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Geological Field trip to
5-10 July 2017 Class: _____ Group: _____
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STUDENT HANDBOOK
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Field Trip to Korea 2017
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Content
Logistics
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Assembly point and time
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Itinerary
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Map of Jeju Island
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Geology
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Tectonics of Jeju
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Rocks on Jeju
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Geomorphology
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Hallasan (漢拏拏⼭山)
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Seongsan Ilchulbong Tuff Cone (城⼭山⽇日出峰)
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Cheonjiyeon Falls (天地淵瀑布)
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Jungmun Daepo Coast (⻄西歸浦中⽂文觀光區)
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Manjanggul Cave (萬丈窟)
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Worksheet for Manjanggul Caves Udo (⽜牛島)
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Climate
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Tourism
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South Korea Tourism Development and Marketing Strategy
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Hotel Rating System in South Korea
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Appendix
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Group List
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Room arrangement
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Things to note
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簡單⽇日常韓⽂文教學 Publication of magazine
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LOGISTICS Assembly point and time
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Itinerary
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Map of Jeju Island
Legend
Incheon International Airport Gimpo International Airport Jeju International Airport 奇幻⼭山坡(神奇之路路) Yongduam Rock (용두암龙头岩) 濟洲島韓華度假村 Geomun Oreum Entrance (拒⽂文岳⽣生態探訪徒步) 성산일출봉 [유네스코 세계자연유산](濟洲世界⾃自然遺產中⼼心) Hallasan Peak(漢拏拏⼭山) Manjanggul Cave(萬丈窟) ⽜牛島/Udo Seogwipo Port(⻄西歸浦) Cheonjiyeon Waterfall(天地淵瀑布) 涉地可⽀支 Seongsan Ilchulbong(城⼭山⽇日出峰) Olleh Windmill Pension & Guesthouse Itinerary & maps
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GEOLOGY Tectonics of Jeju
The eastern margin of the Asian continent is characterised by the occurrence of extensive magmatism. Most Quaternary volcanoes in this region are built along the convergent plate margins where Pacific and Philippine Plate are being subducted beneath the Eurasian Plate. These volcanic arcs from 100-200 km above the dipping seismic zone located near the surface of the foundering oceanic lithosphere.
From Pleistocene to Holocene period, a total of 5 stages of volcanic activities are identified:
Stage 1: Basalt formation (1.2 million years ago)
Basalt cannot currently be seen on the ground. The oldest basalt rocks are known to be basalt one, embedded in the “Dragonhead” tuff and are approximately 1.2 million years old. The basalt rocks, acting as the base of Jeju Island, are presumed to have taken their current shape after effusing at the structure which connects Seoguipo and Mosulpo.
Stage 2: Seogulpo Sedimentary Period (1.2 million to 0.7 million years ago)
An oceanic sedimentary layer covering basalt is exposed to cliffs across the Chunjiyeon coastal lines, stretching 1 km wide and 35 m deep. The layer reflects fluctuated glacial water level changes at that time to the sedimentary layer and displays the outcome of continual oceanic erosion.
Stage 3: Lava ground formation period (0.7 million - 0.3 million years ago)
Basalt covers the low coastal areas formed between 0.63 million years to 0.31 million years ago.
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Stage 4: Hallasan Geological Formation Period (0.3 million - 0.1 million years ago)
Lava at this time period forms Hallasan areas and the plateaux of mid-high mountain highlands.
Stage 5: Parasite Volcano Eruption Period (100, 000 - 25,000 years ago)
The rock is mainly situated in the northwestern top of Hallasan. The lava is formed by the Hallasan volcanic eruption and sporadic eruptions of parasite volcanoes (cinder cone) at the piedmont districts.
Volcanic activities of Jeju Volcano began at the end of Tertiary Period at a hot spot on the sea bottom. The island was built up to the sea level as a result of volcanic activities that began approximately 1.2 million years ago. In the center of the island, Hallasan Mountain rises 1,950 meters above sea level. Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes comprises three sites that together make up 18,846 ha, 10.3% of the surface area of Jeju Island, the southernmost territory of the Republic of Korea. It includes: Geomunoreum, regarded as the finest lave tube system of caves anywhere, with its multi-coloured carbonate roofs and floors, and dark-coloured lava walls; the fortress-like Seongsan Ilchulbong tu cone, rising out of the ocean, a dramatic landscape; and Hallasan Mountain, the highest in Korea, with its waterfalls, multi-shaped rock formations, and lake-filled crater. The property, of outstanding aesthetic beauty, also bears testimony to the history of our planet; to its features and processes.
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Rocks on Jeju
The eastern margin of the Asian continent is characterized by the occurrence of extensive magmatism. Most Quaternary volcanoes in this region are built along the convergent plate margins where Pacific and Philippine Sea Plates are being subducted beneath the Eurasian Plate (Fig. 1a). These volcanic arcs form 100–200 km above the dipping seismic zone located near the surface of the foundering oceanic lithosphere. Far behind the volcanic arcs, on the other hand, are sporadically distributed ‘intraplate’ volcanoes such as Jeju volcano (Fig. 1a). Although no seismically active slab is observed, recent tomography results have revealed the presence of horizontally lying, subducted lithospheric material near the upper–lower-mantle boundary beneath the intraplate volcanoes.
East of Jeju Island is the Sea of Japan, a back-arc basin formed behind the Japanese Islands at 30–15 Ma with clockwise and anti-clockwise rotations of SW and NE Japan arc slivers respectively at ∼15 Ma. Although the principal cause of the back-arc rifting is controversial, back-arc basin formation results in, or is caused by, upwelling of asthenospheric material that ultimately creates new oceanic crust. It is therefore interesting to compare the chemical characteristics of upwelling asthenospheric material beneath the back-arc basin and the intraplate regions.
Figure 1a: Plate tectonics in Jeju region
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Questions: 1. Draw an annotated diagram to show the formation of Jeju Island in relation to plate movement. 2. What is the highest mountain on Jeju Island? What is its height? Do you know how this mountain is formed?
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Figure 1b: Locations of volcanic craters and their stages of formation.
Jeju Island is roughly elliptical in shape (80 km × 40 km) and mainly comprises Holocene volcanic rocks. It is composed of thick piles of lava flows, minor pyroclastic rocks, hyaloclastites, and numerous parasitic scoria cones (Fig. 1b). These volcanic rocks are believed to have erupted onto a granitic basement, although granitic rocks are found only as xenoliths in both lavas and pyroclastics. The volcanic activity on this island can be divided into four stages (Fig. 1b), based on stratigraphic relationships . Radiometric age determinations for Jeju lavas indicate that the volcanic activity commenced at ∼800 ka and continued to historical times. Stage 1 began with the eruption of basaltic lava flows that formed a shield volcano growing from the sea floor. Once the shield volcanic activity ended, the Stage 1 volcanic rocks were unconformably overlain by volcaniclastic sediments (Seoguipo Formation). The Stage 2 basaltic lavas (Pyosunri basalts) form the bulk of the exposed volcanic rocks as a lava plateau. Minor lava flows composed of trachyandesites and trachytes were also erupted during this stage. The Stage 3 volcanic rocks form the Halla shield volcano, with a peak height of 1950 m, and can be subdivided into four substages based on stratigraphic relationships and petrographical characteristics. The final volcanic activity on this island, Stage 4, yielded more than 360 parasitic scoria cones that are distributed along the axis of the island (Fig. 1b).
Forty volcanic samples collected from the island cover almost all volcanic stages (Fig. 1b). To evaluate the role of the granitic basement in the formation of the Jeju magmas, two granitic xenoliths included in pyroclastic rocks were also analysed.
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GEOMORPHOLOGY The overall geomorphologic features of Jeju Island are, in large part, divided into three categories as follows:
- Lava plateaus developed in lower parts of coastal areas;
- the shield volcano of Hallasan in the centre of the island; and
- Volcanic cones and craters surrounding Hallasan
At the submit of Hallasan, there is a crater lake named Backnokdam with maximum and minimum width of 585 m and 375 m respectively. About 360 volcanic craters and cones lie scattered about the major axis of the island so that they dominate the overall topography and scenery of Jeju. Volcanic activity along the coastal regions had occurred in a watery environment, causing the formation of tu rings and cones, and later on the constant seawater erosion continued to create unique and ever-evolving coastal landscapes. Another geomorphologic feature of Jeju Island is the large-scale lava tubes which have developed underground. Lava of low viscosity and high fluidity flowed repeatedly toward the ocean from the volcanic centres around Hallasan so that world-scale lava tubes were created beneath the surface.
Jeju’s drainage system is made up of streams that radiate outwards from the central high-point of Hallasan. While drainage systems created from wide lava plateaus formed on the gentle east-west slope of Hallasan are less evolved, most watercourses were developed on the north-south slopes and run either southbound or northbound. Owing to nature of the geological features there are no permanently running streams on Jeju. Water from upper courses runs into the underground through permeable layers developed on the edges of lava flows or along columnar joints in the stream beds. Although the ground water rises to the surface near the seashores, sometimes forming waterfalls, most of the water courses in Jeju are dry stream beds for much of the year.
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Hallasan (漢拏拏⼭山)
Hallasan Mountain is an aspite-type shield volcano, displaying diverse volcanic characteristics such as crater lakes, columnar joints, trachyte dome and lava plains. Throughout the region, numerous parasitic cones can be found that have contributed to the developmental history of a typical volcanic landscape. The pristine state of Hallasan Mountain, as a shield volcano, is preserved in Hallasan Natural Reserve.
Where weathering and erosion have contributed to the development of the landscape, they have produced additional landscape features or have provided opportunities to view the interior of the landscape.
Currently the area, covering approximately 15,338.6 ha, is designated as a National Park (since 1970), the center of which is designated as a Natural Monument (Natural Monument No. 182 since 1966) with an area of 9,093 ha. As such, a large part of the entire area is under careful management so as to prevent damage from human activities.
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Moreover, it remains relatively free from serious natural disasters such as earthquakes. At the summit of Hallasan Mountain, a prominent trachyte dome was formed by intrusion and emplacement 25,000-30,000 years ago.
In addition, a crater, surrounded by trachytic basalt and the trachyte dome, can also be found at the summit. This crater (1.6 ha), which is 108 m deep and about 550 m in diameter, holds a lake. Around the periphery of the crater, the western half is composed of trachyte, while the eastern half is made up of trachytic basalt, which was formed by silent Hawaiian-type eruptions.
Geography students, can you explain the formation of the crater lake on Hallasan based on the diagrams below?
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Seongsan Ilchulbong Tuff Cone (城⼭山⽇日出峰)
Questions: 1. Which section of the river do you visit? Give evidence to prove. 2. Explain the formation of the waterfall. 3. Identify the feature found at the based of the waterfall. 4. Is Cheonjiyeon Falls a popular tourist attraction on Jeju Island? Explain why.
Seongsan Ilchulbong Tuff Cone is located in Seongsan-ri, Seongsan-eup, Namjeju-gun, Jeju-do. The summit of the Ilchulbong crater lies at an altitude of 179 m; that of the lowest point in the crater is 89 m. The major axis of the bowl-shaped crater measures 570 m in diameter; assuming a total area of approximately 2.6 ha.
In the late Pleistocene Epoch (approximately 40,000 - 120,000 years ago), a Surtseyan-type underwater eruption from a shallow seabed resulted in a tuff cone. With the exception of the northwestern portion, three sides of the crater have been eroded by wave action, creating exposed cliffs which reveal the structure of the tuff cone in cross section.
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On the northeastern side, the cliff has been eroded to almost the summit of the crater. Since volcanic activities halted or contemporaneously, the incessant erosion of the waves continued to eat away the outer rim of the crater. As a result, today, the Ilchulbong is not a perfect tuff cone.
Nevertheless, where the slopes meet with the sea, the rare internal stratifications, unique to Surtseyan-type phreatomagmatic volcanic activities, can be clearly seen. On the crater's northwestern slope, which remains unaffected by wave cut erosion, the eruption-induced tuff slopes remain intact, serving as a precious archive for geological studies regarding ancient volcanic activities. The rocks that makes up the tuff cone is a composite mix of breccia, massive lapilli tuff, stratified lapilli tuff, bedded tuff, muddy tuffite and tuffite, creating nine layers of sedimentary facies. Depending on the slope gradient from the crater and its proximity, there are four facies associations - steep rim beds, flank deposits, marginal beds and volcaniclastic aprons.
Through repeated processes of eruption and deposition, the slopes of the crater have developed into a virtual museum of highly valuable structures, resulting from phreatomagmatic eruptions; it displays base surge bedding, internal cross laminations, graded bedding, pyroclastic flow lamination, slumping, ripple mark, bedding sag, ballistic blocks, channel system and local unconformities. It is a text-book resource for the study of volcanoclastic sedimentology.
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Questions: 1. Describe the characteristics of the rocks you see along the Daepo Coast. 2. Explain the formation of the rocks.
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Cheonjiyeon Falls (天地淵瀑布) A quiet trail leads the way to Cheonjiyeon Falls. The path through the thick forest and stepping stones across the stream make this a popular date route for young lovers and newlyweds. The waterfall formed in a valley of hardened lava and measures 22 meters high and 20 m deep. It is called Cheonjiyeon as it is a pond made by the contact of the sky and land. Cheonjiyeon became a scenic spot a long time ago, with its chiseled rock cliffs and rare subtropical trees.
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Jungmun Daepo Coast (⻄西歸浦中⽂文觀光區) Columnar Joints at Jeju Jungmun Daepo Coast or Jusangjeollidae are rocky cliffs that run for about 2km along the coast line from Jungmun Dong to Daepo Dong in Seogwipo. They were formed by the cooling and solidification of basalt flows from the Nokhajiak volcano from 140,000 to 250,000 years ago when Hallasan was still an active volcano.
Jusangjeollidae is a pillar-shaped joint formed by basaltic lava. As high-temperature basaltic lava cools, it shrinks in volume often producing a columnar joint. When viewed from the top, four to six sided polygonal columns of basaltic rocks can be observed. Basaltic columns of 25m in height look like a regular stack or pillars, which can be called the nature's masterpieces.
The dark and reddish, hexagonal columnar joints are spread out like background screens layer upon layer. The invigorating breaking waves, not only clears a troubled mind, but with God’s touch also crafted the lava pillars. The greatness and miraculous work of nature spontaneously come to the senses. It is Natural Monument No. 443 designated on 27 Dec. 2004.
The white foam rushing through breaking waves might carry a sad tale from a stonemason, standing in front of a majestic creation of lava. Sometimes, rough waves rush up as high as 20 meters or more creating a spectacular scene. This theme tour destination is a very popular spot for an increasing number of visitors. They appreciate the scenic masterpiece while enjoying the refreshing sea breezes. Although the geological name is Jusangjeolli columnar joints, the area’s administrative name is Jungmun-dong, Seogwipo city. It is also called “Jisatgae Rocks” in keeping with its old name.
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Manjanggul Cave (萬丈窟) Manjanggul is one of the complex lava tube systems of the Geomunoreum, which was active 100,000 - 300,000 years ago. It resulted in the formation of some of the most spectacular and famous lava tube systems on Jeju. The lava flow in which the caves formed trends in a northernortheasterly direction for about 15 km from the crater to the northern coast of Jeju. (See Fig.5)
Figure 2: The Geomun area showing approximate locations of the crater (large horizontal pink arrow). The three lava tubes, Manjanggul, Gimnyeongul and Yongcheongul are shown by blue arrows. Other tubes in the system include Bengdwigul (large pink arrow) and several smaller tubes (smaller purple arrows).
Among the three spectacular lava tube systems, Manjanggul is the longest and the most spacious tube. It has three entrances, two main passages levels and a total of about 7.4 km of passage. Passages range in size up to 23 m wide and 30 m high and contain a wide and spectacular range of lava features. A section of Manjanggul, approximately 1 km long and upflow from the middle entrance has been developed as a self-guiding show cave. Entry is via a large flight of stone steps. After the long flight of steps into the cave, it is an easy walk on an almost-level smooth lava floor. The inside of the tunnel sustains a temperature of 11~21℃, creating a comfortable atmosphere. The show cave section is electrically lit, with many of the lights camouflaged by fibreglass structures textured to look like piles of rock. The light housings are arranged so that the lights face into the cave. This gives visitors a better view on the way in, but makes it harder to see on the way out. Itinerary & maps
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In places grey coloured shotcrete has been sprayed onto the cave walls and ceiling, presumably to bind the surface and reduce the risk of minor rock fall. The main hazards along the show cave route are drips and resulting puddles of water. The drip problem can be overcome by wearing a rain jacket or carrying an umbrella and cave management has addressed the puddle problem by strategically placing loose concrete stepping stones along the wettest sections of passage. The show cave section ends at an impressive lava column, more than 7m tall, where lava owing along an upper level passage (no longer accessible) has dribbled down to the main level and more or less frozen in situ (Figure 3).
Questions: 1. With the help of Figures 8 and 9, explain the formation of the lava tubes on Jeju. 2. Suggest reasons why only 1 km of the lava tubes is open to tourists. Figure 3: A 7-metre tall lava column marks the end of the show cave section.
The up-flow passages are generally quite spacious but there are some lower sections (Figs 11-13). There are also extensive areas of breakdown, where the roof lining has collapsed, which at one point provides access to an upper level section. The upper level is an important roost site for a
3. Identify and photograph dierent features found in the lava tubes.
population of long-Winged bats (Miniopterus schreibersii fulginosus). This colony, with an estimated population of 30,000 bats, is the largest known bat colony in Korea. Manjang is also an important site for invertebrates and more than 38 species have been identified.
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The cave ends at a large collapse entrance. This up-flow entrance was used at one time as an access point to the cave, but the only evidence for this now is a large block of concrete that apparently marked the mid point of a flight of stairs (Figure 4).
The show cave section ends at an impressive lava column, more than 7m tall, where lava owing along an upper level passage (no longer accessible) has dribbled down to the main level and more or less frozen in situ.
Figure 4: Vertical entrance at the upflow end on Manjanggul. A good spot for a lunch break.
Manjanggul, tourists can make their way to the bottom of the show cave steps and turned left into the lower (main) level of the down-flow section. It is a relatively short section (less than 1km long) with easy walking on a at lava floor. For most of its length down-flow from the show cave entrance, Manjanggul has two levels. Access to the upper level is gained by walking halfway down the stone access steps from the show cave entrance and pushing through a narrow gap between the steps and the passage wall. The upper, or balcony, level has quite a dierent character to the lower level passage referred to above. It has large areas of collapsed lava floors and lava bridges where sections of floor have partly collapsed (tube in tube structures). The balcony level of Manjanggul also has large areas of pahoehoe (ropey) lava and, towards the lower end, areas of bright red lava where the iron content has oxidised to ferric iron.
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Figure 8: The formation of lava tubes
Figure 5: Stages of formation of lava tubes
Figure 6: A cross-section of Hallasan to show the formation of lava tubes. Figure 7: Different volcanic features found in the lava tubes
A glossary of lava tube features BREAKDOWN - A general term for broken pieces of a lava tube’s roof or walls - the product of collapse - applied to individual blocks, accumulations and various structures resulting from reincorporation of loose pieces in fluid lava.
FLOW LINE - An elongate projection or groove along the wall or floor, too small to significantly affect the tube’s cross section. Itinerary & maps
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Flow lines along the wall typically mark interruptions of receding lava flow and often accumulate in stairstep fashion. Ordinarily they are gently dipping down-tube, reflecting the lava streams hydrostatic grade. Dips up to 15 degrees have been noted.
LAVA STALACTITE - A stalactite consisting of a molten or solidified mass of lava. All lava stalactites originate in the molten state. Some harden, without modification, from the liquid. Others are distorted externally (by gas currents) or internally prior to hardening.
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LAVA STALAGMITE - A vertically oriented accretion of droplets and dribbles of semi-solid and solid lava, occurring in a wide variety of shapes and sizes ranging from broad, low lava roses rising barely above the floor, to giants over two metres high. They are initially associated with a ceiling or wall structure which dripped (a low point, stalactite, etc), but usually the host surface moves or is overrides, causing a numerical disparity between stalactites and stalagmites.
LAVA TOE - A bulbous mass of lava in tough, seemingly elastic skin which emerges from the crusted front of a relatively slow-moving pahoehoe lava flows. Toes vary widely in size, up to several metres. Toes inside lava tubes are not common and limited in size.
PILLAR - A body of rock which divides a cave for a short distance.
PAHOEHOE - A Hawaiian term for basaltic lava flows typified by a smooth or ropy exterior and internally by lava tubes and nearly spherical vesicles. Pronounced PA-hoey-hoey, this word literally means “smooth� in Hawaiian.
SKYLIGHT - An opening in the roof of a cave that admits daylight.
Reference: http://www.vulcanospeleology.org/sym14/papers/Brush.pdf http://www.vulcanospeleology.org/sym06/ISV6x35.pdf
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Worksheet for Manjanggul Caves Fill in the information below.
Date of trip to Manjanggul Weather conditons Outside temperature Inside temperature Answer the following questions during the trip to Manjanggul Caves.
1.
Identify the direction of lava flow in the lava tube. Which direction is up flow and down flow respectively.
2.
Observe any dip angle in the lava tube. Estimate the dip angle.
3.
Describe the characteristics of the floor and the two sides of the lava tubes.
4.
The cave inside is usually very wet. Explain why.
5.
Eventually, where did the molten lava go?
6.
What volcanic features can you identify in the lava tubes?
7.
How does the Korean government help to preserve the world heritage and at the same time, develop the Manjanggul Cave into a tourist attraction?
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Udo (⽜牛島) The largest of 62 islets surrounding Jeju-do, and supposedly shaped like a sprawled-out cow, Udo (Cow Island), 3.5km off the coast from Seongsan-ri, is a beautiful, occassionally barren, place that attracts throngs of tourists, particularly on weekends and holidays. Though light on interesting sights, Udo's main attractions for independent travellers are its rugged natural beauty and the allure of splendid isolation. Geoglogically speaking, it is a lava plateau with a parasitic cone in the southeast.
Entry to the island, which is a provincial maritime park, is included when you buy your ferry ticket. Car ferries cross to Udo's southern port in Cheonjin (천 진항) or western port in Haumokdong (하우목동항) from Seongsan port.
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CLIMATE Located in eastern region of the continent, and in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, Jeju has strong characteristics of east-coast climate, experiencing clear changes of seasons. Because of its geographic settings as a lone island off in a distant sea, Jeju experiences relatively short winters and longer summers. While it is affected, as other areas in Korea, by the northwest wintertime monsoon, Jeju is also affected by the southwest and southeast monsoons in summertime. Hallasan, being in the centre of the island, causes climatic characteristics of each region. Climatic differences of the surrounding seawaters are responsible for significant influences on various geographical features and also on the lives of the regions inhabitants. According to Koppen’s classification of climate, the climate of Jeju is classified as a subtropical humid climatic regime (Koppen Cfa) (Refer to Fig.1) so that most areas except mountainous regions, maintain a wild winter with relatively consistent precipitation.
Fig.1: Four seasons of Jeju
Temperature characteristics
Fig.2: Climatic Graph of Jeju City
According to Fig.2, the average annual temperature of Jeju is 15.5°C; the average temperature in August, the warmest month, is 26.5°C; the average temperature in January, the coldest month, is 5.6°C. The average annual temperature of the city of Gosan, located in the west of Jeju City, is 15.5°C; the average temperature in the warmest month of August is 26.1°C; the average temperature of the coldest month of January is 6.3°C. Gosan has higher temperatures than Jeju City during winter because of strong winds in Gosan that prevent cooling, while lesser wind activity in Jeju results in more active cooling. The temperature regime is influenced
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by the nearby ocean currents.
Fig.3: Mean temperature of January and July of Korea
Jan Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Highest mean temp. (°C)
8.3
9.4
12.8
17.5
21.5
24.5
25
29.8
25.6
21.3
16.6
11.0
Lowest mean temp. (°C)
3.2
3.6
6.1
10.2
14.4
18.7
23.3
24.3
20.4
15.1
9.8
5.3
65.2
62.6
88.6
89.6
96.4
181.4 239.9 262.5 221.6
80.3
61.9
47.7
Rainfall (mm)
Fig.4: Climatic data of Jeju City
Rainfall characteristics The precipitation of Jeju is influenced mainly through cyclone activity: precipitation of seasonal rain takes place mostly in summer months and precipitation caused by typhoons takes place in both summer and autumn. There is also a very limited amount of precipitation caused by Siberian anticyclone activity in wintertime. Precipitation is largely caused by southwest and southeast air currents. In winter time precipitation is often caused by the northwest air current. Jeju has the highest annual precipitation of Korea ranging from 1,000 to 1,800 mm. The average annual precipitation is 1,457 mm in Jeju City and 1,851 mm in Seogwipo. Seasonal variations in the precipitation of Jeju Island are wide: 47% of the rain falls in summer, while 12% falls in winter.
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Fig.5: Seasonal monsoon wind directions
Questions:
Jeju is famous for its wind. Wind velocities are very high and the daily frequency is consistent. The average annual wind velocity of Jeju City is 13.6 km/hr and Gosan’s is 24.8 km/hr; this compares with Seogwipo’s and Seongsanpo’s 11.2 km/hr. The northwest slope of Hallasan maintains constant and significantly stronger wind velocities. Gosan, in particular, records average wind velocities at more than 50 km/ hr for a period of at least 80 days compared to Jeju City’s 14.5 days, Seogwipo’s 2.8, and Seongsanpo’s 0.9 days. The most important wind in Jeju Island is the northwest monsoon in wintertime. The average annual wind velocity in Gosan reaches 33.5 km/hr, whereas Jeju reaches 16.9 km/hr. In terms of the wind direction, Jeju maintains a high frequency of northwest winds in winter and east winds in summer. The strong winds in Jeju have had a significant influence on the natural environment and on the lives of its inhabitants.
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1. Describe the climatic characteristics of Jeju Island. 2. Explain the role of monsoon winds in affecting the climatic characteristics on Jeju Island. 3. Explain how the climatic characteristics favour the development of tourism on Jeju Island.
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TOURISM South Korea Tourism Development and Marketing Strategy ✰
Refer to the following chart, what was the trend of visitor arrivals to South Korea from 2007 to 2012?
✰
Refer to the graph inn P.48, what are the common characteristics between South Korea’s major markets in visitor arrivals?
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✰ What are the possible factors that would affect tourist flow in South Korea? Consider the sociocultural, economic, political and environmental aspects. Factors affecting tourist flow in South Korea Category Social or Cultural
Economic
Political
Environmental
Others
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✰
5-10 July 2017
How does Korea Tourism Organization attract tourists to visit South Korea especially Chinese visitors?
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THIS SECTION IS PREPARED BY MRS. J. LO.

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Hotel Rating System in South Korea
Hotels in Korea use a different hotel rating system than in other countries. The system in Korea is called the Mugugnhwa Flower (National Flower of Korea) system and is based out of 5 Mugunghwa flowers. 1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest. Hotels are given points based on numerous things. Below is a general list of requirements that the hotels will need to meet in order to get the points and in turn the Mugunghwa rating system. The more points the hotel scores the higher the rating. 1. Entrance, lobby, corridor segments (120 points) 2. Rooms Division (130 points) 3. Restaurant and Kitchen Division (160 points) 4. Division of Facilities Management and Operations (160 points) 5. Jongsawon welfare and tourism sector’s contribution (80 points) 6. Parking Division (70 points) 7. Construction and Equipment Division (100 points) 8. Electricity and Telecommunications sector (80 points) 9. Fire Protection and Safety Division (100 points) A total of 700 points. Any hotel that gets 630 points or more will get the prestigious 5 Mugunghwa rating similar to 5 stars. Currently in Seoul there are 19 hotels with the 5 Mugunghwa rating.
Accommodation
Jeju Hanwha Resort 濟州韓華渡假村
Red Windmill Pension
Facilities and amenities
No. of restaurants Accessibility Overall impression Hotel rating (No. of flowers)
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Discussion questions: ✰
Can South Korea become a top tourism destination in the world? Why? (Consider the following factors: geographic location, transportation, infrastructure, availability of physical and human tourism resources) References:
Top 10 world tourist arrival
Top 10 Asia and the Pacific tourist arrivals
✰
If you were the member of Korea Tourism Organization, how would you design the promotion campaign to attract more Hong Kong or Chinese visitors to visit South Korea?
✰
What are the positive and negative impacts of developing tourism on Jeju Island? (Consider three different aspects: economic, social and cultural, environmental)
✰
What is the most memorable or impressive experience in this field trip? Why is this experience so special to you?
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Read the news article and answer the following questions.
China's Tourist Boycott Backfires on South Korea's Jeju Island Extract from The Diplomat By Jenna Gibson March 23, 2017 At the beginning of March, the Chinese government stepped up its objections to the deployment of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) missile defense system in South Korea, allegedly telling domestic travel agencies to stop selling tour packages to Korea. The announcement shook South Korea’s tourism and retail industries, which rely heavily on customers from China.
But Jeju Island, one of South Korea’s most iconic and popular tourist destinations, has actually seen an increase in tourism since the ban took effect.
According to preliminary numbers from the Jeju Tourism Association, the number of Chinese tourists has indeed dropped following the ban announcement. The association said that from March 15-18, the number of Chinese tourists arriving on the island dropped by 15,577, a 46 percent decline compared to the same time last year. However, the total number of tourists to Jeju actually increased over that period, thanks to a rush of domestic tourists taking advantage of the empty island. This influx of Koreans heading down to the island for vacation could be in fact due to the decrease in Chinese visitors, who have gotten a bad rap in Korea lately for disruptive behavior. Recent incidents involving Chinese tourists in Jeju have gone viral in Korea, including an airport left completely covered in trash and an altercation where eight Chinese tourists were arrested for severely beating four people at a restaurant after the owner told them they couldn’t bring in outside alcohol.
The number of crimes committed by foreigners on the island has indeed increased in recent years, rising from 121 in 2011 to 393 in 2015. This increase could be attributable in part to the huge increase in foreigners visiting the island – foreign tourists in Jeju jumped from around 1 million in 2011 to 2.6 million in 2015. But many Korean netizens point to the Chinese – who make up 85 percent of foreign tourists on Jeju – to explain the increase in incidents on the island. These tourists have earned a reputation for rowdy behavior to the point where, after the ban was reported, some Korean Twitter users created parody tourism ads encouraging people to visit the newly “Chinese-free” Korea.
Chinese visitors are key to the tourism industry in Korea — the Chinese make up 47 percent of all tourist entries there. The prevalence of Chinese tourists has increased to the point where Korean media has even created a specific word for them – 유커 (yoo-kuh). The term, which was adapted from the Chinese word for tourists, does not have an inherently negative meaning. But as more articles come out about incidents involving these tourists, it may begin to become associated with this type of negative behavior.
While the early numbers suggest that Jeju may be able to survive the drop in Chinese tourists thanks to domestic travelers, other industries may not be so lucky. One of the most vulnerable Itinerary & maps
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areas is the duty-free industry, which relies heavily on the Chinese – around 70 percent of duty free sales in Korea come from Chinese visitors. At Lotte Duty Free, which may be particularly targeted because of the parent company’s role in the land-swap agreement to provide space for the THAAD battery, weekend sales dropped more than 30 percent year-on-year after the ban took effect.
In a report released just after the travel ban was announced, the Korea Development Bank estimated that Korea’s tourism and duty-free sectors could see up to an 80 percent decrease in sales, a loss of up to $11.7 billion, if China maintains its crackdown. Further, they said, Korean businesses as a whole stand to lose up to $20 billion if the situation worsens.
Meanwhile, the Korean government is eagerly reaching out to new markets to make up for these possible losses. An official from the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism told the Chosun Ilbo that they are diverting their advertising budget from China and focusing on Southeast Asia and Japan. The Seoul city government is following suit, saying they will add signposts in Bahasa Indonesia, Malaysian, Thai, and Vietnamese in major tourist areas. 1. What was the tourism performance in Jeju Island after the deployment of THAAD?
2. According to the Integrated Model of Tourism, what are the factors of external environment that affects the tourism development of Jeju Island? Circle the factors and explain your answer.
3. What are the current challenges to tourism promoters and tourism services suppliers in Jeju Island with China’s tourist boycott? Suggest possible solutions to tackle the challenges.
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4. What are the impacts of tourism to Jeju island? Illustrate with evidence in the news and your observation.
Impacts
Positive impacts
Negative impacts
Economic impacts
Social / cultural impacts
Environmental impacts

 5. Refer to the tourism development strategies of Korea Tourism Organization, do you see the promotion with the following during your visit to Jeju Island? Observe carefully and verify your answer. 
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APPENDIX Mr. P. Lui
소주
Group List
( 燒酒)
인삼
(⼈人參參)
Mr. Mark WONG BENITA PUI TING 黃沛婷 4A
LI KWOK CHUN 李國駿 4A FANG TAK MAN ⽅方德旻 4B LAM SZE MAN 林林詩敏 4B CHUNG YUI CHI 鍾睿智 4C LAM WAI KIT 林林維杰 4D AU YEUNG LOK TO 歐陽樂陶 5C HUANG CHUN LUNG JOHNLOON 黃俊龍 5C WONG TSZ YAN EMILY 黃芷欣 5D LEW HOI CHING 劉劉海海晴 5D
신라면
(辛辣麵)
Mr. S.O.Wong
자장면
(炸醬麵)
Mr. Tsang
YEUNG LOK LAM 楊樂琳 4A
YEUNG TAI KIU 楊太橋 4B WONG LOK YAN 黃樂恩 4C NG HENRY 吳⽇日熙 4E YAU RACHEL LING KA 游令家 4E LAM TSAM YI 林林沁兒 4E CHEUNG WING SHUN 張泳淳 4E LAM KWAN LOK 林林君樂 5A NG POK YU 吳泊漁 5B MAN KA CHUN ⽂文家俊 5C LAM HAU WONG 林林孝泓 6D
김치
(泡菜)
Appendix
CHENG HEI YU 鄭晞榆 4D
WONG SZE MAN 黃施漫 4D NG WANG KI 吳泓棋 4E LEE TSUN HEY 李駿希 4E CHAN LIK SIK 陳歷釋 5A LI CHUN HANG 李俊恒 5B KWAN HIU SHUEN 關曉璇 5B WEN GWYNETH MING WAI 温明慧 5C LEE SIN MAN 李倩雯 5C TSANG YIN KWAN 曾彥筠 5D CHOW LONG YAT 周朗逸 5D
TAM TSZ HIN 譚梓軒 4A
NG SIN YUNG 吳羨蓉 4C OR WING LAAM 柯穎嵐 4C LEE SUNG ON 李崇安 4C LAU YU CHAU 劉劉雨酬 4C CHAN YIP MING 陳業明 4E WONG KING 王琼 4E WONG TSZ WING 黃梓詠 4E CHIU YING CHUN 趙盈臻 5C TAM KWAN LONG 譚鈞朗 6E YIP CHUN WAI 葉俊煒 6E
바나나맛 우유
(香蕉奶)
Mrs. Lo
WONG SZE LAM 黃詩琳 4C
WONG WING HEI 黃穎晞 4C LEUNG PAK HO 梁栢豪 4C KI CHEUK HEI 祁婥晞 4D YIU WING JUN 姚詠津 4D WONG CHUI SHAN 黄翠珊 5C HUNG KAI YIN 洪啟賢 5C CHEN LAM WUN 陳林林浣 5C LAI KA PO 黎黎嘉寶 5C CHAN PAK LUN 陳柏燐 5D LI KAR YING 李珈瑩 5D
Miss Kwok YUNG LONG 容朗 4B
TAM CHING HIN ANFIELD 譚靖軒4B YEUNG LOK CHUNG 楊洛洛沖 4B SZE HOI YING 施愷瑩 4D SZE KI KI 施琪琪 4D CHOW LONG HIN 周朗軒 4D TSOI SZE YU 蔡斯瑜 4E SHU MUNG KWAN 舒夢筠 5B HO HOI MAN 何愷敏 5C LEI SUM YEE 李⼼心怡 5D LEE CHOI LAM 李采霖 5D
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Room arrangement 趙盈臻
5C
黄翠珊
5C
陳林林浣
5C
黎黎嘉寶
5C
何愷敏
5C
歐陽樂陶
5C
譚梓軒
4A
關曉璇
5B
容朗
4B
劉劉海海晴
5D
譚靖軒
4B
陳婉泳
5D
⽅方德旻
4B
黃芷欣
5D
楊洛洛沖
4B
李⼼心怡
5D
黃樂恩
4C
陳歷釋
5A
吳羨蓉
4C
李俊恒
5B
楊太橋
4B
施愷瑩
4D
黃俊龍
5C
李崇安
4C
祁婥晞
4D
周朗逸
5D
劉劉雨酬
4C
姚詠津
4D
陳柏燐
5D
鍾睿智
4C
鄭晞榆
4D
黃施漫
4D
林林沁兒
4E
黃梓詠
4E
張泳淳
4E
林林維杰
4D
楊樂琳
4A
陳業明
4E
王琼
4E
吳⽇日熙
4E
游令家
4E
吳泓棋
4E
舒夢筠
5B
李駿希
4E
李采霖
5D 林林詩敏
4B
洪啟賢
5C
周朗軒
4D
柯穎嵐
4C
⽂文家俊
5C
林林君樂
5A
黃詩琳
4C
林林孝泓
6D
吳泊漁
5B
黃穎晞
4C
譚鈞朗
6E
梁栢豪
4C
施琪琪
4D
葉俊煒
6E
李國駿
4A
Appendix
黃沛婷
4A
李倩雯
5C
温明慧
5C
曾彥筠
5D
李珈瑩
5D
蔡斯瑜
4E
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Things to note (一) 參加者攜帶物品 1.
背囊或旅行袋:應儘量輕便,在出發時寫上姓名,以便識別。手提行李不可過大, 亦不能 藏有小刀之類的利器。
2.
衣物:首爾及濟洲屬溫帶地區,平均溫度約20-30°C,除更替衣物外,更需要帶雨 具。
3.
筆、記事簿、硬皮file, 照相機、記憶卡、小型電筒、輕便背包、水壺。
4.
核對Check-list攜帶物品。
(二) 檢查自己的證件是否仍然有效。請帶備有效之身份證及護照正本副本各一,並緊 記檢查清 楚所有證件有否過期。
(三) 於出發前,學生需自行購買旅遊保險。
(四)根據自己的健康狀況,帶上所需要的常備藥品,如消炎、止痛暈浪,清熱解毒、止痾 藥、等藥物。
(五) 告訴家人有關活動的安排及緊急聯絡電話。
(六) 帶備足夠的韓圜 。
(七) 請勿攜帶打稅物品,行李以合理數量及不阻礙全團過關進度爲原則。
(八) 帶備團刊及有關資料。
(九) 手提行李中不可攜有超過100mL的液體。
(十) 建議物品列表,已帶請 tick: ¨ 風䄛 ¨ 輕便衣服(如:T恤) ¨ 內衣褲 ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ Appendix
長褲(鬆身褲) 拖鞋 輕便波鞋或行山鞋 襪子 口罩 消毒藥水 消毒濕紙巾 紙手巾 牙刷 牙膏
¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
牙線 漱口水 梳 洗頭水+護髮素 沐浴露 浴巾 手帕 洗面膏 個人護膚用品 多用途藥膏(凡士林/俄羅納 英) ¨ 防蚊用品 ¨ 鬚刨+剃鬚膏 (男生) ¨ 相機 40
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¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
Memory sticks AA/AAA電池 計算機 手提電話 充電器+充電池 電話卡 文具(原子筆+Sign pen) 紙張/筆記簿 團刊 身份証 銀包/証件袋 手錶+鬧鐘 個人藥物(傷風感冒藥) 夏桑菊/以羅果子鹽/川貝枇 杷露(可清熱氣) ¨ 喉糖
5-10 July 2017
¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
現金+零錢 有用電話號碼 手提包(for hand carry) 旅行針線包(只可寄倉) 指甲鉗(只可寄倉) 少量洗衣粉 剪刀/cutter (只可寄倉) 眼鏡布(可抹眼鏡/相機) 即食麵/餅乾/小食/乾糧 手電筒 水樽 乾淨膠袋(用作盛載用過衣物) 望遠鏡 雨傘/raincoat 潤膚膏 八達通
參加者須知 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
參加者是代表所屬學校,故各人必須做好學生本份,注意言行及態度。
參加者應聽從領隊老師的指導,不可有任何違規行爲。
同學參加本團,要尊重集體,尊重別人,不可擅自單獨行動,宜學習與人相 處之道。
遊學團活動內容豐富,行程安排緊密,同學要遵守紀律,不論是集體活動或 自由活動, 都須準時集合。大家要有團體精神,保持合作。
遊學團行程內之活動,參加者須積極參與,不能藉辭缺席,更不可擅自離團 或外出。
6.
確保人身安全,入住培訓樓或酒店時應瞭解緊急疏散途徑,遇有意外時,要 保持鎮定。 個人財物要妥善保管,貴重物品要隨身攜帶。
7. 外出活動時,無論在旅遊地點、車上或路上,同學必須自重檢點,注意言行, 切勿騷擾別 人。
8. 遊學團活動期間,同學不可飲用含有酒精成份的飲品。
9. 遊學團活動期間,如遇上問題,須主動向領隊老師諮詢,切勿坐視致使問題 惡化;如遇 意外,應即時向領隊老師或團長報告。
10. 學生在乘坐旅遊車時,應遵守下列各點: 1. 在乘車途中必須注意安全,不得隨意走動或 玩耍; 2. 沿途不得大聲呼叫;3. 任何時候不可將身體的任何部分伸出窗外;4. 上落汽車 時,應等待車輛完全停定。
11. 本遊學團是以學習爲主,並非一般旅行團,應儘量把握機會學習。
12. 請尊重領隊/導遊,在講者講解行程/觀光點時,請留心聽講,抱良好的學習態度。
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簡單⽇日常韓⽂文教學 ⼤大家好！今次我地嘅⽬目的地就係제주도啦！ 濟州島：제주도（遮朱do--do re mi fa so嗰個do）
⾃自我介紹 你好：안녕하세요 （安妞哈些唷） 很高興認識你：만나서반갑습니다 / 반가워요
（慢那梳棚吉思咪達 / 棚加和唷）
你的名字是什什麼：이름은 뭐예요?
（一林門 摸耶唷）
我是（XXX）：저는 （XXX）입니다
（鋤嫩（你的名字）⼀一咪達） 請多多關照：잘부탁합니다 （柴不托哈咪達） 我是香港⼈人：저는 홍콩 사람입니다 （鋤嫩Hong Kong沙藍一咪達） 我是從香港來來的中學⽣生：저는 홍콩에서온중학생니다 （鋤嫩Hong Kong eh梳on葱黑sing咪達）
Appendix
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⽇日常⽤用語
請問有冇洗⼿手間？：화장실이 있어요? （花髒希 熱所唷？） 請幫幫我：도와주세요 （到哇朱些唷） 幾錢啊？：얼마에요? （愛媽耶唷？） 計平少少啦：깎아 주세요（ 格價朱些唷） 感謝：감사합니다 （com沙哈咪達） 對唔住：죄송합니다（斜鬆哈咪達） 沒關係：괜찮아요（kwen叉那唷） 好：에 (yeah)/ 네 (呢) 請比XXX我 : XXX주세요 ( (你想要嘅物品) 朱些唷) 哥哥：형（hy-ung）（男性叫法） 오빠（oppa）（女性叫法） 姐姐：누나（nuna）（男性叫法） 언니（歐尼）（女性叫法） 請問你識講XX嗎? : XX하세요? ((語⾔言)哈些唷) 중국어 普通話 (中cook鵝) 영어 英⽂文(勇鵝)
如果⼈人地問你野但係完全唔明，講Sorry⼈人地就知你係外國⼈人。
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數數 一至十： 1：일(一L)；2：이(一)；3：삼(三)；4：사(莎)；5：오(噢)；6：육(玉)；7：칠(七L)；8：팔(拍)； 9：구(鼓)；10：십(sip) 百：백(劈)；千：천(倉)；萬：만(慢)
e.g. 你：이거 얼마에요?（呢個幾錢啊？） 阿豬媽：이거는 삼천오백원입니다. （⼀一個嫩 三千五百圜 ⼀一咪達）
Appendix
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Appendix
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Publication of magazine Guidelines
1. Each group should be responsible for an enquiry study on one of the following topics: Issues
Related subjects
Key enquiry questions
Teacher responsible
Climate of Jeju
Geography & Tourism and Hospitality Studies
-
Geology of Jeju
Geography & Tourism and Hospitality Studies
- major rock types and their distribution on Jeju - characteristics and formation of the rocks on Jeju - geological resources on Jeju
Mr. Mark
Geomorphology of Jeju
Geography
-
characteristics of relief, drainage and coasts of Jeju major landforms found on Jeju their characteristics and formation human modifications of the natural landscapes on Jeju
Mr. Tsang
Horticulture on Jeju
Geography and Tourism and Hospitality Studies
-
characteristics of the mandarin farm on Jeju favourable factors for the setting up of mandarin farm inputs, processes and outputs of the mandarin farm farming problems and solutions
Mrs. J. Lo
Udo as a tourist attraction
Tourism and Hospitality Studies
- favourable physical and human factors for the development of tourism on Udo - limitations of developing tourism on Udo - impact of tourism on Udo
Mr. Wong
Haenyeo - female divers on Jeju
Tourism and Hospitality Studies
- how do Haenyeo make their living? - how do Haenyeo attract development of tourism? - what are the constraints of conserving this cultural heritage? - what has the Korean government helped to conserve the cultural heritage?
Ms Kwok
climatic characteristics of Jeju factors affecting the climate of Jeju impact of climate on development of tourism climatic hazards on Jeju
Mr. P. Lui
2. The enquiry study should contain primary source of data such as observation during the field trips, information collected from interviews, visits or group discussion. 3. The group enquiry report should contain at least 500 words, written in English. 4. Submit your report after the field trip, i.e. 20 July. Send your work to your group supervisor for inspection. 5. You are highly encouraged to use graphs, sketch maps and diagrams to present your information.
Appendix
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Appendix
5-10 July 2017
47
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CCSC Geography and THS Production 2017
Appendix
48