CRECOS 2010 From the architecture of modular products to the organization of development systems
Eric BONJOUR Associate Professor University of Franche-ComtĂŠ - France
November, 12th , 2010 Aalto University, Helsinki
FEMTO-ST / Department AS2M
Helsinki Context Issues Focus Further work
Besancon Lyon
E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010
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Outline Context Issues Focus
1. Research context: architectural design 2. Research issues and related contributions
Further work
3. Focus on a method to propagate product architecture decisions onto the project organization 4. Further research
E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010
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Increasing complexity of products Context Issues Focus Further work
from a functional viewpoint (requirements for high performance, mass customization ‌) difficult to properly specify system requirements from a physical viewpoint (number of components and interactions) difficult to integrate the system from a behavioral viewpoint (number of operating modes and states) difficult to predict the system behavior and to validate it
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Increasing complexity of development systems functional viewpoint
Context
performance of projects (Quality, Cost, Delay) concurrent processes Specification
Issues Focus
Architecture Detailed design
physical viewpoint
Further work
change of organizations, job positions ‌ persons involved in projects (102 or 3) skills (102 or 3) ‌ collaboration and coordination efforts
Source : UTBM
Needs for methods to help managers to structure product development organizations E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010
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Architectural design Two complementary approaches Context Issues Focus Further work
1- According to [Pimmler and Eppinger, 1994], Description of elements that build the system and the interactions that link them. Aim: handle complexity by decomposing the system into inter-related "modules": functional view: [Stone et al., 2000]; physical view: [Kusiak, 1996; Whitfield, 2002; Yassine, 2007; etc.]
E3
E2 E2 E1
S
E4 E4
E5
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5
E1 E2 0 9 0 9 6 0 0 0
E3 E4 E5 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 9
DSM (Design Structure Matrix) [Warfield 1973]
dependency strength or coupling intensity E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010
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Architectural design Modules and integrative elements Context
A
Issues Focus
B
A M1
Further work
B
D
X
G
H
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
G
X
X X
X
X
clustering algorithm
X
F
I
I X
H IE
F
X
E M2
E
X
X
C D
C
X
X
X
X
A module is “a unit whose structural elements are all An integrative element is interacting with powerfully connected among themselves and the modules without belonging to in a module relatively weakly connected to elements other [Browning, 2001]. units” units” [Baldwin and Clark, 2000] 7 / 28
E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010
Architectural design Context Issues Focus Further work
2- Mapping of one view onto another [Ulrich 1995] : functional layout, mapping of functional elements onto physical elements, specification of the interfaces between physical elements:
F1 F2
F4
F5 F6
F3
Functional view
mapping
Physical view
C1
C4
F2 6 0 0 0 0
F3 0 9 6 0 0
F4 0 0 0 9 0
F5 0 0 0 0 9
F6 0 0 9 3 0
DMM, Domain Mapping Matrix
C3
C2
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
F1 9 0 0 0 0
C5
[Danilovic et Browning, 2004]) Contribution levels of C2 and C3 to the fulfilment of F3
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A key job position: system architect define (ou adapt) architectures and interfaces, Context Issues Focus Further work
define the project organization (project breakdown into tasks and teams, competency management), the aim: efficient development projects guarantee that the system be properly integrated, study operating / dysfunctioning modes and states of the system
General issue : develop models, methods and tools to support these technical and organizational activities and their inter-relationships. E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010
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Outline Context Issues Focus
1. Research context: architectural design 2. Research issues and related contributions
Further work
3. Focus on a method to propagate product architecture decisions onto the project organization 4. Further research
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Research issue: how to handle the global complexity (at least) 3 themes T1: system-product architecture: "optimize" / Context
justify the mapping of functional sets onto physical sets (selection among different alternatives),
Issues Focus Further work
Alternative 1 F1
Functional view
F4
F2
F3
Alternative 2 F5
F1
F6
F2
Functions
F6
F3
Functions
mapping C3
C2 C1
Physical view
F5
F4
C3
C2
C4
C1
C5
C4
C5
Components
Components
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E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010
Research issue: how to handle the global complexity (at least) 3 themes T1: system-product architecture Context Issues
T2: development system architecture: "optimize" / justify the assignment of development tasks to actors,
Focus Further work Alternative 2
Alternative 1 T4
T1
Functional view
T2
T5
T2
T5
T6
T7
T3
Process
mapping
A3
A2 A1
Actors
T4
T1
T7
T3
Process
Physical view
T6
A4
A3
A2 A1
A5
A4
A5
Actors E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010
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Research issue: how to handle the global complexity (at least) 3 themes T1: system-product architecture: Context
T2: development system architecture:
Issues
T3: mapping / coupling of different project domains
Focus
Since 2007, growing interest (Eppinger, Sosa, Browning, Danilovic, Lindemann, Aldanondo,…)
Further work
development system
system-product F1
Functional view
F4
F2
F3
F5
T1
F6
T2
T6
T7
T3
C1
A1
C4
C5
A3
A2
coupling
C3
C2
Physical view
T5
Processes
Functions
mapping
T4
A4
A5
Actors
Components
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E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010
Related contributions T3: mapping / coupling between different domains (1) E. Bonjour, S. Deniaud, M. Dulmet, G. Harmel, "A fuzzy method for propagating functional architecture constraints to physical architecture", Transactions of ASME, Journal of Mechanical Design , Vol. 131, N° 6, June, 2009 (2) E. Bonjour, M. Dulmet, S. Deniaud, JP. Micaëlli, "Propagating product architecture decisions onto the project organization: a comparison between two methods", International Journal of Design Engineering, Vol. 2, N° 4, 2009, pp.451–471
Context Issues Focus Further work
Alternative 1 system-product
Alternative 2system development
Alternative 2
Alternative 1
Functional view
F1F1 T1 F2F2 F3F3 T2 T3
F4F4 T4
F5F5 T5 F6F6 T7
Fonctions Processus Functions
(1)
MM D dF2 F3 F1
T6
T1
anT2 M DSProcessus Fonctions
mapping
Physical view
C2C2 A2 C1C1 A1
Components Composants Acteurs
C4C4 A4
C5C5 A5
A1 C1 A1
(2) Composants Actors Acteurs
T6
T5 F6 T7
T3
A2 C2 A2
coupling
C3C3 A3
F5
F4 T4
A3 C3 A3
A4 C4 A4
E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010
A5 C5 A5
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Related contributions T3: coupling between different domains (3) JP. Micaëlli, E. Bonjour, "Are Skill Design Structure Matrices New Tools for Automotive Design Managers?", In "Trends and Developments in Automotive Engineering", INTECH, 10p., to appear in 2011. (4) O. Hlaoittinun, E. Bonjour, M. Dulmet, "Managing the competencies of team members in design projects through multi-period task assignment", In IFIP AICT 336, Springer, pp. 338-345, 2010.
Context Issues Focus Further work
development system T4
T1 T2
ll S ki
D SM
Processes
T6
T7
T3
(4) task assignment
A1
M DM
A3
A2
(3)
how to structure design skill networks
T5
A4
A5
Actors
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E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010
Related contributions T3: coupling between different domains (5) E. Bonjour, JP Micaëlli, " Design Core Competence Diagnosis: A Case from the Automotive Industry ", IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management , Vol. 57, N° 2, pp. 323 – 337, May 2010
Context Issues Focus
Design core competence: structure and evaluation
Further work
Alternative 1 system-product
Alternative 2system development
Alternative 2
Alternative 1
Functional view
F1F1 T1 F2F2 F3F3 T2 T3
F4F4 T4
F5F5 T5 F6F6 T7
Fonctions Processus Functions mapping
Processes Fonctions Processus
coupling C2C2 A2
Physical view
T4 F4 T5 F5 T6 T1 F1 T6 T4 T5 T1 F2 F6 F3 T7 T2 T3 T7 T2 T3
T6
C1C1 A1
Components Composants Acteurs
A2 C2 A2
C3C3 A3
C4C4 A4
C5C5 A5
Actors
A1 C1 A1
A3 C3 A3
A4 C4 A4
A5 C5 A5
Composants Acteurs E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010
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Outline Context Issues Focus
1. Research context: architectural design 2. Research issues and related contributions
Further work
3. Focus on a method to propagate product architecture decisions onto the project organization 4. Further research
E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010
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A method to propagate product architecture decisions onto the project organization Context Issues Focus Further work
Purpose: help system architects to predict potential interactions between designers that are likely to ensure efficient system integration since they are identified by propagating architecture decisions. build teams and minimize the coordination efforts (few interactions between teams). Modeling choice: Matrix-based models to represent the mapping between two domains (DMM) and the coupling within a domain (DSM)
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Structure capture the Component DSM (C DSM) (coupling between Ci et Cj) document the Components vs Organization DMM (C-O DMM) (Designer Du 's contribution to the design of the component Ci or Cj). propagate the product architecture choices through the C-O DMM in order to generate the Organization DSM (O DSM) definition of propagation rules identify satisfactory organization structure by applying a clustering algorithm, interpret the result and if necessary, iterate …
Context Issues Focus Further work
Given: C DSM
Du
Ci
Cj
Dv
C1 … C i … C j … C n C 10 1 … 10 X Ci 10 … 10 Cj 10 … 10 Cn 10
Propagate: O DSM
?
Given: C-O DMM D1 … Du C1 … Ci … Cj … Cn D1 … Du … Dv … Dm
… D
v
… Dm
X X
D1 … D u
… D v … Dm
?
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E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010
Axioms
Context Issues Focus Further work
If Ci and Cj interact, and if (Ci, Du) are linked and (Cj, Dv) are linked Du and Dv interact. The intensity of the coupling between Du and Dv is related to both the coupling value between (Ci, Cj) and the mapping values: DMM(Ci, Du) and DMM(Cj, Dv). each C is coupled to itself with an intensity of maximum value, 10. Given: C DSM Given: C-O DMM C1 … C i … C j … C n 10 … 10 X Ci 10 … 10 Cj 10 … 10 Cn 10 C
1
Propagate: O DSM
D1 … Du C1 … Ci … Cj … Cn D1 … Du … Dv … Dm
… D
v
… Dm
X X
D1 … D u
E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010
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?
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Issues
3
for each C, generate one O DSM with fuzzy treatment
aggregate the Nc O DSM and filter
O DSM
C-O DMM C DSM
Context
2
Proposed method
Focus Further work
Input variables: Ci-Cj ; Ci-Du ; Cj-Dv Fuzzy rules
Output variables Du-Dv
1. if (Ci-Cj is LOW) and (C i-Du is not NU LL) and (Cj-Dv is not NULL) the n (Du -Dv is WEAK) (1) 2. if (Ci-Cj is MEDI UM) and (Ci-Du is LOW) and (C j-Dv is not NULL) the n (Du -Dv is WEAK) (1) 3. if (Ci-Cj is MEDI UM) and (Ci-Du is not NULL ) and (C j-Dv i s LOW ) then (Du -Dv is WEAK) (1) 4. if (Ci-Cj is MEDI UM) and (Ci-Du is MEDI UM) and (Cj-Dv is MEDI UM) the n (Du -Dv is AV ERAGE) (1) 5. if (Ci-Cj is MEDI UM) and (Ci-Du is HIGH) and (Cj-Dv is MEDIUM) then (Du -Dv is STRONG ) (1) 6. if (Ci-Cj is MEDI UM) and (Ci-Du is MEDI UM) and (Cj-Dv is HIGH) then (Du -Dv is ST RONG) (1) 7. if (Ci-Cj is MEDI UM) and (Ci-Du is HIGH) and (Cj-Dv is HIGH) then (Du -Dv is ST RONG) (1) 8. if (Ci-Cj is HIGH) and (Ci-Du is LOW) and (Cj-Dv is LOW) then (Du -Dv is WEAK) (1) 9. if (Ci-Cj is HIGH) and (Ci-Du is LOW) and (Cj-Dv is MEDIUM) the n (Du -Dv is AV ERAGE) (1) 10. if (C i-Cj is HIGH) and (C i-Du is MEDI UM) and (Cj-Dv is LOW) then (Du -Dv is AV ERAGE) (1) 11. if (C i-Cj is HIGH) and (C i-Du is MEDI UM) and (Cj-Dv is MEDIUM) then (Du -Dv is STRONG) (1) 12. if (C i-Cj is HIGH) and (C i-Du is HIGH ) and (Cj-Dv is HIGH) then (Du -Dv is STRONG ) (1) 13. if (C i-Du is NULL) the n (Du -Dv is NU LL) (1) 14. if (C j-Dv is NULL) the n (Du -Dv is NU LL) (1) Bonjour - CRECOS 21 / 15. if (C i-Cj is NU LL) thenE. (Du -Dv is NULL) (1) - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010 16. if (C i-Cj is HIGH) and (C i-Du is LOW) and (Cj-Dv is HIGH) then (Du -Dv is AV ERAGE) (1)
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Example concerning a robotized gearbox design project
Context Issues Focus Further work
Capture the Component DSM (C DSM) (coupling between Ci et Cj) after clustering, gearbox architecture Component DSM Internal shift control Synchronizer Actuator Clutch Clutch internal control Differential Internal mechanical parts Housing box
ISC (C1) SYN (C2) ACT (C3) CLU (C4) CIC (C5) DIF (C6) IMP (C7) HBX (C8)
ISC 10 9 9
SYN 9 10
ACT 9
CLU
CIC
10 9
9 9 10
DIF
HBX 6
6 10 9
6
6 6 10 6 6
6
6
IMP
6
6
6 10 6
6 6 6 10
Document the Components vs Organization DMM (C-O DMM) Designers – Components Shifting function architect Internal shift control development leader Synchronizer development leader Actuator development leader Coupling function architect Clutch development leader Clutch internal development leader Power transmission function architect Differential development leader Internal mechanical parts development leader "Strength flow" function architect Housing box development leader
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12
C1 6 9 3 3
C2 6 3 9
C3 9 3
C5 3
C6
C7
C8 3 3
3 9 6
3
3
C4
6 3
6 9 3
6 9 3 9 3
3
E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010
3 3 3 3 9 9 3 6 6
6 3 9 3 3
9 9
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Example concerning a robotized gearbox design project
Context Issues
propagate the product architecture choices through the C-O DMM in order to generate the Organization DSM (O DSM) identify satisfactory organization structure by applying a clustering algorithm, interpret the result
Focus
New DSM Matrix; 27-Jun-2008 11:44:31; Total Cost: 38389.0624 E1em ent
Further work
0
Power transmission function architect Differential development leader Internal mechanical parts development leader architect Strength function leader Housing box development leader Actuator development Coupling box development Clutch development leader Clutch internal development leader Shifting function architect Internal shift control development leader Synchronizer development leader
0
8
9
10
11
12
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
8 9 10 11 12 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 0
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Synthesis
Context Issues Focus Further work
This propagation method is based on the following assumption: product architectures "mirror" design organization structures (MacCormack et al., 2008; ‌). It provides a recommended organization architecture. It can help managers to steer their attention to interactions that require special attention to limit the risks of poor coordination and system integration.
Limit it is not possible to constrain the product architecture by means of organizational choices (Ex. choice of a supplier for designing a specific module) E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010
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0
Outline Context Issues Focus
1. Research context: architectural design 2. Research issues and related contributions
Further work
3. Focus on a method to propagate product architecture decisions onto the project organization 4. Further research
E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010
Context Issues
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A propagation method should be few sensitive to estimation errors but sensitive to major changes of values (i.e. architecture changes).
Focus Further work
test the method when the goal is to propagate architecture changes study the interest for the combination of matrix-based models and constraint satisfaction problems to handle the bidirectional propagation
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Thanks for your attention. Context
Questions?
Issues Focus Further work
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