2ndday exp08 ventilation subterranea para mineria mecanizada dagian babilon 16 9

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Ventilación Subterránea para Minería Mecanizada Dagian A.V. Babilon, M.S.Min.E. USMIFE, LLC Estados Unidos


©DAGIAN A.V. BABILON, M.S.Min.E. USMIFE, LLC Note – Basic information in this lecture is draw from the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR-30), MSHA & Peru´s Decreto Supremo N0 DS-055-2010 EM


Ventilación Subterránea para Minería Mecanizada Principales Objetivos – – – –

Proporcionar aire de calidad respirable a los Mineros. Proporcionar aire la funcion adecuada de la maquinaria. Proveer rura de escape en eventos de fuego/exploxion. Limitar la exposicion al polvo, metano y otros gases toxicos/peligrosos.


Ventilación Subterránea para Minería Mecanizada Art. 236: Titular minero dotará de aire limpio a las áreas de trabajo de acuerdo a: – las necesidades del personal minero – los requerimientos de la maquinaria minera – la necesidad de evacuar gases, humos y/o polvo suspendido, del área laboral.


Ventilación Subterránea para Minería Mecanizada Art. 236 (a): antes del comienzo (de presencia) de gases tóxicos

laboral, Debe realizar mediciones

– Registrar los hallazgos – Comunicar hallazgos a los trabajadores


Ventilación Subterránea para Minería Mecanizada Art. 236 (b): En todas las áreas subterráneas, de la actividad minera, mantendrá una circulación de aire limpio/fresco con un mínimo de 19.5% de oxigeno: – En cantidad y calidad suficientes de acuerdo al numero de trabajadores, presente – A la par, con el total de HPs de equipos con motores de combustión interna; • y esfuerzo requerido para la dilución de los gases, presentes a

niveles aceptables de salubridad


Ventilación Subterránea para Minería Mecanizada Art. 236 (f): Cuando ventilación natural no es capaz de cumplir con los artículos/incisos precedentes, deberá emplearse ventilación mecánica.


Suplementos Autorizados con el Ventilador Principal de la Mina • Puede tener tubos y abanicos para ayudar con la ventilacion en al area de trabajo – Motores tienen que tener un auto-apago si se detecta 1% metano • (1% de metano apaga el universo subterraneo)

• Puede tener lavadores y difusores de gases en el equipo minero • Regulaciones guardan silencio sobre cosas como reguladores (controles pasivos de ventilacion)


Ventilación Subterránea para Minería Mecanizada Art. 236 (g): Tomara todas las precauciones pertinentes para evitar la destrucción y/o paralización de los ventiladores principales. Art. 236 (g.5): En casos de falla mecánica o eléctrica de los ventiladores, la labor minera debe ser paralizada y clausurado su acceso.


Operación Obigatoria de los ventiladores (MSHA 30 CFR 75.311) • •

Los ventiladores tienen que estar funcionando en todo momento Si no estan funcionando toda maquinaria tiene que ser apagada y limitar el numero de personas en el area subterranea de la mina a las necesarias para desconectar la alimentacion de los circuitos y apagar las maquinarias.


Ventilación Subterránea para Minería Mecanizada Art. 236 (h): Ventiladores principales estarán provistos de dispositivos que permitan invertir la corriente de aire en caso necesario. – El cambio de la inversión será ejecutado solo por el trabajador autorizado. Art. 236(i): Se colocaran dispositivos que eviten la recirculación de aire en los ventiladores secundarios


Cosas que los Reguladores buscan en los Equipos de Ventilación • • • •

Estar a no menos de 15ft de la apertura externa de ventilación de la mina Tiene que tener una puerta de parada débil contra explosion para proteger el sistema Tiene que estar localizado retirado de superficies combustibles Tiene que tener puertas que se cierren si el aire de ventilación puede concebiblemente revertirse


Monitoreo & Inspeccion de los ventiladores de la mina •

Ventiladores necesitan inspeccion diaria a menos que tengan un systema de monitoreo continuo instalado. – Entonces el record del monitor tiene que ser revisado diariamente y el funcionamiento del monitor cada 7 dias.

Ventiladores tienen que ser detenidos y revisados cada 31 dia y reiniciado a operar. – Tiene que reiniciar operacion dentro de 15 minutos o tiene que apagar los circuitos subterraneos y hacer una inspeccion de seguridad antes de reentrar. – 15 minutos es el tiempo alocado para que el ventilador reinicie su operacion antes de que la mina tenga que ser evacuada.


Ventilación Subterránea para Minería Mecanizada Art. 239: Toda zona de trabajo, subterránea, será clasificada como “gaseada” en el caso que el gas metano de dicha zona se encuentre en concentración superior a 0.5%. Art. 239 (a): En zonas “gaseadas”, la cantidad de aire por persona será el doble de la señalada en el inciso (a) del Art. 237 del presente reglamento. (DS 055-2010)?


Ventilación Subterránea para Minería Mecanizada Art. 236 (i): Cuando existen indicios de estar cerca de una camera subterránea de gas o posibilidades de un desprendimiento súbdito de gas, se efectuaran taladros paralelos y oblicuos al eje de la labor, con por lo menos 10 metros avance.

?


Explosibilidad del Metano Adición de 5% metano a al Atmósfera la convierte explosiva limite inferior de explosibilidad) Mas de 15% metano en la Atmósfera Displaza tanto Oxígeno que una explosión no Es Sostenible.

Si el metano sube rápido y el oxígeno baja lentamente se obtiene una mezcla explosiva


Ventilación Subterránea para Minería Mecanizada Art. 239 (c): En caso de descubrirse condiciones que representan un peligro potencial de explosión o de incendio, el personal autorizado de la mina tomara de inmediato las medidas necesarias para hacer desaparecer dicha situación.


Ventilación Subterránea para Minería Mecanizada Art. 239 (c): En caso de descubrirse condiciones que representan un peligro potencial de explosión o incendio, el personal autorizado de la mina tomara de inmediato las medidas necesarias para hacer desaparecer dicha situación. Art 239 (d): En el caso indicado en el inciso anterior, se retirara a todos los trabajadores de las (áreas) comprendidas como zona peligrosa hasta recuperar las condiciones normales de seguridad, en la mina.


Ventilación Subterránea para Minería Mecanizada Art. 236 (n): La concentración promedio de polvo respirable en la atmosfera (laboral) de la mina…no será mayor a 3 miligramos por metro cubico de aire.


Mine Approved Ventilation Plans (30 CFR 75.370) • • • • •

Have to have an approved ventilation plan New Plans or Changes must be shown to the representative of the miners Plans must be posted on the bulletin board MSHA has to review each mines ventilation plan every 6 months to make sure it still fits conditions Ventilation plans can usually adapt fixed rules of the regulations to individual mine


Ventilation Plan Contents (30 CFR 75.371) •

Company Information – Name and location of company – Name, Location and MSHA number of mine – Name of individual submitting plan

Main Mine Fan Information – Main mine fans have to be monitored continuously with at least a pressure recording device and a person on the surface • Person must have two way communications to working areas

– Mine fans need an independent power supply from the rest of the mine (separate circuit)(30 CFR 75.310)


Mine Ventilation Plans Must Specify how Air Quality is to be Maintained •

Traditional method is dilution – Still the method of choice for dust particles, DPM and methane • Regulations have default air quantities for this purpose

Event of diesel equipment underground plus issues of silica and asbestos creating another field – Control by scrubbing systems, intrinsic cleanliness and personal protection equipment


Exceptions to Diesel Air Additions •

If diesel discharges into a return air course or an air supply going directly to a return air course


Aire para las Caras •

Todo suministro de aire tiene que ser fresco – Toda area donde hay equipos trabajando tiene que tener una divicion separada de aire – Super-secciones tienen que tener un suministro de aire fresco por cada pieza de equipo (a menos que estos esten funcionando uno a la vez)

El aire fresco suministrado no debe haber pasado por o atravez de areas no inspeccionadas o areas minadas secundarias antes de llegar a la cara (30 CFR 75.332)


Series Ventilation - Room-and-Pillar Return

Face Line

Intake

Face Line


Dead Ends - Fan and Vent Bag Airflow


Dead Ends - Fan and Vent Bag Airflow


Dead Ends - Free Standing Fan Airflow

Auxiliary Ventilation


Dead Ends - Free Standing Fan Airflow

Auxiliary Ventilation


Dead Ends - Fan and Vent Bag Airflow

Auxiliary Ventilation


Dead Ends - Fan and Vent Bag Airflow

Auxiliary Ventilation


Keeping Air Supplies Separate • Must maintain permanent stopings of incombustible material to within 3 cross-cuts outby of working face • Stoping must separate intake and return air courses from each other and from the beltway – This requirement for beltway to be a neutral has now been changed

• Primary escapeway must be separated from belt or trolley entries (30 CFR 75.333)


Herralquia de Errores CONOCIMIENTO INADECUADO DE VENTILACION POBRE MANTENIMIENTO DE VENTILACION POBRE / INADECUADA VENTILACION PERDIDAS SE SUMAN VIDAS & FINANZAS


Tamaño del Cuerpo Afecta las Lecturas 3 ft. Minero mide 1ft Ancho por 6ft Alto Ocupa un area de 6 pies cuadrados V elocidad= 300 fpm A rea = 18 Pies Cuadrados C antidad= 5,400 cfm

6 ft. V = 300 fpm A = 12 Square feet ( 18 - 6 ) Q = 3,600 cfm

Capatáz reporta 5,400 cfm cuando en la actualidad solo tiene 3,600 cfm


•

Capataz toma una lectura total de aire de 9,000 cfm TODO ESTA BIEN?!

•

Cantidad de Aire Actual 9,000 cfm Lectura del Capataz - 1,530 incremento de area por cuerpo de personal en area - 4,900 incremento del Minero Continuo al entrar en linea - 300 Anadir 40 ft mas cortina durante el corte - 460 Error en lectura (10% error) 1,370 cfm Actual Line Brattice Air Quantity

You actually have 2,310 cfm ventilating a 4,900 cfm scrubber!!!!! Recipe for recirculation and Poor Dust Control!!


Conclusión • La concentración de aire inpuro es Inversamente proporcional a la cantidad y buen uso del Aire en la ventilación. Aumenten la ventilación en la cara de trabajo, utilícela apropiadamente y reducirán la concentración y condición de aire detrimente a la seguridad y salubridad de los mineros y los equipos!


Vuestra Obtima Mensura de Exito En la VentilaciĂłn

Enviar a cada minero a su casa saludable y seguro En cada turno‌ todos los dias!


PORQUE CADA MINERO CUENTA!


The Practical Need to Go Between Air Courses •

Personal doors – Need every 300 ft if under 4 ft in height – Need every 600 ft if over 4 ft in Height

• Obviously takes longer to move in low level sections • •

Equipment needs to move – Door have to be a double door airlock – only one side open at a time Over and Undercasts of masonary or steel – no aluminum (toxic in fire)


The Fate of Worked Out Areas •

If no secondary mining then sweep with return air to avoid methane and noxious gas build-ups – Alternative often taken is to seal the section Secondary mined areas require a bleeder around edge to sweep with return air – Plans must include keeping bleeders open from roof falls or from flooding out with water – Again alternative is to seal (30 CFR 75.334)


MSHA’s Concerns About Sealed Areas • Practice of sealing became widespread after 1992 when ventilation sweep problems at South Mountain caused explosion killing 8 people • Events behind the seals – Without ventilation oxygen depletes reacting with ground prone to oxidation to form CO and CO2 – Methane emits and is not dispersed • Interesting when we did fill in an old 1950s panel at Peabody #10 temp almost 90 (coal oxidation)


How Dangerous? • •

Mine Explosions are usually dangerous It is theoretically possible to get an explosive mixture behind a seal – Still need an ignition source – Most ignition sources are human activities and they are sealed on the other side – Roof falls seem capable of sparking in most event cases

Since 1992 have had 13 explosions behind seals – 2 didn’t do any damage at all – 6 did minor damage to seals – 3 were exciting and could have been killers if people had been in the wrong place at the wrong time – Sago and Darby in 2006 were both killer disasters


A Look at Alternatives •

Alternative is to leave area open – Today have to sweep area and send it to the returns – Area must be inspected – If area is pillared and GOBed must leave entries open around the edge and sweep them • This air must also be run to the returns

– Today cannot put equipment and haulage in the returns • Haulage is either neutral or an intake • Returns are pretty much empty

I don’t have non-fatal or even non disaster data but old workings and GOBS caused 36 major killer explosions


What Can Be Learned? •

Old Practice just let the GOBs sit – 8 explosions killing 400 people methane accumulated in abandoned workings and then drifted out into active workings • Rules today requiring regular sweeping of these areas would have stopped these disasters

– 6 explosions killing 84 people involved people going into old uninspected workings • With sweeping some of these areas might not have had methane pockets • Inspection might have helped but we don’t preshift abandoned working all the time • Proper safety lamps would have also helped

– 6 explosions killing 49 people roof falls in abandoned areas pushed bursts of methane into active workings • Sweeping might have helped but methane bursts can still be a problem (Grundy in 1981)

– Sealing Would Have Stopped All of These


Lessons and Prevention •

3 Explosions killing 64 people involved taking vent air from abandoned areas and circulating into active areas – Clearly illegal and would be prevented by todays regs – Of course sealing would also have stopped

2 Explosions killing 145 people the methane was vented into the returns but the mine had the haulage and support system in the returns – Todays regs putting haulage in an intake or neutral would have prevented these – Of course sealing would have stopped

2 Explosions killing 94 people originated in and occurred in an isolated abandoned area – Doubtful vent sweep or seals would have stopped these


System Failures • Cases were venting mistakes or mishaps caused explosions – 5 Explosions killing 56 people – Sealing would have stopped these – Not making mistakes would have had ventilation avoided

• Defective Seals (some of these are old cases where a seal was a plywood door) – 4 Explosions killing 95 people – 3 seals were not even a joke for sealing requirements – 1 was an improperly constructed new seal Darby


Those Who Don’t Learn from the Past are Doomed to Repeat It •

Mines Vented abandoned area sweep air into return that were actively used for haulage – Barrackville 1925 (33-34 dead) – Same Thing in 1951 at Orient #2 (119 dead)

Explosions starting in the abandoned workings – #16 1930 (82 dead) left a hot trolly line in an abandoned area roof fall arced it across a rail – Sago 2006 (12 dead) a line left running to an old pump in a sealed work acted as an antenna and generated electricity from a lightning strike

Poorly Designed Seals Leak into active areas – Moweaque 1932 (54 dead) seals leaked no one checked open man trip light lit it – Darby 2006 (5 dead) seals not tight men lit up a cutting torch right outside leak without checking for methane (even though they had meters in their pocket)


Ventilation for Electrical Area • Include things like substations and battery barns – It is not minor electrical equipment such as pumps

• Need to be built of incombustible materials • Need to be ventilated with intake air fed directly to the returns – No quantity specified in regs, though build-up is obviously part of the intent

• Sensors need to shut off power and close doors if wrong gas or particularly heat combination shows up (30 CFR 75.340) • Shops have same basic requirements


Examinations •

All entries and production work places must be “pre-shifted” within three hours before the start of the shift – – – –

• • •

The examiner must be certified for the work Checks for hazardous conditions, methane, oxygen, and dust levels Checks the seals for leakage Has to certify reports

Worked out areas or bleeders need weekly inspection Listed Separately but normally done with pre-shift is checking beltways Isolated pump areas ect can be checked by the worker if he has training and certification – doesn’t have to have full inspectors papers


Expressed in Mine Ventilation Plans • Plan needs to identify areas where more than 3,000 cfm are needed • Any area where a minimum quantity is specified. • Volumes of air at last open cross-cut if more than 9,000 cfm • Any exceptions to keeping permanent separation of intakes and returns to within 3 cross-cuts of face • Any exceptions on Longwall or Shortwall air quantities


More Ventilation Plans • • • • • •

Plans spell out equipment used to monitor air quality, where and when it will be used Locations of stopings regulators bleeders etc Method to be used to keep bleeder entries clear Location of degasification and methane drainage holes (short horizontal drainage holes don’t have to be shown) Air Quantities for Diesel Equipment Locations for CO and NOx monitoring


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