Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bulletin
Newsletter Date : 30th June 2017
Volume No: 06 Issue: 06
Kotresh Prasad C., Mukesh Bhakat., Maruthi S.T. National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, (Email: Ckprasad91@gmail.com) In the near future, due to increase in the world’s human population, it is predicted that there will be an increase and continuing demand for protein from foods of animal source for human consumption in most developing countries, particularly in Asia. The study on dietary diversification conducted by ICAR (Report, 2010) reveals that during the last 10 years in both poor households and rich households in India, there was a shift from cereal based diet to protein rich diet. While there was a reduction of 16.6% and 26% in cereal consumption in poor and rich households, there was an increase of 25.4% and 49% in the consumption of meat, fish and eggs. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, (2013-2014) the deficit of dry fodder, green fodder and concentrates is 40%, 36%, and 57% respectively. Therefore alternate system of rearing ruminant meat animals is the need of the hour. Production systems: Broiler goat production system Broiler goat production system is an intensive system of rearing goats to provide energy, protein and other nutrients in required proportion by feeding semi-solid concentrate diet up to three months of age. Pre-weaning growth of kids is invariably faster than post-weaning growth, even when adequate high quality feed is available after weaning. In this context broiler goat production system has vast scope. This system aims to achieve the production of 15-20 kg body weight by three months of age where the meat quality is better, while it takes approximately one year to attain this body weight in traditional system. Housing management 1.Slatted floors are being commonly used The slatted floor is helpful in cleaning and reduces ammonia smell. The air movement in the ahead will be better and helpful to maintain the health of the animals. Different materials are being used for slatted floors Synthetic floor Steel floor Wooden floor 2) Transformable goat pens Developed in Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (Patented) with a capacity of 1 buck + 2 does along with kids with open and closed area. Automatic drinkers have been installed and also
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slatted floor has been adopted along with faecal material collection tray for ease of cleaning. It is developed by Dr. John Abraham, Assistant professor, KVASU, Kerala It is movable and easy for maintenance and stain less steel material have been used. It can be used in cities to rear the goats on terrace just like terrace gardening if enough greens and feeds are available. Broiler kid production by bottle feeding 3. Automated drinkers: Molded base unit anchors (stainless steel anchor bolts are included with all models), Sloped bottom for easy cleaning, Sealed bottoms avoids draining, Color options are available, Optional heater may be added. 4. Using of milking machines: Available in India with different capacities, Ease of milking and hygienic milking Feeding management 1. Automated kid feeders: With automated feeder, we can save labor Machine milking in goats hours a day from the time-consuming task of hand-feeding. It also allows the animals to eat whenever they want. This reduces the risk of gorge feeding and bloating, resulting in better milk absorption and higher daily gains. The feeder can feed up to 200 animals, depending on the number of teats used. The milk will be kept warm and clean for long time. 2. Creep feeding: Creep fed kids will have greater daily weight gain because the supplementation of feedstuffs is more efficient at this stage of growth. The effect is more evident in twins and triplets compared to single litter. Kids will reach the target market weight at an earlier age, Automated kid milk feeder which has a positive effect on net profit. Creep feeding reduces the stress associated with weaning by making the transition from milk to a dry diet much effectively. 3. Complete feed block: It is feed block of roughage and concentrate mixture in 70:30 ratios with 5.0% of molasses for easy binding. The blocks have many advantages like ease of transport, palatable, lower space for storage, reduced losses during transport and feeding. Reduced cost per kg gain up to 38% as compared to hay and concentrate feeding. It can be stored up to 2 years in dry weather without Complete feed block by CSWRI, deterioration of nutrients. Avikanagar 4. Flushing in goats: Flushing is a common practice to improve the reproductive efficiency of different species. This practice consists of increasing the level of energy offered prior to mating to until approximately 21 days. Nutrient supplementation especially protein and energy prior to breeding is important for increased number of kids, better birth weight and their survivability. Unscientific feeding practices during these periods may lead to huge economic loss resulting from either abortion or early kid mortality.
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5. Total Mixed rations: To provide all the nutrients in equal proportion. Avoids selective feeding. Avoids wastage of feeding. Avoids deficiency syndromes and metabolic diseases. Reproduction Management 1. Artificial insemination in goats: Due to the shortage of breeding males under farmer’s flock this technology is developed for genetic improvement in goats. Conception rate was 35-50% with two inseminations (deep cervical) at an interval of 10-12 hours. A minimum of 100-120 million spermatozoa per Side view of transformable inseminating dose is required. goat pen 2. Oestrous synchronization in small ruminants: The progesterone impregnated vaginal sponge was used at ICAR- CSWRI, Avikanagar and found to be effective to induce pronounced synchronization in Indian goats and increased litter size up to 33 per cent. Health management Frogin: Software for forecasting gastrointestinal nematodiasis in sheep of Rajasthan developed by CSWRI It is a computer based programme which simulates life cycle of Haemonchuscontortus in sheep and on pasture for different agro climatic conditions of Rajasthan. This programme is capable of precisely forecasting Transformable goat pen the magnitude of parasitism for 60 days in advance and is extremely useful in decision making to organize deworming camps for sheep.
B. Kamal Hasan1 and Rathnamma D 2 Contract teacher1 , Professor and Head 2, Veterinary College Bengaluru. (Email:kamalmicrobiology@gmail.com) Orf is a exanthemous disease caused by para pox virus and occurring primarily in sheep and goats. The disease has very wide distribution and many names. some important are as sore mouth, contagious ecthyma, pustular dermatitis, scabby mouth. Clinical signs in animals 1) Sores are typically found on the Lips, Muzzle and in the Mouth. 2) Early in the infection , sores appear as blisters that develop in to crusty scabs. 3) Nursing ewes with lesions on the udder may abandon their lambs .Young animals may require bottle feeding. 4) Older animals with oral lesions may require nutritional support. 5) Except in rare cases, animals recover completely from sore mouth infections within a month. Animals can become infected more than once in their lifetime but repeat infections may occur after a year time and are generally less severe. Zoonoses in humans Clinical signs of Orf infection in Humans: Infection with orf virus is usually confined to epidermis o f the skin. Lesions or nodules will appear at fingers, hands and on the fore arm. Lesions will began as small
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papules that will become ulcerative in nature. Orf virus lesions progress in 6 stages each lasting approximately through one week. Other symptoms may include mild fever, malaise, local swelling of lymph nodes. Lesions generally range in range of 2-3 cm but can be as large as 5 cm. They can be painful but usually resolve on their own without scarring. Transmission of Orf virus to humans: 1) Bottle feeding, shearing sheep and goat 2) Casual contact with infected animals during medication, sheep dipping 3) Handling infected equipments such as castrator, shearing knife 4) Bitten by infected animal 5) Orf virus is not transmitted from one infected person to another. Diagnosis: Lesions of orf are readily recognised by the characteristic appearance and distribution. Virus present in the lesion material are identified by the electron microscopy .primers are available for the detection of parapox virus DNA in the clinical samples. Treatment: Currently there is no treatment for an orf virus infection. The lesions should be kept dry and covered to prevent a secondary infection. While working with animals or during manual labor in which lesion might be wet, use a water tight bandage. To promote healing , a non weeping sore can be uncovered at bedtime or covered loosely if still weeping. Persons whose immune systems are compromised or suppressed due to infection with HIV, Cancer therapy can develop serious symptoms following Orf virus infection. Control:  Wear non-porous rubber or latex gloves when handling sheep or goat when especially when you are having open cut or sore and are handling the animals mouth or muzzle.  Practice good hand hygiene by washing with clean, warm water and soap for at least 1 minute or by using a waterless alcohol based hand rub when soap is not available.
Dr. P.T. Ramesh and Dr. Chetan Kumar G.K Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore (Email: drchetanvet@gmail.com) Heartworm disease (HWD) or Dirofilariasis is caused by Dirofilaria immitis, which mainly affects members of family Canidae. The heartworms were first identified in the United States in 1847. Today, it has been recorded throughout the world in dogs, cats, foxes, wolves, coyotes, ferrets, muskrats, nondomestic cats and human. Disease most common in the United States but it is very infrequent in Canada. This disease can occur in any age group animal. The adult worms mainly reside in the pulmonary artery, lung and/or right heart. These worms require the mosquito as an intermediate host to complete their life cycles, over sixty different species of mosquitoes known to acts as vector. After mating in pulmonary artery, lung and/or right heart, microfilariae (L1) are produced by mature adult worms (L5). These L1 are released in to the circulation and are ingested by feeding mosquitoes, within the mosquitoes they will undergo two moults (L1 to L2 and L2 to L3).
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The microfilariae circulate in the bloodstream for as long as two years, waiting for the next stage in their life cycles in the gut of a bloodsucking mosquito. The rate of development from L1 to L3 in the mosquito is temperature-dependent, requiring about two weeks of temperature at or above 27째C (80째F). Below a threshold temperature of 14째C (57째F), development cannot occur, the cycle will be halted and transmission cannot occur. As a result, transmission is limited to warm months. After successful moulting to L3, biting mosquitoes infects susceptible host with the third-stage larvae heartworms. In the subcutaneous tissue, adipose tissue and skeletal muscular tissue of susceptible host within a week or two third (L3) larval stage moult to the fourth larval stage (L4). Then, the final moult to fifth stage (L5, immature adult of 1 to 2 cm length) occurs 45 to 60 days after infection. These immature heartworms then enter the bloodstream and are carried to the heart and lung, where final maturation (L5, mature adult of 25 to 30 cm length) and mating occurs. The average prepatent period in dogs is about 6-7 months. The life span of the worms in dogs appears to be about 5 to7 years. The worm burden in dogs is usually ranging from 1 to 250 worms. Clinical Signs and Diagnosis D. immitis infection may cause multiple system dysfunction affecting the pulmonary circulation, heart, liver and kidneys. The main consequences of these parasites are inflammation of the pulmonary vasculature and lung parenchyma. Pulmonary arteries become dilated and tortuous and this leads to decreased oxygenation of the blood within the lungs. Pulmonary hypertension results from the aforementioned changes as the right heart has to generate higher pressures to pump blood through the altered pulmonary vasculature. Other complications seen with heartworm disease include; chronic stimulation of immune system by persistent parasites can result in immune-complex glomerulonephritis of the kidneys, vasculitis and polyarthropathies. In addition, the pulmonary parenchyma can undergo detrimental changes as well. Allergic pneumonitis is a pulmonary parenchymal disease that can occur in dogs infected with heartworms. Spontaneous or postadulticidal thromboembolic events can occur. Cardiac arrhythmias can also occur as a result of myocardial changes with dilation. Canine Heartworm disease has four distinct clinical stages; clinical signs and specific diagnostic findings are listed in the Table. 1. But Cats with heartworm disease fall into a class all of their own. Worm burden in Cats is very low and can have very severe inflammatory responses to this very small worm number. The most common clinical sign in cats is respiratory distress. Antigen based test, blood smears and concentration methods are some of the important diagnostic tools. The diagnosis of canine heartworm disease mainly depends on the accurate patient history, the identification of clinical signs according to different stages of disease and use of diagnostic procedures such as microfilarial detection, serologic testing, radiology, angiography and echocardiography. Necropsy is the most definitive diagnostic test. Heartworms are often readily found in the right ventricle of the heart or in the major pulmonary arteries and rarely in the branches of the pulmonary arteries. The identification of D. immitis microfilaria from a blood sample is indicative of infection with adult heartworms. This can be best achieved by Knott's concentration techniques. There are antigen tests to detect specific antigens from adult female heartworms, and are used successfully to detect canine heartworm infection. An IFA detecting antibodies to microfilarial cuticular antigen has been used for the diagnosis of occult infections that result from immune-mediated clearance of microfilariae in dogs. The presence of sterile worms, worms of only one sex or the absence of a host response to microfilarial surface
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antigen does not produce a diagnostic titer. Neoplasia, diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure are the some of the comorbid conditions commonly seen during canine heart worm disease. Class Clinical Signs C l a s s Positive for antigen test but are 1 generally asymptomatic. They cough rarely and may show slight exercise intolerance. Class 2 Positive for antigen test but have clinical signs associated with moderate disease. Occasional coughing, exercise intolerance and fever.
Diagnostic Findings Thoracic radiography: Very mild changes Blood work : Normal
C l a s s Positive for antigen test but 3 have clinical signs associated with severe disease. Clinical signs include difficulty breathing without exercise, frequent cough, weight loss, inappetance, lethargy, coughing up blood and abdominal distension due to ascites.
Physical Examination: A split 2nd heart sound may be heard.
Class 4 Clinical signs are very severe C a v a l include difficulty in breathing S y n without exercise, frequent drome cough, abnormal lung sounds, abnormal heart sounds, hepatomegaly, weight loss, inappetance, lethargy, coughing up blood, hemoglobinuria and abdominal distension due to ascites, syncope and death.
Physical Examination: A split 2nd heart sound may be heard due to delayed closure of the pulmonic valve compared to the aortic valve due to pulmonary hypertension. A loud systolic murmur heard best of over the right apex can be present due to tricuspid valve regurgitation. Thoracic radiographs: are similar to class 3 animals. Urinalysis : Reveals a dark brown urine signifying hemoglobinuria secondary to lysis of RBC from the shearing forces as blood is forced across the tricuspid valve which is entangled with worms. Echocardiogram: Adult heartworms in the right heart and pulmonary artery.
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Physical Examination: A split 2nd heart sound may be heard. Thoracic radiographs: Dilated pulmonary arteries and right heart enlargement Blood work: Mild anemia Urinalysis: Mild to moderate protein loss.
Thoracic radiography: Tortuous arteries, enlarged right heart parenchymal changes such as an allergic pneumonitis or pleural right heart failure.
and dilated pulmonary and other pulmonary interstitial pattern from effusion secondary to
Blood work : Moderate to severe anemia Urinalysis: Severe protein loss.
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Treatment Heart worm infection can be successfully treated in most of dogs. The animals of class 1 & 2 have high treatment success rate than class 3 & 4. In severe cases post-adulticide complications and mortality are greater. The main goal in the tratement of heart worm infection is to kill all adult worms with an adulticide and all microfilariae with a microfilaricide. Treatment of adult canine heart worm has been very difficult to achieve. There are two organic arsenical compounds, which are commonly used as adulticides viz Thiacetarsamide sodium and Melarsomine dihydrochloride. Thiacetarsamide is administered @ 2.2 mg/kg B.Wt, twice a day for 2 or 3 consecutive days. It should be given strict intravenous route; any leakage of the drug around the vein can result in intense perivascular inflammation. Melarsomine is administered by deep IM injection into the lumbar muscles. Melarsomine can be administered in three different ways. Method I - Melarsomine administered @ 2.5 mg/kg B.Wt, twice, 24 hours apart Method II- Followed for class 1 & 2 infections. Melarsomine administered @ 2.5 mg/kg B.Wt, twice, 24 hours apart, four months following treatment , a second treatment series @ 2.5 mg/kg B.Wt, twice, 24 hours apart is given Method III- This is followed for class 3 infections, single injection of 2.5 mg/kg B.Wt, then approximately month later @ 2.5 mg/kg B.Wt, twice, 24 hours apart is given. When right sided congestive heart failure is identified, treatment can be delayed, until CHF is stabilised, with diuretics, ACE inhibitors and pimobendon. If respiratory signs are severe (due to eosinophiollic pneumonia), prednisolone @ 0.5mg/Kg for 7-14days can be given, sildenafil usage can also be considered. Prevention: Prevention of canine heartworm disease is effective and simple, and consists of three important aspects: Regular blood testing to identify larval stages Reducing exposure of pets to mosquitoes using mosquitoe repellants/coils/liquids Preventive medication like ivermectin, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, and selamectin can be used.
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Nishanth. C, 1P. K. Kapoor, 2Naveen Kumar, 2Riyesh. T, 2Sanjay Barua and 1Naresh Jindal 1 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 2National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, Hisar (Email: nishanthvet@gmail.com) Introduction Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the economically important viral diseases of the domestic and wild birds around the world. It has drastically affected the economy than any other animal viral disease. Around 241 species of birds of 27 orders, of all the age groups are susceptible to infection with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) of which chickens are the most susceptible. ND is caused by an avian paramyxo virus, which is a non-segmented, negative sense, single stranded RNA virus with a diameter of 100 to 500 nm. There are 10 serotypes of NDV, of which APMV-1 is the major etiological agent. It is placed in the family Paramyxoviridae, sub-family Paramyxovirinae, genus Avula virus.
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Two system of classification of NDVs have been practiced, the first system classifies NDV into six lineages with 13 sub-lineages and three additional sublineages were added later. The second system classifies NDVs into class I (with 9 genotypes) and class II (with 18 genotypes). The OIE has restricted the use of the term ‘ND’ only for virulent pathotypes, whereas low pathogenic Newcastle disease is called by a synonym ‘Avian paramyxovirus type -1’ (APMV-1). History: The first outbreak of the ND occurred in Java, Indonesia in 1926 (Kraneveld, 1926), followed by in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England. The name “Newcastle disease” was coined by Doyle as a temporary means to avoid a descriptive name that might be confused with other disease. Three panzootics of ND has occurred globally affecting the poultry industry adversely. Host range: The NDVs have also been reported to infect animals other than birds, ranging from reptiles to humans. The V protein of NDV plays major role in the host range determination of NDV infection in different birds. Domestic fowls, turkeys, pheasants, quails and guinea fowls are highly susceptible to infection. Ostriches are less susceptible whereas, Psittacines (parrots) are highly susceptible. Incidence in India: In India the disease was reported for the first time at Ranikhet district of U.P. in July, 1927 and hence commonly known as Ranikhet disease. In southern India, it was first reported in Tamil Nadu by Kylasam Aier (1930) and since then the disease is endemic in the country. Viral genome: APMV-1 strain has three genome lengths: 15,186, 15,192, and 15,198nt. The genome contains six major genes which encode the structural proteins in the order 3’-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5’ as well as two non-structural proteins, W and V. The cleavability of F protein was reported to be the major determinant for the virulence of the virus. The virulence of NDV has been attributed to the variations in the amino acid sequence of the fusion protein cleavage site (FPCS) and the availability of protease enzyme to cleave fusion protein in different tissues of the infected birds. Transmission: The incubation period of ND varies greatly with an average of 5 to 6 days. Infected birds shed virus in exhaled air, respiratory discharges and feaces. Vertical transmission of disease has also been reported. Infected chickens are the primary source of virus, but other domestic and wild birds may also be the sources of NDV. The main method of spread of virus between poultry flocks is by the transfer of virus, especially in infective feaces in which virus may be present in high titre, by the movement of people and contaminated equipment. Disease and pathogenicity: This disease is clinically manifested by the impairment of respiratory, gastro-intestinal and central nervous systems and the disease is clinically manifested by greenish diarrhoea, respiratory distress and impairment of nervous system. The disease is characterized into five different pathotypes based on the virulence and clinical signs (Beard and Hanson, 1984). 1 Viscerotropic velogenic (Doyle’s form) - highly virulent form characterized by haemorrhagic lesions in the intestinal tract, petechial haemorrhage in proventiculus, enlarged and necrotic caecal tonsils. 2 Neurotropic velogenic (Beache’s form) - high mortality following respiratory and nervous signs, prostration and paralysis 3 Mesogenic (Beudette’s form) - manifested by means of respiratory and nervous signs but with low mortality affecting mainly young birds. 4 Lentogenic (Hitchner’s form) - mild or in apparent respiratory infection.
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5 Asymptomatic enteric - an in apparent intestinal infection.
A
B
C
Gross pathological lesions observed during post-mortem examination (A) Haemorrhages at the tip of proventricular glands in a bird suspected for ND (B) Intestinal hemorrhages in a bird suspected for ND (C) Caecal hemorrhages observed in a bird suspected for ND Diagnosis Virus isolation and detection: Virus isolation remains the gold standard method for detection of the virus. NDV can be isolated in both 9-11 day old specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs and variety of cell cultures. Most widely used cell culture media are chicken embryo liver (CEL) cells, chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF), African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells and chicken-embryo-related (CER) cells. The characteristic CPE observed is syncytial formation in monolayer cells. Based on the plaque size and its morphology, Hanson (1975) characterized the isolates into velogenic strains wherein heterogenecity in plaque size was most common; mesogenic strains with small plaques and lentogenic strains with plaques present rarely. Conventional techniques: Various techniques such as complement fixation test, single radial immune diffusion test, single radial haemolysis, immuno-peroxidase assay, phage-capturing dot blot assay, agar gel precipitation test, haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test have been used to detect antibodies to NDV. The most commonly and widely used serological assay for the screening of NDV is the HI. Molecular techniques: Nucleic acid based detection technique has been widely used especially flanking fusion gene of NDV. Commonly used methods includes reverse transcriptase-PCR, Real time PCR coupled to high resolution melt (HRM) analysis, Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), Fingerprinting, Nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA). Isolation or detection of NDVs directly in samples followed by preliminary screening of samples by HA, followed by confirmation by RT-PCR, along with nucleotide sequencing or restriction enzyme analysis is being used widely to pathotype the NDV isolates. Advanced molecular techniques based on the phylogenetic analysis with the partial hyper variable nucleotide sequences of the F gene have helped in classification of NDVs into different lineages, classes and genotypes. Such classification is very important to understand the molecular epidemiology. Pathotyping of the isolates In vivo method: The NDV isolates can be pathotyped either by in vivo methods or by molecular techniques. In vivo pathotyping of NDV isolates includes intra-cerebral pathogenic index (ICPI), intra venous pathogenic index (IVPI) and mean death time (MDT); of which ICPI is one of the approved methods for pathotyping of NDV isolates. The NDVs have been pathotyped biologically into three groups that are as follows: 1. Lentogenic (low or avirulent) with MDT of more than 90h, ICPI of 0 to 5 and IVPI of 0.
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2. Mesogenic (medium virulence) with MDT of 60-90h, ICPI of 0.5 to 1.5 and IVPI of 0 to 1.5 3. Velogenic (highly virulent) with MDT of 40-60 h, ICPI of 1.5 to 2.0 and IVPI of 1.5 to 2 (Alexander 1988; OIE 2012) In vitro / Sequencing: It has been reported that F, HN, and P genes of NDV collectively or individually contribute to viral virulence. Molecular techniques like real time-reverse transcription PCR, reverse transcription PCR, sequencing, and restriction enzyme digestion analysis have been used widely for the identification and pathotyping of the virus. The amino acid sequence motif between positions 112-117 of fusion gene has been used as a criterion for classifying an NDV strain as virulent or avirulent (lentogenic). Highly virulent NDVs have three or more basic amino acids, which are lysine (K) or arginine (R) residues between 112-116 with phenylalanine (F) at position 117 i.e., (R/K-R-Q/K/R-K/R-R)-F. In contrast avirulent NDV strains typically have basic residues at -1 and -4 positions in the cleavage site (G/E-K/R-Q-G/E-R)-L with leucine at 117 position. Prevention and Control: Vaccination against ND in chicken have been carried out with live naturally occurring and artificially attenuated non-pathogenic forms of the agent, inactivated viruses or their immunogenic determinants, subunit vaccines and live genetically modified vaccines. There are three types of vaccines used for ND: live lentogenic, live mesogenic and inactivated vaccines. 1. Live lentogenic vaccines: are usually derived from field viruses that have been shown to have low pathogenicity for poultry but produce an adequate immune response. Typical vaccine strains are HB1, LaSota and F strain and some viruses from the asymptomatic enteric pathotype, which are usually based on the V4 or Ulster 2C viruses. All conventional live vaccines have the disadvantage of needing to be kept at low temperatures to maintain their efficacy. This is not a problem for intensive poultry production in an industrial setting, but the maintenance of the “cold chain� during distribution can be very difficult in village settings, particularly where there is high ambient temperature. 2. Mesogenic strains vaccines: have been used for vaccination in the village situation. These produce severe vaccinal reactions in an immunologically naive population, and the use of this kind of vaccine is not advisable in situations where chickens are without prior protection against the virus. Normally mesogenic vaccines, such as Komarov and Mukteswar were used as secondary vaccines after a primary vaccination with a lentogenic vaccine. 3. Inactivated vaccines: various killed/ inactivated vaccines are available commercially which are available in combinations with other viruses such as IBV and IBDV. These vaccines are commonly used as booster vaccines to maintain high antibody titre in the affected chickens. Conclusions: Like other RNA viruses, viral polymerase of NDV lacks proof reading capacity and hence there are high chances of mutations leading to the emergence of new antigenic variant. Even a slight antigenic difference in NDV strain may evade vaccinal immunity. Implementation of extensive vaccination program in the commercial poultry has reduced the outbreaks of ND. However, apparent vaccination failure is mainly due to the incompatibility between the field and vaccine strains, wild birds and backyard poultry acting as carriers and hence amplifies the infection. Proper vaccination of birds with NDV protects the birds from clinical disease but it does not prevent virus replication and shedding, which results in a source of infection.
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Mohankumar, S1, K. Satyanarayan2 and V. Jagadeeswary3 Assistant Professor1, Professor2 and Associate Professor3 , Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, Veterinary College Hebbal, Bengaluru (Email: mohavet83333@gmail.com) There must be a valid health certificate by a qualified veterinary officer, indicating their fitness for transport and their selves being free from any infections or contagious disease Only healthy animals in good conditions should be transported. In the case of lambs or kids under six weeks of age, separate panels should be provided. First – aid equipment should be carried during transportation Males and females should not be mixed in the same compartment. Sheep and goats should not be mixed in the same compartment The animals should not be tied unless there is a risk of their jumping out and their legs shall not be tied down. Necessary vaccination shall be done in advance. Sufficient feed and fodder shall be carried during the journey. Watering facility shall be provided at regular intervals. Vehicles shall be inspected for safety and cleaned with suitable disinfectant before loading the animals. The floors and walls of vehicle should not have blunt/ sharp edges, which might injure the animals. Adequate ventilation shall be provided in every wagon. Upper door of one side of wagon shall be kept open and properly fixed and the upper door of the wagon shall have wire guage closely welded mesh arrangements to prevent burning cinders from the engines entering the wagon and leading to fire breakout. Goods vehicles of capacity of 4 or 5 tons, which are generally used for transporting animals, shall carry not more than forty sheep or goats. In the case of large goods vehicles and wagons, partition shall be provided at every two or three metres across the width to prevent the crowding and trapping of sheep and goats. Each consignment shall bear a label showing the following particulars. Number and kind of animals loading. 1. Name, address and telephone number if any, of the consignor 2. Name, address and telephone number if any, of the consignee; and 3. Quantity of rations and feed provided. During Loading of animals While loading, the extreme temperatures of the day and night shall be avoided. Bedding should not be less than 5 cm thick to avoid injury to animal, commonly straw is used Suitable ramps shall be provided for loading and unloading animals. The ramp should be at least 0.75 metre in width with raised side at least 0.75 metre high. The floor of the ramp shall clear at about 15-cm interval so those animals don’t slip as they climb or descend. In case of a railway wagon, when the loading is done on the platform, the dropped door of the wagon
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when the loading is done on the platform, the dropped door of the wagon may be used as ramp and Should not drag sheep or goats by their horns. Space requirement: The space required per goat shall be the same as that for wooled sheep. The approximate space required per sheep in truck or railway wagon shall as follows, Approximate weight of animals (kg) Upto 20 21 to 25 26 to 30 Above 30 Gauge type Broad Gauge Meter Gauge
Space required (Square meters) Wooled Shorn 0.18 0.16 0.20 0.18 0.23 0.22 0.28 0.26
Area of wagon (Square meters) Less than 21.2 21.1 and above Less than 12.5 12.5 and above
Capacity 70 100 50 60
Overcrowding shall be avoided. For journey in hilly areas, suitable partitions shall be provided to avoid tramping of animals. Railway wagon shall not accommodate more than the following number of sheep or goats. In case of large trucks and wagons, partitions every two to three metres across the width may be provided to prevent much of the crowding and trapping of animals. In case of ewes, goats, lambs and kids under 6 weeks of age, separate panels may be provided. The speed of the truck shall not exceed 40 km per hour and shall avoid jerks and jolts. The truck not lads any other merchandise and shall avoid the unnecessary stops on the road.
Transportation of sheep in truck
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Transportation of sheep in two wheeler
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That each
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monthly e-Bulletin Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru. Editor: Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru Dr. H.N. Narsimha murthy (Ex-Officio)
Associate Editior: Head, Dept. of Vety.& Animal Husbandry Extension Education Dr. K. Satyanarayan (Ex-Officio)
Contact : Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore email: pashubandhavch@gmail.com Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in
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