees develop rootlets just beneath the ground level to be able to DEVRUE DQG UHFHLYH WKHVH QXWULHQWV HÉ?FLHQWO\ In addition, evolution has designed epiphytes (a.k.a. Jewels of nature) that spend most of their lives accessorizing branches of trees and stout shrubs; similar to earrings and necklaces on humans. These plants grow non-parasitically upon another plant (usually a tree) in order to get moisture and nutrients from the air. In return, they behave like a recycling machine, trapping GXVW DQG GHFD\HG OHDYHV IURP WKH DLU WR SURGXFH ČľHVK\ IUXLWV for the birds, bats and primates in a rainforest. There are more than 29 000 epiphytic plant species found in the wet tropics, accounting for up to 35-63 percent of all plant species in some wet forest and contributes more than 45 percent of the total leaf biomass (Myers, 1993). Certain types of epiphytes like the ant plant, resembles hanging apartments within the trees, housing countless number of ants within its interconnecting FDYLWLHV 7KH\ EHQHČ´W IURP WKLV DVVRFLDWLRQ EHLQJ DEOH WR DEVRUE nutrients from the debris collected and stored by the ants. Epiphytes not only enrich the Earth’s greenhouse collection of plants, they add to our medicinal trove as well. There are many other types of forest that can be found within the rainforest including the mangrove forest, Dipterocarp forest, ironwood forest tropical peat swamp forests, freshwater swamp forests etc. Each of these forests is supported by their own unique and varied habitats and ecosystems. Within each of the habitats, species evolve together, developing a co-dependent relationship with each other in order to better survive in our changing environment. In Borneo, the small mammals use the world’s biggest carnivorous plant - the Nepenthes rajah, as their toilet bowl. The nutrient rich droppings supply important minerals to the plants and in return, the plants produce tasty nectar for the furry creatures to feed on. Furthermore, the size of this pitcher plant resembles that of a tree shrew’s body which makes it impossible for them to swallow the small mammals but just enough to digest their droppings. Singapore, a small urbanized island with a total land area of 718.3 kilometer square (Department of Statistics Singapore, LV FODVVLČ´HG DV WURSLFDO UDLQIRUHVW FOLPDWH ZLWK QR distinct seasons. Being 1° north of the equator, people living in Singapore enjoy a great amount of biodiversity, we have more than 2000 species of plants, 360 species birds, 270 species of EXWWHUČľLHV VSHFLHV RI UHSWLOHV VSHFLHV RI PDPPDOV species of amphibians, 256 species of hard corals, covering all our 4 nature reserves (Koh 2010). Bukit Timah Nature Reserve (163 hectares in size) is home to more species of trees than the whole of North America. In addition, Singapore also have 3 endemic species of freshwater crabs (Koh 2010) that does not exist anywhere else on this planet. Other habitats like the tropical peat swamp forest and the

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freshwater swamp forest are unique ecosystems that are widely IRXQG LQ 6RXWKHDVW $VLD 7KH\ SURYLGH D YDULHW\ RI EHQHČ´WV LQ WKH IRUP RI IRUHVWU\ DQG Č´VKHULHV SURGXFWV HQHUJ\ ČľRRG mitigation water supply and groundwater recharge. However, GXH WR KXPDQ DFWLYLWLHV ODQGVFDSHV DQG VSHFLDOL]HG ČľRUD DQG fauna within these wetlands have been destroyed. In Singapore, a freshwater swamp forest habitat, Nee Soon Swamp Forest (NSSF), can be found in the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR). This is the only substantial primary freshwater swamp remaining in Singapore. Due to periodic semi-permanent ČľRRGLQJ D VKDOORZ OD\HU RI SHDW FRYHULQJ ZDWHUORJJHG FRQGLWLRQ and a high amount of anaerobic activity, the waters appear to be more acidic and slow moving. As mentioned above, these conditions are able to support the highest diversity of native freshwater organisms. History of Singapore’s Urban Landscape 6LQJDSRUH UHČľHFWV FOHDUO\ KRZ UDSLG LQGXVWULDOL]DWLRQ DQG expansion in cities, have led to a division between humans and their natural environment, who in the past were ideally seen as one entity, living in balance and harmony.. Mankind appears to have created a human-centric society devoid of wilderness, an anti-thesis of nature, where man is able to have full control and ability to predict what comes next. There is no room and time for interaction with the natural world. Nature occupying has to make way for new infrastructures and buildings ‘planted’ by humans. Natural resources are being exploited at an increasing rate, before the natural environment is able to replenish itself. Overtime, mankind no longer remembers how to live with QDWXUH DQG Č´QGV LWVHOI LQ DQ HQYLURQPHQW ZKHUH WKH VFRSH RI LWV existence is gradually diminishing. From the time Singapore was founded in 1819 till now, more than 95 percent (Koh, 2006) of the original forest has been cleared to make way for developments. The urgency for housing increased exponentially after the Second World War, when many people were left homeless and resorted to living in slums. Nature had not been given priority and was cleared to make way for housing developments. To make space for a ȆEHWWHUȇ TXDOLW\ RI OLIH DQG HFRQRPLF EHQHČ´W PRUH DQG PRUH land area is cleared for high rise buildings and institutions. Now that Singapore is left with 4 percent (Tan, Chou, Yeo and Ng, 2009) of remaining forestry, there is growing awareness of the irreplaceable loss of habitats, ecosystems and organisms that mankind once lived in harmony with. Situation in the current Singapore City With the growing interest in ecosystem interactions, between human and other living species in the late 1800s, a new branch of biology-ecology was studied. It expresses the consciousness that the fragile ecosystem and biodiversity are in danger. With longing for nature in a heavily urbanized landscape, people

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are learning to appreciate and enjoy the nature that remains, creating new green spaces within the city. However, for various developed nations, the aim of protecting and conserving is RQO\ PHDVXUHG E\ KRZ KXPDQV DUH DEOH WR EHQHČ´W IURP LW For Singapore, nature is seen as being important because it is part of our natural heritage (N-Parks, 2009) whereas in Australia (Australian Government, 2014) and Japan (Ministry of (QYLURQPHQW -DSDQ WKH EHQHČ´WV DUH PHDVXUHG LQ KHDOWK of its people and for its aesthetic value. As Kellert, Heerwagen and Mador (2008) Biophilic Design point the way towards creating healthy and productive habitats for modern humans. The desire to accommodate nature in our environment is still VHHQ LQ D SRLQW RI YLHZ WKDW LV EHQHČ´FLDO WR KXPDQV ZLWK OLWWOH RU no human involvement. Monbiot (2013) describes our current situation as being ecologically boring, comfortable and safe. (Î?RUWV WR DGDSW SODQWV WR WKH &LW\ Plants are brought into our urban context and made to adapt to conditions we have created for them. Trees living in balconies, plants to green indoor environments, man-made crop cultivation are some examples of how we are bringing in plants LQWR RXU FLW\ DQG XVLQJ WKHP IRU RXU EHQHČ´WV 7KH JUHHQ ZDOO V\VWHP ZDV Č´UVW SDWHQWHG E\ 6WDQOH\ +DUW :KLWH D 3URIHVVRU of Landscape Architecture, in 1938 and was further developed in the 1980s by French botanist, Patrick Blanc. The green wall was applied as means of energy reduction, to provide heating and cooling through shading and evapo-transpiration, for the removal of pollutants in the air and to bring aesthetical value to our environment. Though the composition of the green wall is made with plants from the tropical forest, the impact it has on the overall biodiversity in the urban environment is limited. The inclusion of rooftop gardens in residential and commercial buildings, shows how landscapes in the city remain highly homogenized and repeated throughout the island. Without any real connection, responsibility and human involvement with the natural environment, nature is simply seen as an object rather WKDQ D VXEMHFW Č‚ D FRPPRGLW\ In the world of fashion, nature is used as a setting, or copied as patterns in clothing as a marketing strategy for appeal. After winning the hearts of the people by taking advantage of their innately positive respond towards nature, the value derived remains as a product or image soon to be replaced by the next trend. 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG SURJUDPPLQJ 1DWXUH EH\RQG H[SORLWDWLRQ Nature is also being used as a Political commodity to market Singapore as a City of Gardens and Water. In order to strategically improve the quality of water and life, the Singapore government implemented the Active, Beautiful, Clean waters (ABC Waters) Programme to develop a network of 80,000km of waterways and 17 reservoirs (PUB 2014). Although the programme started in 2006 with the sole aim of creating beautiful and clean

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streams, rivers and lakes with postcard community spaces for the people, it has also presented itself as a political statement that has brought a small extent of spontaneous nature, which we start to experience within our urban landscape. An example would be the more recent sightings of sea otters in the City of 6LQJDSRUH Č‚ DW 0DULQD %D\ 3DVLU 5LV 3DUN 3XQJJRO :DWHUZD\ and even the Botanical Gardens. According to researchers, if the ZDWHUV DUH FOHDQ DQG Č´VKHV DUH SUHVHQW DV IRRG VRXUFH RWWHUV would remain and start to raise their family (Abu Baker 2014). It is clear that Singapore has made progress in the transformation of the urban environment from one that is lacking in greenery to one that starts to accommodate wildlife. The appreciation of people for their natural environment is a long and audacious process where each step towards a greener environment cannot be missed. Future The future of a densely urban environment such as Singapore OLHV LQ WKH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQ Č‚ KRZ FDQ ELRGLYHUVLW\ EH DOORZHG WR KDSSHQ DQG WKHUHIRUH ČľRXULVK LQ D ODQGVFDSH WKDW KDV EHHQ so drastically changed and domesticated by human beings? Humans as an intrinsic part of the landscape, is a fact that cannot be evaded. Taking the currently experimented green wall as an example of biodiversity it is noted that the individual species on the wall are not self-sustained, but are dependent on the DUWLČ´FLDO VXSSO\ RI QXWULHQWV ΖQ D WUXO\ ELR GLYHUVLČ´HG HFRV\VWHP species are inter-dependent, forming symbiotic relationships. Hence, in order to introduce real biodiversity, anthropogenic factors play a dominant role. Responsibility, statistics, poetry DQG DGDSWDWLRQ DUH DOO HOHPHQWV WKDW FDQ JUHDWO\ LQČľXHQFH biodiversity in cities. Responsibility ČŠČ? ΖW LV RQO\ ZLWK WKH KHDUW WKDW RQH FDQ VHH ULJKWO\ ZKDW LV HVVHQWLDO LV LQYLVLEOH WR WKH H\H Č‹ ȊΖW LV WKH WLPH \RX KDYH ZDVWHG IRU \RXU URVH that makes your rose so important.â€?, “Man have forgotten this WUXWKČ? %XW \RX PXVW QRW IRUJHW LW <RX EHFRPH UHVSRQVLEOH IRUHYHU IRU ZKDW \RX KDYH WDPHG <RX DUH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU \RXU URVH Č?Č‹ (De Saint-ExupĂŠry A., 1943, p.70) In the story of “The Little Princeâ€?, the prince takes great care of a particular rose on his home planet, one that looks like any other roses that he would have encountered on Earth. He values the URVH DV D FRQČ´GDQWH VRPHWKLQJ KH QHHGV WR FHOHEUDWH DQG SURWHFW XQGHU D JODVV GRPH 7KH Č´FWLRQDO URVH OLYLQJ ZLWKLQ WKH safe space of the dome on the planet of the Prince, being given human emotions and even engaging the Prince’s hidden heart, draws strong parallels to the element of tamed nature in urban landscapes, particularly humans’ instinctive reaction and feelings towards nature. When people tame and care for nature, such as in gardens, they develop a sense of responsibility and obligation towards it. “The Little Princeâ€? portrays the idea of humans taking

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XS UHVSRQVLELOLW\ ZLWKRXW GHPDQGLQJ IRU D TXDQWLČ´DEOH UHWXUQ DQG WKH QRWLRQ RI DÎ?HFWLRQ DQG QXUWXUH WRZDUGV WKH URVH GHSLFWV the beginning of the arousal of Biophilia. Statistics ΖW LV LQKHUHQW LQ KXPDQV WR TXDQWLI\ EHQHČ´WV $V VXJJHVWHG LQ WKH Č´OP %LRSKLOLF 'HVLJQ 7KH $UFKLWHFWXUH RI /LIH (2011), hospitals are designed to increase the rate of healing, schools built to LPSURYH VWXGHQWVȇ JUDGHV RÉ?FHV SODQQHG WR ERRVW SURGXFWLYLW\ DQG VR RQ ODUJHO\ UHIHUULQJ WR KXPDQVȇ LQWHUHVW LQ WKH EHQHČ´WV of statistics. PokĂŠmon, a popular Japanese franchise that centers around the objective of collecting available PokĂŠmon species to go into battle, further drives home the point of the divided elements of “subjectâ€? and “objectâ€?, as well as the concern with Č´JXUHV My Neighbour Totoro LV DQ DQLPDWHG Č´OP WKDW WHOOV WKH tale of two girls who incidentally encounters a magical creature revealed to be a forest spirit, Totoro, after moving into a new house. It paints a beautiful picture of discovering the hidden beauty of nature through innocent exploration and play, also illustrating the respect and appreciation that the human characters have towards the forest. In contrast with the aforementioned distinction between “subjectâ€? and “objectâ€?, My Neighbour Totoro portrays a joint immersion in the relationship between humans and their natural environment, where humans see themselves as being a part of nature. :KLOH IDFWV DQG Č´JXUHV FDQQRW EH GLVUHJDUGHG LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR understand that humans are living only as a part of the entire natural system. As portrayed in PokĂŠmon, individual species are critical. However, in order to fully understand the environment around us, it is imperative to realize that living things cannot be seen as a separate component from their habitat. Cities FUHDWH WKH KDELWDWV LQ WKH PRGHUQ ODQGVFDSH DQG VSHFLHV Č´OO LQ the gap. Nature in this case should be read both as individual components as well as a whole system. Poetry ČŠ7KH EDVLF LV WR REVHUYH ΖI \RX FRQWLQXH WR REVHUYH WKH REMHFW LW ZLOO PHOW LQWR \RXU KHDUW DQG EHFRPHV D SDUW RI \RXU KHDUW 7KHQ \RX ZLOO EHJLQ WR EH IUHH DQG \RXU KHDUW ZLOO EH PRYHG WKH PRVW HYHU Č‹ (Owa, 2001) Humans have been taming nature since ancient times. With a sense of practicality and aesthetics, we create gardens that with their intangible beauty fuel imagination, triggering the secret Eden within us. Nature has continuously inspired myths and fables, touched memories and dreams. Nature and humans’ relationship with it are expressed stunningly in the literature platform of Haiku, which pays such attention to beauty in the smallest details that it tells of 72 seasons in Japan. The delight

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of poetry and art bonded with the environment mirrors the symbiotic relationship between species and their habitat, creating diversity on an immaterial level. Reminiscence of the rose that the little prince has tamed, is it possible that nature is DEOH WR IHHO WKH GLVDSSHDUDQFH RI RXU ORYH DQG DÎ?HFWLRQ DQG LV looking forward for us to take care of them again? Human has forgotten that feeling in the last era and need to be reminded. Perhaps upon achieving a profound level of admiration would humans be moved to care for nature? $GDSWDWLRQ The understanding and importance of biodiversity and humans’ relationship with the environment is clear. But how can the proliferation of biodiversity in urban-scape be more spontaneous? In certain sports such as skiing or cycling, humans are required to adapt according to the changes in nature. As nature is an uncontrollable element, people have to react and attempt to control the uncontrollable. Technology has developed over time to enable mankind the possibility to modify and reshape the surroundings according to its preferences, reaching a point of environment alteration rather than human adaptation. Such mechanization combined with the fact that humans are social creatures, has led humans to follow trends DQG FRQVHTXHQWO\ DOWHUHG WKH ZD\ WKDW WKH\ EHKDYH Č‚ UHVXOWLQJ in spaces that display homogeneity and a lack of diversity. ΖQVWHDG RI DGMXVWLQJ PDQNLQG KDV PRGLČ´HG WKH HQYLURQPHQW IRU its convenience, with the misinterpretation of convenience as productivity. In fact, convenience can be regarded as a product RI OD]LQHVV DQG D ODFN RI H[SORUDWLRQ HÎ?RUWV In the pursuit for a livable landscape, mankind has also destroyed the natural beauty of living environment. This current mind-set needs to be reversed, to one where human’s ability WR DGDSW LV VHHQ DV D ZD\ LQ ZKLFK PDQ FDQ DGDSW KLPVHOI WR Č´W in with nature. The skills witnessed in the art of ballet dancing and the famed Cirque du Soleil are only peepholes into the potential of adaptation, the extent of human’s innate muscular ability to perform extreme movements or consequently invent mechanisms of adaptation. +XPDQV DV .H\VWRQH 6SHFLHV In the urban condition where building growth never stops and nature is therefore compromised, humans become the mediators of balancing nature in a built world - the new keystone VSHFLHV ZLWK WKH DELOLW\ WR VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ LPSDFW WKLV FRPPXQLW\ and possibly reverse this situation. With the capability of creating or destroying nature, we can choose to catalyse the formation of biodiversity and forests in the urban environment. As landscape professionals, we may see ourselves as servicing and diversifying both humans and plants to create a dynamic ecosystem. Being trained to see the beauty of biodiversity in the rainforest, we can develop strategies to introduce this into the

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built environment.

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Projects that serve to enhance our existence with nature are already underway. Ecological bridges like the Eco-Link@BKE by NParks in Singapore connects two fragmented nature reserves in the city (N-Parks, 2014). In a renovation project for SG Enable, the main idea is to bring bio-ponds into people’s everyday life. Bio-ponds serve to cleanse waters and in turn create aquatic habitats that are rich in biodiversity. Here, the landscape architect designs nature to run by itself, with an educational bonus of promoting the understanding of ecosystems, hence diversifying the human mind.

Current urban conditions reveal a domesticated environment that lacks character, dominated by a society of mass culture. Invisible Cities (Calvino, 1972) eloquently expresses the beauty and wonders of diverse cities and its inhabitants, and stresses the importance of their co-existence in literature. In bio diversifying cities, we can anticipate the beginning of something GLÎ?HUHQW

“The Tiger’s Gardenâ€? conceived by OCULUS Landscape looks at the possibility of establishing a new ecosystem by reconstructing a tropical rainforest environment that runs through the very heart of urbanized Singapore (OCULUS, 2012). It suggests that if nature is allowed to work undisturbed, plants and animal species including the tiger, once a native species of Singapore, would be naturally re-introduced in 50 years. This provides a fantastical insight into the potential of human’s position as both NH\VWRQH VSHFLHV DQG SROOLQDWRUV Č‚ WR VHW XS WKH IXQGDPHQWDO environment required for nature to take its course. Only upon understanding nature’s rules would humans be able to adapt and co-exist with the ecosystem in a domesticated landscape. Conclusion ČŠ7KH EULGJH LV QRW VXSSRUWHG E\ RQH VWRQH RU DQRWKHUČ? EXW E\ WKH OLQH RI WKH DUFK WKDW WKH\ IRUP Č‹Č? ČŠ:K\ GR \RX VSHDN WR PH RI WKH stones? It is only the arch that matters to me.â€?‌ “Without stones there is no arch.â€? (Calvino, 1972, p.82) Human pride and increasing urbanism has interrupted the relationship of mankind with nature, and this explains why there is always a conscious longing in humans for experiences with the natural world. Humans, like all living things, are not detached from the environment. The ultimate aspiration is to balance both. Expand the human mind and the environment will thus provoke a response. If every landscape project is bio GLYHUVLČ´HG QDWXUH ZHOO DV KXPDQ EHLQJV ZLOO WKULYH As how 12 year old Cosimo has made the decision to spend the UHVW RI KLV OLIH RQ WUHHV DQG VXEVHTXHQWO\ DGDSWV HÉ?FLHQWO\ WR his arboreal kingdom (Calvino, 1957), we too have the ability to adapt as he did to nature. Sou Fujimoto’s concept of “caveâ€? versus “nestâ€? (Fujimoto, 2011) echoes the polarity in the two notions RI DGDSWLRQ Č‚ KXPDQȇV DGDSWDWLRQ WR QDWXUH YHUVXV QDWXUHȇV adaptation to humans. While the latter involves the preparation of a space for habitation, the former implies a natural space WKDW PRXOGV KXPDQ EHKDYLRXU RÎ?HULQJ IUHH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV DV to how to use the space, drawing on our creativity and ingenuity to minimise intrusion on nature. Adapting ourselves to a natural environment allows other living things to survive, and would

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*LOOHV &OÂŤPHQWȇV LGHD RI *DUGHQ LQ 0RWLRQ Č´UVW FRQFHLYHG LQ 1984, is a garden allowed to run by itself, where gardeners RQO\ UHJXODWH WKH ČľRZ RI ZLOGOLIH ΖWV SULQFLSOH REMHFWLYH LV WR “maintain and increase biological diversity, a source of wonder, a guarantee for the futureâ€? (ClĂŠment, 1984). But this can only be done with human involvement. His concept probes one obvious question: do we choose to be parasites on Earth’s resources? Or do we choose to be good gardeners? (Lanzoni, 2006) Since conception 30 years ago, people are now beginning to understand its relevance. A rise in the establishment of wetland habitats in cities including the Hong Kong Wetland Park and Punggol Waterway LQ 6LQJDSRUH DUH WHVWDPHQWV WR HÎ?RUWV PDGH WR HQFRXUDJH biodiversity in urban landscapes. More can be done to not only introduce replications of certain habitats around the city, but to introduce the wide variety of habitats that can be found in the tropical rainforests of the region as described in the beginning of this essay. These fragmented habitats can then spontaneously interact as a metapopulation which creates opportunities for new evolution to occur in the urban landscape. In pushing for biodiversity in urban areas, there is a chance that we might upset the balance between humans and biodiversity, leading to the other end of the extreme where biodiversity overwhelms mankind. While that seems like a cause for worry, human’s habit for adaptation would eventually bring the balance back to equilibrium. After years of being parasitic on the land, Singapore has recently started to repair the harm it has done. Finally, it has decided to be a gardener. Introducing aquatic habitats, reconnecting fragmented forests, and allowing fauna to proliferate are now her pastimes. The recent sightings of otters at Punggol and Botanical Gardens (Abu Baker, 2014) prompt the imagination that maybe someday, with intelligence in technology and wisdom acquired over the years, tigers can live here again.

References %RRNV &DOYLQR Ζ ΖQYLVLEOH &LWLHV %RVWRQ +RXJKWRQ 0LɞLQ Harcourt Publishing Company.

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Calvino I. (1957) The Baron in the Tree. Boston: Mariner Books. De Saint-ExupĂŠry A. (1943) The Little Prince. New York: Reynal and Hitchcock. Hugh T.W. Tan, L.M. Chou, Darren C.J. Yeo and Peter K.L. Ng (2009) The Natural Heritage of Singapore. 3rd Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education. Kellert S.R., Heerwagen J., Mador M. (2008) Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life. New Jersey: Wiley. Owa Yasuhiro (2001) Kyoshi Haiku ni okeru Kyakkanshasei to Shukan. Japan: Journal of Sophia University.

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Monbiot G. (2013) Feral searching for enchantment on the frontier of rewildin. London: Penguin Group. Wilson E.O. (1984) Biophilia, the human bond with the other species. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Wilson E.O. (1992) The Diversity of Life. Boston: Harvard University Press. Lanzoni C. (2006) Gilles ClĂŠment: Un Poeta Giardiniere per il *LDUGLQR 3ODQHWDULR YROXPH )UDQFH 4XDGHUQL GHOOD 5L 9LVWD Ricerche per la progettazione del paesaggio. Firenze: University Press.

Ministry of Environment Japan (2012) Overview of the National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan 2012-2020 Roadmap towards the Establishment of an Enriching Society in Harmony with Nature. [Online] Available from: http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/jp/jpnbsap-v5-en.pdf [Accessed: 6th November 2014]

T. C. Whitmore (1998) An Introduction to Tropical Rain Forests. Second edition. England: Oxford University Press. Myers N. (1993) Rainforest, the illustrated library of the Earth. London: Weldon Owen Publishing. )LOPV Biophilic Design: The Architecture of Life (2011) Film. Directed by Stephen R. Kellert and Bill Finnegan. USA: Tamarack Media. My Neighbour Totoro (1988) Film. Directed by Hayao Miyasaki. Japan: Studio Ghibli. Website Abu Baker J. (2014) The Straits Times/Singapore. [Online] Available from: http://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/ more-singapore-stories/story/otter-spotted-taking-dip-swanlake-botanic-gardens-20141 [Accessed: 6th November 2014]

Fujimoto S. (2011) Primitive Future. Lecture to Harvard Graduate School of Design. [Online]Available from: http://www. gsd.harvard.edu/#/media/sou-fujimoto-primitive-future.html [Accessed: 6th November 2014] Koh T. (2006) Biodiversity and Cities. The Third Linnaeus Lecture. Nagoya, Japan. [Online] Available from: http://nparks.gov.sg/cms/ LQGH[ SKS"RSWLRQ FRPBQHZV WDVN YLHZ LG ΖWHPLG [Accessed: 31st October 2014]

National Parks Board (2009) Conserving Our Biodiversity Singapore’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Singapore. [Online] Available from: http://www.nparks.gov.sg/ FPV GRFV QEF 13DUN ERRNOHW ȴQDO VHS SGI >$FFHVVHG WK November 2014] 1DWLRQDO 3DUNV %RDUG (FR /LQN#%.( Ȃ 5HFRQQHFWLQJ 2XU Biodiversity. My Green Space. [Online] 1(20). Available from: http://mygreenspace.nparks.gov.sg/eco-linkbke-reconnectingour-biodiversity/ [Accessed: 5th November 2014] The Nature Conservancy (2014) Rainforests Facts About Rainforests. [Online] Available from: http://www.nature.org/ ourinitiatives/urgentissues/rainforests/rainforests-facts.xml [Accessed: 6th November 2014] OCULUS Landscape Architecture and Urban Design (2011) The Tiger’s Garden. [Online] Available from: http://www.ura. gov.sg/railcorridor/journeyofpossibilities/extraordinary.html [Accessed: 5th November 2014]

Australian Government, Department of the Environment. (2010) Australia’s Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 20102030. [Online] Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/ biodiversity [Accessed: 31st October 2014] ClÊment G. (1984) Garden in Motion. [Online] Available from: http://www.gillesclement.com/cat-mouvement-tit-Le-Jardin-enMouvement [Accessed: 5th November 2014] Department of Statistics Singapore (2014) Population & Land Area (Mid-Year Estimates). [Online] Available from: http://www. singstat.gov.sg/statistics/latest_data.html#14 [Accessed: 31st

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SINGAPORE PUBLIC PARKS’ NARRATIVES: DESIGN STRATEGIES TO BUILD IDENTITY 5DÎ?DHOOD SINI Assistant Professor Department of Architecture, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore akirs@nus.edu.sg Keywords: PUBLIC PARKS, PLANNING, DESIGN, SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY, IDENTITY

Abstract 6LQJDSRUHȇV ODQGVFDSH SODQQLQJ SROLFLHV LPSOHPHQWHG VLQFH WKH V ZKHQ WKH FLW\ EHFDPH DQ LQGHSHQGHQW VWDWH KDYH FRPSOHWHO\ FKDQJHG 6LQJDSRUHȇV LPDJH DQG SK\VLFDO ODQGVFDSH 7KH\ DUH FULWLFL]HG IRU KDYLQJ SURGXFHG D Ȇ7DEXOD 5DVDȇ .RROKDDV ZKHUH QDWXUDO DQG FXOWXUDO IHDWXUHV DUH GHHPHG WR KDYH EHHQ VDFULČ´FHG IRU XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW ΖQ WKH OLJKW RI QDWLRQDO FRQFHUQV GXH WR WKH FLW\ȇV H[SRQHQWLDO JURZWK D SURMHFWHG SRSXODWLRQ RI PLOOLRQ LQ IRU D SUHVHQW ODQG DUHD RI VT NP 137' 3RSXODWLRQ :KLWH 3DSHU WKHUH LV JURZLQJ DZDUHQHVV RI WKH FRQVHTXHQFHV RI D Ȇ7DEXOD 5DVDȇ HÎ?HFW in terms of social sustainability. Urban planning agencies manifest D QHHG WR HQJDJH VWUDWHJLHV WKDW FUHDWH HQKDQFH D VHQVH RI KLVWRU\ EXLOG VRFLDO PHPRU\ DQG WKXV IRVWHU LGHQWLW\ DQG SODFH DWWDFKPHQW LQ KLJK GHQVLW\ HQYLURQPHQWV 7R VKHG OLJKW RQ ODQGVFDSH SODQQLQJ SROLFLHV WKH SDSHU LQYHVWLJDWHV GHVLJQ DQG PDQDJHPHQW VWUDWHJLHV RI 6LQJDSRUH 3XEOLF 3DUNV LPSOHPHQWHG LQ \HDUV RI LQWHQVH H[SHULPHQWDWLRQV $W D QDWLRQDO VFDOH WKH\ UHSUHVHQW SRZHUIXO V\PEROLF PRQXPHQWV WR *RYHUQPHQWȇV HÉ?FDF\ WR IRUJH D &OHDQ DQG *UHHQ FLW\ <XHQ EXLOW WR DWWUDFW LQYHVWRUV 3DUNV KDYH WKHUHIRUH IXOO\ LPSOHPHQWHG WKH *DUGHQ &LW\ YLVLRQ ZKHUH FUDIWHG QDWXUH KDV EHHQ XVHG DV SULPDU\ H[SHULPHQWDO YHKLFOH LQ WKH EUDQGLQJ DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI DQ DUWLČ´FLDO WURSLFDO VHWWLQJ $W WKH ORFDO VFDOH DSSDUHQWO\ SDUNV DUH SULPDULO\ FRQFHLYHG DV D IXQFWLRQDO VHWWLQJ IRU WKH UHFUHDWLRQDO DFWLYLWLHV RI WKH UHVLGHQWV 5HVHDUFK DLPV DW Č´OOLQJ D JDS LQ H[LVWLQJ OLWHUDWXUH WR XQGHUVWDQG ZKHWKHU EHVLGHV SUDFWLFDO FRQFHUQV UHODWHG WR QDWLRQDO HFRQRP\ RU ORFDO IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RWKHU REMHFWLYHV KDYH DQLPDWHG WKH PDNLQJ RI parks. $UFKLYDO UHVHDUFK LQYHVWLJDWHV SROLFLHV LPSOHPHQWHG E\ WKH PDVWHU SODQV DW WKH QDWLRQDO DQG GLVWULFW OHYHO DQG UHFRQVWUXFWV WKHLU UHOHYDQFH LQ LQIRUPLQJ WKH SDUNVȇ GHVLJQ DQG PDQDJHPHQW VWUDWHJLHV

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1. Singapore Urban Greening Singapore urban greening has been orchestrated by the master plans which have shaped the city state, beginning with the Concept Master Plan of 1958. *UHHQLQJ KDV LQLWLDOO\ EHHQ VHHQ DV D EHDXWLȴFDWLRQ H[HUFLVH DV well as the avoidance of Singapore as concrete jungle given its rapid urban development (Yeoh 2004) From the 1960s the government has kept a campaign labelled the Clean and Green Week which has become a goal that has driven the physical development of the city. In 1963 Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew launched a Tree Planting Campaign. In 1965 the Garden City concept was adopted (Yeoh 2004). 6LQJDSRUH ZRXOG EH ȆD JDUGHQ FLW\ EHDXWLIXO ZLWK ȾRZHUV DQG WUHHV DQG DV WLG\ DQG OLWWHU OHVV DV FDQ EHȇ DV VSHFLȴHG E\ 3ULPH Minister in 1967 (Auger 2013). Since 1965 Singapore shapes its image and physical landscape with the Garden City vision, where crafted nature is used as a metaphor and the means to FRQVWUXFW DQG EUDQG DQ DUWLȴFLDO WURSLFDO VHWWLQJ To implement this vision the Garden City Action Committee was formed in 1973, with the duty to oversee policies for greening the whole island and coordinate the activities of the various government agencies (NParks 2014a) involved with the physical development of Singapore. These are the Housing and Development Board (HDB) which provides public housing, the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) in charge of the Singapore Central Area redevelopment and the Jurong Town Corporation (JTC) which developed the largest industrial estate

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in Singapore. These statutory authorities plan and implement the development of their own parks and open spaces (Ooi and Wong 1989). The Singapore Botanic Gardens was the lead organization in providing the expertise and plant materials for the greening programs (NParks 2014a) In 1976 the Parks and Recreation Department (PRD) was set under the Ministry of National Development, responsible for the remaining green areas in the city-state. By the 1980s the policy to keep Singapore green and clean is a publicly supported policy. More than 500,000 trees and 2,800,000 shrubs had been planted in public places and residential estates. In addition 20 mayor parks had been or ZHUH EHLQJ GHYHORSHG VLQFH WKH V 7KH FLW\ EHDXWLČ´FDWLRQ was planned to continue, along with a major programme to develop parks for recreation, especially along and near the coasts. Objective of the 1980 master plan was to achieve an open space standard (including the recreational areas) of 0,8 ha per 1000 population (Singapore Master Plan Report of Survey 1980) In 1996 the PRD was renamed National Parks Board (NParks 2014a). 2. A vision of Nature and the role of public parks Nature in Singapore is ‘a socially constructed reality constituted in the image of a society concerned with economic development DQG SURJUHVV ZKHUH WKH REMHFWLČ´FDWLRQ RI QDWXUH HPERGLHV D VHW of social values that endorse economic imperatives’ (Kong and <HRK 2É?FLDOO\ 6LQJDSRUH ȆOXVK ODQGVFDSHȇ LV DFFODLPHG DV the State ‘important facet of our identity’ (Tan 2013) In Singapore every external space, from natural to built-up areas, is man-made and planned. The material forms in which nature is constructed are engineered (Teo 2004). Kong and Yeoh (1996) list consistent themes in the construction RI QDWXUH DQ HFRORJLFDO VFLHQWLČ´F VDQFWXDU\ IRU REVHUYLQJ DQG studying nature; an aesthetic setting for recreational activities; an economic resource exploited in colonial periods (plantations) or tourist commodity. Initially powerful symbolic monuments to Government’s HÉ?FDF\ WR IRUJH WKH &OHDQ DQG *UHHQ FLW\ <XHQ SDUNV have performed various functions and have acquired various meanings as the Garden City concept has evolved. The taming and manipulating of nature has determined a pattern of park development that manifests order and the exercise of authority. To nurture a garden city which is attractive to WRXULVWV DQG LQYHVWRUV SROLF\ GHFLVLRQV UHČľHFW DQG DUH LQIRUPHG

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by political and nation building agendas and commitment to economic growth. Public Parks in Singapore are regarded as economic, social and environmental assets which contribute to national identity, destination image, the health and welfare of the population, prosperity and sustainability (Henderson 2013). In this context Singapore Public Parks are an iconographic representation set up by a state, consciously meant to deliver a message, induce a certain attitude and lifestyle. They are a representation of values expressed in the physical fabric of the DUWHIDFWV WKURXJK GLÎ?HUHQW GHVLJQ VWUDWHJLHV Today parks and open spaces in Singapore are targeted at a broad set of objectives so do not have a single homogeneous IXQFWLRQ SULPDULO\ VHUYLQJ DV UHFUHDWLRQDO JURXQGV DQG DV EXÎ?HU zones to break the monotony of built up areas. Considering LWV VPDOO VL]H WKH LVODQG RÎ?HUV D ZLGH YDULHW\ RI SDUNV 7KLV LV deliberate, for the idea is to cater to the diverse recreational QHHGV RI WKH SRSXODWLRQ 3DUNV HQYLVLRQHG ZLWK VSHFLČ´F WKHPHV are purposely designed to answer to a number of necessities, and are arranged in a network to form a ‘Total Playground’ (Lee & Chua 1992). Singapore Urban Redevelopment Authority states: ‘Singaporeans ZLOO EH DEOH WR HQMR\ SDUNV RI GLÎ?HUHQW WKHPHV DQG VL]HV WKDW RÎ?HU D GLYHUVLW\ RI UHFUHDWLRQDO H[SHULHQFHV 7KH WKHPHV LQFOXGH art and heritage, nature, coastal, learning and discovery. Parks of varying size, from community to town and regional parks, will mostly be close to homes for easy access’ (MND 2013) 3. The “Functionalâ€? phase: parks as a response to the 1958 Master Plan 7KH Č´UVW PDVWHU SODQ RI 6LQJDSRUH LQ GHYLVHG WR FRQWURO development and guide the planning for an orderly growth, was prepared by the Singapore Improvement Trust between 1952 and 1955 (Singapore Master Plan Report of Survey 1955) and approved by the Government in 1958 (URA 1958). Singapore in 1963 counts an estimated population of 1,004,000 for a land surface of 224.5 square miles (Singapore Master Plan Review 1965). The 1958 Master Plan, conceived during the colonial era, generally followed the British town practice of the time. The plan aimed at regulating land development through land use zonings, density and plot ratio control and reserving lands for schools, open spaces, infrastructural facilities and other essential community uses (Singapore Master Plan Report of Survey 1985). It proposed to contain the expansion of the city by means of a Green Belt to overcome congestion in the downtown area; envisaged self-contained new towns in the Rural Planning Area, built under a decentralization policy to absorb the future urban growth, connected with one another and with the Central Area by major arterial roads; lastly proposed to develop and

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expand key villages and settlements to serve as centres for the agricultural and rural communities (Singapore Master Plan Report of Survey 1985) The Housing and Development Board (HDB) was established in the 1960s (Ooi and Wong, 1989) to plan and implement the new towns public housing. The 1958 Master Plan, envisioned in the 1955 Report of Survey, divides the island in 3 planning areas, according to the existing use of the land, further subdivided into planning districts: a) The Central Planning Area. This area covers the part of the LVODQG LPSOHPHQWHG IURP WKH FRORQLDO 5DÉžHV 3ODQ DQG LW stands today as the historic area of the city. b) The Urban Planning Area, which surrounds the central area. Here are the S.I.T. projects for the new housing districts, such as WKH RQHV IRU 4XHHQVWRZQ DQG 7RD 3D\RK c) The Rural Planning Area and islands. It is divided into 11 rural planning districts where existing settlements are mainly DJULFXOWXUDO RU Č´VKLQJ YLOODJHV DORQJ ZLWK ODUJH DUHDV RI IDUPODQG 7KH SODQ FRQWDLQV D JHQHUDO FODVVLČ´FDWLRQ RI SURSRVHG DQG existing open spaces, according to the functions they perform:

The proposed system employs a western structural planning model, which had been amply tested in the UK such as the Green Belt, to be used for parks, recreational and agriculture, which was intended to limit the urban sprawl by surrounding the existing urbanized area and separate it from the proposed new towns. To respond to increasing water demands of the growing population and the shortage of fresh water due to physical characteristics of the island and its climate, an area of 7,500 acres (1/20 of the island) at its centre had already been developed for the supply of water, by creating 3 impounding reservoirs in the main valley draining the watershed. Thirty years previously the City Council had developed the Catchment Area on the main land which was completed before World War II. The public had access to the Central Water Catchment Area in the areas of MacRitchie and Pierce Reservoirs, which were used as parkland (Singapore Master Plan Report of Survey 1955). Under the Nature Reserves Ordinance in 1951 a number of nature reserves were designated and a board was set up to administrate them. The designated primary function of the UHVHUYHV ZDV VFLHQWLČ´F DQG WKHUHIRUH SXEOLF ULJKW RI DFFHVV ZDV UHVWULFWHG LQ RUGHU WR SUHVHUYH WKH ČľRUD DQG IDXQD ZLWKLQ WKHP (Singapore Master Plan Report of Survey 1955).

Green Belt Nature Reserves Town Open Spaces District Open Spaces School Playing Fields Cemeteries Beaches Incidental Open Spaces

The Singapore Master Plan Report of Survey 1955, noting a grave GHČ´FLHQF\ LQ RSHQ VSDFH UHFRPPHQGV WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI town open spaces (larger parks to serve the urban population in general) and district open spaces (small open spaces of 2-4 acres in size, to be established in planning districts). The plan VXJJHVWHG WKDW WKH\ VKRXOG IXOČ´O PDLQ IXQFWLRQV WKH YHQWLODWLRQ of built up areas and the need for recreation. Incidental to this function, for the larger parks, it was noted that of ‘varying and beautifying the urban scene’.

It then attempts to organize them into a system of open spaces, designed to satisfy the need and convenience of the population.

4. The ‘Identity’ phase: parks as a response to the 1971Concept Plan and the 1980 Master Plan The 1971 Concept Plan strengthens the 1958 Master Plan proposal for the new towns and adopts a ‘Ring Concept’ which envisaged the development of a ring of new high-density satellite towns around the central water catchment area, with each town separated by green spaces and a system of parks and open spaces. (URA 1971) Since 1985, 85% of the Singapore resident population lives in +'% ČľDWV ZLWK WKH PDMRULW\ RZQLQJ WKH ČľDW WKH\ RFFXS\ (Yuen 2007)

Figure 1. Singapore 1958 Masterplan. Highlighted are the Green Belt, Central Catchment Area, Nature Reserves, the Botanic Gardens, the major existing and proposed public parks. Source: Author, elaboration of the 1958 Singapore Master plan

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The Master Plan and Concept Plan are therefore the two instruments guiding the planning and development of public housing estates new town in Singapore, since the HDB was established in the 1960s.

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Each new town was devised as an independent unit, equipped with its own hierarchical set of green spaces. The land use for a new town is guided by HDB’s structural model, an integrated and comprehensive plan showing the distribution of land uses including green spaces which serves as reference point and is meant to be adapted to suit each new town’s topography, size, VKDSH VSHFLȴF FRQGLWLRQV DQG FRQVWUDLQWV 6HLN

of residential and 36 Ha of parks and gardens therefore making 6.5% of the residential usage (20 Ha for the town park and 16 for the neighborhood parks). Similarly the 1996 URA Development Guide Plan for Yishun Planning District proposes a land use of 468 Ha of residential and 53 Ha of parks and gardens (35 Ha for the town park and reservoir park and 18 for the neighborhood parks). This makes 6.4% of the residential usage if the overall count for town park and neighborhood park is reduced to 32 Ha, excluding the reservoir park and considering 14Ha for Yishun Town Park (Nparks 2014b)

The emergence of New Towns in the mid-1960s marked a policy shift, in which the Housing and Development Board (HDB) went WKURXJK D UHČ´QHPHQW SKDVH LQ WKH GHVLJQ RI WKH SXEOLF KRXVLQJ From late 1970s onwards this gave way to what may be termed as ‘identity’ phase, which witnessed the search of uniqueness among new towns, in which HDB experimented with various planning and design elements to give new towns ‘character and identity’ (Eng 1996) )LJXUH 'LÎ?HUHQW K\SRWKHVLV RI PDVWHU SODQ FRQWDLQHG LQ WKH 1965 Singapore Master Plan Review 1965, with proposal of a Green %HOW $ % & DQG &RQFHSW 3ODQ ' ZKLFK SURSRVHV D GLÎ?HUHQW distribution of the open spaces Source: Author

Parks, gardens and open spaces of varying size, while providing recreational space for residents, are also exploited WR GLÎ?HUHQWLDWH RQH QHZ WRZQ IURP DQRWKHU DPRQJ SODQQLQJ elements and features employed to bring about the evolution of character are topography and parks.

The planning and design of open spaces in HDB new towns is initially regulated with the introduction of the precinct concept in the 1980s which recommends the provision in each new town of a town park, several neighbourhood parks and precinct gardens to provide recreational amenities for the community and the character and identity of the new town (Yeh 1989). These parks and open spaces from the 1970s/1980s were systematically introduced as integral spaces of new township development (Yuen, 1996).

Along with providing recreation and building community cohesion though expanding on the quality, size and number of provision of equipment functional to active community HQJDJHPHQW VXFK SOD\JURXQGV Č´WQHVV DQG H[HUFLVH amphitheatres, event lawns, etc.) parks have been designed using a thematic approach coherent to the district`s design, manipulating physical attributes, historical and cultural notions to enhance the identity of the district. This strategy is implemented in a number of New Towns from the 1970s, and UHČ´QHG WKURXJK WKH V DQG V DV +'% GHFLGHV ZKLFK design/themes it wants for each housing estate and by doing so HDB forms the image that it desires to project for each estate (Teo and Huang 1996).

In the HDB’s post-1982 prototype new towns of 625 hectares close to 4% of the land is set aside for open spaces. In each new town there is a town park of 5-10 hectares, several neighborhood parks of 1-1.5 hectares, and many more precinct gardens each of approximately 0,2 hectares. The purpose of these parks is to demarcate a territory in relatively close physical proximity to housing for the residents to identify with and use. The town park often serves also as a regional park for a number of new towns (Yeh, 1989) 7KLV ODQG GLVWULEXWLRQ LV UHȾHFWHG LQ WKH SUHVHQW SODQQLQJ districts. With the completion of the 1991 Concept Plan, URA proceeded to prepare detailed plans called Development Guide Plans (DGPs) for each of the 55 Planning Districts included in the plan. In the DGP the broad vision of the concept plan is detailed (URA 1990s). The 1996 URA Development Guide Plan for Ang Mo Kio Planning District proposes a land use of 513 Ha

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Dismissed as resurrection of Asia aesthetics, mere decoration RI WKH XUEDQ PDFKLQH .RROKDDV 3RVW 0RGHUQ LQȾXHQFH LQ Singapore has given shape to a unique experimentation in the HDB estates and in the parks within them. Design strategies employed in the parks are aimed at creating local identity by portraying the site’s history and nature in the form of manipulation/re-construction of respectively cultural or natural features, resulting in designs ranging from large-scale sculptures to choreographic landscape settings. Following this trend, in the 1990s HDB initiated the upgrading programme with the objective of giving the older estates greater

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self-identity, with the shift from using style as a guideline to exploring themes in new town planning (Teo and Huang 1996). In the HDB’s upgrading projects of the 1990s, there has been a marked attempt to depart from the anonymous standardization of the 1980s Modernist style. In 1991 the HDB’s ‘Design and Build’ scheme began allowing private architectural and construction Č´UPV WR ELG IRU FRQWUDFWV WR EXLOG DSDUWPHQW EORFNV WKH JRDO being to achieve a higher degree or architectural sophistication (Goh 2001). This involved the newer housing estates of Pasir Ris and Sengkang, the second generation estate of Ang Mo Kio (built in the 1980s but undergoing upgrading in mid-1990s) and the newer estate of Hougang built in the 1990s (Goh 2001)

4. 1 Cultural Constructions Parks’ design emphasis is placed on the representation of local culture, so built elements re-interpret or reconstruct cultural instances and features related to the site, its past or present inhabitants, or some ethnic symbols or belief. Toa Payoh Town Park, built in 1973 (Nparks 2014c) is a Chinese-style garden which features rocks, a landscaped lake with willowing trees, an arch stone bridge with the purpose to enhance the identity of the district by appealing to its former and present Chinese community. Woodlands Town Garden, built in 1983 in Woodlands incorporates elements that refer to both the Malay and Chinese architectural tradition such as pavilions and bridges, and a playground reinterprets Sang Kanchil folk tale (a popular children story in Malay culture) and retains part of Sungei mandai Kechil wich is enlarged into a landscaped lake and an existing mangrove swamp (HDB 1982) Sun Plaza in Tampines, provided as the new town park by the 1995 URA Planning Report uses the sun motif Chinese cultural symbols in designed features such as pavilions, railings, seats. Bukit Batok Town Park built in 1984 (HDB 1984) is also known as Little Guilin or Xiao Guilin among the locals, because its design, taking advantage from a disused quarry which embeds a water basin, recalls the Guilin in China - a granite rock sitting within a lake. The design takes reference from the Chinese garden using rocks, willowing trees and a scenic walk that frames the view of the rocky hill and the lake. ΖQ D VXUYH\ WKLV WRZQ SDUN ZDV SHUFHLYHG DV DQ HÎ?HFWLYH contributor to district character and the most outstanding IHDWXUH RI WKH WRZQ V LGHQWLW\ (QJ 7KH SDUN LV GHČ´QHG LQ the URA Concept Plan 2001, as a unique features and landmark that can give residents a sense of identity, history and continuity (URA 2001) As well as in the planning districts town parks, the use of cultural elements is implemented at a regional scale in 1975 (JTC 2014) with the building of the Chinese and Japanese Gardens in Jurong East by the Jurong Town Corporation. These works transform the existing water features to build a tourism attraction.

Figure 3. Yishun New Town residential estate (Masterplan 2014) At its centre the Town Park. Scattered the smaller neighbourhood parks each serving the adjacent housing units Sculptures depicting local fruits in Tampines Central Park and Ang Mo Kio Town Garden East Source: Author

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4. 2 Constructions of Nature Parks’ design emphasis is placed on the representation of nature. This strategy thus uses nature as primary expressive and functional vehicle. Existing landscape features and more generally the idea of tropical nature are manipulated, reinterpreted or retained from the former site. Pasir Ris New Town (1990s) is centered on a resort coastal-sea theme with touches of local architecture incorporated into its

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RYHUDOO GHVLJQ (QJ 7KLV LV UHČľHFWHG LQ WKH FRDVWDO 3DVLU 5LV Park, which, during the reclamation process, retains part of the pre-existing mangrove forest and is conceived with the theme Merry Holidays, implemented by a number of facilities such as front beach barbeque areas, spaces for camping and holiday bungalows; Sea-Shell Park has an amphitheater, rest areas, Č´WQHVV FRUQHUV DQG IRXQWDLQV LPSOHPHQWHG LQ FRQFUHWH VKDSH shells; Park Atlantis exhibits a water-playground with sea-stars. A number of parks re-interpret the vernacular referring to the old Kampong settings, or to the agricultural vocation that Singapore had in the period of the English Colony. In 1984, over 3,500 fruit trees were planted on HDB estates. By 1996, the cumulative total was 44,000. This was part of the 1970s and 1980s campaigns for the planting of fruits, which had the educational purpose to teach children to recognise those ‘old Style’ fruits (Auger 2013). The experiment afterwards stopped because the trees required too much maintenance, although trees like durian and jackfruit can still be seen around neighbourhoods Parks. Ang Mo Kio Town Garden East built in 1983 (HDB 1982) displays rubber trees as well as other economically important trees such as nutmeg and cinnamon. Sculptures of rubber seeds and nutmegs installed enhance the trees found on site. Choa Chu Kang Park (NParks 2014d) retains remnants of fruit trees as part of its secondary forest related to its rural area ZKHUH NDPSRQJ YLOODJHV DQG FURS SODQWDWLRQV ČľRXULVKHG ΖQ DQRWKHU QHZ WRZQ <LVKXQ D UXEEHU WUHH SDUN UHČľHFWV WKH previous land use of the area. The rural character of Yishun is preserved in the Yishun Town Park, where sculptures that act as signage are used to depict local fruits (Auger 2013) secondary forest as well as and old kampong orchard trees such as durian, rambutan, jackfruit, star fruit, coconut and breadfruit are preserved and replanted (NParks 2014e). A similar intention is GLVSOD\HG E\ SODQQHUV LQWHQGLQJ WR UHČľHFW WKH ODQGVFDSH RI D vegetable farm' in line with the kampong setting of Yishun area before development in Yishun Town Garden vegetable farm implemented since the 1980s (Waller 2001) Tampines Central Park reinterprets old plantations and kampong orchards with large scale fruit-shaped playgrounds in the form of pineapple (demolished), nutmeg and watermelon designed by artist Khor Ean Ghee for HDB. They are two of a number of playgrounds which were scattered in town estates from the 1970s to the 1990s to inject character and identity to the residential public spaces (Zhuang 2012) At a regional scale, in 1971 the Jurong Bird Park is built as a Č´UVW WRXULVP GHVWLQDWLRQ FRQVWUXFWLQJ WKH KLJKHVW PDQ PDGH ZDWHUIDOO DV DQ DUWLČ´FLDO WURSLFDO VHWWLQJ GLVSOD\LQJ OLYH DQLPDOV (WRSCF 2014)

5. The ‘Ecology’ phase: parks as a response to the 1991 Blue and Green Plan The vision of the 1991 Concept Plan, released by the Urban Redevelopment Authority is ‘an island with an increased sense of “island-nessâ€? - more beaches, marinas‌ an attractive coastline and a city that embraces the waterline more closely as a signal of its island heritage. Singapore will be cloaked in greenery, both manicured by man and protected tracks of natural growth, and with waterbodies woven into the landscape’ (URA 1991 Living the next Lap). The plan envisions a system of open spaces that complements existing waterways as the new paradigm, ‘safeguarding Singapore’s natural heritage and enhancing the ecology of its urban environment’ (URA 1991). The following Singapore’s Master Plan 2003 incorporates a new island-wide Parks and Water Bodies, with the aim to increase accessibility and connectivity by incrementing the park connectors’ network, develop a number of new parks while enlarging existing parks. The 2001 Identity Plan focus meant to enhance Singapore’s natural and built identity so as to create a distinctive city with rich heritage, character and diversity (URA 2001). From 2003 onwards the production of parks increases. The new typologies of parks are varied, and often the design SURMHFW SUHYLRXVO\ JHQHUDOO\ H[HFXWHG E\ JRYHUQPHQW RÉ?FHUV LV JLYHQ WR H[WHUQDO Č´UPV VRPH UHQHZHG ZRUOG ZLGH ZLWK WKH intent to increase park`s diversity and appeal. Prime Minister announced plans in 2012 to turn three public parks into themed Destination Parks with unusual recreational elements to attract Singaporeans from around the island. This new impetus springs also from the consideration that while Singapore’s total population is projected to increase, its park provision ratio (PPR) and park area as a percentage of city area are at a low to moderate level if compared to other cities (Tan, Wang, Sia 2013). From 2006 Singapore National Water Agency launches the Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters Programme to “improve the quality of water and lifeâ€? with a number of projects which renaturalize the extensive network of waterways and reservoirs developed over the years for Singapore water supply, including existing water bodies within parks. The idea of a “City of Gardens and Waterâ€? embraces a pervasive network of about 8,000km of waterways and 17 reservoirs (PUB 2014a) This strategy of reconstructing nature gives space to a unifying image for the city which tends towards a predominant ‘water’ narrative: a comprehensive, functional and ecological infrastructure. The parks are linked by a connecting network that functions also as ecological corridor. The hydrological system of concrete canals is therefore broken

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by new typologies of parks such as Bishan - Ang Mo Kio Park, built in 1988 and redeveloped in 2012 (PUB 2014b) by demolishing the concrete drain that divides the park into two parts and re-shaping it into a meandering stream, to enhance ecological value and bring community closer to nature. New parks build on the theme of Nature and Water as the new paradigm, implementing the vision of ‘water-bodies woven into the landscape’ of the 1991 plan. Admiralty Park built in 2008 (NParks 2008) proposes as central design feature the meandering Sungei China River with its rich habitats and biodiversity, including a secondary forest, freshwater swamp, mangrove and grassland. In Punggol Waterway Park built in 2011, nature is reconstructed along the canal, while a Kelong-shaped bridge is named after DQG LQVSLUHG E\ 6LQJDSRUHCV WUDGLWLRQDO Č´VKLQJ YLOODJHV RQ VWLOWV and the old Punggol road is retained as historic evidence (HDB 2012) The parks implemented after 2003 have been built along the canals, re-structuring the whole water system by incorporating the waters inside the park as predominant narrative feature, with an emphasis on ecology and the preservation of biodiversity linked to secondary forests, mangroves, constructed wetlands. 7KRVH DUH GHČ´QHG E\ 13DUNV ZHEVLWH DV 5LYHULQH 3DUNV 7KLV strategy provides also an educational function expressed within the parks by structures such a viewing decks and signage. Some old town parks (such as Toa Payoh Town Park) have been partially re-structured to accommodate the ecology theme and its educational possibilities. 6. The “Singapore Playgroundâ€?: parks in the 2014 Master Plan Today Singapore has a complex network of more than 350 parks, designed for an average 0.8ha of parks per 1,000 residents. These parks are located in close proximity to the public housing estates, and linked by a 200km network of park connectors (MND 2013). HDB plans and manages the designs for new Neighbourhood Parks, once these parks are constructed they are usually handed over to the relevant Town Council to manage. All other existing Neighbourhood Parks, Common Greens and local parks are managed by the respective Town Councils (HDB 2014)

(NParks facts and Figures 2013) In addition this governing body oversees the roadside greenery and an island-wide Park Connector Network (approved in 1991 within the “Blue and Greenâ€? Plan), which counts 63 park connectors. A Park Connector, usually linear in shape, is built over unutilized strips of land, usually on drainage reserves (DR) and road reserves, to link regional parks (NParks facts and Figures 2013) The 330 parks are subdivided in 6 categories (NParks 2014) as such: 1. Coastal Parks: parks located along coastlines 2. Arts & Heritage Parks: parks in the civic district focused in promoting arts, cultural and heritage 3. HortPark & Southern Ridges: 5 parks linked by bridges to EULQJ FORVHU WR QDWXUH ZLWKRXW WKH LQWHUIHUHQFH RI YHKLFOH WUDÉ?F Labrador Nature Reserve was linked to this via Labrador Nature and coastal walk in 2012 by the Alexander trail 4. Community Parks: parks and playgrounds in the heartlands 5. Riverine Parks - parks near water bodies e.g reservoirs/rivers 6. Nature Reserves and parks surrounding nature reserves The division in categories clearly emphasizes the importance given to the parks’ function and main theme.

Figure 4. List of Parks managed by NParks in 2014 Source: Author, elaboration of NParks data

7. Conclusions The research highlights the changing conceptualization of the public parks as Singapore transforms from a colony into an independent city state. Borrowing western and eastern LQČľXHQFHV PHGLDWHG E\ WKH PDVWHU SODQ JXLGHOLQHV WKH SDUNV at a regional scale are part of a system and at the local scale functional to the needs of residents and distinct containers of local narratives.

A number of existing Neighborhood Parks as well as Regional Parks in HDB towns are managed by the National Parks Board (NParks). NParks manages 330 parks, this number includes the JUHHQ DUHDV GHČ´QHG DV RSHQ VSDFHV SOD\JURXQGV DQG Č´WQHVV FRUQHUV 13DUNV 7KH SDUNV DUH FODVVLČ´HG LQWR 5HJLRQDO Parks and 271 Neighborhood Parks. It also manages 4 nature UHVHUYHV WKH %RWDQLF *DUGHQV DQG 3XODX 8ELQ RÎ?VKRUH LVODQG

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9. Koolhaas, R. 1995. Singapore Songlines: Portrait of a Potemkin Metropolis‌or 30 years of Tabula Rasa. In S, M, L, XL, Monacelli Press, 1995. p 1077-1079 10. Kong, L., & Yeoh, B.S.A. (1996). Social constructions of nature in urban Singapore. Southeast Asian Studies, 34(2), 402 Ȃ 11. Lee, S. K., Chua S. E. (1992). More than a Garden City. Parks &Recreation Department, Singapore. 12. Ministry of National Development (MND) Planning Department 1980. Singapore Master Plan Report of Survey Figure 5. List and Mapping of Regional Parks managed by NParks in 2014. The Regional Parks usually coincide with the Town Park in each Planning District. Source: Author, elaboration of NParks data

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4. HDB 1982 Housing and Development Board. Three new Town gardens at Ang Mo Kio, Woodlands and Clementi. My Home Magazine, October 1982 Issue, pg 16-18

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18. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index. SKS"RSWLRQ FRPBFRQWHQW YLHZ DUWLFOH LG FRUSRUDWH LQIR FDWLG DERXW XV ΖWHPLG 2UJDQLVDWLRQ 19. NParks 2014b National Parks Board. Yishun Town Park. Retrieved January 20, 2014 from: http:// ZZZ QSDUNV JRY VJ FPV LQGH[ SKS"RSWLRQ FRPB YLVLWRUVJXLGH WDVN SDUNV LG ΖWHPLG

7. Henderson, J. C. (2013). Urban parks and green spaces in Singapore. Managing Leisure,18(3), 213 -225.

20. NParks 2014c National Parks Board. Toa Payoh Town Park. Retrieved January 20, 2014 from: http:// ZZZ QSDUNV JRY VJ FPV LQGH[ SKS"RSWLRQ FRPB YLVLWRUVJXLGH WDVN SDUNV LG ΖWHPLG

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21. NParks 2014d National Parks Board. Choa Chu Kang Park. Retrieved January 20, 2014 from: http:// ZZZ QSDUNV JRY VJ FPV LQGH[ SKS"RSWLRQ FRPB YLVLWRUVJXLGH WDVN SDUNV LG ΖWHPLG

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22. NParks 2014e National Parks Board. Yishun Park. Retrieved January 20, 2014 from: http:// ZZZ QSDUNV JRY VJ FPV LQGH[ SKS"RSWLRQ FRPB YLVLWRUVJXLGH WDVN SDUNV LG ΖWHPLG 23. Ooi, Giok Ling; Wong A.K (1989) Spatial Reorganization, in The management of success: the moulding of modern Singapore. ISEAS 24. PUB 2014a. Singapore National Water Agency. ABC Waters Programme. Retrieved January 20, 2014 from: http:// www.pub.gov.sg/abcwaters/Pages/default.aspx 25. PUB 2014b. Singapore National Water Agency. ABC Waters Programme. Kallang River @ Bishan - Ang Mo Kio Park. Retrieved January 20, 2014 from: http://www. abcwaterslearningtrails.sg/web/kallang-river.php

the Next Lap. Retrieved January 20, 2014 from: http://www. ura.gov.sg/uol/publications/research-resources/plans-reports/ Concept%20Plan%201991/living_the_next_lap_1991.aspx 36. URA 1990s Urban Redevelopment Authority. Development Guide Plans (DGPs)for each of the 55 Planning Districts 37. URA 2001 Urban Redevelopment Authority. Singapore Identity Plan 2001. Retrieved January 20, 2014 from: http:// ZZZ XUD JRY VJ XRO FRQFHSW SODQ DVS["S 9LHZ &RQFHSW 3ODQ S FRQFHSW SODQ 38. Yeh Stephen H.K. (1989) The idea of the Garden City, in The management of success: the moulding of modern Singapore. ISEAS

26. Seik, F.T. (2001). Planning and Design of Tampines, an award-winning high rise, high-density township in Singapore. (OVHYLHU 6FLHQFH &LWLHV 9RO

39. Yuen B. (2007) Squatters no more: Singapore Social Housing in Global Urban Development Magazine Retrieved November 07, 2014 from: http://www.globalurban.org/ *8'0DJ 9RO ΖVV <XHQ KWP

27. Singapore Improvement Trust (S.I.T.) 1955. Singapore Master Plan Report of Survey

40. Yuen, B. (1996). Creating the Garden City: The Singapore Experience. Urban Studies 33(6): 955-970.

28. Tan K.Y. (2013) Foreword. In Auger T. Living in a Garden: The Greening of Singapore (pp. 15). EDM Publishers Singapore.

41. Waller E. (2001). Landscape Planning in Singapore. Singapore University Press.

29. Teo, P.C.C., B.S.A. Yeoh, G.L Ooi and K.P.Y. Lai (2004). Engineered biophysical landscapes: parks and open spaces for recreation. Pages 34-49. In Changing Landscapes of Singapore, McGraw-Hill, Singapore

42. WRSCF 2014. Wild Reserves Singapore Conservation Fund, Jurong Bird Park. Retrieved January 20, 2014 from: http:// www.wrs.com.sg/parks-info-about-parks.html

30. Teo P.,Yeoh B.,Ling O., Lai K. (2004). Changing Landscapes of Singapore. Mc-Graw Hill Education Singapore.

43. Zhuang Justin (2012). Mosaic Memories. Remembering the playgrounds Singapore grew up in. Singapore Memory Project. In Plain Words, Singapore

31. Teo, P. and S. Huang (1996). A sense of place in public housing: A case study of Pasir Ris, Singapore. Habitat International 20(2): 307-325. 7DQ 3 < - :DQJ $ 6LD 3HUVSHFWLYHV RQ È´YH decades of the greening of Singapore. Cities. 32: 24-32. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2013.02.001 33. URA 1958 Urban Redevelopment Authority. Master Plan 1958. Retrieved November 07, 2014 from: http://www.ura. gov.sg/dc/mp58/mp58map_index.htm 34. URA 1971 Urban Redevelopment Authority. Concept Plan 1971. Retrieved November 07, 2014 from: http:// ZZZ XUD JRY VJ XRO FRQFHSW SODQ DVS["S 9LHZ &RQFHSW 3ODQ S &RQFHSW 3ODQ 35.

URA 1991 Urban Redevelopment Authority. Living

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STREETSCAPE CHARACTER AS REPRESENTATION OF URBAN IDENTITY CASE STUDY : BOGOR Nurhikmah Budi HARTANTI Doctoral Student in Architecture; School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development (SAPPD), ITB, Bandung; and Faculty Member of Architecture Department, FTSP, Trisakti University Jakarta. School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development (SAPPD), ITB. Labtek IXA, Jl. Ganesha, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia Architecture Department, FTSP, Trisakti University Jakarta Gd.C Kampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa, Grogol, West Jakarta, 11440 nurhart@gmail.com Widjaja Martokusumo $VVRFLDWH 3URÎ?HVRU 6FKRRO RI $UFKLWHFWXUH 3ODQQLQJ DQG 3ROLF\ Development (SAPPD); ITB, Bandung School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development (SAPPD), ITB. Labtek IXA, Jl. Ganesha, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia Keywords: STREETSCAPE

CHARACTER,

URBAN

IDENTITY,

PUBLIC

PERCEPTIONS, BOGOR

Abstract 8UEDQ LGHQWLW\ VHUYHV DV WKH EDVLV WR UHFRJQL]H D FLW\ DV DQ LQVHSDUDEOH HQWLW\ GLVWLQFW IURP WKH RWKHUV ΖW LV DOVR DQ LPSRUWDQW TXDOLW\ WR DFKLHYH VXVWDLQDELOLW\ LQ XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW LQ WKH LQFUHDVLQJ SUHVVXUH RI JOREDOL]DWLRQ 6WUHHW LV WKH XUEDQ HOHPHQW WKDW SOD\V DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ FUHDWLQJ LGHQWLW\ RI WKH FLW\ $V WKH main channel where people move in the city, streetscapes character VHUYHV DV DQ LPPHGLDWH VRXUFH RI JHQHUDO LPDJHV DQG SHUFHSWLRQV RQ WKH XUEDQ LGHQWLW\ ΖGHQWLI\LQJ VWUHHWVFDSH FKDUDFWHU LQ D FLW\ LV DQ DSSURDFK WR GLVFRYHU WKH XUEDQ LGHQWLW\ 7KLV SDSHU DWWHPSWV WR GLVFXVV WKH IRUPDWLRQ RI XUEDQ LGHQWLW\ EDVHG IURP SXEOLF SHUFHSWLRQ RQ WKH GLVWLQFWLYHQHVV DQG LPDJHDELOLW\ RI VWUHHWVFDSHV FKDUDFWHU 7KH VWXG\ WRRN FDVH LQ %RJRU D FRORQLDO FLW\ LQ :HVW -DYD ZKLFK ZHOO NQRZQ DV ERWDQLFDO FHQWHU DQG KDG FHUWDLQ VWUHHWVFDSHV FKDUDFWHU WKDW UHSUHVHQW WKH FLW\ȇV GLVWLQFWLYH LGHQWLW\ +RZHYHU WKH GHPDQGV RI HFRQRPLF DFWLYLWLHV KDV HQFRXUDJHV QHZ GHYHORSPHQWV RI %RJRU DQG SURGXFHG QHZ VWUHHWVFDSHV FKDUDFWHU WKDW GHSLFW LWV LGHQWLW\ 7KH UHVXOW LV WKDW GLVWLQFWLYHQHVV DQG LPDJHDELOLW\ RI %RJRU VWUHHWVFDSH FKDUDFWHU LV IRUPHG E\ SK\VLFDO HOHPHQWV DFWLYLW\ DV ZHOO DV DPELHQFH DQG GHWHUPLQHG E\ WUDÉ?F DUUDQJHPHQWV ΖQ JHQHUDO %RJRU XUEDQ LGHQWLW\ LV IRUPHG E\ D EOHQG RI SRVLWLYH DQG QHJDWLYH DPELHQFH ROG DQG QHZ XUEDQ IDEULFV DV ZHOO DV WUDGLWLRQDO DQG PRGHUQ HFRQRPLF DFWLYLWLHV

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Introduction Street is the most important urban element because it serves as the main channel of circulation in the city where people moves and experiencing the city’s environment. Streets also regarded as major urban space with all its features and advantages compared to squares (Moughtin, 2003). Unlike squares that need something, object or event, to keep people coming, streets are necessary urban spaces (Gehl, 1987). People need to be on street before they reach a place and do what they have to do. It is an unavoidable urban space, so that the street’s character DQG DWPRVSKHUH ZLOO ȴOO XS SHRSOHȇV LPDJHV DERXW WKH FLW\ )RU YLVLWRUV VWUHHW LV D FLW\ȇV VKRZFDVH ZKHUH WKH\ SXW RQ ȴUVW VLJKW and get an impression of the city. Just like Jane Jacob said that if we think of a city, its streets are what come to mind. If the city’s streets look interesting, the city looks interesting; and so if they look dull, the city looks dull (Jacob, 1961). Therefore, streetscape, which refers to the visual representation of street three-dimensional space, may represent the overall character of the city or we may say its identity. 8UEDQ LGHQWLW\ UHIHUV WR SHUVRQ LGHQWLȴFDWLRQ RI SODFH LQ D FLW\ scale (Lalli, 1992). A place or a city should have an identity (Oktay 2002), in order to be recognized or recalled as an entity distinct from other places (Lynch, 1981). This concept is EHFRPLQJ PRUH VLJQLȴFDQW FRQFHUQ LQ WKH XUEDQ GHVLJQ FRQWH[W lately, since the tendency of urban development under the forces of globalization leads to the creation of uniform cities. However, urban identity is not all about physical features. It is the perceive impression of people about urban pattern and WKH XQLTXH FKDUDFWHU RI D FLW\ ZKLFK XQLȴHV HQYLURQPHQWDO historical, socio-cultural, functional, and spatial values in urban space (Arbak, 2005). Urban identity is the result of people’s experience of the city which comprise of complex interaction between physical settings, functions and activities as well as meaning or symbolic aspects of the urban area that created by human activities through history (Relph, 2007; Garnham,1985; Carmona, 2007). Therefore, developments and changes on physical settings will have impacts, whether negative or positive, on the people’s impression about urban space and the identity features (Arbak, 2005). The perceived identity of a city is a tool to identify improvement measures of the desired image and quality. Maintaining urban identity is an important issue in term of sustainable development, since it help people to be more attached to their environment so that they are willing to DGYRFDWH IRU LWV VXVWDLQDELOLW\ 6FKHɞHU This study aimed to discover the extent of urban development LQ %RJRU LQȾXHQFHV LWV LGHQWLW\ VHHQ IURP SHRSOHȇV SHUFHSWLRQ on streetscape character, based on the assumption that place identity depends on people’s perception of the environment,

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which composed from the observable information (Relph, 2007). Moreover, some collective qualities exist because the majority of people experiencing a city street must have shared some experiences, and it is a result of similar interactions between the physical reality of the space and basic human physiology (Tucker, 2005). From this notions Kevin Lynch developed the concept of imageability, that is the ability of urban elements to evoke a strong image for an observer (Lynch, 1960). Imageability of streetscape character is concerned with the visual arrangement of elements within the street environment, and how those elements relate to each other and create a distinct character RU SHUFHLYDEOH GLÎ?HUHQFHV 5DSRSRUW WKDW LQGLFDWH WKH urban identity. Imageability is closely relate with distinctiveness, as human beings are more likely to recognize an environment with unique or distinct attributes because they are tend to be more imageable. Distinctiveness is an important process in recognizing place identity. As Nasar (1988) found that evaluative environment is related with distinctiveness of physical forms, YLVLELOLW\ VLJQLČ´FDQFH RI XVHV RU FRPELQDWLRQ RI WKRVH IDFWRUV Bogor is a City in West Java, only about 50 kilometers on the south from the capital city of Jakarta. It was built in the colonial era as a resort and developed as an agriculture and veterinary education place. The city has known for its botanical garden, presidential resort palace, and agriculture institute, and also known as a “rain cityâ€? for its high rainfall through the year. People who lives in or visits this city has an image of a cool, tranquil and comfortable place to stay or just stop by. However, in past few years those impressions began to change along with the growth of the city WKDW KHDYLO\ LQČľXHQFHG E\ WKH SRZHU RI JOREDO HFRQRPLF IRUFHV As part of the Jabodetabek Megapolitan area that consists of Č´YH FLWLHV L H -DNDUWD %RJRU 'HSRN 7DQJHUDQJ DQG %HNDVL the development of Bogor is integrated with the greater area. )XQFWLRQDOO\ %RJRU VHUYHV DV HQYLURQPHQWDO EXÎ?HU ]RQH residential and recreational area for Jakarta. Transportation becomes an important issue in the development of Bogor, and consequently, the development of road and streetscapes character. Meanwhile, the growth of housings also requires supporting facilities including commercial functions. Ironically, the growth of commercial functions that should only serve the surrounding area has grown into destinations of the greater region. Bogor tourism, which previously more oriented to the natural botanical and historic potential of the city, began to shift toward shopping, food and lifestyles. The trend is noticeable in the growth of commercial buildings including shop houses, malls, factory outlets, cafes and restaurants along the main streets of the city. As the consequences of the transportations and commercials development, the streetscapes character of Bogor has also changes.

settings, activities and meaning of the urban area (Relph, 2007; Garnham,1985; Carmona, 2007). To explore Bogor urban identity, the study begins with a historical analysis of the urban morphology with special attention on the street development. It followed with two phases of surveys on both residents and visitors which represent inside view and outside view, just as VWDWHG E\ 6FKHɞHU WKDW XUEDQ LGHQWLW\ KDV WR EH VHHQ from inside and outside. First phase of survey was to identify the most imageable streets and the most frequently traveled street in Bogor by asking 50 residents and 50 visitors in random. The UHVXOW ZDV VL[ VLJQLȴFDQW VWUHHW RUULGRUV L H D -DODQ -XDQGD segment A, (1b) Jalan Juanda segment B, (2) Jalan Sudirman, (3) Jalan Suryakencana, (4) Jalan Jalak Harupat and (5) Jalan Pajajaran. Interestingly, all that six corridors are close to each other DURXQG WKH %RWDQLFDO *DUGHQ VHH ȴJXUH ΖW EHFRPH WKH EDVLV IRU REVHUYDWLRQ RQ SK\VLFDO FKDUDFWHU RI WKH VLJQLȴFDQW FRUULGRUV to identify the dominant elements of the streetscape, which includes the street lane, public frontage and private frontage. The second phase survey was a questionnaire accompanied by a series of color photos that shows the streetscape character of the six corridors, containing open and semi-open questions WR ȴQG WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW DVSHFWV RI WKH HQYLURQPHQW IRU WKH users, and six Likert-scale assessments questions about the quality and distinctiveness of the environment. The respondents are 100 residents and 100 visitors who are chosen in a snowballSXUSRVLYH VDPSOLQJ WHFKQLTXH 4XDQWLWDWLYH GDWD DQDO\VLV ZDV FRQȴUPHG ZLWK TXDOLWDWLYH DQDO\VLV RQ KLVWRULFDO EDFNJURXQG WR explore the sense of place.

The Method Urban identity is closely associated with sense of place, which is also a result of complex interaction between physical

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Figure 1. Six most imageable street corridor. Source map: Regional Spatial Masterplan Document (RTRW) of Bogor City Area.2012

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Result and Discussion 0RUSKRORJLFDO GHYHORSPHQW RI %RJRU VWUHHW QHWZRUN Bogor was built by Dutch colonial government at the middle of 18th century as a resort village "Buitenzorg", named after a villa EHORQJV WR *RYHUQRU JHQHUDO %DURQ 9DQ ΖPKRÎ? LQ ZKLFK ODWHU EHFDPH WKH RÉ?FLDO SDODFH IRU WKH UXOLQJ JRYHUQRU JHQHUDO (Baihaqie, 2009). The construction of the Great Postal road in 1808 strengthen the city structure, and then, Bogor grows in semi-linear pattern, with the palace as center and Great Postal road as the main axis of the city that connects Buitenzorg (Bogor) with Batavia (Jakarta) at the north and Cianjur at the south. This main street consists of several segment (see Figure 2.a), from north to south, namely Bataviasche weg (now Jalan Ahmad Yani), Groote weg (now Jalan Sudirman and Jalan Juanda), and Handelstraat (now Jalan Suryakencana ). Those street considered as the historical corridors. The expansion of palace backyard into a botanical garden and an access road around it, promoting the city development on the east side of river Ciliwung (Figure 2.b). This structure remains until the early years after the independence of the nation. People who entering the city from Batavia (Jakarta) through the main street ZLOO Č´QG D VHULHV RI VWUHHWVFDSH FKDUDFWHU FRPSRVHG E\ ELJ FDQDU\ WUHHV ČľDQNLQJ WKH %DWDYLDVFKH ZHJ D ZKLWH REHOLVN DW WKH junction of Groote postweg; vista towards the palace followed by the curve of palace's fence and colonial buildings at Juanda street, and ended at Chinese shophouses along Handelstraat (Jalan Suryakencana). Those streetscapes character gave visual contribution in creating Bogor urban identity. However, major changes occur after the construction of Jagorawi Highway in 1973, with an exit to Bogor at the east part of the city. Since then, the entrance of the city moved from the Groote postweg (named as Jalan Jakarta or Jalan Raya Bogor after independence) to the highway exit at Jalan Pajajaran, a new road that built to connect the highway to the main road (Groote Postweg). The new street networks development encourages the growth orientation at the east side of the city and stimulates new activities. New housing estates, restaurants, modern shophouses and shopping malls are springing up along Jalan Pajajaran, which become a new main street of the city beside the old Groote postweg. (Figure 2.c).

Source: Maps analysis from Kaart van Buitenzorg fromTopographisch Bureau, 1808 and 1914 (Archive of KITLV Netherland and National Library of Indonesia); and Regional Spatial Masterplan Document (RTRW) of Bogor City Area.2012).

The aim of exploring the morphological development of Bogor VWUHHW QHWZRUN LV WR GLVFRYHU KLVWRULFDO PHDQLQJ RI WKH VLJQLČ´FDQW corridors. The former Groote Postweg, which now Jl. Sudirman, Jl. Juanda, and Jl. Suryakencana, are corridors with strongest KLVWRULFDO VLJQLČ´FDQFH ZKLOH WKH PHDQLQJ RI -O 3DMDMDUDQ LV PRUH functional. This is become a background for the next phase to Č´QG LQ ZKDW H[WHQW WKRVH PHDQLQJV DÎ?HFW SHRSOH V SHUFHSWLRQ on Bogor urban identity. 6WUHHW LPDJHDELOLW\ IDPLOLDULW\ E\ QHFHVVLW\ DQG FRQJUXHQF\ According to Rappoport (1987), imageability of streetscape character is concerned with the visual arrangement of elements within the street environment, and how those elements create D GLVWLQFW FKDUDFWHU RU SHUFHLYDEOH GLÎ?HUHQFHV 5DSRSRUW 1987). However, result of the initial survey shows that street LPDJHDELOLW\ LV LQČľXHQFHG E\ IDPLOLDULW\ DQG FRQJUXHQF\ RI WKH users. Familiarity represented by the most frequently traveled street, and congruency expressed by purpose of passing the street. The most imageable street for both residents and visitors is Jl. Pajajaran, which is also the most frequently traveled street for both groups. The second most imageable street, which is Jl. Juanda, is also the second most frequently traveled only for visitors, but for residents is Jl.Sudirman. These explain that WUDÉ?F DUUDQJHPHQW LV FOHDUO\ WKH UHDVRQ ZK\ SHRSOH EHFRPH very familiar with street environment because they often pass it E\ DV QHFHVVLW\ 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WUDÉ?F DUUDQJHPHQW FDQ DOVR makes a street less accessible and people, especially visitors, become unfamiliar. This occurs in Jl.Sudirman, which was the main boulevard of the city in the colonial era and main access of the city before the highway. However, residents remain consider this street as imageable for romantic reason because they attach to its historical meaning. The next most imageable street shows imageability due to congruency. The next most imageable street for residents are Jl Suryakencana, and Jl. Kapten Muslihat, which are not the most frequently traveled but those streets has known as public center for decades, where the old market and legendary stores are located. Residents are attached to those streets because for generations that is where they used to go for daily necessities or amusement. Even when it prominence has outweighed by new shopping malls, some residents are still attached to it. Whereas for visitors, Jl. Tajur and Jl. Salak are more imageable because there are particular shopping destinations and restaurants, something that will only be found in Bogor, not just daily stores. 'LVWLQFWLYHQHVV RI %RJRU VWUHHWVFDSHV FKDUDFWHU

Figure 2. Morphological development of Bogor street network

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Human being are more likely to recognize an environment

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with unique or distinct attributes because they are tend to be more imageable, and distinctiveness is an important process in recognizing place identity (Breakwell, 2010). It means that imageable streets might possess distinct attributes that determine urban identity. A place possesses sense of identity when fostered by distinctive artefacts and objects that are LPSRUWDQW WR LWV GHČ´QLWLRQ 7KH LGHQWLČ´FDWLRQ REMHFWV GHSLFW WKH uniqueness and individuality of a place and become its physical identity along with other spatial components (Saleh, 1998). The VXUYH\ Č´QGV RXW SHRSOH V SHUFHSWLRQ DERXW WKH PRVW GLVWLQFW corridors and the elements that determine its distinctiveness.

Figure 3. Anova diagram of distinctiveness assessment.

The anova diagram shows that there are three corridors considered to have distinctiveness or unique quality, namely Jl. Juanda segment A (1a), Jl. Jalak Harupat (4) and Jl. Pajajaran (5), whereas three others are having less that quality or considered not unique. Interestingly, both residents and visitors agree with WKLV UHVXOW ΖQ VRPH H[WHQW LW FRQȴUPV ZLWK WKH SUHYLRXV VXUYH\ that the most imageable street is the most frequently passed through and having more distinctive quality, with an exception Jl. Sudirman for residents. It means, people tend to remember an environment that have distinctive quality, whether it is physical, or in the case of Jl. Sudirman is historical meaning.

Figure 4. Streetscape character of Jl. Juanda (left), Jl. Jalak Harupat (middle), and Jl. Pajajaran (right)

The elements that determine this distinctiveness are not only physical, and can be categorized as: (1) Building, especially landmark or monument; (2) Place, especially commercial or shopping facility; (3) Activity, especially pedestrians; (4) Landscape

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element, especially vegetations and paving; and (5) Ambience, which is expressed in positive and negative impression. In Jl. Juanda, there are many monumental buildings built in colonial era that are beautifully preserved (especially the Bogor Palace), with big old trees along the street, which give a sense of romantic ambience, makes Jl. Juanda as the most distinctive corridor for most of respondents. The next distinctive corridor, Jl. Jalak Harupat is characterized with big trees along the street that make a shady ambience, and car free day public activities, while Jl. Pajajaran has the IPB building, the Kujang monument and Botani Shopping Mall as distinctive elements. Jl. Juanda is also considered to have the best vista and architectural quality, while Jl. Jalak Harupat is considered as the most comfortable environment. This result indicated that observable properties SK\VLFDO HOHPHQWV DFWLYLWLHV DQG DPELHQFH DUH PRUH LQČľXHQWLDO on people perception of streetscape distinctiveness than historical meanings. Just as Nasar (1998) found that evaluative environment is related with distinctiveness of physical forms, YLVLELOLW\ VLJQLČ´FDQFH RI XVHV RU FRPELQDWLRQ RI WKRVH IDFWRUV However, people can only apprehend the distinctiveness of an urban space if it is easily accessed and become imageable. 7UDÉ?F DUUDQJHPHQW LQ %RJRU FLW\ OHDG WR XQHTXDO DFFHVVLELOLW\ and people movement is more concentrated in eastern and northern part of the city. Consequently, streetscapes character of that area will determine people's perception on urban identity. Bogor recent urban identity is determined by Jl. Juanda with its colonial buildings, Jl. Jalak Harupat with its shady landscape and ambience, and Jl. Pajajaran with its modern shopping activities. To the contrary, the other parts of the city that are less accessible will be unrecognizable and unimageable, especially for visitors. Even if those parts have a precious distinctiveness to support urban identity. It happens with Jl. Sudirman, which was the former gate and main boulevard of the city, but is less imageable today. &RQFOXGLQJ UHPDUNV Urban identity is the result of people's experience of the city, which is a complex interaction between physical settings, functions and activities as well as meaning or symbolic aspects. However, physical and visual experience of the environment has proven to provide greater stimuli for the creation of sense RI SODFH ZKLFK LV H[SUHVVHG E\ LGHQWLČ´FDWLRQ RI LPDJHDELOLW\ DQG GLVWLQFWLYHQHVV RI XUEDQ VSDFH 6WUHHWV RÎ?HU D JUHDW RSSRUWXQLW\ for users to gain instant experience of a city since it is the most used and necessary urban space. Therefore, streetscapes character can represent the urban identity. People's perception on Bogor streetscape distinctiveness and imageability is determined mostly by observable properties (physical elements, activities and ambience), than by historical meanings. However, VWUHHW QHWZRUN SODQQLQJ DQG WUDÉ?F DUUDQJHPHQWV PD\ KDYH D PDMRU LQČľXHQFH LQ SHRSOH V LPSUHVVLRQ WR WKH FLW\ V LPDJH because they will remember the streets that they traveled most. Developments and changes on physical settings will have

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impacts on the people's impression about urban space. The urban identity of Bogor has changed due to the recent urban development, which has been driven by both economic forces and globalization. As the result, (urban) identity of Bogor is some kind of combination between old and new. Big old trees, colonial buildings, and modern shopping malls characterize the distinctiveness of streetscapes in Bogor. The interesting functions and attractive activities in the city is built up by a combination tourism which oriented not only on botanical and historical potential of the city, but also on modern life style such as shopping malls, factory outlets and culinary. Likewise, Bogor has a meaningful history as colonial resort city, having a local symbol as a center for tourism and education, but also an emerging shopping destination. Diversity can be positive factors LQ FUHDWLQJ XUEDQ LGHQWLW\ DV ORQJ DV WKRVH GLÎ?HUHQW DVSHFWV have a mutual relationship or supporting each other in creating urban life and setting. But in some degree, they can also weaken each other. Bogor can be said to have a critical condition, where the historic or local elements has to be carefully maintained in order not to be vanished. One of which is by a proper, wellplanned infrastructure development.

REFERENCES Arbak, (2005). An Analysis On The Transformation Of Urban Identity. Ankara: Middle East Technical University.

0RXJKWLQ &OLÎ? ČŠ8UEDQ 'HVLJQ 6WUHHW $QG 6TXDUHČ‹ Architectural Press 1DVDU - / 9LVXDO 3UHIHUHQFHV LQ 8UEDQ 6WUHHW VFHQH -RXUQDO RI &URVV &XOWXUDO 3V\FKRORJ\ 9RO 1R Nasar, J. L. (1998). The Evaluative Image of The City. California: SAGE Publication. Rapoport, A. (1987). Pedestrian Street Use: Culture and Perception. In A. Moudon, Public Streets for Public Use . New <RUN 9DQ 1RVWUDQG 5HLQKROG &RPSDQ\ ΖQF Relph, E. (2007). On The Identity Of Places. In M. Carmona, Urban Design Reader, Oxford: Architectural Press. 6DOHK 0 $ (EHQ 3ODFH ΖGHQWLW\ 7KH 9LVXDO ΖPDJH RI 6DXGL $UDELDQ &LWLHV -RXUQDO +DELWDW ΖWQO 9RO 1R SS 164, 1998 6FKHÉžHU 1 ΖGHQWLW\ $QG 7KH &LW\ 8UEDQ ΖGHQWLW\ $Q Asset For Sustainable Development In Times Of Globalization. URBACT Annual Conference. Tucker, C. (2005). A method for the visual analysis of the streetscape. Space Syntax Symposium (pp. 519-529). Delft: TU Delft.

Baihaqie, A. (2009). Buitenzorg Kota Terindah Di Jawa, Catatan Perjalanan Dari Tahun 1860-1930. Bogor: Kampoeng Bogor. Breakwell, G. (2010). Resisting Representations and Identity 3URFHVVHV 6RFLDO 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQV 9ROXPH Garnham, Henry N., (1976), Maintaining The Spirit Of Place, Texas A & M University Printing Center, Texas. Gehl, Jahn (1987), Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space, 9DQ 1RVWUDQG 5HLQKROG 1HZ <RUN Jacobs, Allan B. (1993), Great Streets, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusets. Jacobs, Jane, (1961), The Death An Life Of Great American Cities, Penguin Books, London Lalli, Marco, (1992), Urban-Related Identity: Theory, Measurement, And Empirical Findings , Journal of Environmental Psychology (1992) 12, 285-303. Lynch, Kevin., (1960), Image Of The City. MIT Press, Cambridge. Lynch, Kevin., (1981), Theory Of Good City Form, MIT Press, Cambridge.

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ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL TOURISM CARRYING CAPACITY A CASE OF SABANG, BALER AURORA, PHILIPPINES De Vera, Merant B Arch De La Salle College of St. Benilde School of Design and Arts, Architecture merant.devera@benilde. edu.ph ar.merant.devera@gmail.com Keywords: TOURISM, CARRYING CAPACITY, PHYSICAL CARRYING CAPACITY

Abstract 7KH FRXQWU\ȇV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV SURYLGH WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV ZLWK D QDWXUDO OHDG LQ WRXULVP DQ DUHD UHFRJQL]HG DV D NH\ FRQWULEXWRU WR HFRQRPLF JURZWK ZKLFK PDNHV WRXULVP D ȊFOHDQȋ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all research has been reactionary in nature being a response to LPPHGLDWH WKUHDWV $V D UHVXOW RQO\ IHZ VWXGLHV DWWHPSWHG WR FODULI\ the processes of environmental change or relate these to aspects RI WKH DJHQW RI FKDQJH ZKLFK LQ WKLV FDVH LV WRXULVWV DQG WRXULVW GHYHORSPHQW Ζ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ȴFDWLRQ RI WKH &RUUHFWLYH IDFWRUV DQG HVWDEOLVKLQJ D /RFDO VWDQGDUG 6SDFH UHTXLUHG SHU WRXULVW DFWLYLWLHV DQG LQFRUSRUDWH LW WR WKH VWDQGDUG 3K\VLFDO 7RXULVP &DUU\LQJ &DSDFLW\ )RUPXOD

INTRODUCTION The hospitality of Filipinos and the country’s natural wonders provide the Philippines with a natural lead in tourism, an

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area recognized as a key contributor to economic growth by generating vital investments, foreign exchange earnings and revenues as well as stimulating the growth of other industries such as construction and manufacturing. 7RXULVP DQG WKH (QYLURQPHQW The anticipated growth in international visitor arrivals and domestic travel movements is expected to bring about a corresponding increase in capacity requirements and demand for new products, facilities and services, thus paving the way for local and foreign investment opportunities. Corollary to this is the improvement and upgrading of quality, skills and competencies of the required front liners. In response to worldwide demand for integrated tourism development, the Department of Tourism likewise encourages investments in tourism estates and ecozones, histo-cultural heritage projects as well as ecotourism, agri-tourism, and health and wellness projects. To some, the tourism sector provides an incentive for the restoration of ancient monuments and archaeological treasures and for the conservation of natural resources as well as the economic means by which they can be achieved. To others, however, tourism means people, congestion, noise and litter. It means disruption of animal life cycles. 5HODWLRQVKLSV EHWZHHQ 7RXULVP DQG WKH (QYLURQPHQW There are three suggested relationships that can exist between promoting tourism and those advocating environmental conservation. These relationships are especially important because tourism is highly dependent upon values derived from nature. 1) Tourism and Environmental conservation can exist in a situation in which both can promote their respective positions, remains in isolation and establish little contact with each other. Unlikely to exist for long periods because of the substantial changes in the environment that are apt to occur with the continued growth of mass tourism. 2) Tourism and conservation may enjoy a mutually supportive or symbiotic relationship where they are organized in such a ZD\ WKDW HDFK EHQHÈ´WV IURP HDFK RWKHU )URP WKH SHUVSHFWLYH of the conservationist, environmental features and conditions are left as close as possible to their original state but, at the VDPH WLPH WKH\ SURYLGH EHQHÈ´WV WR WKH WRXULVW ZKR YLHZ DQG experience them.

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7RXULVP DQG FRQVHUYDWLRQ FDQ EH LQ FRQČľLFW SDUWLFXODUO\ ZKHQ WRXULVP LQFOXGHV GHWULPHQWDO HÎ?HFWV WR WKH HQYLURQPHQW Most of the documented relationship between tourism and environment fall into this category. ΖGHQWLI\LQJ 5HODWLRQVKLSV In order to deal with the main challenge of integrating sustainability in the development of tourism related policies, UNEP in partnership with UNWTO to set an agenda for policy making have developed a set of policy recommendations. These recommendations are in line with the list of 12 principles of sustainable tourism development includes Economic viability, /RFDO SURVSHULW\ (PSOR\PHQW TXDOLW\ 6RFLDO HTXLW\ 9LVLWRU IXOČ´OOPHQW /RFDO FRQWURO &RPPXQLW\ ZHOOEHLQJ &XOWXUDO ULFKQHVV 3K\VLFDO LQWHJULW\ %LRORJLFDO GLYHUVLW\ 5HVRXUFH HÉ?FLHQF\ DQG Environmental purity. Knowing the nature of tourism impacts won’t automatically lead to solutions. It is equally important to identify the sources of these impacts (see table above) and how they LQČľXHQFH LQWHUDFWLRQV EHWZHHQ WRXULVWV DQG UHVLGHQWV WKH KRVW community, and the environment. These impact sources can be divided into two groups: tourist factors and destination factors. Tourist factors are those which tourists bring to the destination and include such elements as demographic characteristics, VRFLDO GLÎ?HUHQFHV DQG QXPEHUV RI YLVLWRUV 'HVWLQDWLRQ IDFWRUV are those that are part of the destination itself, such as travel linkage and circulation, local acceptance of tourism, and local vitality and leadership. The Factors will be discussed later on the study. Table 1: Tourist Factors and Destination Factors (Source: Impact of Tourism by Glenn Kreag)

Figure 3: Baler Map (Source: Encarta Encyclopedia (Philippine Map DQG /X]RQ 0DS %DOHU 0DS 0RGLČ´HG E\ 'H 9HUD

&RVWD 3DFLČ´FD LQ %DOHU $XURUD RQ 6DEDQJ EHDFK LV D QHZ UHVRUW GHVWLQDWLRQ WKDW RÎ?HUV ZHOO DSSRLQWHG URRPV DQG VXLWHV &RVWD 3DFLČ´FDȇV IDFLOLWLHV LQFOXGH DQ RXWGRRU SRRO J\P kid’s nook and gift shop. There is also the beach house which RÎ?HUV DQ DOO GD\ RI ERWK ORFDO DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO FXLVLQH DQG DQ events venue hall that can seat 200 persons called The Pavilion. &RVWD 3DFLČ´FD FDWHUV WR GLÎ?HUHQW PDUNHW VHJPHQWV OLNH ZHHNHQG surfers, couples, meeting and convention groups, special interest groups and tourists from Asian and European region looking for new destinations. PROBLEM STATEMENT Tourism, however, is recognized as a major economic activity WKDW FRQWULEXWHV VLJQLČ´FDQWO\ WR *13 DQG FUHDWHV WUHPHQGRXV employment and livelihood opportunities. Many sub-regions and LGUs have tourism as their main economic activity and many more have resources and potentials for major tourism development. Such LGUs or areas should pay more attention to planning their tourism development. Sustainability should be sought in all aspect of planning One of the main issues that arise in many of these municipalities is the uncontrolled tourism. Uncontrolled tourism can cause irreversible damage to the physical and environmental resources, the very resources on which tourism is based. With the formulation of tourism structure plan through eco-tourism and carrying capacity the study aims to answer the following statements:

STUDY AREA – BALER, AURORA As the capital and oldest municipality of Aurora Province, Baler is the seat of government and the core for trade and industry. The most progressive town in Aurora, Baler commands the most resorts, public institutions and facilities, as well as business establishments.

:KDW DUH WKH ZD\V WR GHČ´QH D ORFDOL]HG 7RXULVW &DUU\LQJ Capacity using Local Parameters, Standard Area per Tourist and Corrective Factors? :KDW DUH WKH GLÎ?HUHQW WRXULVWV DFWLYLWLHV SUHVHQW LQ WKH VWXG\ area that may help in the development of a localized tourist carrying capacity model? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The development of an operational tool for tourism planning is a necessity. This need is expressed in the Manila Declaration

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(WTO, 1983): “The tourism resources available in the various countries consist at the same time of space, facilities and values. These are resources whose cannot be left uncontrolled without running the risk of their deterioration, or even their destruction. The satisfaction of tourism requirements must be not prejudicial to the social and economic interest of the population in the tourist areas, to the environment or above all, to natural resources (which are the fundamental attraction of tourism), historical and cultural sitesâ€?. Accordingly, tourism development should not be planned in such a way and at such levels that it meets the physical and human carrying capacity requirements of the area under consideration. This study intends to stimulate further thoughts towards this end. - The Study will establish a Standard Area per Tourist per Activity in the Philippine context -The Study will also provide baseline study on how to compute for Physical Tourism Carrying Capacity using Corrective Factors ASSUMPTIONS 1) That there will be No Future Developments along Sabang Beach within the Study period. 7KDW WKH &DUU\LQJ &DSDFLW\ LV Č´[HG DQG QRW ČľH[LEOH DQG Biocentric and Anthropometric 3) That the behavior pattern of the Tourist is Similar for all Sizes and Demography 4) That the Tourism Development Phase of Sabang are within the Growth to Maturity Phase GOALS AND OBJECTIVES The study aims at the elaboration of a comprehensive methodological framework which will contribute to an understanding of the concept of Tourism Carrying Capacity 7&& LWV SUDFWLFDO DQDO\VLV DQG PHDVXUHPHQW DQG LWV HÉ?FLHQW application in Baler, Aurora tourist destinations. The study carries out two major objectives: 7R GHČ´QH 7RXULVP &DUU\LQJ &DSDFLW\ LQ ORFDOL]HG FRQWH[W XVLQJ %RXOORQȇV )RUPXOD DQG (Î?HFWLYH 5HDO &DUU\LQJ &DSDFLW\ 7R VWXG\ WZR GLÎ?HUHQW DUHDV PDLQO\ WKH DFWLYLW\ ]RQH DQG GLVVLSDWLRQ ]RQH GHČ´QH LWV Transition zone and analyze its inter-zonal relationship to the two zones

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SCOPE AND LIMITATION 7KH VWXG\ ZLOO PDLQO\ IRFXV RQ WKH GHČ´QLQJ 3K\VLFDO 7RXULVP Carrying Capacity of Baler, Aurora. The area of study is limited to the beach areas of Baler including the beaches of Sabang, Buhangin, Cemento and Dimadimalangat, Aniao and LuksoLukso only and will not cover the provinces of Casiguran, Maria and Dipaculao. It will focus on the Tourism development areas that are currently visited by tourist regardless of whether it is visited by local or foreign tourist. CARRYING CAPACITY A variety of estimates carrying capacity shows in a general way the relationships among some of the major factors concerned. Obviously, if consumptions levels per capita are higher, then a smaller population can be supported. If technologies increase RU GHFUHDVH RYHUDOO FRQVXPSWLRQ WKHQ WKH\ DOVR DÎ?HFW FDUU\LQJ capacity. Because the idea and methodology of carrying capacity were developed in the natural science of biology, they incorporate the notion of limits imposed by the earth’s natural systems. Species can overshoot these limits (as with the r-selected species), and when they do, they collapse and risk extinction. Studies of various species provide us with some basic lessons to apply to the human condition, but new ideas and methodologies are needed to incorporate the added complexities of human technologies and culture. Carrying capacity tells us that the biophysical limits of our environment are the key in determining how many human can survive at what levels of consumption. Č?FDUU\LQJ FDSDFLW\ LV GHWHUPLQHG MRLQWO\ E\ KXPDQ FKRLFHV DQG QDWXUDO FRQVWUDLQWV &RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH TXHVWLRQ KRZ PDQ\ SHRSOH FDQ WKH (DUWK VXSSRUW GRHV QRW KDYH D VLQJOH QXPHULFDO DQVZHU QRZ RU HYHU +XPDQ FKRLFHV DERXW WKH (DUWK V KXPDQ FDUU\LQJ FDSDFLW\ DUH FRQVWUDLQHG E\ IDFWV RI QDWXUH ZKLFK ZH XQGHUVWDQG SRRUO\ 6R DQ\ HVWLPDWHV RI KXPDQ FDUU\LQJ FDSDFLW\ DUH RQO\ FRQGLWLRQDO RQ IXWXUH KXPDQ FKRLFHV DQG QDWXUDO HYHQWV -Joel Cohen 7RXULVP &DUU\LQJ &DSDFLW\ LV GHČ´QHG E\ WKH :RUOG 7RXULVP Organization as “The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic, socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors' satisfactionâ€?. :KHUHDV 0LGGOHWRQ DQG +DZNLQV &KDPEHUODLQ GHČ´QH it as “the level of human activity an area can accommodate without the area deteriorating, the resident community being DGYHUVHO\ DÎ?HFWHG RU WKH TXDOLW\ RI YLVLWRUV H[SHULHQFH GHFOLQLQJČ‹ ZKDW ERWK WKHVH GHČ´QLWLRQV SLFN XS RQ LV FDUU\LQJ FDSDFLW\ LV WKH point at which a destination or attraction starts experiencing adverse as a result of the number of visitors.

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9DULRXV VFKRODUV RYHU WKH \HDUV KDYH GHYHORSHG VHYHUDO DUJXPHQWV GHYHORSHG DERXW WKH GHČ´QLWLRQ RI FDUU\LQJ FDSDFLW\ 0LGGOHWRQ DQG +DZNLQV GHČ´QHG FDUU\LQJ FDSDFLW\ DV D PHDVXUH of the tolerance of a site or building which is open to tourist DFWLYLWLHV DQG WKH OLPLW EH\RQG ZKLFK DQ DUHD PD\ VXÎ?HU IURP the adverse impacts of tourism (Middleton & Hawkins, 1998). &KDPEHUODLQ GHČ´QHG LW DV WKH OHYHO RI KXPDQ DFWLYLW\ ZKLFK an area can accommodate without either it deteriorating, the UHVLGHQW FRPPXQLW\ EHLQJ DGYHUVHO\ DÎ?HFWHG RU WKH TXDOLW\ RI YLVLWRUV H[SHULHQFH GHFOLQLQJ &KDPEHUODLQ &ODUN GHČ´QHG carrying capacity as a certain threshold (level) of tourism activity, beyond which there will be damage to the environment and its natural inhabitants (Clark, 1997). ČŠ&DUU\LQJ FDSDFLW\ LV QRW MXVW D VFLHQWLČ´F FRQFHSW RU IRUPXOD RI REWDLQLQJ D QXPEHU EH\RQG ZKLFK GHYHORSPHQW VKRXOG FHDVH EXW D SURFHVV ZKHUH WKH HYHQWXDO OLPLWV PXVW EH FRQVLGHUHG DV JXLGDQFH 7KH\ VKRXOG EH FDUHIXOO\ DVVHVVHG DQG PRQLWRUHG FRPSOHPHQWHG ZLWK RWKHU VWDQGDUGV HWF &DUU\LQJ FDSDFLW\ LV QRW Č´[HG ΖW GHYHORSV ZLWK WLPH DQG WKH JURZWK RI WRXULVP DQG FDQ EH DÎ?HFWHG E\ PDQDJHPHQW WHFKQLTXHV DQG FRQWUROVČ‹ (Saveriades, 2000).

Social Carrying Capacity This is essentially a measure of crowding tolerance. It has EHHQ GHȴQHG DV Ȋ WKH PD[LPXP YLVLWRU GHQVLWLHV DW ZKLFK recreationists still feel comfortable and uncrowded� (De Ruyck et al.,1997, p. 822). In the absence of additional changes, beyond this density visitor numbers start to decline. The social carrying FDSDFLW\ FDQ KRZHYHU EH LQȾXHQFHG E\ IDFWRUV VXFK DV WKH recreational infrastructure, visitor attitudes, and socio-cultural norms. Biophysical Carrying Capacity This deals with the extent to which the natural environment is able to tolerate interference from tourists. This is made more complicated by the fact that because it deals with ecology which is able to regenerate to some extent so in this case the carrying capacity is when the damage exceeds the habitat's ability to regenerate. Environmental Carrying Capacity

7KHUH DUH QXPEHU RI GLÎ?HUHQW IRUPV RI FDUU\LQJ FDSDFLW\ referred to in tourism, however this article will focus on the three most commonly used. However, these conceptions are useful only to the extent they focus discussion and discourse, not practical application.

Environmental carrying capacity is also used with reference to ecological and physical parameters, capacity of resources, ecosystems and infrastructure.

Physical Tourism Carrying Capacity

Knowing the study area is important for the research, for it gives out the history of the place. History plays a big part in the tourism industry it not only the tourism potential of Baler it GHČ´QHV WKH WRXULVP VLWXDWLRQ RI %DOHU 2WKHU WKDQ NQRZLQJ WKH history of the area the tourism situation can be determine by getting the annual visitor population which can be obtain from the local government of Baler. The only problem is that most of the data available are only of those coming in out of Baler, the tourist that is within Aurora province is not accounted. This gives WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WRXULVP DQG WKH HQYLURQPHQW GLÉ?FXOW to establish. Identifying the existing tourism program is another method of establishing the current situation of the tourism in a VSHFLČ´F DUHD EHFDXVH LW GHVFULEHV KRZ WKH SURYLQFH LV HTXLSSHG in terms of policies and programs. Programs illustrate the level of preparedness of the province to tourist and development.

Physical tourism carrying capacity is the highest number of tourists that an area is actually able to support. In the case of an individual tourist attraction it is the highest number that can Č´W RQ WKH VLWH DW DQ\ JLYHQ WLPH DQG VWLOO DOORZ SHRSOH WR EH DEOH to move. This is usually assumed to be around 1m per person. Where: 37&& 3K\VLFDO 7RXULVP &DUU\LQJ &DSDFLW\ According to Mowforth and Munt (1998) above is the formula which has been used to calculate the physical tourism carrying capacity. Another formula by Boullon is expressed as Where: 37&& 3K\VLFDO 7RXULVP &DUU\LQJ &DSDFLW\

ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK

The Second part of the framework is identifying the tourist development areas and destination. The tourist spots will be the VSHFLČ´F DUHD WKDW ZLOO EH JLYHQ DQDO\VLV DQG ZLOO EH WKH IRFXV RI the evaluation. These areas are the primary location for where the relationship between tourism and environment can initially be seen. This is important for the next part of the framework. TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AREA Tourism Planning in Baler should consider vital transport

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infrastructure, environmentally sensitive areas, existing and potential tourism sites, tourism service center, and their linkages. Based on these considerations, several Tourism 'HYHORSPHQW $UHDV 7'$V ZHUH LGHQWLČ´HG IRU %DOHU $XURUD A Tourism Development Area (TDA) is a cluster of Tourism Sites (TSs) that have geographical proximity and/or common thematic attributes. Tourism Sites (TSs) are more VSHFLČ´F SODFHV WKDW PD\ KDYH QDWXUDO DQG FXOWXUDO VLJQLČ´FDQFH attractive landscape, where activities take place, or are suitable for tourism development. Some of the themes that were believed to have unique selling qualities and became the bases for the delineation of some TDAs are the following: 6XUČ´QJ $UHDV 2) Facilities conducive to Rest and Health 3) Historical Landmarks and other well-known landmarks due historical events 4) Beach front and Potential Waterfront Development 5) Wildlife and Forested areas and Potential Ecotourism sites 6) Food Tourism- Baler caters a great variety of fresh seafood 3LFWXUHVTXH 9LHZ %DOHU KDV D YHU\ JRRG 6XQULVH YLHZ

Figure 7: Images above indicate how spaces will be distributed according to corresponding activities

The table below (table 6) summarizes and describes the selected Tourism Development Areas in terms of the quality and criteria that makes it as a Tourism Area. The table also shows the attraction that can be found, the activities being performed, and the Barangay. Table 6: Tourism Development Area Figure 8: Baler Monthly Tourist Arrival from February 2012 to A ugust 2014 August

Figure 9: Annual Tourist Arrival Population

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0 /LPLWLQJ PDJQLWXGH RI YDULDEOH 0W 7RWDO PDJQLWXGH RI YDULDEOH Where corrective factor can be determined by: - A group of corrective factors is not necessarily the same for each site in a water resource &RUUHFWLYH IDFWRUV DUH FORVHO\ OLQNHG WR WKH VSHFLȴF FRQGLWLRQV and characteristics of each site or activity - Carrying capacity of Tourism Development Area 2 must be measured site by site Figure 10: 20 Year Projected Tourist Arrival

GENERAL FORMULA

These factors are selected based on tourism activities and local conditions of the study area. In consideration of tourism activities in Baler, the following factors should be taken into account: environmental safety, conservation, natural resources managements, tourism activities, planning and local factors such as human resources, the contribution of tourism to local economic development, and social crimination. Corrective Factors

7KH WRXULVW GHQVLW\ RU WKH DUHD UHTXLUHG SHU WRXULVW 9 LV WKH DUHD needed for a tourist who can undertake activities comfortably. Rotation factor is the number of permissible visits over a VSHFLȴHG WLPH XVXDOO\ FDOFXODWHG E\ GDLO\ RSHQ KRXUV DQG expressed by:

Indicators are used to indicate the sensitivity of environment and development. Indicators form a set of indicators (index) that help us to recognize on-going problems and propose corrective actions. In estimation of carrying capacity, only negative factors which hinder the development of tourism activities are considered. These factors are translated into quantitative or semi- quantitative values which measure the adaptability of environmental, socio-economic subsystem and tourists’ demand. Therefore, indicators selected for calculating carrying capacities have the following characteristics:

(΍HFWLYH 5HDO &DUU\LQJ &DSDFLW\ (5&&

-Computable (often quantitative or semi-quantitative values). (DVLO\ VXUYH\HG DQG FROOHFWHG E\ ȴHOG UHVHDUFK DQG questionnaire).

ERCC is the maximum number of tourist that is permitted by the ORFDO FRQGLWLRQV DQG PDQDJHPHQW FDSDFLW\ ZLWKRXW LQȵXHQFLQJ the tourist demand of Baler.

SURVEY DATA

Where: Cf (corrective factors or limiting factors) are factors which have negative impact on tourism activities and assessed by limiting threshold which used for identifying impact level of a factor (%):

37&& 3K\VLFDO 7RXULVP &DUU\LQJ &DSDFLW\ (5&& (΍HFWLYH 5HDO &DUU\LQJ &DSDFLW\ &) &RUUHFWLYH IDFWRUV

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Figure 11: Graph breaking down the age of the Respondents of Initial Analysis.

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Figure 12: Graph indicating the hours that tourist would surf. This Initial Analysis shows a preferred starting time being 5:30AM and an ending time of 8:00PM with a break occurring at 12NOON to 2:00PM. The peak hours are 6:00AM to 11:00AM and 2:00PM to 6:00PM.

Figure 13: Graph indicating the hours that tourist would swim. This Initial Analysis shows a preferred starting time being 5:30AM and an ending time of 11:30PM with a break occurring at 12NOON to 2:00PM. The peak hours are 6:00AM to 12NOON and 2:00PM to 10:00PM.

Figure 14: Graph indicating the hours that tourist would take surf lessons. This Initial Analysis shows a preferred starting time being 7:30AM and an ending time of 6:30PM with a break occurring at 9:00AM to 3:30PM.

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Table 10: Initial Analysis on the Average Sun Bathing Hours and Required Space of Interviewed Respondents by Gender.

Figure 17: Initial Analysis of Respondents Monthly Trips

Table 11: Initial Analysis on the Average Sun Bathing Hours and Required Space of Interviewed Respondents by Gender

Figure 18: Initial Analysis of Respondents According to Gender

FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS

)LJXUH ΖQLWLDO $QDO\VLV RI 5HVSRQGHQWV RI 6XUČ´QJ &RPSHWHQFH Table 9: Initial Analysis of Perceived Area Required per Tourist of 'LÎ?HUHQW $FWLYLWLHV 6XUČ´QJ 6ZLPPLQJ 6XQ %DWKLQJ DQG 6XUČ´QJ Lessons) against the Published Standards. The indicated Standards are based on the Florida Department of Recreation and Activity’s 6WDQGDUG $UHD SHU 7RXULVW DQG LV XVHG WR FRPSDUH ZLWK WKH Č´QGLQJV of this initial survey.

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Where: 37&& 3K\VLFDO 7RXULVP &DUU\LQJ &DSDFLW\ (5&& (Î?HFWLYH 5HDO &DUU\LQJ &DSDFLW\ &) &RUUHFWLYH IDFWRUV 0 /LPLWLQJ PDJQLWXGH RI YDULDEOH 0W 7RWDO PDJQLWXGH RI YDULDEOH Table 12 Standard Area per Tourist According to Florida Department of Recreation and Activity

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Standard Space Required per Tourist and Tourist Area

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Summary of Results

REFERENCES Acott, T.G., H.L. La Trobe, and S.H. Howard. 1998. An Evaluation of Deep Ecotourism and Shallow Ecotourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 6(3): 238253. Blamey, RK. (2001) Principles of Ecotourism. In Weaver, D. (ed) The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism Oxford: CABI, 5-22 Carter, R.W.G. 1988. Coastal Environments. An Introduction to Physical, Ecological and Cultural Systems of Coastlines. London: Academic Press, p. 607. Dang Thanh Phu, an Assessment of the Potentials for Ecotourism Development in Central Aurora, Aurora Province, Philippinesâ€?, September 2005 De Ruyck, M.C., Soares, A.G., and MacLachlan, A., 1997. Social carrying capacity as a management tool for sandy beaches. Journal of Coastal 5HVHDUFK Č‚ 'HSDUWPHQW IRU ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO Development. Sustainable Tourism and Poverty Alleviation Study. DfID, London, 1999. 'HSDUWPHQW RI )RUHLJQ $Î?DLUV 3KLOLSSLQH )DFW %RRN Foreign Service Institute, www.fsi.gov.ph 2003 Diamantis, Dimitrios, Ecotourism Management and Assessment, Thompson, Learning 2004 YHT Ltd, London Diamond, Nancy K. “Case Study: Community-based natural

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Ed. C.K.Heng, O. Carracedo, Y. Zhang

“ASIAN URBAN PLACES” aims to enhance the understanding of urbanity of Asian streets and public spaces. This volume is organized in five chapters responding to five relevant themes of the contemporary Asian streets: Community Spaces; Street Form and Morphology; Heritage, Conservation and Urban Regeneration; Streets Networks and Urban Nature. The final result is the compilation of a series of articles that resulted from The Great Asian Streets Symposium (GASS2014) focusing on the five themes. The collection of essays presented here aspire to investigate underlying urban transformation processes, discuss contemporary professional experiences and best practices, and explore future visions, design ideas, and planning strategies for Asian streets in a new era.

Oscar Carracedo García-Villalba is Assistant Professor and member of the Urban Studies Group at the Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore. Zhang Ye is Assistant Professor and member of the Urban Studies Group at the Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore.

ASIAN URBAN PLACES

Heng Chye Kiang is Dean of the School of Design and Environment and Professor of the Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore.

Great Asian Streets

ASIAN URBAN PLACES Edited by Chye Kiang Heng, Oscar Carracedo Garcia-Villalba, Zhang Ye

Final_cover.indd 1

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