Emergency Management 4 EMS

Peter I. Dworsky, MPH, NRP, CEM

The 1950’s •

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Civil defense programs proliferated due to threat of nuclear war.

Most communities maintained a civil defense director and most states had a designated civil defense representative.

Civil defense became the first recognized face of emergency management in the US. 2

The 1970’s 

1978, President Carter establishing FEMA. ◦ Director reported to the President. ◦ Absorbed the Federal Insurance Administration, the National Fire Prevention Administration, the National Weather Service and the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration. ◦ Assumed civil defense responsibilities.

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The 1980’s 

FEMA ◦ Ranked earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes at the bottom of the priority list. ◦ Lead agency for the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program ◦ Ultimately lead to the creation of the Federal Response Plan.

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The 1990’s 

President Clinton nominated James Lee Witt as the Director of FEMA. ◦ First Director with emergency management experience.

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Focus shifted from post-disaster recovery to pre-disaster mitigation. ◦ Project Impact: Building Disaster Resistant Communities

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Early 2000’s 

Homeland Security Act of 2002 created the Department of Homeland Security ◦ Opened January 24, 2003 and joined 179,000 employees from 22 agencies into a single, cabinet-level organization.

◦ Absorbed FEMA;  emergency management overshadowed by homeland security priorities.

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Realities of Emergency Management 

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Emergency management is a continuous, dynamic process.

Mass media only focuses on the very dramatic, tragic, vivid aspects of disasters. ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

Biases public’s perception towards response Narrow view of response and short-term recovery Smallest percentage of time spent on these activities Misconception that emergency management is the intersection of police, fire and EMS

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Issued by the Clinton after bombing of the Murrah Federal Building. ◦ Established the FBI as the lead agency for crisis management. ◦ Established FEMA as the lead agency for consequence management.

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HSPD-5 

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Issued to enhance the ability to manage domestic incidents by establishing a single, comprehensive national incident management system.

Includes the following frameworks: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

Incident Command System Credentialing Definition and Criteria Resource Typing Criteria Incident Management Standards

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â—Ś Authorizes the use of any civil defense or commercial mass notification system to issue public warnings. â—Ś Authorizes the use of the National Pre-disaster Hazard Mitigation Fund to support state-level mitigation planning.

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Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs 

A common set of criteria for all-hazards disaster/emergency management and business continuity. ◦ The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States recognized this as our National Preparedness Standard. ◦ Adopted by DHS as standard for emergency preparedness. ◦ Is not a “how-to” guide 11

Integrated Emergency Management 

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Process of coordination and collaboration among all stakeholders within a given community, jurisdiction, or entity.

Concepts integral to success: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

All-hazard approach; Linking capability development to hazard analysis; Enterprise approach; Multi-year strategy development.

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Comprehensive Emergency Management 

Consists of four major phases: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

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Mitigation Preparedness Response and Recovery

No distinct or objective beginning or end. ◦ Functions blend and overlap ◦ Functions often occur concurrently and compete with one another 13

Mitigation 

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Reducing or eliminating the likelihood or consequences of hazard risk Measures have some potential inherent problems: • ◦ ◦ ◦

Costly Time Consuming (years) Disruptive to Communities Socially Controversial

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Structural Mitigation •

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Measures that involve or dictate the necessity for some form of construction, engineering, or other mechanical changes or improvements aimed at reducing hazard risk likelihood or consequence.

Often are considered attempts at “man controlling nature” when applied to natural disasters.

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Data Centers

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Generally five groups of nonstructural mitigation measures: • • • • •

Regulatory Measures Community Awareness and Education Programs Nonstructural Physical Modifications Environmental Controls Behavioral Modification

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Mitigation

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Fortification of dispatcher center Interoperability Redundant supply chain Community education

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Target hardening

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Prevention and Protection 

Introduced after FEMA was absorbed under DHS. ◦ Highlighted the shifting focus towards terrorism.

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Considered a subset of mitigation. ◦ Prevention attempts to bring the probability risk to absolute zero. ◦ Protection attempts to limit the consequence

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Protection and Prevention     

Target hardening Redundant comm platforms . . .

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Preparedness 

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Tasks, programs, and systems developed and implemented prior to a disaster that are used to support the prevention of, mitigation of, response to, and recovery from the event.

Activities include: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

Planning Organization and leadership Equipment and systems Training and exercises

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Preparedness 

Drills and Exercises ◦ TTX ◦ FSX ◦ FSE

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COG Intelligence Equipment cache IAP / Handbooks 22

Response 

Activities to preserve life, property, environment, and the social, economic, and political structure of a community including: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

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Evacuation and Sheltering Public Health and Safety Protection and Restoration of Critical Infrastructure Resource Management and Logistics Stabilization and Removal of Environmental Hazards

ESF #8

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Response  

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Coordination Plans Interagency Communications Hazard specific

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60% of Gas Stations in NJ were closed Main problem was, no power – stations could not pump gas and those that could supplies were quickly used up

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Emergency Management Assistance Compact 

Mechanism for states to offer assistance and share resources during a governor-declared state of emergency. ◦ Ratified by Congress in 1996 and law in all states ◦ Can be used before an emergency/disaster occurs ◦ Allows for credentials to be honored across states

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Emergency Management Assistance Compact 

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Governor declares State of Emergency State EMAC Coordinator alerted the National Emergency Management Association State EMS Director communicates with other State EMS Directors 27

Emergency Management Assistance Compact

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Recovery 

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Rebuilding communities so individuals, businesses, and government can function on their own, return to normalcy, and are protected against future hazards.

Two distinct types of recovery: ◦ Short-term: Restoration of critical infrastructure, temporary housing. ◦ Long-term: Financial programs, public health and well-being, public education and outreach.

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Recovery    

Restoration of services Relocation Equipment replacement Support - mental health

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Shelter Support •

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Medical needs shelters established for oxygen dependent, ventilatory assistance and those who required intensive aid with respect to activities of daily living Many evacuees left without medications for chronic conditions ▫ Hypertension emergencies ▫ Diabetic ▫ Unstable angina ▫ Psychiatric ▫ Drug dependency 31

Shelter Support Without shelter, people will soon become further victimized by the elements and by insecurity and psychological stressors.

Normally, the best choice for immediate shelter is public or private facilities within the community unaffected by the disaster.

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Public Health and Medical Services

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Atypical Health Support ď ˝

Medical facility evacuation

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Overview 

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EOC - the physical location at which the coordination of information and resources to support incident management activities normally takes place.

Tasks typically carried out within the EOC: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

Coordination Policy-making Direct operational support Information collection and dissemination 37

Overview

◦ Public health and medical needs assessment ◦ Public health surveillance ◦ Personnel deployment ◦ Medical equipment and supplies distribution ◦ Patient evacuation and care ◦ Safety and security

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Overview

◦ Blood, organ, and blood tissue needs ◦ Behavioral health care ◦ Public health and medical information ◦ Vector control ◦ Mass fatality management ◦ Veterinary medical support ◦ Public health aspects of potable water/wastewater and solid waste 39

Emergency Operations Plan 

The EOP has the following components: • • • •

Hazard, Vulnerability, and Impact Analysis The Basic Plan Functional Annexes Hazard-Specific Annexes

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Emergency Operations Plan 

The EOP describes: • • • • • •

People and agencies who will be involved in the response.

Responsibilities and actions of individuals and agencies.

When and where those responsibilities and actions will be called upon.

How citizens and structures will be protected in the event of a disaster.

The equipment, facilities, and resources available within and outside the jurisdiction. .

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Emergency Operations Plan 

Lists the kinds of tasks to be performed, by position and organization, without all of the procedural details included in functional annexes.

• Ensures no duplication of effort • May include organizations outside of the jurisdiction if they have defined responsibilities.

• Often discusses how the organization is structured:  Emergency Support Functions  Agency and Department  Functional area of NIMS/ICS 42

Functional Annexes Provide much more highly detailed information about the operational needs of specific response mechanisms.

Alert, Warning, Publicthe EOP to include 16 ď ˝ New JerseyEmergency requires Resource and Information Law Enforcement Management annexes: Officer Communications ď ˝

Damage Assessment

Evacuation

Public Health

Shelter and Care

EOC Operations

Fire and Rescue

Public Works

Social Services

Emergency Medical

Hazardous Materials

Radiological

Terrorism

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Training and Exercises 

Describes the critical training and exercise activities the organization will use in support of the plan as identified in the multi-year training and exercise plan.

• Details the following for all training and exercise activities: • Goals and Objectives • Frequency • Key lessons learned or corrective actions identified in previous exercises.

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Overview  

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EOC The Plan Other Plans ◦ COOP COG

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NIMS Reverse 911 Social Media

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More  

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Fusion Center RDDB E-Team Web EOC WAZE ARC-GIS http://geohealth.hhs.gov/arcgis/home/

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◦ Disaster Medical Assistance Teams ◦ National Medical Response Teams ◦ Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams ◦ Family Assistance Center Team ◦ National Nurse Response Teams ◦ National Veterinary Response Teams ◦ National Pharmacy Response Teams

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The Public Health Service Commissioned Corps is comprised of uniformed members of the: Incident Response Coordination Team Applied Public Health Team Mental Health Teams Rapid Deployment Force

Contains Push Packages, which are: ◦ Caches of pharmaceuticals, antidotes, and medical supplies. ◦ Positioned in strategically located, secure warehouses for delivery within 12 hours 

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Peter I. Dworsky Peter.Dworsky@OutcomeSolutions.org