Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bulletin
Newsletter Date : 31st July 2017
Volume No: 06 Issue: 07
Kamal Hasan, Rathnamma D, M.A. Kshama, M.C. Anil Kumar and Sumathi. B.R Veterinary College, Hebbal, KVASFU, Bengaluru (email:kamalmicrobiology@gmail.com) 1) Black Quarter : It is an acute infectious and highly fatal, bacterial disease of cattle. Buffaloes, sheep and goats are also affected. Young cattle between 6-24 months of age, in good body condition are mostly affected. It is soil-borne infection which generally occurs during rainy season. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei. The disease spreads through a) Ingestion of contaminated feed and pastures and b) Contamination of wounds. Symptoms: Suspended rumination, Lameness in affected leg, Crepitating, swelling over hip, back & shoulder, Swelling is hot & painful in early stages, Recumbency (prostration) followed by death within 12-48 hrs. Prevention and control: All the animals of endemic zones should be vaccinated with suitable BQ vaccine, Animals should not be allowed to graze in endemic area, Hygenic measures should be followed during castration, docking, lambing. 2) Foot Rot : Foot rot is a common cause of lameness in sheep and cattle and occurs most frequently when sheep and cattle on pasture are forced to walk through mud to obtain water and feed. However, it may occur among cattle in paddocks as well, under apparently excellent conditions. Foot rot is caused when a cut or scratch in the skin allows infection to penetrate between the claws or around the top of the hoof. Foot rot in sheep and cattle is caused by Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium necrophorum respectively. Individual cases should be kept in a dry place and treated promptly with proper medication. Prevention and control: If the disease becomes a herd problem a foot bath containing 5% solution of copper sulphate placed where cattle are forced to walk through it once or twice a day will help to reduce the number of new infections. In addition, drain mud holes and cement areas around the water troughs where cattle are likely to pick up the infection. Keep pens and areas where cattle gather as clean as possible. Proper nutrition regarding protein, minerals and vitamins will maximize hoof health. 3) Blue Tounge (BT) : This is an acute infectious but not contagious disease of sheep characterized by fever, inflammation and ulceration of buccal mucosa and tongue. Blue tongue is endemic in India. It is basically a disease of sheep and young sheep within the age group of one year are more prone to
Pashubandha 2017
Volume No: 06 Issue : 07
infection. Suckling lambs are relatively resistant due to their acquired passive immunity through colostrum. The disease occurs mainly during the rainy season particularly in the months of October, November and December. Causes: It is caused by an arthropod-borne orbi virus in the family of Reoviridae. Biting fly of the genus of the Culicoides transmits the virus during the rainy season while blood sucking. The disease is more prevalent in late summer and early autumn which makes conducive environment for the multiplication of the vectors. Clinical symptoms: Reddening and swelling of nose and oral mucosa, Profuse nasal and oral discharge, inflammation and ulceration of lips, gums, buccal mucosa and tongue, cyanotic (bluish) appearance of tongue, tilting of neck towards one side (wry neck), lameness, reddening and swelling of coronary band of the limbs, congestion of conjunctival mucous membranes and matting of eyelids. Prevention and control: Separation of sick animals should be made. Affected animals should be kept away from solar exposure. Adequate rest to the affected animal. Affected animals should be fed with porridge made of rice, ragi etc. Apply glycerin or animal fat on the ulcers. Immediate consultation should be made to the nearest qualified veterinary doctor for treatment. Ulcers in the mouth can be treated with saline water or dissolve 1g of Potassium permanganate in 1 liter of water and wash the mouth 2 to 3 times a day with this solution. Antibiotic administration or symptomatic treatment to be given to the affected sheep. Proper Vaccination of animals with BT vaccine at regular intervals. 4) Peste-des-petitis (PPR) : It is an acute highly contagious viral disease of small ruminants characterized by fever, loss of appetite, stomatitis, gastroenteritis and pneumonitis. The disease is caused by Moribillivirus of Paramyxoviridae family. Natural transmission occurs primarily through direct contact with infected sheep and goat. Clinical symptoms: High fever (104 to 105 ˙F). Dull coat, dry muzzle and inappetance. Profuse serous nasal discharge accompanied by sneezing and coughing. The discharge may be crust like, hard and matt the nasal and ocular surroundings. Oral necrotic lesions noticed in lips, buccal mucosae, gums, dental palate & tongue, with malodour (halitosis). Congestion of conjunctival mucous membranes and matting of eye lids. Signs of pneumonia and animal may die due to respiratory distress. Diarrhoeic faeces may contain mucus and blood. Pregnant goats may abort. Most of the animals recover and death may occur in few of them. Prevention and control: Separation of sick animals should be made. Adequate rest to the affected animal. Affected animals should be fed with porridge made of rice, ragi etc. Apply glycerin or animal fat on the ulcers. Immediate consultation should be made to the nearest qualified veterinary doctor for antibiotic treatment. Animals should not be allowed for grazing. Ulcers in the mouth can be treated with saline water or dissolve 1g of Potassium permanganate in 1 liter of water and wash the mouth 2 to 3 times per day with this solution. Regular and proper vaccination of animals with PPR vaccine.
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No: 06 : 3 Issue : 01 07
Dr. Senthil Murugan S, Dr. Ranjith D and Dr. Balusami C College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala (email: ranjith946@gmail.com) Ruminants have the ability to convert human-inedible materials like crop residues and non-protein nitrogenous (NPN) compounds, into highly nutritious meat and milk, as well as to wool. The continuous rise in human population, urbanization, and income growth are increasing the demand of these products. Therefore, efforts must be made to increase ruminant productivity by using an array of approaches, including manipulating the rumen ecosystem. On the other hand, India is facing huge shortage to the extent of about 60 per cent of feed and fodder for livestock population mainly due to limited area for cultivation of fodder crops, poor availability of good quality fodder varieties, agricultural by-products and others. According to 19th livestock census by Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India the total livestock population in India the number of milch animals (In milk and dry), cows and buffaloes contributes up to 118.59 millions. The production ability of ruminants is based on the nutrient intake through its daily dry matter intake. One of the factors to decide the production and cost of production would be quantity and quality of protein intake. The protein given to the ruminants first exposed to rumen microbes. The protein sources are degraded to peptides, amino acids and to ammonia and termed as RDP to produce high quality microbial protein. The left over quantity is termed as UDP. The non-protein nitrogen sources are degraded into carbon dioxide and ammonia. The rumen bacteria are able to utilize ammonia and available fermentable carbohydrates to produce high-quality microbial protein. Utilization of Urea by ruminants: Urea is highly soluble in the rumen and microorganisms rapidly decompose it to ammonia and carbon dioxide. It is important that the right level of urea is fed and that there will be sufficient fermentable carbohydrate ensures bacterial action to produce microbial protein. The level of bacterial action will be determined by the urea fermentation potential (UFP) of the total ration. Some quantity of liberated NH3 would be absorbed through rumen wall into the blood stream reach liver where it was converted into urea excreted through urea. However, if ammonia escapes the rumen too rapidly, the capacity of the liver is exceeded and ammonia spills into the main blood system. High levels of ammonia circulating in the blood can cause toxicity or even death. The level of ammonia in the rumen is affected by many factors including level and source of RDP, level and fermentability of carbohydrate sources, the balance between rates of fermentation of protein and carbohydrate, rumen pH and rate of passage. Safety level of Urea supplementation: Urea supplementation of feed for ruminants could be supplemented up to one per cent of complete feed DM (corresponding to 0.3 g/kg body weight/day) is considered safe when fed diets rich in easily digestible carbohydrates. If not Urea should not supply more than one third of the protein equivalent in the total ration. Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) recommending not more than 1 per cent urea as safe level of inclusion in in compounded cattle feed. High dietary protein (nitrogen) intake resulting in Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) or Milk Urea Nitrogen (MUN) of greater than 19 to 20 mg/dL has been associated with an altered uterine environment and decreased fertility (reduced conception rate, decreased pregnancy rate) in lactating dairy cows and
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No: 06 : 3 Issue Issue::07 01
and heifers. Urea supplementaion to control protein and feed cost: The dairy nutritionists consider NPN materials like as an economical replacement for a part of the protein in a ration. The ammoniated molasses, ammoniated condensed distillers’ molasses solubles, ammoniated citrus pulp, ammoniated beet pulp and ammoniated furfural (bran-type) residue, Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP) are as sources of NPN.However, addition of these NPN sources are not palatable compare to urea supplementation. To improve the nutritive value of fibrous crop residues, urea treatment of straw was developed. In this process, 4 kg of urea would be dissolved in 40 liters of water for 100 kg of paddy straw. While National Dairy Development Board recommends Urea Molasses Mineral Mixture (UMMB) blocks which provide required energy, minerals along with urea as protein supplement. The feed-grade urea contains 42 to 45 per cent nitrogen (262 to 281 per cent crude protein equivalent) and fertilizer-grade urea usually contains 46 per cent nitrogen (287.5 per cent crude protein). One kilogram of urea plus 6 kilograms of maize or other grain furnishes the same amount of nitrogen as 7 kilograms of soybean meal or an equivalent high-protein feed, but it-may be lower in energy content since urea adds no useful energy. The compounded cattle feed manufacturer’s use the urea available in the local market at subsidized rate (Rs.5630 per metric ton) meant for agricultural purpose however the market price of the same quality urea fluctuating between Rs.16,413 (January,2017) to Rs.11,920 (June,2017) per metric ton. Even-though supplementation of urea is recommended in dairy cattle to increase the microbial synthesis; where immediate release of ammonia without fermentable energy will affect production and reproductive health of the animal. Now-days slow releasing urea encapsulated with energy releasing products are safe to use if it is cost effective.
B. Kamal Hasan , Chidanandiaha, Kumar Wodeyar Contract teacher, Associate Professor, Assistant Professor. Veterinary College, Gadag (email:kamalmicrobiology@gmail.com) Molds can infect dairy cattle, especially during stressful periods when they are immune suppressed, causing a disease referred to as a mycosis. Molds also produce poisons called mycotoxins that affect animals when they consume mycotoxin contaminated feeds. This disorder is called a mycotoxicosis. Mycotoxins can be formed on crops in the field, during harvest or during storage, processing, or feeding. Molds are present throughout the environment. Spore concentrations are high in the soil and in plant debris, and lie ready to infect the growing plant in the field. Field diseases are characterized by yield loss, quality loss and mycotoxin contamination. Mold growth and the production of mycotoxins are usually associated with extremes in weather conditions leading to plant stress or hydration of feedstuffs, to poor storage practices, low feedstuff quality, and inadequate feeding conditions. 1) Aflatoxicosis: Aflatoxin is more often found in corn, peanuts and cottonseed grown in warm and humid climates. Symptoms of acute aflatoxicosis in mammals include: inappetance, lethargy, ataxia, rough hair coat, and pale, enlarged fatty livers. Symptoms of chronic aflatoxin exposure include reduced feed
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No: 06 : 3 Issue Issue::07 01
efficiency and milk production, jaundice, and decreased appetite. Aflatoxin lowers resistance to diseases and interferes with vaccine-induced immunity in livestock. Diagnosis and estimation is by Thin Layer chromatography, Aflatoxinometer, High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Estimation of Liver specific enzymes. Symptomatic treatment with Glucose, calcium. Adrenaline and 10 % sodium iodide is used in cows. control is by to minimize the level of toxins in permissible level. As per food and drug administration , the permissible level is by 20 ppb or 0.02 ppm. 2) T-2 Toxicosis: T-2 toxin is a very potent Fusarium produced mycotoxin that occurs in a low proportion of feed samples .T-2 is associated with reduced feed consumption, loss in yield, gastroenteritis, intestinal hemorrhage, reduced reproductive performance and death. Effects are less well established in cattle than in laboratory animals T-2 toxin is associated with gastroenteritis, intestinal hemorrhages, bloody diarrhea, low feed consumption, decrseased milk production and absence of estrus cycles in cows exposed to T-2. Serum immunoglobulins and complement proteins were lowered in calves receiving T-2. 3) Oestrogenism: A number of Fusarium species including F. graminearum, F. culmorum growing on mouldy maize,maize stubble, oats, barley wheat, rye and rice produce oestrogenic substances, notably Zeralenone. Pasture levels of Zeralenone may be sufficient to cause reproductive problems in sheep and cattle.Zeranelone, is a potent , non steroidal oestrogen and its metabolite can bind to oestrogen receptors including a syndrome in animals referred to as hyperoestrogenism. Clinical signs include inflammation and oedema of vulva and mammary gland in young gilts , reduced fertility in sheep and cattle. 4) Ergotism: This disease occurs worldwide in many domestic animal species and in Humans , follows ingestion of toxic levels of certain ergopeptide alkaloids found in the sclerotia of Claviceps wpurpurea. This fungal species colonises the seed heads of ryegrass and cereals such as Rye and Barley. Sheep, Cattle, horses exposed to ergotamine shows convulsive episodes , Lameness and stiffness. Control is by Regular grazing or topping to prevent seed head formation in pasture grasses reduces the possibility of sclerotia formation. Removal of ergots from small batches of grain can be achieved by floatation method. 5) Facial Eczema: The saprophyte fungus Pithomyces charatum, which grows on dead plant material at the base of growing pasture, causes facial eczema in grazing ruminants. sheep, cattle and farmed deer are the species affected by this mycotic disease. Hepatobiliary lesions develop as result of accumulation and concentration of sporedesmin in the Bile. Necrosis of biliary epithelium results in obstruction of intra hepatic ducts with cell debris and diffusion of toxin to hepatic parenchyma producing damage to blood vessels and hepatocytes. The consequent atrophy , necrosis and fibrosis reduce the capacity of liver to excrete phylloerythrin, a potent photodynamic compound formed from the chlorophyll by enteric organisms, which is distributed to many tissue including skin. The photodynamic activity of phylloerythrin when exposed to solar radiation produces skin lesions typical of the disease. Clinical signs include inflammation of eyelid, muzzle and ears. In cattle, lesions are limited to areas of non pigmented skin. Milk production may be severely reduced. Control is by feeding slow release intra ruminal boluses containing zinc, which can produce protection for up to 4 weeks, have been developed and are available commercially.
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::06 3 Issue : 07 01
Dr. Suma1, N., Dr. Veena N2. and Dr. Anitha, K.C. 1 Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru 1 Veterinary Dispensary, Kandali, Hassan (email: sumavet@gmail.com) Animal feed is a formulated mixture created by nutritionists - the dieticians of the animal feed world - to provide the animal with the necessary balanced nutrients for proper growth, development and maintenance. Feed is designed to compensate for nutrients and supplements that may be absent from an animal’s natural diet. Animal Nutritionists: Animal nutritionists focus on the dietary needs of animals and work to formulate a nutritionally sound and balanced diet. This occupation requires a substantial science background in animal behavior, biology, chemistry, food processing and physics. Formulating a balanced diet is a complex process; every species requires different nutritional needs. For each animal feed and pet food company, there should be animal nutritionists working side-by-side with scientists to formulate the animal diets Ingredients: There are more than 900 agricultural ingredients and co-products used to create animal and pet food diets. Ingredients include barley, corn, distiller’s grain, forage, fruits, minerals, sorghum, vegetables, vitamins and wheat. Co-products: A co-product is a secondary product that is recycled for another purpose. Co-products are commonly used in animal feeds and pet foods. It is a sustainable way to efficiently utilize products. Co-products are the outputs from a manufacturing process or chemical reaction. Many animal source and vegetation co-products are used in the formulation of feed. These ingredients include, but are not limited to, animal protein, bakery co-products, blood meal, brewer’s yeast, citrus pulp, distiller’s grain, molasses, soybean meal and salt. All these variety of feeds and fodders are being used in the livestock rations. But the nutritive value and feed efficiency of different feeds varies. To improve the nutritional value of the feed ingredients, different processing techniques are being used. Processing of feed stuffs improves efficiency of feed utilization, digestibility, palatability, handling efficiency, bulk density and profitability and reduces anti-nutritional factors and pathogenic load Feed Processing: Processing methods includes dry processing and wet processing. Dry processing methods include grinding, popping, extruding, micronizing, roasting, pelleting, bailing, chaffing, cubing, dehydration. Wet processing methods includes soaking, steam rolling, steam flaking, pressure cooking, exploding, reconstitution. To improve the digestibility and utilization of animal feeds, the following methods are used: Physical processes such as thermal treatment (heat or cold), mechanical treatment (physical separation, centrifugation, filtration), reduction of water activity (dehydration or addition of solutes) and irradiation. Chemical processes such as addition of acid, alkaline, oxidizing or reducing agents. Enzymatic processes such as hydrolysis of proteins and polysaccharides or inactivation of toxic compounds. Biological processes such as fermentation and germination. Feed mills worldwide use four basic processes to produce animal feed: receiving raw ingredients from suppliers; creating a feed formula based on many years of research; mixing ingredients together to make 1&2
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::06 3 Issue : 07 01
a complete feed; and packaging and labeling feed to be shipped for commercial or retail purposes. Receiving raw ingredients from suppliers is the most important process. Upon arrival, ingredients are weighed, tested and analyzed for various nutrients to ensure their quality and safety. This process allows nutritionists to accurately formulate feed for a specific species. Testing: Laboratory testing is an important part of any quality control program, because, it measures specific components of a feed / ingredient sample to assure that it meets quality specifications. Tests involve chemical, physical and/or electronic measurement to determine the quality of a product in comparison to a predetermined standard. Testing schemes should be developed by quality assurance, nutrition, procurement and production staff. Feed and ingredients are tested for moisture content, protein, fat quality, fat quantity, crude fiber, mycotoxins, pathogens and other key indicators of quality. Quality Control: Quality control is a set of procedures followed to ensure quality of a product and all factors involved. Quality assurance begins with examination of incoming ingredients. Damage by weather, molds, heat and insects; filth; adulterants; and contaminants can be detected by the microscopist or trained assistants. Mixing quality can also be evaluated rapidly. The presence or absence of micro ingredients, minerals and vitamins are established by observation or by micro spot-testing. Microscopy is one of the fastest and most fundamental, quality control techniques available for analyses of formula feed and feed ingredient. The various applications of feed microscopy range from identifying and quantifying contaminants and adulterations in supplier samples or incoming ingredients to providing customer support investigations and complaints and brand protection in the market place. Feed microscopy can be divided into two major types - qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative microscopy is the identification and evaluation of ingredients and foreign materials, alone or in mixtures, via either surface features or cellular characteristics. Quantitative microscopy is the subjective, proportioned measurement of ingredients in finished feeds or of contaminants and adulterants in ingredients, and involves examinations by both stereo- and compound microscopes. After a formula, or recipe, is developed, the ingredients are mixed together to make a complete feed. The mixing process is a crucial step in determining the outcome of the product. Ingredients can either be dry, liquid or moist. Dry bulk ingredients (i.e. cereal grains) are added to the mixer first then followed by other dry materials such as minerals and vitamins, or “micro-ingredients” to prevent a loss of minor ingredients. Liquids can then be either sprayed or added to the mixed ingredients. Moist ingredients are added last to create an adhesive consistency. Liquid Feed: Liquid feed is used in cattle and dairy feed rations to provide a well-balanced mixture of nutritional supplements in a molasses base, which can be distributed in a feed tank/trough or added to another form of feed / hay. The benefit of using liquid feed is that the proteins encourage growth of microorganisms in the rumen, which contribute to the breakdown of fiber and forage. Once the feed has been formulated and mixed, it will go through the final steps in the manufacturing process before animal consumption. Before being packaged, the feed goes through a pelleting process and just like human food, animal feed can have a variety of textures such as pelleted, flaked, crumbled, meal or extruded. The texture of the feed is determined by what it is intended for. For example, dry pet food goes through an extrusion process where the dough is cooked, shaped and dyed. Manufacturers then determine how the feed product will be safely shipped to its destination. If the animal feed is prepared for retail purposes, the product will be “bagged and tagged,” where the feed goes
Pashubandha 2016 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::06 3 Issue : 07 01
through the federal and state labeling of ingredients process. By federal regulations, feed labels must explain the purpose of the feed, list its ingredients and how to safely administer the feed. State regulations will often require further explanation of feed ingredients; guarantee analysis, warnings and manufacturer information. If the animal feed is prepared for commercial purposes, then it will be distributed via bulk delivery through load out bins and into trucks or rail cars on-site. Grinding: Most commonly used inexpensive and simplest processing method. Particle size reduction due to grinding enhances surface area facilitating the action of digestive enzymes and increases the performance of animal. Grinding helps in uniform mixing, so that segregation and selective feeding of feed ingredients can be reduced. Grinding of fibrous roughages reduces energy loss due to mastication. Hammer mills and roller mills are commonly used for grinding. Particle size varies with different feed ingredients and species. Even though grinding tends to increase the performance of animal, the feed cost is increased due to the maintenance of hammer mills and roller mills. Popping: Popping is produced by action of dry heat of 700 – 8000oF or 370- 425oC for 15 – 30 seconds. It causes sudden expansion of the grains which ruptures the endosperm and makes more starch available for digestion. Popping increases palatability and feed consumption by 5 – 10 %. Micronizing: Similar to popping except heat is furnished in the form of infrared energy. Extrusion cooking: Extrusion process has also positive impact in terms of denaturing of harmful enzymes and inactivation of anti-nutritional factors (tannin, phytate, trypsin inhibitor, haemagglutanin). This method of processing is commonly used for manufacturing of pet foods. Extrusion cookers are basically two types: Short time high temperature (micro time conditioning and pelleting) – It refers to the technique where feed is subjected to a very high temperature of 125 – 150oC for 3-4 sec to minimize the destruction of valuable nutrients. Long time low temperature (Screw type thermo mechanical expander) – It refers to the technique of super conditioning where feed ingredients are subjected to high temperatures above 90oC and moisture contents are applied for 15 – 20 seconds. This technique is more efficient than pelleting to kill Salmonella. Roasting: Roasting is a processing method by which grains are treated with dry heat of 300oF. Pelleting: Pelleted feeds are agglomerated feeds resulting from extruding either individual feed ingredients or feed mixture by compacting and forcing through die openings by any mechanical process and subsequent cooling. Pellet quality depends on diet formulation, particle size, conditioning, die specifications, cooling and drying. The optimum conditions for pelleting the mash are 13 – 17 % moisture and 77 – 88oC temperature which is attained by steam conditioning. Pelleting of feed ingredients at high temperature causes gelatinization of starch which improves the digestibility and performance of animal. It has been recognized for many years that providing feed to poultry in the form of pellets could enhance the economics of production by improving feed to poultry in the form of pellets could enhance the economics of production by improving feed conversion and growth rates. Pelleting tends to improve animal performance and feed conversion and growth rates. Pelleting tends to improve animal performance and feed conversion compared to similar diets in mash form. The improvements in performance have been attributed to: Decreased feed wastage. Reduced selective feeding. Decreased ingredient segregation.
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::06 3 Issue : 07 01
Less time and energy expended for prehension Destruction of pathogenic organisms Thermal modification of starch and protein Improved palatability Types of Pellets: Two types of pellets generally prepared are hard pellets containing either no molasses or less than 10 per cent molasses as binder, and another are soft pellets containing 30 to 40 per cent molasses. Bentonite, calcium oxide or calcium carbonate may be required as a binder for soft pellets. In addition to these chemical compounds starchy ingredients and molasses are the common binding agents in the preparation of compact feeds. Steps in the Preparation of Hard Pellets 1. Rolling or grinding of the feeds to desired fineness. 2. Weighing and mixing of the major feed ingredients. 3. Blending of a supplement and /or additive in the mixture. 4. Conditioning of the feed mixture. 5. Loading of the pelleting chamber and distribution of mixed feed ingredients by means of gravity, centrifugal force and mechanical deflectors. 6. Pushing of feed by the pressure of rollers through the perforations on the rotating die for giving the shape of pellet by compression. 7. Cutting of pellets to desired length with the help of adjustable knives fitted at the end of the die. 8. Pushing and-spreading of pellets in cooling chamber for drying either by forced air or by drier. 9. Packaging in weighed quantity in bags and labeling for type, nutritive value, quantity, date of manufacture and batch or lot number etc. along with the name or identity of feed manufacturing company. Steps in the Preparation of Soft Pellets: Probably soft pellets are not manufactured by the compounded feed mills in India. However, for preparation it needs a modified pelleting machine fitted with a combination auger (an instrument used for making holes) along with the die for creating pressure and pushing the feed mix. The various steps in the preparation of soft pellets are: 1.Loading of blended mash and molasses in the auger of the pelleting machine. 2.Creation of pressure by rotating auger to force the material for extrusion through the die in the shape of pellets. 3. Pellets being soft break by gravity into different sizes, 4. Finely ground solvent extracted oil cake or bentonite is dusted on fresh pellets for absorbing excess molasses and reducing stickiness and chimp formation. 5. Cooling and drying 6. Packaging, labeling and storage at a dry place. Bailing: Bailing is one of the common methods used for processing roughages. In bailing, forge is cut and permitte to dry in field and then baled. It increases the convenience of handling forge. Chaffing: Green or dry fodder chopped to uniform size particles. It avoids wastage, helps in preparation of complete feed, silage making and easy handling. Cubing: Cubing can be done with the forage containing 14 % moisture. Cubed forages are convenient for handling, storing and feeding of animals. Animals fed with cubed forages showed increase in milk
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No : 06 : 3Issue Issue: :07 01
production without significant change in milk fat %. Dehydration: Green forage can be preserved by dehydrating the forage at high temperature of 6000 – 1500oF for 3 – 5 minutes. Dehydrated forages retains maximum amount of dry matter and protein but palatability can be decreased compared to baled and cured hays. Soaking: In this process grins are soaked for 12 – 24 hours in water before feeding livestock. Soaking of concentrate mixture like mustard cake and neem seed cake in water eliminates toxic factors. Soaking of roughages like paddy straw removes oxalates and increases nutritive value of feeds, dry matter intake and calcium retention. Steam rolling: In steam rolling, grain is subjected to a high temperature of 180oF for 3 – 5 minutes prior to rolling by a pair of roller mill. It improves digestion of starch by partial gelatinization. Steam flaking: In steam flaking, the grains are steam conditioned at atmospheric pressure for 10 – 20 minutes or pressure cooked and then subjected to flaking by roller mill Pressure Cooking: Pressure cooking of grain is a moist heat treatment which results in a product similar to properly
Dr. Ranjith D1 and Dr. Viswanath S2 1 Assistant Professor, Dept. of VPT, COVAS, Pookode, Kerala 2 Veterinary Officer, Dept. of AH and VS, Karnataka (email:ranjith946@gmail.com) “To feed 5 million plus stray cattle, India will need Rs. 11,607 crore a Year” (TOI, June 2017). The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Regulation of Livestock Markets) Rules 2017 notified by the Central government, with effect from 23.05.2017 by the release of three new Gazette from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to regulate dog breeders ,animal markets, aquariums and pet shops that sell fish. The rules are the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Dog Breeding and Marketing) Rules, 2017; Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Regulation of Livestock Markets) Rules, 2017; the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Aquarium and Fish Tank Animals Shop) Rules, 2017; and the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Care and Maintenance of Case Property Animals) Rules, 2017. In a perfect world, laws to protect animals would eliminate all cruelty, because dogs shouldn’t be bred and sold, cattle and other animals shouldn’t be sent to slaughter and fish shouldn’t be kept in tanks. Between 1951- 2012 the cow and bull population grew 23% while the buffalo population shot up to 150%. According to the 2012 livestock census, India has 5.3 million stray cows and bulls and buffaloes comprised 38% of countries total bovine population. These new slaughter policy significantly increase the number of stray buffaloes. India is the biggest beef exporter in the world with over 1.1 million tonnes shipped and with the market worth of about Rs. 26,000 crore a report by US department of agriculture. In India cow meat accounts to be only 5% of the total meat produced in the country while buffalo meat is 23% of the total production. Farmers used to sell their unproductive animals for slaughter and markets helped them to get best price, this new notification will disrupt that and farmers will lose their bargaining power and the only people to benefit will be middlemen. Over 22 million peoples were involved in meat industry and around 80% animals for slaughter are brought in the marketplace. On the contrary, India is deficit of about 64% in green fodder and 24% in dry fodder, says a vision document; Indian Grassland and Fodder Institute (IGFI). According to Indian brand equity foundation
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::06 3 Issue : 07 01
website, India ranks second in terms of footwear and leather garments production in the world. The Indian leather industry accounts for around 13% of the world’s leather production. The Rs. 13,000 crore industry also generates 95% of the leather for India footwear needs will be under wane by this new policy. Salient features of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Regulation of Livestock market) draft rules notification No. G.S.R. 34(E) dated 16th Jan 2017: The rules define “Cattle” means “Cow, Calf, Bull, Bullock, Buffalo, Heifer, Steer, and Camel” Constitution of District Animal Market Monitoring Committee (DAMMC) for regulation of animal markets with District Collector (as Chairman), Chief Veterinary Officer (as Member Secretary) along with Divisional Forest Officer, Superintendent of Police and an representative of SPCA. Every new animal should apply for registration under DAMMC. Functions of District Animal Market Monitoring Committee: 1. Before granting registration the committee should ensure that all requirements as stipulated are fulfilled in the animal market and animal market should have: Housing Shade, feeding troughs, water tanks and lighting, Separate enclosures for sick and infirm animals Veterinary facility, feed storage and water supply Non slippery floorings, sand pits and proper disposal facility 2. Should determine and fix maximum holding capacity of the animal market that shall be displayed in a prominent place in the said market. 3. While registering, the committee should impose conditions to ensure the compliance of the rules and acts laid. 4. Have the power to reject / dispose an application for registration 5. Shall ensure that, traders should abide by the rules relating to transport of animals made under the Act or any other law for the time being in force. Constitution of Animal Market Committee for the management of animal markets in the district with chairman of local authority (as Chairman) including other committee member with Jurisdictional Veterinary Officer as member of committee. Restrictions on sale of cattle: The Member Secretary of the Animal Market Committee shall ensure that, 1. No person shall bring a young animal to an animal market; 2. No person shall bring a cattle to an animal market unless upon producing written declaration duly signed by the owner of the cattle or his authorized agent along with identification details. 3. Every declaration furnished to the Committee shall be retained by it for a period of six months from the date on which it is submitted. 4. Where an animal has been sold and before its removal from the animal market, the Animal Market Committee shall – Obtain an expenses incurred for each animal approved by committee. Take an undertaking that the animals bought for agriculture purpose and not for slaughter. Keep a record on name and address of the purchaser and identity. Verify the purchaser with relevant revenue document.
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::06 3 Issue : 07 01
Ensure that the purchaser should not sell the animal up to six months from the date of purchase and shall abide to act. Where a cattle has been sold and before its removal from the animal market, the proof of sale shall be issued in five copies, out of which first copy shall be handed over to purchaser, second copy to seller, third copy to tehsil office of the residence of purchaser, fourth copy to the Chief Veterinary Officer in the district of purchaser and last copy to be kept intact in the record by the Animal Market Committee. 5. The basic purpose of the Rule is to ensure welfare of the animals in the cattle market and adequate facilities for housing, feeding, water supply, veterinary care and proper drainage etc. To facilitate this, two Committees have been constituted, namely the District Animal Market Monitoring Committee for registration of animal market and Animal Market Committee at the local authority level for management of the markets. 6. The prime focus of the regulation is to protect the animals from cruelty and not to regulate the existing trade in cattle for slaughter houses. 7. To trade only healthy animals for agriculture purposes for the benefits of the farmers. 8. The notified rules will remove the scope of illegal sale and smuggling of the cattle which is a major concern. The specific provisions apply only to animals which are bought and sold in the notified live stock markets and animals that are seized as case properties. Economic impact of the ban: More than 80% animals for slaughter were bought from the market place. The new law will make it difficult for farmers to sell their cattle. About 22 million people involved with the meat industry will be affected by this notification Rupees 26,000 crore is the size of India’s buffalo meat export industry. The new ban will hit exports, which had already dropped 2.4 per cent in the first 10 months of 2016-17. Rupees 13,000 crore is the size of India’s leather industry, this law will adversely affect the export of leathers. About 47% of the profits of a dairy farmer come from selling old animals. New rule will cut that out.
Dr. Sandeep K.S, Dr. Satish E.S and Dr. Shwetha K.S Nandini Sperm Station, Kakolu, Bangalore-89 (email: sdvety91@gmail.com) It is an infectious disease of cattle caused by herpes virus and it is characterized by pneumonic form, Opthalmic form, Genetile form, Encephalitic form, Systemic form. Epidemiology: All age groups and breeds of cattle are susceptible. Commonly cattle are affected. However goats, swine and buffalo can be affected but their significance is unknown. Transmission Virus is transmitted through inhalation, by contact and natural service or artificial insemination. These pustules coalesce together to form white necrotic patches, these patches contain fibrin leucocytes and necrotic epithelial cells. These lesions are commonly seen in nostrils, larynx, trachea, conjunctiva, vagina & vulva.
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::06 3 Issue : 07 01
Pathogenesis:
Clinical signs: 1. Respiratory form/pneumonic form: IP: 3-7 days, this is the classical form of IBR. Characterized by high fever (106-1080 F), decreased milk production, anorexia, depression, congested nasal mucosa so the term “Red Nose�. Watery nasal discharge seen in the beginning then becomes mucopurulent. Sneezing, coughing and hurried respiration and labored breathing (dyspnoea) seen. Upon auscultation vesicular murmurs are heard. 2. Ophthalmic form: Initially conjunctivitis is seen characterized by serous discharge in the beginning and mucopurulent discharge later on, congestion of conjunctiva, later corneal opacity. 3. Genital form: Failure of tail to return to its normal position after defaecation/micturition. This indicates perineal pain. Proper examination reveals oedema, mucopurulent discharge, pustules and white necrotic material in the vaginal mucosa. Abortion can occur in any stage of gestation, but commonly occurs in last trimester. About 25% of the pregnant cows may abort. ROP also occurs ending in metritis and temporary failure in conception. In bulls, it causes severe balanoprosthitis with IBR lesion. The bulls get the infection during coitus and they can transmit the virus through semen. 4. Encephalitis form: Calves less than 6 months of age are affected. Salivation, in-coordinated gait, circling, licking at the flank, convulsions, blindness, recumbency, coma and even death. 5. Systemic form: Seen in neonates, wherein it is severe and highly fatal. High fever, respiratory distress, excessive salivation, rhinitis and conjunctivitis, hyperemia of oral cavity, erosion on the soft palate, acute pharyngitis, laryngitis and death in most cases. Treatment: There is no treatment as such. Infected animals should be isolated from the rest of the herd and treated with anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics to avoid secondary bacterial infections. Carrier cattle should be identified and removed from the herd. Prevention Control of the disease is based on the use of vaccines. Since BHV-I is a ubiquitous, highly contagious virus, vaccination is recommended as soon as passive immunity in calves has disappeared, done between four to six months of age. Currently available vaccines for IBR include modified-live-virus (MLV) vaccine and inactivated viral vaccines.
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::06 3 Issue : 07 01
The timing of vaccination is at least as important as the choice of vaccine. Since maximum protection does not generally occur until approximately three weeks after vaccination, calves should be vaccinated two to three weeks before weaning at which time they start to be at risk of infection. Single vaccination will reduce the severity of disease, but not provide complete protection. The use of marker vaccines is preferred since the antibody they stimulate can be distinguished from the BHV-I antibody that follows a natural infection and so secondary vaccination is required. Appropriate biosecurity measures will reduce the risk of infection.
Dr. Pavan Belekeri, Dr. V. Jagadeeswary and Dr. K. Satyanarayan Department of Veterinary Animal Husbandry and Extension Education, Hebbal, Bengaluru (email:ksnkmk1960@gmail.com) In India, animal husbandry activities plays inclusive role for egalitarian development. Nearly two thirds of farm families in the country are associated with one or the other forms of livestock to sustain their livelihood. However, the recent trend in livestock sector growth suggests that in order to meet the emerging demand for livestock based products, there is a need to reorient the production system by enhancing the efficiency and creating quality consciousness. Effective communication of scientific information to farmers is crucial in achieving optimum production efficiency. In any field of development, information is power and ICTs and its’ applications in recent times have brought this power to the fingertips of the people through its recent smartphones. As India is the third largest smartphone user country it has a wide scope and potential in using it has a information disseminator tool. The use of ICT has arisen because of the need to cope with information explosion in the various sectors including Animal Husbandry. In-order-to keep pace-with disseminating the information in multimedia format, Dairy app has been developed in regional language to make aware and adopt scientific dairy husbandry practices. As a ready reckoner, this app provides information on important cattle and buffalo breeds, housing management, breeding management, feeding management, briefed about important cattle diseases and vaccination to be followed, clean milk production, calf care and management and feed calculator etc. Dairy app is a semi-offline application, which onces downloaded operates without the internet and it can be transferred to others through Shareit. Mobile based App on dairy farming will enhance the availability of information and will further help in improving awareness, knowledge and better adoption of scientific practices for profitable returns. These in turn will catalyze the rural sector development and economic growth.
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::06 3 Issue : 07 01
1
Balaraju, B.L1., Hema Tripathi2, Manjunatha, L3 and Naveen Kumar, G.S.4 Assistant Professor, 3Associate Professor & Head, Dept of V&AHE, 4Associate Professor & Head, Dept. of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College, Hassan. 2Principal Scientist and I/C AKMU, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana (email: balraju606@gmail.com) Cattle genetic resource of India is represented by 40 well recognized indigenous cattle breeds.
According to ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnataka has six indigenous cattle breeds namely, Amrithmahal, Deoni, Hallikar, Khillar, Krishna Valley and Malnad Gidda. Purpose of keeping of indigenous cattle by our farmers gains relevance for the following reasons.
Indigenous cattle are robust, resilient and particularly suited to the climate and environment of their respective breeding tracts. They are endowed with qualities of heat tolerance, resistance to diseases and the ability to thrive under extreme climatic stress and less than optimal nutrition.
Indigenous cattle are playing crucial role in the farmers’ economy through supply of draught power, milk, dung (organic manure), fuel (dung cake and biogas) and cow urine (medicinal value).
18 of 30 districts are more often experience drought. Even in such adverse conditions indigenous cattle rescue the farmers from severe economic crisis. However, advent of mechanization; social changes such as growth of nuclear families and rapid
urbanization; inclination of rural youth to white collar jobs; low milk productivity of indigenous cattle and emergence of crossbred cattle etc, have contributed to decline of indigenous cattle. Table 1. Trends in growth of indigenous cattle in Karnataka Category
a. Rural i. Male ii. Female b. Urban i. Male ii. Female Total Indigenous cattle
18th Livestock Census (2007)
19th Livestock Census (2012)
% variation between the census
8018271 3636323 4381948 296046 128525 167521 8314317
6411317 2692522 3718795 192650 79352 113298 6603967
-20.04 -25.95 -15.13 -34.93 -38.26 -32.37 -20.57
Nevertheless, conservation of rich bio-diversity of indigenous cattle forms the responsibility of any civilized society. To take up such breed conservation programmes there is need for breed specific population data. Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries (DAHD&F), GOI, for the first time has come out with such data and has released ‘Estimated Livestock Population Breed Wise’ Report in the year 2015. The following table (2) shows the current population status of indigenous cattle breeds of Karnataka.
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::06 3 Issue : 07 01
Table 2. Population status and breeding tract of indigenous cattle in Karnataka
% share in total Distribution in indigenous Karnataka cattle of Karnataka
Population Breed
Pure
Amritmahal
Deoni
Hallikar
Khillar
Krishna Valley
Malnad Gidda
Breeding tract
Graded Total
105330
49114
1148876
225207
3462
897888
123617
62080
228947
111194
550559 1699435
495153
10919
720360
14381
147448 1045336
Chikmagalur, Davanagere, Shimoga, Hassan, Chitradurga, Tumkur districts
Chikkamagalur, Chitradurga and Hassan
1.68
Bidar and Gulbarga districts
Bidar, Gulbarga, Chitradurga. Maharashtra (Marathwada region) adjoining parts of Telangana
25.73
Hassan, Mysore, Mandya, Tumkur, Ramanagara, Chamarajanagar districts. Scattered distribution in other districts also
Mysore, Mandya, Bangalore, Kolar, Tumkur Hassan and Chitradurga
10.91
Belgavi, Vijayapur, Bagalkot, Dharwad, Haveri and Gulbarga districts
Southern Maharashtra (Solapur, Sangli, Kolhapur and Satara district) and Vijayapura, Belgavi and Dharwad districts of Karnataka
0.22
Mainly in Bagalkot, Raichur districts
Belgavi, Raichur and Vijayapura districts of Karnataka. Satara, Sangli and Solapur districts of Maharashtra
15.83
Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Shimoga, Chikmagalur, Haveri, Hassan, Kodagu
Malnad region of Karnataka
3.47
Source: 1. Estimated livestock population, breed wise, based on Breed Survey-2013, GOI (2015). 2. Dairying in Karnataka, A statistical profile-2015, NDDB (2015).
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::06 3 Issue : 07 01
Distribution of Amrithmahal Cattle in Karnataka
Distribution of Deoni Cattle in Karnataka
Amrithmahal Bull
Deoni Bull
Amrithmahal Cow
Deoni Cow
Distribution of Amrithmahal Cattle in Karnataka
Hallikar Bull
Hallikar Cow
Distribution of Khillari Cattle in Karnataka
Khillari Bull
Khillari Cow
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No::06 3 Issue : 07 01
Distribution of Krishna Valley Cattle in Karnataka
Krishna Valley Cow
Krishna Valley Bull
Malnad Gidda Bull
Distribution of Malnad Gidda Cattle in Karnataka
Malnad Gidda Cow
HUMP-BACKED MAHSEER
The contributors are requested to send their articles which are clinical cases or field oriented within 20th of the particular month.
monthly e-Bulletin Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru. Editor: Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru Dr. H.N. Narsimha murthy (Ex-Officio)
Associate Editior: Head, Dept. of Vety.& Animal Husbandry Extension Education Dr. K. Satyanarayan (Ex-Officio)
Contact : Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore email: pashubandhavch@gmail.com Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No : 06 : 3 Issue Issue::07 01