City gardens

CITY GARDENS

SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE MIX USE ZERO ENERGY HOUSING COMPLEX MSC02

MIX USE ZERO ENERGY HOUSING Project Period: 16.03.2015 - 27.05.2015 Institute: Aalborg University Department: Architecture, Technology

Design

and

David Drazil

Mathias Engelbreth Nielsen

Nadia Skraeddergaard Frydkjaer

Pavlina Sedlakova

Media

Course: 2nd Semester MSc Architecture & Design Supervisor: Michael Lauring Technical Supervisor: Tine Steen Larsen Project Team: Group 8

Calina Manisor

ďťż

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

4

DEFINING THE USER

20

SHADING 43

FOREWORD 6

ANALYSIS OF THE USER

21

MATERIALITY AND ATMOSPHERES

BRIEF 6

COMPONENT ANALYSIS

22

CONCLUSION 46

SYNOPSIS 6

DESIGN CRITERIA

PBL AND INTEGRATED DESIGN

ESTABLISHING THE PROGRAM

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METHODOLOGY 7 INTRODUCTION 8 ABSTRACT 8 ANALYSIS SITE ANALYSIS

12

MICROCLIMATE 13

48

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DESIGN PROCESS

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TYPOLOGIES OF THE VOLUMES

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CRITERIA 26

TYPOLOGIES OF INDOOR SPACES

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DGNB CRITERIA

DEVELOPING THE PLAN

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WINDOW GEOMETRY

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DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS

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DEVELOPING THE FACADES

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DESIGN CRITERIA

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PROCESS

CONTEXT 12

INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS THE LOOP

HYPOTHESIS 33

ZEB AND SUSTAINABILITY

58

THE SITE_INFRASTRUCTURE

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VISION AND CONCEPT

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APPROACH 58

THE SITE_KEVIN LYNCH

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DEVELOPING THE MASTER PLAN

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RAINWATER COLLECTION

MATERIALITY 16

DESIGN PROCESS

VERTICALITY

CHARACTER OF OUTDOOR SPACES 36

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PRESENTATION THE MASTERPLAN

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PHENOMENOLOGY 18

MODELD TYPOLOGIES

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LAYERING OF THE SITE

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DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES

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MODEL STUDIES

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DENSE AND DIVERSE COMMUNITY

64

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OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT

42

TYPOLOGY OF APARTMENTS

64

USER ANALYSIS

4

DEVELOPMENT OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS

44

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

66

CITY GARDEN BLOCKS

88

SHORT STATISTICS

112

ENERGY CONCEPT

66

PRINCIPLE 88

BSIM CALCULATION

112

OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT

67

RELATIONSHIP WITH CITY FABRIC

90

TECHNICAL DATA

112

INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

68

INTEGRATED DESIGN OF FACADE

92

PV PRODUCTION CALCULATION

113

DOCUMENTATION 69

ACCESSIBILITY

94

SHORT STATISTICS

114

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

70

THE DWELLINGS

96

BSIM CALCULATION

114

ENERGY DEMAND

71

ROOF DETAIL

98

LOADS AND SYSTEMS

114

REACHING ZEB STANDARDS

72

PLINTH DETAIL

99

SUMMER SENSITIVITY

115

BE10 RESULTS

115

USER SURVEY

116

VENTILATION 72

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

FIRE 72

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

102

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CONCLUSION 102

CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER

74

REFLECTION 103

FERMACELL GYPSUM-FIBER

75

BIBLIOGRAPHY 104

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

THE SNAKE

107

PRINCIPLE 76

APPENDIX

MATERIALITY 78

APPENDIX 110

APARTMENT VOLUMES

80

SERIAL VISION

ACCESSIBILITY AND DWELLINGS

84

VENTILATION 111

WINDOW SILL DETAIL

87

FINAL DAYLIGHT FACTOR

110 111

TABLE OF CONTENTS

5

FOREWORD BRIEF

SYNOPSIS

PBL AND INTEGRATED DESIGN

The goal of this semester project focuses on an Integrated Design Process in the development of a sustainable approach for a mix-use housing complex in Aalborg city centre. The approach implies a constant debate between aesthetic and technical aspects, with the purpose of creating a sustainable building, which meets Zero Energy Standards.

The presented report showcases the result of the main course of the MSc2 2015 studies.

The proposal focuses on an integrated design approach in the development of sustainable architecture, materialized in the design of a residential complex in the heart of Aalborg, DK.

The presented method is based upon a hypothetical problem, controlling the project and the appropriation of professional skills of the student.

With the purpose of designing with sustainability in mind, the group has decided to emphasize on However, sustainability can be defined in a great social and environmental sustainability. Moreover, variety of ways, and it should not negatively affect key aspects for the design are the achievement the quality of life (Ingels, 2011). of low energy demand, and of a good indoor environment complished by passive and active The demand of the project is to create dwellings strategies. in the city center, while the brief restricts the design to depict on 100% to 200% of the plot ratio. A challenge within the brief has been that of The proposed building should be no less then 3 creating a high density building complex, while, at storeys high, while a maximum limit has not been the same time integrate rural and suburban living specified. qualities, commonly characterized by low density housing.

The purpose of the project is to create residential dwelling within the city center, as to encourage Nonetheless, technical considerations should not people to move closer to the city facilities, therefore create limitations, but be used at a tool to create reducing the necessity of fossil fuel consumption better architecture, therefore not having the for transportation. architectural expression neglected, but integrated within the technical aspects.

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FOREWORD

The presented method uses the technique of active learning, by encouraging the student to develop competencies with regards to sourcing lecture readings, giving a constant alteration between practical training and theory. Within the right settings, the project task develops from a formulation of the problem, which afterwards is treated by means of different academic methods.

With integrated design a lot of aspects are taken into account, which are afterwards incorporated in the final solution (Handsen and Knudstrup, 2005).

The method is a synthesis between problembased learning and professional knowledge, from both design and engineering fields, with an emphasis on sustainability. The design is constantly optimized through iterations, through a trial-and-error looping system, which ends with a defined and empathetic design solution that integrates both engineering and architectural considerations.

METHODOLOGY The method comprises 5 phases (Hansen, Knudstrup, 2005) of the project process: the analysis phase, the problem phase, the draft phase, the synthesis phase and the presentation phase. A knowledge through analysis of both physical and social aspects is achieved, which is afterwards used for preparation of a program. The program encases the conclusions of the analysis, as well as a set of preliminary design criteria.

The draft phase shall depict on a series of iterations and working loops, so that the set aesthetic, technical, functional and sustainable qualities are met.

The final design is completed during the presentation phase, with presentation of the final design through pictures, diagrams, texts and calculations in order to attest the accuracy of the group‘s proposal. The information about the The way in which the group has reached the design shall be included in the presented report, intentions stated in the program is achieved by taking the reader through the design process, firstly mapping the selected site with the use of as well as present him/her with the finalized the Kevin Lynch method. proposal.

The second step has been to include the obtained observations in a SWOT (Strengths/ Weaknesses/ Opportunities/ Threats) diagram. Conclusions from this analysis, which comprise the problem phase, will be depicted with consideration towards sustainable approaches. These approaches are overlapped with the intentions of the DGNB criteria in terms of Zero Energy Building, which the group has decided to work with, therefore setting the aim and the vision of the proposal.

Problem

Analysis

Sketching

Synthesis

Presentation Fig. 1. Integrated design process

FOREWORD

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INTRODUCTION ABSTRACT The presented proposal provides the optimal solution for suburban living, developed within an urban context. Placed in the heart of Aalborg, the complex provides its inhabitants with the essential characteristics of the suburbs, without the inconvenience of everyday commute.

The morphological intention of the complex works with a great variety of outdoor spaces, creating a route that carries the viewer from the more public spaces, towards more intimate quarters. The architectural language of the complex depicts upon the collective memory of Danish traditions, conceptually working with both the city block (Karre), typical to the urban context, as well as the suburbian detached house with its private garden.

Nonetheless, an important feature is that of achieving a Zero Energy goal, implemented in an integrated way, providing a sustainable future based on environmental considerations.

Nonetheless, it is essential to create an ideal indoor and outdoor environment for the inhabitants that choose to live in the proposed residential development.

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INTRODUCTION

Stressing upon Whitehead’s (2007) belief that dense communities are successful communities, the design depicts upon density as an essential feature.

INTRODUCTION

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ANALYSIS

SITE ANALYSIS CONTEXT The given site is located in the Northern part of Jutland, Denmark, in the city of Aalborg. The site is situated on the SW border of the old city center, defined by Vesterbro on the SE, the railway on the SW, and the hospital complex on the N.

Nonetheless, with concern to this particular area. the local development plan states that rebuilding, together with facade and renovating changes, have to take into consideration the original architecture of the site. New building height, depth, proportions, detailing level, facade lines Vesterbro is one of Aalborg’s inner city most and rhythm have to adapt to the surroundings, significant streets, an important historic and while achieving a good overall vista of the streets. architectural element. Nowadays, Vesterbro is a main road, which runs directly through the city and, together with the Limfjordsbridge, connects Nørresundby to Aalborg. The road was created in the 1930s together with the construction of the new Limfjordsbridge. The road and the adjoining area have been designed in functionalism style, representing one of the finest examples in Scandinavia today.

Despite the potential of Vesterbro, the given site stands out worn and neglected. Recently, harsh renovations, as well as unappealing placement of signs and advertisements have altered the streets character. Aalborg commune has pointed out that Vesterbro is an area with potential to be optimized with focus on architectural qualities, while keeping in mind the preservation the values of original local plan. (aalborgkommune.dk) Fig. 2. The site

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SITE ANALYSIS

MICROCLIMATE When dwelling upon a Zero Energy approach, it is essential to take into account the macro and micro climatic conditions of the site. Therefore, a number of studies on natural phenomena such as average temperatures, rainfall, as well as wind direction have been conducted.

keep in mind that when designing a Zero Energy building, the first and most important step is to prevent against heat losses during cold winter months, and heat gains within the summer.

The wind rose (fig.6) showcases the wind directions from a weather station in Frejlev close The city is located at 57.0500° N, 9.9167° E. This to Aalborg. This information is used when placing geographical positioning is characterized by a buildings on site, so that wind protection can be reduced number of daylight hours per year (1445), achieved. and a low angle of the sun, especially during winter months (fig.5). With reference to the building facing Vesterbro and its imposing height of 19 m, a first notable problem can be outlined. Therefore, keeping in mind the low winter sun typical to the Danish climate, extra consideration needs to be given to the shadow casted on the site by the residential block, which covers up to 90% of the site (Worldweatheronline, 2015). However, sun considerations are essential in achieving a high Fig. 3. Rainfall (worldweatheronline, 2015) level of living comfort, hence they will be further analyzed with corresponding design data during the next phases of the design process.

Fig. 5. Sun path (worldweatheronline,2015)

Aalborg is a typical Danish city with a temperate climate, having moderate temperatures varying between -1°C and 22°C on a monthly average (worldweatheronline, 2015). It is essential to Fig. 4. Temperature (worldweatheronline, 2015)

Fig. 6. Wind direction (Vasari software)

SITE ANALYSIS

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THE SITE_INFRASTRUCTURE The site presents a very flat topography, having an altitude of just 6 m above sea level. The only perceivable declination on the site, is towards the existing train tracks on the SW border of the site, placed 2m lower then the existing parking lot.

The railway track serves as the spinal connection for trains with the North of Jutland. Such proximity to a railway is usually considered a negative element in relationship to dwellings, especially when located on the South-West border of the site, which should preferably be opened to the sun. This aspect shall be kept in mind when designing the master plan.

Fig. 7. Public/Private zones

Fig. 8. Green spaces around the site

Fig. 9. Access and public transportation

Fig. 10. Public institutions and facilities

Moreover, the site is placed between an area with a predominant public factor, and an area characterized by privacy. Therefore, the site itself has the opportunity of encasing both of these aspects, without changing the social fabric of the nearby areas.

By analyzing the site, an essential observation can be made with regards to public transportation. The closest bus station is placed on Prinsensgade.

Hence, it is essential to integrate a direct connection from the site to the bus station.

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SITE ANALYSIS

THE SITE_KEVIN LYNCH When speaking of understanding space, there are several theories describing how people perceive their surroundings. The first and most important aspect is that people CAN actually perceive physical objects around them, they can speak about these objects, they can describe them, and they can even draw a map of such surroundings.

Fig.11 is an analysis based on Kevin Lynch´s theory about human perception of urban space.

His studies proved the existence of 5 repetitive categories, through which people describe an urban space. These are Paths, Edges, Districts, Nodes, and Landmarks. The conclusion is that buildings along Vesterbro are perceived as Edges.

The second most important Edge is the train track neighbouring the site on the SW. There are also two nodes, the first is Gåsepigens square, placed at the main entrance of the site, the second being the road crossing (south of Gåsepigens).

Moreover, two possible landmarks mark the site, the first is the statue on the high column integrated in the massive block on Vesterbro, while the other is the out-sized bench next to the square. (Lynch, 1960) paths edges districts nodes landmarks Fig. 11. Kevin Lynch analysis of the site

SITE ANALYSIS

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MATERIALITY Collecting knowledge about materials existent on and around the site helps in developing a deeper architectural integration of the proposal with its surroundings.

Starting from Vesterbro street, it is clear that the range of materials and colors is very broad.

However, a predominance in the shades of the facades are warm yellow, orange, red and brown colors. Consideration is also given to the texture of the materials, which are mainly brick or stone, typical of the Danish scape. An advantage of this aspect is the opportunity of added detail, especially on larger areas of facades, therefore avoiding the dull and empty aspect of monocolored plaster. Another quite common aspect is the use of stone cladding on the plinth (for example travertine).

Fig. 12. Binding detail

Fig. 13. Paving detail

Fig. 14. Cladding detail

Fig. 15. Cladding detail

Moving into the site, a change in the materials used in the road and pavement is noticed - from paving blocks to asphalt and concrete tiles. Facades facing N and SE are predominantly brick claddings in yellow and red colors. In the SW, deciduous trees and netting fences are predominant. In the NW, close to the buildings of the hospital, white and gray facades of either concrete cladding or white plaster are predominant.

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SITE ANALYSIS

VERTICALITY Since the site is located in the city center, surrounding buildings have usually at least 3 floors excluding the roof, therefore having a minimum height ranging from 11 to 12 m.

However, the most imposing building neighboring Vesterbro has 6 floors, and a total height of 19 m, strongly controlling the overall perception of the inner space of the site. A positive aspect of the building is the creation of a sound barrier mitigating the noise from the main street and defining the site, offering a sense of calmness and intimacy. However, a negative aspect of having such an imposing building facing a SE direction is the shadow casted on the site by its volume.

Fig. 16. Volumetry

As for the highest points around the site, three main objects can be considered. Firstly, a block of flats situated in the N, having 9 floors and a height of 27 m. The second is the tower building of the former hospital with its 12 floors and a height of 33 m, with a very uncertain future.

The third landmark, in relation to height, is the column integrated in the block residential unit facing Vesterbro, accommodating a statue at its top, reaching a total height of 34m. Although its height is the most imposing, it is not recognized as a landmark by many people.

Fig. 17. Gåsepigens

Fig. 18. Variety of heights

SITE ANALYSIS

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PHENOMENOLOGY

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SERIAL VISION_INVITATION An on site survey according to Gordon Cullen’s theories about urban landscape (1961) has been conducted (fig.20, see appendix for photos). This map showcases different ways of how people are encouraged to approach the site. A general sub-conclusion from this analysis is stated in the following bullet-points: • open space within the site • protection from the city traffic • static atmosphere • different experience depending on entrance • good light on the site during summer months • small oasis within a central urban settlement • the site is a transit area that serves the hospital

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By making an on-site phenomenological analysis, a conclusion about the intensity of the noise is outlined. The adjacently placed diagram (fig.

19) maps out 5 areas according to the intensity of the noise. In this sense the strongest noise is marked with number 1 on the map and the lowest noise is marked with number 5.Therefore, it can be observed that Vesterbro boulevard with its cars, are the main cause of noise distress, while the Northern part of the site is characterized by a quiet environment.

Fig. 19. Noise

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Fig. 20. Entrances to the site

DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES With consideration to the presented analysis in terms of the context of the site, the group has observed the possibility of further development of the given site. In this sense, two proposals have been depicted.

Hospital

Fig. 21. Expanding towards the city

Suburban

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A second development opportunity is dwelling upon the suburban lifestyle proposed by the brief, therefore connecting the given site to the low density area of the city, placed SW of the given site (fig.22 ).

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Firstly, the possibility of expanding the city center boundaries and facilitating access to the hospital quarters (which are subjected to a refurbishment within the forthcoming years) is depicted (fig.21).

This can be done by defining the square (present day parking lot), placed on the Northern border of the site.

Fig. 22. Expanding towards the suburb

SITE ANALYSIS

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USER ANALYSIS DEFINING THE USER Aalborg is currently seen as the 4th biggest city in Denmark, with a population of approximately 210.000 people. A primary analysis of the cities population has revealed that the most predominant age group, comprising a number of approximately 11.000 women and the same number of men (adding up to 22.000) is situated between the ages of 20-24 (fig.23). There is a high number of people between 25-29 years.

This predominance of the above mentioned age groups can be explained by the high number of students studying at both AAU and UCN.

Fig. 23. Population by age and gender (Aalborg Kommune, 2014)

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USER ANALYSIS

Therefore, the proposal shall depict upon a mix tenure approach, encasing not only the requirements specified in the brief (young families), but also students and young professionals following a career in the city. However, the proposal shall be designed to be accessible for everyone.

we have concluded that young families have a tendency to move towards rural settlements in order to sustain a traditional life. In this sense, our design shall propose an integration of rural features such as the garden, in order to encourage inhabitants to remain city-bound.

Nonetheless, a rapid decrease in population can be observed at the 25 border, as well as at 30.

Looking at Danish lifestyle, as well as making an analogy to the age categories mentioned above,

Fig. 24. Labout market (Aalborg Kommune, 2014)

Fig. 25. Household types (Aalborg Kommune, 2014)

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ANALYSIS OF THE USER In order to understand the living requirements of the chosen user groups, a survey on the topic has been conducted. The results are made with considerations to different age groups and family types. The present sub chapter outlines the conclusion of the conducted statistic report, while the actual calculations are placed in the APPENDIX. Therefore, by looking at the diagrams of the Safety Unique house results given by the conducted survey, a tendency of the people to live within the suburbs or further away from city centers is revealed. An interesting observation is that the number of people wanting to live in the city is bigger than the number of people wanting to live in apartments. This observation attests the it is not necessarily urban qualities the main factor in the decision of moving 5 1 but 21probably 32 43 the54absence to the suburbs, of other characteristicsPersonal typical forUnique the Personal touch touchsuburbs. house

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access to a garden, having private areas, as well as the importance of living in a safe area.

The importance of each aspects is evaluated on a scale from 1 to 5 (5-most important, 1-least important).

at, are the availability of gardens, and of safe environments.

Nonetheless, people are more interested in having outdoor spaces more than private spaces.

Therefore, a conclusion is that people would The survey reveals that the most important rather have a common outdoor space, than a aspects that families with children tend to look private garden.

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Fig.26 shows the results of the conducted survey on living typology preferences. Each diagram focuses on a single question asked in the survey.

The bar plots reveal how important people find aspects such as having a unique house, the possibility of adding their personal touch on the house/surroundings, living close to facilities, 1 21 3 21 4 32 5 43 54 1 5

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USER ANALYSIS

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COMPONENT ANALYSIS The graphs on he following double spread, principle component analysis, are based on the results of the conducted questionnaire [96 answers]. The segments combine all results from all questions in the same graph, having 8 components (axes).

The values are based on age, number of children, and preferred typology of living. As a starting point based on the answers, connections between different value categories are investigated. Age and preferred place of living are stated as an average.

The average values of the answers are shown on different segments which are merged into one graph in two dimensions by means of a principle analysis. This way a descriptive link can be seen.

Based on a certain dot in the coordinate system, it is possible to read the average answer that the specific group represented by the dot has replied to a specific questions. This can be achieved by adding a perpendicular line to the segment that represents each question.

The variance can be found by reading the length of the lines on the X and Y-axis. When the lines are grouped, a connection between the answers to these questions exists. If two lines of the same

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USER ANALYSIS

length are overlaid or are laying end to end, a direct connection between the answers to them exists. The closer the points are placed, the bigger the connection between the answers is.

The principle component diagram, which represents the relation between children and their effect on other considerations, reveals that having offspring doest not have an impact on what people answer.

According to the diagram, there is a relationship between what is answered on the questions about private areas, unique house and safety.

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USER ANALYSIS

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DESIGN CRITERIA

ESTABLISHING THE PROGRAM DESIGN CRITERIA As a summary of all the analyses, several subconclusions have been made, which have been used in establishing the design criteria for this project. Even though most of the demands relate to each other and create an integrated package of criteria, they have been divided into three sections for better clarity: PEOPLE (who we are designing for), ON SITE (how to use the site and how it should look like) and TECHNICAL (desired technical aspects to be integrated in the design).

CRITERIA The goal for energy consumption optimization has been set to the net-ZEB energy approach, specifically Net Zero Source Energy Building. This means the building produces as much energy per year as it consumes while the calculation is performed for primary energy.

In this particular case, the building will be connected to the energy grid, both through the standard electricity grid, as well as the district heating system. As the site is located in the heart of an already urbanized and grid connected residential area of an industrial city, with plenty of waste heat from factories, district heating is considered to be a very sustainable source of energy.

The aim is to create optimal conditions for light, and against noise and wind, while integrating elements from the suburbs in order to bring qualities which lack within the city centre.

Moreover, it is intended to integrate new buildings within the urban context, without making stronger edges than already exist around the site.

In regards to the quality of the indoor environment, the aim is to reach thermal conditions and indoor Looking more into detail, attention should be air quality conditions within Category II according given to the spatial arrangements of apartments, to European Standard EN 15251:2007. and the quality of the indoor environment quality, considering different user profiles and residents´ behavior.

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ESTABLISHING THE PROGRAM

ON SITE • Private area + semi private area on site.

• Work with the movement/activity level coming from Vesterbro.

• Facilitate further development.

• Use suburbian qualities as inspiration to continue the city structure.

• Invite people to the site.

• Keep entrances from different directions on the site.

• Continue the surrounding materials in to the site.

• Use the edges from Vesterbro and the tracks.

• Use the potential from the landmarks.

• Make diversity (functional, aesthetic).

• Make outdoor areas with sunlight (small city gardens).

• Keep the site protected from the wind.

• Connection with the building on Vesterbro.

• Connect the two paths, the tunnel and the path going to Urbansgade.

• Reuse the existing parking under one of the buildings.

• Integrate parking lots as a part of the final design.

• Direct sunlight for outdoor spaces.

TECHNICAL ASPECTS • Indoor environment in Category II (EN 15251:2007) • Good climate screen.

• Energy consumption optimization.

• Integrate passive cooling and heating.

• Use rain water collection.

• Integrate PV panels (active strategies).

• Use heat recovery for mechanical ventilation.

• Daylight factor of at least 3% in living spaces.

• Reach BR 2020 goals.

PEOPLE • Force social sustainability by the design.

• Make it interesting for students to stay in the city after their graduation.

• Design different apartment types.

• Focusing on people/families with a medium income.

WINTER CLASS I CLASS II CLASS III

21-25°C 20-25°C 18-25°C

SUMMER CLASS I CLASS II CLASS III

23,5-25,5°C 23-26°C 22-27°C

Fig. 31. Indoor temperature (EN 15251:2007)

90 minutes of direct sunlight on 1st March in rooms for permanent living total sum of area of such rooms must be at least 1/3 of net apartment area

Fig. 33. Daylight at dwellings (CSN EN 73 05 80)

CLASS I CLASS II CLASS III CLASS IV

< 700 ppm < 850 ppm < 1150 ppm > 1150 ppm

Fig. 32. Level of CO2 pollution (EN 15251:2007)

partition wall inter-apartment wall ceiling/floor wall of row house ceiling of row house

42 dB 52 dB 58 dB 57 dB 53 dB

Fig. 34. Airbourne Sound Insulation (CSN 73 05 32)

ESTABLISHING THE PROGRAM

27

DGNB CRITERIA Focusing on the present proposal, the criteria of the DGNB certification scheme have been used as design tools from early stages of the design process. Due to the project time limitations, the most important criteria have been selected from the whole list. Moreover, the general idea of each consideration has been detailed in order to fit to the project goals.

MAIN GOALS OF THE PROJECT SOC1.4 Visual comfort. Availability of daylight in indoor environment is essential for user satisfaction, physical and mental health.

According to the current Danish regulations, the daylight factor has to be evaluated at a minimum of 2%, however, in this project the minimum is set to 3%. Another important aspect is the availability of a view towards the exterior, also having a positive impact on users (Petersen, 2015).

This will be achieved together with a conscious design of adjoining outdoor areas, and the overall ambition of having a high level of privacy within each dwelling.

SOC1.6 Quality of outdoor spaces. In a dense city context, adjacent and pleasant outdoor areas can make a big difference on inhabitants general perception of space qualities. Results from a conducted survey (approx. 100 responses) has

28

ESTABLISHING THE PROGRAM

shown that the majority of people prefer enjoying the advantages of a city, while at the same time get the qualities of a rural way of living. Therefore, the design focuses on the implementation of defined suburban and rural qualities to the highly urbanized space, while bringing extra values for inhabitants.

of apartments, and on the adaptability of commercial/public zones of the complex.

SOC1.1 Thermal comfort. When considering sustainable residential projects, it is essential to emphasize on a pleasant indoor environment (Ingels, 2011). To achieve this goal, simulation in BSim software will be performed for a housing SOC3.3 Layout qualities. The elementary unit. Criteria for the evaluation of comfort levels motivation of building a dwelling complex is to are set by the categories from EN15251:2007 provide good quality shelter for the residents. listed on fig. 33 .

Therefore, the qualities of the layout should be placed in the spotlight during the design process, SOC1.2 Indoor air quality. In order to avoid the sick and should not be compromised in order to meet building syndrome, the minimum requirements other goals. of air change rate (Danish regulations) will be followed. The ventilation system will be designed IMPORTANT CRITERIA as a combination with mechanical ventilation ENV2.3 Land use. The intention is already during the winter period, and natural ventilation fulfilled by the given site, which is located within during summer time. an urbanized area, therefore not using natural landscape for construction. The site is now SOC1.3 Acoustic comfort. Acoustic privacy is an covered with impermeable materials, which essential aspect when choosing a home. In this prevent rainwater infiltration to the ground. Being sense the walls and floors between apartments aware of this, permeable surfaces will be part of should meet at least the minimum values for the proposal. airborne sound insulation from DS 490:2007, Class B. ECO2.1 Flexibility and adaptability. Dwelling upon the Brundtland Report (Lauring, 2015; SOC1.5 User control. The possibility to control Larsen 2015), the focus will be on the flexibility the indoor environment is crucial for inhabitants,

both for thermal and air quality reasons but, at the same time, for psychological well-being.

Therefore, buildings should not be equiped with fixed glazing.

ENV1.1

SOC2.1 Design for all. Sustainable design should be accesible without assistance.

ECO2.2 ENV2.1

SOC2.2 Public access. When a newly developed area is opened to the public, the integration of the area is widely accepted. It is ideal to provide privacy for the inhabitants, however not extrem. Privacy can be achieved more through distinguishing between private/semi-private/semi-public/public areas and thoughtful consideration of people flows on the site.

ENV2.2 TEC1.2 TEC1.5 OTHER ENV2.3

SOC1.2

SOC2.3 Cyclist facilities. In average, 3 parking slots for bycicles per apartment will be provided.

TEC1.3 Building envelope quality. In order to reach the Building Class 2020 goals which the proposal shall be aiming for, the envelope has to meet a high quality design.

SOC2.1

ECO2.1

SOC1.3

SOC2.2

SOC1.1

SOC1.5 TEC1.3

SOC2.3

IMPORTANT SOC1.4

SOC1.6

SOC3.3

CORE

Fig.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;35.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;Classification of DGNB criteria

ESTABLISHING THE PROGRAM

29

PROCESS

INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS THE LOOP A great number of technical and architectural considerations continuously influence each other during the design process. Therefore, the entire design phase is not of a linear nature. The aim of the project has been to find the right balance between all integrated aspects through a trialand-error procedure, until an optimal solution is reached.

The diagram explains the steps leading to the final design. Some design decisions have made it possible to go forward with other aspects, while other decisions or analyses showed that changes should be made. The dashed lines represent the backtracking loop while the normal lines represent the forward moving paces.

Outdoor Spaces

Volume Geometry

Interior Geometry

Access

Facades

Sun

Daylight Factor

Wind

The highlighted aspects are shown and explained in to detail within the next paragraphs of this chapter.

The process is characterized by a looping procedure, depicting on integrated design by using the problem based learning method (PBL).

Fig.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;36.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;Integrated design process

32

Indoor Environment

PV Calcutions

Energy Consumption

HYPOTHESIS VISION AND CONCEPT HYPOTHESIS

The analysis conducted in the initial stage of the design process concluded that, with age, Danish families have a tendency to retreat towards rural settlements. The incentive behind this action is the pursuit of a safer and more intimate environment, in which their children can grow up.

young families moving out of the city

create an environment that empathise with the collective memory of the Danish society APPROACH

Therefore, the HOW behind the attainment of such an integrated community is indispensable of the following 3 qualities, as resulted from the previously conducted survey and analysis: • a feeling of community • graduation in verticality, density and materiality • diversity of tenure types.

VISION

SOLUTION

Dwelling upon this hypothesis, the presented proposal intends to reverse this movement, and offer an alternative to everyday commute. This shall be achieved by appealing to the common memory of the Danish society, and therefore introduce elements specific to the suburb in an urban context. By doing so, we propose not only a sustainable community, but also a long term solution for the reduction of CO2 emissions, by eliminating the need for everyday commute.

CONCEPT

community

graduation

diversity

Fig. 37. Concept

HYPOTHESIS

33

DEVELOPING THE MASTER PLAN DESIGN PROCESS This chapter presents an overview of both technical and design considerations that have influenced the final proposal.

When dwelling upon an INTEGRATED DESIGN approach, it is hard to define a linear process, as the design development is described by a trial-and-error process. Therefore, the presented chapter tries to describe how different climatic considerations and program principles, presented in the previous chapter, have shaped the geometry of the overall masterplan.

At an initial stage, the design intentions have been materialized in physical models. Afterwards, the initial proposal has been rendered to a final stage that carefully considers aspects such as wind, noise, sun, energy consumption, as well as the design of functional outdoor areas.

Program Layout Sun Wind Noise Access Permeability Final design Fig.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;38.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;Masterplan development diagram

34

Fig. 39. Sketch of the final masterplan DEVELOPING THE MASTER PLAN

35

CHARACTER OF OUTDOOR SPACES Dwelling upon some of the findings depicted by using the Kevin Lynch method defined in the SITE ANALYSIS chapter, a morphological intention for the development of the outdoor spaces has been proposed.

time having the final geometry shaped by natural phenomena such as wind and sun. Vegetation offers new experiences of the architectural space (Olesen, 2015), therefore leaving man to engage in social interaction in the places between the built and the grown. In this sense, a great variety of green outdoor spaces is proposed. Moreover, these functionally different spaces are meant to encourage diversity on the given site, leading to a better integration of the newly proposed complex into the existing fabric of the city.

Firstly, a hypothetical analogy has been made. In this sense, the suburban scape (characterized by a low density of residential units) is compared to a more private atmosphere, whereas the city scape (high density) is represented by a more public enclosure. In fig.40 this analysis is graphically illustrated, the dotted line representing the Nonetheless, the views from windows onto an hypothetical division between the suburban scape aesthetically pleasing environment are also (light green) and the urban scape (dark green). desired.

Keeping into consideration the surroundings, a morphological gesture around the site expressed through a declination in verticality is desired (fig.43). Moreover, by defining imaginative axes that connect the private and the public sectors (fig.41), a processional route that carries the viewer from the urban scape into the proposed suburban scape is to be defined (fig.42).

Therefore, the design process shall stress upon these considerations as a principal of development for working from the outside in, while at the same Fig.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;40.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;From public to private

36

DEVELOPING THE MASTER PLAN

semi-private

semi-private

private

private

private

Fig. 14. User preferences on housing types

semi-public public public

semi-public

Fig. 41. Morphological connectivity

Fig. 42. Layering

Fig. 43. Decrease in verticality

DEVELOPING THE MASTER PLAN

37

MODELLED TYPOLOGIES While developing the master plan, five main typologies have been depicted, all related to the user group profiles and design criteria defined in the PROGRAM. During the design process, great attention to considerations such as atmospheres, energy consumption, light, outdoor spaces, access, wind, as well as social aspects has been given from early stages of the design in order to ensure that all aspects work together within the same proposal.

The advantages and disadvantages of each typology are outlined in the following analysis.

38

DEVELOPING THE MASTER PLAN

Fig. 44. The city block (karre)

Fig. 45. High-rise block

By working with the urban block, the possibility of building dense therefore optimizing the energy consumption and creating a generous outdoor space where kids can play within a safe, enclosed environment (as in the suburbs) is generated. The city block as a building type is also good for wind and noise protection.

The high rise as a building type facilitates large outdoor spaces, in which kids can play. It is possible to go around the building, similar as in the case of detached houses in the suburb. An advantage of using this typology on the given site is the generated vistas: a view towards Hasseris on one side and the fjord at the opposite.

Fig. 14. User preferences on housing types

Fig. 46. Linear streets

Fig. 47. Scattered units

Fig. 48. Cluster units

According to the conducted survey, the result reveals that people interested in living in the suburbs find it essential to live in an environment in which the children can safely play on the streets. Nonetheless, they think of the streets as a common space to interact and to organize different social events for the community.

The scattered units rendered in the model above are a direct analogy to the detached houses with private gardens, typical of Danish suburbs. This typology offers the opportunity to go around the building and view it from every angle, as well as to have direct access to the dwelling and its corresponding private outer space.

The conducted survey has revealed that people who live in the suburbs appreciate the close relationship with their neighbors. The high of living in such a residential development is the small, intimate community. The concept behind the clusters is to recreate this intimate relationship specific to the suburb.

DEVELOPING THE MASTER PLAN

39

MODEL STUDIES This phase of the process focuses on the last chapter described on the previous spread, which renders the results of the conducted survey under the form of clusters, each cluster being comprised of 8-15 individual dwelling. Therefore, the inhabitants are reminded of the suburbian way of living by being offered the opportunity to closely relate to their neighbors.

40

DEVELOPING THE MASTER PLAN

Fig. 49. Connectivity with neighbours

Fig. 50. Larger outdoor area

In this model small outdoor spaces have been shaped in order to achieve a close relation between neighbors and, at the same time, create areas where people can feel safe. However, the presented model is not efficient in terms of access and direct light qualities.

The distance between the buildings and the train tracks placed on the Western border of the is made bigger, while at the same time the areas between the buildings are made bigger for better sun infiltration. The accesses are difficult and not optimal according to fire regulations.

Fig. 14. User preferences on housing types

Fig. 51. Simplification

Fig. 52. Sun, Spaces

Fig. 53. Connection between in and out

The model focuses on simplifying the entire geometry and define the outer spaces in a clear way which fits the intended functions. The neighbors have been taken into consideration according to shading and connection to buildings on the Northern side, defining a new square.

The model shown above showcases how the buildings are optimized according to daylight factor inside the dwellings, and direct sunlight within the outer spaces. The facades are orientated southwards in order to create the opportunity of integrating efficiently used PV panels.

This model looks at both interior ideas such as access to the proposed dwelling, as well as exterior layout, therefore working with the relationship between the dwellings and between the interior and exterior. The fifth facade is used for private gardens and balconies.

DEVELOPING THE MASTER PLAN

41

OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT This stage of the process dwells upon shaping the proposed geometries with consideration to sun, wind and acoustic distress.

SUN After defining the initial geometry of THE SNAKE, sun analysis has revealed problematic areas within the very strict grid line geometry. Therefore, the volume has been opened up towards the South, exposing the private courtyard more to direct sunlight.

Fig. 54. Sun

WIND With consideration to the predominant wind direction (W), the volumes scattered volumes have been rendered more compact, in order to protect from the generation of wind tunnels within the site.

Fig. 55. Wind

Wind b lo

Wind b lo

ck

ck

rbro Ve ste

rbro Ve ste

Fig. 56. Noise

s

DEVELOPING THE MASTER PLAN

el

el

ack intr Tra

42

Windtu nn

Windtu nn

s ack intr Tra

NOISE The family quarter, which is meant to reflect upon a calm, rural atmosphere, shall be placed further away from the heavy traffic of Vesterbro, while more compact urban volumes shall be places closer to the street, acting as a barrier for the courtyards of the proposed complex. Nonetheless, trees would act as a barrier, absorbing the acoustic distress caused by the railways on the Westward border of the site.

SHADING The analysis showcases the amount of sun hours each of the selected areas are exposed to the sun, on the 1st of March. The analysis has been conducted in the SunHours plug-in for SketchUp. Danish building regulations only aquire daylight factor. In order to bring higher standard regarding direct sunlight, a Czech building regulation (CSN EN 73 05 80) is followed. According to CSN, each dwelling has to get a minimum of 90 minutes of direct sunlight on the 1st of March.

By observing the analysis, weak apartments without direct sunlight could be seen and thereby optimized. Unideal dwellings from the snake have been moved to the top of the building placed on the Northern border of the site, where the best conditions for direct sunlight are, and, at the same time, avoid shading the neighbors. The analysis has also been used to find the right height of buildings, as well as the distance between them so they are not shading for other buildings or outer spaces.

distance between some of the buildings of the complex, while maintaining a good daylight factor inside the rooms. The analysis has also been used to optimize the placements of the PV panels in order to achieve the highest efficiency.

Diagrams for 1st of March

Fig. 57. Sun exposure of complex facades (SunHours PlugIn)

The ground floors of the buildings shall be designed to accommodate nonresidential functions, that do not require direct sunlight, and thereby making it possible to have a smaller Fig. 58. Sun exposure on outdoor spaces (SunHours PlugIn)

Fig. 59. Sun exposure on neighbouring buildings (SunHours PlugIn)

DEVELOPING THE MASTER PLAN

43

MATERIALITY AND ATMOSPHERES When considering the materiality in the masterplan, attention towards 3 main aspects has been given.

Firstly, having the goal of achieving an inviting and safe atmosphere within the proposed courtyards, the intention of having a plain terrain, highlighting the change of function of the area just by changing the material has been stressed (fig.60).

Fig. 60. Layering

Nonetheless, consideration towards climatic conditions specific to the Danish environment has been given. In this sense, the need of placing permeable materials (fig.61), on site has been decided upon, in order to prevent the local sewage system to overflow in the case of heavy rain.

Moreover, a gradual integration of urban like features with suburban, domestic features is visible at ground level. Cars are intended to be placed off the site, within the integrated underground parking. However, vehicle movement within the site is also possible, but not desired (fig.62).

Fig. 61. Permeability

Fig. 62. Integration

44

DEVELOPING THE MASTER PLAN

horizontal cladding

vertical cladding„nest feeling“lighter colour for reflections

entrances

commongarden

private roof gardens

Fig. 63. Levels of privacy

Fig. 66. Material transition

20 m

Fig. 64. Strict definition of surfaces

Fig. 65. Interweaving of surfaces

Fig. 67. Street width

15 m

Fig. 68. Street width

DEVELOPING THE MASTER PLAN

45

CONCLUSION The proposal revolves around the idea of an that can be observed in the Vesterbo building, intuitive route that guides the inhabitant from a which keeps the red brick aspect towards the more urban scape, towards a private enclosure. main street, while the yellow brick (considered less noble in the Danish culture) is facing the site.

This stage of the design process has worked with Nonetheless, this sense of coldness can also the complex from the outside in. The goal has been beobserved in the materials used on the facades to achieve a pleasant outdoor environment, that of the newer existing buildings on the site (white reflects different types of outdoor spaces related and gray cladding and plastering). to both the urban context of the surroundings, as well as to the inhabitants collective memory of Furthermore, an additional goal of the proposal is the rural scape. to define the area of the existing car park placed on the Northern border of the site, and create an Sun considerations have dramatically shaped opportunity for the city to further expand in that the design, as direct sunlight within the inner direction. courtyards has been essential. Nevertheless, in order to achieve a pleasant outdoor environment, protection from the wind has also been established by placing volumes on the Westward border of the site.

With consideration to noise, compact volumes are to be placed towards Vesterbro, therefore absorbing the noise distress generated by the traffic.

An interesting fact when considering materiality of the buildings is the ‘introverty‘ and the ‘back of stage‘ ambiance attributed to the existent site,

46

Fig. 69. Avenue atmosphere DEVELOPING THE MASTER PLAN

47

DEVELOPMENT OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS DESIGN PROCESS The subchapter focuses on the development of Program the residential units, both as overall geometries, as well as interior layout characteristics.

Program

Layout

Layout

At a first stage of the design process, the group has worked with the relationship between the outdoor and indoor spaces, as well as the Windows conceptual route connecting the proposed city quarters to the suburban quarters. This relationship with Cross Ventilation the outdoor spaces is meant to reflect the user group typologies defined in the program: families, who’s interest is leaning more towards the factort rural Daylight scape; and young professionals who’s lifestyles are defined by the fast pace of urban movement.

Windows

Passive cooling/heating

48

Layout

C

Daylight factor

D

Passive cooling/heating

The quality of the indoor environment has been essential in designing the layout of the dwellings. design Therefore, a number of studies andFinal calculations considering light and ventilation conditions have been conducted, in order to decide upon the ideal interweaving of daylight qualities, air change, passive cooling, and passive heating. The trialand-error process is systematized in the diagram on the right, showcasing the looping process that lead to the final design.

Program

Cross Ventilation

Passi

Final design Fig. 70. Designed units development diagram

Windows

Cross Ventilation

Daylight fa

Fig. 71. City gardens DEVELOPMENT OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS

49

TYPOLOGIES OF THE VOLUMES The aim of the proposal has been the priority given to tenure mix, according to the user groups defined in the PROGRAM chapter, as well as their preferences (underlined within the same chapter). It is important for the proposal to create tenure mix, but at the same time prevent the opportunity of gentrification. Moreover, although the proposal addresses young families and young professionals, the design will be made in a way in which it would be accessible to everyone.

Type C

Type B

Type A

Nonetheless, integration and inclusion is intended not only at a social level, but also at a morphological level. Therefore, the typologies of the proposed volumes are meant to reflect the urban context in which they are placed, as well as the rural background of the assumed users.

Fig.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;72.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;Typologies

50

DEVELOPMENT OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS

Fig. 73. Type A_Urban reflection

Fig. 74. Type B_Transition

Fig. 75. Type C_Rural reflection

The geometry placed on the E end of the site, within close proximity to Vesterbro, is a reflection of the urban blocks seen on the main street. The gesture intends to create a connection between the proposed complex, characterized by a rural scene, and the existing urban scape surrounding the given site.

Further within the complex, a transitional volume is proposed. The geometry is meant to encase features typical to both the rural quarter, as well as to the urban quarter. Nonetheless, the intended geometry shall as well reflect the transition on a vertical level, by presenting a declination in height towards the Western end of the site.

Type C buildings are intended as a reflection of the rural scape. In this sense, the typology of the cluster is proposed in order to achieve close connection to the neighbors, typical for the suburban scape. Moreover, the integration of the private garden plays a major role in shaping the private dwellings.

DEVELOPMENT OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS

51

TYPOLOGIES OF INDOOR SPACES The dwellings are designed in a way in which to promote tenure mix, covering the user groups mentioned in the PROGRAM section of the booklet, but at the same time be accesible to everyone. The layout of the plan, the mix of different dwelling sizes, as well as the different relations to the outdoor spaces, are features that bring a diverse atmosphere to the site.

The intention is that people will choose their apartment according to size and number of rooms, in correspondence to their lifestyle. It is the relation between the outdoor and indoor environment, that defines where different user groups would like to live. In this sense five different relations to outer spaces are stressed.

These types include: communication of the dwelling with private gardens and semi-private gardens, city-gardens where people can be part of a community, relation to a more open green area, and direct relation to main streets (fig.78).

Moreover, the proposal dwells on the phenomenon of giving back to the city qualities that might not be found anywhere else. Therefore, a variety of different non residential spaces shall be placed on the ground floor of the urban quarters.

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DEVELOPMENT OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS

City City

City-garden City-garden

Open green area Open green area

Shared garden Shared garden

Private garden Private garden

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

100 m22 100 m

115 m22 115 m

Shared garden

Private garden

Fig. 76. Room number typologies

35 m 22 35 m

60 m 22 60 m

80 m22 80 m Fig. 77. Size of dwelling

City

City-garden

Open green area

Fig. 78. Relation to outdoor spaces

1

2

3

4

5

35 m 2

60 m 2

80 m2

100 m2

115 m2

DEVELOPING THE PLAN When shaping the dwellings of the proposed complex, consideration to daylight, cross ventilation, double height space, and relation to outdoor spaces has been depicted in the design.

The conducted survey has shown that connection to outdoor spaces is essential when trying to reflect suburban typologies. Moreover, the interior layout of the proposed dwellings mainly depict on a system that places the common functions (kitchen and living room) in an open space oriented towards the S. The bedrooms shall be placed towards the N, while bathrooms and service areas can be placed in the darker spaces of the apartments (fig.79). Shafts for ducts (plumbing and ventilation) are designed to be shared between bathrooms and kitchens in a maximum possible amount. However, user comfort has had the highest priority, so in some cases more shafts had to be designed in order to ensure conscious room orientation.

private functions services

common functions S

N

cross ventilation when possible

Fig. 79. Layout configuration

The present plans show initial sketches of duplexes that respond to the given brief, as well as to the intended design considerations (fig.80).

Fig. 80. Initial sketches of layout

DEVELOPMENT OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS

53

WINDOW GEOMETRY Light can be used in order to attain certain atmospheres. In this phase, light conditions are explored by using models of different typologies of windows and their placement within a room.

The models were used to analyze how light moves through a room throughout the day. The result revealed the possibility of designing light and dark areas within a space, attributing different functions to each instance.

Fig. 81. Full glazing

Fig. 82. Narrow vertical strips

The pictures on the right showcase a part of the process, concentrating on working with vertical and horizontal window geometries.

Fig. 83. Narrow horizontal strip

Fig. 85. Vertical and horizontal strips

54

DEVELOPMENT OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS

Fig. 84. Narrow vertical strips

Fig. 86. Multiple vertical strips

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS The presented analysis focuses on how the correlation between the room height, size and placement of windows effect the daylight factor of the spaces within the dwelling. The aim is to achieve an average daylight factor of 3% in the common spaces.

The conducted study has shown that, as bigger the hight of the rooms is, and as the bigger the windows are while being placed at a high point on the facade, the better the light conditions of the corresponding rooms would be. Therefore, the goal is to find the right balance between a good daylight factor, good indoor environment, energy consumption, as well as efficient use of space, for both the use of the inhabitants and the use of PV panels on the facade.

The analysis is working with as small windows as possible, and as low ceiling heights as possible, while still achieving a daylight factor of 3%.

2,8

3,5

2,6

3,2

4,1 0,6

0,6

2,0

1,6

4,9

7,1

6,0

0,7

5,8

8,2

6,9

0,9 3,4

2,5

7,2

2,9

9,9 1,1 3,4

Fig. 87. Average DF for room height 2,5m

8,4

7,8 10,9

9,2

1,5 4,1

Fig. 88. Average DF for room height 2,7m

DEVELOPMENT OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS

55

DEVELOPING THE FACADES The facades are designed through an integrated design process, with focus on maintaining a minimum value for the glazed area of 10% of the corresponding floor area. Moreover, the goal is to achieve a daylight factor of at least 3% in the living rooms. This strategy is depicted in order to maintain a good indoor climate, as well as low energy consumption.

Southern facades are used for placement of the photo-voltaic panels. The aim of the proposal is to place as many PV panels as possible, without compromising the indoor environment. Depicting on a tectonic approach and on a holistic integration of the PV panels, the dimensions of 1000 x 1640 x 43 mm (dimension of PV panels) compose a grid on the facades. Therefore, the use of PV panels can be optimized, and the placing of windows can work both for the indoor environment, as well as for Zero Energy goal and facade aesthetics.

The balconies/loggias are integrated in the facades, therefore preventing from shading of the PV panels mounted on the facade. The materials used on the exterior of the buildings are PV, Swiss Inso, matt glass (PV dummy) and timber cladding, Western Red Cedar. These materials are used to enhance the building properties from public to

56

DEVELOPMENT OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS

private. By making all the loggias in Red Cedar, a warm color, we propose a welcoming indoor environment, while, by making a line pattern with the PV panels, we lead the user towards the main public plaza.

Fig. 89. Type B block facade

Fig. 91. Type B block facade

Fig. 90. Type A block facade

Fig. 92. Type A block facade

CONCLUSION With consideration to all aspects mentioned in social mix shall be encouraged. Thus, the wide the present sub chapter, the intention behind the variety of tenure types, varying from small single family homes to individual houses, dwells design of the dwellings can be outlined. upon the concept of ‘Urban Farming’ (Petersen, Therefore, it is of great importance for the 2015), and ‘Adaptability’ (Lauring, 2015), giving proposal that good daylight and direct sunlight inhabitants the opportunity to move within the qualities within the common areas are met. In this same residential complex. sense, exposure to the Southern part of the site is essential. Moreover, after deciding upon the ideal Moreover, working with integrated design, a dual correlation between interior and exterior qualities, relationship between the interior and exterior the interior layout shall be adapted according to will be visible. An example of accurately using the scheme on page 53, as to fit the bedroom integrated design in shaping the final proposal functions towards the less exposed areas of the is the relationship between window areas, which house in terms of daylight. Therefore, common work with both the PV panel grid on the exterior functions, such as the kitchen and living room, facade, and with the daylight factor and the can benefit from direct sunlight. Where possible, interior environment of the dwellings. the same direct daylight qualities are desired in the private rooms such as the master bedrooms or children’s bedrooms.

Moreover, depicting upon the social hypothesis formulated in the program, with the solution of fitting suburban characteristics in every dwelling, the design will emphasize on the existence of a reasonably sized outdoor terrace or balcony. By creating a hierarchy in the type of relationship between the proposed dwellings and their corresponding outdoor spaces, diversity and

DEVELOPMENT OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS

57

ZEB AND SUSTAINABILITY APPROACH Firstly, consideration for passive strategies dealing mainly with energy demands for heating and risks of overheating will be assessed. The basic considerations include the shaping of volumes, their orientation according to sun movement, surface to volume ratio, and position of windows (fig.93).

energy consumption during cold winter months, while, at the same time, provides good quality of the indoor environment even without the use of natural ventilation.

With regards to active solutions, solar panels (PV) on the roofs or facades will be used in accordance, to substitute electricity consumption from the Moreover, sufficient thickness of thermal grid and contribute to electricity production. insulation for walls will be used to achieve ideal shading U-values of structural elements (walls, floors, roofs). Glazed areas of the buildings can provide thick insulation passive solar gains when oriented towards the S (S-E to S-W), but, at the same time, may cause low U-Value overheating of inner spaces, especially in summer months. Therefore, the design will implement hydroponics several passive design strategies. An option is the use of permanent or movable shading devices as means of passive cooling (overhanging structure, louvers, external blinds etc.). Another way is to use heat-absorbing or reflective window glazing.

PV facade Lastly, using natural ventilation for overheating avoidance can be considered. (Larsen, 2015)

PV roof

rainwater collection

Another strategy that has been stressed in the design is the reduction of energy demands for heating by introducing mechanical ventilation with waste heat recovery. This system reduces Fig.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;93.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;Zero energy concept diagram

58

ZEB AND SUSTAINABILITY

RAINWATER COLLECTION Although the site has a relatively flat topography, the possibility of rainwater collection has been considered. In this sense the volume of the building can be used for water collection, while no intervention upon the existing topography is required. (worldweatheronline)

all dwellings having direct connection to greenery is a main goal. In this sense, a short analysis has concluded that hydroponics is a more sensible solution to achieving the intended green spaces, as the need for thicker walls and roofs is reduced (fig.94). Moreover, the system can be used in a tectonic way, by creating a permeable barrier Although Earth is a watery Planet, almost all of between the neighbors, increasing the level of its water is either salty, frozen or polluted, causing privacy between privately owned spaces, but not experts to predict that the next big geopolitical strictly dividing the properties (fig.95). conflict after oil, will be based on water. Therefore, when talking about a sustainable future, water management and efficiency play an important part in the scene of development.

RAINWATER Bergman (2012, p.42) mentions that water efficiency deals with both intake (water consumed) and outflow (sewage). A number of different techniques of dealing with waste water under the form of gray water and rainwater runoff have been developed. In the presented project, rainwater collection is proposed, as a solution of reducing the intake of water from the grid system.

HYDROPONICS We propose that the harvested rainwater should be used in watering the garden, as the intention of

Fig. 94. Hydroponics system rainwater collection

hydroponics privacy barrier

Fig. 95. Hydroponics system in the Snake

ZEB AND SUSTAINABILITY

59

PRESENTATION

THE MASTERPLAN LAYERING OF THE SITE The proposal, as seen in the master plan, is comprised of a series of gardens, characterized by different levels of privacy. Inhabitants are encouraged to populate the spaces between the buildings, density being a key element of the design.

Moreover, the wide variety of tenure types, varying from small single family homes to individual houses, dwells upon the concept of ‘Urban Farming’ [Petersen, 2015], and ‘Adaptability’ [Lauring, 2015], giving inhabitants the opportunity to move within the same residential complex.

Great consideration has been given to good sunlight conditions within the previously mentioned gardens, regardless to their function.

Therefore, the site follows a SW-NE axis in order to achieve the desired sunlight qualities. A city plaza is placed centrally within the site, acting as a focal point for both inhabitants of the complex, as well as the locals.

Nonetheless, the proposal follows the lines of the effective city fabric in order to ‘complete‘ the existing structure, and be perceived as an empathetic intervention.

62

THE MASTERPLAN

General considerations Site area: 14.500 sqm Built area: 17.184 sqm No. of apartments: 161 Range of apartments: studio to 5 room Non-residential functions: 1031 sqm Parking spaces: 120 Building ratio: 119%

0

Fig. 96. Masterplan

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THE MASTERPLAN

63

DENSE AND DIVERSE COMMUNITY TYPOLOGY OF APARTMENTS The complex comprises a number of 161 dwellings, divided in 34 different types. The inhabitants are able to choose which apartments they would like to opt for, according to preferences based on their lifestyle and family size, therefore encouraging tenure mix and diversity.

Fig. 97. Studio apartments

64

DENSE AND DIVERSE COMMUNITY

Fig. 98. 2 room apartments

Fig. 99. 3 room apartments

Fig. 100. 4 room apartments

DENSE AND DIVERSE COMMUNITY

65

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ENERGY CONCEPT The proposed building is energy neutral on an annual basis (including appliances), fact documented with the Be10 software.

Firstly, as a passive strategy, the energy demand is greatly reduced with the design - sufficient insulation is provided, as well as good air tightness and overall compactness. The building is oriented so that living zones benefit from direct sun, while bedrooms are placed in colder parts to provide good sleeping conditions without mechanical cooling assistance. Ventilation is designed as a hybrid system. Therefore, in winter, mechanical air supply with demand control (sensors, user presets) is provided, including heat recovery. When climatic conditions allow, natural ventilation is possible due to operable windows.

A healthy and comfortable indoor environment is documented with results from the BSim software.

Secondly, it is inevitable to interact with the energy infrastructure and be and active part of it (Larsen, 2015). Therefore, district heating provides the energy for heating domestic hot water and the heating system. To balance the energy consumption (both electricity and heat), new energy is generated on site from solar radiance, by using photo-voltaic panels integrated in the design.

66

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

sun for neighbours integrated PV’s (roof - 30°)

natural ventilation stack effect natural ventilation cross

integrated PV’s (facade - 90°)

screed + floor heating smaller N windows

sun shading overhang sun shading louvers

energy optimised windows

insulation natural ventilation - single sided

demand controled ventilation (sensors + control panels) electricity grid connection

district heating

mechanical ventilation + heat recovery

Fig. 101. Energy concept diagram - elements integrated in the design

OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT According to CSN EN 73 05 80, direct daylight in the dwellings is required. In direct correlation, outdoor spaces and street profiles are designed to get enough light. Ground floors are nonresidential and of 3.5 m height, while standard floors have a structural height of 3.0 m. Dwelling upon these premises, facades and roofs are optimal for integrating PV panels. Neighboring buildings should have similar light conditions as in present conditions, due to slightly enlarged street profiles and the shape of the proposed roof.

Prevailing winds are from SW and W direction.

The design prevents against the creation of wind tunnels, as well as provides a variety of sheltered outdoor spaces.

sun angle 38° 1ST March

prevailing winds

PV’s

terrace

PV

’s

’s

PV’s

PV

terrace common green area

NON-RES

NON-RES

Fig. 102. Site section - exposed facades to direct sunlight and wind breaks

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

67

INDOOR ENVIRONMENT In order to ensure that a good and healthy indoor environment would be provided, two sample apartments for families of 4 members have been analyzed in the BSim software.

Apartment 1 is located in the NE unit of the proposed complex. It has been chosen because of its exposure to direct sun, and herewith the risk of overheating. The area of 107 m2 (without staircase) has been divided in 3 thermal zones - bedrooms oriented to the NE, bathroom in the center, and the living zone facing SW. Balconies serve as permanent shading devices. Moreover, user controlled louvers are installed on the S facing facade.

Apartment 2 is placed in the Snake. It is located on the ground-floor, with direct access to the outdoor area. In this case, bedrooms are divided into two zones due to different orientation, while the other rooms are divided according to the rules defined for apartment 1. Permanent shading devices have not been taken into consideration, so that different conditions are simulated. However, it is possible to roof the adjoining terrace with a pergola, thus shading the exposed windows.

TZ1 - bedrooms

TZ2 - bathroom

TZ3 - living zone

Fig. 103. Apartment 1, 114 m2, 13 m2 private balcony, 4th floor

TZ1 - bathroom

TZ2 - bedrooms TZ3 - master bedroom

TZ4 - living zone

Fig. 104. Apartment 2, 110 m2, 23 m2 terrace + access to a garden, groundfloor

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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

DOCUMENTATION On the following pages, BSim results for Apartment 1 are analyzed and discussed. The results from apartment 2 are placed in the Appendix.

According to EN 15251:2007, the indoor environment can be classified according to both the level of CO2 present in the air, and the indoor temperatures during the whole year. The diagrams in the left column, the distribution of temperatures in single zones can be visualized.

It has been documented that during winter time (heating, mechanical ventilation) almost all hours can be classified as Class II or better. In summer time (natural ventilation), the classification is more strict and therefore the results does not seem that good. However, looking at the distribution of temperatures during summer, the indoor environment is balanced, most of the time within the comfortable range of 20°C to 26°C in the living zone. Bedrooms are intentionally designed as colder in order to provide better sleeping qualities (National Sleeping Foundation, 2015).

Air pollution is often perceived as a significant problem in new buildings (Brunsgaard, 2015).

Therefore, high air quality has been the main goal, achieved with the design.

Fig. 105. Documentation of results from BSim analysis - Apartment 1

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

69

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS The basic design analysis is based on a family of four (2+2). For the purpose of better testing of normal or extreme situations, sensitivity analyses has been performed, monitoring air pollution and indoor temperature in the living zone.

In both cases, the level of pollution has significantly risen, therefore presenting a problem.

The solution comes with demand controlled ventilation (sensors, user presets) which may temporarily increase electricity consumption.

On the other hand, installation of such a device may save energy during non-occupied periods.

Variable Air Volume Boxes would be therefore installed on pipes. This system solution ensures that high quality air supply will be provided. At the same time, energy consumption is reduced compared to a system with simple ducts with constant air flow.

The diagrams showcases more challenging periods of the year, with air provided by mechanical ventilation. The same situation has been analyzed also for the summer season, with good results due to the possibility of natural ventilation. The corresponding diagrams can be found in the Appendix.

Fig. 106. Family visit, 4+4 persons, low activity

70

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

Fig. 107. Saturday party, 12 persons, medium activity

ENERGY DEMAND The total energy consumption of the proposed complex dwells upon the geometry of the proposal, and the values acquired for indoor environment simulations. The calculation has been performed in the Be10 software for annual consumption.

Firstly, several sketch models have been evaluated in Be10, using approximate values from hand calculations and basic geometries. As a consequence, compactness, window orientation and distribution, as well as the necessary area for PV placement have been important factors from the early stages of the design process.

Secondly, as BSim calculations resulted with values that could be implemented in overall energy evaluation, the final Be10 model has been set. It has been proven that the highest impact on energy consumption is caused by user related energy consumption, which cannot be efficiently influenced and controlled, and mainly, ventilation rates. For good and efficient design, demand control ventilation is a vital component.

Fig. 108. Heat requirements and heat gains

Fig. 109. Energy consumption (final energy)

Fig. 110. Energy frames - energy consumption (primary energy)

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

71

REACHING ZEB STANDARDS

VENTILATION

FIRE

After the overall energy consumption has been reduced with the basic design, the Zero Energy Goal has to be reached by active means. In this case, the energy is produced on site in the form of electricity sent back to the grid. According to latest research, the best orientation for PVâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s is SW or W. The best efficiency is achieved in the consumption peak time (noon), therefore electricity generation at that time being the most sensitive solution for the grid (Lofgren, 2013).

The apartments are ventilated by using both natural and mechanical systems, in accordance with the time of the year. Heat recovery is implemented, which additionally works with a sensor in order to minimize energy use.

The design follows fire regulations according to Danish standards, explained in the following paragraph.

High initial costs are the biggest disadvantage of PV use (Larsen, 2015). The Swiss company Swissinso (fig.112) aims in providing affordable PV panels. Regarding this problematic, a survey has been conducted with results showing that architects, contractors and clients accept price increase of 20% in comparison to standard PV. As a matter of course, efficiency still needs to be comparable. (Swissinso, 2015).

Where it is not possible to place standard PV panels, or the facade is not oriented appropriately, dummies or ECO-CLAD XP Exterior cladding are installed. This cladding consists of renewable FSC certified bamboo fiber and 100% recycled paper, significant for its extreme durability. Any colour or pattern is available (Kliptech, 2011).

72

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

Inlets and outlets are placed in the kitchen and bathroom areas, while the other rooms are provided with only an inlet. The principle showcased in the diagram below is repeated throughout the entire complex (fig.113).

A simplified calculation is made for finding the size of the ducts of the ventilation system. The calculation does not include pressure loss, but is based on information about the required air flow rate, and the air velocity inside the buildings, in order to achieve an ideal indoor environment and energy consumption. (see Appendix)

All buildings are built with both fire sections and division walls. Staircases are constructed as fire sections, with fire doors to adjacent rooms. There are no more than 25m to the nearest escape route, and direct access from the front door to the staircase is provided. The highest apartment is placed 21.5m from ground level, therefore making it suitable for fire truck rescues (max. accepted being 22). Accesses have a width of at least 1.3m. The main door is 1.2m wide, which make it feasible for double flow circulation. In the case of rescue from windows, all windows placed higher than 9.6m have a height of at least 0.8m. There are no windows placed higher than 1.2m above floor level. Areas in front of all buildings where the fire truck can get around on hard pavement are provided.

The mean pipe is placed in the shafts, and from there distributed to the rooms through pipes Fig.115 showcases the fire regulations for placed under the ceiling. accesses for the fire truck. (http://www.ens.

Four apartments on top of each other are dk/sites/ens.dk/files/byggeri/sikre-sundeconnected through a round duct with a diameter bygninger/brandsikkerhed/exsamling_brand_ of 35,5cm, while for each apartment ducts with a vtre.pdf) diameter at 17,7cm are needed.

Max 22m to floor in top apartment

Min. 4m

Max. 40m Hard pavement

Fig. 111. Principle of the technology

3-10m

Max 10,8m to the lowest part of the window Fire rescue area

Fig. 113. Inlets and outlets

Min. 2,8m

Fig. 115. Fire regulations

Fig. 112. Monocrystaline back contact panels

Fig. 114. Cross ventilation

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

73

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER “Timber is one of the world’s oldest building materials. A cubic meter of engineered timber can remove up to a ton of CO2, storing the carbon and releasing oxygen. The more timber we use, the better it is for the environment.” (Waugh, 2014) The building industry is one of the most polluting industries, and the effort put in exploring innovative technologies and materials will pay back in the future. (Organschi, 2014) Even though timber panels are not widely used yet, there are many advantages of the material. These are strength (four times stronger than steel), accuracy, fabrication and construction speed.

CLT panels are easy to adapt - the whole structure can be described as a honeycomb plate where the forces are distributed between walls and slabs as in one element. Timber buildings provide natural humidity regulation and comfortable temperatures to live in. (Waugh, 2014) However, the disadvantages of using a material without tradition are undoubtedly outweighed with benefits. Moreover, the project accepts the challenge of exploring the potential of timber as a building material for cities, changing the perception from an “alternative solution” to a “globally used” approach.

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STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

In this project, CLT panels are used for both external and internal walls. Dwelling upon existing buildings with similar use and height (52 Whitmore Road, London, UK; 24 Murray Grove, UK, both designed byWaugh and Thisleton), the dimensions of panels are following: •• external wall - 128 mm •• internal wall - 115 mm •• internal floor slab - 146 mm Staircases and elevator cores are also built in timber, generating equal conditions for structural behavior. This solution is optimal especially for low- and middle- rise buildings (Kolb, 2010).

The ground floor slab, basement walls, and foundations are designed from reinforced concrete in order to prevent unacceptable contact of timber and moist soil.

The U-values of the structural elements are the following: •• external wall - U = 0,10 W/m2K •• roof - U = 0,10 W/m2K •• foundation slab - U = 0,09 W/m2K

Fig. 116. Cross laminated timber - principle of layering

FERMACELL GYPSUM-FIBER One of the advantages of using CLT panels is the short construction period. Following the same philosophy, Fermacell® boards are designed for the interior lining in order to save energy and time.

The material is made from gypsum and recycled paper fibers. Dry lining protects the CLT from fire, and lets the timber stay without additional coating. Therefore, it is suitable for recycling/ reusing at the end of the building’s life cycle.

Privacy has been one of the central aspects that the project has been dealing with, while the acoustic factor is as well very important. Even with small thicknesses, exceptional acoustic properties are achieved. Following the values of Air-borne sound insulation presents an example of solutions for vertical and horizontal elements, having the requirement from CSN EN 73 05 32 is 53 dB: •• inter-apartment wall, 200 mm - 58 dB •• floor+ceiling sandwich, 350 mm - 67 dB (Gagnon, 2011).

1 10 mm fibre board

4 staples

7 battens, 48x24 mm

2 12,5 mm fibre board

5 butt joint, gap < 1 mm

8 fixing screw

3 diverging staples

6 fermacell joinstick, gap < 1 mm

9 insulation - optional

Fig. 117. Fermacell system specification - example

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

75

THE SNAKE PRINCIPLE The quarter of the proposal referred to as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the Snakeâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; supports suburban living qualities within a dense urban context.

A focal consideration is that of the intimate relation between neighbors. In this sense, the typology of the cluster has been proposed. The cluster is built around a private garden, characterized by good, direct sunlight conditions. The concave morphology supports good infiltration of light, while the gradual increase in verticality towards the Northern border of the site acts like a permeable visual barrier, increasing the privacy level of the semi-private garden placed beyond.

Moreover, qualities such as direct access to an outdoor area are stressed in the design. Therefore, each dwelling is equipped with an outdoor area such as a terrace or a balcony.

Nonetheless, good daylight conditions are essential for the dwellings, quality achieved with the proposed concave shape. The layout of the dwellings is based on the principle mentioned on page 53, having the common functions oriented towards the S.

76

THE SNAKE

General considerations Built area: 3.592 sqm No. of apartments: 58 Range of apartments: studio to 4 room Bicycle storage: 220 sqm

THE SNAKE

77

MATERIALITY The materials chosen for the Snake facades dwell on creating an atmosphere characterized by a felling of warmth and safety.

Therefore, timber cladding has been chosen as the material capable of achieving the previously mentioned intentions. The N facade of the buildings is dressed in horizontally laid, dark timber cladding. The horizontal layout encourages movement along the avenue defined by the Snake, as well as breaks the verticality of the facade, bringing it closer to the human scale, a feature typical for Nordic architecture.

For the S facade, as well as the facades enclosing the private and semi private gardens, vertically laid, light timber cladding is used. The gesture of braking the facade with a vertical pattern disrupting the direction of movement appeals to the unconscious reactions of a person, proposing a delay in the fast pace of the inhabitants, and encouraging a halt within the gardens of the complex.

78

THE SNAKE

Fig.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;118.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;The Snake placement

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Fig. 119. Northern facade of the Snake

THE SNAKE

79

APARTMENT VOLUMES The Snake is composed of 4 clusters. Each cluster comprises an intricate system of dwellings.

Fig.120. showcases the access level for each dwelling.

The increase in verticality towards the N facilitates the implementation of generous roof terraces, an aspect that strengthens the analogy to the suburban garden. The terraces establish a green belt around the building, green belt that overlooks the common garden. We propose a hydroponic system based on rainwater collection as the main provider for the maintenance of these terraces.

The system is beneficial with regards to keeping the terrace deck at the same level as the interior of the apartments, in order to facilitate accessibility for disabled people.

Fig.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;120.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;Access levels

80

THE SNAKE

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Fig. 121. Longitudinal section of the Snake

THE SNAKE

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Fig. 122. Section of Snake

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THE SNAKE

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Fig. 123. Section of Snake

THE SNAKE

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ACCESSIBILITY AND DWELLINGS Although stalk ventilation is desirable as a natural ventilation approach, a disadvantage of the system is the need of stairs within the dwelling, to provide access to upper floors. This serves as a disadvantage in terms of accessibility for disabled people.

Therefore, the decision to provide both duplex and single floor apartments, with a predominance in the latter is defined. In this direction, 70% of the apartments placed in the Snake are single floor apartments. Access to the apartments placed on the Northern side of building is facilitated through both staircases and elevators, making them accessible for everyone.

The apartments are grouped around 3 access shafts, with a vertical orientation.

The layout of the individual dwellings is accomplished in accordance with the principle mentioned on page 53. which stresses the positioning of common functions towards the S. Fig.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;124.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;Connectivity to access shafts

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THE SNAKE

Apartment a 1. entrance hall 2. kitchen 3. living room 4. master bedroom 5. bathroom 6. storage 7. bedroom 8. bedroom 9. terrace

Apartment b 1. entrance hall 2. study 3. living room 4. kitchen 5. bedroom 6. master bedroom 7. balcony 8. bathroom 9. terrace 6

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Fig.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;125.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;Snake apartments

THE SNAKE

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THE SNAKE

WINDOW SILL DETAIL On the Snake, a considerable number of flat roof terraces are proposed. To enable free-step access on highly insulated roofs, perlite filling serves as a level equalizer. Perlite is the name of a naturally occurring volcanic rock and it is expanded to a white, sterile, lightweight aggregate with many great properties (Nordisk Perlite, 2014).

Window Velfac 200 Energy, triple glazing Velfac wooden window frame metal cover plate exterior flooring false floor edge, subframe perlite filling CLT panel, 128 mm exterior flat roof structure CLT panel, 146 mm suspended ceiling gap fermacell dry lining system

Fig.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;126.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;Window sill detail: step-free terrace access

THE SNAKE

87

CITY GARDEN BLOCKS PRINCIPLE The blocks are placed according to facilitate the desired outdoor spaces, as well as according to sun angles, so that each dwelling benefits from a minimum of 90 minutes of direct sunlight on the 1st of March (CSN EN 73 05 80).

The geometry of the blocks reflects that of the existing buildings and, at the same time, integrates elements present in the Snake in order to foreshadow the placement of the unique geometry of the previously mentioned building.

General considerations Built area: 13.592 sqm No. of apartments: 103 Range of apartments: studio to 5 room Bicycle storage: 654 sqm

88

CITY GARDEN BLOCKS

CITY GARDEN BLOCKS

89

RELATIONSHIP WITH CITY FABRIC Despite defining the proposal as a suburban intervention within an urban context, it has been proven along the years that communities that intertwine with the circumstances in which they are placed are more successful (Petersen, 2015).

Therefore, the ground floors of the buildings placed in direct relation to the adjacent circulated streets surrounding the site are occupied by non residential functions (fig.128). In this way, the complex is not only used by its residents, but also by the common public. Nonetheless, by placing non-residential functions on the ground floors makes it possible to merge the buildings closer together, as direct sunlight is not required for functions such as offices or lounges. By doing this, we are able to make the connection alleys smaller in order to give way to larger city gardens.

The apartments benefit from good daylight conditions in common spaces, as all apartments present openings towards the S. Accessibility is again a key aspect of the design.

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CITY GARDEN BLOCKS

Fig.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;127.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;The City Gardens placement

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Non-residential units: 1. Auditorium: 94 sqm 2. Lounge: 150 sqm 3. Janitors: 29 sqm 4. Multi functional space: 35 sqm 5. Office: 150 sqm 6. Office: 150 sqm 7. Eco shop: 150 sqm 8. Café: 116 sqm 9. Office: 118 sqm 10. Office: 87 sqm 11. Party room (bar): 87 sqm

1

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Fig. 128. Non residential functions

CITY GARDEN BLOCKS

91

INTEGRATED DESIGN OF FACADE The facades are one of the design elements in which integrated design can be observed.

The focal point is the integration of PV panels, while sustaining good daylight conditions in the apartments. The requirement for direct daylight (CSN EN 73 05 80) is correlated with the need of direct sun for PV’s, therefore a balanced solution for the size of openings for the windows had to be found. At the same time, other aspects like daylight factor, privacy, noise, glare, and risk of overheating played significant roles in the decision making process.

Energy optimized windows (ENERGY 200), with triple glazing and extremely low U-value come from Velfac. The S facade glazing has been treated specially: “South/Clear/Energy” which enables good passive solar gains and good light transmittance. Total glazing percentage is 13%.

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Fig. 130. “City Garden” building - SW elevation from city gardens

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CITY GARDEN BLOCKS

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Energy considerations have influenced the size of the windows - smaller to the N/E/W, and larger to the S. Operable windows allow natural ventilation in every apartment. Facades have compact form to keep the surface-volume ratio low.

The gradient in materiality guides the user from the public quarters (“cold” PV’s) through the semi-public/semi-private (ECO-CLAD) and onto the private areas (“warm” red cedar). Materials also help form the character and ambiance of adjacent spaces. The cladding is laid horizontally to create the illusion of tall facades being lower, therefore relating architecture to the human scale (Publisher, 2014).

Apartments have direct access to outdoor spaces (balcony/terrace/garden). Walls remain perpendicular, thus easily outlining furnishable and user friendly rooms. The scattering of the house creates sheltered corners for balconies, which have a positive impact on privacy perception, and wind breaking. The straight line connecting the balconies also defines outdoor spaces, particularly the small urban plaza at the heart of the site. Moreover, balconies serve as a permanent shading device to prevent overheating of dwellings.

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Fig. 131. “City Garden” building - E elevation from the plaza

CITY GARDEN BLOCKS

93

ACCESSIBILITY As in the Snake, access to all apartments, as well as mobility within the dwellings have been essential in the design. Therefore, the majority of apartments in the City Garden Blocks have a singular floor layout, having only the apartments on the top floor as considerably large duplexes.

Access is provided through vertical shafts, each comprising a staircase and an elevator. These shafts serve a combination of either 2 large apartments , or 2 medium sized apartments and a small studio.

The access wells are placed on the Northern facade of the buildings, leaving the Southern facade open for functional areas such as living rooms and kitchens. On the ground floor, a corridor connecting the staircase with the facade on the opposite side is provided. This feature makes the complex permeable and more accessible.

Fig.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;132.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;Access in City Block

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CITY GARDEN BLOCKS

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Fig. 133. Section through City Blocks

CITY GARDEN BLOCKS

95

THE DWELLINGS The apartments placed within the city blocks of the proposed complex have similar layout considerations, as to those of the Snake. These apartments have a depth of 12m, the maximum length considered appropriate for good daylight qualities even in the central parts of the dwellings.

Diversity is promoted by different types of apartments. Therefore, a variety ranging from small studios to large 4 bedroom apartments can be found within the buildings.

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Fig.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;134.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;Access to 2 apartments

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CITY GARDEN BLOCKS

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Apartment c 1. kitchen 2. study 3. bathroom 4. entrance hall 5. living room 6. bedroom 7. master bedroom 8. balcony

Fig. 135. Access to 3 apartments

Apartment a 1. kitchen and living area 2. bathroom 3. entrance hall 4. bedroom 5. master bedroom 6. balcony

5 Apartment b 1. kitchen and living area 2. bathroom 3. balcony

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Fig. 136. Access to 3 apartments

CITY GARDEN BLOCKS

97

ROOF DETAIL Thermal insulation is placed on the outer side of the load bearing structure. This provides homogeneous conditions for the timber structure and avoids cold bridges. The detail represents the connection of all pitched roofs and exterior walls.

integrated PV panels - roof, 30° ventilated air gap, 40 mm lath grid, 40x30 mm weather barrier thermal insulation, 300 mm gutter timber I-joists airtight tape CLT panel, 128 mm instalation gap - laths 40x30 mm fermacell dry lining, 12,5 mm ventilated air gap, 40 mm integrated PV’s - facade

Fig. 137. Roof detail: eave without canopy

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CITY GARDEN BLOCKS

PLINTH DETAIL To prevent heat losses, the plinth is highly insulated. The XPS insulation is extending up to 30 cm above terrain level, and it is covered by a plaster plinth to protect the structure from moisture and damage. This particular solution can be found in the buildings with basements. In buildings without a basement the detail would be based on similar principles.

integrated PV’s - facade 2x lath grid + ventilated air gap, 40x30 mm timber I-joist XPS - thermal insulation, 300 mm plinth plaster larch sill in mortar bed + tape waterproof membrane reinforced concrete slab, 250 mm additional insulation, 250 mm suspended ceiling basement perimeter wall, reinforced concrete

Fig. 138. Plinth detail: CLT - concrete connection

CITY GARDEN BLOCKS

99

100 CITY GARDEN BLOCKS

CITY GARDEN BLOCKS 101

102 CITY GARDEN BLOCKS

Fig. 139. Working lounge view scheme

CITY GARDEN BLOCKS 103

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS CONCLUSION While creating a dense, mixed use, Zero Energy housing complex, the group has faced many challenges in achieving the desired standards.

Although passive solutions have been implemented from the early stages of the design, it has been impossible to reach the requested standards without the implementation of active strategies.

Therefore, the group has aimed in integrating these active strategies in the architecture of the proposal, making them an operative part of the aesthetic design.

Moreover, the assignment statement of including suburban qualities into the design has been achieved. In this sense, the principle of the cluster has allowed us to recreate an atmosphere typical of the suburbs, while achieving a much desired privacy level, as well as protection from the city.

Nonetheless, the proposal promotes the concept of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;giving back to the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; not only by focusing on the parameters given in the brief, with reference

106 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

to achieving a Zero Energy complex, but also by proposing a series of functions that intertwine with the existing city fabric. Therefore, an area comprised of non residential functions and a central plaza are integrated into the design.

REFLECTION While developing the proposed residential development, great consideration was given to both architectural qualities, as well as environmental issues.

In this sense, the Integrated Design Methodology proposed by Mary Ann Knudstrup (2005), brakes the boundaries between architecture and engineering by introducing technical considerations from early stages of the design process. The need for architects to operate more technical aspects, especially when considering sustainability and the zero energy pursuit, is essential in order to achieve not only a tectonic design, but also a conscious architecture.

In this direction, our proposal works with passive design strategies in order to reduce energy loss, as well as create an ideal indoor environment for the user. Therefore, by looking at different considerations in terms of user preferences and the micro-climate, as well as trying to achieve the best design solution that responds to all considered aspects, conscious decisions that might be perceived as compromises in the design have to be made.

Therefore, the problem becomes the ability of the architect to handle numeric considerations imposed by standardized regulations. Often, these regulations correspond to technical evaluations and simulations of the design. The ability to comprehensively use this information in the design would be essential in creating a sustainable future for mankind.

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

107

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AALBORG KOMMUNE. (2006) Vesterbro Municipality plan. Aalborg: Aalborg Kommune.

AALBORG KOMMUNE. (2014) Aalborg in Numbers, Annual Report 2014, Aalborg: Aalborg Kommune.

ANSWERS. (2015) What are the typical characteristics of a suburban area? [Online] Available at: < http://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_typical_ characteristics_of_a_suburban_area> [Accessed 07 April 2015] BERGMAN, D. (2012), Sustainable Design. Princeton Architectural Press: New York, USA BRUUN, H. (2015). A built and grown sustainable home, Lecture 3. [Lecture] Integrated Design of Sustainable Architecture. Aalborg University, Architecture and Design, Aalborg, Denmark, 24th February 2015.

CULLEN, G. (1961) Townscape. The Architectural Press: New York, USA. DGNB system. (2015) DGNB Criteria. [ONLINE] Available at: <http://www.dgnb-system.de/en/system/criteria/core14/>. [Accessed 01 April 2015].

HANSEN, H. T. R.; KNUDSTRUP, M. A. [2005] The Integrated Design Process (IDP) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a more holistic approach to sustainable architecture, In: The 2005 World Sustainable Building Conference, Tokyo, 27-29 September 2005: SB05Tokyo.

INGELS, B. (2011) Hedeonistic Sustainability. TED Conference. [Online Video] Available at: <http://www.ted.com/talks/bjarke_ingels_hedonistic_ sustainability > [Accessed 08 March 2015] LARSEN, O. (2015). Windows: calculation principles and design dilemmas. Dynamic facades. [Lecture] Zero energy buildings. [online via internal VLE], Aalborg University. Available at: <https://www.moodle.aau.dk/mod/folder/view.php?id=279082> [Accessed 28 March 2015] LARSEN, O. (2015). Passive and natural cooling. Solar shading and calculation of cooling demand. [Lecture] Zero energy buildings. [online via internal VLE], Aalborg University. Available at: <https://www.moodle.aau.dk/mod/folder/view.php?id=279079> [Accessed 28 March 2015]

108 BIBLIOGRAPHY

LARSEN, O. K., 2015. Zero energy buildings and definitions. Energy producing technologies. LECTURE. Zero Energy Buildings. [online via internal VLE], Aalborg University. Available at: <https://www.moodle.aau.dk/pluginfile.php/388940/mod_folder/content/0/L04%20-%20ZEB%20lecture.pdf?forcedownload=1> [Accessed 20 May 2015] LARSEN, T. S. (2015). Certification systems for sustainable buildings: DGNB, BREEAM, LEED, [F15-10176] Integrated Design of Sustainable Architecture [online via internal VLE], Aalborg University. Available at: <https://www.moodle.aau.dk/mod/folder/view.php?id=287407> [Accessed 29 March 2015] LARSEN, T. S. (2013) & Green Building Council Denmark: Mini-Guide til DGNB – Certificering af bæredygtigt kontorbyggeri I Danmark. Green Building Council Denmark, Copenhagen 2013 LAURING, M. (2015) Architecture and Sustainability, [F15-10176] Integrated Design of Sustainable Architecture [online via internal VLE], Aalborg University.

Available at: <https://www.moodle.aau.dk/mod/folder/view.php?id=287374> [Accessed 23 February 2015] LE DRÉAU, J. (2015) Environmental assessment of buildings. [Lecture] Integrated Design of Sustainable Architecture. Aalborg University, Architecture and Design, Aalborg, Denmark, 12 March 2015.

LOFGREN, K. 2013. Have We All Been Installing Solar Panels the Wrong Way? | Inhabitat - Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building . [ONLINE] Available at: http://inhabitat.com/have-we-all-been-installing-solar-panels-the-wrong-way/. [Accessed 20 May 15].

LYNCH, K. (1960) The Image of the City. 1st ed. Cambridge: MIT press.

NATIONAL SLEEP FOUNDATION. 2015. What temperature should your bedroom be?. [ONLINE] Available at:http://sleepfoundation.org/bedroom/touch. php. [Accessed 22 May 15].

NORDISK PERLITE. 2014. What’s Europerl Perlite?. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.perlite.dk/english/europerl_perlite.htm. [Accessed 24 May 15].

NOVACEK, J.. 2015. Airborne Sound Insulation Requirements. [ONLINE] Available at: http://stavba.tzb-info.cz/akustika-staveb/189-pozadavky-navzduchovou-nepruzvucnost. [Accessed 22 May 15].

BIBLIOGRAPHY 109

ORGANSCHI, A., 2014. Timber in the City. Design and Construction in Mass Timber. Essay: Timber City: Architectural Speculations in a Black Market.. 1st ed. New York: Parsons The New School of Design..

PETERSEN, M. D. (2015). Architecture, Energy and Environment - The Impact of Technology on Space, Lecture 7. [Lecture] Integrated Design of Sustainable Architecture. Aalborg University, Architecture and Design, Aalborg, Denmark, 03 March 2015.

PUBLISHER. 2014. Maskovani kapacit. [ONLINE] Available at:http://issuu.com/czzz/docs/maskovani_kapacit. [Accessed 23 May 15].

RUBÁŠ, P. 2007. Denní osvětlení a proslunění bytových domů. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.tzb-info.cz/3945-denni-osvetleni-a-prosluneni-bytovychdomu. [Accessed 20 May 15].

SASSI, P. (2006), Strategies for Sustainable Architecture. Taylor & Francis: Abingdon, UK XELLA INTERNATIONAL GMBH. 2015. Fermacell - general information. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.fermacell.com/en/content/general_ information_1333.php. [Accessed 22 May 15] WAUGH, A., 2014. Timber in the City. Design and Construction in Mass Timber. Essay: Twenty-First-Century Timber.. 1st ed. New York: Parsons The New School of Design..

WHITEHEAD, C (2007) The Density Debate: A Personal View, [online], available at: <http://www.lse.ac.uk/geographyAndEnvironment/research/london/ pdf/high_Density_.pdf> [Accessed 05 may 2015] WORLDWEATHERONLINE (2015). Weather in Aalborg, Denmark. [Online] Available from: http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Aalborg-weather-averages/ Nordjylland/DK.aspx [accessed 03 Mar 2015]

110 BIBLIOGRAPHY

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1. - Fig. 2. Own illustration Fig. 3. - Fig. 5. WORLDWEATHERONLINE (2015). Weather in Aalborg, Denmark. [Online] Available from: http://www.worldweatheronline. com/Aalborg-weather-averages/Nordjylland/ DK.aspx [accessed 03 Mar 2015] Fig. 6. Own illustration (Vasari software) Fig. 7. - Fig. 11. Own illustration Fig. 12. - Fig. 15. Own photograph Fig. 16. Own illustration Fig. 17. - Fig. 18. Own photograph Fig. 19. - Fig. 22. Own illustration Fig. 23. - Fig. 25. AALBORG KOMMUNE. (2014) Aalborg in Numbers, Annual Report 2014, Aalborg: Aalborg Kommune.

Fig. 26. - Fig. 43. Own illustration Fig. 44. - Fig. 53. Own photograph Fig. 54. - Fig. 56. Own illustration Fig. 57. - Fig. 59. Own illustration (SunHours PlugIn) F i g . 6 0 . h t t p s : // w w w. p i n t e r e s t . c o m / pin/519180663269140227/ [Accessed 26 May 2015] Fig. 61. https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/468092954996746732/ [Accessed 26 May 2015]

F i g . 6 2 . h t t p s : // w w w. p i n t e r e s t . c o m / pin/519180663269651329/ [Accessed 26 May 2015] Fig. 63. - Fig. 80. Own illustration Fig. 81. - Fig. 86. Own photograph Fig. 87. - Fig. 88. Own illustration (Velux Visualizer) Fig. 89. - Fig. 93. Own illustration F i g . 9 4 . h t t p s : // w w w. p i n t e r e s t . c o m / pin/5629568261097330/ [Accessed 26 May 2015] Fig. 95. - Fig. 110. Own illustration Fig. 111. - Fig. 112. Jolissaint, N. nicolas. jolissaint@swissinso.com (2015) Kromatix data sheet [e-mail] Message to Sedlakova, P. (sedlakova.pav@gmail.com), Sent Friday 24 April 2015: 10:09 am Fig. 113. - Fig. 115. Own illustration Fig. 116. http://web.utk.edu/~mtaylo29/pages/ Cross%20laminated%20timber.html [Accessed 26 May 2015] Fig. 117. Xella International GmbH. 2015.

Fermacell - general information. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.fermacell.com/en/ content/general_information_1333.php.

[Accessed 22 May 15].

Fig. 118. - Fig. 138. Own illustration Fig. 139. - Fig. 143. Own illustration (Velux Visualizer) Fig. 144. - Fig. 145. Jolissaint, N. nicolas. jolissaint@swissinso.com (2015) Kromatix data sheet [e-mail] Message to Sedlakova, P. (sedlakova.pav@gmail.com), Sent Friday 24 April 2015: 10:09 am Fig. 146. http://velfac.co.uk/Global/UK%20 PDF%20and%20files/1/03.506%20GB%20 catalogue%202015_web1.pdf Fig. 147. - Fig. 153. Own illustration Fig. 154. - Own illustration (Be10) Fig. 155. - Fig. 157. Own illustration

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 111

APPENDIX

APPENDIX SERIAL VISION 1

114 APPENDIX

2

3

4

5

VENTILATION

FINAL DAYLIGHT FACTOR

𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 0,074

𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 (𝑉𝑉) = 3 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (𝐴𝐴)

𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠

𝑚𝑚3 𝑠𝑠

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑑𝑑)

Calculation for the ducts to one apartment: 𝐴𝐴 =

𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑉𝑉

𝑑𝑑 = √

=

𝑚𝑚3 𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚 3 𝑠𝑠

0,074

Fig. 140. Citygarden with balconies

Fig. 141. Citygarden without balconies

Fig. 142. Snake

Fig. 143. Long straigt

= 246,6𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2

𝐴𝐴 ∙ 4 246,6𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 ∙ 4 =√ = 17,7𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋

Calculation for the ducts to four apartments: 𝐴𝐴 =

𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝑑𝑑 = √

𝑉𝑉

=

𝑚𝑚3 𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚 3 𝑠𝑠

0,294

= 986,6𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

2

𝐴𝐴 ∙ 4 986,6𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 ∙ 4 =√ = 35,5𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋

Fig. 144. Vesterbro APPENDIX

115

SHORT STATISTICS •• •• •• •• •• •• ••

BSIM CALCULATION

total floor area: 17 184 m plot area: 14 500 m2 floor-area-ratio: 119 % glazing percentage: 13 % average height: 4,4 storey number of apartments: 161 number of inhabitants: 450 2

TECHNICAL DATA

PRIORITIES •• good daylight factor for common areas •• provide good air quality and thermal comfort for the whole year •• low energy consumption •• user friendly systems with an option to master the system (also psychology) STRATEGIES •• passive solar heating strategy •• permanent shading device - overhang •• long natural ventilation period to save energy •• heat recovery for mechanical ventilation •• triple glazing Velfac 200 Energy with different glass for North/South •• demand controlled ventilation (DCV) (VAV boxes, user presets) •• user controlled shading system - external louvers

Fig. 145. Electrical and mechanical data

Fig. 146. Example of PV’s integration

RESULTS •• required ventilation rate to keep CO2 level in Class II is 0,6 l/s.m2 •• less than 100 h over 26°C •• DCV helps to reduce overall electricity consumption and provides air supply when needed Fig. 147. Velfac 200 proprieties

116 APPENDIX

PV PRODUCTION CALCULATION Building related energy use: 19,4 kWh/m2y User related energy use:

PEF 1,8:

28,1 kWh/m2y 50,6 kWh/m2y

Necessary PV’s production: 38,9 kWh/m2y PEF 1,8: 70,0 kWh/m2y

113 8 k 8 67

kWh

Wh/ m2

FACADES: (GSOL - A PV ) 892 kWh/m2 - 231,5 m2 873 kWh/m2 - 353,0 m2 867 kWh/m2 - 987,0 m2 785 kWh/m2 - 343,0 m2 738 kWh/m2 - 244,5 m2 726 kWh/m2 - 195,5 m2

ROOFS: (GSOL - A PV ) 1138 kWh/m2 - 614,0m2 1124kWh/m2 - 1471,0 m2

TOTAL = 2354,5 m2

TOTAL = 2085,0 m2

/m 2

EPV = (APV * εSYS * εPAN * GSOL * PEF)/(AFLOOR) 738 kWh/m2

/m

11 24

Wh

87

5k

3k

78

Wh

/m 2

EPV = 39,82 + 32,3 = 72,12 kWh/m2y

2

Wh

/m 2

86

7k

kW

Wh

h/m

2

/m 2

2

/m

To reach the Zero Energy Goal and produce necessary amount of energy on site, the potential of both facades and roofs has been fully utilized. Moreover, good daylight conditions for apartments, and meaningful window placement have been taken into consideration. Therefore, finding the balance has been the key challenge.

7k

h/m

87

2

/m

86

kW

/m 2

Wh

8

92

h kW

Wh

5k

2

3k

11 24

78

EROOFS = 22,12 kWh/m2y * 1,8 = 39,82 kWh/m2y EFACADE = 17,94 kWh/m2y * 1,8 = 32,3 kWh/m2y

726 kWh/m 2

εSYS = 0,8 (integrated) εPAN - ROOF = 0,18 (highly efficient) εPAN - ROOF = 0,152 (KromatixTM)

Fig. 148. Diagram of PV orientation and corresponding solar energy

APPENDIX

117

SHORT STATISTICS

BSIM CALCULATION

Fig. 153. Documentation of results from BSim analysis - Apartment 2

118 APPENDIX

LOADS AND SYSTEMS

Fig. 149. People load - 4 pers. in whole apartment

Fig. 150. Equipment load profile

Fig. 152. Analysis - Family lunch (8 persons)

Fig. 151. Analysis - Party (12 persons)

SUMMER SENSITIVITY

Fig. 154. Documentation of results from BSim analysis - Apartment 1, sensitivity analysis, summer - natural ventilation

BE10 RESULTS

Fig. 155. Documentation of fulfiling the requirements for Energy frame 2020 - Be10

APPENDIX

119

80 70

60

60

50

50

40

40

30

30

20

% 100 10

20 % 100 10

90

90

80

80

70

70

70

60

60

60

50

50

50

40

40

40

30

30

30

20

20

20

10

10

10

70

60

60

50

50

40

40

20

10

10

Country

30

20

Village

30

3

4

5

TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS Type of house

Fig.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;156.â&#x20AC;&#x201A;User preferences on housing types

The following list stresses upon the respondents reasons for their chosen typologies.

Garden House

THE COUNTRYSIDE A first aspect of choosing the countryside is the freedom, the peace and the short distance connecting them to their neighbors. Secondly, people emphasize on being surrounded by nature and fresh air, while having space for animals. The debated typology offers the opportunity of spaces where children can get acquainted with nature.

Terraced house

Type of house

80

Detached house

5

Country

Village

Town

4

Garden House

70

3

Terraced house

80

Town

2

Detached house

90

80

2

% 100 90

1

% 100

90

An interesting aspect to see is that the number of people wanting to live in the city is bigger then the number of people wanting to live in apartments.

Another interesting aspect is the fact that there are more people that want to live in the countryside then people who aim in having houses with big gardens. These aspects will be stressed in a later stage of the analysis of the conducted survey and of the design process.

Where to live with kids

Suburb

60-70

50-60

40-50

30-40

Where to live with kids

Suburb

50-60

1

70

By looking at the diagrams of the results given by the conducted survey, a tendency of the people to live within the suburbs or further away from city centers is revealed.

40-50

5

90

% 100

120 APPENDIX

4

80

The 96 answers graphically interpreted with the help of simple bar plot diagrams, as well as depicted by using statistics calculations with analysis of variance (ANOVA), graphically represented with principle component analyses.

The statistics calculation methodology is described in the following paragraphs.

old are you

3

Garden

% 100

Block

5

2

90

10-20

4

1

To understand the chosen user How groups old are youand how they want to live, a questionnaire on the topic has been conducted. 1The results are4 made with 2 3 5 considerations to different age groups and family types.

60-70

3

5

City

u have kids

4

Close to facilities

% 100

USER SURVEY

3

Apartment

ate areas

2

Block

1

10

Apartment

5

20-30

4

10

City

3

10

THE VILLAGE The people that replied to the survey feel that by living in a village, they benefit from fresh air, having a garden, being close to nature, while having no high rise buildings shadowing from the sun. Villages are quiet and safe, children can play on the road without parental supervision. Living in a village means that being acquainted to all other people around, while taking care of each others belongings within the community. Space for pitches and playgrounds is another positive aspect of the village, as well as the ability of adding personal touches to buildings.

4.0 4.0

Where Where

HouseType HouseType

4.5 4.5

3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 1.0 1.0

PersonalTouch PersonalTouch

4.5 4.5

HouseType Where HouseType Where

2.0

4.0 4.0

Where Where

HouseType

HouseType

2.5

3.5 3.5

3.5 1.5 1.5 3.0

2.0 1.0 1.0

2.0 2.0

3.0

4.0

3.0 4.0 PersonalTouch

3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 PrivateAreas 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 Where 4.0

5.0 5.0

Where PrivateAreas

PersonalTouch

HouseType Where HouseType Where

1.5 3.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

1.0 1.0 1.0

2.0

2.0 2.0 2.0

3.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.0Where4.0

3.5 1.6 3.0 1.6 1 2 3 4 5 3.0 1 1.0 2 2.0 3 3.0 4 4.0 5 5.0

5.0 5.0

PrivateAreas PrivateAreas Where

2.8

HouseType Where Where

Where

2.0 3.5 3.5

1

5.0

1 1.0 1.0 2

2 3 4 2.0PrivateAreas 3.0 4.0 2.0 3 3.0 4 4.0 5

5 5.0 5.0

2.0

2.0 1.0

Garden PrivateAreas Garden

1.0 1.0

2.0 2.0

3.0

4.0

3.0 4.0 CloseFacilities

5.0 5.0

CloseFacilities

Fig. 157. Interrelation between responses

3.0 3.0

Where Where

2.4 2.4 2.0 2.0

2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0

APPENDIX

1.6 1.6 11

22

33

PrivateAreas PrivateAreas

44

55

1.0 1.0

2.0 2.0

3.0 3.0

4.0 4.0

CloseFacilities CloseFacilities

5.0 5.0

2.

2.0

Cl

1.0

4.0 4.0

2.8 2.8

Garden

3.0

4.0 2.4 4.0

1.6

4.0

1.0 1.0

3.0

2.4

1.6 3.0 3.0

1.0

PrivateAreas 2.0PrivateAreas 3.0 4.0 Garden

1.0 1.0

4.0

2.8 4.5 4.5

2.0

2.0 2.0

4.0 2.0 2.0 3.5

3.5 3.5 1.5

2.

2.0

Where Where

2.0

1.0 1.0

3.0 3.0

4.52.4 2.4 4.0

4.0 4.0 2.0

Where

HouseType Where Where

HouseType

2.5

3.0 3.0

4.0 4.0

2.8 2.8 4.5

4.5 4.5 2.5

2.

2.0

P

4.5 2.5 4.5 2.5 4.0 2.0 4.0 2.0 3.5

2.5

HouseType

The diagrams only show correspondences that are statistically significant according to an ANOVA test.The black line represent the derived mean on the Y-axis while the green area indicates the variance of the answers. A narrow green area means that the answers are close to the derived mean. The green lines placed on the X-axis represent the number of questions answered with the corresponding value. On the X-axis the values 2.5 2.5 are placed on a scale from 1 to 5 according to importance [5 being the most 2.0 important]. When 2.0 talking about house types, 5 represents the city [biggest], 4 is town, 3 is suburb, 3 village, 1 1.0 2.0 is3.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 PersonalTouch PersonalTouch is countryside [smallest]. In the same way, 5 corresponds to the apartment, 4 the block, 3 the 2.5 2.5 terraced house, 2 the detached house, and 1 the 2.0 2.0 garden house. It is more important for people to be able to add their personal 1.5 touch on a detached 1.5 house that on a apartment. Nonetheless, the 1.0 1.0 further away people want to 1.0 live from3.03.0 the 1.0 2.0 4.0 city, 2.0 4.0 Where areas.

Where the more importance is given to private HouseType HouseType

THE CITY Cities offer the option of living by oneself. This meaning that interrelation with neighbors is not necessary. In cities, social life is an important aspect, having cafe’s and shops placed within close proximity. There are many activities for children in the city, and living here benefits from a great variety in job opportunities. The city apartment is for those who are not interested in garden work.

2.5 Gardens are appreciated 2.5 more by people who want to live away from the city. The closer people want to live to the city, the2.02.0more likely it is that they also want their facilities to be placed within close proximity.

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

The diagrams called effect plots placed on the right hand side are graphic interpretations of the results from the stressed statistic calculations.

HouseType HouseType

THE SUBURBS The suburbs offer the possibility of living in a single-family house having space, peace, freedom, security, and a garden while reducing your area of interest, while, at the same time, being close to the city with culture, shops, jobs and education.

CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE ANSWERS

HouseType HouseType

THE TOWN In smaller towns, one comes across peacefulness, solidarity, open space and private space. Playing on roads is still relatively safe. In addition, smaller towns offer the opportunity for shopping, job opportunities and education facilities within close proximity.

121

SURVEY QUESTIONS

The diagram placed on the right hand side stresses upon the relation between the variables, defined by the answers given in the survey, when looking at typologies of settlements.

• • • •

Suburbs and towns are evaluated similarly according to the questions. These two typologies are ranked highest when looking at safety and lowest when looking at unique houses. A consensus about the importance of having a garden exists. Hereby, a garden is important to have, when people consider living outside the city. People wanting a garden, and also wanting to be near facilities, are likely to settle in a town or suburb. However if people also desire a unique house with private areas, the proximity of the facilities is not of importance.

•

Looking at the variable defined by the house type, it seems that the most desired „HouseType“ in the city is the apartment. Town and suburb‘s placements shows that detached houses are the most desired typology.The type of house is closely related the desired amount of private areas. Furthermore, it is evident that the suburb has more privacy to offer for them than the city does.

122 APPENDIX

• • • • • •

Do you have kids?

How old are you?

Where would you like to live with kids?

In which house type would you like to live with kids?

Why would you like to live as you have

chosen?

How important is it for you to have a unique house?

How important is it for you to be able to set your personal touch on the place where you are living?

How important is it for you to live close to facilities like stores, work, schools and so on?

How important is it for you to feel safe where you are living if you have kids?

How important is it for you to have private areas connected to the place you are living where you can stay?

How important is it for you to have a garden connected to the place where you are living if you have kids?

Link for the survey: https://app.smartsurvey.co.uk/survey/results/ id/156005?&pnum

Safety

0.6 Garden

CloseFacilities

0.4 2st Principal Component (20.7%)

FAMILIES

Town

0.2

0

Suburb

HouseType

PrivateAreas

Village PersonalTouch

-0.2

Country

City

-0.4 UniqueHouse

-0.6 -0.6

-0.4

-0.2 0 0.2 1st Principal Component (72.8%)

0.4

0.6

Fig. 158. Distribution of responds according to user preferences