ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM (English)

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SCIENCE: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM

CEIP Santa Ana. Madridejos

1.- ELECTRICITY. Electricity is a kind of energy produced by movement and interaction between electric charges (positive and negative). Every substance or body have electric charges (because of the atoms that form the substance), but not all substances show electric properties. 1.1.- ELECTRIC CHARGE. All kind of matter is formed by atoms. Atoms have two parts: .- Nucleus formed by protons (positive electric charge), and neutrons with no charge at all. .- Electron Shell (or electron cloud) formed by electrons (negative electric charge). Atoms usually have the same number of protons and electrons, they are neutral or uncharged (with no charge), but they can gain or lose electrons: .- If atoms lose electrons, atoms become positive ions (+). The substance or body is positively charged. Structure of atoms .- If atoms gain electrons, atoms become negative ions (-). The substance or body is negatively charged. Substances with the same electric charge repell to each other. Substances with different electric charge attract to each other. We can charge electrically a body by friction. A plastic pen frictioned against a woollen jumper or our hair, can attract small pieces of paper when they are near enough (if they are inside its electromagnetic field). This is because electrons from wool have been transferred to the pen and it is negatively charged. 1.2.- ELECTRIC CURRENT. Electric current is the flow of electrons from atom to atom through a conductor (from one atom’s electron cloud to another atom’s electron cloud). Electrons move from negative electrode (anode) to positive electrode (cathode).

Electrons’ movement makes electric current

We can classify substances in two groups: .- Conductors are substances that permit electric current moves through them. Metals like copper and aluminium are good conductors because their electrons can move easily. .- Insulators are substances that don’t permit the movement of electric current. Electrons from their atoms can’t move easily, like wood, rubber… We need some items to have an electric current: a.- Electric charges that can move (electrons). b.- Conductor substances where electrons can flow. c.- A generator that produces enough energy to maintain the electric potential difference between two points (two poles) and makes electrons move. Insulators

Conductors


SCIENCE: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM

CEIP Santa Ana. Madridejos

1.3.- ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT. An electrical circuit is an interconnection of some electrical elements where electrical charges can flow. All appliances work because they have electrical circuits. Elements of a circuit are: .- Power source gives energy to the circuit. A battery, a dynamo or a generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. .- Conductors are metallic wires, made of copper generally. .- Load devices transform electricity in light(bulb), sound (radio, MP3), heat, movement… .- Control devices, like a switch. Protection devices, like a fuse.

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Electricity flows through a closed circuit. Every electron goes from the negative electrode to the positive one. When the circuit is closed, the electricity flows, when the circuit is open, there isn’t any flow of energy. The switch opens or closes the circuit. . .

1.4.- ELECTRICITY AT HOME. In houses, power also flows through electrical circuits, but we can’t see wires because they are inside the walls. Power source is from the nearest power station. Electricity comes through cables from the station, and in every house there is an electric meter that controls the amount of energy consumed at that house. There are some fuses to protect all devices like bulbs, appliances… Electricity is very dangerous, so it’s very important to be careful with it, and take some precautions: .- Don’t touch damaged wires or insert objects into sockets. .- Don’t pull from unplugged wires. .- Don’t plug lots of devices in the same socket.. .- Don’t manipulate electrical devices if you are wet…


SCIENCE: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM

CEIP Santa Ana. Madridejos

2.- MAGNETISM. Magnetism is the property of some substances to attract some metals. The bodies that have got this property are called magnets. There are two types of magnets: .- Natural magnets: attract iron and other metals by their own composition: magnetite. .- Artificial magnets: haveImanes artificiales: tienen esa propiedad por medio de una imantación. La imantación puede producirse por frotamiento, por contacto, o por medio de una corriente eléctrica.

2.1.- PROPIEDADES DE LOS IMANES. Un imán está formado por dos polos, un polo norte y un polo sur, que son zonas de magnetismo más intenso. Los polos de un mismo signo se atraen y los de distinto signo se repelen.

Campo magnético es el espacio que se encuentra alrededor de un imán o corriente eléctrica y se caracteriza por la influencia de una fuerza magnética en cada uno de sus puntos, atrayendo a una parte de otro imán y repeliendo a la otra. Líneas de fuerza de un campo magnético

2.2.- MAGNETISMO TERRESTRE. El núcleo de la Tierra está compuesto de una aleación de hierro y níquel. Este material es buen conductor y se mueve con facilidad al estar en estado líquido. La Tierra se comporta como un enorme imán. Y es debido a que al moverse también lo hace su núcleo. Los polos geográficos de la Tierra y los magnéticos no coinciden en el mismo eje. La brújula es un instrumento que sirve para orientarse. Es una aguja imantada que debido al campo magnético terrestre, señala el polo Norte y el polo Sur (magnéticos). El campo magnético es utilizado también por palomas mensajeras, aves migratorias, tortugas… para orientarse. Además también protege al planeta de radiaciones solares y del espacio.


SCIENCE: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM

CEIP Santa Ana. Madridejos

2.3.- ELECTRICIDAD Y MAGNETISMO. La electricidad y el magnetismo son dos formas de energía que se transforman fácilmente una en otra. La electricidad crea campos magnéticos que se comportan como un imán cuando pasa por él la corriente eléctrica. Electroimán: es un cable enrollado alrededor de un trozo de hierro, que al pasar electricidad a través del él, se comporta como un imán. . Se utilizan en timbres, altavoces, electroimanes industriales para grúas … Electroimán casero

Grúa con electroimán

Los motores eléctricos transforman la energía eléctrica (a través de un electroimán que va girando por las fuerzas de atracción y de repulsión con unos imanes fijos) en movimiento.

ELECTRICIDAD

MAGNETSMO

MOVIMIENTO

Esquema de motor eléctrico

La inducción electromagnética consiste en generar energía eléctrica a partir de un campo magnético variable.

Así, moviendo una bobina (que es un cable enrollado alrededor de un trozo de hierro), cerca de un imán, se produce un flujo de electrones, es decir, una corriente eléctrica. Por esta razón, los generadores y dinamos producen electricidad.

Esquema de un dinamo

MOVIMIENTO

MAGNETISMO

ELECTRICIDAD


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