Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bulletin
Newsletter Date : 31th October 2017
Volume No: 06 Issue: 10
Dr. Rashmi, R*., Dr. Pavithra, B.H., Dr. Santhosh, C. R and Dr. Prakash Nadoor Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology Veterinary College, Bengaluru (email: rashmirvet7@gmail.com) Non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most widely used therapeutic drugs in small or large animal practice. Although various NSAIDs are classified according to their chemistry or chemical structure, but it is convenient for the veterinarian to consider these drugs not only based on their ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase isozymes (COX1 or COX2) but also the relative efficacy in terms of analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities. Selectivity Nonselective CYCLOOXYGENASE (COX) INHIBITORS
Candidates
Properties Agents with analgesic a n d m a r k e d anti-inflammatory activity
Aspirin, Sodium salicylate, Diflunisal, Salicylic acid, Magnesium trisalicylate, salsalate and Benorilate Phenylbutazone, Suxibuzone, Oxyphenbutazone, Azapropazone, Phenazone, Amidopyrine and Ramifenazone Etodolac, Indomethacin and Sulindac Piroxicam, Meloxicam, Lornoxicam
Tenoxicam,
Droxicam
and
Flunixin and Clonixin Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Tolmetin, Eltenac and Aceclofenac
Agents with Analgesic and Mild to Moderate Anti-inflammatory activity
Carprofen, Naproxen, Ketoprofen, Vedaprofen, Ibuprofen, Fenoprofen, Indoprofen, Flurbiprofen and Oxaprozin Meclofenamic acid, Mefenamic acid, Tolfenamic acid, Flufenamic acid, Niflumic acid and Etofenamic acid Nimesulide Nabumetone
Agents with Analgesic and Poor anti-inflammatory activity
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Paracetamol, Phenacetin and Acetanilide Metamizole and Propyphenazone Nefopam
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Selective COX-2 INHIBITORS
Rofecoxib, Firocoxib, Celecoxib, Deracoxib, Mavacoxib, Valdecoxib, Parecoxib, Lumiracoxib, Robenacoxib, Etoricoxib Tepoxalin and Licofelone
Mixed COX AND 5- LIPOOXYGENASE (LOX) INHIBITORS
Drug Interactions 1) Potentiation NSAIDs Salicylates, Etodolac, Carprofen, Firocoxib, NSAIDs
Salicylates
Drugs Insulin and Sulphonylureas
Effect/ Action Increases hypoglycemic effect
Heparin and o t h e r Increases risk of bleeding anticoagulants, Valproic acid and Plicamycin Thrombolytic agents, such as: Alteplase, Anistreplase, Streptokinase Vancomycin Potentiates ototoxicity
2) Antagonism NSAIDs Drugs Salicylates, Carprofen, Diuretics viz., Frusemide, Etodolac, Firocoxib, Thiazides and Spironolactone. Meloxicam
Effect/ Action Blocks the action of diuretics
Aspirin
Blocks Uricosuric probenecid.
Probenecid
action
of
3) PK – PD interactions NSAIDs Phenylbutazone
Drugs Cholestyramine
Aspirin, Phenylbutazone Etodolac, Piroxicam, NSAIDs
Etodolac, Firocoxib
Warfarin, Phenytoin, Naproxen, Methotrexate, Penicillins, Sulphonamides, etc Uri na r y ac i di fi e rs l i ke methionine, ammonium chloride and ascorbic acid Urinary alkalizers viz., Acetazolamide, Sodium bicarbonate Probenecid
NSAIDs
Corticosteroids
NSAIDs
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Effect/ Action Cholestyramine decreases the absorption of phenylbutazone Displaces from binding sites on plasma proteins causing toxicity Decrease the urinary excretion of NSAIDs Increases the renal excretion of NSAIDs Probenecid decreases excretion and increases serum concentrations of NSAIDs Increase incidence of GI- ulceration and bleeding
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Possible adverse effects and toxicities GI-erosions, ulcers, colic, Melena, Blood dyscrasias, Nephrotoxicity, Cholestatic and parenchymal hepatotoxicity Delay in healing of soft tissues, fracture Increased leukocyte adhesion (except CINOIDs) Delay in parturition Therapeutic measures: NSAIDs induced GI- lesions treated by H2 receptor antagonists (e.g., Ranitidine), PGE1 analogues (e.g., Misoprostol) and proton pump inhibitors (e.g., Omeprazole). Paracetamol toxicity treated by using antidote acetylcysteine @144mg.kg-1, p.o. Fluid therapy Blood transfusion and other symptomatic and supportive therapy To conclude, NSAIDs are effective medications that afford many veterinary patients a significant amount of relief from pain associated with both chronic disease and acute inflammatory events. But during therapy, early recognition of signs of toxicity through routine clinicopathological monitoring and keen client based observations is essential for safe NSAID therapy in veterinary patients. However, veterinarians are advised to prescribe these drugs as per the thorough clinical judgment and aware of possible adverse effects (ADR) and drug- drug interactions whenever multiple drug therapy is entertained.
Dr. Kamal Hasan, Dr. D. Rathnamma and Dr. Malathi V. KVAFSU, Bidar. (email: kamalmicrobilogy@gmail.com) Calves today are tomorrow's herd, so it makes economic sense to give them the best possible start to life, by using the best calf rearing techniques. The initial investment required for calf rearing is relatively low while labour can generally be easily worked around off-farm commitments. I) Colostrum feeding: A calf is born without protective immunoglobulins/antibodies to protect it against infectious diseases. Colostrum is an extremely rich source of maternal antibodies. The calf depends on the successful passive transfer of these maternal antibodies from the colostrum in order to defend itself against infections until its own active immunity begins to work. Feeding colostrum after birth within 1 hour to get maximum antibodies in calves is essential for development of immunity against diseases. Biological significance of the colostrum will be lost , if the feeding is delayed for more than 2 hours. Substitute for Colostrum : In case of non availability of colostrums, then feed the following mixture three times per day for first 3-4 days. One whipped chicken egg in 300 ml of water to which add half teaspoonful of castor oil and 600 ml of whole milk.
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II) Teaching the calf to drink milk : Hand Feeding : Calf should go without food for first few hours to develop in to appetite. Then calf should be taken to one corner of the pen and insert two fingers of right hand into the mouth, while holding milk in left hand at convenient height for the calf . As the calf suckles the fingers, the muzzle is gradually pressed down in to milk pan. This way calf will learn to drink milk soon. Pail feeding : A pail containing milk is placed at the convenient height. Pail has nipple to a side near the bottom through which calf can suckle milk. III) Milk feeding to calves : A) Feeding of whole milk: Amount of milk to be fed to calf should be one tenth of the calf’s body weight. Factors to be taken into consideration are ; a) Body weight b) Breed c) Growth rate d) Age e) Health status of the calf etc. Minimum period of whole milk feeding is two weeks B) Skim milk feeding : After two weeks of whole milk feeding , it can be replaced with skimmed milk at gradual rate. Skimmed milk can be discontinued after 24 weeks of age. C) Reconstituted for butter milk feeding : Normal butter milk or reconstituted skimmed milk may also be fed in place of fresh skimmed milk for raising dairy calves specially when calves have no access to legume hay.
Milk Feeding Schedule for Dairy Calf Body weight
Calf Age
Colostrum
Whole Milk
Skim MilK
(Kg) Up to 25 20 to 30 25 to 50 30 to 60 40 to 75
(Days) Up to 5 6 to 20 21 to 30 31 to 60 61 to 100
( litres) 1/10 th B.W --
(litres) th 1/10 B.W 1/15 th B.W 1/20 th B.W 1/25th B.W
(litres) th 1/15 B.W 1/20th B.W 1/25 th B.W
Feeding regime for calves raised with calf starter Age
Milk ( % B.W)
Calf starter
Green oats
1 to 14 days
10
-
-
15 to 35 days
10
Ad lib.
Ad lib.
36 to 45 days
7
Ad lib.
Ad lib.
46 to 56 days
5
Ad lib.
Ad lib.
57 to 90 days
-
Ad lib.
Ad lib.
90 to 120 days
-
Ad lib.
Ad lib.
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IV) Feeding of hay : Clean, green and leafy legumes or mixed hay forms are the good fodder for young calves. Hay can be offered to young claves after 2 weeks of age on free choice basis. It may be started with handful of hay but will eat more and more with increase in age, green legumes preferably mixed with other fodder are also good. V) Silage feeding : A limited quantity of silage may be offered to calves preferably after 4 months of age. Care should be taken to feed only about 3 to 4 Kgs of good quality silage along with mineral supplements. VI) Fresh water for calves : 1. Growing calves should have access to fresh and clean water at all times, particularly when milk feeding is reduced. 2. Calf is satisfied with milk alone as a drink and therefore wants to drink quite often little water during day time. 3. There is positive relationship between water consumption and body weight of calves. VII) Vitamins and Minerals supplements : 1. Vitamin A and D supplements should be added to calf starter. Irradiated yeast is a good source of vitamin D or cod liver oil specially in winter may also be added to skim milk to supply vitamin A. 2. Rovimix can also be added as a good source of vitamin A, B2 and D3 in feed. 2. Minerals particularly calcium and phosphorus are essential. A simple mineral mixture consists of 2 parts of dicalcium phosphate and 1 part of salt usually gives good results. Salt should be kept within reach of calf . In areas where iodine and cobalt deficiency occurs, the iodised salt and cobalt chloride should be mixed in mineral mixture as per specific requirement.
Dr. Chetan Kumar G.K and Dr. Muralidhara A Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, Bangalore (email:drchetan208@gmail.com) Cryptosporidium parvum - One of the most common causes of scours in young calves between the age of 5 to 30 days. It is a coccidian parasite, which localizes in intestinal tract of animals and human beings. In neonatal dairy calves, infection with Cryptosporidium often results in diarrhea, weakness, and dehydration. Although C. parvum is the most important of the Cryptosporidium genus in terms of veterinary importance, actually there are about 13 different Cryptosporidium species are present. Most of these species are known at affect other species of animals except young calves or people. There are two species of Cryptosporidium that infect cattle are C. parvum and C. andersoni. C. andersoni appears to infect the abomasum of juvenile and mature cattle but there are no reports of reduced production due to C. andersoni infection. The Cryptosporidium oocysts are about 3 to 5 microns in diameter and excreted in large number in the feces of infected calves. These C. parvum oocysts are resistat to most commonly used disinfectants. The small size and resistant nature of the oocysts allows them to spread infection rapidly among calves on a farm.
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Economic Loss: Severe cases of cryptosporidiosis may result in mortality, and the expenses associated with morbidity and mortality in affected animals can represent substantial financial losses to dairy producers. Generally morbidity rate is high but mortality rate is very low. Calves that suffer from cryptosporidiosis usually have a slower growth rate than other calves. There is also increased cost in the labor involved in supporting these calves through their disease and in the cost of rehydration fluids. Zoonosis: Cryptosporidium can infect humans as well as most mammals, reptiles and birds. Anyone handling an animal with cryptosporidiosis should take great care to practice good personal hygiene. Cryptosporidium is most commonly spread to humans through contact with a contaminated water and food. Life cycle of Cryptosporidium species: The infective stage of the life cycle of Crypto is the oocyst which is passed in the feces and which contains four sporozoites. When the oocyst is ingested the sporozoites are released. These sporozoites invade the cells in the intestine. These sporozoites go through several life stages and ultimately produce more oocysts. Both thick-walled and thin-walled oocysts are produced. The thick-walled organisms are passed in the feces. The thin-walled oocysts can rupture and the sporozoites can infect new host enterocytes resulting in autoinfection which may lead to relapses or protracted disease. Infection of cells leads to cell destruction and results in atrophy and fusion of intestinal villi, are finger-like projections extending from the intestinal lumen that are primarily responsible for nutrient absorption. Clinical Signs: Normally affected calves are usually of one to four weeks of age. Calves infected with C. parvum become weak and lethargic. They presented with history loose to watery stool that may be mild or severe in nature. Diarrheic stool will contain mucus, blood, undigested milk, or bile. While passing stool calves exhibits Tenesmus and oocyst shedding typically begins with diarrhea and continues for a few days. Diagnosis: A tentative diagnosis of Cryptosporidiosis can be made based on history, age of calves and clinical signs. For definitive diagnosis fecal examination is very important. Fecal floatation followed by Giemsa or acid-fast staining is commonly employed to identify C. parvum oocysts. From dead calves ileal mucosal scrapings or fixed tissue secretions are collected to identify C. parvum oocysts. Treatment and Control: Treatment of cryptosporidiosis is usually symptomatic and the control of the parasite relies heavily on prevention. Affected calves should be housed separately in a clean, warm, and dry environment. Halofuginone is reported to markedly reduce oocyst and diarrhea in calves and lambs. Paromomycin sulfate @ 100 mg/kg/day, PO, for 11 days from the second day of age was found successful in preventing natural disease in a controlled clinical field trial in goat kids. Fluid therapy is very important to counteract and prevent further dehydration as well as to restore electrolytes lost in diarrhea. They also need nutritional support to give them energy to fight disease and repair their bodies. A recent study showed no clinical benefit to administering decoquinate as a preventative treatment for cryptosporidiosis. To prevent and control unaffected calves should be moved to clean area and away from affected calves. General sanitation practices should be improved to gain high results. Immediately after birth calves should receive sufficient colostrum, which prevents invasion of opportunistic pathogens which can worsen or compound the severity of disease in calves with cryptosporidiosis. Currently there are no vaccines available for field use but studies were conducted to test trial vaccines. Some of these trail vaccines found promising but no field trial was done.
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Dr. Imamahusen Ramajanasb Gudur Assistant professor, Department of Gynecology and obstetrics Veterinary College Hassan (email:irgudur@gmail.com) The signs of approaching parturition in domestic animals are somewhat similar but vary in certain important respects. The symptoms are inconstant between individual animals and between consecutive parturitions. These symptoms therefore do not permit an accurate prediction as to exact time of parturition in a certain animals but they are useful indications as to the approximate time parturition may be expected. The practicing veterinarian is frequently asked to examine and predict the time of parturition of an animal in advance pregnancy. Although the following discussion will be helpful in this respect, he should refrain from making too positive or definite a statement concerning exact time of parturition, as subsequent events will more often than not prove him wrong. The breeding date, if known, is helpful in predicting the approximate time of parturition. Breeding records are necessary on the well managed farm. Just prior to parturition most animals tend to segregate themselves from the others. The sow, dog and cat attempt to make suitable bed. Changes in the pelvis, genital organs and mammary glands take place. In COWS: The pelvic ligaments, especially sacrosciatic become progressively more relaxed, causing a sinking of croup ligaments and muscles. The coudal border of the sacrosciatic ligament between the coccygeal vertebrae and ischial tuberosity become less cord like and tight and more relaxed and flaccid. Relaxation of pelvic ligaments, cervix and possibly the structure around the perineum is due to edema and changes in collagen fibers in connective tissue probably caused by an increase in estrogen from the placenta and possibly other endocrine glands like adrenals. Relaxin hormone may also play an important role. In most cows the presence of very relaxed ligaments indicates that parturition will probably occur in 24 to 48 hours. This relaxation of the ligaments is also noted by the elevation of tail head. The vulva becomes progressively edematous and more flaccid until it is 2 to 6 times its normal size. The udder becomes enlarged and edematous. In heifers this udder enlargement begins about the fourth month of gestation. In older pluriparous cows it may not be noticeable until 2 to 4 weeks before parturition. In high producing especially younger cows, the amount of edema in the udder may be extensive and cause difficulty in walking. Edema may extend forward on the abdominal floor to the xyphoid region and 2 to 6 inches deep. In the region of navel it may resemble an umbilical hernia. It may extend caudally above the udder and involve the region of perineum and vulva.
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This edema may be severe enough to interfere with circulation in the skin between the udder and legs or in the region between the fore quarters of udder, resulting in areas of necrosis at these sites. At this period the udder and teats are so distended with colostrums that in easy milkers it may leak out. The cow usually exhibits a tenacious, whitish, stringy type of mucus coming from the cranial part of vagina, starting about seven month of gestation. This mucus becomes more profuse as parturition approaches. Just prior to parturition the amount of mucus increases markedly and cervical seal liquefies. During last few hours before calving, the cow may exhibit anorexia and restlessness. Heifers may show the sings of abdominal pain as kicking at the abdomen, treading, switching their tails and lying down and rising. In MARES: Somewhat similar symptoms of approaching parturition are present. The kinking of sacrosciatic ligaments is not so pronounced, due to the heavy croup muscles. The vulva does not become as edematous as in the cows but edema and flaccidity are noted the last few weeks of gestation. No discharge of vaginal mucus prior to foaling is noted. In most mares the udder becomes filled and distended with colostrums about 2 days before foaling, and oozing of this colostrum from the teats, called waxing is usually observed in 95 per cent of mares 6 to 48 hours before foaling. Within 4 hours of parturition slight sweating in the flank region and behind elbow is frequently noticed. Anorexia occurs only within 1 to2 hours of foaling. At the first stage of labour advances the mare becomes restless, show slight colic symptoms, switches her tail and lies down and gets up frequently. These symptoms become progressively more marked until the allantois chorion raptures and the second stage of actual labour begins. It has been said that out of 367 foals, 59.8 per cent were born from 6.00 P.M to mid night, 23.4 per cent from midnight to 6.00 A.M and only 16.8 per cent from 6.00 A.M to 6.00 P.M. some other report also said that 73 per cent of parturition occurred between 2.00 P.M to 4.00 A. M. In EWE and GOAT: Here the conditions are similar to the cow with the exception that udder development is not so great.
Shreyansh S H., Mohankumar S., Dr. Satyanarayan K. and Dr. Jagadeeswary V. Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, Veterinary College Bengaluru (email: shreyanshhosure@gmail.com) Veterinary personnel are at risk of contracting infections from animals (zoonotic diseases) because of their frequent contact with a wide variety of species. Yet, the scope of zoonotic disease risk has not been well recognized, and uniform guidance for infection control in general veterinary practice has been limited. Infection control practices vary tremendously from one veterinary practice to another and often are not sufficient to prevent zoonotic disease transmission. Occupational environment is the sum of external conditions and influences which prevail at the place of work and which have a bearing on the health of the working population. In their occupational
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environment, veterinarians are exposed to various factors which are adverse to health. These health hazards may be grouped as under:Physical Hazards:
Exposure to excessive noise, heat stress, hand arm mechanical shocks, mechanical injuries are some of the usual physical hazards are facing.
Accidents, bites, kicks, inadequate ventilation and vibrations during forging and related operations can cause health problems (e.g., rheumatic) among veterinarians.
The lack of training may be the one of the reason of serious health issues and physical hazards.
Chemical Hazards:
Dermatoses due to contact with chemicals, reagents, solvents, detergents and animal medication are common in some veterinary technicians.
Allergies are due to contact with formaldehyde and other synthetic or natural allergenic substances.
Health hazards caused by inhalation of formaldehyde vapours and mouth pippeting are common.
Toxic hazards due to chemical agents:- Fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides and disinfectants.
Biological Hazards : Infection due to contact with sick or pathogen carrying animals or due to exposure to airborne pathogen, resulting in development of communicable diseases (zoonoses) in veterinarians. Those disease which are harmful to veterinarians are given below:
Anthrax, Blastomycosis Brucellosis (undulant fever), B- virus (Simian B disease), Cat- scratch fever, Echinococcosis (hydatidosis) Encephalitis.
Enteritis (zoonotically acquired), Erysipeloid, Glanders, Hookworm diseases, Lepotospirosis, orf virus disease, Ornithosis, Pasteurellosis, Plague.
Other harmful disease like Pseudocowpox, Psittacosis, Pyogenic infection, Q-fever, Rabies, Rat-bite fever, Rift-valley fever, Ringworm disease, Salmonellosis,
Swineherd disease tapeworm diseases, Toxoplasmosis, Tuberculosis (bovine), Tularaemia typhus fever, etc., as well as other diseases related to protozoan parasites, rickettsia and Chlamydia, viral and fungal infection, are harmful to the veterinarians.
Laboratory animal allergies (LAA) are : Occupational asthma, allergic alveolitis, bronchitis, pneumonitis, rhinitis, skin rashes etc and diseases of airways caused by inhalation of animal food dust containing various microorganism and their spores, animal hair (causing furrier lungs), bird droppings residues (causing pigeon breeder lung), etc. Measures for health protection of veterinarians: Veterinarians are not able to protect animals unless they protect their own health. Veterinarians face unique risks due to their close contact with animals so many precautions should be taken by veterinarians during the performance of their routine duties and special care in case of emergencies such as in out breaks of zoonotic diseases.
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The measures of prevention of occupational hazards among veterinarians may be grouped under the following heading:1. Personal Protection:- Veterinarians should use (PPE) personal protective equipments which protect certain areas of the body that may come into contact with animals. The personal protective equipments include the following:1. Hands (disposable gloves) 2. Arms (sleeve gloves) 3. Eyes (goggles or safety glasses) 4. Mouth and nose (face masks and face shields) 5. Head (hair bonnet) 6. Feet (shoe covers) These equipments should be worn and removed correctly in order to prevent contaminations or exposures 2. Personal hygiene:- Veterinarians should follow the simple rules of hygiene such as hand washing, paring the nails, bodily cleanliness and cleanliness of clothes. The use of mild disinfectants is of great value in protection from biological agent contamination. 3. Vaccination:- Immunizations where available play an important role in protection of veterinarians against certain zoonotic diseases. The use of pre exposure vaccines in cases of high probability of exposure to infectious diseases is an effective method to safeguard Veterinarians health e.g. yellow fever vaccination when entering zones of yellow fever. The use of post exposure vaccine is of effective value in case of rabies.
HUMP-BACKED MAHSEER
monthly e-Bulletin Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru. Editor: Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru Dr. Placid E. D’Souza (Ex-Officio)
Associate Editior: Head, Dept. of Vety.& Animal Husbandry Extension Education Dr. K. Satyanarayan (Ex-Officio)
Contact : Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore email: pashubandhavch@gmail.com Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in
Pashubandha 2017 2014
Volume VolumeNo No : 06 : 3 Issue Issue::07 01