Tunstall Enterprise Palace by Paul Arthur Westwell

TUNSTALL ENTERPRISE PALACE [THE RE_BUILDING OF STOKE-ON-TRENT’S ECONOMY]

P. A. WESTWELL Thesis Por olio Bachelor of Architecture Manchester School of Architecture 2011 | 2012

Contents

05_Introduc on 07_Context 13_Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive 69_Infrastructural Urbanism 89_Tunstall Enterprise Palace 141_Drawings

Introduc on

Introduc on In the introduc on to the Re_Map College, of the 2010|2011 Bachelor of Architecture at the Manchester School of Architecture, the 5th and 6th year students were presented with the [Re_Map] ICU Reader. This contained an extensive extracts from books and ar cles rela ng to the theme of the Re_Map College:

“Re_Map constantly move between data and the physical ‘real’ urban landscape. We use our mapping and datascaping to reveal things about the real world so the things we find out can then bear actual approaches for transforming and affec ng change in urban condi ons. The data will not provide the answer alone, we need to interpret it and extrapolate ideas in rela on to it to evolve master-plans, programma c strategy, architectural envelopes, surface defini on etc...” [Brook, R. & Dunn, N. 2011]

The reader focussed on issues such as Mapping the Urban Landscape, Technological Op mism, Networked Responses, and Beyond Architecture. These topics, along with addi onal reading, and individual interests and inves ga ons, formed the background to the following thesis project.

Context

Context The area of study for this project is Stoke-on-Trent. Also known as The Po eries, Stoke-on-Trent is a unique city in England that is comprised of the following six district towns: Tunstall, Burslem, Hanley, Stoke, Fenton and Longton. Situated in Staﬀordshire in the West Midlands, this polynucleic forma on of towns is located along the River Trent and, according to 2007 es mates, has a popula on of around 239,700. Stoke-on-Trent’s wealth grew drama cally from the 17th Century onwards due to the success of many industrial-scale po ery manufacturing companies such as Royal Doulton, Dudson Ltd, Spode, and Wedgewood. The local abundance of coal and clay suitable for earthenware produc on led to the early (ini ally limited) development of the po ery industry. In 1769 Wedgwood himself built one of Britain’s ﬁrst large factories, in Etruria, the village he established on the outskirts of Burslem, his birthplace. The construc on of the Trent and Mersey Canal enabled the import of china clay from Cornwall together with other materials and facilitated the produc on of creamware and bone china.

Since the last half of the 20th century, almost all of the bo leshaped kilns that framed the skyline have been taken down, due to regula ons from the Clean Air Act. Stoke-on-Trent had an es mated 4,000 bo le kilns in the heyday of the po ery industry, today reduced to a mere 46. However, Stoke-on-Trent is s ll the centre of the Bri sh ceramic industry, and is the largest clayware producer in the world, other local industries include chemical works, rubber works and tyre manufacturing (Mitchelin Tyre Co.), engineering plants, paper mills, tex le processing, and electronics. The demographics in the 2001 census iden fy Stoke-on-Trent’s gender distribu on ad 51.3% female. With regard to ethnicity, the composi on is 94.8% white, 2.6% Asian Bri sh Pakistani, 0.5% Asian Bri sh Indian and 0.3% Black Afro Caribbean. Chris anity accounts for 74% of the popula on, 3.2% are Muslim and 13.4% have no religion, and the average age of residents is 38½. Stoke-on-Trent is geographically located in the centre of the UK, and is in close proximity (50 miles) to Derby, Manchester, Birmingham, Sheﬃeld and Liverpool.

STOKE-ON-TRENT 1_Tunstall 2_Burslem 3_Hanley 4_Stoke 5_Fenton 6_Longton

Context

Tunstall

Hanley

Fenton

Context

Burslem

Stoke

Longton

DATA DEFINITION WITHIN THE DERIVE

Data Deﬁni on Within The Derive Brief

“Of all the aﬀairs we par cipate in, with or without interest, the groping search for a new way of life is the only aspect s ll impassioning. Aesthe c and other disciplines have proved blatantly inadequate in this regard and merit the greatest detachment. We should therefore delineate some provisional terrains of observa on, including the observa on of certain processes of chance and predictability.” [Guy Debord, Introduc on to a Cri que of Urban Geography]

Brief In September 2011, the following brief was issued to students:

“You will inves gate the architectural ramiﬁca ons of ‘wondering’ in the city. Whereas Debord and the Situa onist Interna onal were content to simply execute these experiments, we are interested in their concep on, their record and most speciﬁcally, their transla on into form that has geo-spa al context. The element of chance is important but not paramount as it was to the SI and the surrealists before them. We are interested in the convergence of mapping, GPS, data and sensa on in three-dimensional and loca onal space.” [Richard Brook and Nick Dunn. 2011]

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Response

Response A er receiving the brief, students formed into groups of YR5 and YR6 student. U lising the reader as a catalyst, inves ga on was carried out into the methods employed by groups or individuals who iden fy themselves with psychogeography.

This methodology then resulted in a set of data that was translated into a wide range of diďŹ&#x20AC;ering and complementary datascapes. These datascapes were then analysed for trends and pa erns that provided an informed conclusion.

These methods were then tested and adapted, iden fying useful aspects that would be suitable for the type of inves ga on carried out in the designated research area, in this case Tunstall.

This process of method, prac ce, record and transla on ul mately led to individual trajectories that allowed explora on of personal ideas and interests.

Data Deﬁni on Within The Derive Theore cal Text Book_Situa onistas: arte, poli ca, urbanismo

Cover artwork

The reader distributed contained thirteen texts all of which were presented to the studio. This is a review of the presenta on analysing the book: Situa onistas: art, poli ca, urbanismo.

Dutch painter and experimental ar st Constant as documenta on of his visionary New Babylon urban project.

Overview The book is in Spanish and English and was published in 1996. The chapter that the text is extracted from is wri en by Thomas Y. Levin. He was part of the curatorial collec ve responsible for the first exhibi on on the Situa onist Interna onal at the Centre Pompidou, ICA London and the ICA Boston in 1989. He is currently working on two books, one on the recording of narra ve cinema in terms of surveillance, and the other on the film-theore cal cinema of Guy Debord. The text is an interes ng and informa ve study of the works of the Situa onist Interna onal. Focused on the utopian theories of urbanism propounded by members of the Situa onist Interna onal, an influen al European ar sts’ collec ve founded in 1957 by French writer and avant-garde filmmaker Guy Debord, this catalogue illustrates a diverse array of works da ng from the 1950s and 60s that include pain ngs, posters and photocollages by such ar sts as Asger Jorn and Pinot Gallizio as well as numerous sculptural assemblages, drawings, architectural models and other pieces produced by

History The SI was an avant-garde collec ve and poli cal body that officially inaugurated on July 28, 1957 and auto-dissolved in 1972. The body undertook a sustained interroga on of the role of cultural produc on in post-war western consumer culture. They relentlessly examined art and society through tracts, posters, books, films, etc. The SI had its peak in its influence on the uprisings of May 1968 in France. At the SI’s founding conference in Cosio D’Aroscia in 1957, the group’s theore cal motor, Guy Debord presented a carefully wri en programma c ‘Report on the Construc on of Situa on and on the condi ons of organiza on and Ac on of the Interna onal Situa onist Tendency’ which conveys the urgency, the intensity and the militancy of the fledging collec ve revolu onary project. In this report, Debord manifest that the world needs a libera ng transforma on possible of both society and of the life that man found themselves incarcerated. The SI’s founding document concerned with the antagonism between new desires and the retarda ve effect of an oppressive economic structure that precludes the use of these affec ve resources. The death of

“The full ensemble of the arts and “The SI not only wanted to build, technologies are compe ng means they wanted to build ci es” to realise a holis c composi on of a milieu”

Data Deﬁni on Within The Derive Theore cal Text

Cedric Price_Fun Palace

the exploita on of mankind must also bring about the aboli on of the passions, compensa ons and the habits generated by the exploita on. Therefore, Debord clariﬁed that it is a must to construct new ambiance’s that are simultaneously the product and the instrument of new modes of behaviour. Unitary Urbanism Unitary Urbanism is the rejec on of the standard Euclidean and wholly func onal approach to urban Architectural design. It is the rejec on of the compartmentaliza on of art, and its detachment from its surroundings. The Utopian ideal of the SI consists of an idea that man’s metropolitan surroundings and the urban environment are at so much of a blend that the iden ﬁca on of where func onality ends and play begins cannot be even be dis nguished. It is an ideal for the whole world where func onality is s ll catered for but done so in an atmosphere of con nual explora on and leisure, both of which aim to s mulate. The synthesis of Unitary Urbanism should fully incorporate arts and technologies, allowing a new milieu (environment) which is so encompassing that the myopic and tradi onal arts and architecture are overtaken. Unitary Urbanism is less the concrete fabrica on of quo dian (daily) space rather the construc on of an en re atmosphere and a style of life. The Situa on / Derive / Dri / Psychogeography / Detournement / Industrial Pain ng /

Recupera on / Revolu on / The Society of the Spectacle have all involved from the SI. Gesamtkunstwerk Gesamtkunstwerk is translated from German as “total work of art” “ideal artwork” “universal artwork” or “synthesis of the arts”. This all-encompassing word was used by Guy Debord and the Situa onalists as the descrip on for their utopian ideal, a new poli cal form and urban environment. Ivan Chtchegloff and the Le erist Interna onal If one were to trace the genealogy of Situa onist urbanism, the most proximate context would be the work of the Le erist Interna onal and the Visionary 1953 essay “Formulary for a new Urbanism” by Ivan Chtchegloff. Chtchegloff called for a new architecture that will be both a means of knowledge and a means of ac on, a modifiable, malleable architecture that will change par ally and even totally depending upon the desires of its inhabitants. “Everyone will live in their own personal cathedral so to speak”. The Le erist Interna on was created by Guy Debord, a kind of dra version of the SI. Based In Paris, they were a collec ve of radical ar sts and poli cal theorists, took up Chtchegloff’s call for a thorough explora on of the rela ons between space, me

“If you take the idea of change – mobility and interchangeability of parts, why not interchangeability of place?”

Archigram_Walking City

Data Deﬁni on Within The Derive Theore cal Text

Constant_New Babylon 1963

and the passions. They undertook with great fervour the affec ve urban mapping, which they called Psychogeography. Psychogeography I Should building be FIX? The first, born of the a empt to avoid any sort of urban ‘fixity’, is a vision of the city in permanent temporal and physical transforma on, a sort of nomadic metabolism that an cipates in very general terms the ‘Walking City’ project developed by Ron Herron and Brian Harrey of Archigram, 1965. Based on the largely unexamined assump on that a city conceived in its en rely as one massive process of dri would as such provide the ideal environment for the derive, the SI imagined a nomadic metropolis engaged in a con nual and ac ve process of construc ve and decay. Psychogeography II – Ludic Megastructures The ini al ideas of Psychogeography and nomadic walking ci es although engaging were more of an experiment. The SI had plans for the realisa on of urban construc on in what they termed “Ludic Megastructuralism”. They embraced the idea of the megastructure as a huge support which would offer individuals the framework to resolve their own ideals and create environments. This was the SI seeming to resolve the conflict between design and the derive. The new construc on materials

and technologies on the 1950’s and 60’s seemed to make these structures possible. A building in New York in 1955 was cited by Debord as manifes ng signs allowing an internal derive via the flexibility of moving internal walls. With such mega spaces and open infrastructure allowing nomadic living, Guy Debord said that the SI not only wanted to build, but they wanted to build ci es. New Babylon Both Le erist and Situa onists produced various sorts of graphic and textual artefacts that refunc oned older maps as well as surveillance images, aerial photographs and sociological graphs as a means to trace effec ve vectors in rela on to built space. Although the Situa onists, according to Debord, did not have me to build because they had to devote their energies to changing the world instead of merely the cityscape, there was at least one early a empt, albeit quickly aborted, to actually work out the technical, structural and soci-poli cal contours of a built SI urban environment: the “New Babylon” [top opposite] project of the Dutch architect, and Situa onist, Constant Nieuwenhuys. Located in the context of a crisis of urban space, the drawings and models produced by Constant re-examine and redefine the very no on of the architect who will no longer be the builder of forms alone, but rather the builder of complete ambiances.

“Thorough explora on of the rela ons between space, me and passion”

Constant_New Babylon 1958

Data Deﬁni on Within The Derive Theore cal Text

Constant_The Covered City

Covered City The Covered City was a dynamic and flexible space, conducive to nomadism. It was a model by Constant, made in 1956, of a permanent yet highly fluid campsite for gypsies in Alba Italy. It was a con nuous spa al construc on elevated from the ground and incorpora ng both housing structures and public spaces (which can be modified for different purposes according to the needs of the moment). The city employed giant space frames that were structural innova ons of the French pavilion at the Brussels Expo ’58, designed by French engineer Rene Sarger. The structure incorporated suspended spaces for sleeping, pleasure, produc on and distribu on, allevia ng the ground free for traffic and public mee ngs.

“One day we will construct ci es made from the derive”

Data Deﬁni on Within The Derive Method

Inﬂuences of the Derive

Entries from My Tunstall blog

Method A er taking inﬂuence from the work of the Situa onists, and their way of mapping and recording a derive, the following dra methodology was tested out on an area of Hulme, Manchester. Ini al desktop research into the designated Stoke-on-Trent town of Tunstall had revealed a local blog en tled ‘MyTunstall’ [h p:// mytunstall.co.uk/]. This source was interes ng as it contained local views and comments of speciﬁc incidents and ac vi es by local residents.

Dra methodology

As there was no blog for the Humle area, a series of topics that occurred frequently in the MyTunstall blog, along other local data were used as a set of criteria to start mapping exercises in Hulme. The diagram below outlines how the criteria can be broken down into 4 areas of: land-use, social record, control, and crime.

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Prac ce Hulme, Manchester

Centre of Hulme

Hulme is an inner city area and electoral ward of Manchester, England. It is located immediately south of Manchester city centre, it is an area with signiďŹ cant industrial heritage. This area was chosen as a prac ce site due to its varied programme (residen al, retail and green space), and its close proximity to the university. This allowed swi analysis of data collected and the opportunity for addi onal tes ng if required. Smart Phones and notes on paper were used to record the derive as they were mobile and quick to use. Some of the mapping applica ons within the Smart Phones used provided interes ng results. The process and ďŹ ndings are shown on the following pages. Residen al area in Hulme

View of Beetham Tower from Hulme Park

Data Deﬁni on Within The Derive Prac ce

Context_Site iden ﬁed that contained varied programme and realis c ‘wandering‘ distances

Grid_Grid applied to allow for comparison

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Prac ce

Actual Derive_Route taken to map site

GPS Derive_Route recorded by Smart Phone at conďŹ&#x201A;ict with the Actual Derive

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Prac ce

Green Space_Desktop analysis of percentage of green space in each grid square, and overall percentage of green space

Crime Data_Desktop analysis u lising police.co.uk gave informa on of types and loca ons of crimes. No. of crimes per grid square

Data Deﬁni on Within The Derive Prac ce

Surveillance_Physically recording posi oning of surveillance equipment

An -Social Behaviour_Manually iden ﬁed loca ons and ra ngs of instances of graﬃ /vandalism and street rubbish

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Prac ce

Planning Applica ons_Number of planning applica ons made since 2009, per grid square

House Prices_Houses sold over the last 5 years and average house price per grid square

Data Deﬁni on Within The Derive Prac ce

3D Data Layering

Conclusion Discussions a er the collec on and transla on of the above data concluded that some methods were more subjec ve than others. Although, in detail, the gridding structure is very presumptuous (i.e. it is unfair to value an area that is 100m x 100m by informa on that is recorded in only 10m x 10m of that square), with the data types of crime data, planning applica ons and house prices it proves useful as these cannot be visibly recorded. Also green space can be valued by a grid square as it can be calculated from easily available aerial photographs.

Surveillance and ASB were more subjec ve as it is diﬃcult to value their severity in the case of ASB , or visual splay in surveillance. For the future data collec on it was agreed there needed to be two types of derive: a desktop derive that records invisible data i.e. sta s cs online; and a physical derive that maps and located and valued speciﬁc data types on the ground in-situ.

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Tunstall Research Desktop_Context

Tunstall Town Centre

500 metres

Context Having prac ced and analysed a methodology for recording a derive in Hulme, the town of Tunstall, in Stoke-on-Trent, was iden ied as the research area. The town centre, and surrounding areas, were overlaid with a 250m x 250m grid derived from the OS map. This allowed for geographic compara ve datasets.

Tunstall is the most northern, and fourth largest town of the Po eries. It is situated in the very north west of the city borough, with its north and west boundaries being the city limit. It stands on a ridge of land between Fowlea Brook to the west and Sco a Brook to the east, surrounded by old le making and brick making sites, some of which date back to the Middle Ages.

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Tunstall Research

Desktop_My Tunstall

My Tunstall The MyTustall social networking blog had, presumably, been setup to share ideas and feelings of the area, but had basically become a portal through which residents were ven ng their frustra on of crime and an -social behaviour in Tunstall, naming speciďŹ c loca ons and incidents.

Reviewing a few of the entries, MyTunstall paints the picture that Tunstall and the surrounding area is not on eof the most desirable areas in which to live or work, and that there is a lot of an -social behaviour, vandalism and crime. However, site visits showed Tunstall to be a busy li le market town that seemed pleasant.

The website allows residents and companies to adver se things, but the most ac vity seems to take place in the blog. It currently contains 10,150 entries and is separated into 38 forums.

The Word Cloud below, of the ďŹ rst few pages of the forum, illustrates the reoccurring themes.

My Tunstall Word Cloud

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Tunstall Research Desktop_Crime Data

Crime Data Having used the police.co.uk website to get an accurate loca on of crimes and category in Hulme, this source also provides an interes ng overview of Stoke-on-Trent and Tunstall. The interac ve map on the website allows for street by street informa on on types of crime and volume. At a larger scale, in comparing it with other post-industrial towns, Stoke-on-Trent is shown to have the smallest number of crimes per popula on, and per person. Of the crimes that are commi ed, the majority are ASB related. Breaking down the crimes into the six towns and looking at the types of crimes, Tunstall is about equal with Burslem, Fenton and Longton. Finally looking at the six categories of Robbery, Vehicle Crime, ASB, Burglary, Violent Crimes, and Other Crimes, Tunstall is prodiminantly aďŹ&#x20AC;ected by ASB and Other Crimes.

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Tunstall Research

Police.co.uk crime data for Tunstall

Data Deﬁni on Within The Derive Tunstall Research Physical_Interview with PC Clarke

“not ﬁddling the crime if you like, but being inven ve”

“it’s probably about half a dozen individuals at any one me who are commi ng 80-90% of all the crime”

“20 years ago there would be about 6 to 7 burglaries a day in Tunstall... Whereas now we probably get 1 burglary every 2 to 3 days in the whole of Stoke-on-Trent”

Interview with PC Clarke One par cular site visit led to an interview with local PC Sergeant Paul Clarke, a member of the Neighbourhood Policing Team. PC Clarke was able to provide detailed loca ons of problema c areas with regards to crime and ASB, as well as areas that were most desirable to live in. This gave an overall insight into the layout, ac vi es and demographics of the town. This insight was used as the loca on for the group’s methodology. PC Clarke also discussed how crime, compared to twenty years ago, had reduced drama cally. He highlighted that the problems that do remain involve mainly an -social behaviour, burglary, and vehicle crime and how they are located around the town. Also discussed was the slow turnaround of police data and recording of incidents, to oﬃcers on the beat. In a technology age where the police are able to have informa on on police.co.uk, it s ll takes them over 24hrs to report informa on back to oﬃcers. Within all this there is no real strong link with the public. In the conclusion of the interview, PC Clarke did highlight how it was only really a handful of people actually causing the trouble.

Data Deﬁni on Within The Derive Tunstall Research

500 metres

Map Findings Most Crime_worst ﬁrst [RED] • D3 • D4 • H4 • G4 • F7 Also Williamson Street is located. This is the street the Crime Data located as the most crime-ridden street in Tunstall.

Most ASB_worst ﬁrst [GREEN] • E5 • Town Centre area • Memorial Garden • Tunstall Park area

Most Desirable_most ﬁrst [BLUE] • F4 • F5 • G3

Data Deﬁni on Within The Derive Tunstall Research Physical_Interview with PC Clarke

Fear + Space front cover

Process Again the map would be gridded into 250m x 250m square that allow for fair comparison.

Desktop Data Collec on •

Levels of detail would vary due to me and resources. It is unrealis c to visit and record every street in the town. Scales of inves ga on would be applied. The areas that PC Clarke had iden ﬁed as the: Most Crime [D3], Most An -Social [E5], and Most Desirable [F5], along with a Town Centre would be mapped in a similar way to that of the Hulme derive. Using a similar analysis to how recording is carried out in the book Fear & Space, a map will be able to be drawn of how crime-ridden, or not, an area is. Two types of data collec on were to be used: desktop and physical recording. Due to me and manpower restric ons it was unrealis c to a empt to carry out a physical analysis of the whole town, so, similarly to Hulme, Tunstall was divided into grid squares.

•

Collec ng views of MyTunstall bloggers, iden fying areas and issues, assigning those to grid squares Crime sta s cs on the police website, assigning those to grid squares

Physical Data Collec on • • • • • • • • •

Derive, route walked Regulated boundaries Private barriers ATM fear space Blind zones Street lights Vandalism Rubbish Surveillance

Extract from Fear + Space

Data Deﬁni on Within The Derive Tunstall Research Ques on

RESEARCH QUESTION_ HOW SERIOUS IS CRIME IN TUNSTALL?

Having produced a research overview of the area of Tunstall, a methodology had to be devised to allow physical recording to take place and a conclusion to be drawn. MyTunstall described almost as a warzone with young yobs running wild. The Crime Data highlighted that Stoke-on-Trent, and Tunstall in par cular, were average if not less than average when it came to having issues with crime. PC Clarke iden ﬁed there are problems in the area and that these issues are ongoing, but it isn’t as bad as it used to be.

These three sources gave diﬀering views on the percep on of crime within Tunstall. All can be seen to be subjec ve in their own right, so an overall comparison of the three data sets would be the most accurate. That is what would be inves gated: HOW SERIOUS IS CRIME IN TUNSTALL? The process and ﬁndings are shown on the following pages.

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Record Town Centre

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Record

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Record D3_Most Crime

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Record

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Record E5_Most An -Social Behaviour

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Record

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Record F4_Most Desirable

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Record

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Transla on

Crimescapes Having collected all the data from the three areas of: MyTunstall, Crime Data, and PC Clarke, crimescapes could now be constructed to observe the results and drawing comparisons.

The following four pages display three diďŹ&#x20AC;erent datasets: 1. 2. 3.

Town Centre Crimescape_ Frequency Layer Diagram_ Crime Data by Sheet Town Centre Crimescape_ Frequency Layer Diagram_ Site Survey Data Tunstall Crimescape

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Transla on Frequency Layer Diagram_Crime Data by Sheet

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Transla on Frequency Layer Diagram_Site Survey Data

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Transla on Tunstall Crimescape

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Transla on

Data Deﬁni on Within The Derive Conﬁgure

Conclusion Town Centre Crimescape_Frequency Layer Diagram_Crime Data by Sheet This crimescape illustrates the types of crimes that happen on various streets within the town centre. The most ac ve areas are along Sco a Road and around Tower Square. Sco a Road is alongside a large shopping complex so there is an argument that these ﬁgures relate to ac vi es within the shopping complex. Tower Square is in front of the Market Hall and is where PC Clarke reported the largest amount of ASB. Town Centre Crimescape_Frequency Layer Diagram_Site Survey Data This crimescape illustrates the control elements on various streets within the town centre. The most ac ve areas are along Sco a Road the roundabout to the north of the centre and along the A50. The high amount of street lights is to be expected due to the roads. The surveillance equipment used in this area is large CCTV cameras that are used to monitor traﬃc as well as pedestrian ac vity. PC Clarke informed students that these cameras are operated by a control room in Hanley by the council, and not the police. The next most ac ve area in terms of these elements is around Tower Square.

Tunstall Crimescape All the data that was collected was compiled in to a spreadsheet that allowed informa on for every grid square to be overlaid on top of one another. Before being compiled into the final ‘Combined Stats’, the three areas of research: ‘Crime Stats’, ’PC Clarke Stats’, and ‘MyTunstall Stats’, were anaylsed. ‘Crime Stats’ showed high areas of crime along Williamson Street [F7,F8] to the south east of the Town Centre. This is an interes ng area as there are a variety of different programmes to the north and south of the road. To the north is the shopping complex and open car park, and to the south there is mixed industrial units and parks, with residen al areas in between. The grid square of D3 stands out drama cally as well. This is also a slightly mixed programme area with industrial land [used and vacant] dispersed among housing. This area was iden fied by PC Clarke as a High Crime grid square because of alcoholism, burglary and, at one point, murder. There is also slight amount of ac vity in the Town Centre which could be expected due to the retail aspect and high foo all.

Data Deﬁni on Within The Derive Conﬁgure

Summary ’PC Clarke Stats’ illustrate the large map of Tunstall shown a few pages prior to this. The main areas of crime are D3,D4 [residen al and some vacant industrial], and H4 [Tunstall Park]. ‘MyTunstall Stats’ differ slightly from the previous two datasets, in that D2 and D3 are prominent, but also the adjacent grid squares of C2 and C3 are elevated. This dataset is gathered from the comments in the MyTunstall forums so it is very direct in some instances and can be considered very subjec ve. Unlike the other two crimescapes all grid points have some sort of value. This is due to some comments not being specific about an exact loca on. In that instance every grid square acquires a value. ‘Combined Stats’ compiles all three datascapes to produce an overall picture of the high crime areas in Tunstall. With only a slight prominence of ac vity within the Town Centre, there is a the overriding presence of D3 looming above the other peaks. This proves conclusive that D3 is definitely an area for further inves ga on.

In answer to the ques on ‘How serious is crime in Tunstall?’, is that it isn’t that serious. Stoke-on-Trent itself features very low compared to other contemporary, post-industrial towns and ci es with regards a problema c crime situa on. Within that low crime value, Tunstall sits on average if not one of the lowest in terms of crime issues. At a more in mate level, mainly through the evidence of PC Clarke, the MY Tunstall forums, and site visits, it is no ceable that there is a tension in the area of D3. The following ﬁrst image depicts the percep on of Tunstall through the eyes of someone observing the comments of the MyTunstall bloggers, whereas the second image is the reality of Tunstall: an average town with some areas of an -social behaviour, drunks and vehicle crime, just like any other town. As well as the occasional youth whizzing around on a mini moto and some broken glass from a Lambrini bo le on the play park.

Data Deﬁni on Within The Derive Conﬁgure My Tunstall’s Percep on of Tunstall

Data Deﬁni on Within The Derive Conﬁgure The Reality of Tunstall

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Installa on QR Barcodes

QR Barcode applica ons

Data Deﬁni on Within The Derive Installa on

QR Barcodes

QR Barcode installa on

Smart Phone App As part of the Data Deﬁni on brief, students were required to work towards an installa on that records and presents ﬁndings of the explora ons in an abstract way that has geo-spa al associa on and loca onal characteris cs.

Members of the public would ﬁnd these QR Barcodes around Tunstall and, upon scanning them, would be linked to a webpage that would display their loca on. They would then choose one of two op ons: ’an -derive game’ or the ‘variable route ﬁnder’.

QR Barcodes were chosen as a medium through which to present the data already collected.

The ‘variable route ﬁnder’ allows users to view the crime stats of the street they are on, choose an end point on the map, then select a set of criteria that would guide them to the end point via the highest or lowest a ributes chosen. They would then scan QR codes they came across along the way to ensure they are heading in the right direc on.

History and Technology QR Barcode is abbreviated from Quick Response code. It is a type of matrix barcode (two dimensional code) that was ﬁrst introduced in the automo ve industry to track vehicles during the manufacturing process. It was designed to be decoded at high speed and is created on a 31x31 grid using only black pixels on a white background. One great advantage of using QR Barcodes is their ability to store large amounts of elctronic data. QR barcodes are being used more and more in everyday life as adver sing and sharing informa on. All Smart Phones can download applica ons that allow them to decode the code. The codes then to link to websites or simply reveal a word. The group wanted to take this a step further by using this technology in a feedback loop with police, so the public would be able to record, and be aware of, crime. Methodology The datasets already collected were in were in two formats: 1. Per grid square; 2. Per street. Both contained informa on about crime, surveillance, rubbish, vandalism, and fear spaces about these 250m x 250m grids, or streets. This data was compiled from MyTunstall anaylsis, Crime Data on the police.co.uk website, and the PC Clarke interview. As a methodology for an installa on, the group proposed an applica on for Smart Phones.

The ’an -derive game’ works in a similar way to the ‘variable route finder’, apart from it is at a gridded scale rather than a street scale. Whereas the ‘variable route finder’ selects appropriate streets to traverse depending on the users criteria, the ’an -derive game’ allows a lot more freedom, hence ‘derive’. Upon selec ng and valuing your desired criteria, the user would only given the direc on of the next square and have to find the next QR code. As part of a feedback loop, users are able to post comments or report crimes that have happened, geo-tagging them as they go to build up a dataset of local informa on. There would be some subjec vity in the feedback given, and a certain amount of monitoring would be required to ensure the system is being used correctly, but ul mately this Smart Phone App allows users to view live crime stats of the area they are in. This would allow people to get home via the safest route possible but also allow users to explore a town as a digitally enabled Situa onist. Manufacture & Installa on As an installa on, QR Barcodes were screen printed onto ceramic les and then a ached to points in the centre of these grid squares or on street signs.

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Installa on Manufacture

[re_map]_tunstall variable route finder

[re_map]_tunstall anti-derive game

Data DeďŹ ni on Within The Derive Installa on

INFRASTRUCTURAL URBANISM

Infrastructural Urbanism Brief

“Infrastructural work recognises the collec ve nature of the city and allows for the par cipa on of mul ple authors. Infrastructures give direc on to future work in the city not by the establishment of rules or codes (top-down), but by fixing points of service, access, and structure (bo omup). Infrastructure creates a directed field where different architects and designers can contribute, but it sets technical and instrumental limits to their work. Infrastructure itself works strategically, but it encourages tac cal improvisa on.”

[Stan Allen, Infrastructural Urbanism]

Brief In November 2011, the following brief was issued to students:

“Following on from Data Derive, you should now have a pla orm of ini al research and contextual data upon which you can begin to develop thema c inquiry. Using the data you will discover and record along with addi onal contextual research and datasets you will be in a posi on to ini ate concepts, themes and strategies, leading to a thesis proposal for the re_programming of landscape and a clear deﬁni on of your theore cal posi on.”

[Richard Brook and Nick Dunn. 2011]

Infrastructural Urbanism Response

Response The conclusion of the previous sec on was that Tunstall suďŹ&#x20AC;ers from an average or low amount of crime in comparison to the other towns in Stoke-on-Trent. This sec on will analyse Stokeon-Trent from the wider perspec ve of economics and transport infrastructure at a na onal and global level. By reviewing the work of Cedric Priceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Po eries Thinkbelt and u lising current government economic models, this sec on will conclude by proposing a masterplan from which an architectural interven on, improving Stoke-on-Trentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban infrastructure can be developed.

Infrastructural Urbanism Transport Transport Following a site visit to some of the developing sta ons involved in London’s Crossrail project, a study into the eﬀects a similar large scale infrastructure project, High Speed Rail, would have on Stoke-on-Trent was carried out. High Speed Rail Building on the success of High Speed 1, which provides highspeed interna onal and domes c rail services between the Channel Tunnel and London St Pancras, there is a compelling case for developing a na onal HSR network to serve all of Britain. Mainline Europe currently boasts 3,480 miles of high-speed railway lines with a further 2,160 miles under construc on and 5,280 more miles planned for the future. Britain, meanwhile, has just 68 miles of high-speed lines in opera on.

High Speed Rail Logo

The UK’s infrastructure is the driver for its economic prosperity. “One third of the UK’s popula on live in ci es and many millions more commute into them every day” “London and the ci es involved in HSR:UK generate 55 % of na onal wealth” High Speed 1 was the first phase in Britain’s contemporary rail system. The second phase, HS2, to be completed in 2026, is the route from London Euston to Birmingham. There are also HS3, HR4, and HS5 planned to reach Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield, Newcastle, Glasgow and Edinburgh. One of two addi onal stops between Birmingham and Manchester is Stokeon-Trent. This connec on with London will have a significant impact on Stoke-on-Trent.

The diagram to the immediate right shows how it can currently take up to 3hrs 18mins to get from a house in Tunstall to an oﬃce in London Euston aiming to get to work for 9:00am [which isn’t currently possible]. At its quickest, the journey can take 1hr 50mins, but this is unlikely to increase anymore due to the capacity of the current train infrastructure. With HSR, Tunstall is now comparable to commuter towns such as Eastleigh, Whi lesford, Mistley, Southminster, Snodland, and

Current mes

Stoke-on-Trent to London / London to Stoke-on-Trent With the introduc on of the High Speed network in Britain many ci es are brought closer together. London Euston Sta on is now only a 1hr 30mins commute from Tunstall. Reversely Tunstall is only 1hr 30mins from London Euston and even closer to major northern ci es.

High Speed Rail proposed routes and journey mes

Proposed mes

Benefits Some of the benefits that will be realised by the biggest change the UK railways have seen in 60 years are that it will free up exis ng west coast lines for more freight and local services and allowing travellers to reach their des na ons more efficiently and swi ly. This will allow people to give up their cars on long distance travels, resul ng in 3.8 million fewer vehicle journeys. The drama cally cut journey mes, and the provision of vital connec vity, will boost Britain’s economic compe veness and shrink the northsouth divide. The new railway would travel at speeds of up to 200 mph, along 1,500 miles of rail, and passengers would be able to get from Glasgow to London in just 2hr 16 minutes, while also serving Manchester and Birmingham.

Infrastructural Urbanism Transport

1hr 30 minute commute from London

Hollingbourne. Although the distances are drama cally different, Tunstall is over twice as far away from London as Eastliegh is, the travel mes are exactly the same. This opens up the more affordable housing market of Stokeon-Trent to City commuters. The average house price of the six exis ng London commuter towns is £252,785, compare this to the £115,545 of Tunstall, this is a difference of £137,240. This infrastructural introduc on gives a new presence to Stoke in the fact that it is now well connected to the north as well the south. Already located in the centre of Britain, HSR allows Stoke-on-Trent to achieve the benefits of being incredibly well connected by road and rail. Po eries Loop Line The Po eries Loop Line was a railway line that served several towns in Stoke-on-Trent. It was built by the North Staffordshire Railway off its main line (nowadays referred to as the Manchester branch of the West Coast Main Line via Stoke). It was opened in many short sec ons due to the cost of railway construc on during the 1870s and con nued to serve the popula on of Stoke-on-Trent up un l the 1920s, when the line began to fall vic m to road compe on. The Po eries Loop Line was a very short line, which assumed great importance with increasing local developments. Schemes for the Loop Line were influenced and affected by the plans of other companies in the world outside Staffordshire who wished to gain access to the industrial riches of the Po eries. Nowadays the en re track has been exhumed, old sta ons have been built over and in some cases the old route has been intersected with the construc on of industrial units. The majority of the Loop Line route is s ll open, and there is definite poten al to revitalise this route to create direct links between the 6 major towns. A current line would have to use the road at points but it is suitable for a Light Rapid Transport system.

1902 Loop Line Route

Infrastructural Urbanism Transport Stoke-on-Trent Connec vity caldon canal mersey canal

With Stoke-on-Trent becoming a High Speed Rail sta on between Manchester and Birmingham, revitalising the Po eries Loop Line and extending the PLL along exis ng embankments of the current rail line, the area is now directly connected to London in Journey mes that are comparable with major commuter towns in the South East. This infrastructural connec vity couple with low house prices and building rates makes Stoke-on-Trent very appealing to investors.

trent and mersey canal

Canals national cycle network

StaďŹ&#x20AC;ordshire [Stoke-on-Trent]

Cycling

Boundary

tunstall

burslem

hanley

stoke fenton

longton

Po eries Loop Line

6 Towns a50

a500

a50

a500

Po eries Loop Line extension

Roads crewe

alsager

kidsgrove

longport

stoke -ontrent

longton

blythe bridge

wedgewood

Rail

High Speed Rail

Infrastructural Urbanism Transport

  











    

Infrastructural Urbanism Transport

crewe

high speed rail stoke-on-trent boundary towns rail rail station road canals national cycle route loop line loop line extension loop line station

alsager

Infrastructural Urbanism Transport

kidsgrove

tunstall

burslem longport

hanley

stoke

fenton

longton

blythe bridge

wedgewood

Infrastructural Urbanism Economy

BRIC Economies

Economy Having established that Stoke-on-Trent has the poten al to be well connected from an infrastructural perspec ve, its current economic situa on, and the UK as a whole, is currently on the decline rendering it an area of low interest for investment. Following the banking crisis of 2008 the UK’s economy is such that: • • • • • • •

Large numbers of unemployed high-skilled people Deprived neighbourhoods Companies are unwilling and unable to invest Government debt at record of £1tn High Street casual es: Peacocks, Thorntons, and HMV UK inﬂa on rate falls to 4.2% Rising prices: food and drink, housing and services, public transport

The once prosperous industrial economy of the UK has a falling GDP, and the emerging markets of Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) are rapidly domina ng the produc on of manufactured goods around the globe.

“UK economic ac vity shrank by 0.2% in the last three months of 2011” [ONS]

Infrastructural Urbanism Economy

Derelict industrial buildings

Local Nega ves At a more regional level, policies indicate that Stoke-on-Trent has the following underlying nega ve connota ons that are resul ng in a lack of interest and investment by companies and families. • • • • • • • •

Out migra on and commu ng outside the area Large number of high-skilled unemployed Aging popula on (55% are either <20, <60, or a parent and unemployed) Poor life expectancy Low or falling GPD Poor produc vity Low levels of investment Low levels of educa on

“In the Po eries we are well acquainted with high street problems: we have them, but mul plied by six” “Compared with the rest of the UK, the plan area, the City of Stoke-on-Trent in par cular, lags behind on almost every economic indicator” [Adopted Core Spa al Strategy 2009]

Infrastructural Urbanism Economy

Employment incen ves

Challenges Policies such as the Adopted Core Spa al Strategy 2009 have set out a number of challenges to focus on with the aim of crea ng a more desirable loca on. • • • •

Increase employment in higher value jobs A ract new investors Enjoyable des na on Revitalise the economy

“new development in loca ons easily accessible by healthy modes of transport, crea ng a rac ve and sustainable places in which to live and work” “Economic prosperity has a direct bearing on our quality of life” [Adopted Core Spa al Strategy 2009]

Infrastructural Urbanism Economy

“Stoke-On-Trent is the most cost-compe ve place to set up a new UK Business” [KPMG]

Contemporary bespoke and mass-produced ceramics

A ractors

Summary

Stoke-on-Trent currently has many exis ng a ractors that local councils are looking to capitalise on to bring in outside investment. • The Po eries_S ll the centre of the Bri sh ceramic industry, largest clay producer in the world • Natural recrea onal surroundings_The Peak District and Na onal Cycle Networks • Tourism_canals_10,000 boats a year • Rich historic landscape including_250 listed buildings 23 conserva on areas, and 5 historic parks and gardens • Aﬀordable housing • Geographically well connected • Centre for distribu on • Two universi es (one with a medical school and science park) • Compe ve labour and land costs

Currently there are many issues with the area that are leading it to be characterless and deprived. This is a far cry from the hustle and bustle of the once world renowned centre of ceramics. There are many policy documents that strive to get Stoke-on-Trent and the surrounding areas to be a more desirable loca on for companies and families to move to. The exis ng a ractors oﬀer a rich surrounding to this post-industrial city. This thesis will now look to strategies and ini a ves at a na onal level to help develop the economy.

Infrastructural Urbanism Economy

Local Enterprise Partnerships

Enterprise Zones

By abolishing Regional Development Agencies and replacing them with Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEP), the Government has embarked on a radical reform programme that allows these LEPs to act decisively and increase prosperity.

Enterprise Zone overview: • Public/private ini a ve • Increasing employment • Improving economic performance in an area • Commitment to localism • Discount rates and TAX increment ﬁnancing for businesses • Fast-stream planning via Local evelopment Orders • Superfast broadband

Local enterprise partnerships are led by local authori es and businesses across natural economic areas. They provide the vision, knowledge and strategic leadership needed to drive sustainable private sector growth and job crea on in their area. The budget 2011 announced that Government would establish 21 new Enterprise Zones in LEP areas. The core offer for businesses in the Zone is around simplified planning and business rates discounts, with Zones having the poten al to develop innova ve solu ons to address the specific local economic challenges.

Infrastructural Urbanism Economy

Stoke-on-Trent + Staﬀordshire Proposed Enterprise Zone Sites

Stoke-on-Trent + Staffordshire Enterprise Zone The North Staffordshire Enterprise Zone (NSEZ) is at the heart of the LEP’s drive to a ract new business to invest, encourage new business forma on and to s mulate workforce skills and aspira ons. The NSEZ will boost local economic growth through: Delivering highly targeted, sector-specific investor support •

• • • •

Catering for the full range of business needs, from micro-businesses to large logis cs opera ons on easily accessible sites all close to the M6 Motorway and the heart of the UK economy Poten ally crea ng 9386 jobs by April 2015 Providing packages of investment incen ves Linking directly to the na onal job crea on drive

“The Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) is dedicated to transforming the local economy by crea ng a dynamic entrepreneurial culture and removing barriers to job crea on.” [LEP]

Infrastructural Urbanism Economy

View from Po eries rail line

Adaptable units

Po eries Thinkbelt_Gantry cranes in ac on

Po eries Thinkbelt_Cedric Price The Po eries Thinkbelt was a seriously considered project by Cedric Price in the 1970s for revitalizing the educa onal and industrial infrastructure of northern Staffordshire. By the 1960s the Po eries had fallen into ruin and rust, the vic m of rising costs and foreign compe on. Price’s Po eries Thinkbelt was a plan to convert a region of Britain’s once-thriving industrial heartland into a one hundred square mile think-tank, recupera ng derelict industrial sites and railways as the basic infrastructure for a new “educa onal industry”, in part to stem the de of the “Brain Drain”. Like many industries in England, the coal and ceramics industries of North Staffordshire had fallen on hard mes a er the Second World War, and by the 1960s, the Po eries was a ruined industrial landscape. These condi ons were repeated in scores of industrial centres throughout Britain. Price sought to re-establish the North Staffordshire Po eries as a centre of science and emerging technologies, much as it had been during the Industrial Revolu on. He envisioned his Po eries Thinkbelt as a wholesale conversion of England’s rus ng industrial infrastructure into a new “industry” of technical educa on and scien fic research, focusing on prac cal applica ons.

Despite the promises of post-war educa onal reform by both the Labour and Conserva ve governments, Bri sh higher educa on in the post-war years was s ll largely associated with pres ge, high social status, and the classics, lagging far behind Western Europe and the United States in research opportuni es and technical training. Price coined the neologism “Thinkbelt” to describe the educa onal orienta on as well as the regional scale of his project, describing it as ‘… a kind of cross between Berkeley in California and a College of Advanced Technology’, for twenty thousand students. He hoped that his Po eries Thinkbelt would help to break down the tradi onal wall between “pure” and “applied” science and technology, lure scien sts and technologists back to Britain, and help to put the na on at the forefront of advanced technologies. His plan for the Po eries Thinkbelt was to u lize the abandoned rail network of the Po eries as the infrastructure of his new think tank. Using the technologies of prefabrica on and containerized shipping, he designed mobile, rail-mounted classrooms, computer, and data storage modules, laboratories, lecture, and demonstra on halls, which would shunt constantly from place to place along the refurbished railway lines.

Infrastructural Urbanism Economy

Po eries Thinkbelt Proposi on

There were three large “transfer areas” in the Po eries Thinkbelt. In addi on to providing residen al “Accommoda on Towers”, social spaces, teaching facili es, and administra ve areas, large gantry and radial cranes would handle the rearrangement of variable func on mobile units in the “Faculty Zone” from and to the adjacent rail lines. In all, there were to be thirty two thousand living units. Like the mobile teaching units, the housing modules could be moved around and rearranged by cranes and rail as the program changed over me. Students could leave their homes in the morning, board the mobile classrooms, and learn while their classroom moved along the PTB rail circuit, from a demonstra on laboratory, to a model factory, to an experimental sta on, returning back to their modular homes at the end of the day. In the Po eries Thinkbelt, Price enlarged on the improvisa onal, adaptable model of architecture he had ﬁrst explored in the Fun Palace to create a landscape of constant change and ac vity, more like an electronic circuit than a sta c building. His redeployment of the ruined industrial landscape of the Po eries was a microcosm of his vision for architecture and for the future of Britain (a radical departure from the stolid monuments of

tradi onal universi es or the new “Redbrick” schools), oﬀering new models of economic, educa onal, and social development within an ac ve architectural matrix far more extensive than that of the Fun Palace. Like the Fun Palace, the Po eries Thinkbelt was never realized. Price had never iden ﬁed a client for the “Thinkbelt” and his proposal failed to a ract much more than bemused interest.

Fun Palace

Infrastructural Urbanism Masterplan

New Proposed Enterprise Zone_Linear forma on conneceted by the redeveloped Loop Line

Masterplan

New Proposed Enterprise Zone

This thesis suggests that the current Enterprise Zone proposal for Stoke-on-Trent does not embed itself into the community enough. The Date Deﬁni on Within The Derive sec on highlighted that the urban areas are where the problems of crime and an social behaviour are. This thesis sees the development of EZ sites within current urban areas, on derelict industrial sites, as a way of bringing up the community and economic reputa on of Stokeon-Trent.

The current case for an Enterprise Zone in Stoke-on-Trent proposes three sites for development. This masterplan distributes this same amount of area to sites that are closure to urban areas and focussed around the proposed Loop Line Light Rapid Transport rail line. This will allow seamless integra on for all towns to be connected to na onal infrastructure when High Speed Rail is completed.

Having iden ﬁed that Stoke-on-Trent is one of the most cost eﬀec ve places to set up a UK business, u lising the Government’s EZ ini a ve and centring and linking areas around redeveloped infrastructure, similar to the Po eries Thinkbelt, the following masterplan is proposed.

The criteria for an Enterprise Zone are to provide between 50 – 150 hectares of development on either green or brownﬁeld land. The new proposal provides 82.1 hectares of development on solely brownﬁeld loca ons. The current proposal centres its case around a three pronged approach to economic development: Knowledge + Intelligence, Manufacturing + Development, and Industrial + Logis cal. These disciplines will be allocated to sites that suit the required space, access, and poten al expansion a ributes. This thesis will now proceed to develop one of these sites with the aim of producing an architectural interven on to that will be a catalyst for the re_building of Stoke-on-Trent economy.

Infrastructural Urbanism Masterplan

Tunstall

Burslem

Hanley

Knowledge Based Enterprise, Intelligence Synergies and Skill

Enterprise Zone

General Manufacturing and Industrial Development

Stoke

General Industrial and Logis c Uses

Fenton

Longton

New proposed Enterprise Zone programme split betweeen the 6 towns

Tunstall

0.7 hectares

Burslem

2.7 hectares

Hanley

4.5 hectares

Stoke

55 hectares

Fenton

13.8 hectares

Longton

5.4 hectares

TUNSTALL ENTERPRISE PALACE

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Descrip on/SIte Selec on Descrip on Tunstall Enterprise Palace is the knowledge base and skill centre for Stoke-on-Trent. U lising the Governments current Enterprise Zone ini a ve, that allows areas with real poten al to create the new business and jobs they need, The Tunstall Enterprise Palace incorporates a flexible and expandable office layout that can accommodate all types of start-up and current small-scale businesses, whilst providing a venue for local produc ons and performances. The palace is designed as a system that can be picked up and played out anywhere. This is similar to the concept of Archigram’s Walking City, where massive mobile robo c structures, with their own intelligence, could freely roam the world, responding to wherever their resources or manufacturing abili es were needed. The Palace is comprised of contextual and non-contextual/generic elements. In this case the contextual element is the auditorium, and the generic element is the office space. The office space would incorporate an adaptable layout much like the flexible internal arrangement of the Pompidou Centre. The spaces can be arranged to suit the changing needs of its occupants.

Archigram_Walking City. 1964

Renzo Piano + Richard Rogers_Pompidou Centre. 1977

Site Selc on Site_01

Due to previous inves ga on and analysis of the area, Tunstall has been chosen as the location for a proposed intervention. As the masterplan previously illustrated, the Tunstall site will be one of two centres for Knowledge Based Enterprise and Intelligence Synergies + Skills, the other site in Burslem.

Site_02

Four sites were ini ally considered for development in Tunstall. Site_01 is open park land between residen al se lements and a small industrial estate. It is not close to the town centre and is rela vely diﬃcult to access. Site_02 is located on the periphery of grid square D3, iden ﬁed as the most crime-ridden area in Tunstall. Similarly to the previous site, it is surrounded by industry and housings. It is also not directly adjacent to the loop line meaning connec ons would have to be built addi onal. Site_03 is at the junc on of what were two rail lines in between residen al areas. Although it is directly next to/on top of the loop line, it lacks direct connec ons to main arterial routes and the town centre. Site_04 was deemed the most appropriate loca on for development because of its central loca on within the town, access links to infrastructure, and the mixed-use programme that surrounds the site.

Site_03

Site_04

Considered sites in Tunstall

Development sketches_Working with topography

Tunstall Enterprise Palace SIte Ini al Programme Organisa on

Buildings

The surrounding neighbourhood programme is such that the building is a bridge between a residen al area and the large retail area of the town, as well as a sta on for the Loop Line. By separa ng the building into 4 primary spaces, and all accessible to a service core, the building is able to have an area for start-up businesses separate from the public realm and the func ons of the LRT sta on.

Town Centre Contours Primary Roads Secondary Roads Loop Line Site

Programme Tunstall

Burslem

Hanley

Knowledge Based Enterprise, Intelligence Synergies and Skill

Enterprise Zone

General Manufacturing and Industrial Development

Stoke

General Industrial and Logis c Uses

Fenton

100

200 Longton

Physical Site Analysis

P T

Shower

Kiosk

Retail

Informa on / Recep on

Lounge Area

Parking

Staﬀ Room

Cafe / Resturant

Cycle Storage

Control Room

Wai ng Room

Taxi Rank

Security

Training / Mee ng / Interview Room

Bus Stop

Storage

Conference Centre

Escalator

Wireless

Gallery / Exhibi on

Community Facili es

Auditorium

Start-up Business Centre

Tram Pla orm

Green Space

Library

Prin ng

Oﬃce Space

Stairs

Workshop

Start-up Units

Key

Community facili es

T T

Loop Line Sta on

Auditorium

Oﬃce units

Light Rapid Transport sta on

Auditorium Start-Up Units Community Facili es Loop Line Sta on Service Core Loop Line

Schema c diagram_Ground ﬂoor

Schema c diagram_First ﬂoor

Rela onship diagram

Tunstall Enterprise Palace BDACC

BDACC_01

BDACC_02a

Building Design + Climate Change SITE ANALYSIS Liverpool

Longditude_53.1o

La tude_-2.2o

Macro + Meso Scale Programme Following the banking crisis of 2008 the UK is in a situa on of economic struggle. There are large numbers of unemployed highskilled people, deprived neighbourhoods, and companies are unwilling and unable invest. One of the ways the current Government is addressing these issues, and trying to secure economic growth, is to increase the collabora on between private businesses, the public sector and communi es. Enterprise Zones (EZ) run by Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEP) area the medium through which this economic change will occur. The Stoke-onTrent EZ is spread over 6 sites within the county. Each site contains economic ac vi es that are speci cally suited to their surroundings and aimed at developing the local economy whilst increasing employment. These 6 sites are linked by the Loop Line Light Rapid Transport.

Birmingham

Solar Analysis_Summer Sols ce

Annual Wind Frequency

Solar Winter Sols ce

Solar Analysis_Equinox

History

A50

Stoke-on-Trent, also known as The Po eries, is a unique city in England that is comprised of the following six district towns: Tunstall, Burslem, Hanley, Stoke, Fenton and Longton. Situated in Staﬀordshire in the West midlands, this polynuclaic forma on of towns is located along the River Trent and, according to 2007 es mates, has a popula on of around 239,700. Stoke-on-Trent’s wealth grew drama cally from the 17th Century onwards due to the success of many industrial-scale po ery manufacturing companies such as Royal Doulton, Dudson Ltd, Spode, and Wedgewood. The local abundance of coal and clay suitable for earthenware produc on led to the early (ini ally limited) development of the po ery industry.

Hanley

M6 A50

Longton

The main idea behind AME is to re-create a small world where diﬀerent companies can develop themselves and get bigger, on the periphery of the city for the next 20 years.

Burslem

Hanley

The building enables many companies, each with their own singularity and size, to work outside all year long in a friendly environment. For a monthly subscrip on, AME allows its occupants to share services such as printroom, kitchen, mee ngs room and recep on.

Knowledge Based Enterprise, Intelligence Synergies and Skill

Enterprise Zone

General Manufacturing and Industrial Development

Stoke

The inside space is split into a common space and a forest. The common spaces carve the greenhouse in order to create signal from the outside. AME is all about wrapping plenty of en es into a bioclima c greenhouse.

General Industrial and Logis c Uses

Fenton

Macro Site Analysis

Community Facili es

Auditorium

Start-up Business Centre

Start-up Units

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Stoke-on-Trent is posi oned in the centre on the UK. Its geographic loca on, and eleva on above sea level, results in a climate aﬀected by a south-westerly wind and sun angle varying from 14o in the winter, to 61o in the summer. The historical emergence of the po ery industry has resulted in a linear forma on to the 6 main towns and the rail and canal infrastructures echo this shape. With the increase in car usage, roads have formed their own connec ons and moved away from this pattern. Although the A50 follows the north south axis, the A500 provides a connec on to the M6. With High Speed Rail proposed for comple on around 2026, and the reintroduc on of the Po eries Loop Line (abandoned tram railway), the six towns are now directly connected by a Light Rapid Transport system that is eﬃcient, sustainable and reliable.

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Loop Line Sta on

Environmental 01_New Art Exchange

Ground Floor Plan

The New Art Exchange is a regional inner city arts centre devoted solely to the promo on of Black and Asian arts. The programme of the building includes; mixed-use art space; gallery; workshop; rehearsal facili es and cafe. This re ects the vibrant and culture driven atmosphere of the surrounding neighbourhoods. The building contains a naturally ven lated gallery. The buildings fabric u lises a well insulated external skin constructed of brickwork punctured u lising an array of randomly located operable windows, enabling ven la on of the interior spaces. The building is able to be closed oﬀ and secured so that only certain areas can be accessed at certain mes. This allows evening entertainment in the gallery space to not interfere with the cafe.

1. Entrance 2. Cafe 3. Kitchen

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Loop Line

Buildings

Retail

Town Centre

Industrial

Community Facili es

Auditorium

Environmental Considera on_ Noise control required, Hea ng through winter, Maximising natural day light, Natural ven la on

Environmental Considera on_ Occupants producing moisture, control, Natural ven la on

Ergonomics_ Speci c acous c requirements, Serviceable and accessible independently from rest of building

Key

First Floor

Loop Line

Start-Up Units

Loop Line Sta on

Environmental Considera on_ Independent thermal control, Computa onal equipment within produces heat, ligh ng requirements

Environmental Considera on_ Internal / external space cold bridge

Ergonomics_ Flexible desk arrangement to suit occupants needs, Comfortable to work in

Ergonomics_ Able to operate independently from rest of building, Able to accommodate large volumes of passengers boarding and embarking the LRT Trams

Auditorium

Shower

Kiosk

Retail

Informa on / Recep on

Lounge Area

Parking

Staﬀ Room

Cafe / Resturant

Start-Up Units Public

Contours Primary Roads

Hea ng

Ergonomics_ Large, open and able to facilitate are range of community ac vi es

Secondary Roads

Served Community Facili es

Servant Private

Service Core

Served

Cycle Storage

Control Room

Wai ng Room

Taxi Rank

Security

Training / Mee ng / Interview Room

Bus Stop

Storage

Conference Centre

Escalator

Wireless

Gallery / Exhibi on

Tram Pla orm

Green Space

Library

Prin ng

Oﬃce Space

Loop Line Sta on

Site

Loop Line

Ground Floor

Site Boundery

Public

10 Tunstall [Site] 08

Served Served

Public Public

Servant

Land Use_Retail + Industrial

Meso Site Analysis

Served

Residen al

At the Meso scale context, Tunstall is the most northern town of Stoke-on-Trent. There is a steady slope to the town, from North West to South East, high to low. There is a high volume of retail in the town centre and an extensive retail park. Many of the industrial po ery factories remain, although most have been converted to a diﬀerent use or le derelict. The residen al areas of the town are mainly located to the north. Beyond that, on all sides, is green space.

Stairs

• • • •

Mixed use programme Security Naturally ven lated Mul -purpose rooms

Technical/Structural 01_Akademie Mont Ceris

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High Speed Rail Proposal

Inside / outside Sustainable strategy Natural light Shared services Flexible / expandable units

Summary 4. Lobby 5. Recep on 6. Gallery

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Na onal Cycle Network

Stoke-on-Trent [Tunstall]

Summary • • • • •

Longton

Canals

Rail

Roads

Poly-Nuclaic Town Arrangment

Environmental 01_AME

Tunstall Start-Up Business Centre Tunstall

The Tunstall Start-Up Business Centre is the northern most EZ site and is speci cally tailored to knowledge based enterprise, intelligence synergies and skills. The surrounding neighbourhood programme is such that the building is a bridge between a residen al area and the large retail area of the town, as well as a sta on for the Loop Line. The building therefore promotes both work and leisure elements. By separa ng the building into 4 primary spaces, and all accessible to a service core, the building is able to have an area for start-up businesses separate from the public realm and the func ons of the LRT sta on.

Tunstall Burslem

Environmental 01_AME_Angers. France_Architect: WESH Environmental 02_ New Art Exchange_No ngham. UK_ Architect: Hawkins Brown Technical/Structural 01_Akademie Mont Ceris_Herne. German Technical/Structural 02_ The Sharp Project_Manchester. UK

Paul A Westwell 05087209 Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Stoke-on-Trent Enterprise Zone Plan

Micro Scale Programme

A500

Stoke Fenton

Building Design + Climate Change PRECEDENT ANALYSIS

Paul A Westwell 05087209 Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Eleva on_160m a.m.s.l.

Manchester

Staﬀordshire [Stoke-on-Trent]

BDACC_02b

Building Design + Climate Change PROGRAMME ANALYSIS

Paul A Westwell 05087209 Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Workshop

Rela onship Diagram

Vacant Site

Akademie Mont-Cenis is a training academy within the Mont-Cenis energy park and the design seamlessly combines both innova ve architecture and modern solar technology. The 175x72m building has a glass roof, 12,000 square metres, that creates a “micro-climate” for the building’s interior. The roof also features integrated solar cells that produce about 700,000 kWh of energy per year. The building’s clever design means that the cells not only generate electricity but also act as a shading system. 56 spruce trunks and other rectangular wooden sec ons (a total of 3,475 m² of wood) form the framework for the micro-climate capsule. They are linked to one another by steel cables and nodes. Thanks to the protected climate in the hall, the wood did not have to be treated.

Summary • Roof PVs • Timber construc on • Natural climate control • Uniform grid • Truss system

Technical/Structural 02_The Sharp Project The Sharp Project is a media and studio development in, Manchester. It aims to offer affordable office space for indie media companies, digital entrepreneurs and produc on companies. There are a number of places and office spaces to work within The Sharp Project which have all been created speci cally to make life easier for digital businesses to operate. They are design led and built to a high speci ca on but prac cal, func onal and ul mately affordable. A total of 26 shipping containers, 12 double and 14 single, have been converted into affordable glazed office units. Placed in two terrace rows they create a high street feel. They’re perfect for start-ups and SMEs who require a short term lease.

Summary • • • •

Use of container as work space Module arrangement and connec on Communal facili es High quality digital technology

Green Space

Micro Site Analysis Context_ The site is located 300m to the east of Tunstall town centre and is 7615 m2. It sits on brown eld land, previously Loop Line railway track, on the edge of terraced housing and the retail area of the town.

07 0m

Physical Site Analysis

100

200

Land Use_Residen al, Vacant + Green Space

Access_ There is a primary road to the north and exis ng car parking that could be used to the south. The site is the nal stop for the proposed Stoke-on-Trent LRT, with the line entering the site from the south. The pla orm is yet to be designed. There are exis ng walkways dividing the site, these routes will have to be considered as pedestrian access will be heavily promoted in the sustainable agenda.

Topography_ Slightly sloping up from south to west, the main disturbance on the site is an ally tunnel that leads under the road to the north. Surrounding Massing

View of site from south Wind + Solar + Noise_ The site is only slightly exposed to the south by a car park. To the north and east is residen al, and to the west is newly constructed healthcare and oﬃce complex. The surrounding buildings are predominantly two stories and set back from the site ensuring there is minimal over shadowing. The main noise concern is the road to the north but this is shielded by a row of trees. Material Study and Views_ Views from the site include Tunstall Roman Catholic Church to the east and the health centre to the south west. The surrounding buildings are primarily composed of locally sourced brick and the retail units are portal steel sheds.

06 Surrounding Materiality Study and Views

10 Site Access_Pedestrain + Vehicle

BDACC_03

BDACC_04

BDACC_05

Building Design + Climate Change BUILDING CASE STUDY

Building Design + Climate Change BUILDING DESCRIPTION

Building Design + Climate Change STRUCTURAL & MATERIAL CHOICE

Steve Drew, Nasar Ishfaq, Daniel Stock, Paul A Westwell Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Paul A Westwell 05087209 Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Building Descrip on Coventry University Student Enterprise Building Hawkins Brown Architects The Student Enterprise Building (SEB) is a new statement building designed to form the heart of the campus, and become fully integrated into the students daily rou ne ex¬perience. The SEB contains a variety of programme which consolidates the currently dispersed student support func ons, providing a ‘one-stop-shop’ for students to visit for social and informal learning needs.

8 7

Footprint

Extrude

Orienta on

Eroding

Voids

Structural Strategy

The building is primarily a start-up business centre that provides space for entrepreneurs to begin, or con nue, business ventures in an environment where discussion and the sharing of skills and ideas are promoted. The building also func ons as a community hub, where local residences can socialise, learn about the emerging businesses of the community and get involved from an early age in developing their own crea ve skills. From an infrastructural perspec ve, the building operates as an end-of-line sta on for the Loop Light LRT that connects the 6 mains towns of Stoke-on-Trent: Tunstall, Burslem, Hanley, Stoke, Fenton and Longton.

As the units used to house the start-ups are funded by the Governments Regional Growth Fund, legacies, and rates from previously successful businesses born from the centre, there is a responsibility from entrepreneurs and businesses to feedback and showcase their ideas and successes to benefactors and the community. This takes place in the auditorium, which can also be operated independently from the rest of the building and be used as a performance venue.

Roofscape

Founda ons The founda ons of the building are a combina on of pad and strip. Pad founda ons are used to support the individual points load taken by the structural columns of the primary structure. They are a block and stepped to spread the load from the column. Strip founda ons are used to support the service core and auditorium as these act independently from the primary structure.

Sta on Community Facili es

Service Core

Primary Structure The primary structural system in the building is spruce trunk truss framework that allows slender members to support the cast roof that is topped with PV panels. As well as suppor ng the roof, this structure also provides a hanging point for start-up container units.

Auditorium

PV Roof

Staﬀordshire [Stoke-on-Trent]

Floor Slabs The oor slabs proposed are reinforced factory oor standard for the ground oor. The rest of the oor slabs within the service core are precast planks.

Envelope The building envelope is a glazed faced that has openings at top and bo om to aid natural ven la on.

Features

Construc on and Sustainability Issues To address the issues of technical sustainability, Hawkins Brown incorporated sustainable strategic elements which culminated in achieving a BREEAM ‘excellent’ ra ng. The SEB u lises passive design measures to minimise the energy requirements using the inherent a ributes of the building, nega ng the requirement for mechanical cooling, hea ng and ven la on. The SEB is largely naturally ven lated with automated and manual window openings, reducing the peak internal temperature in summer without compromising daylight or using widespread mechanical cooling. The core concrete construc on of the building is internally exposed throughout providing thermal mass. The design does not rely on passive solar gain to reduce hea ng loads. The pa ern of intensive occupa on during the day diﬀers from residen al pa erns where passive solar hea ng can be more useful.

into the design strategy of the façade, allowing for future exibility within the building, providing a more sustainable and long-term design. Construc on Internal Walls_The internal facade consists of: insula on; cavity; insula on; acous c insula on on sheathing board; cavity; and metal stud & lining. External Walls_The building envelope consists of a uni zed, ush glazed curtain walling on an anodised aluminium frame mechanically xed to the concrete slab edge. Floor Plates_Internal oors consist of in situ concrete slabs. Primary Structure_Floor slabs are supported by in situ concrete columns. Founda ons_In-Situ concrete.

Materials The facade is a key feature of the building with the principle cladding material—a uni zed ush glazed curtain walling system—wrapped around the building like a taut skin or hard shell. The design of the building’s façade plays a key role, not just aesthe cally, but in the environmental performance of the building. The fri ng to the insulated panels, on the façade treatment, controls the overhea ng of the building through solar heat gain. Future maintenance and replacement of key components was incorporated

Security and Segrega on The building can operate independently as a LRT sta on at all hours due to the posi oning of the programme. The entrance and lobby acts as a buﬀer between the sta on and the public realm. Similarly, the auditorium is able to operate as a venue for evening func ons while the rest of the building is closed. The service core is located centrally so as to serve all areas of the building. This keeps all service piping, duc ng and ven la on in one loca on. The workshops are also located here.

Skin

Service Core A

Start-Up Units

Glazing Skin Ground Floor Plan

First Floor Plan

Building Line and Green Space The building sits back from the surrounding building line to draw people in and to con nue the green corridor between Memorial Square and Tunstall Park. This corridor is also con nued into the building, echoing the greenery of the site before development.

Internal Walls

Proposed

Future Expansion The building is programmed so that over a period of me the structural bays containing the Start-Up units and the service core can expand to the south of the site. The buildings that currently occupy these sites will be moved into the business centre or relocated. Over a 15 – 20 period the building will eventually become and business factory for the whole of Stokeon-Trent.

Floor Plates

5 Years

10 Years

Internal Green Space

15 Years

Glazing Supports

Cores

Independant Sta on Opera on

Independant Auditorium Opera on

Green Space

Future Expansion

Environment & Energy Ven la on The building uses passive measures for cooling the spaces. Mechanical ven la on is used only where required for acous c or statutory reasons. All ven la on systems except for the commercial kitchen have heat recovery built in, to minimise winter ven la on heat loss. The Building Management System is an extension to the University’s exis ng estate wide system. It operates based upon a ‘systems led by demand’ philosophy, the environment in each zone of the building is measured, and me clocks prevent the systems being le on when not needed. Hea ng The large glazed surfaces use a pa erned frit to reduce solar gains. Fi ng uses a re ec ve material which is laminated to the glass, increasing the insulator performance of the glass, it also ensures louvers and other systems with a high embodied energy are not needed. The surfaces maintain low U-values, the following U-Values (W/m2K) are presented for each key element; Roof 0.20, Walls 0.25, Floors 0.20, Windows and Doors 1.6, Roof lights 1.8. An open loop ground source heat pump services the retail and oﬃce spaces by opposing intermi ent cooling loads, this system is less CO2 intensive than a conven onal air cooled chiller. The heat pump also gives free preheat or heat to the low-temperature hotwater hea ng system (LTHW) when required in other

WC Seedem Roof Underground A enua on Tank Route of Water

4 Floor Plates

parts of the building. Photovoltaic solar collectors are also used, with an emphasis on serving hot water loads for the building. The electrical contribu on from PV cells is combined with the na onal grid to ensure the spaces are serviced around the year. The LTHW & PV systems are used in combina on with gas red boilers and so the building uses a combina on of passive and mechanical systems as and where needed. Ligh ng The ligh ng system is inherently linked to the acous c

Li Stair Core Fire Escape Route

system, perforated cylindrical steel shades surround low maintenance LED lamps to produce an even ligh ng system, and also reduce noise levels. The central atrium space uses hanging baﬄes to keep ambient noise levels bearable and light the key voids and stairs. Strip tube lights are used across the open oor plan, with mber hanging panels to channel the ligh ng and iden fy the work spaces. The ligh ng system is integrated with the building programme and oor nishes, the custom made work ‘pods’ use a ush ligh ng system embedded within the shell structure.

Transverse Sec on_A-A Start-Up Business Units The building u lises recycled 20 shipping containers for the work spaces for the start-up businesses. There are two variables. One is the single container, ideal for individuals or a partnership. Then there is the double unit that consists of two containers welded together a er having one side of each removed. This space can accommodate 4 people comfortably.

Longitudinal Sec on_B-B

Imposed Load on Founda on

15 x 15m Grid Structural Grid The building is sat on a uniform15 x 15m grid. This pa ern is re ected in the facade of the building, with mul ples of 1500 used to space the glazing panels. The square grid gives the building rigidity and allows the ac vi es at ground level ow freely as well as providing a light open space. Roo ng Composi on The roof panels double up as photovoltaic cells that produce energy whilst also le ng light in. They are also controlled by the building management system to respond to the hea ng and cooling requirements of the building.

Acous cs The key challenge for the acous cs system is the farefaced concrete soﬃt ceiling. The hard ooring surface and double glazed walling also challenge the acous c performance of the spaces. The ligh ng strategy aids the reduc on of noise level by the use of perforated shee ng around the lamps; the so furnishings also help reduce noise level. The hard ooring is brokenup by bold coloured carpets around working and relaxing spaces.

Tunstall Loop Line LRT Sta on

Ground Floor Public Realm

Socialising Outside Auditorium

Live Loads

Dead Loads

Imposed Roof Load

Auditorium & Start-Up units

Streetscape of Start-Up Units

Roo ng Structure

Single Container_1/2 Occupants

Service & Integra on Drainage & Waste Management The hub shares the service yard area with an adjacent site and allows for improved manoeuvrability for large goods vehicles and focuses all the service related ac vi es into one area of the site. The University speci ed 5 key areas for waste streams for recycling, due to this recycling bins are provided across the site; paper, card, plas cs, bo les and cans. The sedum roof enhances bio-diversity and a enuates the peak rainwater runoﬀ from the roof. Rainwater is collected to be used for WC ushing. Surface water runoﬀ is in line with Sustainable Urban Drainage System techniques, either in surface treatment or by discharge a enua on.

1 All sanitary items use infrared presence detec on for ac va on, reducing potable water loss, along with dual ush WCs. Discharge drainage from the kitchen passes through a grease interceptor to prevent contamina on of the drainage system and allow managed disposal. Legisla ve Framework The following regula ons relate to the requirements for the design of disposal and waste management: Building Regula ons Approved Document G – ‘Hygiene’ – the regula ons iden fy requirements for potable water used for drinking and cooking purposes, the provisions for recycled water are iden ed.

Building Regula ons Approved Document H – ‘Drainage and Waste Disposal’ – the document iden es the design and layout of foul waste drainage systems within the building. Sec on H1 ‘foul water drainage’ gives speci c guidance for large developments like the Coventry Hub and H3 ‘Rainwater Drainage’ speci es the dimensions for gu ers and downpipes. The use of grey water is also speci ed as well as the restric ons for grey water use. Fire Strategy There are 7 sets of re stair cores to be used in the event of a re. Assembly areas are located away from the building in line with these exits.

Primary Structure

Key 1 2 3 4

Exis ng founda on to wall External Flooring / bedding and levels to landscape designers Shopfront Glazing Floor trench to hea ng pipework and servicing

5 6 7 8 9

Glazed curtain walling system Floor trench to hea ng pipework and services engineer speci ca on Aluminium ashing Anodized aluminium cladding to internal face of parapet Aluminium ashing coping

Double Container_4/5 Occupants

3D View of Building in Context

Founda ons

Tunstall Enterprise Palace BDACC

Building Design + Climate Change_BDACC The following technology report outlines ideas at an ini al stage of the design process. It includes the following: • • • • • •

Site analysis Programma c breakdown Precedent inves ga ons Building case study Building Descrip on Structural and material choice

Note: The building is described in this document as ‘Tunstall StartUp Business Centre’. The name later changed and the building is ﬁnial known as Tunstall Enterprise Palace.

Birmingham

Manchester

Macro Site Analysis

History

Staﬀordshire [Stoke-on-Trent]

Liverpool

Paul A Westwell 05087209 Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Na onal Cycle Network

Poly-Nuclaic Town Arrangment

Longton

Stoke Fenton

Hanley

Burslem

Tunstall

Solar Analysis_Summer Sols ce

Building Design + Climate Change SITE ANALYSIS

BDACC_01

High Speed Rail Proposal

Roads

A500

A50

Solar Analysis_Equinox

A50

Longditude_53.1o

Loop Line

Rail

Solar Winter Sols ce

La tude_-2.2o

Staﬀordshire [Stoke-on-Trent]

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Tunstall Enterprise Palace BDACC 94

Tunstall [Site]

Material Study and Views_ Views from the site include Tunstall Roman Catholic Church to the east and the health centre to the south west. The surrounding buildings are primarily composed of locally sourced brick and the retail units are portal steel sheds.

Wind + Solar + Noise_ The site is only slightly exposed to the south by a car park. To the north and east is residen al, and to the west is newly constructed healthcare and oďŹ&#x192;ce complex. The surrounding buildings are predominantly two stories and set back from the site ensuring there is minimal over shadowing. The main noise concern is the road to the north but this is shielded by a row of trees.

Topography_ Slightly sloping up from south to west, the main disturbance on the site is an ally tunnel that leads under the road to the north.

Context_ The site is located 300m to the east of Tunstall town centre and is 7615 m2. It sits on brown eld land, previously Loop Line railway track, on the edge of terraced housing and the retail area of the town.

Micro Site Analysis

At the Meso scale context, Tunstall is the most northern town of Stoke-on-Trent. There is a steady slope to the town, from North West to South East, high to low. There is a high volume of retail in the town centre and an extensive retail park. Many of the industrial po ery factories remain, although most have been converted to a diďŹ&#x20AC;erent use or le derelict. The residen al areas of the town are mainly located to the north. Beyond that, on all sides, is green space.

Meso Site Analysis

Stoke-on-Trent [Tunstall]

06 Surrounding Materiality Study and Views

View of site from south

Physical Site Analysis

05 06

100

Site

Loop Line

Secondary Roads

Primary Roads

Contours

200

Land Use_Retail + Industrial

Site Access_Pedestrain + Vehicle

Surrounding Massing

Land Use_Residen al, Vacant + Green Space

Green Space

Vacant Site

Residen al

Retail Industrial

Buildings Town Centre

Tunstall Enterprise Palace BDACC 95

Tunstall Enterprise Palace BDACC

BDACC_02a Building Design + Climate Change PROGRAMME ANALYSIS Paul A Westwell 05087209 Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Stoke-on-Trent Enterprise Zone Plan

Tunstall Start-Up Business Centre Tunstall

Burslem

Hanley

Knowledge Based Enterprise, Intelligence Synergies and Skill

General Manufacturing and Industrial Development

Enterprise Zone

Stoke

General Industrial and Logis c Uses

Fenton

Longton

Micro Scale Programme The Tunstall Start-Up Business Centre is the northern most EZ site and is speci cally tailored to knowledge based enterprise, intelligence synergies and skills. The surrounding neighbourhood programme is such that the building is a bridge between a residen al area and the large retail area of the town, as well as a sta on for the Loop Line. The building therefore promotes both work and leisure elements. By separa ng the building into 4 primary spaces, and all accessible to a service core, the building is able to have an area for start-up businesses separate from the public realm and the func ons of the LRT sta on.

Community Facili es

Auditorium

Start-up Business Centre

Start-up Units

Loop Line Sta on

Community Facili es

Auditorium

Start-Up Units

Loop Line Sta on

Environmental Considera on_ Noise control required, Hea ng through winter, Maximising natural day light, Natural ven la on

Environmental Considera on_ Occupants producing moisture, control, Natural ven la on

Environmental Considera on_ Independent thermal control, Computa onal equipment within produces heat, ligh ng requirements

Environmental Considera on_ Internal / external space cold bridge

Hea ng

Ergonomics_ Large, open and able to facilitate are range of community ac vi es

Ergonomics_ Speci c acous c requirements, Serviceable and accessible independently from rest of building

Key

First Floor Shower

Kiosk

Retail

Informa on / Recep on

Lounge Area

Auditorium Start-Up Units Public

Parking

StaďŹ&#x20AC; Room

Served Servant

Cafe / Resturant

Private Cycle Storage

Control Room

Wai ng Room

Taxi Rank

Security

Training / Mee ng / Interview Room

Bus Stop

Storage

Conference Centre

Escalator

Wireless

Gallery / Exhibi on

Tram Pla orm

Green Space

Library

Prin ng

OďŹ&#x192;ce Space

Stairs

Workshop

Ergonomics_ Flexible desk arrangement to suit occupants needs, Comfortable to work in

Ergonomics_ Able to operate independently from rest of building, Able to accommodate large volumes of passengers boarding and embarking the LRT Trams

Served

Community Facili es Service Core Loop Line Sta on Loop Line

Ground Floor

Site Boundery Public Public Public

Served Served Servant Served

Rela onship Diagram

Tunstall Enterprise Palace BDACC

BDACC_02b Building Design + Climate Change PRECEDENT ANALYSIS

Paul A Westwell 05087209 Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Environmental 01_AME The main idea behind AME is to re-create a small world where diﬀerent companies can develop themselves and get bigger, on the periphery of the city for the next 20 years. The building enables many companies, each with their own singularity and size, to work outside all year long in a friendly environment. For a monthly subscrip on, AME allows its occupants to share services such as printroom, kitchen, mee ngs room and recep on. The inside space is split into a common space and a forest. The common spaces carve the greenhouse in order to create signal from the outside. AME is all about wrapping plenty of en es into a bioclima c greenhouse.

Summary • • • • •

Environmental 01_New Art Exchange

Ground Floor Plan

1. Entrance 2. Cafe 3. Kitchen

Inside / outside Sustainable strategy Natural light Shared services Flexible / expandable units

Summary 4. Lobby 5. Recep on 6. Gallery

• • • •

Mixed use programme Security Naturally ven lated Mul -purpose rooms

Technical/Structural 01_Akademie Mont Ceris Akademie Mont-Cenis is a training academy within the Mont-Cenis energy park and the design seamlessly combines both innova ve architecture and modern solar technology. The 175x72m building has a glass roof, 12,000 square metres, that creates a “micro-climate” for the building’s interior. The roof also features integrated solar cells that produce about 700,000 kWh of energy per year. The building’s clever design means that the cells not only generate electricity but also act as a shading system. 56 spruce trunks and other rectangular wooden sec ons (a total of 3,475 m² of wood) form the framework for the micro-climate capsule. They are linked to one another by steel cables and nodes. Thanks to the protected climate in the hall, the wood did not have to be treated.

Summary • Roof PVs • Timber construc on • Natural climate control • Uniform grid • Truss system

Summary • • • •

Use of container as work space Module arrangement and connec on Communal facili es High quality digital technology

Extrude

The SEB is largely naturally ven lated with automated and manual window openings, reducing the peak internal temperature in summer without compromising daylight or using widespread mechanical cooling. The core concrete construc on of the building is internally exposed throughout providing thermal mass. The design does not rely on passive solar gain to reduce hea ng loads. The pa ern of intensive occupa on during the day diﬀers from residen al pa erns where passive solar hea ng can be more useful.

To address the issues of technical sustainability, Hawkins Brown incorporated sustainable strategic elements which culminated in achieving a BREEAM ‘excellent’ ra ng. The SEB u lises passive design measures to minimise the energy requirements using the inherent a ributes of the building, nega ng the requirement for mechanical cooling, hea ng and ven la on.

Construc on and Sustainability Issues

Footprint

The Student Enterprise Building (SEB) is a new statement building designed to form the heart of the campus, and become fully integrated into the students daily rou ne ex¬perience. The SEB contains a variety of programme which consolidates the currently dispersed student support func ons, providing a ‘one-stop-shop’ for students to visit for social and informal learning needs.

Coventry University Student Enterprise Building Hawkins Brown Architects

Steve Drew, Nasar Ishfaq, Daniel Stock, Paul A Westwell Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Eroding

Construc on Internal Walls_The internal facade consists of: insula on; cavity; insula on; acous c insula on on sheathing board; cavity; and metal stud & lining. External Walls_The building envelope consists of a uni zed, ush glazed curtain walling on an anodised aluminium frame mechanically xed to the concrete slab edge. Floor Plates_Internal oors consist of in situ concrete slabs. Primary Structure_Floor slabs are supported by in situ concrete columns. Founda ons_In-Situ concrete.

into the design strategy of the façade, allowing for future exibility within the building, providing a more sustainable and long-term design.

Orienta on

Building Design + Climate Change BUILDING CASE STUDY

BDACC_03

Voids

Roofscape

Cores

Floor Plates

Internal Walls

Skin

Tunstall Enterprise Palace BDACC 98

The sedum roof enhances bio-diversity and a enuates the peak rainwater runoﬀ from the roof. Rainwater is collected to be used for WC ushing. Surface water runoﬀ is in line with Sustainable Urban Drainage System techniques, either in surface treatment or by discharge a enua on.

Drainage & Waste Management The hub shares the service yard area with an adjacent site and allows for improved manoeuvrability for large goods vehicles and focuses all the service related ac vi es into one area of the site. The University speci ed 5 key areas for waste streams for recycling, due to this recycling bins are provided across the site; paper, card, plas cs, bo les and cans.

Service & Integra on

WC Seedem Roof Underground A enua on Tank Route of Water

Hea ng The large glazed surfaces use a pa erned frit to reduce solar gains. Fi ng uses a re ec ve material which is laminated to the glass, increasing the insulator performance of the glass, it also ensures louvers and other systems with a high embodied energy are not needed. The surfaces maintain low U-values, the following U-Values (W/m2K) are presented for each key element; Roof 0.20, Walls 0.25, Floors 0.20, Windows and Doors 1.6, Roof lights 1.8. An open loop ground source heat pump services the retail and oﬃce spaces by opposing intermi ent cooling loads, this system is less CO2 intensive than a conven onal air cooled chiller. The heat pump also gives free preheat or heat to the low-temperature hotwater hea ng system (LTHW) when required in other

Ven la on The building uses passive measures for cooling the spaces. Mechanical ven la on is used only where required for acous c or statutory reasons. All ven la on systems except for the commercial kitchen have heat recovery built in, to minimise winter ven la on heat loss. The Building Management System is an extension to the University’s exis ng estate wide system. It operates based upon a ‘systems led by demand’ philosophy, the environment in each zone of the building is measured, and me clocks prevent the systems being le on when not needed.

Environment & Energy

Legisla ve Framework The following regula ons relate to the requirements for the design of disposal and waste management: Building Regula ons Approved Document G – ‘Hygiene’ – the regula ons iden fy requirements for potable water used for drinking and cooking purposes, the provisions for recycled water are iden ed.

All sanitary items use infrared presence detec on for ac va on, reducing potable water loss, along with dual ush WCs. Discharge drainage from the kitchen passes through a grease interceptor to prevent contamina on of the drainage system and allow managed disposal.

Li Stair Core Fire Escape Route

Ligh ng The ligh ng system is inherently linked to the acous c

Fire Strategy There are 7 sets of re stair cores to be used in the event of a re. Assembly areas are located away from the building in line with these exits.

3 4

Key 1 2

Exis ng founda on to wall External Flooring / bedding and levels to landscape designers Shopfront Glazing Floor trench to hea ng pipework and servicing

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5 6

Glazed curtain walling system Floor trench to hea ng pipework and services engineer speci ca on Aluminium ashing Anodized aluminium cladding to internal face of parapet Aluminium ashing coping

Tunstall Enterprise Palace BDACC 99

Future Expansion The building is programmed so that over a period of me the structural bays containing the Start-Up units and the service core can expand to the south of the site. The buildings that currently occupy these sites will be moved into the business centre or relocated. Over a 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 20 period the building will eventually become and business factory for the whole of Stokeon-Trent.

Security and Segrega on The building can operate independently as a LRT sta on at all hours due to the posi oning of the programme. The entrance and lobby acts as a buďŹ&#x20AC;er between the sta on and the public realm. Similarly, the auditorium is able to operate as a venue for evening func ons while the rest of the building is closed. The service core is located centrally so as to serve all areas of the building. This keeps all service piping, duc ng and ven la on in one loca on. The workshops are also located here.

Features

Building Descrip on

Paul A Westwell 05087209 Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Independant Sta on Opera on

Ground Floor Plan

Building Design + Climate Change BUILDING DESCRIPTION

BDACC_04

Service Core

Sta on

Independant Auditorium Opera on

Community Facili es

Green Space

Internal Green Space

First Floor Plan

Auditorium

15 Years

10 Years

5 Years

Proposed

Future Expansion

Start-Up Units

Service Core

Tunstall Enterprise Palace BDACC 100

Double Container_4/5 Occupants

Single Container_1/2 Occupants

3D View of Building in Context

Tunstall Loop Line LRT Sta on

Ground Floor Public Realm

Longitudinal Sec on_B-B

Socialising Outside Auditorium

Streetscape of Start-Up Units

Tunstall Enterprise Palace BDACC 101

Envelope The building envelope is a glazed faced that has openings at top and bo om to aid natural ven la on.

Floor Slabs The oor slabs proposed are reinforced factory oor standard for the ground oor. The rest of the oor slabs within the service core are precast planks.

Structural Strategy

Paul A Westwell 05087209 Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

StaďŹ&#x20AC;ordshire [Stoke-on-Trent]

Building Design + Climate Change STRUCTURAL & MATERIAL CHOICE

BDACC_05

Glazing Supports

Glazing Skin

PV Roof

Tunstall Enterprise Palace BDACC 102

Roo ng Composi on The roof panels double up as photovoltaic cells that produce energy whilst also le ng light in. They are also controlled by the building management system to respond to the hea ng and cooling requirements of the building.

Roo ng Structure

Imposed Load on Founda on

Live Loads

Dead Loads

Imposed Roof Load

Founda ons

Primary Structure

Auditorium & Start-Up units

Floor Plates

Tunstall Enterprise Palace BDACC 103

104

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Oﬃce Research

Kingsdale School, London

Willis Building, Ipswich

• Colour • Geometry

• Norman Foster • First open-plan office building in UK • Series of hanger-like spaces stacked on top of each other • Swimming pool • Communal environment • Staff resturant on top fl oor • Employer recognising that life is moreimportant than just about work • Serious work and socialability

The Gherkin, London

BMW Factory, Leipzip

• Norman Foster • Iconic • Aimed at a coorporate market rather than its employees like the Willis Building

• Zaha Hadid • Iconic • Representa ve

Secret Life of Buildings The ‘Secret life of Buildings: Work’ presented by Tom Dyckoﬀ, provided an interes ng star ng point into inves ga ng the nature and environments of work spaces for individuals and groups. He placed heavy emphasis on light, colour, space and comfort producing successful work environments that reciprocated a posi ve work output. He suggested that one of the most produc ve a ributes a building or space could foster was the ability to oﬀer an individual ownership over a space. To allow an occupant to either change a space to suit their requirements, Hertzberger’s Centraal Beheer, or to have a plethora of work areas to chose from depending on how you felt that day, Interpolis Tilburg.

Dyckoff concluded that one of the most successful office buildings had been Herman Hertzberger’s Centraal Beheer, which was built as a sort of se lement, consis ng of a larger number of spa al units, like islands strung together. Arnulf L Y Chinger has described the building as, “The basic requirements of an office building may well be simple enough in principle, but it was this need for adaptability that led to the complexity of the commission. Constant changes occur within the organiza on, thereby requiring frequent adjustments to the size of the different departments. The building must be capable of accommoda ng these internal forces, while the building as a whole must con nue to func on in every respect and at all mes.”

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Oﬃce Research

Interpolis, Tilburg • Diﬀerent space for diﬀerent types of work • Managed by trust • Decide on the day where to work

Centraal Beheer, Apeldoorn • Herman Hertzberger • Based on 3m x 3m grid • Customise own work space • Open plan • Pleasant environment

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106

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Research

Macro + Meso Scale Programme

cluster

hot desking

sea ng/wai ng

Macro + Meso Scale Programme

Innospace Innospace is Manchester Metropolitan University’s incubator for business start-ups & new enterprises, and adver ses itself as ‘the perfect city centre base for new ventures to progress’. It was started four years ago as a project from the business school of MMU and is organised and run by Richard Deighton. An interview was arranged and he provided a tour around the facility. Innospace is located in an old warehouse building, where it occupies a fulllength open-plan space and a number of rooms in the basement. The space offers a variety of different work areas so people can chose where they will work, and who with, everyday. The programme of Innospace is such that occupants pay an annual rent, and can stay there as long as they want. Many companies have resulted in conversing with like-minded entrepreneurs and the facili es in the basement accommodate small expanding companies. Businesses or individuals who have worked here, and have gone on to rent space in more generic, clinical office buildings, have o en not been as successful as they were in this environment. Richard supports the laid-back atmosphere that emulates round Innospace. Occupants are free to work when and where the please but feel the hand of a professional environment to act mature and produc ve.

Macro + Meso Scale Programme

oﬃce manager

Macro + Meso Scale Programme

Storage lockers

Mee ng room

recep on

mee ng room

107

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Research

Macro + Meso Scale Programme

view desk

desk

view desk

desk

Macro + Meso Scale Programme

Kitchen

cluster

kitchen

cluster

Key fob entry

hot desking

Ligh ng and Power supply

108

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Research Watermark A former North West Water area depot the Watermark provides business space with an urban feel, from small studios to larger oďŹ&#x192;ce suites all designed for business growth. This start-up incubator is more formal and segregated than Innospace. Businesses have their own rooms and there are no communal working areas although there are communal break out spaces. The variety of diďŹ&#x20AC;erent businesses working in one structure, in standardised rooms and furnished with ďŹ&#x201A;at-pack desks and chairs, illustrates that companies can adapt to the provided space, here is however no a rac ve pleasant working environment.

Converted water depot

Design company

Storage lockers

So furnishings

Desk layout

Social marke ng

Relaxing area

T-Shirt design

Social room

109

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Oﬃce Layout

Op on_01 1

Op on_05

Oﬃce Space + Service Core [red]

Office Layout Following ini al designs and preliminary forms illustrated in the BDACC report, the building started to u lise a 7.5m x 7.5m structural grid that began to ra onalise all of the internal spaces. The service core (red) is based around 7.5m x 7.5m modules, and the facades were spaced at 1.25m intervals. The office space was divided into a 2.5m x 2.5m grid similar to the 3m x 3m divisions in Cetraal Beheer. The diagrams opposite show how the design developed whilst taking into account fire escape distances, comfort of work environment and access to daylight. Through building a 1:100 physical model, propor ons were inves gated and it was decided there could be four levels in the building. The office space is designed to expand and contract with users requirements. The opposite diagrams also show the variety of different itera ons the space can adopt. Key Yellow_Circula on Green_Office Space Blue_Void

Op on_02 1

Op on_06 3

Op on_03 1

Op on_07 3

Op on_04

Op on_08

110

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Unit Development Development Using lessons learnt from the layouts in the Centraal Beheer, Innosapce and Watermark, a variety of diﬀerent op ons were experimented with that showed the possibili es using of standardised furniture in a 2.5m x 2.5m grid space. Depending on the adjoining spaces, there is an inﬁnite number of layouts that can be achieved. This system should therefore be seen as something that can operate in a pods as well as singular units.

Containers

hot desking

cluster

formal oﬃce

Layouts

Hertzberger 3m x 3m grid breakdown

Hertzberger varia ons

1:1 Study varia ons

Op on_01

Op on_05

Op on_01

Op on_05

Op on_02

Op on_06

Op on_03

Op on_07

Op on_04

Op on_08

111

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Unit Detail

Steel ﬂoor plate

Unit Detail Through con nual itera ons, the inclusion of regula ons, and wan ng to create pleasant, spacious and desirable work spaces, the oﬃce layout became a one person unit. A kit of parts consis ng of adjustable par oning, changeable desk layouts, and storage op ons, allows occupants to open up their space to work as groups, or enclose themselves in and operate as an individual.

Par oning

Desk layout

Storage

Oﬃce bay composi on

Op on_08

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Physical Model

112

AutoCAD 450mm x 800mm sheets ready to be laser cut

Physical Model 1:100 A physical model was made at this point to carry out detailed studies on certain elements of the structure, building propor ons and interior. The model was made from 3.6mm plywood, blue foam and 6mm dowels all arranged on a 12mm MDF base. These simple materials, and forms, allowed for ease of explora on and composi on of the model in terms of its various elements: Auditorium, Service Core, Primary Structure and Office Space. Ini ally designed in SketchUp, the model was exported to AutoCAD to be finished and fla ened in a format recognised by the laser cu er. Once cut out of 450mm x 800mm plywood, the structural elements were separated and the roof constructed first. The roof was secured to the primary columns and glued into pre-drilled holes on the MDF base. The mber facade trusses were then a ached between the roof and base, and lateral supports added. The three floors of office layout were also laser cut. The 2.4m x 2.4m squares that were cut out of these layouts in the laser cu er were glued into an early office itera on to help populate and understand the space.

The service core, li core, stair core and auditorium were fashioned from 300mm x 300mm x 50mm blue foam blocks that were then cut using the hot-wire machine and sanded to ﬁnish.

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Physical Model Model Construc on Process

113

Model of Tunstall Enterprise Palace Scale 1:100

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Physical Model Model Composi on

Primary structure and two facades

Auditorium

OďŹ&#x192;ce spaces and circula on cores

Service core

Two remaining facades

116

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Physical Model Auditorium

Auditorium peircing through north facade`

Auditorium The model was ini ally constructed with a smaller auditorium, able to seat 150. This was later enlarged to suit the massing of the building. Raising and piercing the auditorium through the facade creates contras ng spaces underneath and connects with the external public realm.

Ini al auditorium

Finial auditorium

117

118

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Physical Model Ver cal Circula on + Oﬃce Layout

Free-ﬂowing ver cal circula on op on

Ver cal Circula on + Office Layout The ver cal circula on used at the me the model was constructed was arranged around enclosed fire stairs that would allow occupants at all levels to exit swi ly. The three progression images on the right show how this circula on spine is blocky and cumbersome. Replacing this with a more flowing form, illustrated above, allowed the circula on space to be more streamlined and open. The issue of fire escape strategy was overcome by placing an enclosed staircase in the service core and the posi oning of another two on the periphery of the office layout. The office layout used in the model has a circula on path such that every work sta on, iden fied by a void in this case, is accessed on at least one side. Photographing the model at close range showed dark areas at the centre of the floor plates. The introduc on of voids in further designs was incorporated to let more daylight into the depth of the building and provide a more pleasant working environment.

Oﬃce layout

Li and stair cores

Complete oﬃce element

119

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Physical Model Structure

Timber primary structure. Columns spaced to span oﬃce layout

Structure Although not hugely detailed, the model was very stable and rigid. It illustrated that the propor ons of the load-bearing elements were accurate enough to support themselves. In consulta on with the structural engineer it helped iden fy the need for lateral bracing. The model also highlighted the requirement for steel ﬁxing plates at the joints of the mber elements to mi gate the structure from the risk that it might buckle under stress. For the structure to support the roof and span the 30m distance over the oﬃce layout, it was suggested by the structural engineer that the mber trusses would need to be laminated and 4m deep. The distance between the trusses would also need to be minimised to one every 7.5m instead of 15m.

Trusses need to be enlarged and more frequent to support roof structure

Steel ﬁxing joints needed where two mber elements meet

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Physical Model

La ce mber truss window structure

Timber truss over oďŹ&#x192;ce layout and escape stair core

120

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Physical Model

Full building height atrium space between service core and Light Rapid Tram Sta on

121

Tunstall Enterprise Palace 3D Visualisa on

122

123

Tunstall Enterprise Palace 3D Visualisa on

3D Visualisa ons The following images illustrate the Tunstall Enterprise Palace in context.

Public External Realm_Day

Tunstall Enterprise Palace 3D Visualisa on

124

Public External Realm_Night

Tunstall Enterprise Palace 3D Visualisa on

125

Public Internal Realm

Tunstall Enterprise Palace 3D Visualisa on

126

East Atrium

Tunstall Enterprise Palace 3D Visualisa on

127

Tunstall Enterprise Palace 3D Visualisa on

Sec onal Perspec ve_Sec on B_B

128

Tunstall Enterprise Palace 3D Visualisa on

129

130

Tunstall Enterprise Palace BRACC

Sec on

BDACC_01 Building Design + Climate Change CONSTRUCTION + SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES

Paul A Westwell 05087209 Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

5 Sustainability

B B

The sec on is taken here as it shows the main facade being pierced by the concrete outer skin of the auditorium. It is important to maintain the weather-proof envelope and insula on of the building at this point. The mber truss system that assists with the lateral loading of the glazed facade is visible behind the auditorium.

Located on an exposed brown eld site, the clima c shell of the building consists of more than 9,000 square metres of glass, half of which is covered by solar panels. All areas within the interior space and inside the buildings are thus op mally illuminated and shaded. The climate of the building is pleasant through the year. In order to prevent overhea ng in the summer, it is possible to open roof and facade elements. A mechanical ven la on system with heat recovery is used for hea ng in the winter.

Site Plan

Security The main recep on is the rst point of contact for anybody entering the building. It is at this point people can request office space as well as check in to meet clients. The office area is par oned off from the public are by a transparent screen.

Roof_ Outside walkway and social space

Skin_ Timber window trusses support glazed facade

O ce Floors_ 2.4m2 grid supports adaptable workspace on four levels

Secondary Structure_ 200mmx200mm box steel structure supports oﬃce levels 1 - 3

Primary Structure_ 450mm diameter coloumns support 4 meter deep trusses

Fixed Elements_ Service Core and Auditorium sit independant of the primary and secondary structure. Two structural cores aid Oﬃce and Auditorium levlels

Founda on_ A combina on of pile and strip founda ons support the various load bearing elements

Building Realisa on + Climate Change ENVIRONMENT + ENERGY Paul A Westwell 05087209 Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Sec on and Detail Key

5 32 14

4 30

16 33

18 15 25

2 31

1 Detail_01_Roof Corner Junc on

General Overview Tunstall Enterprise Palace is one of 6 sites connected by the Loop LRT Line that are collec vely known as The Stoke-on-Trent Enterprise Zone. The programme of the building is such that it can be played out anywhere in the UK to improve an area’s economic situa on by combining contextual elements and a generic adaptable office system. In this situa on the auditorium and external landscaping engage with a community and the office space provides a pla orm for individuals or small groups of people looking to start and maintain their business. The office area is supported by a service core that houses mee ng rooms, refreshment areas, a gym and WCs. The auditorium provides a much needed entertainment venue to the context of Tunstall whilst providing a space to showcase up-and-coming products developed by the businesses within the Palace.

BRACC_02

Detail_01

Detail_02

Scale 1:20

26 4

Oﬃces and rooms are lockable and most of the building has been designed to be over looked to aid security. Security guards will also patrol the building and grounds.

46 18

13 39

Detail_02_Facade Meets Auditorium

Scale 1:20

Structure

Detail_03

The primary structure is mber. This supports the roof and facade. A steel secondary structure supports the adaptable oﬃce layout. The service core acts independently as a concrete en ty within the skin of the building.

The auditorium adopts an exaggerated steel truss framework, sat on steel pivot joints to allow it to support its own weight whilst canterlevering through the facade.

12 42

Detail_03_Auditorium Wall

Scale 1:20

Legisla on Building Regula ons are documents printed as a prac cal guide to the building regula ons. They include mandatory requirements in green at the beginning of each sec on followed by guidance. Approved Documents B (volume 2), E, F, K, M, and N are of signi cance, with B (v2) [Fire Safety] being most prevalent. As the building adapts the extreme occupancies throughout the day and year provision has been made to meet re safety by providing: enclosed stairwells, refuge points, wide walkways, and a integrated sprinkler system.

1_cast steel head curtain wall mullion 2_suppor ng cast steel head 3_wooden support 450mm dia. 4_main facade post 5_2250mm pre-cast concrete walkway 6_facade steel post holder 7_suppor ng cast steel foo ng 8_cast steel column base 9_folding sea ng at 650mm centres 10_steel box sec on beam 750x500mm 11_steel box sec on beam 300x300mm 12_ mber stage 13_stage light 14_ mber baton 400x125mm 15_ mber beam 300x500mm 16_ mber post at 1250mm centres 17_access gantry 18_steel truss 1500x300mm 19_concrete pile cap with 4x500mm dia. concrete displacement piles 20_concrete support 21_ oor detail_screed 75mm, concrete 200mm, rigid insula on 100mm, DPM, sand 150mm, hardcore 250mm 22_tubular steel support 750mm dia. 23_cast steel pivot joint 24_equipment support truss 25_steel tension cables 26_steel tension cable connec on plate 27_sky light windows containing solar cells_ openable via BMS 28_vents 29_aluminimium gu er 30_8mm steel plate 31_2x11mm coloured laminated safety glass 32_aluminium coping 33_rigid insula on 100mm 34_steel support xed to ‘I’ beam 35_mas c seal 36_DPM 37_ mber beam 450x450mm 38_aluminium foo ng 39_steel ‘I’ beam 200x250mm 40_concrete panels, ma nish 2500x1250mm 41_sealed joint ush with concrete 42_steel es 43_ steel ‘I’ beam 300x700mm 44_projector screen 45_steel framed backstage wall 46_steel plate 47_rubber seal 48_reverbera on panels 49_steel handrail 1200mm 50_pre-cast concrete slab 150mm deep

B B

Sec on A_A

Scale: 1:200 [scaled to t]

Strategy The form of the building is based around the 2.5m x 2.5m grid of an individual working space that make up the oﬃce layouts. In plan, this grid is carried from internal oor arrangements to the surrounding landscaping. This ra onality allows a huge amount of mass produc on and exibility between levels and sites. The building is orientated at 13 degrees along the north axis, allowing the southern facade to op mise the sun throughout the day. The east and west facades also experience high solar exposure in the morning and evening. As all facades are primarily glazed, there is a copious amount of natural day light lling the building. Where natural day light cannot support a well lit environment, electrical ligh ng is provided. A combina on of clear transparent, frosted and coloured laminated glass make up the facades. These treatments re ect the internal programme as to whether a private or public space is required.

Occupancy Due to the nature of its adaptability and mix of programmes, the building can experience extremes in occupancy. The drawings opposite show how the office area can change depending on use. The box steel frame on that houses the office space is fashioned around the 2.5m x 2.5m grid and can accommodate 3 varia ons in oor states: Circula on, Void and Office. A 4-piece foldable steel plate covering allows maintenance people to change the state of the grid square by hand. When the grid requires an office, a kit of parts is assembled by hand on top. This also leads to a variety in the required temperatures throughout the building.

= Occupied workspace

Hea ng, Cooling & Ven la on

22 31

8 7 46

50% Occupancy

100% Occupancy

= Occupied workspace

0% Occupancy

Due to the deep plan of the oﬃce workspace, the building cannot be fully Heated, Cooled and Ven lated by natural means. Therefore a mechanical system is also employed to assist with the loading. This combina on of natural and mechanical systems maintains a pleasant working and social environment throughout the year.

Natural The glazed facade of the building has windows that open at low and high level. The sky light panels in the roof also open. They are all controlled by the Building Management System.

6 Detail_04

Mechanical The H, C+V system is divided into zones throughout the oors and supplies spaces from above using diﬀusers. Linked to CO2 sensors, a plate exchange heater is controlled by a Variable Air Volume Box that regulates the temperature and air ow. This is the ducted to mechanical fan extractor on the roof.

Energy Sources + Distribu on The main source of energy is the photovoltaic panels built into the glazed facade to the west, east and south and the panels on the roof. Due to the size of these areas this source of energy can produce a considerable amount of power. This is then stored in the plant room in the building’s basement. When the weather is not appropriate for collec ng solar energy, the na onal grid is used to power the building. Whichever power source is being used, the building uses systems that are very energy eﬃcient to reduce the need for power. Sensors are ed to all lights to ensure they are not on when not needed. The glazing is also highly isola ve to avoid heat loss.

Summer Day_Excess heat is vented away, cooling coil mechanically cools air and circulates to diﬀusers Detail_04_Facade Meets Ground

Scale 1:20

Sec on A_A [zoomed in]

Scale: 1:50 [scaled to t]

Summer Night_Night me cooling assisted by natural ven la on

Plant Room

BDACC_03

Sec on B_B

Winter Day_Fan assisted fresh air is heated and circulated

Building Design + Climate Change SERVICES + INTEGRATION Paul A Westwell 05087209 Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

HYDRONICS

Scale: 1:200 [scaled to t]

Day Ligh ng

Electric ligh ng

Issues of Sound transmi ance & Acous cs

With the building skin being predominantly glazing, natural light is maximised. To avoid glare, the glazing system u lises Pilkington Glare Reduc on Low Re ec ve Glass. This reduces eye strain and visual ac vity is increased and displays are easier to read. 2 voids are xed into the current itera on to meet Building Regula ons. This allows natural light to penetrate deeper into the building.

As the building changes its occupancy, voids will open and close within the oor plate’s allowing light through. Electric ligh ng is supplied along the same conduit as the H, C + V to maintain an even Lux level at all oﬃce areas. The rest of the building is electrically lit where natural ligh ng isn’t available.

The main source of acous c disturbance internally is people working. This is dealt with by acous c absorbent panels that divide the oﬃce spaces. Externally the main cause of acous c disturbance is the LRT line that has a sta on next to the building. The Service Core is posi oned as a barrier to the oﬃces to avoid this being an issue. The Auditorium has strict acous c requirements with regards reverbera on mes. The mes vary depend on the performance taking place. They can be altered by moving the adjustable reverbera on panels on the walls of the Auditorium.

Water Supply and Distribu on The main plant room is located in the service core at basement level. This is where the building receives fresh water supplied from the water mains. This is also the point at which waste water leaves the building and is connected to the sewer system. The main service riser is posi oned adjacent to the plant room to minimise the distance duc ng and pipe work has to travel.

Storage

All services u lise the service core, in par cular this main riser. They are then distributed throughout the building. The service core acts as a buﬀer between the residen al context to the east and the LRT line.

Workshop

Main Service Riser

Main Service Riser Storage

Kitchen

Plant Room_ Metering + Stopcocks

Soil and Fresh Water riser

Workshop

Drainage and Waste Management The building is surrounded by landscape to the west and east. This allows for runoff water to permeate into the ground. The site naturally slope from north to south. The landscaping to the south contains pools that act as a enua on tanks to regulate excess water. Water from the roof travels down into these channels. Internally, all toilets, coffee shops shower facili es and kitchens are stack above each other for efficiency.

Drains from Roof

Winter Night_VAV box se ng to min, reasonable temperature kept to allow for quick hea ng in the morning

Coﬀee Shop Changing Rooms WC Refuse Point Soil Out Water In

BRACC_04

Refuse waste is collected and ini ally stored in the basement. There is a refuse point at the south entrance for weekly waste collec on. A enua on Ponds

Legisla ve Framework The key legisla on areas for the building here are Approved Document C, D, G and H.

Drainage + Wast Management

Water Distribu on

Water Supply_Basement Level

Building Realisa on + Climate Change 3D DETAIL STUDY Paul A Westwell 05087209 Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Detail Descrip on

FIRE STRATEGY Means of Escape

Escape Route from Roof

Due to its size and varying occupancies, the building requires enclosed re stairs that are accessible from all levels. Two cores along the west facade provide an exit route from the auditorium and the oﬃce oors. Another enclosed core, adjacent to the main service riser, provides an exit route from all internal levels and pierces the roof to allow egress from the roof. There are assembly points to the north and south of the building.

The detail chosen has two main structural features. The rst is the can levered auditorium that hovers above the external landscape. Supported by an exaggerated truss system, housed within the walls of the auditorium, diagonal steel ‘L’ sec ons pull the structure around back on itself and then securely, and elegantly, xed it to the ground. The second detail is the junc on of the concrete auditorium and the mber and glazed facade. At the point where the concrete pierces the facade, a he y mber box frame supports the glazing above it and maintains the sturdy structure of the facade. The glazing featured in the other facades of the building contains solar cells. As this facade faces north the sun does not shine directly on it, so the laminated glass is coloured or clear. The exterior concrete nish of the auditorium is clean, light and smooth. This enables imagery to be projected clearly onto it.

Service Core Auditorium Escape Circula on

Refuge Area

Compartmenta on + Fire Equipment The building is comprised of 3 main elements: Service Core, Auditorium and Office Space. The service core is divided by concrete par ons to ensure 2hr re ra ng thus not needing to be served by a sprinkler system. The walkway that divides the core from the office area is however open. This route is therefore protected by a sprinkler system. This is also where the main enclosed stair ends so it is important that the route from there to the external assembly point is covered. The auditorium is served by 2 spacious escape routes that lead to either an enclosed stair core or sprinkler cover exit meaning no sprinklers are required. Fixtures and ng within here are of a high re-retardant level. The open-plan nature of the office space results in a sprinkler integrated into the system distribu on duc ng.The building incorporates the following re- gh ng equipment: re hydrants, re ex nguishers, and re blankets. In addi on to these, refuge points are located in the enclosed stair cores equipped with communica on links.

O ce Adaptability Throughout the 2.5m x 2.5m grid of the oﬃce space, there is one of three states each square can be in at any one me. They are circula on, void, or oﬃce space. The oor panels of the steel structure are foldable so they can be converted to a void when not in use. The diagrams below show how the individual units are assembled in a bay. The storage, desk layout, and par oning can be changed to suite the user.

Escape Route from Auditorium

Oﬃce Space

Escape Route from Service Core

Legisla ve Framework As the building doesn’t fully meet requirements in Approved Document B (v2) with regards re escape distances, the oﬃce area is equipped with an integrated sprinkler system to ensure re protec on.

Sprinkler Fire Hydrant Fire Ex nguisher

Escape Route from Oﬃce

Compartmenta on

Means of Escape_First Floor O ce Layout

Fire Equipment

SERVICES + INTEGRATION Strategic View

Extrac on Fan Units

Ven la on Return Ven la on Supply

Oﬃce Row

Oﬃce Bay

Ven la on Supply

In addi on to the main riser, there are also other risers located along the walkways of the oﬃce environment that provide space for the electrical, ligh ng and hea ng, ven la on and cooling systems. This re ects the exibility of the building and allows environments to be changed manually or via sensors depending on the use of the space.

3D Detail Study_Sec on A_A

Tac cal View The 3D to the right illustrates how the distribu on ducts service the workspaces with hea ng, ven la on + cooling, power and a sprinkler system. It is also evident the degree of exposure the services have in this building. To the rear of the image, a service riser is visible. The second image iden es the extractor ducts a ached to the food producing areas of the kitchens and coﬀee shops located in the service core. It is evident how the system wraps elegantly round the sturdy mber trusses.

H, V + C Distribu on layout

Exposed Ducts Housed Within 2.5m x 2.5m Service Riser

Storage

Desk Layout

Steel Floor Plate

Strategic View_Service Risers

Ta cal View_O ce System Distribu on

Ta cal View_Hea ng, Ven la on + Cooling Duc ng

Par oning

Auditorium Canterlever Truss

Tubular Steel Sec on Mee ng Concrete Base

Cast Steel Pivot Joint

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Building Realisa on + Climate Change_BRACC The following report was produced to contextualise the design within a technological and environmental focus. It includes the following: • • • •

Construc on + Sustainability Issues Environment + Energy Services + Integra on 3D Detail Study

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BDACC_01 Building Design + Climate Change CONSTRUCTION + SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES Paul A Westwell 05087209 Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Sustainability A

B B

Site Plan

5 32 14

29 30

16 33 15

31 1

Detail_01_Roof Corner Junc on

General Overview

Security

Tunstall Enterprise Palace is one of 6 sites connected by the Loop LRT Line that are collec vely known as The Stoke-on-Trent Enterprise Zone. The programme of the building is such that it can be played out anywhere in the UK to improve an area’s economic situa on by combining contextual elements and a generic adaptable oﬃce system. In this situa on the auditorium and external landscaping engage with a community and the oﬃce space provides a pla orm for individuals or small groups of people looking to start and maintain their business.

The main recep on is the rst point of contact for anybody entering the building. It is at this point people can request office space as well as check in to meet clients. The office area is par oned off from the public are by a transparent screen.

The oﬃce area is supported by a service core that houses mee ng rooms, refreshment areas, a gym and WCs. The auditorium provides a much needed entertainment venue to the context of Tunstall whilst providing a space to showcase up-and-coming products developed by the businesses within the Palace.

Roof_ Outside walkway and social space

Skin_ Timber window trusses support glazed facade

O ce Floors_ 2.4m2 grid supports adaptable workspace on four levels

Secondary Structure_ 200mmx200mm box steel structure supports oﬃce levels 1 - 3

Primary Structure_ 450mm diameter coloumns support 4 meter deep trusses

Fixed Elements_ Service Core and Auditorium sit independant of the primary and secondary structure. Two structural cores aid Oﬃce and Auditorium levlels

Founda on_ A combina on of pile and strip founda ons support the various load bearing elements

Scale 1:20

26 4

Oﬃces and rooms are lockable and most of the building has been designed to be over looked to aid security. Security guards will also patrol the building and grounds.

46 18 47

Detail_02_Facade Meets Auditorium

Scale 1:20

Structure The primary structure is mber. This supports the roof and facade. A steel secondary structure supports the adaptable oﬃce layout. The service core acts independently as a concrete en ty within the skin of the building.

The auditorium adopts an exaggerated steel truss framework, sat on steel pivot joints to allow it to support its own weight whilst canterlevering through the facade.

Detail_03_Auditorium Wall

Scale 1:20

21 7 46

Detail_04_Facade Meets Ground

Scale 1:20

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Sec on

28 5 Detail_01

Sec on and Detail Key 1

25 4

18 2

Detail_02

48 13 17

Detail_03

44 12

23 21

Detail_04

20 19

Sec on A_A [zoomed in]

Scale: 1:50 [scaled to t]

Due to the nature of its adaptability and mix of programmes, the building can experience extremes in occupancy. The drawings opposite show how the office area can change depending on use. The box steel frame on that houses the office space is fashioned around the 2.5m x 2.5m grid and can accommodate 3 varia ons in oor states: Circula on, Void and Office. A 4-piece foldable steel plate covering allows maintenance people to change the state of the grid square by hand. When the grid requires an office, a kit of parts is assembled by hand on top. This also leads to a variety in the required temperatures throughout the building.

Occupancy

The form of the building is based around the 2.5m x 2.5m grid of an individual working space that make up the oﬃce layouts. In plan, this grid is carried from internal oor arrangements to the surrounding landscaping. This ra onality allows a huge amount of mass produc on and exibility between levels and sites. The building is orientated at 13 degrees along the north axis, allowing the southern facade to op mise the sun throughout the day. The east and west facades also experience high solar exposure in the morning and evening. As all facades are primarily glazed, there is a copious amount of natural day light lling the building. Where natural day light cannot support a well lit environment, electrical ligh ng is provided. A combina on of clear transparent, frosted and coloured laminated glass make up the facades. These treatments re ect the internal programme as to whether a private or public space is required.

Strategy

Sec on A_A

Paul A Westwell 05087209 Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Building Realisa on + Climate Change ENVIRONMENT + ENERGY

BRACC_02

0% Occupancy

50% Occupancy

= Occupied workspace

100% Occupancy

= Occupied workspace

Scale: 1:200 [scaled to t]

Tunstall Enterprise Palace BRACC 134

Winter Night_VAV box se ng to min, reasonable temperature kept to allow for quick hea ng in the morning

Winter Day_Fan assisted fresh air is heated and circulated

Summer Night_Night me cooling assisted by natural ven la on

Summer Day_Excess heat is vented away, cooling coil mechanically cools air and circulates to diﬀusers

Electric ligh ng As the building changes its occupancy, voids will open and close within the oor plate’s allowing light through. Electric ligh ng is supplied along the same conduit as the H, C + V to maintain an even Lux level at all oﬃce areas. The rest of the building is electrically lit where natural ligh ng isn’t available.

Plant Room

Day Ligh ng

Sec on B_B

Natural The glazed facade of the building has windows that open at low and high level. The sky light panels in the roof also open. They are all controlled by the Building Management System.

Hea ng, Cooling & Ven la on

Issues of Sound transmi ance & Acous cs

Scale: 1:200 [scaled to t]

Tunstall Enterprise Palace BRACC 135

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Tunstall Enterprise Palace BRACC

BDACC_03 Building Design + Climate Change SERVICES + INTEGRATION Paul A Westwell 05087209 Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

HYDRONICS Water Supply and Distribu on The main plant room is located in the service core at basement level. This is where the building receives fresh water supplied from the water mains. This is also the point at which waste water leaves the building and is connected to the sewer system. The main service riser is posi oned adjacent to the plant room to minimise the distance duc ng and pipe work has to travel.

Main Service Riser Storage Storage

Plant Room_ Metering + Stopcocks

Workshop Workshop

Soil Out Water In

Refuse waste is collected and ini ally stored in the basement. There is a refuse point at the south entrance for weekly waste collec on.

Legisla ve Framework The key legisla on areas for the building here are Approved Document C, D, G and H.

Water Supply_Basement Level FIRE STRATEGY Means of Escape

Escape Route from Roof

Escape Route from Auditorium Escape Route from Service Core

Escape Route from Oﬃce

Means of Escape_First Floor O ce Layout

SERVICES + INTEGRATION Strategic View

Extrac on Fan Units

The nature of the service core is to serve the needs of the building. Stacking similar programmes and having spacious and central service risers allow for services to ow eﬃciently around the building. In many cases the service duc ng and pipes are exposed. This is allows for ease of maintenance as well as educa ng users on the life-force of the building. In addi on to the main riser, there are also other risers located along the walkways of the oﬃce environment that provide space for the electrical, ligh ng and hea ng, ven la on and cooling systems. This re ects the exibility of the building and allows environments to be changed manually or via sensors depending on the use of the space.

H, V + C Distribu on layout

Strategic View_Service Risers

Exposed Ducts Housed Within 2.5m x 2.5m Service Riser

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Tunstall Enterprise Palace BRACC

Main Service Riser Kitchen Soil and Fresh Water riser

Drains from Roof

Coﬀee Shop Changing Rooms WC Refuse Point

A enua on Ponds

Water Distribu on

Drainage + Wast Management

Service Core Auditorium Escape Circula on

Refuge Area

Oﬃce Space

Sprinkler Fire Hydrant Fire Ex nguisher

Compartmenta on

Fire Equipment

Ven la on Return Ven la on Ven la on Supply Supply

Ta cal View_O ce System Distribu on

Ta cal View_Hea ng, Ven la on + Cooling Duc ng

Storage

Oﬃce Bay

Steel Floor Plate

Desk Layout

Par oning

Oﬃce Row

Throughout the 2.5m x 2.5m grid of the oﬃce space, there is one of three states each square can be in at any one me. They are circula on, void, or oﬃce space. The oor panels of the steel structure are foldable so they can be converted to a void when not in use. The diagrams below show how the individual units are assembled in a bay. The storage, desk layout, and par oning can be changed to suite the user.

O ce Adaptability

Detail Descrip on

Paul A Westwell 05087209 Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Building Realisa on + Climate Change 3D DETAIL STUDY

BRACC_04

Auditorium Canterlever Truss

3D Detail Study_Sec on A_A

Tubular Steel Sec on Mee ng Concrete Base

Cast Steel Pivot Joint

Tunstall Enterprise Palace BRACC 138

Tunstall Enterprise Palace BRACC

139

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Drawings

140

141

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Drawings

Drawings The list below specifies the following final drawings of the scheme at their printed scales. They were orginally printed at A1 but have been resized to fit in this document. SITE PLAN GROUND FLOOR BASEMENT + FIRST FLOOR LEVEL SECOND + THIRD FLOOR LEVEL FOURTH FLOOR + ROOF LEVEL SECTION A_A + B_B

1:500 1:200 1:200 1:200 1:200 1:200

Scale:

1:500 @ A1

SITE PLAN

TUNSTALL ENTERPRISE PALACE

Scale:

1:200 @ A1

Ground Floor

TUNSTALL ENTERPRISE PALACE

BASEMENT LEVEL

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL

A TUNSTALL ENTERPRISE PALACE BASEMENT + FIRST FLOOR LEVEL Scale:

1:200 @ A1

SECOND FLOOR LEVEL

THIRD FLOOR LEVEL

A TUNSTALL ENTERPRISE PALACE SECOND + THIRD FLOOR LEVEL Scale:

1:200 @ A1

FOURTH FLOOR LEVEL

ROOF LEVEL

A TUNSTALL ENTERPRISE PALACE FOURTH FLOOR + ROOF LEVEL Scale:

1:200 @ A1

SECTION A_A

SECTION B_B

TUNSTALL ENTERPRISE PALACE SECTION A_A + B_B Scale:

1:200 @ A1

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Sketches

Sketches The following sketches assisted with understanding the building and helped developed elements at various scales.

154

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Sketches

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Tunstall Enterprise Palace

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