PLANTS. English

THE PLANTS.

C..E.I.P Santa Ana (Madridejos)

THE PLANTS. 1.- CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS. .- They make their own food from water, minerals, air and light from the sun: photosynthesis. .- They can’t move. .- They are green (because of the chlorophyll). .- Their main parts are: roots, stem and leaves. .- Most of them live on soil, but some of them can live in the water or in the sea.

2.- CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS: 2.1.- PLANTS WITHOUT FLOWERS: (cryptogam). They reproduce themselves by spores. .- Moss are very small plants with small stems, leaves and roots to fix themselves on rocks, soil, trees… They usually live in dark, cold and wet places… .-Fern are bigger plants. They have a stem what grows horizontally. They have roots to the soil and tall leaves. They like to live in the shade and in humid places.

Moss Fern

2.2.- PLANTS WITH FLOWERS: (phanerogams) or seed plants. There are many plants in these group, but we can divide them on: a.- Gymnosperms: have ‘naked seeds’, and they are plants like conifers (pines, cypresses…) b.- Angiosperms (flowering plants), they produce fruits with seeds.

Conifer (pine) Flowering plant

THE PLANTS.

C..E.I.P Santa Ana (Madridejos)

3.- PARTS OF A PLANT. (All phanerogams plants have the same structure) 3.1.-Root: is the part of the plant under the surface of soil. It fixes the plant to soil, and get water and nutrients for the plant. There are different kinds of roots, but many of plants have a taproot primary root and many secondary roots.

3.2.- Stem: is the part that supports branches, leaves… It also transport nutrients from roots to leaves.

There are two kinds of plants depending on their stems: a.- Woody plants: use wood as its structural tissue. b.- Herbaceous plants: they don’t have woody stem, and they die at the end of season.

3.3.- Leaves: make food for the plant.

It has two parts: .-petiole: links the leaf to the stem. .- blade: the main part of the leaf. .- Veins: are the vascular tissue of the leaf.

There are evergreen plants that have leaves in all seasons, and deciduous plants that lose their leaves during Autumn.

3.4.- Flower: is the organ that use the plant to reproduce itself.

Parts of the flower: .- All petals form the corolla to attract insects. .- All sepals form the calyx to protect the inner organs. .- The stamen is the male part of the flower and it’s formed by the anther (with pollen) and the filament. .- The pistil is the female part of the flower and it’s formed by stigma, style and ovary (with ovules that will become in seeds).

THE PLANTS.

C..E.I.P Santa Ana (Madridejos)

4.- NUTRITION IN PLANTS: 4.1. PHOTOSYTHESIS: is the process when plants produce their own food. They need water, minerals, carbon dioxide and sunlight.

Leaves have chlorophyll (that gives them their green colour). Leaves get water and minerals from roots, and carbon dioxide and sunlight and change them into sugars and oxygen. Sugar gives energy to the plant and oxygen is expelled to the air.

THE PLANTS.

C..E.I.P Santa Ana (Madridejos)

4.2. SAP CONDUCTION. Xylem sap is a fluid formed by water and minerals that roots get from the soil and it’s carried to the leaves.

Phloem sap is a fluid formed by wáter, sugars and minerals, and it’s carried from leaves to the rest of the plant.

Two kinds of sap are transported by vascular tissues.

4.3 RESPIRATION. All living beings breath, and plants do it too.

Plants get oxygen and expel carbon dioxide through leaves. Leaves have small holes called stomas. Plants breath mainly during the night, so it’s dangerous have plants in the bedroom at night.

Respiration

4.4 TRANSPIRATION. Roots absorb a lot of wáter from the soil, but only a small amount of this water is used in the phtosynthesis, so plants expel the rest of water by leaves.

Transpiration

THE PLANTS.

C..E.I.P Santa Ana (Madridejos)

5.- REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS. Flowers are the reproductive organs in plants. They have a male part (stamen) and a female part (pistil).

5.1.- POLLINATION. Pollination is the process by which pollen from the anthers of a flower is transferred to the stigma of the same flower or of another flower.

There are different ways of pollination: through animals like birds or insects, through the air or water.

Pollination

5.2 FERTILIZATION. Fertilization occurs when pollen reaches the ovule and starts the beginnings of a new plant.

1.- Pollen fall down on the stigma, and form a tube (pollen tube).

2.- Through the tube pollen get the ovary and join to an egg cell and form a seed.

Fertilization

THE PLANTS.

C..E.I.P Santa Ana (Madridejos)

5.3.- GERMINATION. Seeds are protected by fruit. If a seed falls down on a soil, and there is enough water and heat, it will germinate.

Germination is the process by which plants emerge from seeds and begin growth. First the seed breaks The radicle emerges and starts growth into the soil. In the bean seed the hypocotyl elongates, raising the cotyledons above the ground. And first leaves emerge.

6.- REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS WITHOUT FLOWERS. Plants without flowers like moss and fern produce spores that germinate and produce new plants.

Fern have sorus that produce spores. When spores germinate produce more plants.

THE PLANTS.

C..E.I.P Santa Ana (Madridejos)

7.- OTHER KINDS OF PLANT REPRODUCTION. Many plants can reproduce by a part of themselves. A piece of it is cut, and that piece will grow till become into another plant. This way of reproduction is called asexual reproduction

8.- USE OF PLANTS. Plants give us oxygen to breathe, we can eat them as food because they’ve got lots of vitamins, and minerals… They are food for our animals (cows, sheep…). We use them as raw material (wood, vegetable fibers…). We use them as medicine, and of course for decoration…

PLANTS:

GLOSARY-VOCABULARY:

Photosynthesis: fotosíntesis

chlorophyll: clorofila

most of them: la mayoría de ellas

stem: tallo

spore: espora

moss: musgo

fern: helecho

to grow: crecer

soil: suelo

in the shade: a la sombra

seed: semilla

nakedseeds: semillas desnudas

surface: superficie

taproot: raíz primaria

woody plants: plantas leñosas

herbaceous: herbácea

evergreen: siempre verdes

deciduous: plantas de hoja caduca

THE PLANTS.

C..E.I.P Santa Ana (Madridejos)

stamen: estambres

sunlight: luz del sol

sugars: az煤cares

to expel: expulsar

xylem sap: savia bruta

phloem sap: savia elaborada

to breath: respirar

hole: agujero

pollination: polinizaci贸n

to fall down: caer

enough: suficiente

raw material: materia prima

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