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odkY ... 'Drdkua&pDrdcifBuD; a':atmifq ef;pkMunf eSihf ,HkMunfcsufaMumif h *kP foduÂŠm&SdpGmjzifh tusOf;usaeaom edkii f a H &;tusOf;om;rsm; tm;vH;k udk &nfne T ;f vsuf? oef;0if;vIi d f 31 - 7 - 2011 "In honour of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (Mother of Democracy) And I honour all political prisoners Those who stand for political integrity in Burma." Than Win Hlaing July 31st 2011

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rsm;udyk g wajz;ajz;pkaqmif;vmcJo h nf? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. txWKy`wdW udk taxmuftxm;cdik cf ikd v f v Hk jHk zifh jyKpk&ef&nfoefxm;&m pepfwus okawoejyKygawmhonf? wzufrv S nf; 1985-86 ESprf sm;wGif *syeftpd;k &. ynmoifqk udv k ufcu H m *syefEikd if u H sKw d w kd uUov kd /f ta&SŒawmiftm&Sqikd &f m avh vma&;XmewGif okawoeynm&Sit f jzpf oGm;a&mufoak woejyKcJyh g onf? *syefEikd if YH okawoejyKpk&if; *syef-jrefrmcsp=f unfa&;toif; tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESiahf wG@qu Hk m 4if;wd@k rw S qifh olrzcifEiS o hf u d |r;f cJah om t ouf&iS q f J *syefppfzufqikd &f m t&m&S/d t&mcHrsm;ESih f tqufo, G &f cJh onf? xdt k csed u f rdu k u f ,fonf tdE, dN jynfajrmufyikd ;f qif;rvm;+rdKŒ&Sd tdE, dN Edik if H tqifjh rifh pmayavhvma&;Xme okawoeynm&Sit f jzpf a&muf&adS eonf? xdo k @kd oak woejyK&if; 1987 ckEpS w f iG f tdE, dN Edik if q H if;rvm;jrdKŒ&Sd txl;okawoejyKa&; tdEN, d odyXH` me (Indian Institute of Advanced Study) wGif okawoeynm&Sif (Resarch Fellow) tjzpf vkyu f ikd cf o hJ nf? ,if;od@k vyk u f ikd &f if; vef'efjrdKŒ&Sd vef'efwuUov kd f ta&SŒwdik ;f ESihf tmz&duavhvma&;XmewGif yg&*lb@JG ,&l efvnf; bG@J ,pl mwrf;wapmif udk jyKpk&efppD Ofco hJ nf? xkt d csed fu olr. vkyu f ikd v f y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;onf vk@H v}uD;jcif;ESihf oEMÏd mef cdik cf ikd rf mrmcsxm;jcif;udk jyoaeonf[k qd&k ayrnf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf. bG@J ,&l ef wifoiG ;f cJo h nfph mwrf;trnfrmS “jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;wdu k yf w JG iG f pme,fZif;rsm;u taxmuftuljyKcJyh Hk (1910-1945)” jzpfonf? xdEk pS w f iG yf if rdcif}uD;a':cif=unfonf rsupf rd w S rd u f kd cGpJ w d u f o k &ef twGuf vef'efjrKd Œod@k a&muf&v dS mcJo h nf? cGpJ w d rf r_ sm; atmifatmifjrif jrif&o dS jzifh aq;ukor_a=umifh roufrom&S&d aomfvnf; a':cif=unf twGuf pdw&f i$ v f ef;csr;f ajrŒzG,t f csed jf zpfygonf? vef'efjrdKŒwGif ESpv f =umr#aexdik jf yD;aemuf a':cif=unfonf 1987

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ckESpf/ ZGefvwGif wdk;wufa&;owif;pmt,f'Dwmtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyf udkifco Jh nf? 1938 u olwnf;jzwfxw k af 0cJhaom‘axmift&om’ pm tkyf xif&Sm;ausmf=um;cJhonf? *sme,fausmfwGifvnf; aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;onf? 1939 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif qDr;D cGuf uavmiftrnfjzifh a&;om;cJhaomaqmif;yg;wyk'af =umifh wd;k wufa&;owif;pm tmrcH t awmif;cH&onf? xdkESpfrSmyif wdk@Armtpnf;t±kH;XmecsKyf tr_aqmif tjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&onf? 1947 ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqkH;cJhjyD;aemufyidk f;Y use&f pfol a':cif=unfrdom;pkESifh taea0;vmcJhjyD; wESpfwcgcef@om oGm;vm qufo, G fr_&dcS Jhavonf? 1967 ckESpf a':cif=unf tdENd,oHtrwf=uD; tjzpfrS tjidrf;pm;,lI jrefrmEdkifiHo@dk jyefvnfa&muf&v Sd mjyD;aemufyidk f; wGif r=umc%qdkovdk qkHjzpfcJholjzpfonf? xdkpOfu a':atmifqef;pk =unf t*FvefjynfwGif ynmoif=um;aeqJjzpfonf? 1984 ckEpS f a':atmifqef;pk=unf jrefrmEdik if o H @kd acwWjyefa&mufchpJ Of OD;tke;f jrifEh Sijhf yefvnfawG@qHck ho J nf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf yg&*lb@J G ,&l ef pmwrf;jyKpkaepOftwGif; vdktyfaomordkif;taxmuftxm; tcsuf tvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;ay;&ef OD;tkef;jrifhudk tultnDawmif;cJhonf? OD;tkef;jrifhuvnf; vdktyfaomordkif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pm=unfh wdu k frsm;pGmrS rdwLW ul;wefu;l / pmtkyt f a[mif;qdik rf sm;rS 0,fwef0,fI pkaqmif;ay;cJhonf? 4if;aemufydkif;wGif a':cif=unf. use;f rma&;tajctae wpwp csKdŒwJv h maomtcg OD;tkef;jrifhonf a':cif=unftrd fodk@ ae@pOfvkv d kd 0if xGufI vdktyfor#udk ulnDay;cJhonf? 1986 ckESpf a':atmifqef;pk =unf yg&*lbGJ@&jyD;aemuf jrefrmEdkifiHodk@acwWjyefvmpOf ol.om;ESpf a,muftm; rdcif=u;D a':cif=unfu &Sijf yKay;cJo h nf? &SifjyKyGJtjy;D rdom; pk pkHpkHvifvif&SdaepOftwGif; OD;tkef;jrifhu a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; wdik ;f jynfEiS v hf rl sK;d twGuf wckcu k dk wm0ef,al qmif&u G fay;apcsiaf =umif; aqG;aEG;ajym=um;cJhonf?

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awmfaumifpt D wGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf OD;xGe;f wifw@kd uv dk nf;aumif; a&G;cs,f cJh=uonf? Zlvdkif 28 &ufae@wGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf vlpkvla0; rjyK vky&f [k xkwfjyefxm;aomtrdef@udkqef@usifjyD; a&$wd*kHb&k m;Y oydwf pcef;zGifhvSpI f pk±kH;qENjycJh=uonf? Zlvkid f 29 &ufae@ta&mufwGif ppftpd;k &rS OD;atmif=uD;ESihf taygi;f tyg 9 OD; (OD;=unf[ef/ atyDowif;axmufOD;pdef0if;/ OD;cifndK/ OD;=unf armif/ OD;ba&$/ OD;cspu f ku d k/d OD;xGe;f a&$/ OD;atmifjrif/h OD;aZmf0if;OD;) wd@k tm; Edkiif Hawmfudkxdyg;rnfhtE W&m,frS =udKwifumuG,fonfhy'k frjzifh xdef; odrf;vdkufonf? tajctaerSm wjznf;jznf;ydkrdkqdk;0g;vmum tpdk;&qef@usifa&; aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;onf vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? 1988 Zl vdik f 28 &ufae@rpS I &efuek jf rdK@awmfpnfyifom,ma&;e,ferd w d ft wGif;&Sd jrdK@e,frsm;Yynmoif=um;aeaom ausmif;rsm;odk@ysŒH ESH@a&muf&Sd vmonf? qENjyausmif;om;rsm;onf ,if;ae@rS =o*kwfv 2 &ufae@ txd a&$w*d &Hk ifjyifawmfay:wGif oydwpf cef;rsm; zGiv hf pS cf =Jh uonf? qENjy ausmif;om;rsm;onf bk&m;&ifjyifay:wGif pkpnf;um vma&muf=u aom vlxyk &dwo f wftm; vufurf;pmapmifrsm;a0iSjcif;/ tpdk;&qef@ usifa&;a[majymjcif;/ pmuyfjcif;wdk@udk jyKvkyfcJh=uonf? ausmif;om;tiftm;pkESifh jynfolwdk@ pk±kH;rdaomtcg bk&m;ay:rS wqifh &efukejf rdKŒtwGif;&Sd jrdKŒe,ftcsKdŒwGif vSnhv f nfqENjycJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh rqv tpd;k &onf 1988 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f 3 &ufae@wiG f EdkifiHawmfaumifp. D a=unmcsuftrSwf 5§88jzifh &efukew f idk f; ppftyk f csKyfa&;Oya'udk xkwjf yefco hJ nf? xd@k tjyif Edik fiaH wmf. pDrcH ef@crJG t _ m%m ESifh w&m;pD&ifr_tm%mrsm;udk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k fcsKyf=uD; apm armiftm; tyfEiS f;cJo h nf? umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyo f nf Edik fiHawmfaumifpD a=unmcsuf 5§88 yg vkyfyidk fcGit fh & xdkae@rmS yif umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf ±kH;. ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a=unmcsuftrSwf (2)udk xkwfjyefI &efukefwdkif; ppfXmecsKyf/ wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwkid f;rSL; Adkvrf SL;csKyfrsKd;nGe@f tm; rdru d , dk fpm;

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'Dru kd a&pDrc d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf

(*) OD;ausmfodef; - tzGJ@0if (OuUX/ &efuek fwdkif;jynfol@aumifpD) (C) AdkvfrLS ;=uD; atmifcif - tzG@J 0if (jrdKŒawmf0ef/ &efuek fjrKd Œawmf pnfyifom,ma&;tzGJ@) (i) Adv k rf LS ;=uD; oef@Zif - tzG@J 0if ('kw, d wdik ;f rSL;/ &efuek w f ikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf) (p) Adv k frSL;=uD; cifjrifh - tzG@J 0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (1) ppfa'o) (q) AdkvfrSL;=uD; odef;xGef; - tzGJ@0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (2) ppfa'o) (Z) Adv k rf LS ;=uD; omaX; - tzG@J 0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (3) ppf a'o) (ps) Adv k rf LS ;=u;D rsK;d aqG - tzG@J 0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (4) ppfa'o) (n) 'kw, d Adv k rf SL;=u;D odef;jrifh - tzG@J 0if (OuUX/ wdkif;w&m;ol=u;D tzG@J ) (É) OD;rsKd;n$ef@ - tzGJ@0if (OuUX/ wdkif;vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@) (X) OD;qef;jrifh - tzGJ@0if (&JaxmufcsKyf/ jynfol@&JwyfzGJ@XmecsKyf) (È) AdkvfrSL;=uD; aZmfrif;- tzGJ@0if (n$e=f um;a&;rSL;csKyf/ rD;owf OD;pD;Xme) (Ê) a'gufwm OD;pdef&D - tzGJ@0if (&efukew f dkif;usef;rma&;OD;pD;Xme) (%) 'kwd,Adv k frSL;=uD; atmifoef; - twGif;a&;rSL; (ppfOD;pD;rSL;yxrwef;) (w) 'kwd,Adkfvrf SL;=uD; wiftkef;- wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL; (vuf axmufppfOya'csKyf/ &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf) ,if;uJhok@d ppftkycf sKyfa&; a=unmusifhokH;jcif;udk rqv tpdk;&u EdkifiaH wmfvHjk cKHa&;ESifh jynfol@tdk;tdrfwdk@udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef t vdk@iSm urBmhEdkifirH sm;wGif usifho;kH vsuf&Sdaom usifhxkH;rsm;ESifhtnD jynf axmifpk qdk&S,v f pforRw jrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'yk'fr (76) t& tyfESi;f xm;aom vkyfykid cf iG rfh sm;udk ok;H pGJvsuf xkwfjyefcahJ om Edkiif aH wmfaumifp. D a=unmcsut f rSw(f 5§88)t&jzpfonf[q k o kd nf?

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'Dru kd a&pDrc d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf

r_a=umifh vlxkaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm xyfrHaoG;ajruscJh&jyefonf? =o*kwf v 11 &ufae@wGif tzGJ@tpnf;aygif;pk/H or*~/ toif;tzGJ@rsm; at;csrf; pGm qENjyaeonfv h x l t k m; ppfwyfu xyfrHypfcwf&m vlxkaxmifaygi;f rsm;pGm aoa=u'%f&m &&Sdcho J nf? ,if;odk@ &ufpufpmG ypfred @f ay;cJah om Edik if aH wmforRw OD;pdefviG ftm; jynfyowif;pmapmifwckjzpfonfh wdkif;rf (Time) r*~Zif;=uD;u (8/ 8/ 88) xkwfwGif om;owform;odk@r[kwf vlowform; (The Butcheer) tjzpf a&;om;cJhavonf? xdkae@rSmyif emusnf;a'gojzpfaeaom vlxk=uD;u &efukefwdkif; twGif; jrdKŒe,f&pJ cef;rsm;udk pD;eif;0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuu f m rD;±_d@zsufqD; cJ=h uonf? xd@k twl 1988 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f 10 &ufae@wiG f jrefrmjynfjrdKŒ =uD;rsm;Y qlyltkHºuGr_rsm; qufwdkujf zpfyGm;cJhonf? xdkodk@aom tajctaet&yf&yfa=umifh =o*kwfv 12 &ufae@wGif OD;pdefvGio f nf rqvygwDOuUXtjzpfrv S nf;aumif;/ Edik if aH wmfaumifpD OuUXtjzpfrv S nf;aumif; EkwfxGufoGm;cJh&onf? jynfwGif;jynfyEdkifiHrsm;wGif emrnfqdk;jzifhausmf=um;cJhaom OD; pdefvGifonf rGefjynfe,f/ aygifjrdKŒe,f/ aumhu&if&GmwGif tzOD;a&$&if/ trda':rm=uD;wd@k rS 1924/ Zefe0g&v D 22 &ufae@wiG f zGm;jrifco hJ nf? y nmt&nftcsi;f edryhf g;I ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf wyf&if; (1) wyf cGJ (3) Y wyfom;tjzpf 0ifa&mufppfrx _ rf;&if; *syefacwf r*Fvm'kH ppf wuUov dk Af kv d o f ifwef;wwd,odk@ wufa&mufcho J ljzpfonf? xd@k aemuf ajcvsifwyf&if;(3)/ csif;aoewfudkifwyf&if;/ trSwf (4) aoewfudkif wyf&if;wdk@Y toD;oD;xrf;&GufcJholjzpfonf? ,if;aemuf taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf 'kwdkif;rSL;/ taemuf ajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyw f idk ;f rSL;tjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ jl zpfonf? xdkrw S qifh or0g,r0ef=uD;Xme/ ydk@aqmifqufoG,af &;0ef=uD;Xme/ jynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0ef=u;D Xmewd@k Y 0ef=u;D tjzpfvnf;aumif; xrf;&Gucf o hJ v l nf; jzpfonf?

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(16) OD; (4) OD; (27) vuf qkH;±_H;wdk@jzpfonf?

'Dru kd a&pDrc d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf

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tcef; (3) ppfwyftmPmodr;f ydu k jf cif; xdk@aemuf jynfolvlxk. qENjyr_rsm;onf vHk;0&yfwef@jcif;r&SdbJ qufvufI =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&;udk awmif;qdkaeojzifh rqv ygwDOuUXESifh EdkifiHawmfaumifpOD uUX a'guw f marmifarmifonf EdkifiH awmftm%mudk vH;k 0xde;f odr;f EdkifpGrf;r&Sdonft h wGuf umuG,fa&;OD;pD; csKyf AdkvfcsKy}f u;D apmarmif (aemifAkv d cf sKyfrSL;}uD;) tm; ppfwyfrS tm%m odrf;ydkuf&ef tcsufjyvdkufawmhonf? Todk@jzifh jynfolw&yfvHk;awmif;qdkaeonfh =um;jzwftpdk;& zGJ@ pnf;ay;a&;udk rsuu f GufjyKum 1988 ckEpS f/ pufwifbmv 18 &ufae@ wGif Edkiif Htm%mudk vufeuftm;ud;k jzifh odrf;ydkufvku d fawmhonf? jref rmhEikd if Ha&;ordki;f wGif ppfwyftm%modr;f r_ oHk;}urd &f cSd o Jh nf? 1958 ckESpf wGifw}udrf/ 1962 ckESpfwiG f w}udrfESifh ,ck 1988 ckESpw f Gifw}udrf jzpf onf? ,if;odk@ tm%modrf;ydkufchjJ yD;aemuf ,if;ae@rmS yif trde@f trSwf 1ยง88 jzifh EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ac: e0wudk zGJ@ pnf;a=umif; a=unmcJhonf? e0wtzGJ@wGif (1) Adv k fcsKyf}uD;apmarmif - OuUX (2) 'kAv kd fcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ - tzG@J 0if (3) Adv k fcsKyfarmifarmifcif - tzGJ@0if (4) Adv k fcsKyfwifxeG f; - tzGJ@0if (5) Adv k rf LS ;csKyf atmif&aJ usmf - tzG@J 0if (6) Adv k cf sKyf bke;f jrifh - tzG@J 0if (7) Adv k cf sKyf pdeaf tmif - tzG@J 0if (8) Adv k cf sKyf cspaf qG - tzG@J 0if (9) Adv k rf LS ;csKyf ausmb f - tzG@J 0if (10)AdkvfrSL;}uD; armifoifh - tzGJ@0if (11) AdkvfrSL;csKyf armifat; - tzGJ@0if

'Dru kd a&pDrc d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf

(12)AdkvfrSL;csKyf Om%fvif; - tzGJ@0if (13) AdkvfrSL;csKyf jrifhatmif - tzGJ@0if (14) Adv k rf LS ;csKyf jroif; - tzG@J 0if (15) Adv k rf SL;csKyfxeG ;f =unf - tzG@J 0if (16)AdkvfrSL;csKyf at;aomif - tzGJ@0if (17)AdkvfrSL;csKyf rsKd;nGef@ - tzGJ@0if (18)AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifnGef@ - twGif;a&;rSL; (1) (19) Adv k rf LS ;}uD;wifO;D - twGi;f a&;rSL; (2) ponf yg0ifcho J nf? 1988 pufwifbmv 18 wGif e0wtzGJ@}uD;onf a=unmcsuf trSwf 2§88 jzifh jynfol@v$wfawmf/ EdkifiHawmfaumifp/D 0ef}uD;tzGJ@/ jynfo@l w&m;ol}u;D tzJ@G / jynfo@l Oya'tusK;d aqmiftzG@J / jynfo@l vyk if ef; ppfaq;a&;tzJ@G / jynfol@aumifpDtqifq h ifrh sm;udk zsuo f rd ;f vdu k af =umif; a=unmvdkufjyD; 'k0ef}uD;tm;vHk;udkyJ wm0efrS&yfpJa=umif; a=unmcJh onf? ,if;aemuf xdkae@rSmyif a=unmcsut f rSwf 3§88 jzihf jrefrmEdik fiH onf vGwv f yfIwufºuGaomEdkifijH cm;a&;0g'udk qufvufusiho f k;H rnf [k a=unmcJo h nf? wqufwnf;rSmyif trdef@trSwf 2§88 jzifh jynfol vlxkw&yfvHk; vdkuef m&efEiS fh Xmeqdik f&m0efxrf;/ tr_xrf;rsm;udk quf vufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef trdef@trSwf 3§88 wdk@udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? trde@f 3§88 t& 0efxrf;tm;vH;k onf 1988 pufwifbmv 19 &uf ae@rSpI vkyfief;cGifodk@ jyefvnf0ifa&muf=u&efEiS fh pufwifbmv 26 &ufae@txd vkyfief;cGifr0ifygu wm0efr&S yfpJrnfqdkonfhtrdef@rsm;udk quf wdkufxkwfjyefcJhonf? pufwifbmv 18 &uf wae@wnf;rSmyif a=unmcsuf (1§88)/ (2§88)/ (3§88) ESihf trde@f trSwf (1§88)/ (2§88)/ (3§88) wd@k ukd qufwku d fxkwfcJhjyD; e0wppftpdk;&tjzpf pwifouf0ifv_yf&Sm;vmcJh onf?

oef;0if;vIi d f

e0wOuUX AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifonf 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfvnf; aumif;/ Edkiif aH wmft}u;D tuJtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ umuG,af &;0ef}u;D ESihf umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyt f jzpfvnf;aumif; ,lxm;onht f jyif Edik if Hjcm;a&; 0ef}uD;tjzpfyg ,lxm;vdkufao;onf? e0wppftpdk;&onf tm%modrf;ydu k fjy;D jyD;csi;f ta&;awmfyk}H u;D udk rif;rJhp±dkufvy_ f&Sm;r_}uD;tjzpf ±_jriftykycf s uifyGe;f wyfum enf;vrf; aygif;pHkjzifh+zdKcGif;um zrf;qD;ta&;,lr_rsm;udk quf wdkufvkyfaqmifcJh onf? tm%modrf;tpdk;&jzpfaomfvnf; rqvESifh rqvacgif;aqmif rsm;tm;vH;k pm&if;0ifrsm;jzpfcaJh oma=umifh rqvzufrS t}uD;tus,f ckcHumuG,fay;I &yfwnfc=Jh uonf? ,if;odk@ rqvygwDtm; ckcHum uG,af y;&yfwnfchaJ omajumifh e0wtm; ‘ae0if;wyf’ [kyif jynfow l hdk u avSmifajymifac:a0:cJh=uonf? xdk@jyif EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_ wnf aqmufa&;tzGJ@}uD;udk vlxku ‘jidrfyd’ tzGJ@[k uifyGef;wyfcJh=uovdk ,if;wd@k csrw S v f yk fuidk af eonfh vrf;pOfay:vpDESifh vkyaf qmifcsurf eS o f r# udkvnf; ‘uvdefaphjirf;qif jidryf dvrf;pOf’ [kyif avSmifajymif ac:a0:cJh =uonf? xd@k aemuf 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 19 &ufae@ rGe;f vGJ 1 em&DwGif umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme '*H&k dyfomY e0wtzG@J u aumfr&SiftzG@J 0ifrsm; tm; zdw=f um;I tpnf;ta0;usif;ycJhonf? ,if;tpnf;ta0;odk@ e0 w OuUX AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif (aemifAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;/ ,ckuG,v f Gef) trSL;jyKonfh tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfjuD;oef;a&$ (,ck etzOuUXAdkvfcsKyfrLS ;}uD;)/ Adv k fcsKyfarmifarmifcif(a&) / Adkvcf sKyfwifxeG ;f (av)/ AdkvfcsKyf pdefatmif (,ckuG,fvGe)f / Adv k fcsKyf cspfaqG/ twGif;a&; rSL; (1) Adv k rf SL;csKyfcifneG /hf twGi;f a&;rSL; (2) Adkvrf LS ;}u;D wifO;D (vky=f uHc&H ) wdEkh iS hf aumfr&SiOf uUX OD;baX;trSL;jyKonfh aumfr&SiftzG@J 0ifrsm;jzpf=u aom OD;apm=um'd;k / OD;pef;armif/ OD;ausmfneG @f EiS hf aumfr&Sit f wGi;f a&;rSL; OD;at;armifwdk@ wufa&mufcJh=uonf? tzGJ@0if q&mcs,fonf tpnf; ta0;odk@wufa&muf&ef vrf;ydwfaeonft h wGuf cGihyf efco Jh nf? tpnf;

'Dru kd a&pDrc d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf

ta0;wGif e0w OuUXu rdrdwdk@wyfrawmfESifh 0efxrf;rsm;onf rnf onhEf kid fiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;. tzGJ@0ifrsm;r[kwfawmha=umif;/ rdrdw@dk onf =um;aetzGt Jh pnf;rsm;jzpfjy;D jynforl sm;udk tvkyftau|;jyK&rnfh tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;jzpfa=umif;/ ,ckjynfolrsm; vdkvm;awmifhwaeonhf ygwDpHk 'Dru dk a&pDukd tjrefq;Hk taumiftxnfazmfay;Edik af &;twGuf ygwDpkH 'Drkd ua&pDt axGaxGa&G;aumufy}GJ uD;udk tvGwfvyfq;Hk / tr#wqHk;ESifh t jrefq;Hk jyKvkyaf y;&ef aumfr&Sit f zG@J 0ifvl}uD;rsm;udk arwœm&yfcHa=umif;/ aumfr&Sif.vkyfief;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;jyD; aumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifvl}uD;rsm;u rnfo. l rsuEf mS udrk # raxmufxm;bJ ormorwfusus "rR"Ïd mefusus w&m;tr#wqH;k aqmif&Gufay;apvdkyga=umif;/ aumfr&Sif. vkyfief;rsm; ESifh pyfvsOf;I rdrw d k@d onf tzG@J tpnf;taejzifah omfvnf;aumif;/ wOD; csif;taejzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ }udK;udkifr_/ vrf;nGefrv _ kH;0jyKvkyfrnf r[kwaf =umif;/ a&G;aumufyJOG ya'/ enf;Oya'rsm;a&;qGJ&mwGif aumf r&Sit f zG@J 0ifv}l uD;u awG@qakH qG;aEG;vdak om tzG@J tpnf;udjk zpfap vl}u;D rsm;u awG@qHkaqG;aEG;vdkaom tzGJhtpnf;udkjzpfap/ yk*K~d vfwOD;csif;udk jzpfap awG@qaHk qG;aEG;t=uOH m%frsm;&,ljy;D vGwv f Gwv f yfvyfa&;qGJEkid f a=umif;/ aumfr&Sifu a&;qGJaxmufcHay;ydk@onfhOya'rsm;udk tjrefqk;H jyÏmef;ay;rnfjzpfyga=umif;/ ygwpD k'H rD u kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}GJ u;D atmifjrifpGmusif;yEdkifrnfh vdktyfonfhtultnDrsm;udkvnf; tjynfh t0ay;oGm;rnfjzpfyga=umif; ajym=um;oGm;onf? Todjkh zifh e0wtzGJ@onf 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 18 &ufpJGyg a=unmcsuftrSwf 1§88 jzifh ygwpD Hk'Dru dk a&pD taxGaxG a&G;aumuf yG}J uD;ukd }uD;rSL;usif;yay;&ef a'guw f marmifarmif vufxufu zG@J pnf;cJh aom a&G;aumufyu GJ sif;ya&;aumfr&Siu f kd qufvufwm0efay;tyfch&J m aumfr&Sifonf rdrd.vkyfief;rsmudk taumiftxnfazmfEkid fa&;twGuf e0wtzGJ@u 1988 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv 21 &ufae@wGif ygwpD k'H rD u kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGu J si;f ya&;r&SiOf ya' (e0wtzGJ@ Oya'trSwf 1§80) udk jyÏmef;ay;cJhonf?

oef;0if;vIi d f

xdk@aemuf aumfr&Sio f nf jynforl sm;ESihf Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;. t=uHjyK csufrsm;udt k ao;pdwaf vhvmjy;D jynfo@l vw $ af wmf a&G;aumufyOJG ya' onf usif;y&ef&Sdonfh ygwpD Hk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf w}udrfomtoHk;jyK&ef &nf&, G fIvnf;aumif;/ aemifwGif usif;yrnfh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh =um;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGufudkrl xdktcsdef wGifrS pOf;pm;a&;qG=J uap&ef &nf&, G fIvnfaumif;/ jynfol@vw $ af wmf a&G;aumufyGJOya'udk jyKjyifa&;qGjJ yD;aemuf epwtzGJ@odk@ wifjycJhonf? e0wtzG@J onf ,if;Oya'=urf;udk 1989 arv 25 &ufae@wiG f aumfr&SifESifh n‡dE_dif;pdppfjyD;aemuf 1989 ar 31 &ufae@Y jynfol@v$wf awmfa&G;aumufyOJG ya' (e0wOya' trSw1f 4§89) udk jyÏmef;ay;cJh onf? ,if;Oya'wGif tcef;aygi;f (15)cef;ESihf yk'rf aygi;f (82) ck yg0ifonf? enf;Oya'jyÏmef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif aqmif &Gu&f rnfh tao;pdwef nf;pepfOya'rsm;udk 1989 ZGef 30 wGif jyÏmef; ay;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf Edik fiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfykw H ifjcif;Oya'/ enf; Oya' rsm;udk jyÏmef;jyD;aemuf aumfr&Sifonf a&G;aumufyJG 0ifa&muf,OS fjydKif vdkaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbm 30 &ufae@rSpI rSwyf HkwifcGifhjyKcJhjyD;aemuf aemufqHk;&ufrS 1989 azazmf 0g&D 28 &ufae@ukd aumfr&SifrS owfrSwfa=unmay;cJhonf? odkhuvdk EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwif zGJ@pnf;cGifhjyKvdu k fjyD; aemuf “ atmif - pk - wif” tjzpf txl;yl;wGJvy_ &f mS ;ae&mrS OD;atmif }uD;bufrS (4) OD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfbufrS (4) OD;/ OD;wifOD;bufrS (4) OD; pkpak ygi;f (12) OD;yg0ifonfh trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf A[dt k vkyf tr_aqmiftzGJ@udk 1988 ckESp/f pufwifbm27 &ufae@wGif pwifzJ@G pnf; vdkujf y;D w&m;0ifrw S fyw kH ifc&hJ m a&G;aumufyJaG umfr&Siu f 1988 atmuf wdb k m 3 ae@pyJG g a=unmcsut f rSwf (3) jzifh w&m;0ifEidk if Ha&;ygwt D jzpf twnfjyK xkwfjyefa=unmay;cJhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfbufrS (4) OD;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD; 0if;wif/ a': jrifhjrifhcifESifh OD;atmifvGif (±ky&f Sio f ±kyfaqmif/ 'g±ku d fwm)

'Dru kd a&pDrc d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf

wdk@ jzpfonf? yxrqHk; pwifzGJ@pnf;pOfu trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf (NLD) . A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm (1) OD;atmif}uD; - OuUX (2) OD;wifOD; - 'kOuUX (3) a':atmifqef;pk=unf - taxGaxGwGif;a&;rSL; (4) OD;=unf[ef - twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0if (5) OD;cspfcikd f - twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0if (6) OD;0if;wif - twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0if (7) a': jrifjh rifch if - vlxv k w l ef;pm;XmerSL; (8) OD;vGif - b¾ma&;XmerSL; (9) OD;atmifviG f - jyef=um;a&;XmerSL; (10) OD;atmifa&$ - pnf;±Hk;a&;XmerSL; (11) OD;=unfarmif - okawoerSL; (12) OD;ba&$ - tkycf sKyfa&;XmerSL; wdk@ jzpf=uonf? trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf pwifz@GJ pnf;prSmyif vlxkt=um; a& yef;tpm;qHk; EdkifiaH &;tzG@J tpnf;jzpfvmcJhonf? wdak wmif;vSonfh um vtwGif;rSmyif trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftwGif; ygwDtzGJ@0ifOD;a& wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmonf? xdk@aemuf tzG@J 0ifO;D a& (30) yg0ifaom A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J udk xyfrzH @JG pnf; onf? A[kdtvkyftr_aqmiftzGJh pwifzJG@pnf;pOfuJhodk@ A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@udk vnf; “atmif-pk-wif” wOD;csif;pDrS wzufv#if (10) OD;uspD E_ef;xm; jzifh zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? A[dOk D;pD;tzGJ@0ifopfrsm;rSm (1) OD;cifndK (2) OD;aZmf0if;OD; (3) OD;rif;'if (4) OD;ausmfjrifhav;

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(5) OD;omxdk (6) OD;odef;Edkif (*k%fxl;) (7) OD;cifarmifarmifjrifh (8) OD;armifarmif (9) OD;eef;EG,f (10) OD;bd;k atmif (11) OD;aomif;'ef (12) OD;vSarmif (13) OD;apmjrifh (14) OD;a&$ (15) OD;at;armif (16) OD;wifat; (17) Adkvf&JxGĂ&#x2039;f (&JabmfoHk;usdyf) (18) OD;oef;xGef; (19) OD;csdefydk; (20) OD;vSarmif (21) OD;xGe;f wif (22) OD;aomfu (armifaomfu) (23) OD;ukd,k (armifudk,k) (24) OD;rdk;ol (armifrk;d ol) (25) OD;csrf;at;(armifp;l prf;) (26) a'gufwmwifrsKd;0if; (27) a'gufwmoufrif; (28) OD;0if;cuf (29) OD;wifa&$ (30) OD;cifarmifaqG wd@k jzpfonf? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf zGJ@pnf;jyD;pumvrSmyif &efukef

'Dru kd a&pDrc d ifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf

tygt0if wEdik if v H ;kH a'otoD;oD;u wufa&mufvm=uonhyf gwD0if olrsm;ESifh qufvufpnf;±H;k v_yf&Sm;vdkolrsm;udk ygwD0if (tzGJ@csKyf0if) av#mufv$myHkpH (25) apmifE_ef;pDxkwfay;jyD; ,m,Dpnf;±Hk;a&;rSL;rsm; tjzpftodtrSwfjyKay;cJhonf? odk@jzifh tzGJ@csKyf0ifOD;a&onf tcsdefwdk twGif;rSmyif tqrwefwk;d yGm;vmcJhayonf? tjcm;aomEdik fiaH &;ygwD tzJG@tpnf;rsm;tm;vkH;u tHh=o,l&avmufatmif tcsdefwdktwGif; a&yef;pm;vmr_onf tzG@J csKyf. taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef; pk=unftay: vlxk. ar#mfvifhtm;xm;,kH=unfr_ESifh av;pm;r_yifjzpf onf? ,if;od@k vlxak xmufcrH _}u;D rm;vmaom trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzJ@G csKyf}uD;twGif; yxrqkH;ay:xGufcJhonfh jy\emrSm tzJG@csKyf. OuUX OD;atmif}uD;ud, k w f kid u f pwifzefw;D azmfxkwcf o Jh nf? “tzJ@G csKyftwGi;f uGejf rLepfrsm; a&muf&adS eyg+yD? ,if;udk tjrefq;Hk z,f&mS ;ypfa&;” qdo k nfh jy\emyif jzpfonf? xdkpOfu OD;atmif}u;D . 1988 Edk0ifbm 29 &ufpJG yg ta&;ay:oHk;oyfcsufrSm atmufygtwdkif;az: jyxm;onf? ta&;ay:okH;oyfcsuf (1) ,ckvuf&Sdtajctaet& trsK;d om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwGif uGefjrLepfESihf uGefjrLepfvdkvm;oltkyfpk }uD;xGm;vmonf? (3) xdk@a=umifh (1) tdk*sD§,l*sDESifh uGejf rLepfvy_ f&Sm;r_ukd ta=umif; jyKI teD;tem; (a&G;aumufyGJa&G;csde)f wGif a'gufjzKwfI y,fEdkifonf? (2) tjcm; y,fEidk af omtcsurf mS aiGa&;aju;a&;jzpfonf? wdik ;f ESijfh ynf e,frsm; wGif aiGpm&if;ppfjyD; jzpfae&efvko d nf? (4) xdk@a=umifh ‘atmif-pk-wif’ruG&J ef vdkonf? txl;*±kpdkufI }udK;pm;&efvdkonf? (5) xdkhajumifh ‘atmif-pk-wif’ tzGJ@twGif;rS uGefjrLepfrsm;/ uGef jrLepfvdkvm;olrsm;udk tem;,l&ef arwœm&yfcHoifhonf? (6) ajcurjrJ vufujrJ/ vufurjrJajcujrJ&ef/ tu,fI trsKd;

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tem;od@k wufa&muf&ef pm&if;ay;xm;jyD;jzpfygonf? tcrf;tem;od@k wufa&mufrnfEh ikd if Ha&;ygwrD sm;. trnfpm&if;udk ae@pOfxw k f owif; pmrsm;wGif azmfjyxm;jyD;jzpfygonf? (6) EdkifiHawmfrS }uD;rSL;usi;f yonfh tcrf;tem;jyD;pD;aomtcg t pOftvm&SdonfEiS fhtnD jynfolvlxkrSvnf; rdrdqENtavsmuf tm ZmenfArd mefwiG f tmZmenfacgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; tav;jyKEdik &f ef pDpOfxm;&SdjyD;jzpfygonf? od@k ygI at;csrf;pGm*g&0jyKvkad om jynfov l lxk taejzifh rdrdwdk@qENt& wOD;csi;f aomfvnf;aumif;/ trsm;qHk; ig;OD; pk aygi;f Iaomfvnf;aumif; tmZmenfArd mefo@kd vma&mufI *g&0jyKEdik yf g onf? (7) tmZmenfacgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm;tm; jynfov l x l rk S at;csr;f pGm *g&0jyKEdkif&ef vdktyfygonf? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&; tjrwfxkwfvdkaom ta=umif;jzifh pDwef;vSnv hf nfcsDwufjcif;/ aºuG;a=umfatmf[pfjcif;/ ql yl&efvH@_ aqmfjcif;/ qlylv_yf&Sm;jcif;/ jynfov l x l t k m; t"rRpnf;±Hk; ac:iif jcif;/ pk±Hk;jcif;rsm;rjyKvkyf&ef wm;jrpfvdkufonf? Twm;jrpfcsufudk azmuf zsuu f sL;vGeyf gu w&m;Oya't& xda&mufpmG ta&;,lrnfjzpf a=umif; a=unmvdkufonf? trde@f t& (armifudk) twGif;a&;rSL; jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzJG@ xdk@tjyif (19-7-89) &ufaehwGif vkyfom;jynfol@ae@pOf owif; pmYvnf; “AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tm%mzDqefa&;vrf;pOfrSm e,fcsJŒ t*Fvyd facwfu csay;cJah omvrf;pOfjzpf/ wyfrawmfonf e,fcsŒJ udk qefh usifjyD; vGwfvyfa&;udkumuG,faeaomtzGJŒjzpf/ tmZmenfAdrmefodk@ jynfolrsm; vma&muftav;jyK&mwGif rdrdwdk@.vHkjcHKa&;tpDtpOf t

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wGi;f rSjzpf&rnf” [laom acgi;f pOfjzifh azmfjyxm;a=umif; awG@&S&d jyef onf? xdk@aemuf 1989 Zlvikd f 19 &ufae@ eHeufwiG f a':atmifqef;pk=unf u jynfolvlxk rvdktyfaom xdcdkufepfemr_rsm; ray:ap&eftwGuf tmZmenfae@ csw D ufrnft h pDtpOfukd zsuo f rd ;f vdu k o f nf? tmZmenf ae@tcrf;tem;udk tzGJ@csKyf±Hk;Yom usif;yjyKvkyfoGm;&ef nGef=um;cJh onf? ÙÙÙ

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tcef; (4) yxrqk;H aetdrt f us,fcsKyfumv xdk@aemuf ae@wae@ 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvkid f 20 &ufae@wGif a':atmif qef;pk=unfESifh OD;wifOD;wdk@tm; EdkifiHawmftm; aESmifh,SufzsufqD;vdk olrsm;. ab;teœ&m,frS umuG,fapmifha&SmufonfhOya'yk'fr 10 (c) t& aetdrfwGif wm;qD;rdef@xkwfI wm;qD;xm;jcif; cHcJh&onf? xdo k k@d ta&;,ljcif;ESifhywfoufI Zlvidk fv 21 &ufae@wGif e0w. t}udrf 50 ajrmuf owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJY “ 1989 ckESp/f Zlvidk f 20 &ufae@ eHeufrSpI a':atmifqef;pk=unf ESifh ol&OD;wifO;D wdk@tm; Edik fiHawmftm; aESmuf,Suzf sufq;D vdkorl sm;. ab;tEœ&m,frS umuG,fapmifha&Smufonfh Oya't& ta&;,lvdkuf &a=umif;/ TOya'onf EdkifiaH wmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifh Edkiif aH wmf vHjk cHKa&;udkjzpfap/ trsm;jynfolw@dk . at;csrf;om,ma&;udjk zpfap xd yg;rnfhteœ&m,frS }udKwifumuG,fEdkif&efvnf;aumif;/ Edkifio H m;rsm;. rlvtcGit fh a&;rsm;udk rxdcu dk fapbJ Edik fiHawmftm; aESmifh,u S zf sufqD; vdo k rl sm;.ab;tEœ&m,frS umuG,&f efvnf;aumif;/ jyÏmef;xm;aom Oya'jzpfa=umif;? ,if;yk*Kd~ vfEpS Of ;D tm; tqdyk g Oya'yk'rf 10 (c) t& vkyyf ikd cf iG hfrsm; udk usio fh ;kH jyD; wm;qD;r_jyKvyk x f m;a=umif;/ Tyk'rf 10 (c) t& ta&;,l jcif;cH&oltm; wESpftxd wm;qD;r_jyKvkyfEdik fonf[k jyÏmef;xm; a=umif;” Todk@wm;qD;r_rsm; jyKvkyfjcif;qdk&mY (u) rnfonfhae&ma'owGif raexdki&f [k owfrSwjf cif;/ (c) rnfonfhae&ma'owGifom aexdkif&rnf[k owfrSwfjcif;/ (*) oGm;vmr_udk vdktyfovdk wm;qD;jcif;/ (C) owfrSwfonfht&m0wˆKrsm;udk vuf0,fxm;&Sdjcif; (odk@r [kwf) toHk;jyKjcif;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;jcif;wd@k udk jyKvkyfEdkifa=umif;? azmfjyygOya't& ‚if;wd@k tm; ta&;,l&mwGif um,uH&iS frsm; onf vuf&aSd exdkifvsu&f Sdaom tdrftoD;oD;wGifom aexdkifI tdrfjcH

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jyifyodk@xu G cf mG oGm;vmcGirfh jyKyga=umif;/ ‚if;. tdrfaxmifpx k w J iG f yg&Sd aom w&m;0ifrdom;pkrsm;om jyifyodk@ tapmifhta&Smufjzihf oGm; a&mufEdkifa=umif;/ odk@aomfvnf; ,if;wdk@tm; EdkifiHjcm;oH±;Hk rsm;/ EdkifiH a&;ygwDrsm;/ Edik fiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh qufoG,folrsm;xHok@d oGm;a&mufcGifh rjyKyga=umif;/ jyifyyk*~dKvfrsm;udkvnf; vludk,fwdkifaomfvnf;aumif;/ w,fvzD ek f;jzifah omfvnf;aumif; vma&mufqufo, G jf cif;rjyK&ef uef@ owfwm;jrpfxm;a=umif;/ um,uH&Sifrsm;tm; vdt k yfonfh aq;0g; ukor_ESifh usef;rma&;udpPrsm;udk aqmuf&Gufay;&ef EdkifiHawmfu wm 0ef,lxm;a=umif;? TuJhodk@ ta&;,laqmif&Gucf Jh&jcif;onf azmfjyygyk*K~d vfEpS fOD;. O ya'csKd;azgufvyk f&yfrsm;a=umifjh zpfa=umif;/ txl;tm;jzifh EdkifiHawmfudk tE W&m,fjzpfaprnfhtajctaersm;jzpfay:atmif aqmif&GufcJhjcif; a=umifhjzpfa=umif;/ ‚if;tjyif wdik f;&if;om;jynfolrsm;ESifh wyfrawmf udk aoG;cGjJ yD; wdik ;f &if;om;jynfolrsm;u wyfrawmftay: rke;f wD;atmif aqmif&GufcJhjcif;rsm;a=umifh jzpfa=umif;/ 1989 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f 19 &ufae@ nae 6 em&DwiG f VOA jrefrm ydki;f tpDtpOfY a':atmifqef;pk=unf.a=unmcsufY “'ga=umifhrdk@vdk@ jynfolvlxk toufaysmufatmifvdk@ usrwdk@ b,fawmhrS rvkyyf gbl;/ jynfov l lx&k ŒJ toufudk trsm;}u;D wefz;dk xm; ygw,f? e0wvdk wefzk;d rxm;wJh tkyfpkr[kwyf gbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk@v@dk usr wdk@Ekid fiHrSmqdkvdk@&Sd&if ppftpdk;&tkycf sKyfr_qdkjyD; a=unmcsuf[m zufqpf 0g'awGp;dk rdk;aejyDqkw d m tifrwefrS xif&Sm;ygw,f? usrwdk@ jynfol jynf om;awG[m zufqpf0g'atmufrmS ±ke;f uef&rSmyJ? 'Dru kd a&pD&zdk@twGuf 'Dzufqpf0g'atmufrSmowœ&d d&S eSd @J qufjy;D ±kef;uefoGm;zd@k jzpfygw,f” [k yg&Sda=umif;/ Todk@ r[kwfrrSefpGyfpGJcsufrSm jynfol@wyfrawmfudk zufqpfESifh Edi_ ;f ,SOfxm;ojzifh tvGefem=unf;p&maumif;a=umif;/ jynfoEl iS hw f yfr awmfonf zufqpfudk rsm;pGm&GH&Sm rkef;wD;a=umif;/ xdk@a=umifh jynfol

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ESifhwyfrawmf vufwjGJ yD; zufqpfuq dk ef@usifwku d fcu dk cf Jh=ua=umif;/ ‚if; .ajymqdkr_rsm;onf zufqpfe,fcsJŒudk aoG;pnf;nDnGwfpGm wdkufcdkucf Jh =uaom jynfolESifh wyfrawmfudk aoG;uGJatmif wrifzefwD;ajymqdkr_ rsm;jzpfa=umif;? Todk@aom wyfrawmfudk zufqpfwyfrawmf[k ac:a0:orkwf vdkujf cif;onf wyfrawmfEiS fhjynfoltm; &efwu dk fay;jcif;/ rormaom &nf&G,cf sufjzifh vdrfnmpGyfpGJykwfcwfjcif;yifjzpfajumif;/ EdkifiaH wmftm; tEœ&m,fodk@usa&mufap&ef =uHaqmifzefwD;jcif;jzpfa=umif;? a':atmifqef;pkjunfonf 1989 Zlvkid f 10 &ufae@wiG f yef;bJwef; jrdKŒe,f trSwf 163/ taemf&xmvrf;&Sd vl@abmifopf'Dru dk &ufwpf yg wD±Hk;cef;wGif rdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mYvnf; “EdkifiHolEidk fiHom;rsm;udk aemufxyfvufeufESihf ESdrfESif;r,fqdk&if awmh usrwdk@u zufqpftpd;k &vdk@ a=unm&rSmyJ” [k ajymqdkchaJ =umif;/ Todk@ajymqdkjcif;onf e0wtzG@J tpd;k &onf wyfrawmftpdk;&yifjzpfI wyfrawmftm; jynfolu trkef;yGm;ap&ef ajymqdkjcif;jzpfonfrSm xif &Sm;yga=umif;? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu “ 'Dwyfrawmf[m vlwa,muftwGufr[kwb f l;/ tzGJ@tpnf; twGuf r[kwfbl;qdkwmvJ xyfwvJvJajymcJhw,f/ wyfrawmf vrf; rSm;oGm;rSmudkvJ azaztifrwefrS pdk;&drfoGm;w,f/ 'DavmufawmifrS pd;k &draf e&ufeJ@ bmjzpfv@kd vrf;rSm;oGm;&wmvJ? OD;ae0if;[m wyfrawmf udk vrf;rSm;ay:rSm wifay;vdkufw,f? tJ'Dawmh ,ck wyfrawmfxJrSm &Sw d hJ wyfrawmfom;rsm;/ t&m&Sdrsm; pOf;pm;yg? wyfrawmf&JŒzcifqkw d m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;qdkjyD;awmh twdtvif;a=unmxm;jyD;/ AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;[m wyfrawmfukd b,fvt kd aetxm;rSm b,fvjkd zpfapcsif ovJqkw d m jyefjyD;oHk;oyfyg? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wyfrawmfvm;/ Adkvf ae0if;wyfrawmfvm;qdkwm qHk;jzwf&awmhr,f” [kvnf; txufyg rde@f cGef;wGif ajymqdkcJha=umif;/

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a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 1989 ck/ Zlvkid v f 8 &ufae@ wGif ‚if;. aetdrfY xdik f;EdkifiHrS ae;&Si;f (Nation) owif;pm owif;axmuf uGeef m a*gpuD;ESihf awG@qakH qG;aEG;&mYvnf; OD;ae0if;onf wyfrawmftm; }udK; udkifvsuf&Sdonf? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifonf OD;ae0if;. vdkvm;csuf twdkif; vdkuI f vkyfudkifae&onfrSm xif&Sm;aeonf? wyfrawmfonf vlru dk ftvkyfuk d vkyfudkifae&onf? vltdkwpk tm%mwnfjrJa&; t wGuf vkyfuidk fae&onf[k ajymqdkcJha=umif;/ ‚if;ajymqdck sut f m; 1989 Zlvdkif 15 &ufxw k f ae;&Sif;owif;pmwGif azmfjyxm;onf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf wyfrawmf. *k%o f u d mQ usqif;atmif ESifh wyfrawmfudk jynfolrsm;u qef@usifv_yf&Sm;um v_H@aqmfaoG;xdk; ajymqdkcJhonfrsm; tajrmuftjrm;&SdcJha=umif;/ TuJhodk@ wdkif;jynf z±dk z&Jjzpfap&ef =uHaqmifr_rsm;ESifhywfoufI wyfrawmfu t}udrf}udrf onf;nnf;cHcsKyfwnf;cJha=umif;/ OD;wifOD;ESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfwk@d OD;aqmifaomtzGJ@u Zlvkid fv 19 &ufae@wGif jynfolrsm;tm; tmZm enfrsm;tm; *k%fjyKrnft h pDtpOfudk ppf0g'Dwk@d u vufeuftm;udk;jzifh acsre_ ;f &ef}uKd ;yrf;aea=umif;/ tmZmenfae@ukd xyfraH oG;pGe;f ap&ef ywf pufpmG =uHaeonf[kv_H@aqmfjyD; wyfrawmfudk jynfolESifh &efwu dk fay; cJha=umif;? “ OD;wifOD;onf ucsifjynfe,fok@d vSnhv f nfpOfu awG@&SdcJh&aom udpPrsm;ESifh ywfoufI wyfrawmfESifh wdkif;&if;om;jynforl sm; aoG;uGJ atmifEiS hf wyfrawmftay:wGif jynfov l x l u k em=unf;rke;f wD;atmif ‚if; wd@k tzGJ@. 5 }urd af jrmufowif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJY ajymqdkoGm;cJhonfukd awG@&yga=umif;/ xdkowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh OD;wifO;D wd@k onf a&SŒwef;vkyt f m;&Sirf sm;toHk;jyKaomudpEP iS hf ywfouf I wyfrawmftm; vlrqefaom/ &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom/ pD;yGm;a&; aomif;use;f aomtzGJ@tpnf;wckozG,±f yk v f ;kH ay:aygufap&ef ajymqdkcJh a=umif;/ xdk@tjyif OD;wifOD;onf r_cif;wyfz@GJ rS w&m;pGJqdkxm;aom pdk;odrf;yg ajcmufO;D tr_ukd ppfaq;aeonfh tif;pdet f usO;f axmifteD;&Sd

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txl;w&m;&H;k od@k 1989 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f 4 &ufae@wiG f vma&mufjyD; OD; aiGvid_ t f m; csucf sif;tmrcHray;r_EiS hf ywfoufI “vufeuftm;ud;k jzifh tEdkifusifhaejcif;jzpfonf” [k wyfrawmfESifh jynfolukd aoG;uGJatmif ajymqdkchaJ =umif;/ OD;wifOD;onf wdkif;jynftwGif; wnfjidrrf _ysujf ym;ap &ef/ qlylr_rsm;jzpfyGm;ap&ef ajymqdkcJhonfrsm; trsm;tjym;&SdcJha=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh Edik fiaH wmfESihf jynfow l @kd .tusK;d pD;yGm;/ touftk;d tdrpf nf;pdrf vHkjcHkwnfwHha&;twGuf ,ckuJhodk@ ‚if;wdk@ESpfOD;tm; wm;qD;ta&;,l vdu k f&jcif;jzpfa=umif;” ajym=um;oGm;onf? aetdrt f us,cf sKyjf zifh xde;f odr;f jcif;cHae&pOf a':atmifqef;pk=unf onf 1989 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (22) &ufae@wiG f ygwDpk'H Drdkua&pD taxG axGa&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if,SOf jydKifrnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmcJhonf? a=unmcsuftjynfhtpHkrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf? “Edik if aH &;}udK;yrf;r_rsm;a=umifh 1989 Zlvikd f 20 &ufae@rpS I xde;f odrf;cHcJh&ygonf? txdef;odrf;cHae&vsufESifhyif rdrdtzGJ@csKyf. 'Drdku a&pDenf;vrf;t& qHk;jzwfcsufudk av;pm;aomtm;jzihv f nf;aumif;? wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@. trSew f &m;ESifh udkufnDaomvdktyfcsufrsm;udk wwfpGr;f oa&GŒulnDjznfhpGufvdkaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ 'Drdkua&pD udv k v k d m;aom jynfov l x l . k ZGo J wœu d kd *k%jf yKaomtm;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ 1989 ck 'DZifbmvwGif A[ef;jrKd Œe,f trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf jynf ol@vw $ fawmfudk,fpm;vS,favmif; pdppfa&G;cs,fa&;tzGJ@.qH;k jzwfcsuf udkvku d femI a&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if ,SOfjydKifvo dk lwOD;tjzpf trnfpm &if; wifoGif;vdkufygonf?” [lI xkwfjyefcJhonf? od@k aomf wdik f;&if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw G af &; (wpn) ygwDtm; ud, k f pm;jyKI &efukefwidk f;/ A[ef;jrdKŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) wGif a':atmif qef;pk=unfESifh ,SOjf ydKi&f eftqdkjyKxm;jcif;cH&ol OD;vbef*a&mifrS uef@ uGuv f m$ wifoiG f;cJ&h m/ yef;qd;k wef;trSwf (1) wGif zGihv f pS pf pfaq;cJo h nfh &efukefwidk f; a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ ufyu GJ sif;ya&;aumfr&SifrS vufcHppfaq;I a&G;aumufyGJOya'yk'fr 10(i) jzifhjidpGef;onf[kqdkum a':atmifqef;

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=unfacgif;aqmifonfh NLD tzGJ@rS wpn tay: pD;csif;xdk;tEdkif,l atmifyGJcHedkifa&;twGuf rdrdwdk@. tonf;=um;u rJwjym;udk rSefrSef uefueftoHk;csjyD; toHwdwfqENjyyGJ}uD;w&yfyrm jywfjywfom;om; azmfjycJ=h uonf? od@k uvdk jynfolvx l }k uD;. wcJeuf axmufct H m;ay; r_a=umifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf jrefrmEdkiif H a&G;aumufyJG aumfr&Sifordki;f Y rnfonft h cgrS &&Scd Jhzl;aom atmifjrifr_rsKd;jzifh a&G; aumufyGJ}uD;wGif tjywftowf atmifycGJ HEdkifcJhayonf? ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJYG 0ifa&muf,SOfjydKifonfh Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; 93 zGJ@teuf trsK;d om;'Drku d a&pDtzJ@G csKyo f nf 0ifa&muf,SO+f yKd ifco hJ nfh 447 rJqENe,fY 392 OD; tEdik &f &Scd ho J nf? wjynf vk;H wGif rJqENe,f 485 ae&m&So d nft h euf NLD ygwDonf 392 OD; tEdkif &&SdonfhtwGuf wjynfvHk;wGif 82 &mcdkifE_e;f tEdkif&&Sdum armfuGef; xlEdkifcJhonf? 1990 jynfEh Spfa&G;aumufyGJwGif v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f t enf;qH;k wOD;ESit fh xufa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufc&H onfh Edik fiaH &;ygwD tzGhJ tpnf;aygif; (27) zG@J a&G;aumufwifajrm‡ ufc&H onf? a&G;aumufyJG wif ajrm‡ ufc&H onfh v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,Of ;D a&rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf? (1) trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 392 OD; (2) &Srf;wdkif;&if;om; 'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 23 OD; (3) &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 11 OD; (4) wdik f;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ygwD - 10 OD; (5) rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@ - 5 OD; (6) trsKd;om;vl@tcGifhta&;'Drku d &ufwpfygwD - 4 OD; (7) csi;f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf - 3 OD; (8) ucsijf ynfe,ftrsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDuGe*f &uf - 3 OD; (9) jynfaxmifpkytdk0fh trsK;d om;tzGJ@csKyf - 3 OD; (10) trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDygwD - 3 OD; (11) Zdrk D;trsKd;om;uGe*f &uf - 2 OD;

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(12)em*awmifwef;a'owdk;wufa&;ygwD - 2 OD; (13) u,m;jynfe,fvlrsKd;aygif;pHk'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 2 OD; (14) watmif; (yavmif) trsKd;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf - 2 OD; (15)u,ef;trsKd;om;rsm; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@ - 2 OD; (16) 'Drkdua&pDygwD - 1 OD; (17) 'Dru k d &ufwpfwuUov kd b f @JG &ESihf ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm; tzG@J - 1 OD; (18)rsKd;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJ@ - 1 OD; (19)u&ifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf - 1 OD; (20)&Sr;f jynfu;kd uef@'rD du k &ufwpfygwD - 1 OD; (21) jynfaxmifpk"EktrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 1 OD; (22)ureftrsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf - 1 OD; (23) r&mjynfol@ygwD (ryy) - 1 OD; (24) jynfaxmifpt k rsK;d om;rsm;'Dru kd a&pDygwD - 1 OD; (25)jrdK (ac: ) crDtrsKd;om;nDnw G af &;tzG@J (rcrnz) - 1 OD; (26)vm;[ltrsKd;om;zGH@jzdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD - 1 OD; (27)jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 1 OD; xdk@aemuf a&G;aumufyw GJ Gif 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifjyD; v$wfawmf ud, k f pm;vS,fwOD;r# a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcsif;rcH&aom EdkifiHa&;ygwD (63) ygwDtm; e0wrS 1992 Zefe0g &D 22 &ufae@&ufpJyG g trde@f trSwf 2§92 jzifh zsuo f drf;cJhonf? xdk@jyif a&G;aumufyw GJ Gif v$waf wmfuk, d fpm;vS,f tenf;qHk;wOD;ESifhtxuf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&onfh EdkifiaH &;ygwD (20) tm; e0wtzG@J rS 1992 rwf11 &ufae@ &ufpyJG g trde@f trSwf 7§92 jzifh zsuo f drf;cJhjyefonf? od@k aomf a&G;aumufyw GJ iG f wOD;r#ta&G;rcH&aomfvnf; e0wtpd;k &u w&m;0if &yfwnfcGihaf y;cJhaomygwD (3) ckrmS udk;uef@'Dru dk a&pDESifh

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nDnGwfa&;ygwD (Kokang Democracy and Unity Party)/ ‘0’ trsKd;om; zGH@ +zdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD (Wa National Development Party)/ jynfaxmifpk u&if trsKd;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (Union Karen League) wdk@jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh w &m;0if&yfwnfvsu&f daS om Edik if aH &;ygwD (10) ygwrD mS atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf? (1) trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGJ@csKyf (2) wdik f;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ygwD (3) &Sr;f wdkif;&if;om;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (4) jynfaxmifpkytdk0ht f rsKd;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (5) &Sr;f jynfu;kd uef@'rD du k &ufwpfygwD (6) +rdK (ac: ) crDtrsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;tzGJ@ (7) vm;[ltrsKd;om;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD (8) jynfaxmifpk u&iftrsKd;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (9) udk;uef@'Drdkua&pDESifh nDnGwfa&;ygwD (10)‘0’ trsKd;om;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD ponfwdk@ jzpfonf? 1990 jynfEh pS af &G;aumufyw JG iG f woD;yk*~vtrwfavmif; ajcmufO;D ta&G;cH&onf? ,if;wdk@rSm (1) a'gufwmr_xef / xef;wvef+rdKŒe,f jynfol@v$waf wmfrq J EN e,f/ csif;jynfe,f? (2) OD;0if;&Sed f / ajrmif+rdKŒe,f/ jynfo@l vw $ fawmf rJqENe,f trSwf (1) ppfudkif;wdkif;? (3) OD;yDwmvif;yif/ jyifOD;vGif+rdKŒe,f jynfo@l v$wfawmfrJqENe,f trSwf(2) rEœav;wdkif;? (4) a'gufwmpef;atmif/ t*Fyl+rdKŒe,f jynfol@v$wfawmfrJqEN e,ftrSwf (2) {&m0wDwkid f;? (5) OD;vseftkyf/ [m;cg;+rdKŒe,f rJqENe,f/ csif;jynfe,f? (6) OD;odef;az/ uef@bvl+rdKŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf(1) ppfudkif;wdkif;

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wdk@ jzpf=uonf? e0wppftpdk;&onf rnfo@dk rS ar#mfvifhrxm;rdonfh &v'frsKd; jzifh trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfu tjywftowftEdik &f &So d mG ;r_tay: tHh=owkefv_yfoGm;cJh&jyD;aemuf tzG@J csKyftay: enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh zdESdyfa&;udk apmif;ay;vkyfaqmifvmcJhayonf? e0wppftpdk;&u a&G;aumufyGJtjyD;Y a&G;aumufyGJwGif tEdki f& &SdchaJ om EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;onf (1) aiGa=u;tiftm;jzifh trwfae&mrsm; 0,f,x l m;Edik o f nfh bm oma&;tpGe;f a&mufrsm;u bmoma&;e,fajr cGx J u G af &;udk jyifqifvm =uonf? ratmifjrifv#if vufeufudkifwdkufrnf? (2) vlrsKd;a&;tjrifusOf;ajrmif;onfhygwDrsm;uvnf; e,fajrrsm; udk cGJxGuf&efjyifqifvm=uonf? cGifhrjyKv#if aomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh aygi;f rnf/ vufeufudkifwdkufrnf? (3) tm%m&vmrnf[k ar#mfvifhaeaomEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf taemuftkyfpko±H kH;rsm;/ jynfyrS taemuftkypf k udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh &if;&if;ESD;ESD;qufqHvm=ujyD; taemuftkyfpu k dk tvGet f u|H rSDcdktm; udk;&ef jyifqifvm=uonf? (4) taemuftkyfpkt}udKuf vdkufvkyfaeaomfvnf; vuf0J0g'D rsm; v$rf;rdk;aeaomfygwrD sm;onf tm%m&Sifpepfudk xlaxmif&ef }udK; pm;ae=uonf? (5) wyfrawmfu tm%mrodr;f Edkif&eftwGuf ppf±;Hk udk &efuek +f rdKŒ tjyifbuf tif;wdik fo@kd a&$Œ&ef =unf;/ a&/ av/ wyfrawmfukd =unf;wyf/ a&wyf/ avwyf oD;jcm;pD cGJxw k zf @JG pnf;&ef/ 'kw, d Adv k frLS ;}uD;ESihf txuf tqifrh sm;udk wyfrawmfrSxw k yf ,fypfjyD; tcsKdŒudk cH±k ;Hk wifI ta&;,l&ef wdk@udk aqG;aEG;=uum wyfrawmfudk +zdKcGJypf&ef/ zsufodrf;ypf&eftxd =uHpnfvm=uonf[I l tajctjrpfr&Sd pGyfpJGjyD; zGwv f #mo¿mef ESpcf OG m%fjzifh uvdraf phjirf;pifum tEdik &f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf tm; tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;a&;udk cg;cg;wl;wl; jiif;qefco Jh nf? xd@k aemuf

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“,ckusif;ycJhaom a&G;aumufyGJonf tm%m (3) &yfpvHk;udk &&Sdrnfh v$wfawmfrsK;d r[kw/f zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qG&J efomjzpfonf? ta&G; aumufcH v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH Oya'udk a&;qGzJ @kd omwm0ef&o dS nf? tm%mudk tvdktavsmuf &&Srd nf r[kw”f [kqdkjyD; yxrqH;k t}udrf ajymifvdrfajymifpm; ajymqdkcho J nf? tu,fI wpn ac: wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ygwDom tEdkif&&Sdrnfqdk v#if 1947 ckESpf zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya' od@k r[kwf 1974 zG@J pnf;yHkOya'udv k t kd yfovdk ,m,Djyifqifr_jyKvkyjf y;D tm%mudk jrefjref qefqefvG,v f G,u f lul v$Jajymif;tyfvdkuI f ay:aygufvmonfh v$wf awmfopfrSzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'opfudk a&;qGJaprnfjzpfaomf vnf; trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfygwu D ,ckuho J @dk tjywftowf t Edik &f &So d nfonft h ay: e0w ppftpd;k &onf ay:ay:xifxif npfywf vmjcif; jzpfonf? ppftpdk;&. tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;jiif;qefaer_ukd a':atmifqef; pk=unfu “a&G;aumufyGJusif;jyD;&ef a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk taumiftxnf azmfay;zdk@vnf; vdkao;w,fqdkwJhtcsufygyJ? a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fukd t aumiftxnfrazmfwm[m xrif;pm;zdwf/ xrif;yGJjyif/ pm;yGJrmS xdkicf kid f jyD;rS rpm;&bl;qdkjyD; xrif;[if;awGjyefodrf;oGm;ovdkygyJ? {nfo h nfawG udk apmfum;wJv h yk &f yfyg? 1990 a&G;aumufy&GJ v'fukd t aumiftxnf razmfay;wm[m jynfolw&yfvHk;udk vdrfvnfvSnhjf zm; apmfum;&m a&mufygw,f?” “tm%mydkiaf wG[m rdrw d @dk oabmruswhJ a&G;aumufy&JG v'fqk&d if vspfv#L±_vku d /f vdkcsifw&Jh v'fjzpfvmEd;k Edk; a&G;aumufyt JG opfawG usi;f yvdkuef @J vkyaf er,fq&dk ifawmh wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ tem*wfe@J upm;&m a&muf ygvdrrfh ,f? wdik f;jynf&JŒtem*wfqdkwm[m upm;&r,ht f &m r[kwfyg bl;? wav;wpm;eJ@ apmifha&SmufoGm;&r,hft&momjzpfygw,f? 'g a=umifh 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk taumiftxnfrazmfbJ aemuf

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a&G;aumufyGJtopfusif;ya&;udk trsKd;om;'Drku d a&pDtzGJ@csKyfu vHk;0 vufcrH Smr[kwb f ;l vd@k qHk;jzwfxm;wmjzpfygw,f” [lI wdwv d if;vif; ajym=um;cJhonf? NLD tm; rJxnfa h y;cJhaomjynfov l x l t k m;vnf; a':atmifqef; pk=unfu “1990 jynfEh pS af &G;aumufyrJG mS vlx[ k m wm0efauscyhJ gw,f? usr wd@k Eikd if eH J@ Edik if Hujynfov l x l ke@J wjcm; 'Dru dk a&pDtwGuf v_y&f Sm;±ke;f uef ae&wJhEdkifiHu jynfolvx l keJ@pmvdk@&d&S if usrwd@k &ŒJ vlx[ k m EdkifiHa&;t& tifrwefrS &ifhusufw,fvdk@ usrwdk@ owfrSwf&rSmyg? bmjzpfvk@d usr wdk@ 'Dvadk jym&vJqkad wmh usrwdk@&JŒEdik fiH 'Drku d a&pDvkcd sifwJh jynfolvx l k [m 'Dru dk a&pDudk &,lay;Edkifwt Jh zGJ@wckudk axmufcHr,f/ yHhyk;d r,f/ 'Dvdk vkyfrS usrwdk@&JŒ'Drdkua&pD[m wdk;wufEdkifr,fqdkwmudk jrifw,f/ [kd tzGJ@uadk y;/ 'DtzGJ@udkay;/ usrwd@k &ŒJ EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? tJ'Dawmh Edik fiHa&;ygwDawG trsm;}uD;&Sdwt Jh xJrSm tJ'DEkid fiHa&;ygwDawG rSmvnf; rdrw d @dk &ŒJ wefb;k d eJ@ rdrw d @kd &jSd y;D om;yg? odk@aomfvnf; jynfov l lxk [m 'DvdkrJawGjyef@oGm;vdk@&Sd&if 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf epfemEdkifw,fqdkwm em;vnfvdk@ rJawGudk rjyef@apbJ usrwdk@ trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf twGuf rJay;cJw h ,fqw kd m 'gjynfolvx l t k aeeJ@ xdkux f u kd w f efwefvkyf cJhw,fqdkwm usr 'Dvdkajym&rSmyJ? 'g EdkifiHa&;&ifhusurf _udk jyw,fvdk@ usruawmh,Hk=unfw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh usrwdk@ 'D (82) &mcdkif E_ef;&wmudkawmifrS tm%mrv$Jay;wm/ usrwdk@rsm;om (50) &mcdkif E_e;f wnf;wnf;av;&w,fqkv d h&dk &Sd if b,favmufyjdk yD;awmh tcuftcJ jzpf&rvJqw dk m pOf;pm;=unfh? usrwdk@&JŒtzG@J [m 'Dvw dk cgwnf; 80 &m cdkifEe_ ;f ausmfe@J Edik fcv Jh @dk vnf; wurBmvHk;u todtrSwjf yK&w,f? b,f vdkrS urBmudkrsufvn S fhjyjyD;awmh tzGJ@csKyfudk jynfolvlxak &G;aumufyGJ wke;f u tm;ay;wmr[kwyf gb;l ? wnf;wnf;uav;Edik w f mygv@kd rajym Edkib f l;? tJvadk wmifrS rJ 60 &mcdkifE_e;f yJ&Sdygw,f/ nmw,fqdkjyD;awmh trsKd;rsKd;ajymzdk@}udK;pm;wmawG tck&Sdaewm od=uwmyJ/ 'Davmuf

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awmifrS jywfjywfom;om;Edkix f m;vk@d 'Davmufolw@kd ajymEdik fwm? tJvkd om usrwdk@om jywfjywfowfowfrEdik fcJhvdk@&d&S if trsKd;rsKd; wcgwnf; rsufvSnfh uGuaf wGeJ@vkyt f Hk;r,f? urBmudkvnf; vSnfhpm;zdk@/ usrwdk@ jynfov l x l t k aeeJ@ 1990 a&G;aumufyrJG mS 'Dru kd a&pDukd &,lay;Edkiw f ,f vd@k jynfolvlxu k ,Hk=unfwht J zG@J tpnff;udk Edik if aH &;&ifu h sufwt Jh jrife@J rJay;cJhwm[mawmh wm0efausygw,f? xdu k x f u dk w f efwefeJ@ vkycf w hJ myJ vdk@ usrajymcsifygw,f” [lI ajym=um;cJhonf? e0wppftpdk;&onf a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifru D yif ol&OD;wifOD;ESifh a': atmifqef;pk=unfwdkhudk rw&m;ojzifh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif; cHxm;& onhftwGuf ,m,DOuUXtjzpf wm0ef,x l m;aom OD;=unfarmif OD; aqmifonfh NLD A[dt k vkyfr_aqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm;u 90 jynfhESpf a&G; aumufyt JG Edik &f aom NLD tm; e0wtpd;k &xH v$waf wmfac:,lay;a&; udk Oya'ESifhtnD wifjyawmif;qdkcJhonf? a&G;aumufyGJtjyD; &ufaygif; (60) twGif; ac:ay;&±d;k xHk;pH&do S nfh v$wfawmfudk ac:,lray;onft h wGuf tzGJ@csKyfonf a&G;aumufyJG usi;f ycJo h nfh ar27 &ufrS &ufaygi;f 60 t=um; 1990 jynfEh pS f Zlvikd 2f 8/ 29 &ufae@rsm;wGif NLD A[kdOD;pD;tzG@J ESifh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yxrt}udrf nd‡E_dif;tpnf;ta0;udk usif;y&ef ac:,lcJhonf? ppftpd;k &onf NLD . tpnf;ta0;rwdkifcif w&uftvdk (Zlvkid f v 27 &uf) wGif e0wtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf Adv k fcsKyfcifnGe@f (aemifAv dk cf sKyf }uD;/ tus,fcsKyfzrf;qD;cHxm;&ol) vufrSwfjzifh a=unmcsut f rSwf (1§90) udk uref;uwef;xkwjf yefjyD; tzGJ@csKyf.tpnf;ta0;}u;D udk }uKd wifuef@owfcsKyfcs,[ f ef@wm;r_udk jyKvkyfco Jh nf? e0wtpd;k &. a=unmcsuftrSwf 1§90 tjynft h pHkrSm atmufyg twdik f;jzpfonf? (1) jrefrmEdik if o H nf 1948 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&D (4) &ufae@wiG f vH;k 0 vGwv f yfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEidk fiHjzpfonf? (2) 1988 ckEpS ftwGif; ta&;tcif;rsm;jzpfay:cJhojzifh Edkifiw H 0Srf;

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,m,DOuUXOD=unfarmifzrf;qD;axmifcscv H u kd &f jyD;aemuf tzG@J csKyf . ,m,DOuUXtjzpf Adv k frSL;a[mif;OD;atmifa&$ jzpfvmcJo h nf? tjidrf; pm; AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmifa&$onf r&rf;ukef;+rdKŒe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) wGif trsKd;om;'Drku d a&pDtzG@J csKyt f m; ud, k pf m;jyKI 0ifa&muf ,SO+f ydKicf hJ &m a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onf? OD;atmifa&$udk 1918 ckESp/f arv 19 &ufae@wiG f tzOD;zd;k uGe;f / trda':ode;f wifw@dk rS zGm;jrifco Jh nf? 1940 jynfEh pS w f iG f &efuek w f uUov dk f bDat (0dZm… ) bG@J &&Scd jhJ y;D 1942 rS 1945 txd Adv k fcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf (bD tdkifat)/ ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf(bD'Dat) ESifh ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfr awmf (yDbt D ufz)f wd@k wGif yg0ifco Jh nf? 1945 rSpI wyfrawmf (=unf;) wGif ud, k yf idk ftrSwf 3505 jzifh Adkvf}uD;tqifhrSpI wm0efxrf;&Gucf Jh&m 1950 wGif Adv k frLS ;}uD;tqifhjzifh ppfaxmufcsKyf/ 1955 wGif ajrmufydkif; wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;tjzpf wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&onf? 1955 ckESpf/ azazmf 0g&v D 25 &ufae@rS 1961 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v D 15 &ufae@twGi;f awmif ydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwGif Adv k frSL;csKyftqifhjzifh wdkif;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf; aqmifaepOf a&G;aumufyYGJ bufvku d v f kycf Jha=umif; pdppfawG@&Sd&ojzifh qdu k m 1961 ckEpS f/ azazmf0g&v D (13) &ufae@wiG f &mxl;cef@xm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;ta0;rS wyfrawmfwiG f ppfrx _ rf;jcif;rS tjidr;f pm;,lciG fhjyKcJhonf? 1961 rS 1975 txd jrefrmEdkifiq H kid f&moHtrwf}uD;tjzpf =opaw;vs/ (e,l;ZDvef) ygy;l wGJI tD*spf/ jyifopf/ (pydefEiS hf ,leufpudk) tzGJ@wdk@yg yl;wGw J m0ef,I l 1975 wGif tjidr;f pm;,lco hJ nf? 1980 jynfEh pS /f ZGev f 7 &ufae@wGif EdkifiHh*k%f&nfbGJ@ (yxrqifh) csD;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&onf? rsKd;cspf&J abmfa[mif;rsm;tzG@J ESifh trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyw f k@d wiG f A[dktvkyf tr_aqmifESifh OuUX wm0ef,lcJhonf? ,m,DOuUXOD;atmifa&$ukd e0wppftpd;k & jypfru _ six hf ;kH yk'rf (165) t& qifhac: jyD; (1§90) udk vdkufem&ef qifhac:ta=umif;=um;cJh&m OD; atmifa&$u 1990 jynfEh pS /f Ed0k if bm 12 &ufwiG f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J csKyf A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf awG@qkaH qG;aEG;um NLD . a=unmcsuf

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trSwf (30§90) xkwfjyefay;cJhonf? a=unmcsuf tjynfhtpHrk Sm 1? e0wtzG@J . (27 ² 7 ² 90) ae@pJGyg a=unmcsuftrSwf (1§90) tay: trsKd;om;axmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J u ygwDp'kH rD ku d a&pD taxGaxGa&G; aumufyJw G Gif yg0if,OS f+ydKicf Jh =uonfh EdkifiaH &;ygwDrsm;. oabmxm;ukd awG@qakH r;jref;um atmufygtcsufrsm;udk wm0efcv H ufrw S fa&;xd;k apcJh ygonf? (u) a=unmcsuf (1§90) udk aocsmpGmzwf±a_ vhvm od&jSd y;D jzpfygonf? (c) a=unmcsuf (1§90) udk vdkufemrnf§ rvdkufemrnf? (*) a=unmcsu(f 1§90)udk rvdu k ef mygu Oya't& ta&;,l cH&rnfudk od&ySd gonf? (C) a=unmcsuf (1§90) udk rvdu k ef mygu ygwDtzG@J tpnf; rsm; zsufodr;f cH&rnfukd od&Sdygonf? 2? ,if;ar;jref;csufrsm;udk usifhxHk;yk'fr (160) t& ac:,lar;jref; Edik fciG &hf o dS nfjzpfI ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsm;rS ‚if;wd@k wm0efay;tyfvu kd o f nfh udk,fpm;vS,fyk*dK~ vfrsm;udk ac:,lar;jref;onf[k qdkif&mu qdkygonf? Ttcsuu f kd oufqidk f&mygwu D vufrSwaf &;xd;k &rnfph m&Guw f iG f twd tvif; a&;om;azmfjywm;ygonf? xdk@tjyif ‚if;vufrw S fa&;xdk;&rnfh pm&Guw f iG f oufqidk f&mtzG@J tpnf;ygwD. A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzG@J 0if rsm;. trnfpm&if;udkvnf; yl;wGJxm;ygonf? 3? jypfrq _ kid f&musix fh ;Hk Oya'yk'fr (160) rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfyg onf? Police Officer Power of Require Attendance of Witnesses Any police officer making an investigation under this chapter, by order in writing, require the attendance before himself of any person being within the limit of his own or any adjoining station who, from the information given or other wise, appear to be acquainted with the circumstances of the case, and such person shall attend as so required.

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oufaorsm;a&muf&daS p&ef &Jt&m&Sdu qifq h Edk ikd o f nfhtm%m Ttrdef@t& pHpk rf;axmufvSrf;jcif;jyKaom rnfonfh&Jt&m&Sdrqdk/ ay;xm;aomowif;t&jzpfap/ tjcm;enf;t&jzpfap/ tr_tjzpftysuf ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk odu|rf;yHkay:aom rdr. d pcef;e,fajrtwGif; (odk@ r[kw)f qufpyfaeaom &Jpcef;ajrtwGif;&Sd rnfol@udkrqdk rdrda&SŒodk@ a&muf&Sdap&ef trdef@pmjzifh qifhqdkEdkifonf? 4? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@u xkwf jyefcsufrSefor#w@dk onf (Martial Law) t& xkwfjyefjcif;jzpfa=umif;/ Edik if aH wmfjird 0f yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@onf Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkyf csKyfr_tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifr_tm%moHk;&yfukd oHk;pGJaeonfjzpfa=umif;/ odk@jzpfI ‚if;wdk@xkwfjyefonfh a=unmcsufrsm;udk trsm;uvdkuf em&ef jzpfa=umif; oufqkid f&mu ajym=um;ygonf? 5? tu,fI a=unmcsuf (1§90) udk rvdkufemygu (u) vufrSwfa&;xdk;&rnfph mwGif yl;wGJxm;onfhyk*~dKvfrsm; tm; yk'rf (160) t& ta&;,ltjypfay;Edik fonf? (c) xdk@tjyif txufygtyd'k fcGJ (C) t& oufqdkif&mygwDudk vnf; zsufodrf;jcif;cH&Edkifygonf? 6? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfonf rdrdtzGŒJ csKyfwGif yg0ifaqmif &Guaf e=uolrsm;tm; yk*Kd~ vft& ta&;,ltjypfay;cH&jcif;xuf 1988 ck =o*kwfv 8 &ufae@ 'Drdkua&pDawmif;cHr_rsm;t& wnfaqmufcJhjyD; jynfow l k@d ,H=k unfuk;d pm;onft h zG@J csKyf ysufjyKef;oGm;rnft h jzpfudk vH;k 0 (vHk;0) vufrcHEkid fay? 7? rdrdwdk@tzG@J csKyfudk pwifwnfaxmifcJhonfhae@rSpI ,ae@xuf wdik af tmif }uD;pGmaomt=uyftwnf;/ tvSnt hf ajymif;rsm; t=um;rS yif &yfwnfrr_ ysufjym;atmif w&m;Oya't& ±ke;f uefvy_ f&mS ;cJ&h yg onf? yxrtm;jzifh Edkiif aH &;tzG@J tpnf;w&yftjzpf v_yf&mS ;edik f&ef rSwyf kH wifco Jh nf? 'kwd,tm;jzifh (e²o) udk ,lcJhonf? wwd,tm;jzifh a&G; aumufyGJwGif yg0if,SOf+ydKif ta&G;cHcJhonf?

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8? tu,fI tzG@J csKyftm; zsuo f rd ;f jcif;cH&ygu jynfow l k@d uk, d w f idk f ay;tyfxm;onfh 'Dru dk a&pDa&;wm0efrsm;udk rxrf;aqmifEdkifawmhbJ rdrdwdk@tzGJ@csKyf. vkyfief;udpt P 00udv k nf; rnfo@dk r# qufvufaqmif &GufEidk fawmhrnfr[kwaf y? Todk@tm;jzifh tzGJ@csKyt f aejzifh w&m;0ifEkid f a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;rnfom jzpfayonf? 9? tzG@J csKyfonf qufvufI &Sifoeftouf0ifaerSomv#if EdkifiH a&;t& qufvufI pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;Edik fcGifh&do S nfjzpfayonf? odk@jzpfI tzGJ@csKyf &Sio f efaejcif;u tusKd;&Sdrnfudk tav;teufxm;ygonf? 10? wu,fhyuwdjzpf&yfudk "rR"Xd mefusus qifjcifoHk;oyfcJh=uyg onf? urBmhordkif;wGif rnfonhfEdkifiHrS t=uyftwnf; tcuftcJrsm; &Sdaeygu 'Dru dk a&pDukd vG,v f ifhwuljzifh &&SdEdkifcho J nfhom"uudk rawG@ &S&d yg? 11? tu,fI tzG@J csKyf ysuo f Ok ;f oGm;v#if tzG@J csKyfukd ud, k pf m;jyKjyD; 0ifa&mufta&G;cHcJh=uonfh jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf vnf; w&m;0if&yfwnfcGifh&awmhrnfr[kwf[k ,lqygonf? 12? tzGJ@csKyfonf trsK;d om;w&yfvHk;u vdv k m;awmifw h ae=u aom 'Dru dk a&pDa&;ukd pnf;urf;enf;vrf;wus jidr;f csr;f aomenf;vrf; rsm;jzifh &&Sda&;twGuf }udK;yrf;vkyfaqmif=urnf[al om oEMdXmefjzifyh if trsK;d om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf[lI trnfay; v_yf&Sm;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf? 13? rnfodk@aom tcuftcJt=uyftwnf;rsm; &Sdaeapumrl 'Drdk ua&pDa&;udk OD;xdyfyefqifvsuf tajctaeESifhtcsdeftcgt& ,Hk=unf csuEf iS fh trSefw&m;udk odjrifjcif;[laomrl/ rSeu f efpGm =uHpnfawG;qjcif; ESihf vH@k v/ 0d&, d / owdpku d x f w k fonfrh w l @dk EiS , hf OS fI v_y&f Sm;pnf;±H;k =urnf om jzpfayonf? 14? Tudpu P kd +rdKŒe,frsm;ESifh tajccHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;wd@k o@dk }udKwif csjy&ef &nf&G,fygaomfvnf; tcsdet f uef@towf&rSd _ESifh yk'rf 160 t& aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf; r&SdcJhyg? 15? xd@k a=umifh txufwGifazmfjycJhonfhta=umif;rsm;udk aocsm

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pGm avhvmaqG;aEG;=ujy;D TtzG@J csKyf A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J u tzG@J csKyf. &yfwnf Edik af &;ESihf a&&SnftusKd;twGuf (9 ² 11 ² 90) ae@ A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J tpnf; ta0; (7§90) wGif t"du tav;xm;I qH;k jzwfcsucf srSwfcJhayonf? A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@ trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGJ@csKyf 1990 jynfhESpf/ Edk0ifbmv (12) &uf? od@k uvdk a&G;aumufyw JG iG f ta&G;cH&aom v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f rsm;tm; jynfwGif;Yaexdik f&yfwnfv_yf&mS ;r_r&Sdatmif ppfaxmufvSrf; a&;tzG@J u enf;rsK;d pHjk zifh qef@usifwu kd fcu kd f rw&m;zrf;qD;I axmifcsaer_ a=umifh NLD ygwD0iftcsKdŒESifh a&G;cs,fcHv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm; awmwGif;odk@a&muf&Sdum 1991 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D 14 &ufae@wGif u &ifjynfe,f&Sd KNU XmecsKyf rme,fyavma'oY trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzGJ@ csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) (NLD – LA) pwifzGJ@pnf; ay:aygufvmcJh onf? yxrqHk;pwifzGJ@pnf;vdkuo f nfh A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDOuUXrSm a'gufwmpde0f if;jzpfonf? ‚if;onf tmZmenfO;D b0if;.om; jzpfaom a=umifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf tpfu0dk rf;uGaJ wmfpyfonf? twGi;f a&; rSL;rSm OD;0if;cufjzpfjyD; A[dpk nf;±H;k a&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;tjzpf rEœav;wdik ;f rS OD;armifarmifat;/ OD;odef;OD;/ OD;jrifhatmifwdk@jzpfonf? trsK;d om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf.tvHawmfudk jrifhjrifhrm;rm; quf vufvi$ hfxl&ef/ ppftm%m&Sifpepfuk d tjyD;wkdif wdkufzsufz,f&Sm;&ef/ ppfreS faom/ cdkifjrJaomjynfwGifjidrf;csrf;a&;udk wnfaxmif&ef[lonfh OD;wnfcsufrsm;jzifh pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? 1991 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 16 &ufae@wGif yJcl;wdkif; OD;atmifapmOD;/ OD;&efatmif/ OD;oef;xGÉf/ {&m0wD wdkif; t*Fyl+rdKŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (2) rS woD;yk*~v v$wfawmfudk,f pm;vS,fa'gufwmpef;atmifwdk@jzifh xyfrHxdk;csJŒzGJ@pnf;cJo h nf?

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r=umrDrmS yif tdE, dN -jrefrme,fpyfa&muf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD t zGJ@csKyf v$wfawmfu, dk fpm;vS,af 'gufwmwifah qG/ rEœav;wdkif;rS OD;jrndK wdk@OD;aqmifonfh ‘trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyf’ (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) taemufbufa'o±Hk;cGu J dk zGiv hf pS Ef idk fco Jh nf? xd@k aemuf 1991 ckEpS f/ 'DZif bm 23 &ufae@wGif tzGJ@csKyf ucsifjynfe,f pnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDOuUX OD;wifatmif/ jynfe,fpnf;±H;k a&;aumfrwDtzG@J 0if OD;&efaemifjrifh/ v$wf awmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf=uonfh OD;ausmfarmif/ OD;=umjr/ OD;a&mpD/ OD;rzef;qif/ OD;tifeef;*rfESifh +rdKŒe,fpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwD0if (3) OD; tyg t0if pkpak ygif; 10 OD;onf KIA a'o yga*smifok@d a&muf&dv S mcJhjy;D aemuf trsK;d om;'Drku d a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) ajrmufykid f;a'o ±Hk;cGJ udkvnf; zGifhvSpfEdkifcJhonf? 1992 ckESpf/ arvtwGif;Y NLD – LA (ajrmufydkif;) tzGJ@rS OD;wif atmifEiS hf v$waf wmfuk, d pf m;vS,f OD;tifeef;*rfw@kd rme,fyavm&Sd NLD – LA A[dk±Hk;ukd a&muf&SdvmjyD;aemuf 1992 ckESpf/ arv 18&ufae@wGif trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyf(vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) A[dkpnf;±H;k a&; aumfr wDudk xyfrHjyifqifwdk;csJŒzGJ@pnf;onf? NLD-LA . A[kdpnf;±Hk;a&; aumfr wDtvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm (1) a'gufwmpde0f if; - OuUX (2) OD;0if;cuf - 'kOuUX (3) OD;wifatmif - twGi;f a&;rSL; (4) OD;armifarmifat; - tzG@J 0if (5) OD;odef;OD; - tzG@J 0if (6) a'gufwmpef;atmif - tzG@J 0if (7) OD;0if;udk (ppfudkif;wdik f;) - tzG@J 0if (8) OD;jrifhatmif - tzG@J 0if (9) OD;atmifapmOD; - tzG@J 0if (10)OD;oef;xGÉf - tzG@J 0if (11) OD;&efatmif - tzG@J 0if

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wdk@ jzpf=uonf? 1995 ckESpfwGif ppfwyf. xdk;ppfqifwu dk fcdkufr_rsm;a=umifh rme,f yavmusqHk;oGm;jyD;aemufydkif;wGif NLD-LA XmecsKyfonf xdkif;Edkiif Ht wGif;odk@ajymif;a&$ŒcJo h nf? xd@k aemuf trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf (vGwf ajrmufe,fajr) onf rsm;r=umrDrmS yif NLD-LA *syefXmecG/J awmifu&dk ;D ,m;XmecGJ/ tar&duefXmecGJ/ =opa=w;vsXmecGJ/ rav;&Sm;XmecGJ/ aemf a0;XmecG/J jAdwdefXmecGJrsm;udk zGifhvSpfEidk fcJhonf? 1996 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 7 &ufae@wGif trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf vGwfajrmufe,fajr (vli,f) tzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;Edik cf jhJ yD; 1998 Zefe0g&v D wGif vli,f txl;tpnf;ta0; udkac:,lI A[dv k li,fvkyfief;tzG@J udk jyifqifwdk;csJŒzGJ@pnf;EdkifcJhonf? trsK;d om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) . A[dkOuUX t jzpf a'gufwmpdef0if;/ OD;0if;cuf/ OD;wifatmifw@dk u toD;oD;wm0ef ,lcJhovdk twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efudkvnf; OD;oef;xGÉf/ OD;at;oef;/ OD;jrifh od%f;/ a':pef;pef;ESifh OD;jrifhp;dk wdk@u ,lcJhonf? NLD-LA . aemufq;kH nDvmcHukd 2009 pufwifbm 15 rS 17 t xd usif;yjyKvkyfI vuf&dOS uUXwm0efudk OD;Adkvfaomif;/ 'kOuUXtjzpf a'guw f mat;ausmEf iS hf twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf OD;jrifhp;kd wdk@u wm0ef,x l m; onf? NLD – LA udk A[dkaumfrwD0if (15) OD;/ t&efA[dkaumfrwD0if (2) OD; pkpkaygif; (17) OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onf? NLD-LA ay:aygufjy;D r=umrDrSmyif tmZmenfacgi;f aqmifwOD; jzpf ol OD;b0if;. om; a'guw f mpdef0if;OD;aqmifaom ‘jynfaxmifpkjrefrm Edkiif H trsKd;om;nGef@aygif;tpd;k &’ (National Coalition Government Union of Burma- NCGUB) ac:pif+ydKiftpkd;& ay:aygufvmcJhonf? NCGUB udk e,fpyfa'oodk@ xGuf ajy;wdrf;a&Smif vmaom a&G; aumufcH jynfo@l v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdŒESifh KNU XmecsKyf rm e,fyavma'owGif 1990 jynfEh Sp/f 'DZifbm 18 &ufae@Y pwifz@JG pnf;cJh onf? tzGJ@udktrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDygwDrS a'gufwmpdef0if;/ trsKd;om; 'Drkd ua&pDtzG@J csKyfrS OD;bdkvSwifh/ OD;oef;ºuG,f/ OD;jrifhatmif/ OD;0if;udk/

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Freedom from fear

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Letters from Burma

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pmzwfolrsm;. ESvHk;tdrfudk qGJ,lodrf;ydkufEdkifonf[k qdkEdkifayonf? ,if;rSm bmompum;ydkiEf kid fr_a=umifhjzpfonf? tcsKŒd yk*dK~ vrf sm;onf jref rmpum;ajym&mY t*Fvyd pf um;rsm; n‡yo f ;Hk E_e;f avh&do S nf? a':atmif qef;pk=unfonf t*Fvdyfpum;udk u|r;f usifpGmajymwwfaomfvnf; jrefrmvdkajymaomtcg rnfonfhtcgrS t*Fvdyfpum;udk a&maESm oHk; avhr&Sdacs? xd@k jyif ol. tjcm;t&nftcsi;f wckrmS ±d;k om;jcif;yifjzpfonf? a': atmifqef;pk=unfonf ol rodonft h a=umif;t&mwckudk rnfonhf tcgrS odovdk/ wwfovdk jzD;jzef;avhr&Sdacs? rodbl;[kyif yGifhyGihv f if; vif;ajymavh&o dS nf[k qdkonf? ol@tm; ar;jref;cJh onft h a=umif;t&m ESiyhf wfoufI tvGwrf &ygu usr rSww f rf;rSwf&mjyef=unfjh yD;rS ajzyg& ap[k ±dk;om;pGm 0efcaH vh&o Sd nf? ajymonft h wdki;f vnf; tcsut f vuf rsm;udk tao;pdwfavhvmjyD;rS jyefvnfajz=um;onf? olonf ajym onfhtwdkif;vkyjf yD; vkyfonfhtwdkif;vnf; ajymavh&Sdoljzpfonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf. Edik if aH &;pmayrsm;onf ol.,H=k unfcsu/f cH,lcsuf/ jrefrmjynfolrsm;. vkdvm;csufeSifh acwfpepf. yHk&dyfrsm;udk xif[yfaeayonf? Edik if aH &;t,ltqESijhf zpfap/ tawG;tjrif t,ltq ESihf ywfoufonfjzpfap ol.avhvmtm;xkwrf _ rnfonhf twdik ;f twm &Sdonfudk ol.ta&;tom;udk avhvmygu awG@jrif&ayrnf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfa&; om;cJo h nfph mayrsm;teuf Freedom from Fear (a=umuf&GH Œr_rS vGwfuif;a&;) 1993 ckESp fu La Haule Books pmtkyfwku d rf S yxrt}udrf xkwfa0I yif*Gif;pmtkyfwdkuu f 'kwd, t }udrf xkwfa0jzef@csdcJhonf? tqdkygpmtkyfY 1984 ckESpfrS 1993 ckESpf twGif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfa&;om;cJhaompmwrf;rsm;ESifh taxGaxG rde@f cGe;f rsm;udk pkpnf;azmfjyxm;&m tydik ;f (u) Y usrzcif/ usr wdki;f jynf ESifh jynfol/ jrefrmESifh tdENd,ynmwwfrsm;ta=umif;/ jrefrmjynf. pmayESifh trsKd;om;a&;ta=umif;/ tydkif; (c) Y 'Drdkua&pD &SmyHak wmf/ a=umuf&GHŒjcif;rSvGwfuif;a&;/ ‘Adkvf’. t"dy`g,ftppftrSef/ a&$wd*Hk

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apwDawmftaemufzufrkcf vlxpk nf;a0;yGrJ ed @f ceG ;f &nfreS ;f csurf sm;/ awmf vSeaf &;. tv,fA[dw k iG /f vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@o@dk ay;pm;ESpfapmif/ 'Drdk ua&pDESifh jynfolrsm;. tcef;u¾/ ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@odk@ tdwfzGifhay;pm/ wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwaf &;/ jynfolvlxku vGwf ajrmufa&;udv k cdk sio f nf/ a&G;aumufyt JG wGuf oabmwlncD su/f 1991 jird ;f csr;f a&;Edkb,fqk/ Edb k ,fq&k iS u f , dk pf m;ajymaomrde@f cGef;/ ppfreS af om vHkjcHK&mod@k / awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;/ tydkif; (*) Y a':oef;at;a&;om;aom ‘pk’ ESifh rdwq f ufjcif;/ tef;ygpwmeufpvmwm (Ann Pasternak Silverstein) . ArmjynfrpS /k *sK;d ZufqAD m;pwde;f (Josef Silverstein) . atmifqef;pk=unf od@k r[kwf =urRmqd;k =uHKawG@aeaom jrefrmtrsK;d orD;wOD;/ atmifqef;pk =unfESifh jrefrmhv@l tcGit fh a&;udk jidr;f csr;f pGm wdkuyf J0G ifaeol/ trsK;d om; &if=um;apha&; ponfwdk@yg0ifonf? tqdkygpmtkyfudk jidrf;csrf;a&; Edkb,fqk&Sifrsm;jzpf=uaom Am;u vAf[mAJvEf iS fh bkef;awmf}uD; 'ufprGefww l ;l wd@k u trSmpm a&;ay;xm; onf? pmtkyfrSm 10 csKd;qdk'f&SdI pmrsufESm 374 &Sdonf? a&mif;aps;rSm pwmvifaygif 9 '\r 99 (tar&duefa':vm 14 '\r 95) owf rSwfxm;onf? a'gufwmatmifcif (vef'ef). ‘a=umuf&GHŒjcif;rSvGwfuif;a&;’ jrefrmjyefpmtkyfwGif a':atmif qef;pk=unfu atmufygtwdik f; trSmpma&;ay;xm;onf? “pma&;jcif;/ rde@f ceG ;f ajym=um;jcif;/ pum;ajymjcif;paom vky&f yfrsm; . t"du &nf&G,cf suw f ckum; vltcsif;csi;f em;vnfr_ wd;k yGm;ap&efjzpf onf[k usr,lqygonf?jrefrmhvlr_a&;/ EdkifiaH &;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDta&; wdu hk dk urBmuydkrkI d od&deS m;vnfap&ef &nf&G,I f Tpmtkyfyg aqmif;yg; rsm;udk a&;om;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf? Edik if HwEdik if u H dk trSefwu,ftusK;d jyKEdkifrnfph ;D yGm;a&;/ Edik if Ha&;/ vkyf ief;pOfrsm; taumiftxnfazmfEidk f&ef jynfoljynfom;taygif;wGif yGifh vif;jywfom;pGm oHk;oyfa0zefyidk fciG hEf iS hf todtjrif/ tawG;tac:rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm aqG;aEG;zvS,yf dkifcGifhrsm;&Sd&rnf[kvnf; usr,Hk=unfyg

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onf? 1988-89 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f usrajym=um;cJah om rde@f ceG ;f rsm;ESifh owif; pm&Si;f vif;yGrJ sm;.OD;wnfcsufonf 'Dru kd a&pDoabmw&m;rsm; ESifh 'Drdkua&pDepfudkwnfaqmufvdkolwdk@. tawG;tac:/ tjrifwdk@udk trsm;jynfol a0zefoHk;oyfEdkifa&;yifjzpfygonf? aqmif;yg;rsm;/ rdef@cGef;rsm;/ owif ;pm&Si f; vif ;yGJrsm;ud k pk aygi;f I pmtkyfxkwfa0vkdujf cif; jzifh jrefrmhEkid fiHa&;ESifh 'Dru dk a&pD a&;rsm;udk em;vnfoHk;oyfvdkol rsm;twGuf taxmuftuljzpf Edkirf nf[k ar#mfvifhygonf?” ,if ; aemuf Letters from Burma (jrefrmjynfrS ay;pmrsm;) [k acgi;f pOfwyfxm;onfh pmtkyf onf 1995 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmvrS 1996 ckESpf 'DZifbmvtxd *syef EdkifiHxw k f Mainichi owif;pmY azmfjycJo h nfh aqmif;yg; 52 yk'u f kd pkpnf; xm;onfph mtkyjf zpfonf? tqdkygpmtkyfudk 1995 ckESpw f Gif pwifxw k f a0cJhjy;D 1996 ckESpftwGuf ‘*syefowif;pmtoif;. pmayqk (Japanese Newspaper Association’s Award) udk &&SdcJhonf? ,if;pmtkyfY Fergal Keane (O. B. E) u rdwq f uftrSmpma&;om;ay;xm;jyD;/ jrefrmyef;csaD usmf [def;xufu cJjzifh o±kyfazmfyHkrsm; a&;qGJay;cJhonf? pmtkyfwefzk;d rSm pwmvifaygif 8²99 (tar&duef 16 a':vm) jzpfonf? pmtkyfY jrefrmjynf. vlr_b0rsm;/ yGJvrf;obifESifhqufpyfae aom "avhxk;H wrf;rsm;/ trsKd;om;'Drdu k a&pDtzGJ@csKyf jzwfoef;cJ&h onfh tajctae/ pnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; [ef@wm;aESmifh,Sufc&H r_/ aetdrf tus,fcsKyf/ ppftpd;k &.Oya'rJv h yk f&yfrsm;/ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; ponfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk xnhfoGif;a&;om;xm;avonf? odk@

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aomf ta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm rnfo@l urkd S tjypfz@kd a&;om;xm;jcif; r[kwf bJ taumif;jrifpw d x f m;jzifh a0zefaxmufjyxm;onfukd awG&ayonf? om"utm;jzifh “tusOf;axmifxJY aoqHk;cJh&onfh EdkifiHa&; t usOf;om;rsm;ta=umif; a&;om;&mYyif ol@a=umifh rnforl nf0g aoqH;k &onf[k pGyfpGJa&;om;xm;jcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ tusOf;axmifxJY aoqHk; cJh&onfh tusOf;om;ta&twGufudk twdtus &&Sdz@dk &ef rvG,u f lyg? odk@aomf tqdkygta&twGufonf renf;vSovdk tcsed fESifhtr# wdk; aeygonf? vGwv f yfrt _ wGuf ay;qyf&onft h zd;k tconf enf;yg;onf [k b,faomtcgrS r&Scd ahJ cs? jrefrmjynfY txl;yif jrifrh m;vSayonf” [k a&;om;xm;avonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tjcm;xif&mS ;aompmtkyrf mS The Random House Group Limited rS 1997 ckEp S fu xkwfaom The Voice of Hope (ar#mf vifhcsuftoH) pmtkyfjzpfjyD; tar&duefpma&;q&m tvefuvD;rifhpf (Alan Clement) ESifh awG@qa Hk jymqdkcsufrsm;udk pkpnf;azmfjyxm;onfh pm tkyfjzpfonf? tcef; (13)yg0ifI pmrsufESm 336 &Sdonf? tqdkyg pmtkyu f dk jrefrmjyefqdkxm;jcif; r&Sdao;acs? xd@k jyif urBmph me,fZif;toD;oD;Y a':atmifqef;pk=unf. aqmif; yg;rsm;udkvnf; ajrmufrsm;pGm awG@&&Sd ayonf? ,if;wdk@teuf tar&d uefjynfaxmifprk S xkwaf 0aom Parade owif;pHkr*~Zif;Y a':atmifqef; pk=unf. “vGwv f yfru _ ykd J usrwd@k vckd siw f ,f” (All We want is our Freedom) aqmif;yg;onf xif&Sm;ayonf? tqdyk gaqmif;yg;Y jrefrmjynforl sm; rnfr#txd vGwfvyfr_udk vdkvm;=uonfudk a&;om;xm;avonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfta=umif;udk jynfyEdik if rH sm;rS pma&;q&m rsm; bmomaygif;pHkjzifh a&;om;cJh=uonfhpmtkyfrsm;rSmvnf; renf;vS ay? tqdkygpmtkyrf sm;teuf 1998 ckEpS u f ‘bmb&mApfwm’ (Barbara Victor) a&;om;cJhonfh The Lady (*k%foa&&SdtrsKd;orD;}uD;) pmtkyE f Sifh 2007 ckEpS u f xkwaf 0aom *syfpwif0ifw,f Justin Wintle . Perfect Hostage : A Life of Aung San Suu Kyi ("g;pm;cHtppf) pmtkyfESpftkyfonf

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xif&Sm;ayonf?

IF If you can keep your head when all about you Are losing theirs and blaming it on you. If you can trust yourself when oll men doubt you, But make allowance for their doubting too; If you can wait and not be tired by waiting, Or being lied about, donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t deal in lies.

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Or being heard, don’t give way to hating, And yet don’t look too good, nor walk too wise: If you can dream- and make dreams your master; If you can think - and not make thoughts your aim; If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster And treat those two impostors just the same; If you can bear to hear the truth you’ve spoken Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools, Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken, And stoop and build’em up with worn-our tools; If you can make one heap of all your winnings And risk it on one trun of pitch-and-toss, And loose, and start again at your beginnings And never breathe a word about your loss; If you can force your heart and never and sinew To serre your turn long ofter they are gone, And so hold on when there is nothing in you Except the will which says to them: "Hold on !" If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue, Or walk with Kings-nor lose the common touch, If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you, If all men count with you, but none too much; If you can fill the unforgiving minute With sixty seconds’ worth of distance run, Yours is the Earth and everything that’s in it, And-which is more-you’ll be a Man, my son!

Rudyard Kipling

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pm;wJah e&mrSm wcsed v f ;kH a&&Snt f usK;d twGuu f kd pGe@f pm;apcsiyf gw,f? a&&Sn&f nfreS ;f csuu f kd rsuaf jcrjywf&adS pcsiyf gw,f? a&&Sn&f nfreS ;f csuf qdw k muawmh usrwd@k Eikd if u H jkd yefvmjyD;awmh usrwd@k Eikd if t H usK;d twGuf wifr[kwb f eJ J@ urBmjh ynforl sm;tusK;d twGuyf g xrf;aqmifEikd fr,fh trsK;d orD;rsm;jzpfatmif vkyzf @kd yjJ zpfygw,f? Ù azazajymcJw h phJ um;wcGe;f &Syd gw,f? ol@vyd jf ym&JŒcH±k ;kH a&SŒrSm ol rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfjy;D awmh tppfc&H w J ,fw?hJ usr&JŒ vdyjf ymcH±k ;kH a&SŒrSmvnf; aewdik ;f rwfwyf&yfjyD;awmh usrwd@k jynfoal wGvJ 'Dvykd J ud, k &hf ŒJ vdyjf ym cH±k ;kH a&SŒrSm aewdik ;f rwfwyf&yfygw,f? rm;rm;rwfrwf tppfc=H unf=h uyg? tJ'v D kd tppfc=H unfw h t hJ cgh ud, k [ f m vkyo f ifv h yk x f u kd w f mawGukd vkyf aeovm;qdkwJt h ajzu ay:vmygvdrfhr,f? tJ'Dvdk ay:vmvkd@&Sd&if usrwd@k &ŒJ tiftm;awGu t&rf;wefz;kd wufvmrSm? tiftm;qdw k m rSef rSeu f efuefo;kH rS wu,fu h t kd zd;k wefwm? rSerf eS u f efuefo;kH wJt h iftm;&JŒ tmedoifukd b,forl +S zdKvd@k r&bl;? Ù trsK;d om;&if=um;apha&;qdw k m r&Srd jzpf wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ aumif;usK;d twGuf vdt k yfwu hJ pd yP ?J Ù tajymif;tvJvckd si&f if tajymif;tvJ&atmifv@kd vky&f rSmyJ? Ù 'Dru kd a&pDwu kd yf q JG w kd m yHo k ¿meftrsK;d rsK;d &Syd gw,f? qENjyrS 'Drkd ua&pDwu kd yf rJG [kwyf gb;l ? usrwd@k [m ud, k v f yk o f ifv h yk x f u kd w f u hJ pd u P kd wd;k wd;k wdww f w d f vlrodatmifvyk jf cif;[mvnf; wku d yf 0JG ifjcif;yHpk w H rsK;d ygy?J Ù rqvpepfq;kd a=umifrh @kd v@kd usrwd@k wikd ;f jynf[m trsm;}uD;qkwf ,kwo f mG ;&wm? 'gayr,fh ²²² bmjzpfv@kd rqvpepfq;kd [m usrwd@k wdik ;f jynfrmS 'Davmuf=um=umwnfwchH ikd jf rJomG ;ovJqw kd m usrwd@k jyefjyD; awmh ar;&ygr,f? usrwd@k Eikd if o H /l Edik if o H m;rsm;[m &yf=unfah evd@k om 'Drqvpepf[m 'Davmuftxd wnfwchH ikd fjrJomG ;wm? Ù wyfrawmfxrJ mS tm;vH;k qd;k wm r[kwb f ;l ? qd;k wJv h al wG&o dS vdk aumif;wJv h al wGvnf;&Sw d ,f? wu,fqv dk k@d &d&S if 'Dvkd wyfrawmf emrnf

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ysuaf pwmu ud, k &fh ŒJ tm%mwnfwchH ikd jf raJ &;twGuv f yk af ewJh vlenf; pkvw l pka=umifo h mjzpfygw,f? Ù jrefrmjynfrmS 'Dru dk a&pD&atmif vky&f r,fv@kd usrwd@k q;kH jzwf& wm[m u|eb f 0rSm vHjk cHKat;csr;f pGm rv_yrf ,Suaf exdik rf ,ft h pm; t ajccHv@l tcGit hf a&;twGuf wdu k yf 0JG if&if; zdEydS w f t hJ Eœ&m,fukd &ifqikd &f r,fv@kd ,H=k unfv@kd ygy?J Ù vuf&dStajctaeudk vufcHwmyJaumif;w,fvk@d ,H=k unfae ao;wJh vlawG&adS eao;wm tH=h op&mygy?J ajymif;vJzd@k vw kd mawGukd ajymif;ypfEikd &f r,fqw kd hJ pGr;f tm;udk usrwd@k ,=kH unfygw,f? Ù ppftm%m&Sipf epfuae 'Drkdua&pDukd toGiaf jymif;wm[m vG,rf ,fv@kd r,lqygb;l ? 'Dru kd a&pDtpdk;&wufvmvd@k jy\emawGtm; vH;k jyD;oGm;r,fv@kd vnf; r,lqygb;l ? cdik rf mwJh 'Dru kd a&pDv@l abmifukd wnfaqmuf&mrSm usrwd@k oufwrf;ukeq f ;kH oGm;wmawmif rsK;d quf opfawG[m qufvuf}udK;yrf;ae&tH;k rSmyg?• Ù vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG rfh ay;wJh vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm &Sd ae=uayr,fh usrwd@k &,l&r,ft h &mudk qH;k jzwfEikd yf gw,f? Ù jynfov l x l ek @J wyfrawmf=um;rSmvnf; pdw0f rf;uGaJ tmif vkyf aew,f? 'Dvdk pdw0f rf;uGaJ tmifvyk af ewm[m jynfov l x l u k vkyaf e wmr[kwb f ;l ? usrwd@k Edik if aH &;vkyaf ewJh vlawGuvnf; vkyaf ewm r[kwb f ;l ? wyfrawmfukd ud, k u f sK;d twGuf oH;k csiw f v hJ rl sm;u vkyaf e wmyJjzpfw,f? tJ'aD wmh 'Dvpdk epfrsK;d udk usrwd@k tm;vH;k uaejyD;awmh twdu k t f cHvyk &f r,f? Ù 'Dacwfvil ,fawG[m aemifwacwf&ŒJ acgi;f aqmifjzpf&r,f/ acgi;f aqmifjzpfr,fv h al wG[m t&nftcsi;f &Szd @kd / vl}uD;eJ@vil ,f tjyef tvSef av;pm;zd@k vw kd ,f? vli,fawGu acwfreD nf;ynmawG ydjk yD;awmh em;vnfu|r;f usirf ,f/ tJ'v D kd u|r;f usirf e_ @J v}l uD;awG&ŒJ tawG@t}uHK awG qufpyfjyD;awmh aumif;rGefatmif aqmif&u G o f mG ;zdk@ wdu k w f eG ;f yg w,f?

250

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Ù vli,frsm;&JŒb0udk om,mygap? vli,frsm;&JŒb0 om,mrS usrwd@k &ŒJ wdik ;f jynf[m wd;k wufEikd rf mS yg? vli,frsm;&JŒb0 om,matmif zefw;D ray;Edik &f if aemifacwftqufquf usrwd@k vrl sK;d rsm; om,mr_ &Edik rf mS r[kwyf gb;l ? Ù vl}uD;awG/ vlvwfyikd ;f awGu jrefrmEdik if rH mS vli,frsm; aemifrsK;d qufukd ysK;d axmifz@kd vw kd ,f? tJ'v D kd ysK;d axmifr,ft h vkyu f tpd;k &a&m/ Edik if aH &;ygwaD &m/ jynfov l x l t k m;vH;k rSmvnf; wm0ef&w dS ,f? ysK;d axmif r,hyf *k Kd~ vf[m oabmxm;}uD;&r,f/ &Jabmf&b J ufpw d ef @J ysK;d axmif& r,f? Ù etztaeeJ@ trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;udk t&ifrvkyb f J 2010 a&G;aumufyu JG kd vkyrf ,fq&kd if 'D 2010 a&G;aumufy[ JG m r#wr_ vnf; &Srd mS r[kwb f ;l ? w&m;vnf;0ifrmS r[kwb f ;l vd@k urBm@uv k or*~ taeeJ@ a=unmcsux f w k jf yD; ajymoifw h ,f? Ù rJay;zd@k tcGit hf a&;&So d vdk rJray;zd@k vnf; tcGit hf a&;&Sw d hJ Oya' jyÏmef;csu&f w dS ,f? vlxt k aeeJ@ rJray;wmuvnf; Oya't& tcGihf ta&;yJ? ÙÙÙ

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tcef; (13) a':atmifqef;pkMunf 'dik , f m&D 1942/ pufwifbmv 6 Ù ae@v,f 2 em&DwiG f *syefacwfaq;±Hk }uD; (,ckEikd if aH wmfumuG,af &;wuUoo kd )f ta&SŒbuf tpGeq f ;kH cef;r aqmifwiG f olejyKq&mr rcif=unfEiS hf ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf Adv k f csKyfAv kd af wZwd@k vufxyfr*FvmyGjJ yKvkyo f nf?

pufwifbmv 7 Ù nae 5 em&Dtcsed w f iG f &efuek +f rdKŒ Nippon Military Club (rifwr kd pf&iS [ f w kd ,f) Y ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf Adv k f csKyfAv kd fawZESihf ZeD;a':cif=unfw@kd r*Fvmxrif; wnfcif;{nfch aH u|; arG;onf? 1943/ ZGef 13 Ù Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf a':cif=unfw@kd . om;OD; atmifqef;OD;udk zGm;jrifonf? 1944 ar 10 Ù Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf a':cif=unfw@kd . 'kw, d om; atmifqef;vif;udk zGm;jrifonf? 1945 ZGef 19 Ù Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf a':cif=unfw@kd . wwd, ajrmuforD; atmifqef;pk=unfukd eHeuf 3; 35 em&DwiG f zGm;jrifonf?

252

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1946 pufwifbm 22 Ù Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESih f a':cif=unfw@kd .pwkwo Î rD;udk zGm;jrifonf? (zGm;jrifjyD; 5 &uft=umwGif uG,v f eG f onf?) 1947 Zlvkdif 19 Ù eHeuf 10 em&D 35 rdepfY &efuek +f rdKŒ&Sd twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k (,ck0ef}uD;rsm;±H;k ) Y tpnf;ta0;usi;f yaepOf *VKefO;D apm. vufyg;apvlowform;wd@k . vky=f uHowfjzwfr_a=umifh zcifAkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;usq;kH cJ&h onf? vky=f uHc&H pOfu atmifqef;pk=unfonf 2 ESpo f rD;t&G,o f m &Sad o;onf?

Adv k cf sKyf vkyMf ucH &H onfh twGi;f 0efrsm;½k;H

1949 Ù &efuek +f rdKŒpde@f z&efppfueG Af ifah usmif;wGif a':atmifqef;pk =unf pwifynmoif=um;onf? 1953 Zefe0g&Dv 16 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tpfuv kd wf atmifqef;vif;onf trSw2f 5/ wm0gved ;f vrf; (,ckAv kd cf sKyfatmif qef;jywdu k v f rf;) &Sad etdrYf a&epfaoqH;k onf? arv Ù trSwf 25 / wm0gved ;f vrf;aetdrrf S A[ef;+rdKŒe,f trSwf 54/ wuUov kd &f yd o f mvrf;aetdro f @kd a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd ro d m;pk ajymif;a&$Œonf? 1957 rS 1960 Ù &efuek +f rdKŒ t*Fvyd rf ufo'pf uGeAf ifah usmif;

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trSwf 54 wuúodkvf&dyfomvrf;? a':atmifqef;pkMunfaetdrf

(txu - 1 '*H)k wGif a': atmifqef;pk=unf qufvufynmoif=um; cJo h nf? 1960 Ù rdcifjzpfoal ':cif=unf tdE, dN Edik if q H ikd &f m jrefrmEdik if H oH trwf}u;D tjzpf cef@tyfjcif;cH&I rdcifEiS t hf wl tdE, dN Edik if H e,l;a'vD+rdKŒ od@k vdu k yf gaexdik cf o hJ nf? 1960 rS 1961 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonfa,±lEiS hf ar&DueG Af ifh ausmif; (Convent of Jesus and Mary) ESihf av'D&, S &f &D rfaumvdyf (Lady Sheri Ram College) wd@k Y qufvufynmoif=um;onf? 1962 rS 1963 Ù a'vDwuUov kd Yf Edik if aH &;odyb H` mom&yfukd avhvmqnf;yl;cJo h nf? 1964 rS 1967 Ù atmufpzd@k wuUov kd f [l@paf umvdyYf '\eaA '/ Edik if aH &;odyEH` iS hf pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yfrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJjh yD; 0dZm… *k%f xl;bG@J ukd &&Scd o hJ nf? 1968 Ù vef'efwuUov kd t f a&SŒwdik ;f ESihf tmz&duavhvma&;Xm e/ Edik if aH &;odyH`XmeY okawoevufaxmuftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif onf?

254

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1969 rS 1971 Ù e,l;a,muf ukvor*~taxGaxG twGi;f a&; rSL;csKyf±;kH / tkycf sKyaf &;ESihf b¾ma&;qdik &f mudp&P yfrsm;t=uHay;aumfrwD (Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions United Nations Secretariat, New York)

wGif vufaxmuftwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf wm

0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1971 Ed0k ifbm 31 Ù ajrmufyikd ;f Ak'<bmomr[m,e. vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f mordik ;f a=umif; okawoDa'guw f mrdu k u f ,ft&J pf (Dr. Michael Viallancourt Aris) ESihf a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd xdr;f jrm;vuf xyfonf?

1972 rS 1973 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf blwefEikd if H Edik if jH cm; a&;0ef}uD;±H;k ESihf ukvor*~rsm;qdik &f m t=uHay;t&m&St d jzpf wm0efxrf; aqmifco hJ nf? 1973 {jyD 12 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf a'guw f mrdu k u f ,f tJ&pfw@kd . om;}u;D jrifq h ef;atmif ac: tvufZef'g; (Ale»ander John Christopher Aris) udk zGm;jrifco hJ nf? 1975 rS 1977 Ù atmufpzd@k wuUokdvf abmh'vD,ef pm=unfh wdu k f (Bodleian Library) Y jrefrmpmESihf ay/ yk&yd'k f uwfwavmuf jyKpkol

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ynm&Sit f jzpf aqmif&u G o f nf? 1977 pufwifbm 24 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf rdu k u f ,ft&J pf wd@k . om;i,f xdef vif;ac: uifrf (Dannian Kim Arundel Aris) udk zGm;jrif onf? 1995 rS 1986 Ù *syefEikd if /H wdu k sKw d uUov kd f ta&SŒawmiftm&S qdik &f mavhvma&;XmewGif okawoeynm&Sit f jzpf oGm;a&muf okaw oejyKcJo h nf? 1987 Ù tdE, dN Edik if /H qif;rvm;+rdK@&dS txl;avhvma&; tdE, dN odyXH` mewGif okawoDtjzpfvyk u f ikd o f nf? Ù vef'efwuUov kd t f a&SŒwdik ;f ESihf tmz&duavhvma&;XmewGif yg& *lb@JG twGuf “1920-1945 twGi;f xkwaf 0cJah om pme,fZif;rsm;onf jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;udk taxmuftultjyKcJyh ”kH trnf&dS bG@J veG pf mwrf; udk wifoiG ;f onf? 1988 Ù vef'efwuUov kd u f a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; yg&*l bG@J ,&l eftwGuf xdu k w f efot l jzpf owfrw S o f nf? 1988 rwf Ù rdcif}uD;a':cif=unfemruse;f jzpfra_ =umifh rdcif}uD; tm; jyKpkapmihaf &Smuf&ef a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf jrefrmEdkiif o H d@k a&muf&Sv d monf? =o*kwfv 8 Ù jrefrmEdik if H w0Sr;f vH;k Y 88 'Dru kd a&pD ta&;awmf yH}k uD; ay:aygucf o hJ nf? =o*kwf 26 Ù a&$wD*HkapwDawmftaemufbufrkcfwGif a':atmif qef;pk=unfonf rqvtpd;k &. jynfov l x l t k m; t=urf;zuf+zdKcGaJ er_ udk qef@usicf ahJ om rde@f ceG ;f udk vlaygi;f wpfoed ;f ausmw f ufa&mufonfh vlxt k pnf;ta0;yGYJ yxrqH;k t}udrf rde@f ceG ;f ajym=um;cJo h nf? 1988 pufwifbmv 14 Ù OD;atmif}u;D / a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf ol&OD;wifO;D wd@k . jynfow l &yfv;kH od@k yef=um;csupf mwapmif xkwjf yef a=unmonf? pufwifbm 18 Ù &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;udk ppfwyfrS vuf

256

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eufjzifh t=urf;zuf+zdKcGi;f ypfvu kd jf yD;aemuf ppfwyfrS tm%modr;f ydu k f um e0w ac: Edkiif aH wmfjidr0f yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;cJh onf? pufwifbm 27 Ù trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyu f kd a':atmifqef;pk =unf/ OD;atmif}uD;/ ol&OD;wifO;D / OD;0if;wifwkd@jzifh pwifz@JG pnf;cJo h nf? pwifz@JG pnf;pOfu trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD) . A[dt k vkyt f r_ aqmiftzG@J 0ifrsm;rSm (1) OD;atmif}uD; - OuUX (2) ol&OD;wifO;D - 'kOuUX (3) a':atmifqef;pk=unf - taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (4) OD;=unf[ef - twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J 0if (5) OD;cspcf ikd f - twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J 0if (6) OD;0if;wif - twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J 0if (7) a': jrifjh rifch if - vlxv k w l ef;pm;XmerSL; (8) OD;vGif - b¾ma&;XmerSL; (9) OD;atmifviG f - jyef=um;a&;XmerSL; (10) OD;atmifa&$ - pnf;±H;k a&;XmerSL; (11) OD;=unfarmif - okawoeXmerSL; (12) OD;ba&$ - tkycf sKyfa&;XmerSL; wd@k jzpfonf? pufwifbm 30 Ù trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfukd a&G;aumufyJG aumfr&Sio f @kd w&m;0ifrw S yf w kH ifco hJ nf? tzG@J csKyfY a':atmifqef;pk=unf onf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;wm0efukd ,lco hJ nf? atmufwb dk m 3 Ù trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfukd a&G;aumufyJG aumfr&Siu f a=unmcsut f rSwf (3) jzifh Edik if aH &;ygwt D jzpf twnfjyK a=unmonf? 'DZifbm 10 Ù trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf OuUXtjzpf 'kw, d OuUXOD;wifO;D tm; a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufvu kd af =umif;ESihf OD;atmif}uD;ESihf

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twl tjcm; A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J 0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom(1) OD;=unf[ef (2) OD;ba&$ (3) OD;eef;EG,f (4) OD;ausmjf rifah v; (5) OD;cifarmifarmif (6) OD;omxdk (7) OD;ode;f Edik f (8) OD;rif;'if (9) OD;cifnKd (10) OD;bd;k atmif (11) OD; armifarmif (12) OD;aZmf0if;OD;wd@k uvnf; tzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf Ekwf xGujf yD;jzpfa=umif; a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sio f @kd ta=umif;=um;cJo h nf? 'DZifbm 13 Ù tzG@J csKyfrS OD;atmif}uD;tygt0if yk*Kd~ vf (12) OD;udk xkwyf ,fvu kd af =umif; aumfr&Sio f @kd ta=umif;=um;pm ay;yd@k onf? 'DZifbm 27 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfrcd if r[moD&o d "k rR a':cif =unfonf &efuek +f rdKŒY uG,v f eG o f nf? uG,v f eG cf sed Yf om;atmifqef;OD; ESihf orD;jzpfol a': atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd use&f pfco hJ nf? 1989 azazmf0g&D 9 Ù trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf A[dt k vkyt f r_ aqmiftzG@J ukd jyifqifz@JG pnf;I a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sio f @kd ay;yd@k onf? ,if;wd@k rmS (1) OD;wifO;D - OuUX (2) a':atmifqef;pk=unf - taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; (3) OD;0if;wif - twGi;f a&;rSL; (4) OD;cspcf ikd f - twGi;f a&;rSL; (5) OD;=unfarmif - okawoerSL; (6) OD;atmifa&$ - pnf;±H;k a&;rSL; (7) OD;vGif - b¾ma&;rSL; (8) OD;atmifviG f - jyef=um;a&;rSL; (9) a': jrifhjrifch if - vlxv k w l ef;pm;XmerSL; wd@k jzpfonf? Zlvikd f 20 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; e0w tpd;k &u Edik if aH wmf tm; aESmif, h u S zf suq f ;D vdo k rl sm;. ab;tEœ&m,frS umuG,af pmifah &Smuf onfOh ya'yk'rf 10 (c) t& aetdrw f iG w f m;qD;rde@f xw k jf yefI wm;qD; vdu k o f nf? 'DZifbm 22 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf aetdrt f us,cf sKyjf zifh

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1995 Zlvkdiv f 10 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; aetdrt f us,f csKyftjzpf wm;qD;xm;onft h rdet f m; e0wtpk;d &rS jyefvnf±yk o f rd ;f ay;cJo h nf? Ù e,l;a,muftajcpdu k f ‘rpf’ (Ms) r*~Zif;rS 1995 ckEpS t f wGuf trsK;d orD; xl;c|eq f ak &G;cs,&f mY a':atmifqef;pk=unfyg0ifco hJ nf? 1999 rwfv 27 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfcifyeG ;f jzpfol rku d u f ,f tJ&pf vef'ef +rdKŒY uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf? 2000 rwf 18 Ù tdik , f mvefEikd if H 'AŠvif+rKd ŒwGif a':atmifqef;pk =unftm; 'AŠvif+rdK@awmf vGwv f yfa&;qkukd *k%jf yKcs;D jr‡ichf o hJ nf? =o*kwf 24 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 'kw, d OuUXol&OD;wifO;D &efuek w f ikd ;f pnf;±H;k a&;aumfrwDOuUXocifp;kd jrif/h &efuek w f ikd ;f pnf;±H;k a&; tzG@J 0ifa'guw f mrsK;d atmif/ tzG@J csKyfvil ,f 16 OD; (,mOfarmif;ESpOf ;D tygt0if) wd@k EiS t hf wl &efuek w f zufurf; 'v+rdKŒrSwqifh &efuek w f idk ;f uGr;f jcHuek ;f ESihf aumhrLS ;+rdK@rsm;od@k pnf;±H;k a&;udprP sm;aqmif&u G &f ef &ef uke+f rdKŒyef;qd;k wef;qdyu f rf;rSwqifh c&D;xGu&f ef pDpOfc&hJ m yef;qd;k wef; qdyu f rf;wGif 1 em&DccJG ef@ tm%mydik rf sm;rS ydwq f @kd xm;cJjh y;D wzufurf;od@k ul;cGi&hf cJo h nf? 'v+rdKŒod@k a&muf&o dS nft h cg }udKwifapmifq h ikd ;f aeonfh tzG@J csKyfum;ESppf ;D jzifh uGr;f jcHuek ;f od@k c&D;xGuv f mpOf 'v+rdKŒrS 3 rdik cf ef@ ta&muf usepf pfom;&yfuu G w f iG f tm%mydkirf sm;rS a&SŒc&D;rqufEikd &f ef

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(14)OD;0if;jrifh - tzG@J 0if (15)OD;xGe;f xGe;f [def - tzG@J 0if (16)a'guw f m0if;Edik f - tzG@J 0if (17)OD;Om%f0if; - tzG@J 0if (18)OD;[Homjrifh - tzG@J 0if (19)OD;ode;f nGe@f - tzG@J 0if (20)a'gufwmar0if;jrifh - tzG@J 0if wd@k jzpfonf? 2010 Ed0k ifbm 13 Ù etzppftpk;d &u a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk jrefrmpHawmfcsed f nae 5 em&D 15 rdepfwiG f aetdrt f us,cf sKyfrS jyefvnf v$wfay;cJhonf? xd@k aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf rdepfydik f;t wGi;f rSmyif ol@jcHa&SŒod@k xu G I f vlxu k kd rde@f ceG ;f wdak jym=um;cJo h nf? Ed0k ifbm 14 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf aetdrt f us,cf sKyfrS vGwaf jrmufvmjyD;aemuf A[ef;+rdKŒe,fa&$*w kH ikd v f rf;&Sd trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKy±f ;kH a&SŒY ae@v,f 12 em&DwiG f vlxt k m; E_wcf eG ;f qufred @fceG ;f ajym =um;cJo h nf? Ed0k ifbm 23 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfaetdrt f us,cf sKyfrS vGwf ajrmufcjhJ yD;aemuf om;i,fuifraf c: udx k ed v f if;onf jynf0ifciG Ah f ZD m &&So d jzifh jrefrmEdik if o H @kd vma&mufjyD; rdcifjzpfot l m; awG@qo kH nf? Edk0ifbm 26 Ù vGwv f yfonft h m&StoH (RFA) rS pDpOfwifquf onfh vlxEk Siafh ':atmifqef;pk=unftar;tajzu¾Y te,fe,f t &yf&yfy&dwo f wfrsm;. ar;jref;csurf sm;udk a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf yxrqH;k t}udrfajz=um;cJo h nf? 'DZifbm 28 Ù vlxak cgif;aqmifa':atmifqef;pk=unfonf vl i,frsm;tm; tzG@J csKy±f ;kH Y awG@qakH qG;aEG;I =o0g'pum;ajym=um;onf? 2011 arv 12 Ù ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf. txl; t=uHay;yk*Kd~ vf ADa*s;erfA;D ,m;onf ‚if;. jrefrmEdik if cH &D;pOftwGi;f a': atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJo h nf?

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Daw Aung San Suu Kyi’s

International Awards, Honors & Appointments (1990-2010) 1. Honorary Fellow St. Hugh’s College (Oxford, UK) 1990 2. Thorolf Rafto Human Rights (Norway) 1990 3. Sakharov Freedom of Thought (European Parliamnet) 1991 4. Noble Peace Oslo, Norway 1991 5. Honorary Member International EN (Norwegian Center) 1991 6. Humanities Human Rights Award (USA) 1991 7. Honorary Member International PEN (Candian Center) 1991 8. Marisa Bellisario Price Italy 1992 9. Annual Award of the International Human Rights Law Group (USA) 1992 10. Honorary President Students’ Union London School of Economics and Political Science (UK) 1992 11. Honorary Member International PEN (English Center) 1992 12. Honorary Life Member University of London Union (UK) 1992 13. Honorary Professional Fellowship Law and Society Trust (Sri Lanka) 1992 14. Honorary Doctorate in Political Science Thammasat University (Thailand) 1992

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15. International Simon Bolivar prize UNESCO 1992 16. Prix Litteraire des Droits de I’Homme Nouveaux Droits de I’Homme, France 1992 17. Honorary Member World Commissi on on Cul ture and Development (UNESCO) 1992 18. Member Academie Universelle des Cultures (Paris) 1993 19. Rose Prize arbejderbevaegelsens International Forum/ Internati onal Forum of the Danish Labour Movement, Copehagen 1993 20. Victor Jara International Human Rights Center for Human Rights and Constitutional Law, Los Angeles, USA 1993 21. Member of the Advisory Board Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University 1993 22. Honorary Doctorate of Law University of Toronto (Canada) 1993 23. The Freedom of the City Commune of Giugliano, Italy 1993 24. Bremen Solidarity City of Bremen, Germany 1993 25. Premio Mujer Progresista (Federacion Mujeres Progresistas / Spanish Federation of Progressive Women, Madrid) 1993 26. Honorary Doctorate Philosophy & Letters, Free University of Brussels 1994 27. Honorary Adviser Forum of Democratic Leaders in the AsiaPacific 1994 28. The Freedom of the City Aversa, Italy 1995 29. Liberal International Prize for Freedom Britain’s Liberal Democracy Party, UK 1995 30. Honorary Doctorate of Laws Queen’s University, Canada 1995 31. Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding (for 1993) India 1995 32. Gandhi Award Simon Fraser University, Canada 1995 33. Honorary Doctorate of Civil Law University of Oxford 1995 34. IRC Freedom Award International Rescue Committee 1995 35. Companion of the Order of Australia 1996

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36. Liberal International Prize (UK) 1996 37. Asia Human Rights of Law (Japan) 1996 38. W. Averell Harrimen Democracy Award National Democratic Institute U.S.A 1996 39. Rajiv Shmirti Parashka [ Rajiv Gandhi Memorial Award] India 1996 40. Empty Chair Award Women of the Year Lunch, London, UK 1996 41. Honorary Doctorate of Law Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic 1997 42. Honorary Doctorate of Letters Sydney University of Technology, Australia 1997 43. Honorary Doctorate of Letters California Chapman University, U.S.A 1997 44. Honorary Doctorate of Law Natal University, South Africa 1997 45. Honorary Doctorate of Law America University, Washington D.C, U.S.A 1997 46. Distinguished Alumni Award Central University/ Delhi University 1997 47. Honorary Citizenship of Rome (Italy) (May 23, 1997) 48. Honorary Doctorate of Letters Glasgow University (UK) 1997 49. Pearl S. Buck Womanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Award Pearl S. Buck Foundation (USA) 1997 50. International Award St. Angelaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Peace and Justice Group, Waterford (Eire) 1997 51. Profiles in Courage Award Kennedy Society of Denmark 1997 52. Honorary Doctorate Cambridge University (June 1998) 1998 53. Freedom of the City (Oxford, UK) 1998 54. Honorary Doctorate of Laws University of Wales, Cardiff 1998 55. Honorary Doctorate of Laws University of Bristol (UK) 1998 56. Honorary Doctorate of Laws University of Melbourne (Australia) 1998

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57. Honorary degree Universite’ catholique de Louvain, Belgium – December 1998 58. Honorary Degree University of Bath (UK) – December 1998 59. Honorary Degree Bucknell University – May 1999 60. Freedom Award International Republican Institute, USA (October 1999) 1999 61. The Freedom of the City of Dublin Award Ireland (November 1999) 62. 2000 CAW Nelson Mandela Human Rights Award Canada (December 2000) 2000 63. Presidential Medal of Freedom Award U.S.A (December 2000) 2000 64. Collage United Nations Prize 2001 Germany (June 2001) 2001 65. International Social Welfare Prize University of Southern California School of Social Work (December 8) 2001 66. AI Neuharth Free Spirit Award U.S Foundation, Washington, USA 2003 67. MTV Humanitarian Award, “Free Your Mind” MTV Europe, EDINBURGH,UK 2003 68. The 2004 TIME 100, The most influential people in the world today TIME Magazine 2004 69. Kwangju Human Rights Award May 18 Memory Foundation from South Korea 2004 70. TIME’s Asia’s Hero 2004 TIME MAGAZINE 2004 71. The Honorary Citizen of Paris France 10/ 12/ 2004 72. Honorary Doctorate in Politics, Philosophy and Economics Rangsit University, Thailand 13/ 12/ 2004 73. Outstanding Women in Buddhism United Nations Gender and Religious Department 8/ 03/ 2005 74. Honorary Degree in Political Science Thammasat University, Thailand 19/ 06/ 2005 75. Freedom of the City Award The City Council of Edinburgh,

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Scotland 16/ 06/ 2005 76. Freedom of Galway City Galway city, Ireland June 2005 77. UNISON Honorary Membership UNISON, Britain’s largest trade union, June 2005 78. Olof Palme Prize Sweden, February 2006 79. Freedom Award Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, USA March 2006 80. New Statesmen Magazine Hero New Statesmen Magazine, May 2006 81. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Deshprem Award, India 2007, March 2007 82. An honorary doctorate (LLD) honoris causa Award from University of Cape Town, South Africa, December 2007 83. Freedom of Glasgow (the freedom of Scotland’s largest city) 2007 84. Rome for Peace and Humanitarian Action 2007 85. Special Award for Lifetime Achievement in Politics 2007 86. “Abogados de Atocha” international prize from Spain, 22 January 2008 87. Congressional Gold Medal, United States of America, 24 April, 2008 88. Honorary Canadian Citizenship, May 6, 2008 89. The Freedom of the City, June 10, 2008 90. Catalonia International Prize 2008, MOTHERS OF COURAGE (shard with Dr. Cynthia Maung), November, 2008 91. Honorary Member of the Club of Madrid, November 20, 2008 92. Honorary Council Member, December 20, 2008 93. Trumpet of Conscience Award, January 19, 2009 94. Freedom of the City of Glasgow, March 4, 2009 95. Mahatma Gandhi International Award for Peace and Reconciliation – MAGI Award, May 22, 2009 96. Democracy and Peace Award of Japanese Diet Member’s League

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oef;0if;vIid f Japanese Diet Members’ League in support of Democracy in Myanmar, Tokyo, Japan (2009, June 19)

97. The Honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) at Derry’s Millennium Forum, the University of Ulster in Derry, Ireland, UK on Tuesday, July 7, 2009. (2009, June 24) 98. The Ambassador of Conscience Award the recipient of Amnesty International’s highest honorary (Irish band U2 is publicly announcing Aung San Suu Kyi’s award Monday night at a Dublin concert.) (2009, July 27) 99. Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Award for Democracy instituted. The Pakistan People’s Party, Islamabad, Pakistan. (2010, June 21) 100. Honorary Individual Membership. Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats (CALD) (2010, June 29) 101. Queen of Myanmar’s Democracy and Human Rights. Manav Ekta Parishad, India (2010, November 25)

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