EDAD CONTEMPORÁNEA.
CEIP. Santa Ana (Madridejos)
CONTEMPORY PERIOD. 19th – 20th Centuries: Contemporary period starts from the French Revolution (1789) till nowadays. We are going to divide it in 19th and 20th century. 1.- 19th CENTURY. 1.1.- French Revolution. It was a social and political process that started in France in 1789. It was a result of the “Enlightenment” cultural movement. .- The society was divided in three states: The First State (clergy), the Second State (nobility), and the Third State (the rest of people). The two first were privileged, and the third one was non-privileged (peasants, craftsmen, workers, bourgeoisies… who paid taxes. .- People revolted against the privileged states and abolished the absolute monarchy. .- They published the first ‘Constitution’ and the ‘Liberty Leading the People’ (Delacroix) ‘Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen’. They also achieved that every man would be equal in the eyes of the law. Their motto was ‘Liberty, equality, fraternity’ . .- There were several steps, one of them was ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who wanted to conquer Europe. 1.2.- Industrial Revolution: A.- In England, in the middle of the 18th century, they used new raw materials (coal, iron, cotton…), new technologies (Watt steam engine), and new means of transport, like steam boat and railway (by George Stephenson). All of these changes were the origin of the Industrial Revolution. B.-In the agriculture, there were new machinery, new crops, crop rotation… which increased food production with fewer laborers. So there was a migration movement from the country to the cities looking for better living conditions. There was an increase of industrial population who lived in the cities. C.- In the cities: C.1.- The Proletariat were workers who worked in the factories, and lived crowded in unhealthy houses (in slums). They worked for more than 12 hours a day, women earned less money than men, and boys and girls started to work when they were 10 years old, so they couldn’t go to schools. They had got a very poor and scarce diet, with a minimum hygiene. All of these reasons, and labour accidents caused a high mortality. Trade Unions appeared to defend their rights (they asked for a shorter workday, higher salaries, control of children exploitation…)
Watt’s steam engine
slum
EDAD CONTEMPORÁNEA.
CEIP. Santa Ana (Madridejos)
cages for animals
roof terrrace
main bedroom
More bedrooms
toilet
coal stove
candle
House for several worker families ( in each bedroom could sleep 8 or 10 people)
C.2.-The Bourgeoisie, were formed by people who had a lot of money and spent it to create new factories, means of transport, trade business… Bourgeoisie replaced nobility as a dominant class, and controlled economy and politics.
Bourgeoisie people in a café.
D.- Capitalism appeared. It is an economic system based on private ownership of the means of production, with the goal of making a profit (the much, the better). Work and business success is very important … New styles of dress, and new ways of amusement appeared (cafés, theatres, opera, private parties...) where bourgeoisie people showed their wealth. Bourgeois house
EDAD CONTEMPORÁNEA.
CEIP. Santa Ana (Madridejos)
1.3.- SPAIN IN THE 19th CENTURY: a.- Spanish War of Independence: (1.808-1.814) Napoleón Bonaparte wanted to invade Portugal, so the Spanish king gave him his approval. When his army was in Spain, he decided to have control over Spain too, and placed his brother ‘José Bonaparte’ in the throne. But Spanish people (helped by England) revolted against the invaders. Madrid rose up on May 2nd 1.808. That precise day many people were shot by French soldiers (Goya painted these events: ‘The Charge of the Mamelukes’ and ‘The Third of May 1808’).
‘The Charge of the Mamelukes’
Spanish people used ‘guerrilla tactics’. Spanish people attacked the French Army unexpectedly and later they disappeared. This strategy exhausted French army. There were lots of fighters, ‘El Tio Camuñas’ one of them. After 6 years of war, French army returned back to France.
“Francisquete” or ‘El tío Camuñas’.
b.- Descolonization process. From the early century, Spanish territories in America wanted to be independent, so they revolted several times against Spain. Spanish colonies transformed themselves into independent countries. This process finished in 1898, with the independence of Cuba and the Philippines Islands. . c.- Industrial Revolution in Spain. The changes from Industrial Revolution came to Spain very late. Agriculture mechanization was very slow, and most of farmers didn’t have any field to work, they worked as day laborer with very poor salaries. Most of the economy depended on agriculture, and most of people were living in small towns. During 19th century, changes from the Industrial Revolution only took place in Catalonia (textile factories), and Basque Country (steel industry). Population increased from 11,5 to 18,5 million inhabitants.
Soldiers at the ‘Cuban War of Independence’
Textile factory in the 19th century
EDAD CONTEMPORÁNEA.
CEIP. Santa Ana (Madridejos)
d.- Social Classes: Society was divided in three classes: .- Upper class: composed of nobility, businessmen, bankers, great landowners… . .- Middle class: composed of farmers, merchants, doctors, lawyers, teachers… . .- Lower class (or working class): day laborers (in fields), workers (in factories), servants…
e.- Politics and ways of goverment: Types of monarchies: .- Absolute Monarchy: ‘King’s power comes from God’. The King controls the three powers: legislative, executive and judicial, and he doesn’t have any responsibility for his people. (Louis XIV of France). .- Enlightened despotism: ‘All for people, but nothing by people’. (Charles III of Spain). .- Liberalism and Parliamentary Monarchy: . .- Popular sovereignty: ‘people are the source of all political power’. . .- Constitution: accepts citizen’s rights and controls king’s power. . .- Distinction of powers: legislative (Parliament), executive (Govern ment) and judicial (judges). At the end of 18th century and at the beginning of 19th, Charles IV ruled Spain. He was an enlightened king. When ‘Spanish War of Independence’ started, he went to Bayona (France). When the war was finished, his son, Ferdinand VII (‘absolute king’), came to Spain to rule the nation. Before this king came to Spain, ‘The Courts of Cadiz’ wrote the ‘First Spanish Constitution’ in 1812 (‘La Pepa’). Years later Ferdinand VII abolished that constitution. Charles IV
Ferdinand VII
During this century, there were two political movements rotating in the government: Liberal party: that protected people’s freedom in the face of the royal power... Conservative party: that protected absolute monarchy and royal power over people’s rights… When Ferdinand VII died, his daughter, Elisabeth II became Queen (Parliamentary Monarchy). But in the middle of the century, she had to go into exile and Spain became a Republic (‘The First Spanish Republic’). Later her son, Alfonso XII restored the monarchy and ended the short Republic. Alfonso XII died aged 27 and was succeeded by his unborn son Alfonso XIII at the beginning of the 20th century.
Elisabeth II
Alfonso XII
EDAD CONTEMPORÁNEA.
CEIP. Santa Ana (Madridejos)
2.- 20th CENTURY. In the world there were two important events: .- ‘First World War’ (1.914 -1.918): Where armies used new weapons like tanks, planes… About 10 million people died in the war. .- ‘Second World War’ (1.939 -1.945): there were massive air attacks over cities, and American army threw two atomic bombs (Hiroshima y Nagasaki). More than 50 million people died.
Trenches. First World War
Air attack over London. 2nd World War.
Atomic bomb over Hiroshima
In Spain, 20th century started under Alfonso XII’s reign. It went on with the 2nd Republic and the Spanish Civil War. Later, Franco’s Dictatorship, and finally with the Transition and the coming of the present Democracy. SPAIN IN THE 20th CENTURY: 2.1.- AlfonsoXIII. He became King after the ‘Cuban War of Independence’ (1898). There was an important crisis (political and financial crisis because of the lost war). There were many problems with lower classes because workers and day laborers were living in a very bad conditions. .- Problems got bigger with the ‘Second Moroccan War’. Later he supports ‘Primo de Rivera Dictatorship’, and finally he went to exile in 1931. Alfonso XIII .- At that time there was a big inequality between upper classes and lower classes. Workers and day laborers joined between them and created Trade Unions (Socialists and Anarchists) to defend their rights, because they were living in poverty without any protection. 2.2.- Second Spanish Republic. (1.931 - 1.936) The Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed when King Alfonso XIII left the country after municipal elections won by republican and left-wing parties. They established a democracy and they used the ‘universal suffrage’… Society and political parties are divided in two blocs: ‘left-wing’ and ‘right-wing’. After some changes in the government and some riots, part of the army (supported by right-wing parties) revolted against the democratic government. 2.3.- Spanish Civil War. (1.936 – 1.939) On July 18th 1936, part of the army revolted against the government, and a result of this, the ‘Spanish Civil War’ started. Spain was divided in two factions: .-“Republican faction” : loyal to the republican government. It was form by left-wing parties, and lightly supported by Occidental Democracies (‘International Brigades”). .-“Nationalist faction”: formed by part of the Armed Forces and supported by right-wing parties, the
EDAD CONTEMPORÁNEA.
CEIP. Santa Ana (Madridejos)
Church, and Germany and Italy (with Fascist Governments). Finally, General Franco won the war in 1.939.
Second Republic proclamation
Map of the two zones 18/07/39
Madrid in the Civil War
2.4.- Franco’s Dictatorship. It was a personal and absolute dictatorship. He controlled the three powers. Later he created ‘The Courts’: a kind of parliament that approved every law previously written by Franco. Francisco Franco
After a very hard postwar, the country was internationally isolated. In the fifties, after an international opening, Spain was improving slowly, and from sixties (with tourism, and financial development) there was a change in the society and the modernization of the country started. SEAT car factory.
2.5.- Transition and Democracy. In 1975 Franco died and Juan Carlos I became King. Later, political parties and trade unions were legalized and democracy was installed. On 6th-Dec-1978 the present Constitution was approved by universal suffrage, (among many rights for people, the Constitution says that Spain is a Parliamentary Monarchy, and power comes from people). From 1986, Spain is a member of the European Union.
J. Carlos I swears loyalty to Spain Spanish Constitution
Es Spain as a member of European Union
EDAD CONTEMPORÁNEA.
CEIP. Santa Ana (Madridejos)
HISTORY. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD: GLOSARY-VOCABULARY. Nowadays: en nuestros días result of…: resultado de… ‘Enlightenment’: ‘Ilustración’ states: estados, estamentos privileged: privilegiado peasants: pequeños campesinos craftsmen: artesanos bourgeoisies: burgueses to pay taxes: pagar impuestos to revolt: revelarse to abolish: abolir citizen: ciudadano to achieve: conseguir would be equal: fueran iguales in the eyes of the law: ante la ley motto: lema, frase famosa to rule: dirigir, gobernar several steps: varias etapas to conquer: conquistar raw materials: materias primas in the middle of: a mediados de coal:carbón cotton: algodón steam engine: motor de vapor crops: cultivos day laborer: jornalero means of transport: medios de transporte proletariat: proletariado crowded: amontonados unhealthy: insalubres, no saludables slums: barrios obreros to earn: ganar dinero scarce diet: dieta escasa trade union: sindicato workday: jornada laboral coal stove: cocina de carbón goal: objetivo make a profit: sacar beneficio prívate ownership: propiedad privada success: éxito amusement: diversión wealth: riqueza approval: aprobación to place: situar throne: trono invaders: invasores to rise up: levantarse to be shot: ser fusilados unexpectedly: inesperadamente to exhaust: agotar early century: principios de siglo field: terreno en el campo businessmen: hombres de negocios steel industry: industria siderúrgica upper class: clase alta middle class: clase media lower class: clase baja landowner: terrateniente lawyer: abogado servant: criado popular sovereignty: soberanía popular Enlightened Despotism: Despotismo Ilustrado to abolish: abolir, eliminar party: partido político in the face of: ante, frente a… to go into exile: irse al exilio to succeed: suceder unborn: no nacido weapon: arma air attack: bombardeo trench: trinchera reign: reinado dictatorship: dictadura financial crisis: crisis económica to support: apoyar inequality: desigualdad to join: unirse a… poverty: pobreza, miseria rights: derechos to be proclaimed: ser proclamada left-wing: de izquierdas right-wing: de derechas riots: disturbios Republican faction: bando Republicano Nationalist faction: bando Nacional postwar:postguerra to be isolated: estar aislado international opening: apertura internacional to be legalized: ser legalizados