9/23/2012
Electricity, Development and Emissions – Competing Policy Choices & Public‐Private Partnerships Suresh V. Garimella Goodson Distinguished Professor Associate Vice President for Engagement Purdue University Inauguration of Technology Transfer Center / Seminar on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Santa Clara, San Carlos, Costa Rica 7 September, 2012
What is Access to Energy? • Access to energy is NOT only minimal access to a light bulb, with minimal impact on global emissions. • Access means much more. Natural progression of access from lights to appliances to factories in a short timespan… Must plan for large‐capacity clean energy generation! • Access to plentiful, clean electricity key to development.
Energy security is the ability to access the energy needed to develop and maintain economic activity, political autonomy and environmental integrity.
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Energy Populations Developed world: established centralized grids, distribution systems, good capacity and governance Large, urban populations in the developing world without reliable, clean energy: large‐ scale access problem with significant impact on emissions, development and stability Remote and off‐grid populations
Energy Inequalities Contribute to Regional Inequalities Per Capita Primary Energy Consumption (mBTU) 270.0
16X 161.6 142.8 124.7
73.5 55.0
46.3 16.6
North America
Eurasia
Europe
Middle East
World
Central & South Asia & Oceania America
Africa
EIA 2008
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So What About Emissions?
Africa contributes 1/30th of global emissions
WP Conclusion: While populations of China and India dwarf that of the U.S., the carbon emitted by an American far outweighs the emissions generated by the average Chinese or Indian. Washington Post 12/10/10
per capita Numbers
• WP graphic (December 2010) uses 2007 numbers • 2009 numbers for U.S. fell to 4.82 and China rose to 1.59 – the ratio decreased from 3.84 to 3 in two years!
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Up 5.9% in 2010
% of households with electricity
per capita Emissions Track Energy Access 100 80 60 Circle size proportional to CO2 emissions
40 20 0 0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
GDP per capita in 2005 US$ at PPP
Saturation in electrification reached early in GDP growth, but emissions keep rising past this point L Monari, World Bank
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HDI & Energy Consumption HDI = life expectancy at birth + adult literacy & school enrolment + GNP/capita at PPP Benka, Phys Today 2002
Move “saturation line” to left through S&T innovations and improved financial models: Technical/Policy solutions to Energy – Prosperity – Environment Tension
Innovations
Sub‐national Water Availability: 2003 Water Availability: 2025 Water Availability: 2000 Water Availability: 1975
Coca Cola m3/person/year
Extreme Scarcity Scarcity Stress Adequate Abundant Surplus <500 500‐1,000 1,000‐1,700 1,700‐4,000 4,000‐10,000 >10,000
Ocean/ No Data Inland Water
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Climate Change a Multiplier for Instability Source: UK Government, 2007
Water Scarcity
Demography
Crop Decline
Hunger
Coastal Risks
Recent Conflicts
Complexity of Energy‐Related Decisions
Strong interdependencies between energy, water, food, health, transportation, development, …
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Available Options
Challenges with Renewables • • • • • • • •
Energy density (except for nuclear) Intermittency and variability (storage) Grid integration and distribution Scalability Siting and land‐use Ecological effects Complexity Cost
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Gas is the Big Unknown…
(red denotes in‐production) Source: Schlumberger
Shale gas exploration – Poland, Hungary, China, India, South Africa, Germany, Austria, UK, Sweden, Argentina, …
Sustainable Development via Public‐Private‐Academic Partnerships
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Purdue University Strategic Plan
Purdue’s Global Engagement for Sustainable Development West and Central Africa – Hermetic grain storage bags saving farmers hundreds of millions of dollars annually (supply chain, training) o Afghanistan – educational programs in agriculture, engineering, education (with USAID) o Kenya – health care delivery, diabetes treatment, water resources o Brazil – 30 year Purdue involvement in Cerrados, opportunities for Indiana Agribusiness o
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Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS) EPICS Goals: • Prepare students for professional practice through authentic experiences • Address compelling community needs through long‐term partnerships with community organizations
Environment
o o o
Access and Abilities
Human Services
Education
Teams of Students
20 Universities with EPICS Programs Purdue is EPICS Headquarters Networking/support of EPICS programs • Collaborate for funding • Share resources • Broaden Impact
Multi‐disciplinary Design
Engagement
Community
Professional Skills
Corporate and University Partners
Lori Snyder Purdue Agronomy
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2011 Independent Study Reports: • $1.3 billion annual economic impact on Indiana. • 4,000 Indiana jobs. • Top 20 private employer in Indiana. • $63,000 average annual wage. • $48 million contributed to state and local taxes. • $49 million in Federal grants for startups since 1987. • Park companies fund $2.5 million annually in sponsored research at Purdue University. 23
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License Agreements Executed Utah Stanford MIT
96
Texas A&M Georgia Tech Penn State Ohio State Purdue
99
Michigan State Indiana Illinois (C-U) Iowa Michigan
97
Wisconson (Madison) Minnesota Northwestern 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
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Startup Company Formation 40
Number of Spin-Outs
35 30 25 20 15 10
11
10
5 0
25
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Impacting Our World
Established in 2007 • 228 graduates. • 53 Indiana counties participated. • 57 students received tuition vouchers. • 65% attending Purdue. • 80% interested in creating a startup.
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George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation
I‐10 Los Angeles, 1994 Northridge CA
Miyako City, 2011 Iwate Prefecture
Accelerate improvements in seismic design and performance of the infrastructure by supporting efforts of NEES users to: (a) improve performance‐based design procedures, evaluation methods & strengthening techniques (b) develop the next generation of researchers, educators, and engineers
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Oregon State University
University of Illinois- Urbana
University of Minnesota
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
University of Buffalo
University of California Davis Lehigh University
University of California Santa Barbara
University of California Berkeley University of California Los Angeles Cornell University University of Texas Austin
University of Nevada Reno
University of California San Diego
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Solutions – ‘Low‐Hanging Fruit’ • End‐use efficiency improvement (cars/trucks, refrigerators, manufacturing) is the cleanest, fastest, cheapest, safest, most reliable leverage on reducing GHG emissions • Locally‐appropriate conservation and efficiency measures • Explore mini‐hydro, run of the river hydro, geothermal, nuclear… • Substitute gas for coal and oil • Clean up existing fleet of coal plants • Educate the public, starting with school kids
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Needs • Energy storage and cross‐national transmission grids • Viable financing, policy and profitable business model innovation and implementation • Governments cannot pick winners and losers, but must facilitate innovation in scalable clean‐energy solutions • Public‐private partnerships, clean‐energy research • Diversify supply and technologies • Solutions must suit regional and local conditions
Expand the reach & scope of policy discussions beyond pet technologies and evaluate candidate solutions in a portfolio approach
Contacto: ECPA Clearinghouse Email: ecpa_clearinghouse@oas.org
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Thanks for your attention…
sureshg@purdue.edu
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