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SCIENCE 5.
C.E.I.P. SANTA ANA (Madridejos)
UNIT 3. OUR HEALTH. 1
CONTENTS: 1.– Health and illness. 2.– Types of diseases: infectious / non-infectious. 3.– Prevention of disease: .– Healthy diet. .– Hygiene habits. .– Regular exercise… .– Being responsible. 4.– Science and health: .– Access to medical care. .– Medical advances. 5.– First aid care.
Remember something about human body:
1.– HEALTH AND ILLNESS. Health is a state of complete physical and mental well-being, We can speak about two types of health: not only the absence something of diseaseabout or pain . Remember the human body. .– Physical health: when all organs in our body work in a right way, and we don’t feel any pain. .– Mental health: when we feel good with ourselves and with the rest of people. When we don’t have any psychological disorder. Illness or disease is a state of being unhealthy So we can speak about physical diseases and mental diseases. in our body or mind. If we have a physical disease, our body doesn’t work properly and we feel bad. We have fever, we have a cough, 2 we sneeze, or we have a pain… These disorders are called symptoms and they help the doctor to know what disease we have. When we have a mental disorder, we don’t feel good with ourselves like in depression, stress, anorexia... 2.– TYPES OF DISEASES. First, we are going to divide diseases in two great groups, depending of the cause of the disease: Infectious diseases are transmitted by infectious agents (germs). Example: the flu. Non-infectious diseases are caused by other reasons. Example: a heartatack. 2.1.– Infectious diseases: When an infectious agent get into your body, you’ll be ill. These agents are microscopic, and the most common ones are pathogenic bacteria, and viruses. We can get the disease when we breath infected air (air with bacteria or viruses), or when we touch infected objects, when a mosquito or another animal bites us, by an open wound in our skin...
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Viruses in the air.(Contagious disease)
A.- Contagiuous diseases: when the disease is transmitted by contact from an infected person, or object.The transmission could be through the air (caughs, sneezes…), by touching the other person, by a mosquito (malaria)… B.– Non-contagious diseases: When the disease can’t be transmitted from an infected person to another one. Infected wound. (Non-contagious disease) USEFUL WORDS: .– healt .– illness / disease / sickness .– symptoms .– infectious / non-infectious
.– pain .– wound
.– physical / mental health .- contagious / non-contagious
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Many of these illnesses are caused by bacteria and can be treated with antibiotics, others are caused by viruses and antibiotics don’t work on them. We can see some examples of infectious diseases. Some of them are related to: Digestive system
Salmonellosis, other digestive infections...
Respiratory system
pneumonia, tuberculosis, the flu, sore throat, common cold...
Whole body
Hepatitis, AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)...
2.2.– Non-infectious diseases: When the disease is not caused by an infectious agent, it’s caused by different reasons, like bad habits, accidents, cancer… We can connect many of them with malfunction of different organs or systems. Some of non-infectious diseases are related to: SYSTEM
DISEASE OR DISORDER
SOME ARE CAUSED BY:
Circulatory system Arteriosclerosis, high blood pressure, heart attack… Unhealthy lifestyles... Respiratory system Asthma, lung cancer...
Genetic, smoking...
Excretory system
Kidney stones...
Bad diet, dehydratation...
Sense organs
Cataract, blindness, deafness, sunburn…
Genetic, unhealthy lifestyles...
Nervous system
Headache, insomnia, mental disorders, Alzheimer's... Stress, brain degeneration ...
Locomotor system
Burns, broken bones, sprain, luxations...
Accidents…
Others
Allergies, congenital diseases, cancers… Malnutrition, obesity...
Genetic, unhealthy lifestyles...
3.– PREVENTION OF DISEASE: Healthcare has improved a lot, with new equipment, medicines… but one important part of the new style in healthcare is prevention. Preventive medicine consists of measures taken for disease prevention, as opposed to disease treatment. To avoid some diseases, there are some rules to follow: 3.1.– Healthy diet: if you eat a balanced diet, your organs and systems will work better. Eating a great variety of foods is needed for good health. A Remember the food pyramid: 1.– Eat most: vegetables, cereals, pasta, fruits… These foods countain different nutrients (minerals, vitamins, fibre…) and energy from carbohydrates. And don’t forget to drink a lot of water or liquids. 2.– Eat moderately: fish, meat, eggs, dairy foods (milk, yogourt…) will provide proteins, minerals and vitamins. 3.– Eat in small amounts: sugars, oil and fats.
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Healthy diet
3.2.– Hygiene habits: if our house and clothes are clean, if we wash fruit and vegetables before eating them, and we have a good personal higiene (wash our hands, clean our teeth, take a shower… regularly) we will avoid infections. Many problems with our health are caused by bad higiene habits. USEFUL WORDS: .– antibiotics .– preventive medicine / preventive healthcare .– healthy diet .– higiene habits
.– prevention
B
.– food pyramid 5
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3.3.– Exercise, posture and rest: Practising regularly some kind of exercise (walking, running, playing sports…) is very important for our health. These activities improve our physical condition and prevent mental disorders (stress, depression…). At the same time, our body needs enough time to rest and sleep. Children need to sleep more than ten hours a day. Finally, to keep a good position while we are sitting, studying,… and change the postion from time to time, will avoid some damages in our locomotor system.
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To practise exercise is very good for your health
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3.4.– Avoid accidents: to take some precautions in our daily life can hep to avoid accidents. Wear a helmet when we ride a bike, fasten your seatbelt in cars, watch the traffic before to cross a road. In the kitchen, take care with knives, and with hot oil… while your parents are cooking... Don’t play near a swimming pool. Many accidents happen at home. Fasten your seatbelt
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3.5.– Go to the doctor, dentist… Visit the doctor is very important. To vaccinate young children for preventing diseases, when we feel ill, to do a check-up to control that our health is good… This is very important because they can do some tests (blood test, urine test, electrocardiogram...) that can detect very important diseases (heart diseases, diabetes, cancer…).
Go to the doctor 9
3.6.– Don’t smoke and avoid alcohol and other drugs. Don’t smoke, don’t have alcohol or other drugs. They are very bad for your health, and they can produce dangerous physical, mental and social disorders. 10
PREVENTIVE MEDICINE: 1.– Healthy diet. 2.– Hygiene habits. 3.– Exercise, position and rest 4.– Avoid accidents. 5.– Go to the doctor, dentist… 6.– Don’t smoke and avoid alcohol and other drugs. USEFUL WORDS: .– exercise .– rest .– vaccinate
.– posture .– avoid accidents .– check-up
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4.– SCIENCE AND HEALTH. Medicine is the science of diagnosing, treating, or preNowadays, medicine has improved a lot and venting disease and other damage to the body or mind. people have got an easier access to medical care. Patients can go to the Community Health Centre or to a hospital, to solve their health problems. 4.1.– Main steps on a medical treatment are different steps to solve health problems from one person. A.– Symptoms: health problems that a person has got ( pain, or feels bad, fever, cough, sore throat…) B.– Tests: they are different test in order to get information about the disease (auscultation, blood/urine test, X-ray, scanner…) C.– Diagnosis: the doctor knows the name of the disease because of the results of the tests. D.– Treatment: .– Drugs or medicines: (pills, painkillers, antibiotics... )that the patient will take. .– Surgery treatment: an surgical operation to solve the pain, or the disease. .– Radiation: treatment with radioactive substances to cure tumors, cancers... E.– Recovery period: time when the patient become healthier and stronger . Main steps on a medical treatment: Symptoms—Tests—Diagnosis—Treatment—Recovery period
C
D
4.1.– Medical advances. Health care has improved because of different reasons: better hygiene, better medicines, quality of feeding… but the most important advances are by medical research. A.– Research on human body: to know the parts of the organs, and systems in the body, and learn about the way they work, and their problems... B.– Research on medical equipment: to have new machines, and technology to explore the body, and to do different tests (X-rays, scanners, better microscopes…) C.– Research on new medicines, vaccines, antibiotics, painkillers…): nowadays is easier to treat many diseases because of new medicines. Antibiotics have saved lots of lives, usual infections, (like a cold) could be deadly. Imagine a toothache without any painkillers... Vaccines have protected children from diseases that could be the reason of their deads. 12
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5.- FIRST AID CARE: First Aid Care is the treatment administered to an injured or sick person before the doctor arrives. There are lots of situations where we could help to another person before the doctor arrives. The most important thing is to stay calm and to call the emergency service (ambulance, doctor…) A.– Sunburn: Cool the area with water, apply an aftersun lotion, and if it’s very severe, call the 14 doctor. B.– Wounds and cuts: clean the area with antiseptic lotion, and apply a sterile bandage to protect 15 the wound. C.– Nosebleed: Hold the tip of your nose for five minutes while breathing through the mouth. 16 D.– Stings and insect bites: Wash the bite with soap and water, then cool the skin with ice cubes. If necessary, use a painkilling cream or an antihistamine gel. If the person is allergic, talk to the doctor. E.– First-aid kit: It's always a good idea to keep a first-aid kit at home or at school, or in the car... 17 USEFUL WORDS: .– symptoms .– surgery treatment .– nosebleed
If the accident is at school, go to the teacher and tell him about the problem. .– test .- diagnosis .– recovery .- research .– stings /insect bites
.– treatment .– First Aid Care .- First-aid kit
.-drugs /medicines .– wound /cut