Networked Engineering Design Projects A PhD research about cross-boundary new product development in the Danish Cleantech Industry
Pedro Parraguez Ruiz Supervisor: Anja Maier November 23 r d 2012
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• Objectives • Literature and Communities
• Key topics • Research Questions and Hypothesis
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz – 23 November 2012
Practice
• Background
Theory
Introduction
Presentation Roadmap
• Research Design • Data gathering and analysis • Examples
Introduction
• Background • Objectives • Literature and Communities
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DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz – 23 November 2012
Background When and under what circumstances can people work more effectively in groups, and when alone? How do we determine when group work is to be preferred to individual work? Is more always better? …We must begin with an analysis of the task; then proceed to an analysis of the human beings and the technical systems… Then we must create a place for silence as well as a place for talk. Simon, H. A. (2002). Organizing and coordinating talk and silence in organizations. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(3), 611–618.
The business world is denoted by an increasing number of multi-team research and development (R&D) projects, however, managerial knowledge about how to run them successfully is scarce. Kratzer, J., Gemuenden, H. G., & Lettl, C. (2008). Balancing creativity and time efficiency in multi-team R & D projects: the alignment of formal and informal networks. R&D Management, 38(5), 538–549.
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DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz – 23 November 2012
Background Design (and development) teams increasingly include participants from different domains who must explore and integrate their specialized knowledge in order to create innovative and competitive artifacts… Thus communication (…) has emerged as a fundamental component of the design process. Sonnenwald, D. H. (1996). Communication roles that support collaboration during the design process. Design Studies, 17, 277–301.
There is abundant cross-sectional evidence of performance correlated with network structure… Performance improves for executives educated in the network structure of social capital. Burt, R. S., & Ronchi, D. (2007). Teaching executives to see social capital: Results from a field experiment. Social Science Research, 36(3), 1156–1183.
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DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz – 23 November 2012
Background Why networks and networked? • From systematic to systemic • Decreasing transactional costs and increasing technical complexity Why Danish Cleantech* Projects? • Significant R&D/NPD activity • Propensity for collaborative project generation and association • Large number of companies and tightly packed supply chain *Cleantech: Firms participating in this industry develop products and services within the scope of renewable energy, environmental solutions, climate adaption and other also called sustainable, green or resource efficient technologies
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DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz – 23 November 2012
Objectives Describe, Assess and Support Networked Engineering Design Projects Through: -Improved understanding of the structure and dynamics of its underlying networks -The integration of socio-technical aspects combing ED, TIM and SNA -An emphasis on cross boundary issues -An analysis of the ways in which the network structure and dynamics drive the performance
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DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz – 23 November 2012
Literature base and communities 1. Engineering Design: primary contribution target Key Journal: Design Studies Key Topics: Collaborative Design, Design Activities, Co-Design 2. Technology and Innovation Management: Secondary contribution target Key Journal: Journal of Product Innovation Management Key Topics: Innovation networks, NPD networks, Collaborative NPD 3. Social Network Analysis: Methodology and tools Key Journal: Social Networks Key Topics: Networks structure and dynamics, ego-networks, network influence over behavior/performance
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DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz – 23 November 2012
Theory • Key topics • Research Questions and Hypothesis
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DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz – 23 November 2012
Design Activities
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DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 23 November 2012
Research questions
RQ1: How can cross-boundary engineering design projects be characterised utilising a network perspective?
Descriptive, mainly qualitative
RQ2: What are the factors driving the performance of networked Engineering Design projects?
Descriptive, quantitative (hypothesis testing)
RQ3: How can networked engineering design projects be assessed? RQ4: How can networked engineering design projects be better supported?
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DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 23 November 2012
Prescriptive & support development
Reference Model What are the factors driving the performance of networked Engineering Design projects? $%&'('&)*+.!! .'<'+*1'83A9-8-1"/-%-'83! $%81*:&-;*18<-%8! *06('83!-/": %-8="1>!&-%.'83!
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Hypothesis What are the factors driving the performance of networked Engineering Design projects?
Key hypothesis elements: Network structure • Boundaries: Area, Department, Organisation, Activity Type • Heterogeneity: structural equivalence between individuals, affiliation attributes • Ego-network v/s network level connectivity: Degree centrality, betweenness centrality and densities Performance • Efficiency: On time, On budget and On Specification • Effectiveness: Quality and Innovativeness 15
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz – 23 November 2012
Network
Performance
Hypothesis What are the factors driving the performance of networked Engineering Design projects?
Formulation Examples • The level of clustering in the network is negatively correlated with the innovativeness of cross-boundary Eng. Design projects • The inter-organisational density of the design activity ego-network is positively correlated with its innovativeness. • the inter-organisational density of the activity ego-network is negatively correlated with its resource efficiency
Network
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DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz – 23 November 2012
Performance
Practice • Research Design • Data gathering and analysis • Examples
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DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz – 23 November 2012
Research Design
Blessing, L. T. M., & Chakrabarti, A. (2009). DRM, a Design Research Methodology (p. 397). Springer.
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DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 23 November 2012
Research Design
Inputs Dec 2011 – Nov 2012 • Literature • Industry visits, events and meetings with industry associations • Conferences Nov 2012 – Jun 2012 • At least three in-company case studies of two weeks observation each July 2013 – Dec 2013 • Focused assessment and reflection based on validated hypothesis • Use of workshops Jan 2014 – April 2014 • Follow up and evaluation of the results of the prescriptive study to test impact. • Larger scale self-assessment study through associations
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DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz – 23 November 2012
Research Design
Results • • •
Further elaboration of the research impulse Research Design Literature review and analysis
RQ1: How can cross-boundary engineering design projects be characterised utilising a network perspective? RQ2: What are the factors driving the performance of networked Engineering Design projects? => Main academic contribution RQ3: How can networked engineering design projects be assessed? RQ4: How can networked engineering design projects be better supported? => Workshops and toolkit
•
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Follow up study and impact assessment
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz – 23 November 2012
Case study and data gathering Key steps
Deep exploratory interview and company visit to identify case suitability and feasibility
Semi-structured interview with main entry point (typically head of R&D/Eng Design or project manager) Two weeks in-company observation period to get a rich description of the company activities (through story telling, sketches and following up the project)
Structured interview with secondary entry point
Short questionnaire guided interviews to all the employees involved in the project and part of the R&D/Engineering Design area.
Follow up of the first interview to validate full list of activities and people involved
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DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 23 November 2012
Case study and data gathering Instruments & sources of information
Semi structured interview guide
Lab Book
Annotated pictures
Structured interview guide
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DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 23 November 2012
Company databases and product & Process information
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23
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz – 23 November 2012
Case study 1:
24 DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz – 23 November 2012
•
Danish Cleantech Company
•
~100 Employees
•
11 years old
•
Global sales
•
In-house manufacturing and R&D capabilities
Network examples One mode social network
25
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 23 November 2012
Network examples One mode activity network
26
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 23 November 2012
Thanks! Pedro Parraguez Ruiz PhD (c) DTU Management Engineering ppru@dtu.dk http://about.me/pedro.parraguez www.openinnovate.eu