Indushoods

In most of our market economy cities, industrial land represents approximately 4 to 10 percent of the total surface area, although in some cities it can exceed 25 percent (Bartaud, 2006). In many rapidly growing cities industrial-zoned land is seen as a land bank and due to the implementation of tertiary-based economies and the changes in the industrial production systems, coupled with technological innovations and the emerging patterns of work and consumption, industrial areas are experiencing a rapid transformation into residential neighbourhoods and mixed-use developments.

BY OSCAR CARRACEDO

What should the future of our industrial estates be? How do we adapt them to the new modes of production? Can we integrate productive activities into the city as a part of our neighbourhoods? Or should they be kept segregated from the main civic uses of the city? Can industrial estates be transformed into a new generation of neighbourhoods combining working, living and leisure? Can we transform industrial areas into liveable places? How can we create places for the new economies while making cities and providing workplaces?

indus hoods FROM INDUSTRIES TO NEIGBOURHOODS Renewing and repositioning industrial areas

This book addresses these questions and discusses the role that industrial estates should play in the future of our cities, exploring different strategies for urban renewal and the repositioning of industrial areas to create integrated productive cities.

NUS-JTC (IÂłC) ISBN: 978-981-09-9317-7

NUS-JTC (IÂłC)

EDITED BY OSCAR CARRACEDO

indus hoods FROM INDUSTRIES TO NEIGBOURHOODS Renewing and repositioning industrial areas

AUTHOR AND EDITOR Oscar Carracedo

CO-EDITOR AND COLLABORATOR Jürgen Rosemann

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS Oscar Carracedo (P.I.) / Jürgen Rosemann (co-P.I.)

STUDENTS ADVISORS Jürgen Rosemann / Low Boon Liang / Oscar Carracedo

CONTRIBUTORS Master in Urban Planning (MUP): Adeline Koh Meng Kwang, Andrea Meinarti Rachmat, Chaitali Dighe, Delon Leonard, Fong Keng Yi, Han Jieyu, Julie Jungwon Moon, Loh Sze Sian, Naina Agarwal, Oh Ying Chao, Serene Tey Hui Ping, Shirlynn Ong Shi Hui, Wu Xingpeng.

Master of Arts in Urban Design (MAUD): Anita Rahman, Ayra Michelle Gonzales Santiago, Bhoomika Gupta, Calvian Oscar, Fei Bo, Goh Jia Li, Hu Jiajun, Lai Qian, Joel Lau Mum Fai, Leena Sahu, Li Fangxiang, Li Gang, Liu Yuting, Ma Shuyun, Malvika Sameer Naik, Pranav Tulshiram Chahande, Ravish Kumar, Riberd Ng, Sharan Thandlam Sudhindra, Tang Rui, Tanzir Taher Chowdhury, Tulika Agrawal, Xu Junou, Xu Yuchao.

RESEARCH ASSISTANTS Antonio Pizarro de Menedilla / Tulika Agrawal

DESIGN ADVISOR Olivegrin - Keris Wee

PUBLISHED BY NUS-JTC-i3. JTC Industrial Infrastructure Innovation Centre (I3C) CASA. Centre for Advance Studies in Architecture

© 2016 National University of Singapore © 2016 Individual Contributors ISBN: 978-981-09-9317-7

Printed and bounded in Singapore

The author gratefully acknowledge the permission granted to reproduce the copyright material in this book. Every effort has been made to trace and identify copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright materials. The author has acted in good faith at all times, and apologizes for any errors or omissions and would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions of this book.

All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in

any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publishers in writing.

The publisher does not warrant or assume any legal responsability for the publication’s contents.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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PREFACE

FROM INDUSTRIES TO NEIGHBOURHOODS. RENEWING AND REPOSITIONING INDUSTRIAL AREAS, THE CASE OF THE 22@ IN BARCELONA Oscar Carracedo

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FROM INDUSTRIAL ESTATES TO PRODUCTIVE CITIES. 4 IDEAS FOR THE RENEWAL OF JURONG INDUSTRIAL ESTATE

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Oscar Carracedo + MUP + MAUD

FRAMING SUCCESSFUL URBAN PARKS

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Loh Sze Sian

REVITALISATION OF PUBLIC HOUSING ESTATES IN SINGAPORE. LESSONS FOR JURONG INDUSTRIAL AREA Delon Leonard

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This book is the final result of the research project “Integrated Planning Perspectives for Jurong West Industrial Estate 2050”, funded and developed in collaboration with the NUS – JTC i3 Centre. My deepest gratitude to the Centre and to the JTC i3 directors for giving us the opportunity to develop this design research project, and my extended gratitude to the School of Design and Environment and the Department of Architecture of the National University of Singapore for the support received.

As a part of the research, two studios in the Master of Urban Planning (MUP) and the Master of Arts in Urban Design (MAUD) at the National University of Singapore were conducted in parallel in order to explore planning and design alternatives for the Jurong West Industrial Estate.

These two studios were developed from the results of the 2015 International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU) Winter School Workshop, an intensive meeting where more than 150 students worked together in a brainstorming session for the area. Based on the general conclusions of the IFoU Winter School Workshop, the MUP and MAUD studios explored more detailed planning scenarios and urban design proposals for the renewal of the 5,000 hectare area of Jurong West Industrial Estate and its transformation into an integrated and mixed-use sustainable neighbourhood.

This book incorporates the summary of the discussions, plans and urban design proposals held during those studios.

I wish to thank professor Low Boon Liang from the MAUD programme for his contribution to the book through the studio proposals, and in particular I would like to thank professor Jürgen

Rosemann for his advice, comments and specific collaboration in drafting the book, as well as for his contributions as the students’ advisor.

Last, but not least, my most sincere gratitude to the MUP students Loh Sze Sian, Oh Ying Chao, Delon Leonard, Andrea Meinarti Rachmat, Moon Jungwon, Serene Tey Hui Ping, Adeline Koh Meng Kwang, Wu Xinpeng, Naina Agarwal, Chaitali Wyomesh Dighe, Foong Keng Yi, Han Jieyu and Shirlynn Ong Shi Hui and to the MAUD students Jia Li Goh, Joel Lau Mun Fai, Riberd Ng, Calvian Oscar, Malvika Sameer Naik, Tulika Agrawal, Xu Junou, Leena Sahu, Pranav Tulshiram Chahande, Ayra Michelle Gonzales Santiago, Bhoomika Gupta, Hu Jiajun, Ma Shuyun, Tanzir Taher Chowdhury, Fei Bo, Lai Qian, Li Fangxiang, Li Gang, Ravish Kumar, Xu Yuchao, Sharan Thandlam Sudhindra, Anita Rahman, Liu Yuting, Tang Rui. Without their contributions, ideas and hard work this book would have not been possible.

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In the past few decades, many cities in highly developed countries have been experiencing a process of “deindustralisation” or “postindustrialisation” due to the rise of the service economy. This urban transformation, which also has a strong physical impact on industrial areas, is not an isolated process and it is common in many world economies.

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/SECTORIAL STRUCTURE OF WORLD ECONOMIES, 1999 Source: Soubottina,T.P./

/THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYMENT DURING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Source: Soubottina,T.P.z/

/INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT AS A PERCENTAGE OF GDP, 1980 AND 1998 Source: Soubottina,T.P./

Soubbotina, Tatyana P. with Sheram, K. A., (2000). “Beyond Economic Growth: Meeting the Challenges of Global Development”. WBI Learning Resources Series. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The World Bank.

According to Tatyana Soubbotina and the World Bank (2000), most high and middle-income countries are deindustrialising. This means that, as per capita income rises, first agriculture (industrialisation) and then industry (deindustrialisation) lose their primacy in favour of the service sector, and most likely all growing economies will go through these stages. In this sense, as incomes continue to rise, people’s needs become less “material” and they begin to demand more services. As a consequence, a change in the structure of employment occurs and the service sector replaces the industrial sector as the leading sector in the economy. This paradigm shift, called the ‘knowledge revolution’ by many scholars, is seen as the new productive change comparable to the former agricultural and industrial revolutions. The result of this new revolution is a socioeconomic change that adds value by creating and using knowledge, information, education, research and development, or communication technologies.

However, it is important to note that this economic process is also affecting the physical space of cities and their industrial land. Knowledgebased cities do not necessarily need segregated and specialised areas for production, which means it can be miniaturised, socialized and integrated into the usual activities of the city.

The challenge consists in figuring out how to reposition industrial areas in developed economies while maintaining working spaces, acknowledging that manufacturing must continue to be a key factor in urban economies, complementing new knowledge-based activities, while generating integrated

sustainable mixed-use neighbourhoods and complex living environments replete with urban quality.

Singapore is not an exception to this economic and urban process.

This book compiles the outcomes obtained from the research project “Integrated Planning Perspectives for Jurong West Industrial Estate 2050”, which analyses specific solutions for Singapore and reflects on the general urban renewal processes in industrial estates on the path toward these integrated Industrial-Neighbourhoods.

The content of the book is divided into three parts. The first part explores strategies and principles for the transformation and renewal of industrial areas using the paradigmatic case of the 22@ Innovative District in Barcelona. The second part synthesises into four fundamental topics the specific planning and design proposals developed in the context of the Master of Urban Planning and the Master of Arts in Urban Design to transform Jurong West into a productive mixeduse neighbourhood. Finally, the third part of the book compiles two articles written by students that reflect on two of the indispensable topics when it comes to transforming industrial areas into places with urban quality and urbanity.

Indushoods aims to offer new perspectives on the phenomenon of deindustrialisation and its impact on industrial areas, and to contribute to the discussion of their urban renewal and governance, as well as the strategic role that they should play in the city.

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Oscar Carracedo

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In recent decades, the world economy has been undergoing a process of production reorganisation and relocation of unprecedented scale and scope (Chiaruttini, 2013). The rise of the service economy has been one of the main structural changes in both the previous century and the current one. As a consequence, the service sector has become the dominant economic activity – especially in highly developed economies – while agriculture and manufacturing have declined. The rise of knowledge-based services as the most dynamic component, what Michael Peneder calls ‘‘quaternarisation’’, is distinctly characterised by the substantial contribution of technological and organizational change to structural development (Peneder et al., 2001).

This is also the case for Singapore where, according to the World Bank national account data, the services value added was already high in 1975 when services represented 65.4% of the GDP, compared with 32.4% for industry. In the last 40 years this difference has increased even more, and the value added of industry in the percentage of GDP has decreased to 24.9%, while the percentage of services has increased up to 75%. (1)

These changes in the industrial production systems, coupled with technological innovations and the emerging new patterns of work and consumption are also transforming physical industrial spaces and exerting pressure to redevelop industrial areas as mixed-use neighbourhoods. As a consequence, many developed and rapidly growing cities are experiencing a rapid loss of prime industrial land to residential and mixed-use developments, transforming much of the industrially-

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/(1) AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND SERVICES VALUE ADDED (% OF GDP) Source: The World Bank/

zoned land that is often seen as a land bank for mainly residential uses.

According to Alan Bertaud, in most market economy cities the total land surface zoned for industrial uses represent from about 4 to 10 percent of the total built-up area. As a reference, in Singapore, industrial land currently takes up more than 10 percent of the total land stock, although in some cases this percentage can be much higher and exceed more than 25 percent (2). Cities like Seoul and Hong Kong, which had a strong manufacturing base 30 years ago, have reduced the proportion of industrial land below 10 % because of land market

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pressure (Bertaud, 2006) and the quaternarisation processes.

However, cities should not lose their working and productive spaces and, although they should be adapted to contemporary living and working requirements, they must remain centres of industrial and retain the manufacturing production as one of the key components of urban economies, repositioning industrial areas to focus on innovation, entrepreneurship, and knowledge production. In this sense, the urban renewal of industrial areas in cities should integrate productive uses along with aspects of the city that contribute to urban quality.

Urban renewal and repositioning should transform these areas from monofunctional areas into sustainable mixed-use neighbourhoods and complex living environments, taking advantage of the new local production trends that are bringing small-scale manufacturing, rooted in the creative and knowledge economy, back to cities and benefiting from preserving industrial productivity in urban cores.

THE 22@ URBAN RENEWAL PLAN

The case of the 22@ Poblenou Innovative District in Barcelona is an example of this shift of industrial areas toward tertiarisation, or quaternarisation, which addresses the challenge of a new economy based on knowledge, without losing the sense of urbanity and the productive and working spaces.

Located in the Sant Martí district, the industrialisation of the Poblenou area began in the mid18th century and, historically, the neighbourhood has been the focus of major industrial developments since then. These industrial activities were implemented following the Cerdà grid and, although the latest development was not entirely completed, the process of industrial implementation was so successful that the area came to be known as the “Catalan Manchester”. (3) In 1976 the Metropolitan Master Plan (PGM), still in force, recognized these industrial settlements and defined two areas of a total extension of 135 Ha. for industrial uses under the key 22a-Industrial Zone. Although

/(2) PERCENTAGE OF INDUSTRIAL LAND IN COUNTRIES Source: Bertaud, A., 2006/

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/(3) ’THE CATALAN MANCHESTER’ Source: Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2011/

the regulation of this zone excluded housing and tertiary uses, 4,614 dwellings (approximately 700 plots) existed within the area prior to the PGM. Since they were built before the 1953 Regional Plan, they were legally settled within the urban planning regulations at the time. Due to the central location of the area numerous transport and distribution companies were implemented, mixed in with the residential uses. However, in the late 1980s, the changes in the forms of production and the location patterns, the opening of new logistic centres in the metropolitan area of Barcelona, and the construction of the Olympic Village next to the industrial zones led to the scenario of a possible urban transformation of these industrial spaces, which accelerated their decline and obsolescence. (4)

In the mid-90s, the industrial areas of Poblenou were showing clear signs of stagnation and a lack of dynamism, and the urban fabric was becoming degraded. Moreover, the urban regulations were not flexible enough to adapt to the changes in the production processes, which tended to break down

into separate activities that were not covered under the existing regulations in many cases (Aj. Barcelona, 2011).

The inadequacy of the existing planning framework was evident, and the need for a new planning framework was clear. In the late 90s, a series of consultation processes with experts began. Three components were essential in this process: the work developed by the Poblenou Projects workshop at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC); the consultations with 20 teams of architects, all of whom had academic responsibilities, and the ideas on new economic strategies for Barcelona and the restructuring of the industry in the metropolitan region developed by the Applied Economics Department of the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB). This background work created the foundation for the modification of the planning considerations for the area.

The suggested criteria proposed the following: a progressive implementation of the new economic activities; the formulation of planning alternatives to the Cerdà block, understanding the singularities of the urban form and embracing the preservation of the

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/(4) THE POBLENOU AND THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE AT THE BACK Source: Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2011/

built heritage (5); the suggestion of strategic planning areas; the recognition of the existing housing; the proposal of new elements of urban structure; and the regulation of new uses and activities (Aj. Barcelona, 2011).

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THE MODIFICATION OF THE GENERAL MASTER PLAN (MPGM): FROM INDUSTRIES TO A DISTRICT OF TECHNOLOGY-BASED ECONOMY

The transformation of the industrial area (22a) into the 22@ BCN Activities District started in 1999 with the premise of preserving the area’s productive character while shifting from industrial activities to the new uses tied to research and technology. The objective was to transform an industrial and warehoues

area into an place of economic activity, which – taking advantage of the neighbourhood’s centrality in the city and the connectivity provided by the infrastructures developed during the Olympic games – could maintain its productive character in relation to new technologies, knowledge and a wide range of tertiary uses in combination with residential uses, although the latter would be restricted.

With this objective, in 2000 the Barcelona City Council approved the Modification of the General Master Plan to adapt its focus toward building a new compact city, where traditional industries can coexist with innovative companies, research, training and technology transfer centres and housing. (6)

/(6) CAN FRAMIS. TRADITIONAL INDUSTRIES AND HERITAGE COEXIST WITH INNOVATIVE INDUSTRIES Source: The Architectural Review. www.architectural-review.com/

INDUSTRIES TO NEIGHBOURHOODS

The basic aspects of this document emphasized: the extension of the uses accepted in the 22@ zone to increase diversity and mixed uses and to promote the implementation of the new economic activities; the recognition of the existing dwellings and the creation of new housing (4,000 new subsidized units); the limitation of the industrial activities incompatible with housing due to their polluting or dangerous nature; the provision of facilities (145,000 m2) and open spaces (114,000 m2); the preservation of the neighbourhood’s industrial heritage (22@ Barcelona, 2016); and the creation of a new planning and regulatory framework flexible enough to be developed on a long-term basis and adaptable to new scenarios.

AN INNOVATIVE URBAN AND ECONOMIC MODEL TOWARD THE CITY OF KNOWLEDGE

The urban model proposed in the MPGM for the 198 Ha. area was conceived as a long-term plan to gradually recycle the obsolete industrial plots, working with the principle of renewal on the basis of the existing urban fabric and buildings. The renewal strategy abandoned the monofunctional model and incorporated mixed and diverse uses, as well as higher densities, to adapt to the characteristics of the central city, with the aim of reducing the demand of land, allowing for more rational land use, favouring social cohesion and promoting sustainable development with lower consumption of energy and a reduction of mobility needs (Aj. Barcelona, 2011).

On the other hand, in the 90s it was already a fact that traditional industries had lower value than

Recognising the blocks and their development potentials

Removing obsolete buildings

Infill with new buildings and activities

New public spaces at the street level. Renovation of existing structures

/(5) BLOCK PROPOSAL Source: Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2011/

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those based on knowledge, digital technologies, research, information or culture. This fact, which is still the case in most of our cities, including Singapore, entailed the proposal of specific measures to promote the implementation of activities related to emerging economic sectors.

In this sense, the renewal of the productive activities required the understanding of the new production processes and their specific urban requirements. Special emphasis was placed on incorporating the Information and Communication Technologies sector (ICT) as the main driving force behind the new economic model, since it was the paradigm of the emerging economic activities at the time (Aj. Barcelona, 2011). As explained in the Modification document, in contrast to the technological parks developed in the 80s, the difference of the proposed urban model based on ICT consists of taking advantage of their position in the core of urban centres for the incorporation of environmental and high-quality living standards.

22@ activities. The step forward proposed for the 22@BCN Activities District is the “link between the new activities and the existing urban fabric, making possible a juxtaposition and integration of different urban functions of the city”. In this sense, one of the innovative aspects of the plan was to define the @ activities, particular to the 22@ area, as an evolution and a shift from the traditional 22a industrial activities. Under this denomination the plan incorporated “emerging activities related to the new sector of information and communication technologies (ICT), as well as those

which, independently of the economic sector they belong to, are related to research, design, publishing, culture, multimedia activities or database and knowledge management” (7). (MPGM, 2000) According to the plan, the @ activities have the following characteristics: • They use production processes characterised by the intensive use of new technology.

• They have a high occupational density available (number of workers or users/surface area).

• They generate high added value.

• They are directly related to the generation, processing and transmission of information and knowledge.

• They are non-polluting, not a nuisance, and can be developed in urban centres.

However, it is important to note that the new economic model does not only rely on tertiary and knowledge activities; it also

/(7) DIAGRAM OF DENSITITES AND USES BEFORE AND AFTER THE TRANSFORMATION Source: Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2011/

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maintains the industrial uses. The coexistence of diverse uses, including housing, required the definition of a compatibility framework where heavier, polluting and dangerous activities were excluded. Therefore, industrial use is maintained, although it is limited to certain categories. As a consequence of this model, the plan estimated an increase of 60,000 jobs as a result of the urban renewal; more updated calculations increase this figure to 150,000 jobs.

MAKING A CITY, CREATING URBANITY

One of the basic goals of the plan was to create an integrated productive neighbourhood, while recognising the characteristics of the existing territory with its residential and economic values. In this sense, the plan is committed to the coexistence, integration and combination of economic and productive activities, housing, facilities and public spaces in order to create a complex and compact city model full of urbanity.

Housing. As mentioned before, despite the industrial zone classification in the 1976 PGM, the starting situation in the Poblenou showed a stock of 4,614

consolidated dwellings located in the midst of the industrial zones. (8) One of the commitments and priorities of the renewal plan was to recognise and integrate these housing units into the new transformation criteria (MPGM, 2000). Their regularisation aimed to provide life, urban activity and vibrancy to public spaces, in addition to promoting the mixture of uses, the balance between productive and residential uses, and the creation of a neighbourhood for living and working, which reflected the urban complexity that was another of the project’s identifying traits.

In addition to the existing housing, the plan assigned 10% of the new gross floor area (GFA) to social housing, which resulted in around 4,000 new social housing units. As a result, the total amount of residential space in the neighbourhood now accounts for 10 to 15% of the area. However, although the aim of this strategy seeks to densify, diversify and provide complexity to the industrial tissue, the proposed proportion might not be enough to activate and provide social control and the use of open space throughout the day.

/(8) SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSING Source: 22@/

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@-Facilities and Amenities. Due to the industrial character of Poblenou, the neighbourhood had a clear shortage of facilities and amenities. In order to overcome this situation, the plan zoned 10% of the land for public facilities, which were adapted to the characteristics of the area. In this sense the 7a key used in the PGM is transformed into 7@ so that, in addition to the local facilities required by the residents (civic, educational, health-related, etc.), other facilities to support the productive activities are also provided.

These facilities, linked to the promotion and development of the economic activities, are devoted to activities related to the transfer of knowledge, technological and scientific innovation and research, development and design. Universities and institutional, training, business and professional centres are the leading players in the production and spread of knowledge and guarantee a broad range of highly qualified human capital (Aj. Barcelona, 2011).

Industrial Heritage. The historical evolution of Poblenou is characterised by a very singular combination of residential and industrial buildings that generates a landscape

full of volumetric contrasts and diverse typologies organised around passages, courtyards and interstitial spaces (Aj. Barcelona, 2011). The 22@ plan took advantage of this existing rich diversity and proposed their coexistence within the new developments. (9) In this way, the recognition of the existing housing, coupled with the reuse of large industrial buildings and the rehabilitation of the valuable industrial heritage, was the strategy followed to maintain the economic and social fabric of Poblenou.

Public Spaces. Public spaces constitute one of the main structural elements to create urbanity, social cohesion and interaction, and they are the support system for urban activities.

In the case of Poblenou, the proposed system of public spaces is based on the structural character of some of the streets in the CerdĂ grid that link a series of parks located at strategic points. These parks are related to the residential uses, the @-facilities and the heritage industrial buildings, defining the uses and the character of the spaces.

It is important to note how the plan also recognises the small alleys and the spaces in-between the buildings and the traditional fabric

/(9) CA L’ARANYO, AN EXAMPLE OF THE INTEGRATION OF INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE Source: Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2011/

INDUSTRIES TO NEIGHBOURHOODS

as one of the characteristic and predominant typologies of public space in the neighbourhood (10). These spaces do not only provide urban quality to the environment but also help toward promoting identity, for example using the traces of still existing farmland divisions and creating connections between heritage buildings.

Urban Structure. Finally, all these elements come together on top of a support system created by a series of urban structure elements and the planning of six strategic areas (11) within the homogeneous fabric of the Cerdà grid (Aj. Barcelona, 2011).

These areas accommodate activities for creating centrality and were meant

to be developed by detailed planning (Special Development Plans) rooted in public initiative. The objective of these “predetermined” plans was, on the one hand, to accommodate more intensity and density and to provide the activities, public spaces and facilities characteristic of urban central places and, on the other hand, to create a series of prototypes and a catalogue of references for the private initiative developments. (12)

A SUPPORT SYSTEM TO ATTRACT ICT ACTIVITIES. INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUSTAINABILITY

Aside from the aspects related to creating a new integrated and mixeduse neighbourhood, it was fundamental

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/(10) PLAN OF PUBLIC SPACES Source: 22@/

/(11) PREDETERMINED PLANS Source: Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2011/

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/(12) 2004-2010 BEFORE AND AFTER OF THE PREDETERMINED PLAN 3 Source: Ajuntament de Barcelona, TAVISA 2011/

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to generate the necessary conditions for the ICT activities to settle in the area. In this sense, in parallel to the implementation of the MPGM, a regulatory framework needed to be established to provide the area with the infrastructure required by the information and knowledge-based economy and the new environmental needs. This led to rethinking how that infrastructure was planned and delivered in Barcelona, and for the first time the provision of public spaces, mobility, the water cycle, energy, communication and waste management systems were all integrated together in a new way of managing the distribution of utilities.

In 2000, the Infrastructure Special Plan (PEI) was approved, a few months after the 22@ Modification. The aim of the plan was to provide the area with a cutting edge, technologically excellent infrastructural system adapted to the requirements of the activities that the plan was targeting.

In this sense, the PEI had to provide a comprehensive and coherent development for the conventional infrastructure and new sustainable parameters that included the water cycle, the use and production of energy, cold and heat processes, waste management, data and

voice transmission networks, mobility and street furniture.

As stated in the MPGM document, the PEI regulatory framework coordinates aspects such as: • The definition of the street network, differentiating primary streets for public transport and secondary streets for local transit, bicycle lanes, unloading areas, pedestrians or residential car parks.

• The plan establishes the layout of the interconnected network of service galleries and the position of the service rooms that will allow for the provision of services inside the blocks. The galleries integrate all the sustainable and infrastructure systems.

• The PEI also defines the water provision network and how water should be recycled. It also defines and regulates the use of underground water for cleaning, watering, heat exchange and for industrial and commercial premises.

• Regarding waste management, a selective pneumatic waste collection system is deployed on the street and for new buildings. The tube network is connected to different recycling stations outside the area, where the different waste fractions are classified for their reuse.

INDUSTRIES TO NEIGHBOURHOODS

• The PEI also incorporated next-generation proposals regarding energy production and distribution in accordance with the environmental concerns of the plan. Centralised air conditioning systems; co-generation production and distribution networks through hot and cold pipes; thermal panels to supply hot water taking advantage of solar energy; and the production of energy from photovoltaic panels are some of the systems implemented by the plan.

• Finally, the plan also uses the network of galleries to deploy multiple cable and fibre optic systems for communications linked to service rooms inside the blocks. This network is crucial, since it provides high-speed connectivity for the ICT activities, which is one of the main attractors for these companies to settle in the neighbourhood. (13)

TRANSFORMATION TOOLS. PREDETERMINED AND FLEXIBLE INCENTIVE PLANNING

As mentioned, although the 22@ area is located on the same Cerdà grid, its urban configuration is

/(13) DIAGRAM OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE LAYOUT PER BLOCK Source: Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2011/

characterised by a rich diversity of uses and urban forms, which stands out and differs from the homogeneity of the rest of the Eixample in the city (14).

With this complexity as a starting point, the regulatory framework of the 22@ district wanted to keep the integrated identity of mixed uses and opted not to determine the outcome of the transformation. In this way, rather than establishing a precise and detailed design and regulation of the physical environment, the plan promotes the transformation over time and flexible adaptation in each case to the pre-existing features (Aj. Barcelona, 2011).

To achieve this goal and to develop the plan, the MPGM proposed two main mechanisms and planning tools.

Special Development Plans. On the one hand, as mentioned before, the document defines six areas where detailed planning will be developed. These areas, which will be executed through Special Development Plans, represent 48% of the total area of the MPGM and are located at significant points of

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/(14) URBAN FABRIC CONTRAST BETWEEN THE TRADITIONAL ‘EIXAMPLE’ AND THE POBLENOU Source: Ajuntament de Barcelona/

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the structure. The publicly developed detailed planning figures predetermine the physical transformation of strategic areas, creating centralities and accommodating higher densities and intensities. (15) These special areas act as the catalysts and engines of the district’s transformation and their general goals include: • Granting coherence and unity to the fabric and spaces of each sector through urban design, regulation, and flexible control of architecture according to its specific character and its urban position.

• Maintaining the identity traits of the area, in contrast with the central Eixample, taking advantage of the street model, the recovery of passages and courtyards, and the recognition of the symbolic heritage.

• Ensuring diversity of uses to guarantee functional complexity.

• Providing continuity to the residential fabric in order to create enough intensity and density for the social appropriation of the space.

• And finally, exploring and promoting the existing spatial and

typological diversity as a distinctive characteristic of the district. (Aj. Barcelona, 2011) 22@ Zone Incentives. On the other hand, in order to promote the transformation of the rest of Poblenou, mainly developed by private actors, the plan fixed an incremental incentive system to attract and promote the location of the desired uses and activities targeted.

The basic plot ratio (PR) of the 22@ zone was set at 2.2, adding 0.2 to the original ratio of the 22a industrial zones. This increase in the ratio aims to compensate the urbanisation costs linked to the change of the environmental model. In addition to this basic plot ratio, 0.5 could be added if @ uses (research, knowledge, design, information technologies, etc.) were implemented. Finally, a plot ratio of 0.3 had to be added in order to provide social housing developed by private initiative but with the obligation of assigning the land under public title. In the case of the predetermined areas, the latest

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/(15) ONE OF THE PREDETERMINED SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS. THE AUDIOVISUAL CAMPUS Source: Ajuntament de Barcelona/

supplementary plot ratio could be 0.5 in order to cover the parking and services needs. As a result, the total plot ratio for the 22@ zones can be up to 3.0 or 3.2 in the case of the special areas. (see figure 7) In return for these benefits and the increase in the gross floor area, private actors accept some urban development obligations: • Allocating 10% of the land for facilities • Allocating 31m2 of land for each 100 m2 of residential gross floor area, 18m2 for green areas and 13m2 for facilities.

• Assuming the urbanisation costs of green areas and infrastructures according to the PEI. • Assigning to the public the land area to provide a plot ratio of 0.3 for social housing. (Aj. Barcelona, 2011) (16)

THE RESULTS OF THE 22@ AND SOME LESSONS LEARNED FOR SINGAPORE

Since the approval of the 22@ MPGM in 2000, and despite the slowdown of the transformation process due to economic crises, the result of its

implementation through June 2012 shows a satisfactory evolution. In this period, 141 urban renewal plans, 85 of private initiative, have transformed 70% of the area of the MPGM, 13% for facilities and 16% for public spaces.

The area renewed represents 3,031,503 m2 of gross floor area, approximately 6% dedicated to public housing with approximately 3,200 public housing units (1,886 privately developed) (22@ Barcelona, 2012), and 2% for public activities. The rest is devoted to private @ industrial and knowledge activities.

According to the Barcelona City Council, these processes have generated an income to cover the costs of the Infrastructure Plan worth 45.26 M€, and income of 24.55 M€ derived from the value of land and gross floor area not transferred to the public.

Regarding the economic activity, the area increased the number of business premises in relation to 2002 by 42.5%.

According to the latest available census, the area has 7,064 companies and 4,400 freelance workers. These figures show an increase in companies of 105.5% since the year 2000. In

21

INDUSHOODS

/(16) DEVELOPMENT OF THE 22@ ACTIVITIES ZONE. BENEFITS AND OBLIGATIONS Source: MPGM/

22

absolute figures, these percentages are far above the percentages for the city, the province and Catalonia as a whole. In addition, since the year 2000, an estimated 4,500 new companies have moved to the district; out of this number 47.3% are new start-ups. It is important to note that 27% of the companies are knowledge or technologyintensive.

As a consequence of this economic development, the estimated number of workers, not including freelance workers has increased 62.5%, or by 56,200 workers. An average of 72% of the workers in the district’s @ companies are university educated.

In addition, since 2001 the number of residents has also increased 22.8%, 15% more than the city average. (22@ Barcelona, 2012, 2016)

Like many other highly developed cities, and as a small and limited city-state, Singapore has to continue hosting industries as one of the key economic pillars, as opposed to moving toward an economy based only on services. However, the demands and needs for a greater population should take into consideration the potential of renewing some of the large areas of industrial estates and their land use

systems into more flexible, integrated and mixed-use environments that will also help to decentralise the economic activities in new integrated living and working neighbourhoods. This shift will also attract more land-efficient economic activities that will provide a higher value-added from the production of industrial, technological, knowledge, research and manufacturing activities.

The strategic renewal of some of these areas through the intensification, densification and optimisation of land, as well as the diversification of uses, will provide the necessary land and build spaces to cover the future needs of Singapore in a sustainable way, without further land reclamations or underground developments. In this sense, working from a regional perspective, beyond the borders, seeking collaborations and synergies with the neighbouring countries will help to balance the country’s lack of land and resources.

Working on a long-term basis, Singapore must be able to flexibilize the land uses of industrial estates, offering a wide range of the desired activities according to the targeted economic model, and allowing the market

INDUSTRIES TO NEIGHBOURHOODS

to self adjust and regulate the uses towards more productive activities.

The new economic activities in the renewed industrial estates should allow for creating integrated mixed-use neighbourhoods for living, working and leisure. This mixture should explore forms of flexible zoning to include several uses, avoiding the segregation caused by the current planning system.

The urban support structure provided by the plan must be designed to regulate the different uses in a flexible way, without the necessity of rigid systems purely based on land-use distribution.

In this sense, more “white zones” with a broader range of uses should be proposed so that new possibilities and scenarios are offered.

The urban renewal of industrial estates should take advantage of the

existing infrastructure support system, as well as the building stock that might be part of the identity of the site. In this way, the recycling of the existing building stock and the infill of the fabric should be the main strategies to implement in the formation of new diverse productive neighbourhoods.

Finally, the new integrated neighbourhoods should provide services, amenities, public spaces and commercial activities, which – coupled with the residential spaces for a minimum population density – will activate the use of public spaces and streets.

In this sense, the street should be the support system for the future liveability and vibrancy of the neighbourhoods.

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Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2011). “22@Barcelona. 10 Years of Urban Renewal”. Ajuntament de Barcelona.

Ajuntament de Barcelona. Urban Planning Department. (2000). “Modification of the PGM (MPGM) for the Renovation of the Industrial Areas of Poble Nou”. 22@BCN Activity District. Ajuntament de Barcelona.

Ajuntament de Barcelona. 22@Barcelona. (2012). “22@ Barcelona Plan. A Programme of Urban, Economic and Social Transformation”. Ajuntament de Barcelona.

Ajuntament de Barcelona. 22@Barcelona. (2016). http://www.22barcelona.com/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=83. Last visited September 2016.

Bertaud, A., (2006). “The Spatial Structures of Central and Eastern European cities: more European than Socialist?”.

International symposium on post-communist cities the Russian and East European Center (REEC) “Winds of Societal Change: Remaking Post-communist Cities”. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Chiaruttini, M. S., (2013), “Features of tertiarisation in the developed economies and worldwide offshoring”. 153rd European Congress of the European Regional Science Association.

Department of Statics of Singapore. (2016). “Singapore in Figures”. Singapore Department of Statistics Green, J., (2016). “For Cities, Industrial Land Matters”. http://www.rooflines.org/4395/for_cities_industrial_land_matters/. Last visited September 2016.

Memedovic, O., Lapadre, L., UNIDO, United Nations Industrial Development Organization. (2010). “Structural Change in the World Economy: Main Features and Trends”. UNIDO, United Nations Industrial Development Organization Peneder, M., Kaniovski S., Dachs, B., (2001). “What Follows Tertiarisation? Structural Change and the Role of Knowledge-based Services”. WIFO Working Papers no. 146.

Power, A., Plöger, J., Winkler, A., “Transforming Cities Across Europe. An interim report on problems and progress”.

CASEreport 49. Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion. LSE The London School of Economics and Political Science The World Bank, (2016) “Industry and Services value added (% of GDP)”. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.SRV.TETC. ZS?contextual=default&end=2014&locations=SG&start=1975&view=chart. Last visited September 2016.

Tulika Agrawal, Adeline Koh Meng Kwang, Andrea Meinarti Rachmat, Chaitali Dighe, Delon Leonard, Fong Keng Yi, Han Jieyu, Julie Jungwon Moon, Loh Sze Sian, Naina Agarwal, Oh Ying Chao, Serene Tey Hui Ping, Shirlynn Ong Shi Hui, Wu Xinpeng, Anita Rahman, Ayra Michelle Gonzales Santiago, Bhoomika Gupta, Calvian Oscar, Fei Bo, Goh Jia Li, Hu Jiajun, Lai Qian, Joel Lau Mum Fai, Leena Sahu, Li Fangxiang, Li Gang, Liu Yuting, Ma Shuyun, Malvika Sameer Naik, Pranav Tulshiram Chahande, Ravish Kumar, Riberd Ng, Sharan Thandlam Sudhindra, Tang Rui, Tanzir Taher Chowdhury, Xu Junou, Xu Yuchao

Adeline Koh Meng Kwang, Andrea Meinarti Rachmat, Chaitali Wyomesh Dighe, Delon Leonard, Fong Keng Yi, Han Jieyu, Julie Jungwon Moon,

Oscar Carracedo

24

The industrial city as we know it today is the byproduct of the unprecedented economic growth and the increase of productivity patterns that occurred during the Industrial Revolution. At that time, technological innovation constituted the essence of the revolution, with industry as its main source of wealth. Before the appearance of the zoning and land use segregation proposed by the modernists, the city of the nineteenth century usually incorporated and combined industrial uses with other functions.

Today, the challenge we are facing is that of proposing a future model for the industrial city that meets the new requirements arising from the changes in patterns of consumption and production models.

One of the most remarkable aspects and one of the consequences of economic growth is tertiarisation, which in most highly developed economies is also characterised by a profound economic and social transformation. This leads countries into deindustrialisation, shifting the economy toward the service sector and, consequently, to a change in the production model.

/RENEWING INDUSTRIAL AREAS TO CREATE PRODUCTIVE CITIES/

On the other hand, industrial areas in cities usually have a huge weight in terms of land occupation and consumption. This gives them potential and makes them an opportunity space for the future development of our cities, renewing them from monofunctional, segregated, fragmented and highly polluted industrial areas into productive integrated neighbourhoods for future population growth, with clean industries, open spaces, attractive housing and vibrant urbanity.

Using the case of Jurong West Industrial Estate in Singapore as an example, the proposals explore different strategies and tools to renew and transform industrial areas in order to find common patterns that can be applicable and extrapolated to other cases in global contexts. The observation of the different plans and projects developed for the Jurong West Industrial Estate lets us learn some lessons and classify the proposed ideas into four different topics that contribute to the debate on renewing industrial areas to create productive cities that can combine working, living, playing and learning in a sustainable way.

Q.Lian

25

INDUSHOODS

THE CONNECTED CITY

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THE CONNECTED CITY explores ways of renewing industrial areas through alternative and sustainable transportation and mobility systems.

The traditional functional planning requirements of industrial areas have provided them with powerful infrastructural support systems and efficient connectivity systems that link them to the main arterial distributors of the territory. Despite this fact, due to the characteristic specialisation of the land use, industrial areas are usually segregated from the rest of the functions of the city. Incorporating industrial areas into larger city networks will open up the possibility of better accessibility. The improvement of accessibility and mobility boosts the creation of new opportunities for different types of mixed-use development and a more inclusive and sustainable model that will reduce the impact of mobility in response to working needs.

However, the connected city does not just refer to the development of sustainable mobility and transportation networks; it also addresses physical and spatial connections to the social, infrastructural, technological, and even virtual networks that help the city work as a structured whole.

Networks

The applicability of networks, in addition to the concept of the connected city, is one of the strategies that we observe in most of the proposals for the urban renewal of Jurong West Industrial Estate. As a general approach, the vision for Jurong that all the projects share involves designing a rational transportation system that promotes walkability

and enhances quality of life. The proposed mobility system would have the right mix of eco-friendly transport options to benefit both people and the environment.

Based on the existing grid system in Jurong, the projects propose a variety of schemes that can be classified according to three types of

/Model Based on Transit-oriented Development (TOD) Theory/

Primary road - MRT/TRAM Secondary road - Tram/EV Tertiary road - Tram/EV Pedestrian Connection Bus/Tram stop EV Parking

/A WALKABLE UNIT/

A.Meinarti, S.H.P.Tey, D.Leonard, X.Wu, S.S.Loh

4 IDEAS

City networks. Mass rapid public transport

Local street networks.

Definition of walkable units

Local street networks. Initial structure of walkable units

City Networks. Connecting the city with the Underground Goods Moving system

/INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORKS/

A.M.K.Koh, J.M.Jungwon, N.Agarwal, S.Ong

Networks. Networks for public transport on both the city scale and the local scale; service networks, including distribution centres and systems to transport goods, as well as water, energy and waste systems; and, finally, local street networks for mobility. We have observed that, while the first two networks deal with the integration of the area into the city on a larger scale, the latter network tackles the smaller scale, organizing the area according to hierarchical units where the streets, as the main infrastructure and connectivity system, play different roles. Using approaches that resemble transit-oriented development (TOD) theories, the proposals usually work with units of one square kilometre and are based largely on the principles of walkability and accessibility. While the units are articulated with the rest of the city through mass rapid transit (MRT) and bus networks, they also incorporate light rail transit (LRT), trams and electric vehicle networks on the local scale in order to promote pedestrian and bicycle mobility as well as alternative sustainable mobility systems. In this sense, the ratio and presence of pedestrian and bicycle spaces on streets increases when they are located within the units.

Likewise, we note that an essential aspect of all the proposals is the importance of incorporating an efficient, clean and affordable public transport system in the renewal of the industrial areas. From a social perspective, public transport is considered the most convenient inclusive system for achieving equal and efficient accessibility to work and study areas within a reasonable travel or walking distance from residential areas. The location of education,

27

INDUSHOODS

Redefining waterfront activities

Waterfront cultural corridor

Industrial Waterfront Waterfront Waterfront Waterfront Waterfront harbour theme park wetland activities commercial linear park club areas

Waterfront activities club

Connecting train line with water transport line and allocation of interchange stations

MRT line

Interchange

Water transport line

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Setting up walkable waterfront system and connecting it to the city road network

Road network line Connecting pedestrian line

Water transport line

Road network at the waterfront

Road network line

Water transport line

Q.Lai, F.Li, J.Xu

/RECONNECTING JURONG WATERFRONT/

4 IDEAS

29

/THE CONNECTED CITY : WALKABLE NEIGHBOURHOODS/

Catchment area of a Bus/Train stop (400 m radius)

Catchment area of an Electric Vehicle stop (250 m radius)

A.Rahman

INDUSHOODS

/THE CONNECTED CITY : WALKABLE NEIGHBOURHOODS/

A.Rahman

30

/PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT THROUGH OPEN SPACES WITHIN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT/

healthcare or recreational facilities within the catchment area of public transport promotes the use of this mode of transport. For senior citizens, people with disabilities and children, public transport is also the main means of mobility.

From a sustainable perspective, it is well known that public transport is more efficient than private motor vehicles in terms of the usage of street and road space as well as

J.M.F.Lau

energy consumption. Public transport is thus important in improving sustainable mobility in urban areas, and the proposals consider it the right approach to encourage low-carbon growth in cities.

Finally, it is also remarkable how, in some cases, networks are used to activate and reconnect the waterfront in Jurong. In this case, through the continuity of walkable systems and the connection with local

4 IDEAS

street networks and public transport transfer stations, the aim is to open and incorporate the port area, offering up its potential to the rest of the city.

Connected spines. In the process of creating these networks, most proposals highlight certain elements of the urban structure, allocating to them a higher hierarchical role in the overall system. Observation of the different projects shows us that two main elements, spines and nodes, are commonly used to emphasise specific parts of the network.

In order to free up the public streets from the heavy traffic that serves production activities, some of the proposals opt to create specialised industrial spines that completely segregate the free flow of industrial goods from people’s mobility. This very functionalist approach, similar to the megastructure projects proposed in the 1960s during the metabolism period, allows for creating alternative safe

/CONNECTED SPINES/

streets for residents, who will not have to mix with the heavy traffic generated by the activities.

In the specific context of Jurong, we observe the proposal of compact industrial spines to take advantage of the connectivity provided by one of the main arterial roads within the site, the Ayer Rajah Expressway (AYE). In order to reinforce the infrastructural role of the axis and to promote the intensification of the plots situated along it with productive activities and amenities for people, the spine incorporates an underground Goods Mover System (GMS) and a People Mover System (PMS) on the surface, both connecting to the rest of the city. By taking on the role of one of the most important infrastructural elements in the area, this spine brings together not only productive or industrial uses, but also cultural, educational, leisure, living or business activities, transforming the infrastructure into a diverse and multifunctional corridor.

M.S.Naik

31

INDUSHOODS

/INTENSIFICATION OF LAND USE AROUND THE SPINE/

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/NODES WITH DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES ALONG THE SPINE/

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C.Oscar, R.Ng, J.Hu

INDUSHOODS

Manufacturing node

34

/A SPINE MADE OF LAYERS OF INFRASTRUCTURE/

4 IDEAS

Education node

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R.Ng

INDUSHOODS

Level 3: - Building footprint (6-15 storey) - Spine roof garden - Leisure bridge (Eco-bridge to link the green patch across AYE

Level 2: - Podium footprint - Connected podium with activities in spine

Level 1: - Prt network - Factory building footprint

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Level 0: - Road network - Basement GMS network

Level 0: - Green network - Pedestrian friendly spaces

/SPINE : NETWORK LAYERS EXPLODED/

R. Ng

4 IDEAS

Connected nodes. In a similar way to the spines, and as a part of the overall urban structure, some proposals also emphasise the use of nodes, or specific and strategic intersections, as a system for creating powerful synergies to transform the industrial area. These nodes create attraction points all around the network and help to articulate and influence the spines in order to promote mobility along them.

The complexity and centrality of these nodes is expressed and reinforced by their connection to the city’s general infrastructure and transport system. In this sense, taking advantage of the highly accessible character of the nodes, the proposals for Jurong Industrial Estate show the essential role that complex cross-sections with combined multi-level and interchange systems should play in the relationship between different modes of transport.

However, the projects for Jurong do not focus only on solving traffic

/CENTRALITY: URBAN SPACES WITH NOTABLE ARCHITECTURE AND HIGH-QUALITY PUBLIC SPACES/

and transportation nodes; they also show how high accessibility reinforces and signifies the role of the proposed activities, the physical space and urban form. Nodes become complex urban structures and vibrant centralities defined by the integration of living, commerce, culture, leisure, tertiary activities, production and educational activities within highly significant urban spaces with notable architecture and high-quality public spaces. Thus we note that, as a consequence of accessibility – and in addition to their functions – the proposed nodes for Jurong act as high-density, intense and self-sufficient mixed-use hubs within the proposed urban network for the area.

Hence, nodes and spines go hand in hand toward creating a hierarchical support system for a well-functioning connected city network intended to promote the long-term renewal of industrial areas.

A.Rahman

37

INDUSHOODS

Urban centre with connecting decks

Green roof maze

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Entertainment plaza

Covered public space. Walkable environment

4 IDEAS

39

/INTEGRATION OF DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES IN AN URBAN NODE/

Q.Lai, F.Li, J.Xu

INDUSHOODS

Mixed-use office tower with retail on the first 3 levels

Traditional mid-rise HDB

Housing types: public and private housing

40

High-rise HDB

Waterfront condominiums

Even distribution of facilities

/INTEGRATION OF DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES IN AN URBAN NODE/

4 IDEAS

Public transport layout

Movement of vehicular traffic

41

Pedestrian friendly green system

Q.Li

INDUSHOODS

SoHo

Corporate trading center

Bristo & viewing deck

Hotel

SME zone

Residential with retail at 1st floor

Food plaza

Convention & exhibition centre Office zone MedTech gallery Green and Blue corridor Research and development zone Mixed- Use R&D and residential

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/JURONG HILL PRECINCT : A MIXED-USE NODE/

Mixed- Use zone Commercial - Business SoHo - Riverfront Retail

4 IDEAS

Exchange point. Community space within a high-density mixed-use development

Realisation of an R&D zone

43 Realisation of a food plaza

Shopping and community gathering lane

C.Oscar

INDUSHOODS

Start = End. The main node functions as an urban gate to start or end the spine at the same time.

Land use Business park Commercial with residential

Footprint Landmark buildings Building footprint

Commercial w Business park white

MRT line

PRT line

44

Flow of green: naturalized green system (including canal) creating a conducive environment to support the development of a business corridor

Car-free corridor: freeing up car space by replacing it with the smart mover system with a sensor on the pedestrian surface

/JURONG HILL PRECINCT : A MIXED-USE NODE/

Goods mover system

Green and blue infrastructure

MRT & PRT

Pedestrian path

4 IDEAS

45

C.Oscar

INDUSHOODS

THE PRODUCTIVE CITY

46

or food, taking advantage of the economies of location and opportunity, the compatibility of uses, and the proximity of living spaces.

THE PRODUCTIVE CITY explores a new model for industrial areas intended to take advantage of the flexibility, adaptability and compatibility offered by new economic and production systems, as well as the changes in citizens’ behaviour and lifestyles. The productive city is integrated, mixeduse and sustainable and can combine productive activities with living environments.

The productive city manages its resources in an effective and efficient manner to meet the basic socioeconomic needs of the growing population. This effort must respond to the paradigms of sustainability, liveability and urban resilience.

In this sense, as a renewal strategy for industrial areas, the productive city refers to alternative economies. Rather than being based on traditional manufacturing models, instead the economy is based on the efficient production of knowledge, technology, added value products,

Clean productivity for integrated environments

The urban renewal of industrial estates is a long-term process, which requires a deep and precise analysis of the macro and micro trends affecting the area under study. The development of plans should be based on the understanding of such trends in order to propose key transformation projects and renewal strategies.

The proposal for the renewal of Jurong Industrial Estate starts with the analysis of the existing industrial spaces, which have become obsolete due to the new production systems and changes in consumption patterns. Rather than just being seen as places in need of the injection of new activities, these spaces constitute an opportunity for transformation and the creation of a new vibrant, dynamic and resilient

Loft Gardening neighbourhood Gardening neighbourhood

Creative cultural area

Research area Large factory zone

Office & SoHo

Research area

Logistic park

Distribution centre

/THE PRODUCTIVE CITY: KNOWLEDGE CLOUD /

Integrated office cluster Information centre

Industry smart factory cluster B.Fei, G.Li, Y.Xu

4 IDEAS

Mixed-use commercial + clean industries

Mixed-use residential + clean industries

Existing model

Clean industries

/PROTOTYPES TO TRANSFORM EXISTING INDUSTRIAL BLOCKS /

A.M.K.Koh, J.M.Jungwon, N.Agarwal, S.Ong

productive model with the potential to boost Singapore’s economy.

The proposals for Jurong understand the shift toward the new economies as a pivotal point and as an opportunity for the industrial development process in Singapore: a new strategic line of action that can address the redistribution of uses through the urban renewal and recycling of land occupied by underused industrial spaces. Thus, the projects understand that the economic function of the matured Jurong Industrial fabric can be reinterpreted through a contemporary and modernised lens.

In this sense, the transformation of traditional industrial manufacturing uses would be favoured and incentivised by companies hoping to leverage to high value added and services manufacturing, clean industries, innovative production processes based on knowledge economies, or research and development activities that will improve economic competitiveness and the viability of the renewal of industrial spaces.

However, the productive city transcends economic dimensions and values. The introduction of social productivity emphasises the need to enrich the Jurong industrial landscape and inject it with social heart-scapes. The harmonious integration and combination of uses such as housing, commerce, recreational facilities and open spaces with productive activities aims to achieve a balanced social development for Jurong. This coexistence and provision of fundamental components of the city will help to improve Jurong’s built environment and its quality of life.

47

INDUSHOODS

48

Alternative productive activities: Toward Self-Sufficient Neighbourhoods

In the transition toward productive cities, it is necessary to think about alternative and innovative productive economies that can offer self-sufficient and sustainable models for renewing industrial areas.

Due to the highly urbanised environment and the reduced amounts of land dedicated to farming activities, Singapore has to import over 90% of the food consumed in the country. Of the food produced in the country, only 8% is vegetables. However, vegetables rank at the top in annual local food consumption, and consumption behaviour shows that 37% of all food eaten by a person in a year (95 kg per person per year) is made up of vegetables.

According to the Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA, 2011), Singapore’s high dependency on imports could affect the country in the event of a shift in the global food supply.

Taking the large extension of Jurong as an opportunity, the proposals explore the challenge of food production as an alternative productive use based on three premises: how to increase local food production; how to use land for farming in an efficient way; and how to achieve the competitiveness of locally produced food as compared to imported food. Based on the data provided by the AVA, the projects investigate the scenario of integrating food production, urban farming and community gardening into the existing urban fabric, transforming some parts of Jurong into an agricultural park. The proposals mainly explore the production of vegetables for the population that will live in the neighbourhood in the future.

Observing the proposals, we note that one of the main challenges

Original site

Removed blocks

Retained blocks

New blocks

/INTEGRATION THROUGH INFILL STRATEGIES/

A.M.K.Koh, J.M.Jungwon, N.Agarwal, S.Ong

4 IDEAS

for the implementation of the Jurong Agricultural Park is how to intensify the land use for farming. With this in mind, some proposals suggest that, due to the limited available area for food production, farms should adopt high-technology solutions in order to produce more vegetables to satisfy the demand. According to the latest hightechnology options, vertical farming systems are an innovative approach for producing large quantities of vegetables. Using multi-level systems, vertical farming provides eight times more growing area for the same floor area. This compact model allows for maximizing the use of land as well as providing more crop rotations per year than open field farming. According to the proposals for Jurong, using this technology over an area of 17 hectares with 18-level buildings, could increase the production of vegetables by up to 30%.

In addition, proposals incorporate a system of distribution centres strategically located for the transportation of imported food and the food produced in the agricultural park to wholesale centres and processing factories. Small hubs with distribution, processing and selling centres are located near the agricultural park so that transport costs are reduced and fresh and processed foods can be sold in the wholesale centres immediately.

Identity & Reuse. As mentioned before, patterns of production and consumption are changing. This will probably bring about a new typological change, where the traditional understanding of industrial spaces and buildings will shift. The progressive transformation of industrial areas through the

Keeping the valuable light industries

Improving connectivity

49

Expanding functional diversity

Increasing green ratio

Y.Liu

/REUSE OF EXISTING INDUSTRIAL INFRASTRUCTURE/

INDUSHOODS

50

retrofitting of the existing urban fabric and buildings constitutes a very powerful tool for renewing larger areas. The effectiveness of this strategy has been abundantly tested. The transformation of decaying, obsolete or former industrial spaces into more intensive and mixeduse environments by applying urban reuse and infill strategies provides intertwined, balanced and complex urban milieus that incorporate identity as a urban renewal strategy.

Each piece of a city has its own value and history, since each belongs to the different strata that make up the city. It is important to identify the values of each part of the city, which may not be aesthetically obvious.

Values do not depend on the individual quality of the architecture, but rather on the ensemble or the traditional role of a particular area of the city.

In Singapore, redevelopment has usually been carried out through demolition and rebuilding. The possibility of rehabilitation or retrofitting has seldom been taken into consideration. The proposals for Jurong Industrial Estate recognise the potential of the existing building stock as a possible asset for renewing the area. Although most of the buildings in Jurong do not have any special architectural interest, the analysis shows that some of the aggregations and typologies might have an interest as a whole. In this sense, many proposals suggest maintaining and reusing several landmark structures along the water’s edge and some of the shipping hangars as a reference to the wharf’s history. The integration of these components along the water’s edge and the transformation of their uses into tertiary activities, facilities,

commercial or living spaces will provide a distinct sense of identity for the area.

Another alternative proposal approach involves merging recreation with this identity by creating industrial “cultural parks”.

In this case, certain proposals suggest promoting use of the existing warehouses as non-polluting manufacturing companies, where the activities developed there can be part of a cultural experience linked to the production history of the area.

Design companies related to the port activities, supported by galleries, cafes, restaurants, commercial and recreational services, could transform the area into an “industry experience”.

This strategy aims to renew the area by attracting people through the specificity and differentiation of the context. This approach could provide the area with identity nodes and iconic locations within the district. The activities are intended to attract visitors who, in addition to responding to the commercial use of the space, will come into contact with a creative atmosphere linked to technology and local productivity, engaging in an educational experience regarding the value of culture and Singapore’s industrial heritage.

Future industries

Automatized

Resource sharing

/INDUSTRIAL TRENDS/

Clean & green

Miniaturized

A.M.K.Koh, J.M.Jungwon, N.Agarwal, S.Ong

4 IDEAS

LIVING WITH INDUSTRY

As mentioned previously, the change in consumption patterns and production systems has had a big impact on traditional industrial areas. The way industrial zones were conceived in the 19th century has changed, and new technology allow for cleaner production methods,atomized and dispersed spatial models, and more fragmented and miniaturised processes.

With this significant progress, working and living spaces can be combined and used as a part of an integrated and sustainable model for renewing and transforming industrial areas.

LIVING WITH INDUSTRY explores future possibilities for the reintegration of industry, productive spaces and the city. Working and living spaces should be planned and designed with special attention to creating mixed-use areas with attractive housing, combined with compatible industrial production.

Jurong constitutes the perfect laboratory for implementing innovative and creative ideas for transforming industrial areas into attractive working, living and recreational environments. In the 1960s the hilly, swampy jungle area of Jurong was selected to become the first largescale industrial development in Singapore with the aim of creating jobs for the local population and to provide a solution for the country’s economic development. Despite its location far removed from the city centre and the unfavourable physical conditions, the amount of available land, the deep waters in front of it, the low population density and its proximity to the Singapore Keppel Harbour tipped the final decision.

Offshore Electronics Clean energy Biochemical Logistics

Existing industries

Engineering Consumer business Consumer business

Retained industries

51

Removed industries

Waste Water Energy Food

Evolving industries

/REINTEGRATION OF WORKING AND LIVING SPACES/

A.Meinarti, S.H.P.Tey, D.Leonard, X.Wu, S.S.Loh

INDUSHOODS

civic

Offices and Industry

Open spaces East-West line

Transit hub Cross island line

High speed rail

Offices and Businesses

52

Elevated connector

Transit hub

Residential+ commercial Service apartment

Residential

Retail+ residential

Retail+ residential

Retail

/A MIXED-USE PRODUCTIVE CITY/

Transit hub

4 IDEAS

53

Master plan

Pedestrian movement Vehicular movement

Pedestrian and vehicular movement

Street hierarchy

T.T.Chowdhury

INDUSHOODS

Industrial + commercial + residential - Creating intermediate centrality by placing commercial programme connected to MRT and residential on top - Placing mid-rise housing on the rest of the deck with community green areas

- Community green terraces with children’s play areas

- Second interaction level as a connected deck above industries

54

- Ground level | First interaction level - Clean tech industries and retail and commercial programmes connected to overhead MRT station

- Underground conveyor belt connected to basement of surrounding industries

R.Kumar

4 IDEAS

Waterfront view

55

/RESIDENTIAL TYPOLOGIES INTEGRATING INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, RESIDENTIAL AND OPEN SPACES/

INDUSHOODS

56

50 years later, the Jurong Industrial Estate is a consolidated and mature area that, due to the development of the country, needs to be adapted to the new needs and demands of the population, while preserving its potential as an important source of jobs.

The analysis of the area shows a mix of industries ranging from manufacturing to logistics. Various proposals suggest that industries related to electronics (30.3%), engineering (29.9%), biomedical technology (20.5%), and chemicals (6.9%) should be kept in the area due to their weight in the GDP share by goods-producing sector and their technological focus, which makes them more suitable for combination with residential uses. On the other hand, heavy and polluting industries focused on manufacturing, petroleum products and logistics should tend to disappear or be relocated into other more specialized industrial spaces. Some of the activities relying on the port have already moved to the new harbour located in the west of Singapore.

This scenario allows for freeing up a notable amount of land for a new diversified and smart city for living, working and producing.

Based on these facts, the proposals explore ways of interspersing the new urban living and working spaces with the remaining industrial activities. They investigate how to integrate the scale of residential environments and walkable neighbourhoods, which should attract the new inhabitants, into the large functional spaces of industrial areas characterized by large land lots and wide pedestrian-unfriendly street systems.

Mixed-use + centre

Industry

Industry + Residence

Residencial

CleanHood

/4 GRAIN, 1 HOOD/

P.T.Chahande

4 IDEAS

Build ability: plot ratio

Education uses

Industrial activities

Industrial productive activities

Education lane plot ratio

Increase density & plot ratio

Build ability: plot ratio

Mixed-use. Land and plots are a key aspect in achieving a diversified, liveable and vibrant urban environment.

Although there are several zones (white zones) in the Singapore Master Plan that allow for the deployment of mixed uses, more diversified and flexible land use is needed in order to achieve a greater mixture. Thus, the first step that should be taken involves shifting the band of accepted land uses toward zoning regulations that allow for uses based on clean technological productivity, knowledgebased activities, and research and development.

In this sense, the proposals include research on different forms and formulas of mixed development, through the combination of typologies and uses, to create places with enough critical mass to attract local commercial activities close to residential areas, while providing the physical conditions for supporting clean industries.

The proposed planning toolkit for land uses suggests the introduction of mixed uses consisting of residential units, manufacturing offices, clean productive activities and industrial education. This can be done in different percentages according to the location and the proximity to the existing industrial uses, aiming for integrated and compatible urban environments. In addition, to promote renovation following these principles

Increase density & plot ratio

Commercial

Industrial activities

Industrial productive activities Industrial areas to mixed-use (CI+C)

Increase density & plot ratio

Build ability: plot ratio

Liveable Environments, Vibrant Urbanity, Productive Neighbourhoods.

With this in mind, we can affirm that there are three essential aspects involved in renewing industrial areas to create residential and productive neighbourhoods: mixed-use housing and open spaces.

Manufacturing Offices

57

Commercial

Industrial activities

Industrial productive activities Industrial areas to mixed-use (CI+C+MO)

15% White (Maximum) 40% (Maximum) Ancillary 60% (Minimum) Predominant

85% Business park (Maximum)

White site bonus scheme

Mixed developement

/PLANNING TOOLKIT. PLOT RATIOS/

A.Koh,J.J Moon,N.Agarwal,S.Ong

INDUSHOODS

Residential courtyard block

Slab condominium block

High-density waterfront housing Office block

58

Low-rise factories

Condominium towers block Office building typology

Towers on factory podium

Facilities typologies

/MIXED-USE TYPOLOGIES/

F.Li

J.Hu

4 IDEAS

59

/VIBRANT URBANITY. A MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT/

S.T.Sudhindra

INDUSHOODS

60

/VIBRANT URBANITY:LANDMARK BUILDINGS CREATING INDUSTRIAL DIVERSITY/ Joel, Jia Li, Pranav

61

J.L.Goh, J.L.M.Fai, P.T.Chahande

INDUSHOODS

62

/VIBRANT URBANITY. DEVELOPMENT ALONG THE WATERFRONT: RETAINING LANDMARKS AND MAXIMISING THE SHORELINE/ Joel, Jia Li, Pranav

63

J.L.Goh

INDUSHOODS

64

/VIBRANT URBANITY. INCREASING ACCESSIBILITY: ORIENTING BUILDINGS PERPENDICULAR TO THE WATER’S EDGE/

Joel, Jia Li, Pranav

65

J.L.Goh

INDUSHOODS

66

and in keeping with the vision of an integrated and mixed-use Jurong Industrial Estate, the proposals recognize the need for providing planning incentives to motivate private developers. Through incentive schemes and bonus systems such as “White Site Bonus” or “Productive Gross Floor Area”, renewal is encouraged by granting additional gross floor area or higher plot ratios if the developments incorporate specific uses or according to their productive standards and rates.

One of the forms of mixed use that we observe in some of the proposals is the “Manufacturing Campus”, where the investigation focuses on how residential blocks and contemporary manufacturing systems can coexist. According to current trends observed, manufacturing has benefitted from nano technology, miniaturisation and mechanised and robotic production, which can have an impact on the urban form of these productive neighbourhoods. The grid system in Jurong West provides the flexibility to create a process where urban blocks can be added and transformed incrementally according to the residential and manufacturing needs and demands.

These “Manufacturing Campuses” can operate as a mix between a university campus, a corporate campus, and a digital fabrication laboratory.

Located along the Goods Mover System (GMS) to maximize connectivity to the distribution network, these campuses will be able to operate in a lean production mode. The rational location along the GMS allows for freeing up the streets from heavy vehicular usage, transforming streets into domesticated and people-oriented networks. These local networks create more liveable

urban environments while integrating productive activities within the mixeduse and residential urban fabric.

With the idea of creating more local streetscapes to encourage walking, some proposals suggest reducing the number of lanes, implementing vehicular speed limits, and providing street greenery and pedestrian pathways. The provision of exclusive lanes for alternative modes of transport, such as bicycles, will encourage reducing the use of motorised private vehicles. In addition, incrementing the proportion of pedestrian space, accompanied by encouraging ground-level commercial activities, will increase vibrancy of the streetscape and encourage people to walk longer distances.

Housing. and residential uses therefore constitute the essential components for transforming any industrial area into a mixed-use, liveable and vibrant neighbourhood. Living spaces with a minimum density will attract different activities and encourage the inherent qualities of urbanity. The location of residential spaces, coupled with the selected sites for production, constitutes a crucial tactic for the renewal of industrial areas.

In the case of Jurong, we note an agreement among proposals that sites close to waterbodies zones or the waterfront constitute prime locations for living spaces due to the value added by urban water spaces as a part of the system of public spaces.

This strategy, coupled with the fact that a large number of the obsolete industries are the ones dependent on port activities, makes this part of Jurong the best location for creating new living spaces. Consequently, many

4 IDEAS

Condo

HDB

Condo

Condo

HDB

Condo

HDB HDB

Waterfront HDB

HDB

Condo

Waterfront HDB Condo

Living spaces

67

Loft Gardening Neighbourhood Gardening Neighbourhood

Creative Cultural Area

Office & SoHo

Research Area

Research Area

Large Factory Zone

Logistic Park

Integrated office cluster

Distribution Centre Information Centre

Industry Smart Factory Cluster

Knowledge productive spaces

B.Fei, G.Li, Y. Xu

/VIBRANT URBANITY. PRODUCTIVE NEIGHBOURHOOD/

INDUSHOODS

68

P.T.Chahande

4 IDEAS

Present land-use

Recommendation

Present situation: concentrated morphology

69

Recommendation Q.Li, F.Li, J.Xu

/DIFFERENTIATING LIVING SPACES WITH HOUSING TYPES/

INDUSHOODS

70

/PRODUCTIVE DIVERSITY/

4 IDEAS

71

J.L.M.Fai

INDUSHOODS

72

proposals provide accessibility and distribution infrastructure (GMS) as close as possible to these water spaces so that the living and productive spaces can be integrated adding, in each case, characteristics to help maximize their attractiveness.

The projects generate a wide range of different urban housing types to cater to different needs and profiles and to provide a differentiation among living spaces.

Emerging from a direct response to the context, each typology is strategically oriented and articulated to provide maximum light, views and accessibility to the open spaces and the waterfront.

Slab blocks, point blocks and courtyard housing are some of the typologies explored for the area. Slab and point blocks embrace the site to create discreet and varied open spaces that serve to house additional amenities for the residential spaces. Courtyard housing provides a complementary counterpoint, where the courtyard spaces are for private use and pubic activities happen at the edges of the courtyards. Some other typologies that we find in the different proposals are row houses, located along the edges of the waterfront, providing the opportunity for mixed public and private residences. The v-shaped typology steps up inland and splits to afford each dwelling unit an unhindered view of the public spaces and the waterfront.

In this case, common open spaces occur on sky terraces connecting the main blocks. Services and amenities are located at the bottom of the block facing inland, while residential units are oriented toward the waterfront. The v-shaped form also acts as a tunnel to encourage wind flow into a wind turbine

Work

Resiburg Resihood

Smartburg Smarthood

Landscape of Natural Filtration

Foodburg Foodhood

Landscape of Natural Filtration

Aquaburg Aquahood

Landscape of Natural Filtration

Chemburg Chemhood

Wharfburg Wharfhood Waterfront Cluster

Cleanburg Cleanhood

Landscape of Natural FIlteration

J.L.Goh, J.L.M.Fai, P.T.Chahande

R&D centre, specific for its contribution to industry. Houses on stilts are a typology that references to the old kelongs, the former fishing villages in Singapore. These “amphibious� structures are connected to the grid on the mainland through existing docks, which were once used for ship repair in Jurong’s shipyard and have been extended to maximize the perimeter of the shoreline. Finally, the autonomous floating houses operate

4 IDEAS

Residential

Amenities

Waterfront commons

Maximise views of residential development

l n

Water distribution armature

Adaptive resue + urban planning

l n

Water distribution armature

Food campuses

Interlinked l manufacturing n campus park

Large scale campus development

Water based production pontoon docks

Lakeside development

Architecture of planting

Interlinked campus park

Urban public Space

Fish + Agri planting

adaptive reuse

Urban water armature

Urban water armature

Station centrality

Water based public space

Water based public space

Iconic bridges across highway

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GMS- transfer corridor

Interlinked campus park

Adaptive resue/ shipyard building

Adaptive resue + urban planning

Waterfront housing

Boat park housing

Interlinked campus park

Floating housing

Architectural topography

Park to waterfront

Bridges across highway

Water based recreation

Urban water armature

Landmarks

/HOUSING DIVERSITY MATRIX/

as islands completely surrounded by water. They have several mooring points located along the waterfront and they provide an ever-changing experience of living on water.

Another strategy explored by the proposals to achieve a greater variety of typologies is to use the redefinition of the street categories to determine the typologies and characteristics of the adjacent

buildings. Aside from redefining the different street categories to create pedestrian-oriented environments, these strategies help to fix the building heights and site coverage by using different ratios of street width to height. In order to achieve a dense, intense and mid-rise living environment, the guidelines propose different land-use mix bands to achieve different uses of the open space.

INDUSHOODS

74

4 IDEAS

Courtyard housing

Grid housing

Industrial typology

75

Waterfront housing typology

Waterfront housing typology

P.T.Chahande

/URBAN HOUSING TYPES/

INDUSHOODS

76

4 IDEAS

Mixed-use typology

Mixed-use typology

Mixed-use typology

Retail and commercial block

Sub centre typology

P.T.Chahande

/URBAN HOUSING TYPES/

77

INDUSHOODS

Residential typology: Floating housing & V- block

78

/WATERFRONT PROTOTYPES/

Residential typology: Row housing & autonomous dwellings

4 IDEAS

Civic waterfront: Edge & transverse

Cultural centre: Emergence and floating

79

J.L.Goh

INDUSHOODS

Waterfront green space City green network Semi-open green space

/OPEN SPACE SYSTEMS/

F.Li

80

/PUBLIC SQUARE TYPOLOGIES/

J.L.M.Fai

4 IDEAS

/ENHANCING THE BEAUTY OF THE INDUSTRIAL TOWN/

/PUBLIC GATHERING SPACE ON THE WATERFRONT/

F.Li

J.L.Goh

81

INDUSHOODS

Mixed uses and housing are essential for renewing industrial areas to create residential and productive neighbourhoods. However, it is also imperative to incorporate Open Spaces.

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Open spaces, are the site for interaction and interchange between people, where activities happen and where the urbanity and the liveability of neighbourhoods are demonstrated.

In the renewal of industrial areas, green and open spaces play a key role in creating liveable and comfortable environments that will attract people to live in proximity to industry. Many of the proposals for the Jurong Industrial Estate work with new green and blue systems that, connecting the few existing open spaces and canals, link with the regional and district parks outside Jurong. This green system not only provides space for fauna and flora; it also generates liveable space for leisure and public activities, while creating alternative sustainable mobility systems for pedestrians and bicycles.

Green and open spaces are one of the most important urban elements in the proposals. Aside from their contribution to the urban metabolism of the city as rainwater collection points and by providing evaporative cooling to reduce the urban heat island effect – as mentioned in the “Metabolic City” chapter – green and open areas also act as communal gathering spaces that enhance the liveability of the neighbourhood.

Accordingly, the proposals ensure enough vibrancy in their surroundings by dedicating the ground level of adjacent buildings for commercial and retail uses, thus better integrating nature into the daily activities of the residents.

METABOLIC CITY

The management of resources is one of the indispensable issues in the planning and design of contemporary cities. The goal of the METABOLIC CITY is the optimisation of the city’s production, distribution, and consumption of natural resources while simultaneously improving its liveability. The metabolism of the city works well if the urban flows are balanced. Thus, the management of resources implies the optimisation of energy production, distribution, and consumption, the introduction of green systems for efficient mobility, the preservation of the water cycle, and the efficient management of waste.

The proposals suggest that the use of a sustainable metabolism planning approach is suitable for the renewal of industrial areas and can create a sustainable and liveable productive city. From the perspective of metabolism, and according to the proposals, the Jurong Industrial Estate has four main problems. Firstly, the area consumes a high amount of energy to power the factories which, in turn, provoque a high urban heat effect. The problem is exacerbated by the limited amount of greenery and permeable surfaces. The optimisation of the energy cycle coupled with the provision of green and open spaces will help to reduce the impact of energy consumption. The second issue is the environmental pollution emitted by the petroleum industries, which are prominent in the Jurong area. This issue might change in the coming years if cleaner and alternative forms of energy start to replace the petroleum industries. Therefore, Jurong provides an opportunity to showcase how green energy and metabolism can be integrated

4 IDEAS

within a city. Thirdly, the practical and functional building typology and urban spaces are unsightly. The lack of aesthetic features in a city will deter people from residing in it. It is important, then, to redefine the urban typologies to integrate the cultural values of the existing environment with the urban qualities and needs of the contemporary city in order to attract new residents. Finally, as an industrial area, the streetscape of Jurong is characterised by large streets with little attention to pedestrian spaces. This has created an “unwalkable� environment that increases the dependency on motorised transport.

Working with the street system to make streets the main public spaces constitutes one of the most important actions to renew industrial areas into liveable and vibrant neighbourhoods.

The proposed vision consists in transforming Jurong into a carbon neutral city and a self-sufficient, highly sustainable, and liveable environment: a Metabolic City. This self-sustainable future can be achieved through the incorporation of a hybrid metabolic system, formed by centralised and decentralised systems, and the use of smart metabolism strategies that are summarised into five main topics which are organised into three categories: energy; greenery and water; and food and waste.

25

3

5.5

1.5

1.1

9

8

20

15.3

11

2.69

/REQUIRED FLOOR SPACE PER PERSON (M2)/

Industrial

83

Commercial Water

Farm

Green

Roads

Facilities Residential

Energy Self-Sufficient Neighbourhoods

The main objective of the proposals is to transform the Jurong Industrial Estate into a 100% energy efficient and self-sufficient neighbourhood. This topic studies sustainable energy production, consumption, and distribution within the built environment at two different

Others

Industry

Commercial and retail

Residential

/ADAPTIVE CELL/

A.Meinarti, S.H.P.Tey, D.Leonard, X.Wu, S.S.Loh

INDUSHOODS

scales. On the urban scale, alternative approaches to energy exchange, circulation, and balancing are investigated. On the architectural and city-block scale, design explorations aim to reduce the energy demand of buildings, to improve natural ventilation and daylight infiltration, as well as integrating alternative technology systems that work with renewable energy into the buildings.

Working at these two scales, we observe that the proposals to renew Jurong into an energy-efficient city have two main strategies.

84

Reduce energy consumption. The first one is to reduce the energy consumption and carbon emissions by using alternative renewable energies and passive design strategies in building typologies. This is achieved by working with the incorporation of renewable energy systems on the architectural scale, as well as with the design of urban typologies that take advantage of natural environmental conditions, for example, using orientation for natural ventilation. Hence, based on the model of a mid-rise high-density city, the proposals create a liveable and sustainable neighbourhood through increased walkability and micro-scale metabolic systems. According to the proposals, this typology is ideal to improve walkability as it provides more shade for the streets in comparison to skyscraper-like buildings. In addition, it maximises the roofs and façades to provide enough space for food, water, and energy for each resident of the building. Using solar technology and photovoltaic panels (PV) on the roofs, this typology can easily produce enough energy for five floors. By using PV panels on some façades, mid-rise urban

blocks allow for the achieving the proposed self-sufficiency of energy needs for residential purposes.

In addition to renewable energy technologies, passive design increases energy efficiency and reduces energy demands.

On the urban scale, the reduction of energy consumption is implemented through the subdivision of roads into different categories (arterial roads, sub-arterial roads, greenways and shared pathways) where public transport is prioritised. This strategy will improve mobility and accessibility, while encouraging the use of public transport and reducing the number of displacements undertaken using private modes of transport.

In addition, the proposal of smallscale green networks provides all the buildings and plots with accessibility from greenways. This opens up new possibilities for people’s mobility on a local level, integrating walkability, bicycle networks and alternative People Mover Systems (PMS) based on highcapacity electric vehicles or selfdrive vehicles as public transport.

Alternative energy production. The second strategy explored by the proposals is to use alternative renewable energy systems to reduce negative impacts on the environment.

Using the large amount of roofscape in the industrial area, the proposals incorporate a decentralised system of solar panels. This system is linked, through a distribution network, to centralised clean energy plants, where the energy is stored. In these areas, district cooling plants that use geothermal energy are also incorporated. Finally, taking advantage of the large amount of water spaces,

4 IDEAS

Hybrid system energy flow

Hybrid system water flow

85 Hybrid system food flow

Hybrid system waste flow

/THE METABOLIC CITY/

A.Meinarti, S.H.P.Tey, D.Leonard, X.Wu, S.S.Loh

INDUSHOODS

Water system

Green System - Main connectors

86

Green system - small grain

/LAYERS OF BLUE AND GREEN NETWORK SYSTEMS. DIFFERENT POSSIBILITIES TO RENATURALISING JURONG INDUSTRIAL ESTATE/ A.Meinarti, S.H.P.Tey, D.Leonard, X.Wu, S.S.Loh

4 IDEAS

Typical wetland

/REINTRODUCING NATURE. ACTIVITIES ALONG BLUE-GREEN CORRIDOR/

proposals also incorporate floating solar panels.

The addition of all these systems allows for increasing the generation of the energy required for the new productive and residential developments, while reducing the carbon emissions and the environmental impact.

Reintroducing Nature, Renaturalising Industrial Areas: Blue and Green Networks

As explained in the “Living with Industry” chapter, the integration of green and open spaces is a key factor in creating high-density, vibrant and liveable neighbourhoods, in order to integrate industry and living spaces.

They will attract new residents and help to change Jurong’s image from that of an industrial estate to a more

87 M.S.Naik

resident-friendly city. In addition, green spaces provide alternative mobility networks that help to reduce pollution, they reintroduce nature into urban environments and help to renaturalise water flows.

The analysis of Jurong shows that the green and open space ratio is very low, due to the extensive occupancy of land for industrial uses. At present, we observe only a few open spaces which are lacking in connectivity. We observe that projects propose four different actions to improve this situation: take advantage of the existing water spaces by transforming them into green and open spaces; reintroduce natural elements into the district by connecting to the large-scale green spaces located outside the district via green

INDUSHOODS

/PROPOSED GREEN AND BLUE SYSTEM/

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corridors and green networks; create a diverse and nearby set of green and open spaces through a hierarchical network system; and make the open spaces more vibrant, active and productive.

In this sense, with the aim of introducing green areas and to improve the continuity and connectivity of green and blue systems, the proposals use the water network as a foundation for creating new green corridors and connectors, linking the main open spaces inland with the waterfront area. Smaller public spaces, linked to the main network by a capillary green pedestrian system, are scattered around the district taking advantage of the in-between spaces among buildings. This network amplifies the effect of green spaces, helping to preserve the water cycle.

Moreover, with regard to water consumption and production, the projects investigate the possibility of damming the water space between

Existing green

Sea Water

New green

Fresh Water

L.Sahu,A.Santiago,B.Gupta

Jurong Island and the Jurong Industrial Estate waterfront. According to the proposals, this allows for creating a new reservoir and leisure space with a capacity of 136 million m3, which could respond to the demand of more than one million people – estimated at 118 million m3.

Urban Farming and Waste Management

As mentioned in the “Productive City” chapter, alternative ways of producing food should be developed, not only to boost new economies but also to meet the basic needs of the population in a sustainable way. In Singapore, improving and increasing food production is crucial, due to the scarcity of farmland. Thus, one of the challenges in our contemporary cities involves how to integrate food production, urban farming, and community gardening into the urban fabric.

In the specific case of Jurong, the new population will inevitably

4 IDEAS

Vertical farming - Leafy vegetable, tropical fruit Distribution hub - Imported food - Imported seeds

Processing food area - Processing,cold storage - Handling, packaging

Harvesting Handling Processing Imported food

Fresh local vegetables from vertical farming

Processed food

Distribution centre Wholesale centre

/FOOD PRODUCTION TO CONSUMPTION CYCLE/

R.Tang

increase the food demand. Assuming that the land will mainly still retain its industrial character, the objective and challenge explored by the proposals is to create an infrastructure that will integrate, support, produce and locally supply enough food to meet the demands of the population. To achieve this, two types of urban farming – community farming and industrial farming – are proposed, in addition to the vertical farming incorporated into the Agricultural Park described in the “Productive City” section.

The aim of community farming is to create awareness and familiarise residents with the production of the food that they consume daily, while strengthening community relationships.

On the other hand, industrial farming aims to provide local fresh-produced food in the event of an emergency, such as the scarcity of food due to supply problems. In the proposals, these two forms of production are implemented in several farming areas in green spaces and in a new industrial farming space where processing, logistics, and consumption will be combined to efficiently produce fresh local food.

In addition, this significant increase in productive green space will have an important impact on the dissipation of heat emissions from high-energy-consumption buildings, as well as cleaning the air. Finally, urban farming spaces will contribute to addressing the reuse and recycling of organic waste as a part of the waste cycle. Furthermore, proposals improve the current waste management system by implementing a four fraction (glass, paper, metal, organic) pneumatic collection system connected to decentralised recycling plants and later to a centralised biomass

89

INDUSHOODS

Mixed-use buildings

90

Underground retail/shops

Green Corridor

Blue network

Roads network

Urban form /REINTRODUCING NATURE. ACTIVITIES ALONG BLUE-GREEN CORRIDOR/

F.Li

4 IDEAS

M.S.Naik

/GREEN CORRIDOR CONNECTING MIXED-USE SPACES/

91

plant that will complement the rest of the energy systems proposed. In general terms, this strategy allows for increasing the recycling rates of waste and, more specifically, increases the recycling of paper and organic waste in the decentralised plants by up to 100%.

Urban metabolism is also incorporated on the architectural and city-block scales. In this case, proposals suggest providing buildings with district cooling and rainwater harvesting systems connected to the centralised water management infrastructure. In addition, the proposed integration of vertical and rooftop greenery helps the rainwater collection process, providing a cooling effect for the buildings, which ultimately reduces the urban heat island effect and air-conditioning dependency.

To conclude, these four ideas that we extract from the work done by the Master of Urban Planning (MUP) and Master of Urban Design (MAUD) students, although not exhaustive, provide us with some of the key aspects to take into consideration when dealing with the renewal of industrial areas and their transformation into more liveable, sustainable and integrated parts of our cities. Bearing in mind that industrial areas usually occupy large extensions of the land in our cities, when tertiarisation occurs and there are changes to consumption patterns and the production model, the transformation of industrial estates into integrated residential and productive environments becomes a strategic move towards compact, sustainable and people-friendly industrial neighbourhoods.

INDUSHOODS

Green system - Connective pedestrian line - Natural & vibrant public space - Wildlife habitat corridor

Wildlife habitat - Continuous habitat corridor - Wildlife friendly urban design - Food & shelter planting for birds

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Water-sensitive urban design -

Reduce flood risk Improve water quality Storage water Enhance biodiversity Create scenic and sustainable spaces

Waste management - Reduce & Reuse

Collection

Waste

Non incinerable Landfill Incinerable Ash

Waste to energy Recycle Producers /WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN/

Electricity

4 IDEAS

Green System - Connecting Pedestrian Line - Natural and Vibrant Public Place - Wildlife Habitat Corridor

93

Wet Land Wet Land

Storage Lake

Storage Lake

B.Fei, G.Li, Y.Xu

INDUSHOODS

94

/A VISION OF AN INTEGRATED INDUSTRIAL ‘DIVERCITY’/

INDUSHOODS

95

J.L.Goh, J.L.M.Fai, P.T.Chahande

Loh Sze Sian

96

Urban parks and open spaces have been largely underutilised in terms of their potential to shape the surrounding neighbourhoods. They should be more than just areas of relaxation that exist in isolation. Rather, their potential to be vibrant spaces of interaction, which serve as the catalyst of renewal and rejuvenation of neighbourhoods, should be recognised.

Conventional literature tends to focus on the activities needed within a park instead of what surrounds the park, briefly mentioning that the surroundings are important without going into detail as to how it affects the success of an urban park or how to create a frame to support a successful urban park. This often neglects the fact that the success of urban parks largely depends on what goes on at their edges. Hence, this article explores certain physical and social criteria that should be present in the frame and edges of urban parks to ensure their vibrancy and success.

WHAT IS AN URBAN PARK FRAME?

In this context, the urban park frame refers to the activities and buildings immediately surrounding

/ONE OF THE MANY EMPTY SMALL PARKS IN SILVER SPRINGS Source: Shay, 2014/

the urban park, considering different examples of successful and unsuccessful parks for comparison. As with all forms of relationships, quality is often far more crucial than quantity. The quality of urban parks depends on the activity surrounding the park and how the park interacts with its surroundings (Wilk, 2009).

PHYSICAL FRAME _Location

Parks have to be strategically located in order to be catalysts for transforming urban areas/urban renewal and rejuvenation. When considering where to locate parks, the frame has to be taken into account in order to ensure that the urban park is central, is not too near another park, and is framed by pedestrian-friendly streets.

Central. Urban parks have to be right in the heart of bustling areas, since no one will purposefully drive out just to find a park. That would in itself defeat the purpose of an urban park.

Urban parks are to cater to people in the immediate walking area (Wilk, 2009) and must be within walkable distances to areas of high population densities.

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INDUSHOODS

/PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY RITTENHOUSE SQUARE Source: https://feetfirstphilly.files.wordpress. com/

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A good gauge of ‘central’ would be that such parks should be no more than a five-minute walk for most residents and office workers (Kratz, 2011). Public transport, public buildings and some basic shops should likewise service the park.

Not too near another park. There is often a misconception that every open public space will be used. There are many factors that go into creating a successful and well-used public space, and one of them is that there should not be an oversaturation of parks (Shay, 2014). In Silver Spring, there are in fact, too many parks: there are dozens of small pocket parks as a result of a planning requirement. With poor design, however, these spaces end up backfiring on the urban planners.

As such, instead of littering many small pocket parks, perhaps combining a few into one bigger park in the heart of activities will be much more appreciated by the people.

Pedestrian-friendly streets. Urban parks are most successful when they

are located at the centre of a place and can be used as casual meeting points for people amid the surrounding buildings. These types of urban parks are vibrant only when they are populated by people on foot, from public transit or on bicycles, as roads create unfriendly and unpleasant interferences. People will tend to feel more at ease when cars are not zooming by right next to them. Hence, large roads adjacent to parks reduce pedestrian accessibility and reduce the vibrancy of the park. It is not only for ease and comfort; having people arrive by foot or bicycle creates a more public look and feel. If people are able to walk from work, civic buildings, shops and monuments to the urban park, it also reinforces this public character (Wilk, 2010). _Design Eyes on the street. A big factor affecting the success of parks is safety. People will hesitate to go to an urban park when it seems secluded.

When parks become secluded, with

URBAN PARKS

little human traffic, and are unable to be seen from the main street, crimes tend to occur in such places, creating a reputation for seediness and danger (Wilk, 2010). This is also a common problem in low-density car-dependent neighbourhoods. Hence, even if the area is pedestrian friendly and the park is well designed, but there are not enough people in the neighbourhood to enjoy it and deter seedy activities, it will not become a vibrant place. In the past, this was the case in historic downtown Washington, D.C., which was in a depressed state with lots of office vacancies, creating a reputation of seediness in Franklin Square before the area was renovated.

See and walk through. In relation to the above point, good urban parks should be visible in every sense. They should be visible from the main street, and clear paths leading to the other side of the road should be clearly seen and not shadily hidden. Aside from safety, there is also a tendency to over-design such places, often leading to confusion and frustration rather

/LOGAN CIRCLE’S DENSE POPULATION FFRAMING THE PARK. Source: https://upload. wikimedia.org/

than aesthetic appreciation. Without a clear path to obvious goals, such as a café across the park, most people will tend to walk around the park rather than through the park. Hence, a successful urban park should allow you to both see through it and want to walk through it (Kratz, 2011). Simpler walkway networks allow for a variety of routes for people passing through to simply get to their destination, while enjoying nature instead of navigating through a seeming wilderness.

Facilitate human social activity rather than overshadowing it. As most parks tend to end up being over-designed in recent times, they can overwhelm the social activities that could occur there. Simple functional designs that appeal to the people’s intuition and their convenience and needs should be considered above the need for creative design. Things such as benches with simple centrepieces to facilitate human social activities subtly interact with the surroundings and let them become the centre of a place instead of overshadowing them. Examples would be

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Dupont Circle and L’Enfant City, where benches anchor beautiful sightlines along the diagonal avenues, allowing people to use them to eat lunch on a nice day, read a book, use their laptops or iPhones, meet with friends, or relax on an enjoyable date (Wilk, 2009).

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Slow traffic speeds. In tandem with the pedestrian-friendly street frame, slow vehicle speeds automatically make for more walkable environments. Many neighbourhoods are already petitioning for changes to speed limits such as “twenty’s plenty” and “vision zero”, because the safety of streets has become a major concern. Incorporating design elements, such as narrower streets framing parks and speed humps, creates a much more walkable and safe environment that automatically entices people to enjoy these open spaces more. _Size Human scale; they should not be like national parks. Another common flaw in urban parks is that they are made too big. Wilderness and nature parks are attractions in themselves, which people value for their place

outside the urban fabric rather than their interaction with it. Hence, an urban park can be too big to be successful when it starts to resemble the scale of a nature park (Wilk, 2010). Urban parks need to have a more human scale, as they are valued for their symbiotic interaction with the surrounding urban fabric. If the urban fabric cannot be felt, it is no longer an urban park and will create a sense of disconnection with its surroundings.

In such cases, the urban park then becomes stuck in limbo for being too big to interact with its surroundings but too small to offer the same sense of escape that nature parks offer.

Urban parks have to be the right size so that people can easily walk in, find a place to sit, relax, and still be back in the office on time after lunch hour. Good examples would be parks like Rittenhouse Square, Dupont Circle and McPherson Square, which are the right size to enhance their surroundings (Wilk, 2009).

Vastness alone is not a good thing for a successful city park. In fact, some of the smallest city enclaves that are nicely designed, with water features and seating areas, form perfect urban

/CLEAR PATHS IN DUPONT CIRCLE PARK. Source: http://dcparking. org/

URBAN PARKS

/DUPONT CIRCLE BENCHES Source:http://patthorntonfiles.com/

respites that easily drown out the din of traffic without completing disconnecting from the hustle and bustle of the city (Tate, 2015 ).

Ironically, when urban parks become too big for people to enjoy, it forms a gaping hole in the urban fabric instead of acting as a centre that pulls the neighbourhood together.

SOCIAL FRAME _Positive Image

Beyond the physical features of urban oases, the best respites are often defined by a feeling and an undeniable pull towards the space. As stated by Alan Tate, “Your whole sense of place changes when you go into a successful city park. They give you a feeling of going away without leaving town.” (Tate, 2015 ) There has to be a proper balance struck between a feeling of transportation and deep connection to the urban surroundings. As quoted

by Peter Harnik, director of the Center for City Park Excellence at the Trust for Public Land in Washington, D.C., “A great city park has to be a beautiful space that also has a great relationship with the city.”

_Activities

Great urban parks need people and buildings to breathe life into the space. Parks like Dupont Circle and Rittenhouse sit in the middle of very dense, busy neighbourhoods with thousands of people living and working nearby. By ensuring that ground floor buildings front the parks and that no blank walls or loading bays frame the park, it creates a space that people are constantly using throughout the day: eating lunch, playing chess, making music, holding demonstrations, getting exercise, or just passing through.

Ground floor buildings fronting the park. At street level, there should be facilities and stores that people are constantly using. Most of the buildings that face Dupont Circle have a store or restaurant on the ground floor. On Rittenhouse Square, there are apartment building entrances and restaurants with dining terraces opening onto the square, creating spaces for social gatherings.

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No blank walls. Blank walls and docks create a hostile impression of private areas that are not meant to be shared and enjoyed by everyone. If these areas frame an urban park, it will not do much in terms of generating and encouraging life on the sidewalks.

Spatial relationships also become confusing and ambiguous when private houses or buildings back up to a park without clear public zones in between.

This ambiguity could potentially cause conflicts between those who live next to the park and the general public that comes from surrounding areas (Kratz, 2011). As such, in line with the above point, houses should front the park so that the porches, front yards and streets act as a buffer edge between the public and private spheres, instead of making the park seem like an extension of the backyard.

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A myriad of social amenities and facilities for all ages. A good example of such a space would be New York City’s Union Square Park, which has served as a hub for hotels, theatres,

fashion, and as a gathering place where labour unions, communists, anarchists, and socialists frequently met and debated. After its restoration using historic designs and the development of a business improvement district around the urban park, the area became a vibrant centre with seasonal Christmas markets in the parking lot at the north and west ends of the park. With so many activities going on, the urban park, the market and the surrounding area have flourished because the market attracts people, provides entrepreneurial opportunities, and gives the community a valuable connection to the farms surrounding the city (Kent & Madden, 1998).

We can conclude that industrial areas are among the most challenging places to renew as their history gives the place an image of pollution and danger. Hence, when considering revitalization efforts in such industrial estates, the concept of the urban park frame must be noted in order to ensure that a vibrant lifestyle of mixed-used residential and productive

/EDINBURGH’S TWENTY’S PLENTY Source: http://www.blaircadell.com/

URBAN PARKS

/RITTENHOUSE SQUARE FRAME Source: www.thisoldcity. com/

areas will be created. With these concepts in mind, urban planners have yet another tool and guideline to

refer to in order to conceptualise the planning process and to decide upon land use allocation in a new way.

Kent, F., & Madden, K. (1998). "Great Parks/Great Cities." Urban Parks Institute Regional Workshop. Seattle.

Kratz, P. (2011, October 21). "What makes a good urban park." Retrieved June 2, 2015, from Better Cities & Towns : http:// bettercities. net/news-opinion/blogs/peter-katz/15519/what-makes-good-urban-park Shay, K. J. (2014, February 19). "It takes more than open space to make a great urban park." Retrieved June 4, 2015, from Just Up The Pike: http://www.justupthepike.com/2014/02/it-takes-more-than-open-space-to-make.html#more Tate, A. (2015 ). “Great City Parks� (Vol. 2). Routledge.

Wilk, C. (2010, June 11). "How to make a successful urban park." Retrieved May 28, 2015, from Greater Greater Washington: http://greatergreaterwashington.org/post/6078/how-to-make-a-successful-urban-park/.

Wilk, C. (2009, February 9). "Poplar Point and the Case of the Too-Large Park." Retrieved May 28, 2015, from Greater Greater Washington: http://greatergreaterwashington.org/post/1642/poplar-point-and-the-case-of-the-too-large-park/.

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Singapore’s public housing townships, commonly known as the HDB New Towns, were established in the 1960s for the purpose of resolving the problems of crowding and squalor. HDB New Towns are comprehensively designed to contain up to 200,000 inhabitants and basic amenities include schools, shops, religious facilities and recreation centres.

HDB used a checkerboard model to generalize its land use planning of new towns. The HDB structural plan specifies how many commercial spaces, open and public spaces, recreational areas, institutional spaces and road networks are integrated and distributed around the dwelling blocks. The HDB structural plan consists of a town centre where most of the commercial activities (retails and offices) are located.

The town centre is served by arterial roads which cut through the dwelling blocks, providing accessibility to the dwellers. Each HDB New Town was thoroughly planned based on communities that are subdivided into neighbourhoods of between 4,000

/SIGNBOARD IN TOA PAYOH ESTATE Source: Author, 2015/

and 6,000 dwelling units. Ideally, these new towns would be complete communities, providing employment for most residents and containing a mixture of income levels. However, in reality, these HDB New Towns did not provide sufficient employment, and many residents commuted to work either in the CBD or in the industrial areas such as Jurong (known commonly as the Jurong Industrial Estate) in the western quadrant of Singapore.

The HDB New Towns have effectively provided suburban residences and commuter settlements with 21 new towns, being built with a total of about 700,000 flats. Today, nine out of ten Singaporeans live in public housing and it is predicted that, by 2040, 75% of the expected population of 5.5 million will still be residing in public housing (Hee and Heng, 2004).

Despite the intention of creating a self-sustainable town where daily amenities are provided, residents prefer to work, dine and shop in CBD and industrial areas, since largescale public transportation has made commuting to these areas short and

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convenient enough. With a greater influx of population, Singapore not only has to evolve in its housing estates; it also needs to look into ways of developing its large chunks of industrial estates into a modern work space with neighbourhood housing components. By examining the revitalization and transformations of new town planning in Singapore, this article seeks to understand the development of the morphological structure of residential public spaces and attempt to apply lessons to the rejuvenation of Jurong in 2050, through a historical timeline analysis. When HDB first started its endeavour toward township building, it faced issues similar to the ones that are hindering Jurong Industrial Estate from evolving into a possible housing estate.

These include environmental pollution emitted by the heavy industries, high

energy usage, uninteresting building typology and urban spaces, and an unsightly streetscape characterised by large streets and limited pedestrian walkways. Therefore, the revitalization effort of HDB estates can provide Jurong Industrial Estate with valuable lessons.

1965 TO 1970 (FIRST PHASES OF PUBLIC HOUSING ESTATES)

In the early stage of township building, the predecessor of HDB, Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT), adopted the British model of new town planning. Pioneer estates, such as Tiong Bahru estate, were characterised by low, dense, fast-to-build, modern mass-housing structures to resolve the poor sub-standard living conditions in the city. Interestingly, Tiong Bahru was still very much a street-based solution to housing. In another project

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called Queenstown Estate, initiated by the SIT in 1952, SIT experimented with the high-rise model with housing estates set back away from the streets.

After SIT was replaced by HDB in 1965, Queenstown Estate was finally completed in the early 1970s as the first satellite town formed by the amalgamation of smaller estates, with a total population of 150,000. Under the care of HDB, a town centre was later added. Net residential density was high and ranged from 800 to 1,000 people per hectare due to the small size of the dwelling units and a high average household size of 5.5 people per family in 1970 (Tan et al. 1985).

Then, HDB built Toa Payoh as its first estate project. Initiated in 1965, it was the first new town planned outside of the city with a target population of 180,000 people.

Although no specific structural model of town planning was used, a town centre and complementary facilities were planned (Hee and Heng, 2004). An industrial park was incorporated into the plan as an attempt to achieve some degree of self-sufficiency by providing jobs within the area of the new town. </HDB CHECKERBOARD STRUCTURAL MODEL Source: Foo, 2001/

/FIRST PHASES OF TOA PAYOH NEW TOWN IN EARLY 1970 Source: HDB, 2015/

Although housing conditions improved dramatically with the introduction of public housing, some dissatisfaction arose from the perception that the HDB had not considered the importance of generating a sense of community, neighbourliness, and identity because inadequate communal facilities had been provided (Yeh, 1975).

1970 TO 1980 (SECOND PHASE OF PUBLIC HOUSING ESTATES)

The first long-term Concept Plan, dating from 1970 and formulated with the assistance of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), called for the development of new towns on a large scale to accommodate the projected explosive population growth.

Due to the need for building bigger flats that could provide more than mere shelter, development outside of the city was seen as the only logical location for this next generation of new towns. The next generation of new town development was represented by the Ang Mo Kio project, with construction commencing in 1973 based on a prototype model (Hee and Heng, 2004). The hierarchical model of a town centre

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serving neighbourhoods equidistant from it, which are in turn served by smaller neighbourhood centres and sub-centres, was adopted on a large scale with the implementation of new towns like Ang Mo Kio, Clementi, Bedok and Woodlands.

This idea of spatial organization was influenced by the early concepts of neighbourhood planning developed in Germany by such planners as Ernst May and Arthur Korn, whose ideas were popularized in Europe through the CIAM congresses. The “functional city” model of planning was adopted in Britain and subsequently exported to many developing countries during the 1950s, including Singapore (Mumford 2000, 268). Neighbourhoods were conceived as self-contained communities or “total living environments” (Tan 1999) of about 6,000 dwelling units, sufficient to support a primary school, shopping areas and community activity nodes within a walking distance of 400 meters. The early neighbourhoods were planned as centres of convenience, not centres of community building (Liu, 1975) and were executed on a very pragmatic and functional level. To ensure the full usage of these centres, they were spaced apart at 900 to 1,200 meters “so that a resident does not have much choice between centres and can reach them on foot” (Liu 1975).

For residents living beyond a 250-meter radius from the neighbourhood centre, neighbourhood sub-centres consisting of five to seven shops and an eating-house were provided to serve those locales.

The new town structural model made its first appearance in the late 1970s and formed the basis of the “checkerboard” model of town planning (Tan et al.

1985), characterised by the use of the precinct as a basic unit of planning.

The precinct could be described as a cluster covering four hectares, or sometimes half that size, serving 400– 800 families housed in four to eight apartment buildings. Each precinct had a precinct centre which might include playgrounds or landscaped gardens. The precincts acted as structural elements in the new town plan and could be interlocked and combined to create larger structures and to relate to different categories of roads. They could also enclose facilities within courtyards and open spaces (Tan et al.

1985).

1980 TO 1990 (THIRD PHASE OF PUBLIC HOUSING ESTATES)

The emphasis of public housing planning during the 1980s was to create new towns with a stronger identity and a sense of community. The idea behind the creation of the precinct was to encourage meaningful social interaction among residents through the shared use of space, on a scale which residents could recognize and understand. The precinct’s open space and facilities were planned with the “expectation that residents using them will come into social contact with each other, and in

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so doing, develop a sense of belonging to their individual precincts” (Teo 1996). This marked the fourth stage of new town development, characterized by the use of the structural model as a template for the design of each new town. The use of this model facilitated the design of pedestrian linkages and served as a reference in interrelating and integrating various planning criteria and principles within one coherent framework. The implementation of the model in specific sites was modified by topography, the size and shape of the site and other constraints and conditions characteristic of each site.

One of the first new towns to be based on such a model was Tampines. The structural model was very much shaped by the hierarchical interdependence between the precincts, the neighbourhoods, and the town centre. High-rise residential areas were interspersed with low-rise developments, such as neighbourhood centres and neighbourhood parks, to provide visual relief within the

</NEW TOWN CONCEPT IN EARLY 1970 Source: HDB, 2015/

/TAMPINES MASTER PLAN 2008 VS HDB STRUCTURAL MODEL Source: OneMap.sg, 2013 and Foo, 2001/

high-density, high-rise environment (HDB 1996). Public facilities such as playgrounds, parks, schools, and open spaces were distributed evenly within the layout of the towns. A clear hierarchy of open space existed: starting with the town park, through neighbourhood parks to the precinct open spaces. The road networks were integral to the model and articulated the structure of the urban environment as they were used to “project a strong geometric form of a new town” (HDB 1996). The major arterial roads formed the organizing axes of the urban environment and were used to “create visual corridors to water bodies, parks, and landmarks.” The new town structural model was periodically revised to reflect changes in the HDB’s land use and planning policies. Three main concepts were promoted via the use of such models: the integration of transportation and land use; the optimization of the use of land; and planning for cohesive community living (HDB 1992: 5).

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1990 to 2000 (FOURTH PHASE OF PUBLIC HOUSING ESTATES)

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The Punggol 21 model, or the estate model of new town planning, represents the fourth phase in the development of new towns and has been showcased as the HDB’s effort to bring the design of new towns “into the twenty-first century”. The binodal model has two hubs linked via light rail transit. The road system is reverted to a grid-like system, seen as more efficient, and is complemented by mass rapid transit (MRT) and light rail transit (LRT) systems. The Punggol 21 paradigm seeks to integrate the components of housing, education, shopping, and recreation into compact, pedestrian-friendly, mixeduse developments served by transit nodes within a walking distance of 300 to 350 meters. This model is very similar to the idea of transit-oriented developments (TODs) advocated by proponents of the New Urbanism Movement (Calthorpe 1989). The new emphasis is on bringing back the “kampong” spirit

through the use of smaller, distinctly designed “estates”, each with about 1,200 to 2,800 dwelling units sharing a common green which ranges from 1 to 1.7 acres (0.4 to 0.7 ha) in size.

These open green spaces, to be located next to school fields where possible, are meant to create a sense of relief from the high-rise housing environment.

Each of the estates is designed as a pedestrian-friendly environment with street spaces that are well defined by buildings. Community facilities like schools, libraries, and places of worship are grouped in clusters, and amenities including school fields and playgrounds are designed to be shared by the community. Although the planning of the estate model seems to revert in some ways to the initial new town prototype characterised by its open grid matrix, the common greens and open spaces in the new model are much more integrated into the overall spatial structure, with a special emphasis on the design of circulation patterns. A conscious effort is made

/PUNGGOL STRUCTURAL PLAN Source : Hee and Heng 2003/

HOUSING ESTATES

to segregate pedestrians from vehicular traffic through the imposition of a grid of “park connectors” linking one green space to another. These linkages, however, are broken at intervals by the grid of the road network, which takes precedence over the green links, and no continuous vehicle-free paths can be discerned. The HDB’s social rationale for the clustering of smaller plan units of the estates is that “such clusters will be the focal point of community life and a strong sense of community spirit will be forged” (HDB website). These experimentations with the scale at which a community functions and is perceived indicate that the search continues for the creation of local identity. There is also a move toward providing more variety and choice in the housing options, evident in the range of available apartment types. The new town will integrate public and private development in a 60 to 40 percent mix.

The public housing portion has been planned with a building area to plot

/METRO LINES (MRT) AT CLOSE PROXIMITY TO HOUSING ESTATES (HDB) Source: Author, 2015/

ratio of 3 to 3.4, with sites showing higher plot ratios flanking the transit routes. Of the 85,800 dwelling units planned for this area, slightly more than 50,000 will be public housing.

The net density of the residential area will average 630 people per hectare and will consist of 1,200 to 2,800 dwelling units, with clearly defined centres and edges. This size is much smaller than earlier neighbourhood units in view of the declining household size, which has fallen from 5.5 persons per household some 30 years ago to about 3.5 in the year 2000.

In Conclusion, the transformations of new town planning in Singapore show us how HDB has constantly tweaked its development of the morphological structure of residential public spaces to adapt to the changing behaviours, demands and aspirations of residents. In the next few decades, Singapore’s population is expected to expand drastically, and achieving a high

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level of sustainability and liveability is therefore questionable. To tackle this issue, Singapore is looking at housing the population in industrial areas. Jurong, with a 5000-hectare land area, is Singapore’s first industrial area which houses many low-density industrial buildings.

There are several problems involved in creating a sustainable and liveable environment for people in Jurong.

First, it consumes a large amount of energy. As an industrial area, a large amount of energy is required to power the factories. This, in turn, emits a large amount of urban heat. The problem is exacerbated by the limited amount of greenery and permeable surfaces.

The urban island heat effect will worsen if Jurong remains unchanged.

Second, the environmental pollution emitted by the petroleum industries, which are prominent in the Jurong area, is a huge issue to resolve. It is comforting to know that cleaner forms of energy may replace the petroleum industries. Therefore, Jurong provides an opportunity to showcase how green energy and metabolism can be integrated within a city. Third, the practical

and functional building typologies and urban space are unsightly. The lack of atheistic features of a city will deter people for residing there. Fourth, the streetscape of Jurong is characterised by large streets and limited pedestrian walkways. This has created an “unwalkable” environment. An unwalkable city will increase the dependency on motorized transport, and Jurong’s lowdensity building typologies exacerbate this problem. Fifth, which is one of the hardest issues to resolve, is the hot and humid environment. This limit the possibility of outdoor activities and prevents people from engaging in green transport such as cycling.

HDB’s transformation has provided worthy lessons for the Jurong Industrial Area to consider.

In earlier new town developments in the 1970s, due to the urgent housing programs and the cost-effectiveness of using the existing infrastructure, HDB carried out development on an adhoc basis rather than following the Concept Plan closely, in which towns were dispersed to reduce traffic to the city centre. Today, the concentration in the north-eastern corridor has

/EXISTING HDB ESTATE IN JURONG EAST Source: T.Agrawal, 2016/

HOUSING ESTATES

/DUXTON @ PINNACLE. THE NEW HDB CONCEPT Source: T.Agrawal, 2016/

resulted in an enormous volume of traffic to the city centre and through the city centre to other parts of the island. Second, most of these new towns are only self-contained to the extent of local shopping and community facilities, with little employment opportunities. The majority of offices are in the city centre, causing tremendous strain on traffic routes leading to the city centre during peak hours (Tan, 1988). Although HBD has a set of planning concepts, when it comes to actual planning and layout of a new town, the structure is subject to different interpretations by different planners and architects. The lack of detailed guidelines on the locations for new town facilities within the new town structure has resulted in the poor location of facilities in some new towns. For example, the high concentration of facilities within the town centre in Toa Payoh New Town increases the foot traffic of

commuters, and in Ang Mo Kio New Town sports and swimming facilities are inconveniently located on the fringe.

Therefore, for Jurong to succeed in creating a sustainable and liveable environment, it is necessary for Jurong to develop a more detailed new town structural framework to direct these actions. From a planning perspective, the detailed guidelines should demarcate the hierarchy of industries and facilities according to their functions serving the precinct, neighbourhood and new town; they should situate housing facilities in the most desirable positions according to the needs of the residents and site these facilities along major approaches in order to enhance the character and identity of the housing. From an environmental perspective, planning and building technologies play an extremely important role in transforming an industrial estate into a liveable housing estate.

Foo, T. (2001). “Planning and design of Tampines, an award-winning high-rise, high-density township in Singapore.” Cities. Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 33-42.

Hee, L., and Heng, C.-K. (2004). “Transformations of space: A retrospective on public housing in Singapore.” In Case Sheer, B. (Ed.) Suburban Form: An International Perspective, 127.

Tan, E. K. (1989). Revitalizing New Towns in Singapore. Master’s Thesis, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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/PRODUCTIVE AND CONNECTING SPINES. INTENSE INFRASTRUCTURES/

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R.Ng

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/PRODUCTIVE AND CONNECTING SPINES. LIVING, WORKING, PLAYING, LEARNING AND PRODUCTIVE SPACES/

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R.Ng

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/CENTRALITIES. NEW HEARTBEAT OF BUSINESS, RECREATION AND LIVING/

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C.Oscar

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/PUBLIC SPACES, LIVABLE PLACES. FORGING IDENTITY/

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J.L.Goh

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/METABLOLIC LANDSCAPES. WATERSCAPES/

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F.Li

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/INTREGRATED URBAN ENVIRONMENTS. MIXED-USE NEIGHBOURHOODS/

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J.Hu

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/INTREGRATED URBAN ENVIRONMENTS. MIXED-USE NEIGHBOURHOODS/

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B.Fei, G.Li, Y.Xu

In most of our market economy cities, industrial land represents approximately 4 to 10 percent of the total surface area, although in some cities it can exceed 25 percent (Bartaud, 2006). In many rapidly growing cities industrial-zoned land is seen as a land bank and due to the implementation of tertiary-based economies and the changes in the industrial production systems, coupled with technological innovations and the emerging patterns of work and consumption, industrial areas are experiencing a rapid transformation into residential neighbourhoods and mixed-use developments.

BY OSCAR CARRACEDO

What should the future of our industrial estates be? How do we adapt them to the new modes of production? Can we integrate productive activities into the city as a part of our neighbourhoods? Or should they be kept segregated from the main civic uses of the city? Can industrial estates be transformed into a new generation of neighbourhoods combining working, living and leisure? Can we transform industrial areas into liveable places? How can we create places for the new economies while making cities and providing workplaces?

indus hoods FROM INDUSTRIES TO NEIGBOURHOODS Renewing and repositioning industrial areas

This book addresses these questions and discusses the role that industrial estates should play in the future of our cities, exploring different strategies for urban renewal and the repositioning of industrial areas to create integrated productive cities.

NUS-JTC (IÂłC) ISBN: 978-981-09-9317-7

NUS-JTC (IÂłC)

EDITED BY OSCAR CARRACEDO