REPRODUCTION. English

REPRODUCTION

C.E.I.P. Santa Ana (Madridejos)

HUMAN REPRODUCTION. Reproduction is one of the vital function that living beings do. All living beings can produce more beings similar to themselves.

There are two kinds of reproduction: asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.

In asexual reproduction, one living being can produce descendents on its own, from its own body, and the new being inherits the genes of that parent only.

In sexual reproduction, two living beings (a male and a female) can produce sexual cells (sperm and ovum) and when these cells join each other, produce a new being similar than to the parents.

1.- CHANGES ON THE BODY. PUBERTY. Puberty the process of physical changes, when a child’s body matures into an adult body, and its reproductive system mature as well. It is from 11 to 16 year for girls, and from 13 till 18 for boys.

Secondary sex characteristics are features that distinguish the two sexes, but that are not directly part of the reproductive system.

.- Secondary sex characteristics for girls: .- The first menstrual cycle comes. .- Breasts grow and mature, and hips get broader. .- Pubic hair appears and armpits get hairy. .- Secondary sex characteristics for boys: .- Testicles mature and produce sperm. .- Voice gets lower and shoulders get broader. .- Hair appears on the face, chest, legs, arms and pubic hair appers too.

2.- MALES’S REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. Male’s reproductive system produces male’s reproductive cells (sperm). .- Testicles: produce sperm. .- Vas deferens: are two tubes from testicles to seminal vesicle. .- Seminal vesicles: produce seminal liquid. .- Urethra: is a tube that connects urinary bladder and genitals to remove fluids (sperm and urine). .- Penis: is an organ in a cylinder shape.

Urethra is within the penis.

REPRODUCTION

C.E.I.P. Santa Ana (Madridejos)

3.- EL APARATO REPRODUCTOR FEMENINO Female’s reproductive system produce female reproductive cells (ovum). .- Ovaries: produce ovules that are expelled periodically. .- Fallopian tubes: are tubes where ovules go to the uterus. .- Uterus: is the organ where the fetus develops during gestation. .- Vagina: is a muscular track that leads from the uterus to the vulva. .- Vulva: is the external part of the female’s reproductive system. It has two orifices the vagina (for reproduction) and the urethra (to expel urine).

Menstruation or ‘period’ appears during the puberty, between 11 and 14 year old. Ovaries release an ovule every 28 days. If it hasn’t joint an sperm to form a zygote, it will be expelled to the exterior. When the ovule is expelled is very important to have a good intimate hygiene to avoid infections.

4.- REPRODUCTIVE CELLS. Male reproductive cells are called sperm. They are formed in the testicles.

They are very small and they can move really fast because of the tail.

Female reproductive cells are called ovum. They are formed in the ovaries.

They are very big and rounded, and they can’t move by themselves.

Size of the sperm and ovum.

REPRODUCTION

C.E.I.P. Santa Ana (Madridejos)

5.- FERTILISATION: Fertilisation is the fusion of a sperm with an ovum to produce a new organism: a zygote. This process takes place within the body of the female (in the Fallopian Tubes).

6.- PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH. When the cygote is implanted in the uterus, it’s called embryo. Pregnancy is the development of one or more embryos or fetus, in a woman’s uterus. The pregnancy duration is about nine moths. At the beginning placenta, umbilical cord and amniotic sac are formed.

The placenta is an organ that connects the fetus to the mother and supplies nutrients, oxygen and permit waste products elimination.

The umbilical cord (or birth cord) is the connecting cord from the embryo or fetus to the placenta, and it contains arteries and a vein.

The amniotic sac (bag of waters) is a bag with amniotic fluid that protect the embryo or fetus.

From 3rd month all organs are formed and embryo is called fetus. About 9th month the fetus is totally mature. It’s about 50cm high and weights about 3,3 kg. It’s time for childbirth.

4 weeks

4 months

9 months

REPRODUCTION

C.E.I.P. Santa Ana (Madridejos)

Childbirth (or labor) is when the child, the placenta, and the umbilical cord go from the uterus to the exterior. It has got three stages: 1.- Dilation: dilation of the cervix, with contractions that push the child to the exterior.

2.- Fetal expulsion: the baby goes out to the exterior and the umbilical cord is cut.

3.- Placenta expulsion: placenta separates from the wall of uterus and is expelled to the exterior.

REPRODUCTION: GLOSARY-VOCABULARY: Descendents: descendientes Male: masculine, macho Each other: uno a otro Puberty: pubertad Features: rasgos Breast: pecho To appear: aparecer Pubic hair: vello púbico Vesicle: vesícula (bolsita) Shape: forma Uterus: útero Track: vía, conducto Zygote: zigoto Size: tamaño, talla Childbirth, labor: parto Umbilical cord: cordón umbilical Stage: etapa MY OWN WORDS:

on its own: por sí mismos to inherit: heredar female: femenino, hembra to join: unirse sperm: espermatozoide ovum, ovule: óvulo to mature: madurar as well: también to distinguish: distinguir menstrual cycle: ciclo menstrual to grow: crecer hips: caderas chest: pecho to get broader: hacerse más anchas testicles: testículos vas deferens: vasos deferentes urethra: uretra bladder: vejiga de la orina within: en, dentro to expel: expulsar fetus: feto to develop: desarrollar to lead: conducir, que lleva to release: liberar to avoid: evitar rounded: redondeada fertilization: fecundación pregnancy: embarazo development: desarrollo to supply: suministrar amniotic sac: bolsa amniótica to weight: pesar dilation: dilatación Waste products: productos de desecho