Proceedings of the 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Organised by

Supported by

Prime Minister’s Department

Proceedings of the 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition 2012

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND TEMENGOR SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION 2012 © Pulau Banding Foundation 2013 All rights reserved. No part off this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher.

ISBN: 978-967-12081-0-6

Date of Publication 20 August 2013

Editorial Board

• • • • • • • • • •

Prof. Emeritus Dato’ Dr. Abdul Latiff Mohamed (Chairman) Dr. Daniel Baskaran Krishnapillay Zainon Kasim Zulfadhlan Ahmad Khushairi Nurul Irdayu Ismail Eza Feizaty Nor Rezan Alizah Sadali Mohd Syaiful Mohammad Mohd Najmi Hassan Ahmad Ridzuan Yeop Aznan

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PULAU BANDING FOUNDATION on behalf of its Patron, Advisor and Chairman extend their thanks to the following for their support to ensure the success of the 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition and the subsequent Symposium. •

The Prime Minister of Malaysia for his generous financial support through his good office for organising the Expedition and the Symposium

•

The Following Agencies who provided Qualified Manpower &Technical support during the Expedition and in Paper Presentation at the Symposium: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o.

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Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia (JPSM) Perak State Forestry Department Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) Peninsular Malaysia Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Perak Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) Universiti Malaya (UM) Sunway University Folia Malaysiana Sdn. Bhd. World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Malaysian Nature Society (MNS) Yayasan EMKAY Rainwalker Ecosystems Sdn. Bhd.

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FOREWORD

BY THE PATRON As the patron of the Pulau Banding Foundation, I take great pleasure in penning a few words to the proceedings of the 2nd Scientific Expedition into Sg. Enam Basin in Temengor. The expedition, organized by the Pulau Banding Foundation, was carried out from 1st – 10th October, 2012.

Since its inception in 2008, this is the first Scientific Expedition organized by the Pulau Banding Foundation into the Sg. Enam Basin in Temengor. The main purpose of this expedition is to establish an inventory of flora and fauna in this river basin. The area investigated covered approximately 1500 hectares. A total of 57 scientists and their assistants, from the various Malaysian Universities, relevant Government Agencies and Research Institutions, in their relevant scientific disciplines took part in this investigation over a period of 10 days.

The proceedings have now been compiled from the scientific findings of the Expedition, which will be deliberated during the Symposium to be held from 22–25 August, 2013. I look forward to seeing some new findings from this expedition which will become unique products that could be used for promoting Eco-tourism within Temengor Forest Reserve.

I wish to commend Pulau Banding Foundation for organising the financial resources to conduct this study. I sincerely hope that the Foundation will continue their work in documenting the flora and fauna in the other parts of Royal Belum where not much work has yet been done.

My best wishes to all the paper presenters and those participating in this Symposium. I hope all of you will have a very fruitful exchange of ideas during the deliberations of this Symposium.

TUN ABDULLAH BIN HAJI AHMAD BADAWI Patron, Pulau Banding Foundation

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FOREWORD

BY THE ADVISOR As the Advisor to the Pulau Banding Foundation, it is an honor for me to write a short message to this proceeding of the 2nd Scientific Expedition into Sg. Enam Basin in Temengor. I am proud that the Foundation was able to raise the required financial resources to carry out this expedition.

The Expedition was carried out from the 1st – 10th of October, 2012.

The Expedition was organized with two objectives; the first being to carry out an inventory of the biodiversity in the area and the second being to create new tracks for hiking and for the promotion of eco-tourism.

Following the successful implementation of the expedition, the Foundation has now obtained the necessary funds to organize this symposium to document the findings from the expeditions within this Temengor Forest Reserve. We expect a total of 25 papers to be presented on the various areas of expertise by the scientist who were invited for the expedition. Shortly following this Symposium, I have been informed that a coffee table book with interesting pictures from the expedition and the species found within Temengor will be produced.

I have also been informed that an interesting discussion session will also be held during the symposium to look at the new findings made during this expedition and also the research priority areas for the Foundation to focus upon in the coming years. Reference will also be made to Sg Halong inventory done by Malaysian Nature Society (MNS) in terms of changes in population structure over the last 10 years in relation to the present study and to develop appropriate research agenda for the Foundation to address such emerging issues.

I am also glad to note that during the expedition, three (3) new tracks have been established within the Sg. Enam forest reserve. This is good as we now can take visitors on different routes so as not to over exploit the single track that had been created some many years ago.

I wish to thank all the researchers who in-spite of their busy schedules took time off to participate in the expedition to make it a success. I also hope that we can continue to carry out such expeditions from time to time in other parts of the Belum-Temengor Forest Complex particularly within the Belum Forest Reserve where there are many more areas of this forest that has not been fully explored and whose floral and faunal inventory is not complete. My sincere best wishes for a successful Symposium.

TAN SRI DATUK (DR) HJ MUSTAPHA KAMAL BIN HJ ABU BAKAR Advisor Pulau Banding Foundation

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FOREWORD

BY THE CHAIRMAN

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Greetings from the Pulau Banding Foundation!

As the Chairman of the Foundation, it gives me great pleasure to invite all of you to this Symposium which will discuss the findings of the Scientific Expedition to the Sungai Enam Basin in Temengor Forest Reserve that was carried out from the 1st to the 10th October, 2012.

Before the start of the expedition, we commissioned Rainwalker Ecosystem Sdn. Bhd. to carry out a recce of the area we wanted to do the survey. During the recce, three new tracks were established over the entire Sg. Enam Basin covering an area of about 1,500 hectares. Two of the tracks were established on the right and left side of the Sungai Enam, along the two ridges enclosing the Sungai Enam river. The ridges rose up to a height of 1213 meters at their highest point. The third track was established along the river starting from the ridge to the mouth of the Sungai Enam.

Two connecting tracks were also made from the mid-point of the ridges connecting to the river.

Scientists were able to use all these tracks to carry out their respective studies.

The weather during the expedition was fine and the scientists were able to carry out their studies without much interruption to their work. An existing base camp within Sungai Enam was the operation centre where the scientists congregated after their day’s work for their meals, specimen preservation and for discussion. During the 10 days expedition there was real camaraderie among the scientists from the various institutions which was really commendable and welcomed by the Foundation.

At this symposium the scientists will share and discuss their findings and this will add to the existing knowledge on the physical environment and the current biodiversity found in Temengor Forest Reserve. I take this opportunity to thank all those who had participated in this expedition to make it a success. I hope, from the Foundation, we will be able to mobilise more financial resources in future to carry out more expeditions in the other parts of the Belum-Temengor Forest Complex, particularly in the Royal Belum State Park. My sincere best wishes for a productive Symposium.

PROF. EMERITUS DATO’ DR. ABDUL LATIFF BIN MOHAMAD Chairman Pulau Banding Foundation

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Acknowledgement Foreword by the Patron, YABhg Tun Abdullah bin Hj Ahmad Badawi Foreword by the Advisor, Tan Sri Datuk (Dr) Hj Mustapha Kamal bin Hj Abu Bakar Foreword by the Chairman, Prof. Emer. Dato’ Abdul Latif bin Mohamad

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1.

The Rational And Preliminary Preparations For The 2nd Temengor Expedition – An Exposition On The New Trails Created In Sg. Enam – Chandra Arumugam

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Estimating The Stumpage Value of Some Timber Species of Sg. Enam Basin – Awang Noor Abd Ghani and Ismail Muhammad

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Belum-Temengor Forest Complex: An Eco-Tourism Perspective – Khairil Wahidin Awang , Suhaini Ibrahim and Hairani M Nur

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Some Preliminary Thoughts on Tourism in Belum-Temengor Complex (BTC) – Mohd Maseri Nik Mohamad

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Sociological Studies and Dependence of The Orang Asli Population on Sg. Enam Basin – Kamal Solhaimi Fadzil, Ivan Tacey, Juli Edo, Rosilawati Zainol, Siti Nor Awang and Wan Suzy Wan Ibrahim

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Carrying Capacity Assessment: A Need For Managing Ecosystem Within Sungai Enam Basin – Ahmad Ismail and Faid Rahman

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Hydrology And Water Quality of The Sungai Enam Tributary – Wan Ruslan Ismail, Mohamad Adam Omar, Mohd Nazrul Ibrahim and Mohd Kusyairi Mohd Zahir

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The Diversity Of Flowering Plants In Sungai Enam Basin Temengor Forest Reserve Perak – Siti-Munirah M.Y., Ummul-Nazrah A.R., Imin K. and Mohd-Nazri A.

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An Inventory of Wild Orchids Found in Sungai Enam Basin, Banding, Perak – Rusea Go, Wong Wee Nee, Mohd Akmal Mohd Raffi, Nor’izzati Shaipudin, Farah Kamaludin, Muskhazli Mustafa and Janna Ong Abdullah

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The Zingiberaceae of Temengor at Sg. Enam – C.K. Lim

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Kepelbagaian Liana Di Sungai Enam, Tasik Temengor, Perak – Rahmad Zakaria, Asyraf Mansor, Shaodah Juperi,Abu Husin Harun, Mohd Syaiful Mohammad dan Syed Mohd Edhzam Syed Hamzah

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Inventory of Macrofungal Diversity of Sungai Enam Basin at Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak – Thi Bee Kin

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Macrofungi Diversity in The Sungai Enam Basin, Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak – Tan Y.S., Yusoff,.M., Noorlidah, A., Azliza, M.A., Tan W.C., Nurulhuda, M., Wong J.Y. and Vikineswary,S

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A Brief Note on The Large Mammals Observed at Sg. Enam, Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak and The Likelihood of Large Mammal Sightings by Tourists To The Area – Dionysius Sharma, Reuben Sharma and Nurolhuda Nasir

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Preliminary Checklist Of Mammals At Sungai Enam In Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia – Shahfiz, M.A., Shahrul Anuar, M.S., Kaviarasu, M., Fauzi, M. Z., and Rizal, M.R

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The Hornbill Valleys of Belum-Temengor Forest Complex, Peninsular Malaysia – Yeap Chin Aik

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A Checklist Of Insectivorous Bats in The Dipterocarp Hill Forests Of Belum-Temengor, Peninsular Malaysia – Christine Fletcher and Joann Luruthusamy

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Avifauna Assemblage At Sungai Enam in Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia – Shahfiz, M.A., Shahrul Anuar, M.S., Zainal, A. M., Kaviarasu, M., Nor Diana, M. N., Rizal, M.R., Hamdon, T., Hairol, M. Z. and Khairul, A.

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Beetle Fauna of Sungai Enam Basin, Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak, Malaysia – Fauziah Abdullah and Mohd Shukri Mohd Sabri

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Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) Diversity in Sungai Enam Basin, Temengor, Perak – Norela Sulaiman, Rosni Mansor and Mohd Asri Abdul Bahar

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A Preliminary Checklist of The Moth (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) of The Sungai Enam Basin, Temengor, Perak – Norela Sulaiman, Rosni Mansor and Mohd Asri Abdul Bahar

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Status of Aquatic Insects in Sungai Enam, Temengor Lake – Che Salmah Md Rawi and Dhiya Shafiqah Rizuan

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DNA Barcoding for Rapid Inventorisation of Termites in The Sg. Enam Basin, Belum – Temengor Rainforest – Cheng, S., Thinagaran, D. and Shah-Fadir I.

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Fishes of Sungai Enam in Temengor Reservoir, Perak, Malaysia

– Mohd. Shafiq Zakeyuddin, Amir Shah Ruddin Md. Sah, Khaled Puteh,

Mohd. Syaiful Mohammad and Mohd. Najmi Hassan

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Fish Checklist at Different Altitude Zones of Sungai Enam,

Temenggor Lake, Perak

– Ahmad Ismail, Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai, Muskhazli Mustafa,

Nor Azwady Abd Aziz, Mohd Noor Hisham Mohd Nadzir and Faid Rahman

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Diversity and Distribution of Freswater Fish of Temengor Lake,

West Malaysia

– Kaviarasu, M., Amin, M.H.N, Rizal, M.R, and Shahfiz, M.A

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Preliminary Checklist Of The Amphibians And Reptiles From Sungai Enam,

Temengor, Perak With An Updated Checklist For The Herpetofauna

Of The Belum-Temengor Region

– Evan S.H. Quah and Shahrul Anuar Md. Sah

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Diversity And Density Of Amphibians At Sungai Enam,

Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak, Malaysia

– Amirah Hurzaid, Yap Chee Hui, Mohd Azmeer Abu Bakar,

Ahmad Ridzuan Yeop Aznan and Ibrahim Jaafar

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An Updated Checklist of The Herpetofauna of The Belum-Temengor

Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak, Peninsular Malaysia

– Amirah Hurzaid, Mohd Azmeer Abu Bakar, Dionysius Sharma, Nurolhuda Nasir,

Reuben Sharma, Ahmad Ridzuan Yeop Aznan and Ibrahim Jaafar

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THE RATIONAL AND PRELIMINARY PREPARATIONS FOR THE 2ND TEMENGOR EXPEDITION: AN EXPOSITION ON THE NEW TRAILS CREATED IN SG. ENAM CHANDRA ARUMUGAM E-mail: chandra@rainwalker.co Rainwalker Ecosystems Sdn Bhd, Brickfields 50470, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Abstract: This paper describes the rational for the preliminary preparations made by Rainwalker Ecosystems Sdn Bhd to recce and to create suitable tracks and to lay out the needed logistics with reference to telecommunication over the entire study area.The recce also identified suitable camping sites for researchers who needed to stay away from the base camp overnight. In all aspects safety measures during the expedition was taken as the main factor to ensure that the expedition was conducted without any unforeseen danger to the participants of the expedition.

Key words: New trails T1, T2 & T3, recce, Sg. Enam

INTRODUCTION Temengor is the southern part of the Belum-Temengor Forest Complex. The proposed expedition was to be conducted in Temengor and within the Sg. Enam Basin, an area covering about 1500 hectares (Figure 1). The task of carrying out the recce and the preparation of the tracks was assigned to Rainwalker Ecosystem Sdn Bhd by the Pulau Banding Foundation. The Rainwalker Ecosystems Sdn Bhd is a company that organizes outdoor activities including jungle tracking, trail blazing and mountain climbing activities. The plan for conducting the expedition was conceived after Pulau Banding Foundation had obtained the relevant permission from the Perak State, the Forest Department and other relevant agencies.

Within Sg. Enam Basin there already exist a base camp which has been constructed by the Belum Rainforest Resort for their use in bringing in their visitors. The visitors who stay at the Belum Rainforest Resort are taken to the Sg. Enam waterfall area where they can swim and following this activity they

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spend time to recreate at the base camp. The base camp has a few chalets, a dining area, a kitchen, a working space, flush lavatories and bathrooms where the water from the mountain is supplied by a simple gravity feed system. For this proposed expedition, this base camp was taken as the main coordinating camp to carry out the expedition into the surrounding areas of the Sg. Enam Basin.

Objectives of the Recce The Recce was planned and conducted with the following objectives: 1. Identify trails in Sg. Enam suitable for the Temengor Scientific Expedition to be carried out from Oct 1-10, 2012.

2. To identify areas suitable to be designated as camp site for overnighting and any other observation needs.

3. Identify areas of high biodiversity and which will be of scientific interest in the Sg. Enam basin.

4. To identify trails that have the potential to be developed as ecotourism trails.

5. To ensure that the trails are planned and implemented to cover an area of approximately 1500 hectares to ensure sufficient coverage and validity for scientific work.

The secondary objectives of the Recce included the following: a. To assess the trails and campsites for safety and health hazards and risks. b. To evaluate potential emergency evacuation points. c. To provide topographical and GPS grid references and documentation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The recce was carried out from the 1st – 5th July, 2012 with a team of 9 members comprising of a team leader (A. Chandra), a navigator and map reader (Nik Khairul Amri), a telecommunication expert (Hari Batunipah), a medical personnel (Abdullah Ooi), trailblaze leader (Latiff M), trail marker (Mohd Idham Hatta) and three Orang Asli guides (Ghani, Sidek and Badak).

The recce team explored the Sg.Enam river basin looking for suitable trails and camp sites. They identified 3 trails and 1 additional camp. As the trails were being made, they were mapped out on the topography map and appropriate GPS readings were also taken (Figure 2). The trails were made accessible by clearing the undergrowth within the trails and marking appropriate trees with a marker ribbon to show the way through the trail. Trail one (T1) moved from the

base camp on the left side of the river and was cleared up to the peak of 2012 m.

Trail two (T2) was created along the existing river trail and was prepared beyond the waterfall 3 and 4, up to the point where a large merbau tree with large buttress roots stood. At this point the trail was cut across the river onto the right side of the river to link up with Trail three (T3) at a height of 866 m. Trail three (T3) starts from the base camp and ascends along the right side of the river and climbs up to a height of 1213 m. At 866 m where T2 crosses over into T3 trail, the place was identified as a suitable location to site the Advance Base Camp for overnight stay for those scientists intending to work at the peaks trapping bats and insects and for orchid collection. The suitability of the location of the Advance Base Camp was based on the flat elevation found at that location and also the ease for obtaining water from the river. Three other loop trails already existing around the base camp namely T2.1, T2.2 and T2.3 were also prepared for this expedition. Where possible these loop trails were linked up to the three main trails (Figure 2).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Parallel to the Sg. Enam River, two ridges one on the right (T3) and the other on the left (T1) exists. Both these ridges climb rapidly through an initial zone of bamboos to about 500 m and then ascend gradually through hill Dipterocarp forest characterized by hill Dipterocarps (meranti bukit) and higher up by some Agathis sp. and by some exceptionally large strangling figs on large buttressed trees, reaching to the head of the valley at about 866 m. At this point on the ridge of the trail T2, a number of trees of a rare lemon species Citrus halimii (Rutaceae) were seen fruiting heavily during the survey. From this junction a single trail continues up the main ridge at first steeply, then for about 1 km along an open level stretch with little undergrowth. This area probably is frequented by large mammals. The trail (T3) on the right then ascends uncomfortably to a peak of about 1213 m and to the left (T1) to a height of about 1182 m. The peak is covered by tall forest trees. Owing to the distance from the base camp and to facilitate work in this area, a camping site (Advance Base Camp) was set up at around 866 m the point where T2 joins up with T3, for overnight stay for scientists working around this area particularly the orchid, insect and bat teams.

The base camp in Sg. Enam at an altitude of 315 m is an established facility. This camp provides chalets for sleeping, dining area, a briefing/debriefing area and enclosed toilets with showers which also provide hot water. The whole base camp does have electricity provided by a few generators.

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The three short trails (T2.1, T2.2 and T 2.3) that have been established earlier in the lower part of the Sg. Enam basin for biodiversity educational activities was also surveyed and created as loop trails between T1, T2 and T3 (Figures 10, 11 & 12).

At the end of the recce, the trails were designed such that: a) The entire basin of about 1500 hectares was substantially covered. b) Both hill biodiversity and riverside riparian biodiversity were covered. c) As biodiversity changes substantially with elevation hence elevations from 300 m to about 1213 m were covered. d) For areas on the trail at great distance from the base camp, a site for an advance base camp was established. e) Effective telecommunication over the entire survey area was assured Details of each of these trails are elaborated below: Trail 1 – Ridge Trek To 1012 m Peak When looking up the river, Trail 1 goes up from the base camp on the left (East) side of the river and heads towards the 1012 m peak. Once on the ridge trail, the trek is quite wide indicating that large mammals use this ridge trail regularly. On this trail were observed large hill Dipterocarps, large fungi, lantern bugs, beetles and other insects (Figures 4, 5 & 6).

The Profile of the trail is as follows: Trail Length Ascent Terrain

: 3 km one way (give or take 200m) : 300 m – 1012 m : Logging Trail, River Crossing, Uphill & Downhill, Dry to Muddy Trails, Root Clambering Forest Type : Hill Forest Weather : Fair Weather mostly, switching to Tropical Storms at anytime Climate : Hot, Wet & Humid during the day and Cold at night Last Water Point : Sg. Enam Base Camp Duration & Difficulty : 2-4 Hours one way; Easy to Moderate

Trail 2 – River Trek to Advanced Base Camp at 866 m This trek follows the existing river trail beyond waterfalls 3 & 4. Shortly after seeing the large merbau tree on the left, the trail cuts across the river to head upriver on the right hand side (Figures 7, 8 & 9).

Large Dipterocarp trees are seen in the location. At this location at around 866 m, the Advanced Base Camp (ABC) location was selected. There also was seen evidence of large mammals. The tree architecture ranges from massive, to unique tree formations such as the Eiffel tree, Angkor tree growing on a rock. Large trees were observed that were very tall. A rare species of lemon growing on the ridges was also noted. The scientist would have an interesting time identifying the species present at this elevation. The location also appears to be an extremely rich habitat for both herbivores and carnivores of which there was much evidence. A large number of baby elephant footprints indicated that the upper part of Sg. Enam before ascending to the ridge was a kind of an elephant nursery where the mother elephants tended to their babies. The location became very chilly at night and bats and insects were seen in abundance. The area looked suitable for night sampling for insects and bats. Water supply provided by a gentle rapid was ideal for setting camp in this location.

The Profile of this Trail 2 is as follows: Trail Length Ascent Terrain

: 3.42 km one way (give or take 200 m) : 275m – 866 m : Logging Trail, River Crossing, Uphill & Downhill, Dry to Muddy Trails, Root Clambering Forest Type : Hill Forest Weather : Fair mostly, switching to Tropical Storms at anytime Climate : Hot, Wet & Humid during the day and Cold at night Last Water Point : Advance Base Camp, Duration & Difficulty : 3-6 Hours one way; Easy to Moderate

Trails 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 These trails are all within a 1-2 hr radius from the Base camp. Trail 2.3 especially has very interesting flora especially the massively buttressed tree of about 60 ft height at the end of Trail 2.3 (Figures 10, 11 and 12)

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Trail 3 – Ridge Track to 1213 m Then Back to Advance Base Camp Trail 3 crosses the river from the base camp and then heads up to the ridge trail that goes to the 866 m peak and then off on a single track all the way up to 1213m. From the peak, the trail descends to meet the trail (T2) at the Advance Base Camp (Figures 13, 14 & 15).

At the beginning of the trail there are many areas suitable for observing birds. After descending from the ridge and heading towards the Advance Base Camp, an elephant nursery was discovered with fresh footprints of infant elephant visible.

The Profile of Trail 3 as follows: Trail Length Ascent Terrain

: 3 km one way (give or take 200m) : 300m – 1213m : Logging Trail, River Crossing, Uphill & Downhill, Dry to Muddy Trails, Root Clambering Forest Type : Hill Forest Weather : Fair mostly, switching to Tropical Storms at anytime Climate : Hot, Wet & Humid during the day and Cold at night Last Water Point : Sg. Enam Base Camp Duration & Difficulty : 3-5 Hours per way; Moderate to Difficult

As from the details of the trails, both the riparian treks and hill trails show areas of extremely rich biodiversity and the area especially on Trail 2 beyond waterfall 3 is possibly an excellent rainforest trail showcasing some of the biggest and tallest trees. The observed trees there were more than 60-80 m tall and could be put in the same class as giant Californian Redwoods which are thought to be the tallest in the world. These trees are located in the region of the Advanced Base Camp. One of the tree had a large diameter and with a large buttressed trunk that would need about 20-25 persons to encircle it. The presence of multi-trunked trees on Trail 1 and Trail 3 shows evidence of previous disturbances.

The elevation from 300 m to about 1213m showed a gradual change in the biodiversity from riparian to hill to montane types. With the association of the large number of mammals in this area, it indicates that Sg. Enam basin is a unique tropical rainforest treasure trove which needs to be safeguarded. It is an

unparalleled home for both herbivores and carnivores where if the habitat is compromised it would lead to an accompanying loss of some of the most charismatic mammal populations in the world i.e. elephant, tiger, sun bear, tapir etc.

Issues Identified that Need to be taken into Consideration during the Expedition The issues identified as important in the planning before the expedition proper were: a) b) c) d) e)

Safety and wild animal hazards Suitability of campsites Disturbance to the large mammal population Jungle Ethics Other more general issues relating to emergency evacuation, guidelines for participation in the camps and waste management

In Appendix I – A list of item that needed consideration have been listed and some remedial action has also been proposed that needs to be seriously addressed before the start of the expedition.

CONCLUSION Sg. Enam is a rainforest habitat which is extremely rich in biodiversity surrounded by the unhappy scenario of the current and potential logging activities. The recce evidence suggests that it is a refuge for large numbers of birds, large mammals, other fauna and flora.

The rainforest Trail 2 has the potential to be a world class rainforest ecotourism trail due to the unparalleled biodiversity experience it can provide. It is clear that the Sg. Enam basin is a high value conservation zone of importance for both flora and fauna. It is left to the scientific expedition to show us the way forward.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank all his team members and his other supporting staffs who assisted in carrying out this recce exercise to fruition and in the preparation of all the relevant documentations. Special thanks are due to Kirk Cuthbert and Nik Mohd Firdaus who during the course of this work were directly or indirectly involved in the activities. Thanks are also due to the Pulau Banding Foundation who offered this task to the Rainwalker Ecosystem Sdn. Bhd.

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Maps of the Designated Expedition Area

Figure 1: Overview of the Sungai Enam Basin

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Figure 2: Trails Prepared for the Expedition

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Figure 3: Biodiversity Hotspots within Sg. Enam Basin

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Figure 4: Topographic Map of Trail 1

Figure 5: GPS Map of Trail 1

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Figure 6: Vertical Profile Diagram of Trail 1

Figure 7: Topographic Map of Trail 2

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Figure 8: GPS Map of Trail 2

Figure 9:Vertical Profile of Trail 2

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Figure 10: Layout Map of Trail 2.1

Figure 11: Layout Map of Trail 2.2

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Figure 12: Layout Map of Trail 2.3

Figure 13: Topographic Map of Trail 3

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Figure 14: GPS Map of Trail 3

Figure 15:Vertical Profile of Trail 3

Appendix I HAZARDS THAT COULD HAPPEN 1) Environmental a) Weather – Rain, Storms, Flash Floods, Lightning, Heat, Humidity b) Allergies – Pollen, Insect Bites, Food c) Water – Untreated Drinking Water, Flash Floods, Storms d) Medical Problems – Heat, Cold, 2) Physical a) Fitness Level b) Physical Stress c) Existing Medical Problems d) Getting enough rest e) Physical disability f) Hygiene 3) Emotional a) Being comfortable in the rainforest b) Emotional Stress 4) Trekking / Hiking a) Injuries b) Death c) Medical Problems d) Getting Separated / Lost 5) Camping Advance Base Camp if needed 6) Flora & Fauna a) Flora – Thorns, Pollen, Poisonous plants, Rotting Trees, Overhanging branches b) Fauna – Insect Bites, Big Mammals, Big Cats, Snake REMEDIES PUT IN PLACE Emergency Evacuation Litter carry to Base Camp Litter carry to Sg.Enam Jetty Boat to Belum Rainforest Resort Land Transport to Gerik / Ipoh Helicopter Evacuation Landing Zone – Military Base P. Banding Night Trekking / Sampling Suitable

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Guides 2 Guides (Max of 16 participants) per team for each trail Porters 2 person per team for each trail Radio Communication 1 Handheld Transceiver per Guide Group Internal Communication Group to Base Camp Communication Satellite Communication Base Camp Wilderness First Aid Group First Aid Kit – 2 Sets (1 per Guide) Personal First Aid Kit – Participant to bring Professional Medical Care Gerik Hospital Ipoh Hospital Military Hospital P. Banding Transport & Logistics Trekking Boat Land Transport Helicopter Wilderness Meals & Catering Breakfast, Packed Lunch, Dinner – Base Camp Personal Snacks - Participants Safety Booklet Dos & Don’ts General Trekking / Hiking Camping Hygiene Jungle Ethics & Environmental Care Booklet Trekking Camping Latrine Cooking Cleaning Washing

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Recce team during the expedition

Plate 1: Recce team at Base Camp

Plate 3: Recce team and large tree at Advance Base Camp – 866m in altitude

Plate 2: Plotting Trail Grid References

Plate 4: Recce team resting-Trail 3

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Some of the flora and fauna observed during the Recce.

Plate 5: Ganoderma sp.

Plate 7: Ginger sp

Plate 9: Baby Elephant footprints

Plate 6: Ancient Cycad

Plate 8: Eiffel shaped Tree

Plate 10: Team resting against a large tree

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Plate 11: A large meranti tree

Plate 12: Ancient Liana

Plate 13: Large tree growing on a rock (Angkor Wat Tree)

Plate 14: Cup fungus

ESTIMATING THE STUMPAGE VALUE OF SOME TIMBER SPECIES OF SG. ENAM BASIN, TEMENGOR FOREST RESERVE, PERAK AWANG NOOR, A.G. and ISMAIL MUHAMMAD Email: awang@forr.upm.edu.my; awangnoor@putra.upm.edu.my; awangnoor@gmail.com Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Abstract: This study aimed to estimate the stumpage value of some selected timber species measured along the second trail (T2) of Sg. Enam Basin, Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak. The stumpage value was derived using the residual value technique (RVT). Thirty five trees of the timber species greater than 25 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh) were selected at random along the trail for this purpose. Species identification and measurements of dbh were recorded for each species to calculate timber volume using pre-felling volume formula and five local volume equations. The data were then combined with log prices and timber harvesting cost to calculate stumpage value. Depending on the volume formula used, the total stumpage values for 35 trees measured ranged from RM93,428 to RM170,164, with the mean value per tree between RM2,669 and RM4,862. The highest stumpage value of an individual tree which is a Balau (150 cm dbh) with the estimated stumpage value between RM16,230 and RM33,372. The results also reveal that, on the average, stumpage value estimated using pre-felling volume formula is 25% lower compared to that of the local volume equations. The estimate of stumpage value for all timber species in the area should be carried out to provide meaningful information for conservation purposes.

Keywords: Local volume equation, pre-felling volume formula, residual value technique, stumpage value

INTRODUCTION The importance of forests to human welfare for providing multiple ecosystem services can be valued from the ecology, social and economic perspectives. A major difficulty is that many forest ecosystem services such as recreation, wildlife, water, soil protection and so forth, are not traded in the market place.

However, timber and other non-timber forest products (for example, rattan, bamboo) that have market price and can be valued using market or cost-based

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approach. Since the value of timber resource in any forest area is an important element in management and conservation, its economic value should be determined to provide useful information for forest managers in decision making process.

The economic value of timber resource is known as stumpage value.

Stumpage refers to live timber, “standing on the stump” or standing trees in the forest, whether dead or alive or in unprocessed form (not cut into logs) found in the forest (Klemperer, 1996; Davis et al., 2001; Kobriger, 2011). From the economic perspective, stumpage value is often termed as the “economic rent”, i.e. the return to the owner from timber harvesting. It indicates the maximum willingness-to-pay by a buyer for the standing timber and hence approximates the price which would prevail in a competitive stumpage market (Gray, 1983; Grut et al., 1991). Klemperer (1996) defines stumpage value as “what buyers pay for standing timber ready for harvest.” The purpose of estimating stumpage value is to determine the value of the standing timber available for cutting at a particular time and on a particular area (Leushner, 1984; Davis et al., 2001) and also to determine the value of timber asset of a given forest concession area.

Stumpage value is usually expressed for a unit of timber volume or based on per hectare. In practice, the value of stumpage is not easy to estimate as it depends on log prices and logging costs that vary considerably with species, quality, forest types and locations. The stumpage value of higher-priced species or qualities can be several times that of lower-priced species or grades and in some cases stumpage value can be even zero or negative (Grut et al. 1991).

Many studies have been carried out in Malaysia to estimate stumpage values of various forest types using residual value technique (Awang Noor et al., 1992; Dominic, 1995; Pius, 1995; Che Roslan, 1996; Awang Noor et al., 1997; Awang Noor et al., 1999; Awang Noor et al., 2000; Awang Noor and Mohd Shahwahid, 2003; Fadzil, 2003; Hussin, 2003; Lehuji, 2003; Awang Noor et al., 2007a, 2007b). The objective of this paper is to highlight the estimate of stumpage value for 35 timber species in Sg. Enam Basin, Temenggor Forest Reserve, Perak using residual value technique (RVT). The analysis also considers different volume formula and equations used to estimate timber volume. Depending on the volume formula and equations used, the estimate of stumpage values differs among species and diameter classes.

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METHODS Study Area The study area is located in Sg. Enam Basin, Temengor Forest Reserve. The Sg. Enam Basin covers about 1,500 ha, which is basically a logged over forest that constitute of a combination of old logging trails, animal and old Orang Asli trails. Most parts of the trails have pristine biodiversity of flora and fauna. There are three trails in the area, namely T1, T2 and T3. The highest point in Tasek Temengor is located at the end of trail T3 (1213 m asl). There are shorter treks (trails T2.1, T2.2 and T2.3) which are considered as a loop along trail 2. The identification and measurements of trees were conducted at random along trail 2 (T2) up to the largest tree found in the area.

Valuation Method There are many available methods which can be used to determine the economic value timber (Klemperer, 1996; Davis, 2001; Rideout and Hesseln, 2001): (1) market evidence, (2) capitalized income valuation, (3) derived residual value, (4) market quantification, (5) replacement cost, and (6) subjective judgment. In this study, the derived residual value technique (DRVT) or commonly known as residual value technique (RVT) was used to value an individual standing timber of some timber species in the area. This is calculated by deducting all timber harvesting costs (including margin for profit and risk) from the selling log price (ex-forest). The parameters required to calculate timber value include log price, timber volume, timber harvesting cost and profit margin. The stumpage value for each individual timber species and diameter class is calculated as: SVi , j  ( Pi , j  C  PM i , j ) *Vi , j

[1]

Where SV is stumpage value (RM), P is log price (RM/m3), C is timber harvesting cost (RM/m3), PM is profit margin (RM/m3), V is timber volume (m3), i is index of the species and j is index of diameter class. The index of diameter class follows the market price of log for four different diameter classes, namely 15-30 cm, 30-45 cm, 45-50 cm, 50-60 cm and +60cm (Awang Noor, 1992). For each of these diameter classes, the price reduction factor is given as follows:

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Diameter class 15-30 cm 30-45 cm 45-50 cm 50-60 cm +60 cm

Reduction factor 50% (0.5) 30% (0.3) 15% (0.15) 2.5% (0.025) 0% (0)

The profit margin is based on the following formula (Leushner, 1984):

 Pi , j  PR   , where PR is the profit ratio.

PM i , j   1  PR   The total stumpage value for all trees measured in the study area is given by: m

n

m

n

SV   SVi , j   ( Pi , j  C  PM i , j ) * Vi , j i 1 j 1

i 1 j 1

m

m

n

n

SV   SVi , j   ( Pi , j  C  i 1 j 1

i 1 j 1

Pi , j * PR 1  PR

) * Vi , j

[2] [3]

The volume of an individual standing timber species was computed using prefelling volume formula and five local volume tables developed for Pahang and Terengganu (Awang Noor et al., 2000; Awang Noor and Kamarudin, 2010). The volume equation of dipterocarp forest for Perak state is not yet developed and it seems appropriate to use these local volume equations as prediction for timber volume. It also allows us to compare various stumpage values for different local volume equations with that of the pre-felling volume formula. The pre-felling volume formula and local volume equations used in this analysis are given in Table 1. As can be seen from Table 1, it is expected that the volume equations 3 (Tekai Tembeling) and 4 (Bukit Ibam) would provide less volume as compared to the other volume equations as shown by it lower coefficients (< 2).

Monthly data on log prices for 2012 were obtained from MASKAYU, the official bulletin of the Malaysian Timber Industry Board. The ex-matau average log prices sold by timber operators per cubic meter were reported for individual species and species groups. The average log prices for 2012 are provided in Table 2.

Data on logging costs were based on a previous ITTO study by Ahmad Fauzi et al. (2002). The average total logging costs (including forest charges to the government) was estimated at RM191.37/m3 (including forest charges of RM67.18/m3). After deducting forest charges, the average cost is RM124.19.

However, over time, the cost of timber harvesting has increased due to increase in input prices. Assuming that the real timber harvesting cost per year increase at a rate of 2.0%, the average logging cost in 2012 was estimated at RM151/m3.

However, for ease of calculation, the average timber harvesting cost of RM150/m3 was used in the analysis. A 30 percent profit ratio was used in the analysis (Awang Noor et al. (1992). This value is reasonable in view of the fact that logging is considered a high risk business.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 3 shows the summary statistics for all 35 timber species measured.

Of the 35 trees measured, 20% are from the dipterocarp group, which include 5 species (26%). The majority of the trees measured are non-dipterocarp (80%), comprising 15 species (74%). The total timber volume estimated for each volume equation ranging from 193.3 m3 to 337.6 m3 (Table 4). The pre-F volume estimate (200.6 m3) is within these values, but it is lower compared to that of the other volume equations (with the exception of Tekai Tembeling timber volume). As expected, the volume equations 3 (Tekai Tembeling) and 4 (Bukit Ibam) provide lower timber volumes, 193.6 m3 and 220.6 m3, respectively. The total timber volumes by species and species groups for each volume equation are provided in Table 5. The highest timber volume is for Merbau with 6 trees, ranging from 65.16 m3 to 123.22 m3. Timber volume of non-dipterocarp species is higher (72%) compared to that of the dipterocarp species.

Table 6 presents the estimated stumpage values for the 35 trees by species group and volume equation. As can be seen from the table, the estimated stumpage value varies considerably by the volume equations used in the analysis. The total estimated stumpage values range from RM93,428 to RM170,164. The lowest estimated stumpage value is shown by Tekai Tembeling volume equation (RM93,428) and the highest stumpage value is estimated by Tembat volume equation (RM170,164). These stumpage values are corresponding to the estimated timber volume using these volume equations.

The estimated stumpage value from the pre-F formula is RM104,349, which is within the estimated stumpage value based on volume equations. On the average, stumpage value of pre-F formula is 25% lower compared to that of the

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local volume equations. About two third of the stumpage value is from nondipterocarp timber species. The distribution of stumpage value by diameter class also varies considerably for each volume equation as shown in Table 7.

However, it should be noted that comparison of stumpage value between diameter classes cannot be carried out since the measurements used in the analysis were made based on individual tree and not on a per hectare basis. The details stumpage value by species and volume equation are given in Table 8.

Based on the 35 trees measured, Merbau shows the highest stumpage value ranging from RM56,189 to RM106,254. This is so because Merbau has the highest number of trees measured (6 trees) and most of them are from higher dbh class as compared to the other species.

CONCLUSION This analysis estimates the stumpage value of 35 timber species along trail 2 (T2) of Sg. Enam Basin, Temengor Forest Reserve using residual value technique (RVT) based on different volume equations. Depending on the volume equations used, the total estimated stumpage value range from RM93,428 to RM170,164. The different estimates obtained from various volume equations are due to the different coefficients, which affect the estimated timber volume. The stumpage value estimated using pre-felling volume formula is within these values and it is 25% lower compared to that of the local volume equations. Since the estimated stumpage value in this analysis is based on individual tree, we cannot compare the stumpage value for different geographical location. Previous studies reported stumpage value based on per hectare basis. It should also be noted that we cannot assume that a given type of timber species has some fixed stumpage value, even if we assume the same end products (for example, sawn timber quality log). The method to take into account the variation of log quality and for specific end products is the use of hedonic pricing technique. Future research should be directed towards this direction to estimate stumpage value using hedonic pricing technique. It is also suggested that full inventory of timber resources should be conducted to determine the whole value of timber asset in the Sg. Enam Basin area.

REFERENCES Ahmad Fauzi P., M. Salleh, H.O. Mohd. Shahwahid, N. Abdul Rahim, A.G. Awang Noor and A.R. Muhamad Farid. (2002). Cost of harvesting operations in compliance with ITTO guidelines. In: N. Abdul Rahim, A Model Project for Cost Analysis to Achieve Sustainable Forest Management: Volume II, (p.

63-84). Kuala Lumpur: FRIM/ITTO.

Awang Noor, A.G., J.R. Vincent, and H. Yusuf. (1992). Comparative economic analysis of forest revenue systems in Peninsular Malaysia. Final report submitted to Osborn Center Forestry Policy Grants Program, Washington D.C. Awang Noor Abd. Ghani, Khamurudin Mohd. Noor, Ashari Muktar, Mohd. Radhi Chu Abdullah, Azmi Nordin, Jefri Abd Rashid and Mazlan Ali. (2001).

Analisis Awal Pembentukan Sifir Isipadu Setempat Bagi Hutan Dipterokarpa Pamah dan Bukit di Negeri Pahang. Laporan Kajian Penggubalan Sifir Isipadu Setempat Negeri Pahang. Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri Pahang (Unpublished Report).

Awang Noor Abd. Ghani and Khamurudin Mohd Noor. (2008). Development of Local Volume Table for Inland Forest in Terengganu. Final Report Submitted to Terengganu State Forestry Department, Kuala Terengganu. Terengganu State Forestry Department.

Awang Noor, A.G., M. N. Khamurudin, N. Ahmad Ainuddin, H. Norini, B. J. Thorsen. (2007a). Economic Valuation of Timber Resources In Air Hitam Forest Reserve, Puchong. Pert. Jour. of Trop. Agric. 30(2): 83-96.

Awang Noor Abd. Ghani and Mohd. Shahwahid Hj. Othman. (1999). Price-based valuation methods: Stumpage Appraisal of Timber Resources Peat Swamp Forest. In: Manual Economic Valuation of Environmental Goods and Services of Peat Swamp Forest, (p. 49-55), Malaysian-DANCED Project on Sustainable Management of Peat Swamp Forests, Peninsular Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia.

Awang Noor Abd. Ghani, Mohd. Shahwahid Hj. Othman, Rusli Mohd, Shukri Mohamed, I. Faridah Hanum and Mohamed Zakaria Hussin. (1999).

Economic valuation of forest goods and services of Air Hitam Forest, Puchong, Selangor. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agriculture Science.

22(2):147-160.

Awang Noor Abd. Ghani and Mohd Shahwahid, H.O. (2003). Forest pricing policy in Malaysia. EEPSEA Research Report No. 2003-RR2. Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia. Singapore.

Awang Noor A.G., Tuan Marina T.I., and I. Faridah Hanum.. (2007b). Economic Valuation of Timber Resources in a 5-ha Plot of Tranum Forest Reserve, Raub, Pahang. Paper Presented at the “Seminar on Economic Valuation of Forest Goods and Services 2007”. 16-17 December 2007, Kuala Terengganu.

Awang Noor Abd. Ghani, Jamal Othman, Mohd Shahwahid Hj. Othman, Redzuan Othman, and Nik Hashim Nik Mustapha. (2000). Valuation of stumpage (standing timber) for Matang Mangroves Forest. Research Report No. 2.

Research Reports for Project on “Economic Valuation of Environmental Resources: Application of the TEV Framework”. United Nations Environment Programme/Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (UNEP/ROAP).

Che Roslan Che Daud. (1996). Stumpage valuation in three logging blocks of Kelantan Timber Complex (KTC) Agreement Area. B.For.Sc Project. Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia. Serdang, Selangor.

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Davis, L.S. K.N. Johnson, P.S. Bettinger and T.E. Howard. (2000). Forest Management: To Sustain Ecological, Economic and Social Values. 4th. ed.

New York: McGraw Hill.

Dominic, E. (1995). Stumpage Appraisal for Timber Concession in Johor, Malaysia.

B.For.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Serdang, Selangor.

Fadzil Yahya. (2003). Stumpage valuation of peat swamp forest in Sugut FR, Sabah.

M.S. Project Report, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor.

Gray, J.W. (1983). Forest Revenue Systems in Developing Countries. FAO Forestry Paper No 43. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.

Grut, M., Gray, J.A. and Egli, E. (1991). Forest Pricing and Concession Policies: Managing the High Forest of West and central Africa. Washington D.C: World Bank Technical Paper No. 143.

Hussin Tukiman. (2003) Stumpage Valuation of Logged-over Dipterocarp Forest Within the Kalabakan Forest Reserve, Sabah. M.S. Project Report. Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor.

Klemperer, W.D. (1996). Forest Resource Economics and Finance. New York: McGraw Hill.

Kobridger, K.M. (2011). Revisiting the valuation of timberland â&#x20AC;&#x201C; terminology, methods and case studies. The Appraisal Journal. 79(3):212-221.

Lehuji, P.L. (2003.) Stumpage Valuation of Compartment 40, Deramakot Forest Reserve, Ulu Kinabatangan, Sabah. M.S. Project Report. Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor.

Leushner, W.A. (1984). Introduction to Forest Resource Management. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

MTIB. (2012). MASKAYU (various issues). Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Timber Industry Board.

Pius, P. (1995). Biodiversity at a One Hectare Plot in Air Hitam Forest Reserve. B.For.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia. Serdang, Selangor.

Rideout, D.B. and Hesseln, H. (2001). Principles of forest and environmental economics. 2nd. Ed. Fort Collins: Resource and Environmental Management, LLC.\

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Table 1: Pre-felling volume formula and local volume equations Equation No. 1 2 3 4 5

6

Volume equation

V ď&#x20AC;˝

Forest Reserve

Source

3.142 * DBH 2 * L * 0.65 , L is commercial length of log for 40000

different diameter classes (<30 cm, L is 5m; 30-60 cm, L is 10m; 60-75 cm, L is 15m; >75 cm, L is 20m) Awang Noor Vi = 0.000362954*DBHi2.2988 Pelangai, Pahang et al. (2001) Vi = 0.0015086*DBHi1.882311 Tekai-Tembeling, Awang Noor Pahang et al. (2001) Vi = 0.0010686*DBHi1.9876 Awang Noor Bukit Ibam, Pahang et al. (2001) Awang Noor Tembat, Terengganu and Vi = 0.000561*DBHi2.2236 Kamarudin (2008) Awang Noor Gunung Tebu, and Vi = 0.000203*DBHi2.3966 Terengganu Kamarudin (2008)

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Table 2: Average log prices by species and diameter class, Peninsular Malaysia (2012), (Ex matau, RM/m3) Species/Species group

Diameter class 15-30 30-45 Heavy Hardwood

45-50

50-60

60+

Cengal Balau Red Balau Merbau Mixed Hhw

1,625 2,275 698 977 642 899 658 921 255 357 Medium Hardwood

2,763 1,187 1,091 1,119 434

3,169 1,361 1,252 1,283 497

3,250 1,396 1,284 1,316 510

Keruing Kempas Kapur Mengkulang Tualang Mixed Mhw

436 610 397 556 534 748 360 504 380 531 278 389 Light Hardwood

741 676 908 612 645 472

850 775 1,042 702 740 542

872 795 1,069 720 759 556

714 590 650 514 628 657 530 649 482 855 388

819 677 746 590 720 753 608 744 553 980 446

840 694 765 605 739 773 624 763 567 1,006 457

Dark Red Meranti Light Red Meranti Yellow Meranti White Meranti Red Meranti Mersawa Nyatoh Sepetir Jelutong Ramin Mixed Lhw

420 347 382 302 369 386 312 381 284 503 228

Source: MTIB (2012, various issues)

588 486 535 423 517 541 437 534 397 704 320

Note: Prices were calculated using price factor: 15-20 dbh: 0.5; 30-45 dbh: 0.7; 45-50 dbh: 0.85; 5060 dbh: 0.975. The base log price is for diameter class of above 60 dbh (reduction factor = 0).

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Table 3: Summary statistics of trees measured Species group

No. of trees

No. of species

Dipterocarp

7 (20%)

5 (26%)

Non-Dipterocarp

28 (80%)

14 (74%)

Total

35 (100%)

19 (100%)

Table 4: Timber volume by diameter class and volume equation Diameter class 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 101-110 >111 Total

No. of trees

Pre-F

1 7 3 3 7 1 4 1 4 4 35

0.2 4.9 3.6 5.0 24.6 6.5 30.8 9.2 48.1 67.6 200.6

Pelangai 0.8 10.3 8.2 11.9 41.1 8.6 41.5 12.8 69.4 103.0 307.6

Local volume equation Tekai Bukit Tembat Tembeling Ibam 0.8 0.8 0.9 9.4 9.8 12.1 6.8 7.2 9.5 9.2 10.0 13.6 29.5 32.6 46.3 5.8 6.5 9.6 26.9 30.5 45.8 8.0 9.1 14.0 40.9 47.5 75.4 56.3 66.6 110.4 193.6 220.6 337.6

Gunung Tebu 0.6 8.2 6.7 9.9 34.7 7.4 35.9 11.2 61.4 92.8 268.8

Pelong

Medang

Terap nasi

Kelampayan

Kedondong

Merbau

Kubin

Non-Dipterocarp

75.99 9.77 8.82 7.73 5.57 3.75

2 3 1 4 1

60.59 (30%)

7 (20%)

Sub-total

6

7.38

1

Meranti sarang punai

15.96

12.36

1

Mersawa

1

15.98

2

Macaranga gigantea (Rchb.f. & Zoll.)

Intsia palembanica Miq Canarium sp.

Neolamarckia cadamda (Roxb.)

Bosser Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. Ex Blume Litsea costata (Blume) Boerl.

Pentaspadon motley

17.49

2

Diptrocarpus sp.

Shorea leprosula Miq. Anisoptera laevis Ridley Shorea parvifolia Dyer

Keruing

Meranti tembaga

7.38

Pre-F

1

No. of trees

Shorea sp.

Scientific name

Damar Siput

Dipterocarp

Local name

6.33

12.95

10.43

16.09

13.94

114.15

24.00

86.07 (28%)

9.89

17.89

24.35

24.05

9.89

Pelangai

Table 5: Timber volume by species/species group and volume equation

4.48

10.32

6.75

11.73

9.66

65.16

13.35

52.83 (27%)

6.46

10.50

14.25

15.16

6.46

4.97

11.10

7.65

12.90

10.76

76.19

15.73

60.66 (28%)

7.31

12.20

16.54

17.30

7.31

7.11

14.85

11.53

18.16

15.59

123.22

25.80

94.14 (28%)

10.95

19.42

26.38

26.44

10.95

Local volume equation Tekai Bukit Tembat Tembeling Ibam

5.36

10.68

9.03

13.54

11.88

101.85

21.53

75.51 (28%)

8.54

15.85

21.63

20.95

8.54

Gunung Tebu

Proceedings of the 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition 2012 48

Total

Sub-total & (percent)

Mempisang

Melembu

Temponek

Sesenduk

Kelat

Mempening

Ludai

Sapium baccatum Roxb.

Lithocarpus lucidus (Roxb.) Rehder Syzygium sp Endospermum diadenum (Miq.) Airy Shaw Artrocarpus rigidus Pterocynbium javanicu Monocarpia marginalis 3.24 1.57 1.44 1.23 0.78 0.52 140.02 (70%)

1 3 2 1 1 1 28 (80%) 35 200.53

3.65

1

221.51 (72%) 307.58

1.05

1.65

2.79

3.03

3.64

5.34

6.12

140.75 (73%) 193.60

1.03

1.49

2.29

2.78

3.45

3.90

4.36

159.9 (72%) 220.55

1.05

1.55

2.44

2.89

3.55

4.29

4.83

337.59

243.46 (72%)

1.25

1.94

3.22

3.57

4.31

6.03

6.88

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268.77

193.26 (72%)

0.82

1.32

2.28

2.42

2.88

4.49

5.18

49

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Table 6: Stumpage value by species group and volume equation Volume equation Pre-F Pelangai Tekai Tembeling Bukit Ibam Tembat Gunung Tebu

Dipterocarp Stumpage value Percentage (RM) 26,273 25 37,153 24

Non-Dipterocarp Stumpage value Percentage (RM) 78,077 75 119,269 76

Total Stumpage value Percentage (RM) 104,349 100 156,420 100

22,755

24

70,673

76

93,428

100

26,143 40,624

24 24

81,797 129,539

76 76

107,939 170,164

100 100

32,602

24

105,620

76

138,221

100

Table 7: Estimate of stumpage value by diameter class and volume equation (RM) Diameter class

Pre-F

21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 101-110 >111 Total

5 728 701 997 7,438 1,317 11,529 4,799 36,327 40,507 104,349

Pelangai 20 1,535 1,591 2,380 12,466 1,734 15,569 6,651 52,367 62,107 156,420

Local volume equation Tekai Bukit Tembat Tembeling Ibam 20 20 24 1,401 1,456 1,805 1,311 1,398 1,836 1,829 1,985 2,712 8,909 9,848 14,021 1,162 1,305 1,928 10,068 11,415 17,198 4,149 4,747 7,299 30,918 35,869 56,903 33,661 39,895 66,439 93,428 107,939 170,164

Gunung Tebu 15 1,226 1,301 1,979 10,542 1,489 13,479 5,807 46,317 56,066 138,221

26,273 (25%)

Temponek

Mempening

Ludai

Pelong

Medang

Terap nasi

Kelampaian

Kedondong

Kubin

Merbau

Non-Dipterocarp

Sapium baccatum Roxb.

Lithocarpus lucidus (Roxb.)

Rehder Artrocarpus rigidus 237

652

735

756

1,091

1,558

1,777

1,969

3,216

65,527

2,832

Shorea parvifolia Dyer

Meranti sarang punai

Intsia palembanica Miq Macaranga gigantea (Rchb.f. & Zoll.)

Canarium sp.

Neolamarckia cadamda (Roxb.) Bosser Artocarpus elasticus Reinw.

Ex Blume Litsea costata (Blume) Boerl.

Pentaspadon motleyi

37,153 (24%)

5,494

Anisoptera laevis Ridley

Mersawa

Sub-total

3,796

6,008

Shorea leprosula Miq.

Meranti tembaga

538

1,076

1,234

1,276

2,538

2,103

3,242

2,810

4,837

98,429

7,954

9,082

12,525

9,107

Dipterocarpus sp.

Keruing

3,796

Pelangai

2,832

Pre-F

Shorea sp.

Species

Damar Siput

Dipterocarp

Local name

Table 8: Estimate of stumpage value by species and volume equation (RM)

442

786

879

904

2,021

1,361

2,364

1,948

2,691

56,189

22,755 (24%)

2,480

4,668

5,231

7,896

2,480

Tekai Tembeling

472

864

973

1,001

2,174

1,542

2,600

2,169

3,170

65,703

26,143 (24%)

2,805

5,423

6,100

9,010

2,805

Bukit Ibam

621

1,215

1,387

1,432

2,911

2,323

3,659

3,142

5,200

106,254

40,624 (24%)

4,201

8,634

9,816

13,772

4,201

Tembat

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441

905

1,044

1,081

2,093

1,820

2,729

2,394

4,338

87,829

32,602 (24%)

3,279

7,045

8,091

10,908

3,279

Gunung Tebu

51

75 50 78,077 (75%) 104,349

Pterocynbium javanicu

Monocarpia marginalis

Melembu

Mempisang

Sub-total

Total

216

Kelat

218

Endospermum diadenum (Miq.) Airy Shaw Syzygium sp

Sesenduk

101 119,269 (76%) 156,420

159

465

461

99 70,673 (76%) 93,428

143

427

419

101 81,797 (76%) 107,939

149

443

436

120 129,539 (76%) 170,164

186

547

542

79 105,620 (76%) 138,221

127

371

369

Proceedings of the 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition 2012 52

BELUM-TEMENGOR FOREST COMPLEX: AN ECO-TOURISM PERSPECTIVE KHAIRIL WAHIDIN AWANG 1, SUHAINI IBRAHIM² and HAIRANI M NUR2 Email: khairil@econ.upm.edu.my; suibrahim@sunway.edu.my; hairanim@sunway.edu.my Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor D. E., Malaysia 2 Centre for Tourism, Hospitality, and Culinary Management, Sunway University, No. 5 Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

1

Abstract: This paper offers a glimpse of an inside to a fact finding mission in the form of a relatively huge scientific exercise participated by many local scientists. It explores the potentials of ecotourism activities in an area called Sungai Enam basin deep in the Belum-Temengor Forest Complex. Ideally, activities expounded would be strongly linked to the natural products of the forest. However, such activities have to be streamlined according to the notion of ecotourism as propagated by scholars as the like of Cebellos-Lascurain. Observation was used as the tool to collect primary data.

Secondary data such as documents, journals and newspaper formed the foundation of arguments. Preliminary findings suggest that the area under study was rich in flora and fauna, the basis of attraction for forest in many tropical regions of the world. However, protecting such wilderness and sensitive areas of the natural eco-system would require more than a one-man-show. Cooperation among all the stakeholders is strongly needed in the midst of adversity.

Keywords: Aborigines, Belum-Temengor Forest, Ecotourism, Fauna, Flora, Malaysia, Perak, Scientific expedition

INTRODUCTION This paper is based on primary observation of the Temengor Forest, in particular the forest trails surrounding the Sungai Enam base camp. Secondary data in the forms of journals, books and documents compliment the primary data collected.

A first-hand experience of the trails was cumulated through the 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition conducted from 1st until 10th October 2012, to

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explore on the possibilities of propagating eco-tourism related activities in the area. The research three-man team also sets to suggest management mitigation initiatives as a follow-up to the observation. In parallel, it is important to foresee impacts caused by tourism related activities, where tourism is heavily dependent on both, natural and wildlife environments. Therefore, tourism cannot disregard its potential to disrupt the eco-system (Hall, 2011).

Eco-tourism Concepts The term “eco-tourism” can be derived from the words ecology and tourism.

The United Nations World Tourism Organisation defines it as “a concept that describes a form of development that respects tradition and culture protects and preserves the environment; and educates and welcomes visitors.” (UNWTO, 2002, p.1). Hill and Gale (2009), deliberate that its definitions leave much to the interpretation of the hard-core eco-tourist visitors. Nonetheless, the definitions generally revolve around three aspects: a. Attractions that should be predominantly nature-based b. Some participation by the visitors with those attractions, which can be educational or some level of learning process c. The visitor experience and the management of these tourism products are monitored according to principles and practices associated with economical, socio-cultural and economic sustainability.

Meanwhile, the International Eco-tourism Society defines eco-tourism as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people" (TIES, 2003: 5). Malaysia follows the interpretation of ecotourism as the one that is propagated by Cebellos-Lascurain who defines eco-tourism as “environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any accompanying cultural features, both past and present), that promotes conservation, has low visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socioeconomic involvement of local populations” (Cebellos-Lascurain, 1996: 20).

Such manifestation is evidenced from the Malaysian National Eco-tourism Plan of 1996. The National Eco-tourism Plan’s objective is to aid the Malaysian Government in the sustainable development of eco-tourism as a tool to conserve both natural and man-made heritage in the country. This definition also points out amongst others to the inclusivity of the role of a cultural element in ecotourism, as it ascribes not just on natural history and protected areas, but also about the people who live and had lived off the land. The plan envisages that 10% of tourists who visit Malaysia engage in eco-tourism related activities. Tagi

(2002) postulates that eco-tourism has seen an average of 35% growth per year in Malaysia.

Eco-tourists contribute more to conservation than other types of tourists.

As far as visitor activities are concerned, eco-tourists are more likely to observe wildlife, hike on trails, and stay longer at their destination than other visitors (Hvenagaard & Dearden, 1998). However, the impacts of eco-tourism should still be thoroughly examined, particularly within the context of a protected area.

At a broader view, the Ministry of Tourism of Malaysia has been given the mandate to monitor all eco-tourism developments through a National Economic Committee formed at both the Federal and State levels. Such monitoring action incorporates Environmental Impact Assessment, depending on the size of the development, so as to verify with the sustainable dimensions of development.

Alongside, Dolnicar et al., (2008) use the term Environment-friendly tourists to highlight the concern that we may not assume individuals who are keen on nature and the environment to not necessarily leave a lesser impact than other types of tourists. This brings us to consider other factors when labelling the ‘eco-tourist’. For example, an unwillingness to put up with discomfort is one such factor.

The Belum-Temengor Forest Complex The Belum-Temengor Forest Complex holds a total area of 300,000-hectare, making it the second largest forested area in Peninsular Malaysia. The BelumTemengor Forest Complex, borders with Thailand’s protected Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary and the Bang Lang National Park. Within the forest complex lies the 172km2 of the Temengor Lake, a result of a 127 meter high hydroelectric power dam which was constructed in 1979. The Belum-Temengor Forest Complex is dissected into 117,500 hectare of Royal Belum State Park, which is in the north and 148,870 hectare of Temengor Forest Reserve, which is in the south (Abdullah & Weng, 2011).The Perak State Park Corporation, an entity of the Perak State Government manages the Royal Belum State Park, while the Perak State Forestry manages a 1,480 km2 area within the south of the Temengor Forest Reserve.

The 124 km East-West Gerik-Jeli Highway, built in the late 1970s and officially completed in 1982 (Abdullah et al, 2011), runs between the two forests. Both mirror each other in terms of their natural setting and abundant supply of biodiversity. The rich forest complex also homes some of Malaysia’s valuable species of plants and endangered species of animals like the Malayan tigers, honey bears and tapirs. Being scarce and exotic, two characteristics of

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sought-after tourism products, has enhanced significant opportunities for ecotourism related activities that have become major attraction in many national parks.

Perak treasures a healthy number of tourist attractions. The Perak State Government employed the Visit Perak Year 2012, a strategy to entice tourists to visit destinations in the state. The act was manifested in promotional blitz in the form of huge billboard advertisements, in mass media and road tour.

Subsequently the Belum-Temengor Forest was ranked 2nd in the top nine list of sustainable tourist attractions in Perak. They were, in descending order: Bukit Larut; Belum; Lata Iskandar; Pasir Bogak Beach; Pangkor Island; Kuala Gula Bird Sanctuary; Pangkor Laut; Lost World of Tambun; and Perak Tong (Hengky, 2011). Tagi (2002) listed the Belum-Temengor Forest Complex at number 15 out of 48 sites with eco-tourism potentials. Among these, 10 sites had been selected based on the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Very Special Places for Malaysian Ecotourismâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, with a criterion as having superb natural assets. From the 10 sites, the list narrowed down from the most to the least important.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS Observation along the three trails has led to findings that overwhelmingly indicate the richness of the natural heritage of the forest. The trails themselves posed as exercise platform, each with its own degree of difficulties and uniqueness (Figure 2). In areas where difficulties to ascend or descend slopes are relatively high, safety ropes were put in place to avoid mishaps. On a different matter, a trail which for a long extent was composed of a continuum of mountain saddles was regularly used by elephants as evidenced by the existence of fresh dung in many places.

Richness in Flora and Fauna a) Flora The three trails were found to be abundant with fungi. Visually, there were at least 10 species. Though, the number of species goes beyond that (personal communication with a scientific officer of the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia). On a different front, there were many hardwood timber species such as merbau and meranti. Nonetheless, meranti was the dominant one. There was also, one huge tree with a huge base, some walking minutes away from one of the trails. A variety of palm species with different sizes were also observed. In

general the area can be a showcase of high biodiversity in plant life, a contradiction from temperate climate forest. b) Fauna The trails also indicate the presence of mammals, small and large. Elephant dung, estimated to be a month old (personal communication with a nature guide), could be seen scattered along one trail. In one instance, a loud thud somewhere along the trail resulted in the researchers together with other members of an expeditionary team, to lay low, in anticipation of the possibility of approaching elephant(s). A fresh footprint of a mouse deer on a sandy part of a small creek was also pointed out by a guide. The guide suggested that the mammal was only briefly there before the team arrived on the scene. In other instance, team members were shown a tree with several markings induced by honey bear claws (Figure 4). While there was no clear sign of the existence of a salt-lick nearby all three trails, finding one would raise the possibility of constructing a make-shift hide. This would enhance visitorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; value of experience when mammals could be observed from the hide. A bird nest on a very low branch and within the trails too, suggests that the possibility that the trail was seldom used, therefore its existence (Figure 5).

The Jahai Echoing the concept of eco-tourism mentioned earlier, the participation of locals in any eco-tourism development is a necessity to ensure its success. The Jahais were the dominant aborigines in the forest. There was one Jahai village located by the fringe of the lake, midway between the jetty in Pulau Banding and the Sungai Enam base camp. On the way to the base camp on a boat, the researchers noticed billowing smoke from the village and an open field, prepared for planting, on top of a high hill nearby. Such village can be incorporated into the eco-tourism visit circuit. Having hiked through the trails, eco-tourists could visit the village and indulge in activities prepared by the Jahai for the visitors. The visit can be an eye opener for the tourists.

Similarly, the Jahai could also participate in other forms of activities organised by exponents of eco-tourism development. At Sungai Enam Base Camp, many Jahai youths and men were employed as guides and porters (see Figure 6). Although relatively shy, they could be further trained as nature guides for they were the forest people. Proper training given by respective authorities such as the Ministry of Tourism and Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli would see their true potential glided.

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The Pitfalls Although there was no evidence to suggest that animal traps were found near the trails, many traps in the form of snares were found and confiscated by rangers from Belum-Temengor Forest Complex. Furthermore, poachers are getting more sophisticated in carrying out their activities (The Star 13 April 2013). From 2008 to 2012, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks found and destroyed 2,377 snares in protected forest reserves and forest (Ibid). If the poachersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; activities are left unchecked, they will challenge the propagation of eco-tourism development. While animals like tigers, elephants, pangolin, barking and sambar deer bear the brunt of the poachers (Abdullah et al, 2011), agarwood otherwise known as gaharu were also logged or chipped on parts of the tree by illegal gathers.

A faint drumming of bulldozer perhaps some miles away from the trails may suggest that logging activities were on-going in parts of the forest complex.

If left unmonitored, such activities may break the forestâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s threshold to protect and conserve the flora and fauna. Streams may be murky and animal habitat threatened.

In a different vein, while protected areas attract and accommodate visitors, long-termed ecological considerations are not always known or taken into account. Thus, it is suggested that all stakeholders in developing ecotourism projects consider the carrying capacity of the sites where development are to take place. Carrying capacity is generally defined as the maximum number of people who use a site without any unacceptable alteration in the physical environment and without any unacceptable decline in the quality of the experience gained by tourists (Wall & Mathieson, 2006). For one, zoning would segregate access on specific time of year, a form of controlling access to any destination. It is necessary to have a more effective visitor flow for a better protection of sensitive areas and better quality experience.

CONCLUSIONS The Sungai Enam area as exemplified by the three trails experienced, suggest the presence of rich natural heritage. Such heritage provides intrinsic educational value to visitors of all ages, local or international. The forest is a trove of treasure for current and future human generation. Luring potential ecotourists would not be a problem so long that effective sustainable management is in place. A visitor management plan with a comprehensive monitoring system would be able to track recreational uses and visitor flows. This may be achieved

if a system of cooperation between managers of protected areas and tourism operators or businesses exists. At large eco-tourism offers unique opportunities as well as challenges to protected area.

REFERENCES Abdullah, A. R. &Weng, C. N. (2011). Eco-tourism Activities: Threats to Sustainability of Belum-Temengor Forest Complex (BTFC) Natural Heritage. Malaysian Journal of Environmental Management, 12(1), 97-108.

Abdullah, A. R., Weng, C. N. & Mat Som, A. P. (2011). The Potentials and Perils of Eco-tourism in Belum-Temengor Forest Complex. World Applied Sciences Journal, 12, 1-9.

Cebellos-Lascurain, H. (1996). Tourism, Eco-tourism and Protected Areas, Gland: IUCN. Retrieved December 19, 2012, from http://data.iucn.org/dbtwwpd/ html/Tourism/cover.html Dolnicar, S, Crouch, G, & Long, P. (2008). Environment-friendly Tourists: What Do We Really Know About Them? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(2), 197210.

Hall, C. M. (2011). A typology of governance and its implications for tourism policy analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4/5), 437-457.

Hill, J. & Gale, T. (2009). Eco-tourism and Environmental Sustainability. Abingdon, Oxon: Ashgate Publishing Group Hvenegaard, G. T., & Dearden, P. (1998). Eco-tourism versus tourism in a Thai National Park. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(3), 700-720.

Malaysia Unit Perancang Ekonomi, (2007). Economic Planning Unit: 50 years of charting Malaysia's Development. 1st Edn., Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department, Kuala Lumpur, ISBN: 10: 983409812X, p: 146.

Malaysian National Eco-tourism Plan, GOM (Government of Malaysia) (1996).

Seventh Malaysia Plan, Government of Malaysia Printers: Kuala Lumpur.

Tagi, K. (2002). Ecotourism in Malaysia: Policy, Current Status and the Effectiveness, Interim Report FY 2001, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES): Kanagawa, pp. 45-66.

The International Eco-tourism Society (1993). Factsheet: Global Eco-tourism.

Available at: http://www.ecotourism.org/what-is-ecotourism. The Star 13 April, 2013.

United Nations World Tourism Organisation (2002). Eco-tourism and Protected Areas, Sustainable Development of Tourism, http://sdt.unwto.org/en/content/eco-tour ism-and-protected-areas [Accessed 3 February 2013].

Wall, G., & Mathieson, A. (2006). Tourism: change, impacts, and opportunities.

London: Prentice Hall.

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Figure 1: Location of BelumTemengor Forest Complex

Figure 2: Ascending challenge on Trail 3

Figure 3: Midway of Trail 2 – ‘Snaky’ plants (Source: Authors)

Figure 4: Claw marks on tree (Source: Authors)

Figure 5: Birds’ nest on Trail 2 (Source: Authors)

Figure 6: Jahai guides among the researchers (Source: Authors)

SOME PRELIMINARY THOUGHTS ON TOURISM IN BELUM-TEMENGOR COMPLEX (BTC) MOHD MASERI NIK MOHAMAD E-mail address: nikmohdm@yahoo.com World Wildlife Fund (WWF, Malaysia) No 49, Jalan SS 23/15, Taman Sea, Petaling Jaya, 47400, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 47400 Abstract: This paper sets out to briefly give the history of the Belum Temengor Forest Complex and the potential of developing this pristine forest into an eco-tourism destination. Some aspects of the conservation value of the forest, the expeditions undertaken to date, and some of the constraints that are encountered and what needs to be done to make Belum Temengor a successful eco-tourist destination are discussed.

Keywords: History of Belum Temengor, Expeditions conducted, constraints limiting eco-tourism, management of this forest complex, sustainable eco-tourism

Historical Background The Belum-Temengor Complex (BTC) consists of the Royal Belum State Park, Belum Forest Reserve, and Temengor Forest Reserve, with an area totaling some 4000 sq km. The BTC is bounded to the north by the Bang Lang National Park, Yala Province, and the Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, Narathiwat, Thailand, to the west, the Gerik Forest Reserve, while to the east, the Gunung Basor Forest Reserve, the Gunung Stong Utara, the Gunung Stong Tengah, the Gunung Stong State Park, Gunung Chamah Stateland, and Balah Forest Reserve in Kelantan.

Historically, the BTC is known as Hulu Perak by the Malays, and was partly contested between the Malay and Pattani lords, in the early 19th century.

Known as Reman, it was part of Pattani, which, upon annexation of Pattani by Siam, became part of the nation until it was transferred to Perak. This is a

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consequence of the Anglo-Siamese Treaty, 1909, where the spheres of influence between the British and the Siamese were established.

BTC was the last stronghold of the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM), following the end of the Emergency (1948-1960), harassing the civilians and security forces, and retreating into the Betong Salient, Thailand. Their activities again intensified during the Temengor Dam and East-West Highway construction, and only ended upon the laying up of arms in 1989.

As part of a development strategy, the Temengor Dam and the East-West Highway was constructed in the early 1970s, and was completed in 1980 and 1978, respectively. Logistics, trade, security and communications improved between the north-eastern and north-western states of the Peninsula following the construction of the highway.

Conservation Value of BTC Stevens (1968), in the Cobbold Plan, proposed a 2200 sq km area in BelumTemengor-Grik area as a wildlife sanctuary, and a reduced area of 550 sq km was approved by the Perak Government, but due to the priority over the dam construction, the idea was shelved (Sivananthan et al, 1994). Nevertheless, the recommendations were incorporated into the Third Malaysia Plan (1976-1980), for the creation of a 2150 sq km protected area known as Belum Park, but due to security concerns, this did not materialize either.

The end of hostilities by the CPM in 1989 led to the relaxation of some of the securities within the area, the Belum (now Banding) FR, Temengor FR, and the Gerik FR, were created in 1991, and the area managed under a Controlled Area under the National Security Act (1960). The Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP), in 1991, revived the idea of a protected area by proposing the creation of the Belum State Park (Sivananthan, et al 1994).

Expeditions Conducted Within BTC Flushed with the success of the Endau-Rompin Expedition in Johor, the Malaysian Nature Society (MNS) was instrumental in organizing the first Belum-Temengor Expedition in 1993, at Sg Halong. This expedition was instrumental in stimulating public interest in BTC, and its potential for conservation and sustainable tourism. Since then, several follow-up scientific expeditions and studies were conducted within the area, especially through the

Forest Department, Universities and Research Institutions including the recent one organized by the Pulau Banding Research Centre and the Belum Rainforest Resort. Belum Rainforest Resort has developed a base-camp at Sg. Enam that became the venue used by the team that conducted the 2nd Scientific Expedition into Temengor, Sungei Enam Basin.

In addition an Integrated Master Plan for the Belum-Temengor Forest Complex (2011-2012) was commissioned by the Northern Corridor Economic Region (NCER) Authority. The lists of Expeditions conducted within BTC are as shown in Table 1.

Existing Tourism in BTC (Activities, Hotels in Pulau Banding Island, in Grik and Agency Islands) Perhaps due to the security situation then, tourism was not a priority, but its potential was recognized by MNS during the first and second Belum Expeditions as an enabler for conservation and improvement in the standard of living of the indigenous Jahai and Temiar Orang Asli communities there. In the National Ecotourism Plan (MOCAT 1996), WWF-Malaysia suggested the potential of the BTC, with its indigenous culture, salt-licks, waterfalls, and iconic species like the Rafflesia and the hornbills, be promoted as nature tourism products.

The creation of the Royal Belum State Park in 2003, provided fresh impetus for tourism within BTC, with the formation of the Temengor Tour Operators Association in 2010, with some 80 members and with its current Chairman as En. Mohd Yusoff Kassim.

Trips are usually 1-2 day packages within BTC, that includes fishing, visits to salt-licks, waterfalls, Rafflesia, Orang Asli villages, and for the naturalist, bird-watching (hornbills), and elephant watching along the East-West Highway. The boatmen also take the occasional request to ferry hikers to Pos Kemar, from where, they cross into Kelantan to climb Gunung Chamah.

There are also 10 houseboats that offer inexpensive group packages that include accommodation, fishing, use of support boat, cooking, and visits to interesting sites at rates of some RM200 and above per individual. Some outdoor adventure outfitters conduct 5 day whitewater rafting trips from Ulu Mangga to Kuala Singor. BTC in also promoted to foreigners, and bird-watchers who enter BTC to sight the mass flights of the Plain-Pouched Hornbill (Aceros

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subruficollis) and the Wreathed Hornbill (Aceros undulatus) using Pos Ciong as an observation site.

The Belum Rainforest Resort and Banding Lakeside Inn also conducts day bamboo rafting trips for their guests, upon request. Pulau Banding Foundation, through its Green Ranger Program, conducts nature interpretation classes to schoolchildren, and adults at the Sg Enam Base Camp. A list of tourism services and facilities in BTC are as shown in Table 2.

Facilities Available in Gerik Gerik used to be notorious for its CPM activities, and is the last area declared to be â&#x20AC;&#x153;whiteâ&#x20AC;? or free of communist activities. It is located some 15-20 km southwest of Banding Island, with a population of 28,438 (JPBD 2009), and covering an area of 17,369.81 ha (JPBD 2008). Agriculture (rubber and oilpalm) is the main land-use, with 70% of the total land area (JPBD 2008). As a rural growth center, it is where the major government agencies are located: PDRM (Police Department), JAKOA (Department of Orang Asli Development), the Hulu Perak Land Office, District Council, DWNP, the Forestry Department, and the Fisheries Department. There is a supermarket, a KFC outlet, and an Army Camp.

With the completion of the East-West Highway and the increasing numbers of visitors to BTC, Gerik is becoming more popular as a stop-over point for travelers between the West Coast and East Coast of the Peninsula, and also to BTC, and this is reflected in the increasing number of budget accommodation available (most in the RM40-RM80 budget category): Seri Temenggor (ST) Hotel, Gerik Hotel, Hotel Sun, SMZ Hotel, Friendly Inn Hotel, Great Wall Hotel, Bee Loon Hotel, Hotel Awana, Sri Bintang Hotel and the Gerik Rest house.

However, there is as yet, no significant presence of shops catering specifically to the nature tourism market, perhaps reflecting the present low numbers of visitors to BTC, and also the profile of visitors, who are mostly of the leisure variety.

Issues Related to Tourism in BTC a. Tourism Growth Model Many popular tourism destinations in South-East Asia (Bali, Phuket, Lake Toba, Samui, Krabi, Perhentian, Tioman) started as places where the budget traveler used to stay, sometimes for extended periods, with locals servicing them, with small enterprises within their limited capabilities. When these travellers returned back to their countries, they promoted these places, and others, who prefer less rugged accommodation, followed. The locals, noting the profile of these new visitors, and the demand for more comfortable facilities, upgraded theirs (by this time, they have enough financial reserves, and accumulated enough experience, to expand their businesses). Such organic growth patterns drive the tourism industry, and in places like Bali, Phuket, and Samui, there is now a good mix of facilities catering to different market segments: high-end, mid-end, low end.

However, in BTC, there seems to be a fast track attempt to promote to high-end and mid-end visitors, with supporting facilities and infrastructures for them. However, the tourist volumes may not be enough to sustain these facilities, and hence these facilities fall into disrepair, and without maintenance, turn into eye-sores and hazards to visitors. This is apparent when there is a long lag period between deterioration and repair or maintenance. b. Development not Pro-Tourism Industry Accommodation facilities seem to cater to the high and mid-end market, and not the budget or lower end. Ironically, it is the lower end market that provides better opportunities for locals to become entrepreneurs, in businesses that they are comfortable with (home-stays, souvenir stands, eateries), instead of being salaried workers in hotels, and with low operating costs and borrowings, they are better equipped to survive economic vagaries.

Tourism could have been better serviced if there are opportunities for entrepreneurs to operate houseboats anchored to the banks of the Banding Lake, offering low-end accommodation and food, and some ancillary assets like kayaks for the use of guests, especially travelers, who are less interested in tour packages.

Instead of leasing the small lake islands to government agencies, which mostly remain idle and under-utilized, tourism could be improved if more could be leased out to private operators, especially those who aspire to operate a

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permanent camp for outdoor recreation (outward-bound) activities, within a natural setting of the lake, forests, and mountains.

In the Hulu Perak Local Plan (JPBD, 2009), parts of the strip on both sides of the East-West Highway will be developed for a university branch campus (1000 ac.), biodiversity research center (1000 ac.), Permanent Food Park Zone (2000 ac.) where there do not seem to be any provision for the tourism industry, apart from improvements to infrastructure, like jetties and lighting. Development of the strip, could lead to the obvious environmental impacts of sewage discharged, and leaching of pesticides and fertilizers into the lake system.

Adding to the challenge is the absence of a petrol station at Banding, increasing the costs of operating the boats (which is then passed onto the customers, since petroleum has to be purchased in Gerik) and no public buses operating from Gerik. Ideally, the intrepid traveler could have taken the bus (from Gerik, or express buses from Penang, Kangar, Ipoh, Alor Setar to Kota Bharu or Kuala Terengganu or vice-versa), drop off at Banding Island, from which he can then register at one of the inexpensive accommodation sites, and decide whether to take the packages or rent a kayak to paddle to the islands in the lake. c. Lack of Naturalist-Guides To many hikers, the Titiwangsa Range east of BTC is more attractive because it is more challenging, with several mountains above the 7000 ft level, like G. Chamah, G. Ulu Sepat, G. Yong Belar, G. Yong Yap, and with several panoramic views of the surrounding landscapes. In fact, hikers regularly hire boats to Pos Kemar, and from there, obtain Orang Asli guides before hiking to G. Chamah, and return back through Gua Musang, or Pos Kemar.

Mountains within BTC are somewhat lower (some 3000-3500 ft), and upon reaching the summit, they are often obscured by other peaks and mist, and changes in vegetation are less pronounced, and this makes BTC to be less appealing to hikers. There are long hiking trails in BTC, but they do not seem to be popular.

Most of the sites within (waterfalls, Orang Asli settlements, salt-licks, rafflesia, fish sanctuary) are a short distance from the lake edge, and this makes BTC more attractive to the casual, leisure visitor, who just want to experience the jungle and Orang Asli culture, within a more comfortable setting.

However, their visits could be made more interesting if the boatmen and guides are more knowledgeable and have good communication skills to make the visits more interesting to the casual visitor. Resident naturalist-guides are thus more necessary for resorts that target the high-end market, to avoid complaints.

The level of training for the guides must be intensified, especially for the local indigenous Orang Asli who are already involved in tourism, on a part-time or full-time basis. Perhaps the Belum Rainforest Resort with help from the Pulau Banding Foundation could selects a few young Orang Asli adults who are already involved with tourism, nurture them with training programs conducted by the Ministry of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation by the Ministry of Youth, JAKOA, followed by basic ecology, birding, wildlife biology, and conservation enterprises. A core of successful local guides could be the stimulus for other youths to be drawn into the tourism industry. d. Wildlife Poaching The creation of the East-West Highway has made it easier for the wildlife trade, as it provides access for poachers to enter BTC, and to smuggle them out across the border. Poaching is conducted by foreigners, Orang Asli, and local villagers.

Armed foreigners, whose primary activity is to collect agar wood, set up traps and snares as a secondary activity, for target species like tigers and deer, and, when caught, wildlife like deers are consumed, but the tigers are butchered for their parts and smuggled across the border.

The Orang Asli hunt gibbons, birds, small mammals like civet cats, pangolins, snakes and other wildlife, an activity they have been involved in since recorded history, for subsistence, while the parts (tiger skins, rhino horns and ivory) has been part of the trade in jungle products. However, the situation has changed since: forests have decreased in size, while human populations have increased, and the demand for exotic foods has increased exponentially because of their supposed medicinal properties. The modern Orang Asli hunts for these wildlife, and supplies them to the middlemen who smuggles them outside the country.

The third group is the local villagers that do the occasional hunting, usually during weekends. These recreational hunters set up snares usually off the narrow trails just within BTC, or wait for wildlife on hides at salt-licks. The

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target species is deer, which is consumed, but for prey species, they are usually traded.

The effect on tourism is that, as wildlife populations decline, the visitor experiences will be devalued, as there will be less signs of them. Predators play a role in controlling the prey species, and large mammals like elephants and the gaur are habitat modifiers, making it easier for certain plant species to survive, the decline of big mammals and predator species could lead to an explosion in the prey species populations, with certain perceptible changes in the habitats and ecological niches for specialist species. e. Threat by Tilapia Culture and Over Fishing Temengor Lake is intensively utilized for commercial aquaculture, especially for the production of tilapia. Though the tilapia as reported by their cultivators are treated with hormones to be of the same sex, some of the fry may escape and revert to their natural form with time and could start breeding, and they may replace the native species. The crash in native species could affect those tourists who do recreational fishing within BTC. Nets are used by indigenous communities within BTC, even though only line fishing is allowed in certain parts of BTC, especially Royal Belum State Park. The use of nets could reduce fish populations drastically, especially if they are sold to middle-men for subsequent retail sales for other more populated areas.

CONCLUSION It may take a long time for BTC to become a more popular tourist destination, and for those who target the high-end, a longer gestation and payback period.

Perhaps a proper tourism study be conducted on the visitor numbers and profile within BTC over the past 10 years, obtain feedback on their needs and expectations, analyze the trends, and their incomes and occupations. Such data could be obtained from the Royal Belum State Park, the Forestry Department, DWNP, the Banding Boatmenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Association, and the privately operated resorts, coupled with direct questionnaire interviews. Their feedback could be used to fine-tune tourism planning for BTC, instead of the usual orientation towards infrastructure.

Visitors to BTC are predominantly locals, mostly from Kelantan, Perak, and Kedah, and most seem to go only for one visit, to experience BTC, and

never return again. A rule of the thumb for a popular tourist destination is one where the visitors return on subsequent visits, and not a one-off experience, and smart operators should devise strategies for such return visits.

If BTC is meant to be a multiple-use tourism destination, perhaps the area around Banding Island should be turned into a regulated intensive use zone, with water-sports activities like boating, jet-skiing, sailing, para-sailing, and further in wards into the forest these should be of limited use and more as conservation zones. However, due to the multiple agencies that manage BTC (Forestry Department, TNB, Land-Office, Perak State Parks, District Office, Department of Fisheries, Marine Police, JAKOA), a coordinated plan will be difficult and hence an agency may be needed to coordinate all the related agencies and ensure collaboration and coordination.

REFERENCES Clements R., Mark Rayan, D., Ahmad Zafir A.W., Venkataraman A., Alfred R., Payne J., Ambu L., Sharma D.S.K. (2010). Trio under threat: can we secure the future of rhinos, elephants, and tigers in Malaysia? Biodiversity Conservation.

Davison G.W.H., Soepadmo E. and Yap S.K. (1995). The Malaysian Heritage and Scientific Expedition to Belum: Temengor Forest Reserve, 1993-1994.

Malaysian Nature Journal 48: 133-146 Government of Malaysia (1976). Third Malaysia Plan, 1976-1980. Government Printing Office, Kuala Lumpur.

JPBD (2008). Rancangan Tempatan Daerah Hulu Perak 2002-2015. Jabatan Perbandaran dan Daerah, Kuala Lumpur. Gazetted on 10 April 2008.

JPBD (2009). Central Forest Spine 1 (CFS): Masterplan for Ecological Linkages. Final Report. Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Daerah, Kuala Lumpur.

Latiff A., and Yap S.K. (2000). An expedition to Belum Forest Reserve, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian Nature Journal 48: 357-364.

MNS (2005). A Handbook on Important Bird Areas in Malaysia. Malaysian Nature Society (MNS), Kuala Lumpur.

MOCAT (1996). National Ecotourism Plan Malaysia. Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism (MOCAT), Kuala Lumpur.

Stevens W.E. (1968). The Conservation of Wildlife in West Malaysia. Office of the Chief Game Warden, Federal Game Department, Ministry of Land and Mines, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan.

WWF-Malaysia (2011). Tinjauan Eko-Pelancongan Belum-Temenggor. Petaling Jaya (in press).

Ho, H.C., and Sutari, S., (2000). Plain-Pouched Hornbills: A new species for Malaysia.

Malaysian Naturalist 54 (1): 38-41.

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Table 1: Expeditions Carried Within BTC No

Year

Name st

1

1993-94

1 Belum Expedition

2

April-may 1994

Wildlife inventory

3

1997

Forest Inventory

4

1998

2nd Belum Expedition

5

July 2001

Wildlife inventory

6

July 2003

3rd Belum Expedition

7

August 2008

8

August 2010-April 2011

9

May-June 2010

10

August 2010

11

1-10st October, 2012

Survey on tiger density and prey occupancy Survey on tiger density and prey occupancy Social survey of Orang Asli communities Social survey of Orang Asli communities 2nd Temengor Expedition

Area Sg Halong, Temengor FR Temengor and Banding FR Temengor, Gerik and Banding FR Sg. Tan Hain, Royal Belum State Park Royal Belum State Park Temengor FR, Royal Belum State Park

DWNP JPSM, Perak Forestry Department

Temengor FR

WWF-Malaysia

Royal Belum State Park

WWF-Malaysia

Temengor FR

Agency MNS DWNP JPSM MNS

WWF-Malaysia

Royal Belum State Park

WWF-Malaysia

Sg Enam, Temengor FR

Pulau Banding Foundation

Table 2: Tourism Services and facilities in BTC No

Operator/Agency

1

Forestry Department

2

DWNP, Hulu Perak District

3

Education Department, Hulu Perak District

4

Agriculture Department, Hulu Perak District Bendong Enterprise

5 6 7 8

Sg Enam Base Camp, Emkay Group Belum Rainforest Resort, Emkay Group Banding Lake Side Inn

Location Tali Kail Island, Lake Temengor Tg. Palok, Sg. Tilong, Lake Temengor Pendidikan Island, Lake Temengor

Services

Price-Range

Accommodation

RM10-RM60

Accommodation

RM5-RM10

Various types of accommodation

RM80 for 3 days/2 nights

Pertanian Island, Lake Temengor

Chalets and campsites

Bendong Island (Formerly Petanda Island), Lake Temengor

No charges except for boat rental and service charges

Various types of accommodation

RM15-RM70

Sg Enam Banding Island Banding Island

Various types of accommodation Hotel accommodation, conference facilities Hotel accommodation, conference facilities

9

Belum Eco-Resort

Belum EcoResort Island

Chalets and houseboats

10

Hj. Silah Nature Appreciation Service

Banding Island

Tour guide and boat rental

11 12 13

Warisan Jahai Aman Banding Enterprise Belum Outdoor Adventure and Travel

Aman Jetty

Sundry shop, souvenirs, and indigenous crafts

Aman Jetty

Food stall

Gerik

Tour packages, trekking and fishing trips, rental of camping equipment

RM200 for a full package RM170-RM250 RM50-RM400 Charges depend on guide fees, boat rental, and tour packages Charges depending on packages -

Charges depending on services

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SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY AND DEPENDENCE OF THE ORANG ASLI POPULATION ON SG. ENAM BASIN KAMAL SOLHAIMI FADZIL1, IVAN TACEY2, JULI EDO3, ROSILAWATI ZAINOL4, SITI NOR AWANG5 and WAN SUZY WAN IBRAHIM6 1

Lecturer, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University Malaya 2 Doctoral Candidate, Department of Anthropology, University of Lyon 3 Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University Malaya 4 Senior Lecturer, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment, University Malaya 5 Senior Lecturer, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University Malaya 6 Doctoral Candidate, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Abstract: There are two main Orang Asli groups that live within the Belum-Temengor Forest complex. These groups are the Jahai and the Temiar. While the Jahai are a seminomadic group, the Temiar are a settled agricultural community. The study carried out during the expedition is part of a greater study that the authors have been conducting over the last several years. In this study, the dependence of the Orang Asli on the Sg. Enam Basin for their livelihood was explored. This paper discusses some of the salient findings as an outcome of this study.

Keywords: Orang Asli, Temiar & Jahai, Sg. Enam, livelihood, land rights

INTRODUCTION The amazing development during the last quarter of a century in Malaya, have left few areas which may still be regarded as unexplored. […] On the west of the “one inch to one mile” Topo-Survey maps “frame” that divide up as far north as the latitude of Grik: on the east the remoteness of Ulu Kelantan has not yet been surveyed on this scale.(Noone, 1936:10) The Belum-Temengor landscape is represented in the popular discourse as a rich biodiversity landscape with the local indigenous populations often omitted

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from the picture. These type of pristine representations often described as rich ecological site, and as a sensitive bio-diverse environment needing protection from human intrusion, ignores and divert attention from state and corporate intervention in the area such as the flooding of the area in the 1970s to create the 152² km and 80 km long Temengor Lake (the second largest man-made reservoir in Peninsular Malaysia) stemming from the building of the Temengor hydro-electric dam between 1974 and 1977; the extraction of valuable resources such as timber from the landscape; the creation of the RM78 million Belum Valley Biodiversity and Biotechnology Centre; and the demarcation of parcels of the area as ‘State Park’, ‘Forest Reserve’, ‘Protection Forest’ and ‘forested State Land’.

Over the last seven decades, actions taken by the State have, in unfortunate ways, worked towards alienating Orang Asli from their traditional landscapes. In this paper, we address current challenges faced by Orang Asli from the Sg. Enam Basin, caused by the dislocation, and marginalization that have been brought about by the lack of recognition of Orang Asli as traditional landowners. In denying the Orang Asli as traditional landowners in the BelumTemengor, we highlight how Orang Asli relationship with other actors within the landscape is changing Orang Asli notions of territory and natural resource use. The lack of recognition has also made them powerless to act against trespassers and those who threaten the sustainability of the natural landscape.

We argue that in order to address the grievances faced by the indigenous communities, the state needs to recognize Orang Asli land rights. As a signatory to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), Malaysia has a responsibility to translate the UNDRIP into practice.

Without legal weight, the needs of the Orang Asli communities will continue to be willfully neglected.

Landscapes, forests, representation and marginalization Landscapes can be imagined in multiple ways. Often forested landscapes, such as the Belum-Temengor complex in Perak, are imagined as people free “wildernesses”. However, these beautiful, resource rich areas with high levels of bio-diversity are also culturally and socially complex areas. The word landscape itself is extremely interesting; its origins derive from land and scape. Scape is a variant spelling of the word to shape thus a landscape is an area of land shaped by its people, their institutions and their customs1. The places we can most easily envisage as being shaped by people are towns and cities. Scientists, nature lovers and others with an interest in the environment can also easily recognize

rural areas, plantations, farmland and reservoirs as being modified by humans and thus as shaped lands – landscapes. However, very few people seem to be able to recognize that forests are also lands, which have been shaped, sometimes quite remarkably, by their human inhabitants. For example, one website describes the area as, … a living heritage that’s over 130 million years old … and has stayed essentially the same for the last 130 million years. (www.northern.malaysianaturalheritage.com) The emphasis on ‘timelessness’ and thus ‘naturalness’ of the area is a common theme in writings about the Belum-Temengor forest complex, and is of course a major theme in writings on wilderness sites and natural parks globally.

Another website describes the area as ‘pristine’ and ‘untouched’ stating, … scientific studies indicate that this pristine forest, which remains one of the largest untouched forest reserves in Peninsular Malaysia, holds enormous potential for the discovery of more biological treasure. (www.belumresort.com) One effect of depicting forested landscapes as ‘natural wildernesses’ increases the social, political, and economic marginalization of the indigenous peoples living in these places. This is not just a local problem restricted to Malaysia but is an international problem affecting indigenous peoples worldwide. One author has written that wilderness concept: … imply that these landscapes and resources are the result of ‘nature’ and, as such, have no owners: they are the ‘common heritage of all humankind.’ This has been a convenient way for corporations seeking resources to target such places, because it suggests that local communities have no tenurial or ownership rights, and thus their lands, territories and resources are ‘free’ for the taking. (Darell, 2006: 30) These kinds of representations when coupled with a lack of land rights for indigenous peoples has direct repercussions on how landscapes are seen, represented and used by the State, corporations, environmentalists, scientists and tourists. As we shall see, forests like those within the Belum-Temengor complex, are depicted not only as bio-diverse areas, but as areas that need protection from human actors.

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In fact forests throughout the world-in Southeast Asia, Central and West Africa, Amazonia and other places have been populated by humans for millennia and human groups living in forested lands have inscribed the landscape in multiple ways and continue to do so in their everyday lives on a daily basis. For the indigenous people in the Belum-Temengor forest complex, the natural landscape is an integral part of how they construct social realitiestheir source of knowledge, heritage and present-day identity. Professor Gomes (2007) succinctly describes the significance of land and forest to the Jahai raising concerns of what will happen to the people if they lose this relationship with their landscapes, Walking through the forest with Menraq was often also a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;journeyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; into their past. Menraq would point to particular sites or landmarks and then tell stories of past events which occurred there. This raises several questions: if the connection to land is immensely significant as a bearer of identity and history as well as a source of Menraqâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s livelihood, what happens then if the people are resettled or displaced form their traditional land? Would this be tantamount to an erasure of their history? (Gomes, 2007: 38) METHODOLOGY This research was initiated during a field expedition to the Sg Enam basin organized by Pulau Banding Foundation from 1st to 10th October 2012.

However, the authors have had prior research commitments in the larger BelumTemengor area. Part of the material used for this paper was collected as part of a University Malaya Research Grant that was carried out between 2011 and 2013.

The primary research methodology is ethnographic and the basic research methods include in-depth interviews with key community leaders on the impact of encroachment, initiating discussion with elders on local knowledge of traditional boundaries and rights to resource use, cursory documentation of oral history about the traditional land owners of the Sg. Enam basin as well as exploring further with local people the impact of encroachment by different interests groups into the Sg. Enam basin.

The indigenous minorities of Peninsular Malaysia The term Orang Asli is used to refer to the indigenous minorities of Peninsular Malaysia and consists three sub-groups; Negrito, Senoi and Proto-Malay. The groups are further divided equally into 18 other sub-groups (although as

Nicholas notes, there is a 19th that JHEOA dropped several decades ago only to rediscover a few years back). These sub-groups are listed in Table 1.

As constituted in the Aboriginal Peoples Act 134 of 1954, an Orang Asli is defined as any persons whose male parents is or was a member of an aboriginal group, who speaks an aboriginal language and habitually follows an aboriginal way of life and aboriginal customs and beliefs and includes a descendent through males of such persons. He or she is also defined based on adoption at an infant stage by aborigines who had brought him up as an aborigine, habitually speaks an aboriginal language, habitually follows an aboriginal way of life and aborigine customs and beliefs and is a member of an aboriginal community. Or the child of any union between an aborigine female and male of another race, provided that the child habitually speaks an aboriginal language, habitually follows an aboriginal way of life and aboriginal customs and beliefs and remains a member of an aboriginal community.

JHEOA census (2010) places the total number of Orang Asli at 160,000 representing less than 1% of the total population in Malaysia. Of the three groups, the Senoi makes up 54% of the total Orang Asli population. The second largest are the proto-Malay, they make up a total of 43%. The Negrito is the smallest group, accounting for approximately 3% of the total Orang Asli population.

Orang Asli in the Belum-Temengor There are two main Orang Asli groups that live within the Belum-Temengor forest complex. These groups are the Jahai and Temiar. In the past, as Noone and others have observed, the Jahai, a semi-nomadic group inhabited the northern parts of the Belum-Temengor; the upper reaches of the Temengor and in the Belum area. The Temiars, a settled agricultural community, cultivated areas in the southern part of Temengor; from Chiong down to RPS Kemar and to the east into Kelantan. Today, however it is common for intermarriages to occur between the two communities and we find the infusion of these two groups throughout the Belum-Temengor forest complex. Individuals within the eighteen or so hamlets in the Belum-Temengor often will identify themselves as either Jahai or Temiar, but upon closer scrutiny, will admit to having parents or grandparents of both descend. The Jahai and Temiar share a common practice of exogamy or looking outside the kinship group when looking for suitable marriage partners. (Plate 1)

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According to the JAKOA (2011) profile for RPS Air Banun, there are a total of 18 villages with approximately 2346 individuals in 457 families. Table 2 shows the breakdown of the population.

As part of a University Malaya Research Grant Project, research members Wee Siong and Kamal Solhaimi Fadzil collected GPS point of most of the Orang Asli hamlets here. The locations of these hamlets are shown on the map in Plate 2.

Encroachment into Sungai Enam Basin: claims and grievances In the present times, the inhabitants of villages in Raba, Kabel, Selaor, Tekam, P. Tujuh and Semelor claim Sg. Enam basin as their native customary land.

According to elders of the community, in the past, before the construction of the Temengor dam, they use to occupy land in lower areas closer to where rivers fed into the Singor as well as where the Singor river converges into the Perak river.

They use to have settlements at Halong, as well as, at the entrance to the Belum Rainforest Resort Base Camp at Sg. Enam. In describing the boundaries of the traditional landscape, elders simply replied that it stretches from the Kelantan border down to the river mouth (presumably where Singor river meets the Perak river).

They remember the place to be dotted with settlements. Many of these sites are now lost in memory. There were other villages that the elders mentioned but were flooded as a result of the construction of the dam. The dam drowned their traditional settlements, graves and other significant socio-cultural sites. As a consequence of the flooding, most of the Orang Asli who had moved from other parts of the Belum-Temengor forest complex (with exception of those who lived in what is today the Royal Belum State Park) to Banding as part of a military exercise to secure the area from communist influence, were encouraged to move and settle at RPS Air Banun.

The RPS or resettlement plan was based on an integrated model; made up of villages group together, with an administrative hub consisting of an administrative center, health facility, school and an economic livelihood program. However, government planners had not foreseen the implications of relocating different groups into the traditional territory of another group.

Inadvertently, the planners had effectively sowed the seeds of discords at the very beginning of the RPS initiative. The original settlers at Air Banun did not approve of other Jahai and Temiar settlers encroaching into their land. Conflict over land matters eventually saw the departure of many of those who came from

other Jajasan within the Belum-Temengor forest complex. By the 1980â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s many hamlets re-emerged over the Temengor landscape. Meanwhile, there remain many problems in the RPS. Among the more obvious ones, was that until recently the communities there had no access to electricity. There has also not been any large-scale economic project since the initiation of the RPS. And, as settlers pointed out, they were not adequately compensated for the lost of their land. Despite over thirty years as an RPS, RPS Air Banun has not been gazetted as a Rezab Orang Asli.

On a trip up Sg. Enam approaching Tekam, an elder (Plate 3) showed places along the Sg. Enam river mouth where once were graves, cultivation plots and settlement sites. Unfortunately today, many among the young do not know details of their settlements. Nevertheless they continue to use the resources within the Sg. Enam basin for commercial and subsistence needs.

They say that where the Belum Rainforest Resort base camp is built, this was used as a collection point for rattan collected in the forest. The areas surrounding is an important site for the harvest of forest edibles such as Ubi Garam and Ubi Lang.

The landscape was not just a source for material resources, the local people talked about it as an animated landscape. They say that a Djinn lives in a cave in the area. They talk of being afraid to encounter the Djinn. However, because the area occupied by the Djinn is also rich in resources they continue to return to the area to harvest there despite the risk. Nevertheless they would not venture into the cave.

Today, they watch on as Sg. Enam basin, an area they consider as a place of their birthright being occupied by outsiders. Adding to the insult, they are force to abide by rules imposed by non-indigenous actors restricting their movement within the landscape. For example when the Belum Rainforest Resort developed the Sg. Enam Base Camp they did not seek local permission to build chalets or to operate there in their ancestral area. The Orang Asli also say that most of the guides and staffs working there are not locals. They are aware of the different types of jobs the Orang Asli are employed in as compared to those who are not from the area. Despite their claims that the whole area is their roaming area they find their assertions ignored. For those who continue to harvest rattan from the Sg. Enam basin, they are told not to trespass into the base camp area.

They can continue to harvest rattan, however, they have to circumvent the base camp to access the resources. There is also a Kelah sanctuary in the area and some say that they are restricted from entering the area but others say they can enter but are not allowed to fish there. The ambiguity over access is made worse

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by the fact that they were not consulted as stakeholders before these areas were developed. The elders we spoke to also were resentful of the fact that every day, boat loads of tourists enter their landscape without seeking their consent. In the past, the elders reminded us that any breach of their boundaries would have been met with fierce resistance. In the present times, we (indigenous inhabitants) just observe with helplessness and quiet frustration of the outsiders entering our land with impunity.

A more immediate concern however to the communities living within the Sg. Enam Basin is the effect of logging. People living in Tekam talk about the effects of siltation clogging the river. In Tekam, the river use to be a series of almost impassable rapids. Today we are able to navigate the river from Sg. Enam up to Tekam village. At the confluence of Sengor and Enam, a section of the river is now completely covered with sediments that it is possible to walk over it. Hence, while logging concessions extract timber and make away with the profit, the local communities face living with the environmental degradation.

They inform us of the destruction of a salt lick (Nira Dinding) that use to be a good spot to observe wildlife. Logging also affects both their subsistence dependence as well as commercial exploitation of natural resources. They claim that it is now harder for them to hunt wild game and having to walk further into the jungle for successful hunts. Once abundantly available tubers like Ubi Garam and Ubi Lang are now less easily harvested. It is also harder to catch indigenous river fishes. They claim that it is more difficult to find gaharu and rattan. They are not adequately compensated for the degradation and the adverse impact it has had on their quality of life. The villagers are given pampasan but there is no negotiation over profit sharing or even asking for permission to access their territory. The villagers we spoke to were clear about their views on logging; they want it to stop (Plate 4).

Local Orang Asli also feel that they are disempowered to act against poachers who hunt for wild game in the area. They have in the past informed PERHILITAN of poaching activities but claims that the enforcement agencies only acted upon their reports a week later. According to Azrina, (2011) outside poachers was often armed. The Orang Asli groups also find themselves having to compete with outsiders to harvest gaharu as well as wild honey.

Regarding conservation efforts, they inform that they have reported on incidences of poaching but the authorities took a week to respond. In their opinion, those in authority are not very serious on the threats to conservation.

They also have their reservations against conservation NGOs. One of the most common heard complaints was that these NGOs do not work with the local

communities as stakeholders. Although villagers are hired in conservation research and are being ask to act as informants to the NGOs on poaching they feel they are not treated fairly or as landowners nor are their welfare and safety taken as a concern. One village head actively discourages other villagers from acting as informants to the NGOs fearing that their actions might invite retaliation from poachers. Without an assurance of protection, being an informant places them in jeopardy. From our own observation, local knowledge and expertise are not fully utilized in conservation efforts. There is also no workable solution to the increasing conflict resulting from wildlife conservation.

As the numbers of elephants increase, due to laws protecting the animal and from relocation program initiated by the Wildlife Department (transmigrating elephants from other parts of the Peninsular Malaysia to the Belum-Temengor forest complex), it is only inevitable that elephants start to encroach into cultivation and mini-estates and in some cases encroaching into human settlement areas.

Two village headmen say that encroachments whether by poachers, logging companies, government agencies, private enterprises, corporate groups or elephants2 have left the communities bitter against outsiders. Currently, there are no formal means by which to address contestation over land rights or the subsequent conflicts that emerge. They reiterate that the landscape is part of their ‘tanah saka’ and ‘tanah rayau’ that this land belongs to Orang Asli.

Changing relationship to landscape The Malayan Emergency (post 1945-1970’s) and the construction of the Temengor dam had significantly impacted on the way the Orang Asli in the Belum-Temengor relate to their land. The dam flooded many of their traditional settlements forcing them to comply with government plan to resettle them into a Resettlement (RPS Air Banun). The RPS was aimed at making development aid accessible to dispersed communities by grouping them together as a settlement and providing a development hub that could offer an integrated service that included basic infrastructure, income generation, healthcare and education.

Unfortunately for the residence of RPS Air Banun, some of the planned services did not materialize (for example income generating activities). The RPS model of development also raised other problems. The RPS program did not consider local sentiments to land ownership and rights. As a result of discord among the settlers from different traditional settlements (referred to by the Jahai as Jajasan) within ten years, most of those who were not traditionally from the Banun area migrated out of the RPS. Based on cursory observation, it would

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appear that after leaving RPS Air Banun, most of the settlers returned to sites within their traditional land or jajasan.

Jajasan as mentioned earlier refer to the Jahai and Temiar traditional conception of land. There is conflicting understanding of what constitute traditional land ownership such as how the area is defined, how access is managed and how ownership is transmitted. But broadly speaking, the Jahai elder describes the Belum-Temengor as having several Jajasan belonging to different Jahai communities. Although they were all Orang Asli who occupied the landscape, in the past, if one group trespassed into the territory of another group, they would be driven out. This was also true for outsiders who tried to settle in their territory. Noone3 (1936) writes, In 1810, when the Patani men invaded Upper Perak to found the kampongs such as Temengor, it was the hill people who defended the passage by constructing earth forts at Kuala Banun, behind which the archers shot down the elephant of their chief, Mengkong Jamalâ&#x20AC;Ś Even as late as 1907 moreover, the anthropologist Annandele found no Malay would venture up into the hills to fetch the Temiar for his inspection â&#x20AC;Ś Today no Malay will dare such a journey unless he has with him a Moslemised relative of the hill people. Yet this area is earmarked as a Malay reservation on the state map of Perak. (Noone, 1936: 55) Today the community remains divided on how to look at land rights.

Elders continue to hold on to the traditional claims based on group affiliations.

The younger leaders feel there is a need to consolidate as a group to fight for recognition as stakeholders. They fear that their inability to consolidate as a group is a weakness that allows non-indigenous actors to continue benefitting from their landscape at the expense of the local people. Today it is common to see tourists, private fishing enterprise, logging companies and other commercial interests penetrating their landscape daily and without care to the feelings of the local inhabitants. (Plate 5) Addressing local grievances The problem with encroachment and subsequent degradation and over exploitation of natural resources in the Sg. Enam basin is largely due to poor planning, low man-power capacity in enforcement, as well as, lacking in recognition of Native customary rights (as one Orang Asli pointed out, before the government came here, we did not have problems with animals, they lived in the forest and there were abundance of food source such as kelah fish, wild

tubers and wild game). Without formal recognition of rights, government agencies, private interests as well as conservation NGOs do not need to recognize the communities living here as stakeholders. As a result they are not consulted before any land development is carried out. They are also not formally compensated for resource exploited within the boundaries of their territory.

In planning to transform the Belum-Temengor into an eco-tourism destination, the federal government engaged a local consultancy company to develop an integrated master plan, incorporating within it views from Orang Asli. The plan also outlines Orang Asli participation in the development.

However, in reading the Draf Rancangan Tempatan Daerah Hulu Perak, 20022015, a state initiative, the Orang Asli are not represented as stakeholders rather their reference reflect an ethnocentric representation of the community. For instance in describing development for the Orang Asli in the Temengor, the Draft calls for Pembangunan Insan (Spiritual Development) based on addressing five key-points. These points include intellectual development mainly through Islamic spiritual and religions programme, sports and other activities that will inculcate more settled and structured values; that the relevant government departments, particularly JHEOA (JAKOA) needs to play a more active role in ensuring the promotion of income-generating related programmes; local cultures and environment can be promoted as eco-tourism products; to place Orang Asli students in hostels within the secondary school and to ensure the community has access to basic infrastructure and exposure to prevent them from being marginalized from mainstream society4. (Plate 6) Also in the Draft, involvement of Orang Asli in eco-tourism for the Royal Belum is described as being part of a ‘Living Museums’ (Draf Rancangan Tempatan Daerah Hulu Perak, 2002-2015; 3-10-05). As if to add salt to injury, only those villages selected under the ‘living museum’, will be provided with a jetty, walkway, an information booth and exhibition, as well as means to promote handy-craft. However, government is not the only one who ignores Orang Asli as capable and equal partners in developing the landscape. In her otherwise insightful report on the challenges to the sustainability of eco-tourism in the Belum-Temengor, Abdullah, A.R et al (2011) omits the significance of Orang Asli to the sustainability of eco-tourism in the Belum-Temengor forest complex. Instead of developing an argument for Orang Asli as an important actor in ensuring the integrity of the biodiversity of the Belum-Temengor5, she recommends, To counter the lack of man-power problem, the management of the park should open up more applications to the public especially to the

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locals, tour guides and tourists. This is also known as an alternative way of tourism called volunteer tourism where the tourists entering the park act as the eyes and ears of the park law enforcement by informing the authorities of any poaching or illegal activities. (Abdullah, A.R. et al, 2011: 6) Apart from ethnocentricity causing serious structural gaps in policy and practice, such misconceptions of Orang Asli also translates into disrespectful encounters between outsiders and the local communities. Personally, we have observed tour operators bringing tourists right up to the doorsteps of Orang Asli homes without first asking for permission to enter the village. The tour operator told us that this was common as there was an understanding with the villagers. If there were performances than the tour operators would pay the community.

Otherwise the tourists they bring would simply walk around the village and leave once they have satisfied their curiosity.

Recommendations A key problem with addressing Orang Asli grievances in the Sg. Enam Basin6 is lack of recognition of Orang Asli as stakeholders. We reiterate that the Indigenous inhabitants are stakeholders by the fact that they are the traditional landowners of the area. We feel that there are several principles in the UNDRIP that is useful as aids in thinking on how we can move forward in continuing conservation of the natural landscape while ensuring that the moral and legal rights of indigenous inhabitants are not disregarded. The articles in the UNDRIP include articles 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 26, 29 and 36.

The principles covers several basic rights, namely; the right to a nationality; their right not to be subjected or forced assimilation or the destruction of their culture; that there is no relocation without the free, prior, and informed consent of the indigenous peoples concerned with the option to return; that indigenous peoples have the right to practice and revitalize their cultural traditions and customs; indigenous peoples have the right to manifest, practice, develop and teach their spiritual and religious traditions, customs and ceremonies and this includes the right to maintain, protect and have access in privacy to their religious and cultural sites; indigenous peoples have the right to the lands, territories and resources which they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired; indigenous peoples have the right to the conservation and protection of the environment and the productivity capacity of their lands and resources; and indigenous people divided by international

borders have the right to maintain and develop contacts, relations and cooperation with other peoples across borders. (adapted from UNDRIP) CONCLUSION The uniqueness of the location added by its biodiversity significance makes the issue of the indigenous inhabitants an important one7. The last seventy years show that their claims to landownership through their construct of jajasan have gradually been ignored. There is a need for outside actors involve in the landscape, particularly in the Sg. Enam Basin to recognize the need for a Rights based approach in addressing gaps in developing a sustainable model of development for the area. The Rights based approach advocated is one that recognizes the indigenous inhabitants as traditional landowners and thus as legitimate stakeholders.

The selection of UNDRIP principles reflect the nature of the indigenous inhabitants and their relationship to the landscape and to the government (both at the State and Federal level). These are a population whose ideals remain independent. They are a community that stretches close to the border with Thailand. They are remote settlements where some settlers may have not been registered at birth. They are a community who feels strongly to the idea of being culturally autonomous. They are a community rich in local knowledge and practices that are at a threat of being lost if they continue to lose access to the natural environment. They are a community whose knowledge of the flora and fauna can be a rich source of practical knowledge in resource management; yet there are no mechanisms in the Belum-Temengor forest complex for Community Based Natural Resource Management.

We hope that by advocating recognition of the Orang Asli as landowners of the Sg. Enam Basin, the state can move towards turning a new chapter in the relationship between the indigenous inhabitants and other actors in their landscape. As the principle inhabitants, they first and most closely feel any adverse effects of development. Given the opportunity, they can act as gatekeepers ensuring the protection of the unique bio-diversity. Recognition as landowners will also encourage profit sharing between commercial actors with the indigenous inhabitants and can be a strong incentive to ensure the viability of the environment as an eco-tourism focus (in line with both state and federal development vision of the site). Finally, it is hoped that development in the area will also benefit the indigenous inhabitants beyond short-term monetary gains.

A more sustained eco-tourism industry will provide opportunities for education (Plate 7), employment and entrepreneurship. It is our hope that the future will

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see more Orang Asli participating and securing stable benefit from growth as oppose to the present where they sit on the sides watching as others become rich from the physical resources in their backyard.

LIST OF FOOTNOTES 1

Kenneth Olwig (2002). Landscape, Nature and the Body Politic: From Britain’s Renaissance to America’s New World. The University of Wisconsin Press: Wisconsin 2 They say somewhat in jest that local elephants are easy to handle and would leave their settlements if told to do so, but outside elephants often trespasses into their village or fields refusing to leave.

3 Noone notes the irony of designating Temengor forest complex as Malay reserve while in reality Malay settlements did not extend into the Belum-Temengor forest complex.

4 A. Program-program pembangunan minda seperti kuliah agama, sukan dan aktivitiaktiviti lain perlu sentiasa dilakukan bagi mendidik masyarakat ini mengamal cara hidup yang lebih tersusun. B. Jabatan dan agensi yang berkaitan dengan pembangunan pertanian amnya dan JHEOA khususnya perlu memainkan peranan dengan lebih aktif dalam membuka dan mempelbagai sumber pendapatan masyarakat ini. C. Persekitaran dan kebudayaan masyarakat ini boleh ditonjolkan sebagai salah satu produk pelancongan. D. Menempatkan pelajar-pelajar Orang Asli di asrama penuh di kawasan yang sesuai di sekolahsekolah menengah. E. Penyaluran kemudahan-kemudahan asas dan pendedahan kepada pembangunan perlu sentiasa dilakukan supaya masyarakat ini tidak terpinggir dari arus pembangunan.

5 Aziz, S.A et al. (2013) argues “greater recognition must be afforded to land and indigenous rights within natural resources laws for the benefit of indigenous peoples and biodiversity”. (Aziz, S.A, et al, 2013: 639) 6 This also holds true for indigenous communities within the wider Belum-Temengor forest complex.

7 That said, the people and their relationship to the landscape by itself should be recognized as important.

REFERENCES Aboriginal Peoples Act 134 of 1954 Aziz, A.S., Gopalasamy R.C., D.M. Rayan, and Preetha Sankar, (2013). Why Conservationists should be concerned about natural resource legislation affecting indigenous peoples’ rights: lessons from Peninsular Malaysia”, Biodiversity Conservation 22: 639-659.

Azrina, Abdullah, Or OiChing and Kamal Solhaimi Fadzil. (2011). Collectors and Traders: A Study of Orang Asli Involvement in Wildlife Trade in the BelumTemengor Complex, Perak. CMIS: Kuala Lumpur.

Abdullah, Azreen R., Chan Ngai Weng and Ahmad Puad Mat Som. (2011). The Potentials and Perils of Eco-tourism in Belum Temengor Forest Complex.

World Applied Sciences Journal 12 (Special Issue of Tourism & Hospitality); 2011: 1-9.

Awang, Siti N., Kamal Solhaimi Fadzil, Juli Edo, Rosilawati Zainol, Firuza Begham Mustafa. 50 Tahun Berlalu KeMana Jahai dan Temiar Di Hutan Hujan BelumTemengor. Unpublished article.

Evans, I.H.N. 1937. The Negritos of Malaya. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

JHEOA. (2010). Population Census.

JAKOA. (2011). Population Census (Perak and Kedah).

JHEOA (Perak & Kedah). (2000). Kajian Rancangan Pengumpulan Semula (RPS) Orang Asli Air Banun, Hulu Perak. Draft Report.

Kenneth Olwig (2002) Landscape, Nature and the Body Politic: From Britain’s Renaissance to America’s New World. The University of Wisconsin Press: Wisconsin Nawan, Itam Wali. (1993). Rancangan Pengumpulan Semula (RPS) Orang Jahai: Kajian Kes Mengenai Perubahan Sosial di RPS Air Banun.

Noone, H.D. (1936). Report on the Settlements and Welfare of the Ple-Temiar Senoi of the Perak-Kelantan Watershed. Perak Museum (Taiping) and Lithographers Limited: Singapore.

Darrell, P. (2006). ‘Indigenous Ecological Knowledge’ In: J Mander, V Tali-Corpuz (eds.) Paradigm Wars: Indigenous People’s Resistance to Globalization. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books Williams-Hunt, P.D.R. (1952). An Introduction to the Malayan Aborigines.

Government Press: Kuala Lumpur. http://northern.malaysianaturalheritage.com/?p=52 http://www.belumresort.com/btfc.html UMRG 125/11 SUS. Unpublished.

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Table 1: Sub-groups of indigenous minorities of Peninsular Malaysia

Negrito Batek Jahai Kensiu Kintak Lanoh Mendriq

Senoi Chewong Jah Hut MahMeri Semai SemaqBeri Temiar

Proto-Malay Jakun Orang Kanak Orang Kuala Orang Seletar Semelai Temuan Temoq

Table 2: Breakdown of Population Village Kg Sg. Banun Kg Sg. Raba Kg Desa Permai Kg Desa Damai Kg PengkalanPermai Kg Desa Ria Kg Semerlor Kg Sg. Tekam

Headman Cheneleg Let NA NA NA NA Samad NA

Individuals 90 169 53 183 53 73 179 86

Families 17 22 7 31 7 15 31 16

Male 44 85 31 95 31 32 100 50

Female 46 84 22 88 22 41 79 36

Kg P. Tujuh

NA

76

10

46

30

Kg Sg. Chuweh

NA

84

16

45

39

Kg Sg. Tebang

NA

145

30

73

72

120

20

54

66

Kg Sg. Kelab Kg Charok Bus

Gelugor and Betong NA NA

70

20

35

35

Kg Sg. Tiang Kg Sg. Chiong

Tapong NA

419 226

92 43

198 122

221 104

Kg Sg. Kejar

NA

320

80

166

154

Kg Sg. Senghoi Total

NA 2346

457

1207

1139

Kg Sg Selaor

Source: JAKOA (2011)

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Plate 1: Jahai Men and Children, Selaor (2005)

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Plate 2: Distribution of Orang Asli settlements in the Belum-Temengor, 2011 (Source: UMRG 125/11 SUS)

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Plate 3: A local elder indicating previous settlement sites on the way to Kg. Tekam, Sg. Enam (2012)

Plate 4: Logs ferried across the Temengor Lake (2012)

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Plate 5: Tour boats leaving the P. Banding Jetty (2012)

Plate 6: Kg. Semerlor challenges the stereotype of the Orang Asli village with its well trimmed garden, well maintained houses, properly managed drainage system, a well maintained terrace rubber estate and generally healthy population. Kg. Semelor (2012)

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Plate 7: Primary School Children, RPS Air Banun (2012)

CARRYING CAPACITY ASSESSMENT: A NEED FOR MANAGING ECOSYSTEM WITHIN SUNGAI ENAM BASIN AHMAD ISMAIL and FAID RAHMAN Email: aismail@science.upm.edu.my Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Abstract: This paper describes the importance of carrying capacity concept in assessing the impacts of human-induced disturbances in our ecosystem. Several challenges persist and alternative approaches were highlighted to tackle related issues.

However, the need to develop a more integrated approach remains. Considering the history and current status of Sungai Enam, the area has potential to provide alternative habitat for wildlife in the area and develop an interest to eco-tourism, environmental education and scientific expedition activities. In addition, the ‘Second Temengor Scientific Expedition’ in October 2012 serves as a platform for researchers from different institutions and fields to develop appropriate frameworks to assess the potential possess by Sungai Enam and its nearby areas. If successful, this will serves as a model for the effective management of the forest.

Keywords: Carrying capacity, human disturbances, developing framework and Sungai Enam.

The need to assess visitors’ impact upon wildlife and the habitat they live in has long been recognized. The rapid expansion of human activity has caused considerable deterioration and damages to natural habitats and ultimately disrupting ecosystem functions. Hence, park or forest managers often seek the best approach to prevent or minimize losses of the functional value of a given ecosystem incurred by human. This is where the carrying capacity concept plays its role by giving managers the option of what needs to be highlighted.

Furthermore the demand for eco-tourism and nature or environmental education among the public, authorities and corporate sectors are increasing. Ismail (1999) has discussed briefly, the importance of carrying capacity in isolated forest for environmental education or eco-tourism activities.

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There are wide definitions for carrying capacity and they are conceptualized based on social, economic and ecological factors. Carrying capacity itself is a dynamic concept and is very subjective which may change through time. The lack of universal definitions create problem in finding shared commons or solutions to solve the various environmental problems particularly one that arise from human intervention. Yet, many studies have had their focuses on tourism activity and how it can be sustained using this concept. Accordingly, based on Buckleyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (1999) definition, carrying capacity refers to the number of visitors that produces no detectable or no reversible ecological change to the ecosystem in an area. Therefore, it is important for managers to identify potential conflicts that may arise between the subjects and setting acceptable boundary or limit which they can respond quickly to (i.e. time, space, seasons, type of substrates, flora and fauna, people) without jeopardizing each of the components. Ecotourism, nature education programmes, adventure tourism or recreation may cause different effect to the environment. Detail assessments on carrying capacity or limit of acceptable change related to those activities are needed and specific to the areas.

Common conflicts when conserving an ecosystem usually revolve around nature, local people, visitors and demand for business opportunity.

Visitors tend to get as close as possible to nature while there is a need to minimize human interference. On the other hand, local people will need to use the available resources without endangering the species that shared the same habitat. Last but not least, both visitors and local people are conflicting with each other as they have their own views on how to live in harmony with nature.

General impacts that visitors might inflict upon a given area are many. These include damages to the landscapes through trampling of pioneering or colonizing plants, compacting the soil when walking, polluting the environment with chemicals when using personal care products (PCPs), littering, erosion, fires, extracting forest products for pharmaceutical, decoration and gardening purposes, disturbance and restriction to wildlife activity through inappropriate location of building or facilities as well as vandalism. In general, the use of air, water and space will be compromised if they exceed their limits in any given area. In addition, excess number of visitors may directly affect the budgets as demand for more facilities and its maintenance increases as well as good municipal system to be provided in the area.

Among the common conflicts reported and discussed elsewhere in the conservation areas are tourists, local people and nature conservation. Natural environment conserving unique flora and fauna attract scientists, nature lovers

and normal outdoors tourists. To facilitate tourists and other visitors, the people with business will ask from the authorities to develop the areas and attracting more people, introducing more motorized activities will finally disturbed the environment. Better accessibility and facilities, motorized facilities can bring more people to the place and create more conflict. They have different perspective on eco-tourism and conservation. Local peoples such as Orang Asli who are traditionally living in harmony with nature will change their habit, lifestyle and attitude. These entire triangle of conflicts need to be handled properly by engaging local authority, business people, local residents and the scientists. All need to be educated and made to understand nature and conservation and economic opportunities on nature conservation.

In order to assess the carrying capacity in Sungai Enam Basin, extensive research needs to be done in the areas. Most of the management agencies are not capable to do this due to many reasons such as lack of scientists in the specific conservation areas, interest of the management, local support, requirement from the authorities and high cost. Therefore a careful and strict monitoring such as visitors perspective, environment input, physical development and strong local guidelines are needed.

In order to control the capability of Sungai Enam Basin to receive visitors and maintain wildlife ecosystems many recommendations can be made.

Among them are control the number of visitors that Sungai Enam can support, limit the number of stay for all visitors, limit to visitors to a specific skills (nature walk, bird watcher, nature photography), charging high fees, control the accessibility to the area, managing number of visitors according to the seasons (animals breeding, fruits, flowering, water supply, flood and rainy seasons), managing peak, medium or close seasons, managing and rehabilitating the ecosystems in the area. A Control system in Sungai Enam Basin is not just for protecting and conserving nature but considering the benefit to the locals too.

Regarding activities in natural environment, there is a very narrow line between acceptable and disturbing practices by visitors. The acceptable or non acceptable practices are depending on how activities are done and the impact to the specific environment. In fact all activities will have certain impact to the trail, flora, fauna and their habitat in general. Even the foot prints of hiking boots, tent for short stay and erosion will leave certain impact. The degree of impact will depend on the vulnerability and sensitivity of the ecosystems. Some impacts are interrelated to each other. For example, the wild boar, earth worms, birds, insects, decomposition of surface litters, young shoots and tubers are

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interrelated with the local ecosystem. Compact soil at the trail probably will result in low worm population or no worms at all compared to one or two metres from the trails. All aspects of ecology, biology and geology need to be analysed in the forest, on the trails or distance from the trails. Ecological effect may differ from slope to horizontal trail, from sandy to rocky or clay surface, high organic matters or thick forest litters, above canopy, upper canopy, lower canopy and the plants in the undergrowth.

However, establishing the line between acceptable and unwanted practices is not easy. Almost all of the visitorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; activities will have certain impact upon the environment. Another common example is wildlife viewing.

Although as harmless as it may seem, it can bring negative impacts if not properly managed. Animals are sensitive to human presence and therefore the number of visitors in a given time must be controlled especially when carrying out studies to avoid bias particularly those that involve wild animals. At least visitors must have basic knowledge on type of wildlife, their behavior and habitat. For example, presence of blind (screen) to view salt lick activity of animals can alter their access patterns (Silverberg et al., 2002) which is no longer considered natural. Location to hide to see animals must be at the right places and direction. If there is a nesting place for animals such as birds, the place should not be disturbed. Disturbing the breeding habitat for example will affect their reproductive success (SCAR, 2008). Sensitive species will be affected the most and will be driven away from their main habitat. Other factors that need to be considered include timing of breeding and other species-specific activity that may be inhibited during particular periods. Indeed to have definite limit of acceptable change is very relative. Thus identifying associated variables with visitor activity is important to carry out accurate estimation on their impacts and carrying capacity or acceptable limits in a specific area.

Almost all of the examples highlighted above are visitor related impacts on ecological carrying capacity which demand specific and long-term ecological research to be carried out. In case of Sungai Enam Basin, more scientific research such as ecology, inventory of the species and their function in the ecosystem need to be established. The focus however should not be limited to natural resources only but also need to include socioeconomic issues. Another common approach used is to understand social carrying capacity through visitor monitoring such as in Europe or standardized visitor monitoring program in developed countries that have been done (Burns et al., 2010). This may involve surveys on visitorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; background, trip purposes, experience, satisfaction and other variables that can be use by managers to better manage human-induced

impacts on areas or parks under their control. Such interest in these variables are increasing in some countries like Germany, Switzerland and Austria where the recent efforts are focused towards providing valid and long-term data in their respective protected areas.

However, application of carrying capacity concept can be limited.

According to Simon et al. (2004), the resources spent to quantify the many variables to develop a database may no longer apply as it cannot be generalised in most parts and is not definite in time. The concept remain useful only for its ‘accepted knowledge’ that too many of human intervention will cause damages to the ecosystem.

Looking at current trends, many of the park and forest management particularly in U.S. are using frameworks developed by their researchers that are viewed as being more practical. These frameworks include but not limited to the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS), Visitor Impact Management (VIM) and Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) (Graefe et al., 1990; Stankey and Lime, 1973). Although internationally recognized, Burns et al. (2010) stated that none of these frameworks (including those used in Europe) incorporate data about visitation or the quality of recreation experience. Moreover, due to the different methodological approaches that are used by different parties, there is still a need to develop models and frameworks beyond what we have.

Sungai Enam flows into the large Temengor Reservoir in its upper right side and is characterised by the presence of sand-bed, and bedrock throughout the area. It is also part of the larger forest-complex of Belum-Temengor located in Perak, Malaysia. However, the forest in Sungai Enam has had the history of being a logged over area some 40 years ago and now it is in a recovering process. Belum-Temengor is believed to have been in existence for over 130 million years, making it one of the world’s oldest rainforests. As an old and a large forest reserve with unique wildlife, flora and fauna in the area, it is very attractive to scientists, tourists and nature educators locally and internationally.

With its forest quality, location, accessibility and facilities pressure on those areas will be faced soon due to high demand from many groups locally and internationally.

Despite the status, a recent study has found at least nine species of freshwater fishes that are classified as ‘locally rare’ in the area (Hashim et al., 2012) which suggest that the area may be an important habitat for the species.

Number of fish species may be more if more detailed studies on the river

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ecosystems are carried out all year around. Similar thing will happen to other species as well with rapid development in nearby areas birds may move to Sungai Enam Basin as new foraging areas. Recovering logged over forest in Sungai Enam Basin can provide better habitat for birds as compared to other disturbed areas. The movement of birds from their disturbed habitat to alternative habitat was reported earlier (Ismail et al., 2012). Many areas such as Putrajaya Wetlands, Air Hitam Forest Reserve, Paya Indah Wetlands and many others are becoming new alternative habitats for birds when their natural habitats are disturbed.

Second Temengor Scientific Expedition organised by Yayasan Pulau Banding in Sungei Enam Basin in October 2012 have given a great opportunity to the researchers from local universities, NGOs and other agencies. This effort of bringing together scientists and activists for an integrated approach of research in ecology and socioeconomic aspects, have developed a growing interest and attention from governmental agencies, NGOs as well as foreigners.

The effort and financial support by NGOs and corporate body such as MK Land for this scientific expedition should be followed by others especially the developers to pay back what they have done to the natural environment for the need of the public. More scientists should be involved in this opportunity.

CONCLUSION Studies on carrying capacity in Malaysia mostly have been done for the tourism concerned areas. High number of visitors has often shown negative impact by tourist activity such as in marine parks (Lim, 1998; Othman et al., 2013). Similar problems may occur in Sungai Enam Basin if no studies are conducted. Studies in Taman Negara Pahang have shown some concern on carrying capacity and strategies have been developed for better management (Othman et al. 2010). Proper models for carrying capacity assessment of Sungai Enam Basin need to be developed. Before any models and suggestions can be made, a complete study on flora and fauna biology and ecology should be carried out continuously in order to get better information on the forests. At least the current status on the ecology of Sungai Enam Basin will be a valued tool to assess the potential of a recovering forest and helping the management. After biological information is completed then the management should continue with socioeconomic studies. Without detail studies on the inventory and ecology of flora and fauna, the eco-tourism and nature related activities cannot be sustained. After complete information on nature in Sungai Enam Basin become

available, only then new guidelines can be established for the optimum visitors and effective management.

REFERENCES Buckley, R. (1999). An ecological perspective on carrying capacity. Annals of Tourism Research 26(3): 705-708.

Burns, R.C, Arnberger, A. and Von Ruschkowski, E. (2010). Social carrying capacity challenges in parks, forests and protected areas. International Journal of Sociology 40(3): 30-50.

Graefe, A.R., Kuss, F.R. and Vaske, J.J. (1990). Visitor impact management: the planning framework. (p. 105) National Parks and Conservation Association.

Washington DC. Hashim, Z.H., Md. Shah, A.S.R., Mohammad, M.S., Mansor, M. and Mohd. Sah, S.A. (2012). Fishes of Sungai Enam and Sungai Telang in Temengor Reservoir, Perak Malaysia. Check List 8(1): 27-31.

Ismail, Ahmad (1999). Environmental Education in Ayer Hitam Forest. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 22 (2): 213-215.

Ismail, A., Rahman, F. and Zulkifli, S.Z. (2012). Status, composition and diversity of avifauna in the artificial Putrajaya Wetlands and comparison with its two neighboring habitats. Tropical Natural History 12(2): 137-145.

Lim, C.H. (1998). Carrying capacity assessment of Pulau Payar Marine Park, Malaysia. (p. 139) Bay of Bengal Programme. Madras, India.

Othman, F., Yahya, K. and Mohamed, B. (2013). Visitors and physical development carrying capacity in Malaysian marine parks. In: Mohamed, B. and Bahauddin, A. (Eds.) Proceedings of International Conference on Tourism Development â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Building the Future Tourismâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. (p. 73-82) Penang, Malaysia, 4-5 February 2013. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang.

Othman, N. A., Mohd-Anwar, N. A. & Lim L. K. (2010). Sustainability Analysis: Visitors Impact on Taman Negara, Pahang, Malaysia. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts 67-80.

SCAR (2008). Human disturbance to wildlife in the broader Antarctic region: a review of findings. (p. 46) Antartic Treaty Consultative Meeting, 2-13 June 2008, Kyiv, Ukraine.

Silverberg, J.K., Pekins, P.J. and Robertson, R.A. (2002). Impacts of wildlife viewing on moose use of a roadside salt lick. Alces 38: 205-211.

Simon, F.J.G., Narangajavana, Y. and Marques, D.P. (2004). Carrying capacity in the tourism industry: a case study of Hengistbury Head. Tourism Management 25(2): 275-283.

Stankey, G.H. and Lime, D.W. (1973). Visitor perceptions of wilderness recreation carrying capacity. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range experiment station, INT-142, Ogden, UT.__________________________

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HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY OF THE SUNGAI ENAM TRIBUTARY WAN RUSLAN ISMAIL1, MOHAMAD ADAM OMAR1, MOHD NAZRUL IBRAHIM1 AND MOHD KUSYAIRI MOHD ZAHIR1 Email: wruslan@usm.my; adam_langkawi@yahoo.com; nazrulibrahim@yahoo.com; kucai_zahir@yahoo.com 1

HydroGeomorphology Research Group, Section of Geography, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia

Abstract: This study was conducted to assess the hydrology and water quality (WQ) of pools and riffles of the Sungai Enam, Perak during the 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition from 3-4 October 2012. In situ water quality parameters were determined at sites and water samples collected for further test in the laboratory. Water flow and other in situ parameters were measured. Among the in situ parameters are pH, CND, TDS, TSS, temperature, turbidity and dissolved Oxygen, while nutrient concentrations of PO4, NO3, NO2 and NH4 were determined in the laboratory. Almost all the parameters show that the water quality classifications were of Class 1 i.e. clean and unpolluted.

However at some points along the rivers some in situ parameters shows a slightly polluted water based on INWQS of Class II-III. The concentrations of ammonia showed also the water was slightly polluted (Class I-II) but the nitrate concentration was in good condition and unpolluted (Class I). The average value of NH4 was (0.0970 + 0.005 mg/L) meaning that the concentration was of Class I-II (lightly polluted) based on LAWA (1998) water quality classification. The average value of NO3 and PO4 concentrations recorded along the stream were 0.6997 + 0.005 mg/L and 0.0484 + 0.006 mg/L, respectively. Both average values were less than â&#x2030;¤1 (unpolluted) based on LAWA (1998) water quality classification.

Keywords: Forest Hydrology, Water quality classification, Sungai Enam

INTRODUCTION Water is a natural resource which is essential for life on earth, be it human, animal, organism or plant. According to Wan Ruslan Ismail (1994), rivers are a source of life that provide water supply for physiological existence, very much the same as every other living organism does and for many other purposes such

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as recreational, industrial, agricultural, hydroelectric power, propagation of fish and other aquatic life. Water resources in the forest are more manageable as they are less vulnerable to anthropogenic activities. Normally, the water quality in forest areas is better than the other types of land use (Binkley et al., 1999).

Forest also act as a buffer and a natural tracer of sediment and nutrients to supply clean and clear water (Wan Ruslan et al., 2011). But, forest may also naturally affect water quality in many ways.

Water quality (WQ) assessment can be defined as the evaluation of the biological, chemical, and physical properties of water in reference to natural quality, human health effects, intended uses (Fernรกndez et al., 2004; Wan Ruslan et al., 2012), domestic uses and recreation (Sulong et al., 2005). In addition, WQ means the standard of water body especially river for any beneficial uses for human and animals consumption (Mohd Kamil et al., 2011), compared to the low water quality which can be evaluated by a number of critical parameters selected carefully to represent the pollution level of the water body of concern and reflect its overall WQ status (Mohd Kamil et al., 1997).

The Department of Environment (DOE) used Water Quality Index (WQI) to evaluate the status of the river water quality that is commonly based on the physico-chemical and biological quality of water. The WQ has been considered as one criterion for surface water classifications, based on the use of standard parameters for water characterization (Mohd Ali et al, 2010). Water quality is usually determined based on the visual aesthetic and odor (Peters and Meybeck, 2000). Physical and chemical content of water in the river are influenced by natural factors such as topography, geology, climate factor (Gibbs, 1970), the biodegradation process and sources of bionic animals (Siti Fadzilatulhusni et al., 2013).

Usually, water quality index is a practical and comparatively simple approach of evaluating the composite influence of overall pollution but hardly provides evidences of the pollution sources. In view of this, water quality indices have been developed to integrate measurements of a set of parameters into a single index (Zandbergen and Hall, 1998).

Elements of water physico-chemical parameters are important in analyzing and identifying the level of pollution and water quality or water chemistry. Parameters should be monitored and recorded for the purpose of determining the level of quality of the river water (Canter, 1985). Water physicochemical criteria that can be tested are conductivity (CND), hydrogenated ion activity (pH), temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity,

salinity and total dissolved solids (TDS) (Mazlin et. al., 2003). Classification of river water quality based on in situ parameters can be studied by the Interim National Water Quality Standards (INWQS). INWQS used to classify the suitability of river water for human consumption according to predefined classes. There are 6 classes set by INWQS which is I, IIA, IIB, III, IV and V that begins at the net to the most contaminated (Table 1).

The studies of nutrient concentrations were carried out using the "LAWA" procedure to classify the chemicals in water bodies (LAWA, 1998).

This method of classification is by class (Table 2), class I (unpolluted) to IV (very highly polluted).

OBJECTIVES This research was carried out in order to examine the existing physical environment during the expedition. Its main objectives are: ď&#x201A;ˇ To examine the water quality status through several physicochemical parameters and nutrient concentration; ď&#x201A;ˇ To study the hydrological comparison between stream flow and small ponds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area Temengor Lake is located approximately 35 km to the north-east of Gerik and covering an area of 3500 km2. The Temengor Lake is the largest man-made lake in Perak in 1970 and having a maximum height of 250 m above sea level. The main reach has a total length of about 105.51 km along north-south direction.

The reservoir had an initial total volume of 6.0 x 106 m3 based on 170 km2 surface area but siltation has strongly reduced this capacity. The study area is the up-valley portion of the catchment at Titiwangsa Range which directly drains into the reservoir (Figure 1). Sungai Enam Tributary is a sub catchment contribution to the Temengor Lake. The main focus in water quality is from the upstream to downstream of Sungai Enam. This study was conducted to assess water quality and hydrological observation at Sungai Enam, Temengor Forest Reserve during the 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition 2012, held in October 2012. Twenty sampling points were chosen in this scientific expedition based on accessibility (Figure 2) and they are plotted longitudinally as shown in Figure 3.

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Sampling and preservation In this study, water quality parameters taken were turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity (CND), temperature, pH and salinity using the YSI 556 multi-parameter probe (Table 1). The meters were calibrated prior to the sampling campaign. TSS analysis was carried out using 0.45 mm filter paper based procedures in APHA, 1998. The turbidity parameters were measured using an Analite turbidity meter.

120 ml of water samples were taken at each station. The water was stored in a bottle. Water samples were taken in three replicates based on the river's width.

Water samples were taken in 3 bottles of 3 replicates a reference to the river on the right, center and left. The samples were stored in a cold box and transported back to the laboratory for analysis on the next day. Global Positioning System (GPS) Model Garmin Map 62 was used to determine the actual coordinates of sampling stations. River flow was measured by a Hydropropeller.

Laboratory analysis The laboratory analysis was conducted in the laboratory of Universiti Sains Malaysia. The analysis procedures were based on APHA (1998) for nutrient analysis consisting of nitrite, nitrate, ammonia and orthophosphate (Table 4).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSSION Hydrology characteristic in Sungai Enam depend on the river mouth, upstream conditions and surrounding area both in regard to water quality and quantity. As with upstream rivers and ponds, the quality of the inflowing water to it, flowed through and go into the estuary. The stream depths varied from 13 meter to 0.3 meter (except for a few meter deep holes which were located at the estuary). The deepest is referring to ponds that naturally exit by the morphology of stream.

The stream width ranges from about 2.5 to 12 meter towards the upper reaches.

Stream flow from each station is relatively moderate; ranging from 0 to 0.6 m/sec or an average of 0.42 m/sec. The highest stream flows were recorded at S11 (0.6 m/s). The lowest flow was zero because of the stream morphologies that was shaped like ponds.

Water quality study is very important as a parameter in forest hydrology as they have a big impact on the flora and fauna (Wan Ruslan et al., 2012).

Based on the study area at Sungai Enam, Temengor Forest,, the main source of contamination comes from animal droppings and natural process.

Temperature Temperature can affect water chemistry and biology. For example, the amount of oxygen that water can hold is directly related to the temperature of the water: the higher the temperature, the less oxygen it can hold. The temperature changes occur seasonally and are influenced by some factors such as latitude, longitude, time, air convection, cloud cover and water flow. It is capable of affecting physical processes, chemistry and biology, and thus influence the natural ecosystem of the river water (Chattopadhyay et al, 2003; Boyd, 1981).

According to Wan Ruslan et al., (2005), plants play a role in determining the temperature of a water body. Normally, the river is covered by a canopy of plant that lower the temperature as sheltered from the sun. Maximum temperature values recorded for all sampling stations were at ST1 with 30.35째C while the minimum temperature was recorded at ST19 (21.43째C) (Figure 4). ST1 is at the estuary area, which recorded high temperature due to the area being exposed to sunlight compared to the other stations that were not too exposed to sunlight because they were covered by the layer of forest canopy. pH pH is the concentration of hydrogen ions present in the fluid such as a river (Sawyer, et. al., 1994). The pH of a water body reflects how acidic or basic the water is, measured on a scale of 1 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Acid waters are below 7, and alkaline waters are above 7 (Ahmad Ismail and Ahmad Badri, 1994). In this study, the range of pH for all stations was 6.31 to 7.21. The highest value was recorded at the ST12 (7.21) while the lowest was 6.31 at ST1 (Figure 5). Overall, all the stations are clean (Class I) according to the classification of water quality INWQS. Dissolved oxygen (DO) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is the oxygen contained in the water that depends on the water temperature, atmospheric pressure, the concentration of dissolved salts, and biological activities (Ahmad Ismail and Ahmad Badri, 1994).The DO is higher in cold water and freshwater compared with warm water and saltwater because oxygen dissolves very easily in cold water than in warm water (Seca et al., 2011). DO in the water is by diffusion of oxygen from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and the rate of solubility is dependent on the strength of convection in water (Mohd Rozali et al., 2006).

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Based on this research, the highest of DO concentration was at ST5 (8.88 mg/L) because the river’s flow was fast. According to Tresna (1991), the DO concentration is higher if the water is moving fast but the content of DO is lower if the water is steady or moving slow. In this study, DO concentration range was between 3.31 mg/L to 8.82 mg/L. That is in the class of I-III in the classification of water quality by INWQS. The lowest value was recorded at ST20 (3.31 mg/L) (Figure 6). This is because the station was shaped like a pond and the water was not moving.

Conductivity (CND) Conductivity is a measurement of the potential of river water to allow electrical charge to flow through it. It is associated with mineral salts that produce ions.

Normally, water conductivity in a forest stream is about 50 μS/cm (Wan Ruslan et al., 2011). Based on this research, the content of conductivity ranged between 34 μS/cm to 66.5 μS/cm. The highest conductivity content were recorded in S1 (66.5 μS/cm), while the lowest conductivity was seen at S15 (34 μS/cm) (Figure 7).

Total dissolves suspended (TDS) Total dissolved solids (TDS) in water refers to calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonate anions, nitrate, sulfate and chloride that is defined as organic and inorganic substances dissolved in the water (Crushing and Allan, 2001). TDS volume in water is due to natural factors such as bank erosion processes and surface runoff (Tjia et. al., 1989). Results from field data observations showed, TDS concentrations for all stations is considered normal due to the factors of land use which is of forest types. Results achieved were below 40 mg/L in the range of 30 mg/L to 40 mg/L (Figure 8).

Turbidity According to Wetzel and Likens (1994), turbidity in the water is caused by inorganic and organic materials such as mud, clay, carbonate particles, plankton and small organisms that cause increasing degrees of river transparency.

Turbidity that is caused by surface-runoff, stream flow and overland flow in natural waters may affect not only the biological processes such as photosynthesis, but also will disrupt water quality and aesthetic quality of rivers (Schlosser and Karr, 1980). The findings of this study showed that the rate of turbidity for the 20 stations is 4.0 mg/L on average. The range of turbidity

concentration was 1.0 mg/L to 7.0 mg/L (Figure 9). Thus, the river in this study area was located at the net level of Class I. Total suspended solids (TSS) Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is defined as the material suspended or floating on the surface of the water, such as rivers and lakes. These materials exist from organic or inorganic substances that enter the river directly or indirectly with the size of 10 mm to 0.1 mm (Chapman and Kimstach, 1996). Suspended solids or particles are one of the natural pollutants in surface water that will cause turbidity in waters especially the river water. The range of TSS concentrations for all stations were 0.004 mg/L to 0.0064 mg/L (Figure 10).This means that all stations can be classified to be in a very clean condition (Class I). This is due to a buffer zone by the roots and trunk of the trees that block the content or TSS in river sediment transport by surface runoff.

Salinity The concentration of salinity in Sungai Enam river doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t show any big difference between all the 20 sampling sites. The range of salinity concentration was 0.02-0.03 ppt (Figure 11). The highest concentration was recorded at ST 1 which is located at the river mouth. The rest of the stations all recorded the same concentration (0.02 ppt). (ppt = parts per thousand) Phosphorus and orthophosphate Phosphorus (P) is often found to be the limiting nutrient in inland fresh waters (Smith et al., 1999; Wade et al., 2001). The most available form of P in stream water is orthophosphate (PO4), which is transported to stream ecosystems as soluble and particulate P. Normally, under natural conditions in forest stream, P is presents in low quantities. The average value of PO4 concentration recorded at all stations was 0.0484 mg/L. The highest concentration of PO4 was recorded at ST1 (0.0626 mg/L). The lowest concentration of PO4 was recorded at ST9 (0.0363 mg/L) (Figure 12).

Nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite and ammonia) Nitrate (NO3), nitrite (NO2) and ammonium (NH4) are the primary constituents of interest when considering nitrogen in the streams. The value of NO2 that is suitable for human uses and considered unpolluted is between 0.01to 0.03 mg/L (Bennekom et al., 1975). The average value of NO2 concentration recorded at all

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stations was 0.0285 mg/L. The range values of NO2 recorded during the expedition were 0.0153 to 0.058 mg/L. The lowest value of NO2 was recorded at ST13 (0.0153 mg/L). ST13 is where the river is narrowed and had a small amount of water flowing through it. The highest value of NO2 was recorded at ST1 with a concentration of 0.0558 mg/L (Figure 12). This is due to the fact that the sampling point of S1 is the estuary that receives the entire nutrient from upstream.

The range values of NO3 recorded were 0.5284 to 0.8803 mg/L. The average value of NO3 concentration recorded at all stations was 0.6997 mg/L. The highest value was recorded at ST8 (0.880 mg/L), while the lowest value was recorded at ST20 (0.528 mg/L)(Figure 12). ST8 is located near the base camp so we suspected that the main causes of water pollution were the people’s activities. As for the samples collected in the forest stream, higher values were measured but not exceeding more than ≤1 (unpolluted) based on LAWA (1998) water quality classification.

The highest concentration of NH4 was recorded at ST8 (0.1269 mg/L).

This is because the sampling point was located at the base camp/camping site where the sewage and waste went into river. The lowest concentration was recorded at ST20 (0.0881 mg/L). The range values of NH4 recorded during the expedition were 0.0881 to 0.1269 mg/L (Figure 12). The average result of NH4 (0.0970 mg/L) means that the concentration were at class I-II (lightly polluted) based on LAWA (1998) water quality classification.

CONCLUSION A detail physico-chemical study of the water quality of the Sungai Enam during the expedition brought out the following facts: There is very little variations in the physico-chemical parameters concentrations for all the 20 stations tested.

The results of the water quality trends clearly show that the majority of the water quality parameter is good and of Class 1 where all stations were found to be clean and unpolluted (Class I) based on LAWA classification. Natural factors such as organic matter decomposition may contribute and hence influence the river water quality in the study area. Overall, the water that flows from Sungai Enam forested stream is of good quality.

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Table 1: River water quality based on Interim National Water Quality Standards (INWQS).

Parameter/unit DO (mg/l) pH TSS (mg/l) Temperature(oC) Turbidity (NTU)

I 7 6.8-8.5 25 5

II 5-7 6-9 50 Normal 50

Classification IIB III 5-7 3-5 6-9 5-9 50 150 Normal 50 150

IV <3 5-9 300 300

V <1 >300 >300

Table 2: Water quality classes for surface water bodies according to LAWA (1998) and their thresholds for NH4 and NO3 Classification I I-II II II-III III III-IV IV

Level of pollution unpolluted light polluted moderately polluted critically polluted heavily polluted very heavily polluted excessively polluted

NH4 ≤0.04 ≤0.1 ≤0.3 ≤0.6 ≤1.2 ≤2.4 >2.4

NO3 ≤1 ≤1.5 ≤2.5 ≤5 ≤10 ≤20 >20

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Table 3: Description of the 20 sampling stations of Sungai Enam river Stations

Latitude (N)

Longitude (E)

Elevation (m)

Cumulative Distance (m)

Type of Water bodies

ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST5 ST6 ST7 ST8 ST9 ST10 ST11 ST12 ST13 ST14 ST15 ST16 ST17 ST18 ST19 ST20

05°31.000’ 05°30.950’ 05°30.911’ 05°30.887’ 05o30.889’ 05°30.886’ 05°30.867’ 05°30.822’ 05°30.803’ 05°30.722’ 05°30.658’ 05°30.654’ 05°30.592’ 05°30.522’ 05°30.433’ 05°30.349’ 05°30.189’ 05°30.126’ 05°30.073’ 05°29.954’

101°27.546 101°27.580 101°.27.599 101°27.609 101°27.638 101°27.646 101°27.673 101°27.715 101°27.762 101°27.807 101°27.802 101°27.773 101°27.751 101°27.827 101°27.879 101°27.906 101°27.961 101°27.986 101°28.027 101°28.117

234 237 246 248 252 263 271 283 285 286 318 327 376 398 408 431 461 478 484 517

0 113 194 241 309 377 438 551 643 817 935 990 1113 1305 1496 1660 1974 2093 2216 2493

River mouth River River Pond Pond Pond Pond Riffle Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond Pond

Table 4: Parameters description, unit and apparatus and protocols Parameter(s)/Unit Dissolves oxygen (DO) (mg/l) Conductivity (CND) (mg/l) Total dissolved solids (TDS) (mg/l) pH Salinity (ppt) Temperature (ยบC) Turbidity (FTU) Total suspended solids (TSS) (mg/l) Nitrate (NO3) (mg/l) Nitrite (NO2) (mg/l) Ammonia (NH4) (mg/l) Phosphate (PO4) (mg/l)

Apparatus and Protocols YSI Model 556 Multi parameter YSI Model 556 Multi parameter YSI Model 556 Multi parameter YSI Model 556 Multi parameter YSI Model 556 Multi parameter YSI Model 556 Multi parameter Analite Turbidity MEP 160 APHA (1995) APHA (1995) APHA (1995) APHA (1995) APHA (1995)

Figure 1: Temengor Lake landuse and catchment area

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.

Figure 2: Research area catchment and sampling point.

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Figure 3: The longitudinal profile of Sg Enam showing increasing elevation with distances from river mouth (long=longitudinal).

Figure 4: Temperature for each station at study area.

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Figure 5: pH for each station at study area.

Figure 6: Dissolved oxygen for each station at study area

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Figure 7: Electrical conductivity for each station at study area

Figure 8: Total dissolved solids for each station at study area

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Figure 9: Turbidity for each station at study area

Figure 10: TSS recorded at each station in the study area

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Figure 11: Salinity for each station at study area

Figure 12: Data on nutrient concentration of nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, orthophosphate collected at the 20 sampling locations

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THE DIVERSITY OF FLOWERING PLANTS IN SUNGAI ENAM BASIN, TEMENGOR FOREST RESERVE, PERAK SITI-MUNIRAH M.Y., UMMUL-NAZRAH A.R., IMIN K. and MOHDNAZRI A. Email: sitimunirah@frim.gov.my Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor Abstract: The flora survey for the Sungai Enam Scientific Expedition was carried out in October 2012 in lowland dipterocarp forest. A total of 196 collections of flowering plants which included 190 species. The most abundant family is Rubiaceae. Some interesting plants collected include Balanophora abbreviata Blume, a white or yellow parasitic herb up to 10 cm tall and B. papuana Schltr., tuberous red to yellow parasitic herb up to 15 cm tall. The microhabitats in the understorey are still intact and support a relatively rich flora of primary lowland forest including a few species that are endemic to Peninsular Malaysia, one of which is very rare and indigenous. With efficient management to keep habitats intact, the Sg. Enam basin will continue to be a valuable forest both for its biodiversity and its educational and eco-tourism value. This paper will illustrate most of the interesting plants from the expedition.

Keywords: Diversity, flowering plants, Sg. Enam Basin

INTRODUCTION Sungai Enam Basin Forest is a primary forest, located in the eastern outskirts of Temengor FR. It is a remnant of one of the oldest forest reserves in Peninsular Malaysia, being part of the Belum-Temengor Forest Reserve. The Sungai Enam basin contains a few hills up to 1000 m high and small streams which flow into the Sungai Singor and Temengor Lake. Sungai Enam Basin is located in the east of the Temengor Forest Reserve. Sungai Enam scientific expedition is the second biggest scientific expedition in Temengor FR since the first scientific expedition in 1998 at Halong, which is not far from Sg. Enam Basin. During the 2nd Scientific Expedition to Temengor, collection of flowering plants in the Temengor FR was concentrated around the vicinity of the expedition base camp at the Sg. Enam basin. The aim of the flora survey was to conduct a general collection of the flora. This particular plant survey, documented the flora around Sg. Enam Basin. In addition, the data will support the conservation value of the

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Sg. Enam Basin that well benefit the educational and eco-tourism activities in Temengor Forest Reserve. It is, therefore, important to study its biodiversity and document various existing biodiversity components for management and conservation purposes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The small botanical team from the KEP herbarium, FRIM, was tasked with documenting the flora around the basin. The aim of the flora survey was to conduct a general collection. This paper provides highlights of flowering plants recorded during the survey. The flora survey was carried out from 2 to 7 October 2012 along the following the trails: Date 2 October 2012 3 October 2012 4 October 2012 5 October 2012 6 October 2012 7 October 2012

Trail Sungai Enam Base Camp & Trail 2.2 Trail 2 (up to large merbau tree) Trail 2 up to summit (1213 m) Trail 3 Trail 1 (and Jetty to off trail- Sungai Singor) Trail 2 (along river & waterfall)

Collections were made of fertile vascular plants for herbarium specimens.

Specimens are deposited in the National Herbarium (KEP) at FRIM with duplicates distributed to other herbaria. The specimens were databased using the Botanical Research and Herbarium Management System (BRAHMS) software for easy access.

Vegetation Types Sungai Enam Basin is a lowland and hill dipterocarp forest area. Vegetation scenery is very beautiful with calm flowing river and rocks surrounded by the diversity of flora ranging from herbs to large trees. There are many riverine species. Most of the collection was limited to riverine forest and the understorey. Initially collections were also made on the hill (Trail 2.2), followed by plants along the river and the surrounding forest (Trail 2). The botanical collecting continued up the trail (Trail 3) that leads to the highest peak of 1213 meters. Then, the collection continued on the outskirts of the lake, covering the hill slope and the slope leading to the Sg. Singor. Collections were also made in the area of the Sg. Singor including various aquatic species and weeds.

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Sg. Enam connects with Sg. Singor and water flow seems to be affected by a lot of sediment resulting from logging activities upstream. This is a bad situation if it is sustained throughout the season. It is especially bad in the dry season when the water level is reduced in the lake. Now, various species of aquatic plants are seen growing on the sediment and dominate the Sg. Enam and Sg. Singor estuary. Another worry is that sediment restricts movement of fish species and has caused vegetation change quite significantly.

The Flora A total of 196 collections of flowering plants which include 190 species in 90 genera and 63 families, was collected. Although Sungai Enam Basin is situated near to Halong, there are different findings. Highlights of the collection are provided.

In addition, several endemic species were found during the expedition. (Turner, 1997) 1. Balanophora abbreviata Blume, white or yellow parasitic herb up to 10 cm tall; lowland forest to 1000 m; Lenggong, Perak, and P. Aur, Pahang.

2. Balanophora papuana Schltr., tuberous red to yellow parasitic herb up to 15 cm tall; lowland and montane rain forest; widespread.

3. Begonia variabilis Ridl., herb up to 30 cm tall; lowland forest; Perak; endemic 4. Begonia wrayi Hemsl., shrubby herb up to 1 m tall; lowland and hill forest to 1000 m; Penang, Kl, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan; endemic.

5. Scaphochlamys kunstleri var. speciosa; creeping herb about 20 cm tall; lowland and hill forest; Perak; endemic.

From the species composition shown by the checklist of the flora, microhabitats in the Sungai Enam Basin Forest are still intact and stable.

Saurauia pentapetala (Actinidiaceae) is a common species but was difficult to find them in flowering. During this expedition, we managed to collect many species in flowering stage. This species flowers from the base of the tree up to the main stem. This species was found on the flat ground under canopy on the main trail and near the Thottea tomentosa (Aristolochiaceae) populations: along Trail 2 (Sungai Enam P1). Thottea tomentosa (Aristolochiaceae) fully covered the forest floor at the main trail. This species was found in shaded areas and is an under shrub with big round leaves and very peculiar dark red flowers. This species was also abundant at only one spot in the area. Biophytum adiantoides

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(Oxalidaceae) was confined to one spot on Trail 2 (Sungai Enam P1). This species was abundant on slopes and under tree canopy. Even though this species arises after forest clearing but in Sungai Enam, this species dominated in one area of the ridge up to the flat ground on Trail 2. Scaphochlamys kunstleri (Zingiberaceae) is endemic to Perak. This species was found under shade and is about 30 cm tall with single white flowers. Two species of Begoniaceae were found on the big rock boulders near Saraca cauliflora trees. Begonia wrayi and Begonia variabilis are endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. Begonia variabilis is confined only to upper Perak and Kelantan. This species grows in shaded gullies and is distinctive with white spots on the upper surface of leaves. Begonia wrayi, known as â&#x20AC;&#x153;Riang Batuâ&#x20AC;?, with a glossy dark jade green leaves and red veins underneath. This species is common in the north of Peninsular Malaysia down to Pasoh but there are no specimens from Penang, Terengganu, Malacca and Johore.

The dominant family Rubiaceae included several species such as Psychotria rhinocerotis, Psychoteria calocarpa, Chassalia chartacea, Ixora nigricans, Lasianthus stercorarius, Pavetta wallichiana and Lasianthus montanus. Lasianthus montanus is endemic to Perak only and is very hairy and has purple fruit when ripe. Other findings are Rhopaleprhora scaberrima, Pollia secundiflora, (Commelinaceae), Schismatoglothis calyptrata, Piptospatha perakensis, Homalomena pontederiifolia (Araceae), Staurenthera grandiflora, Epithema saxatile (Gesneriaceae), Labisia pumila (Myrsinaceae), and others.

Antidesma pendulum is endemic to Terengganu, Perak, Pahang and Selangor.

This species was found on Trail 2 up at 900 m above sea level. Citrus halimii (Rutaceae) found on the ridge of Trail 2 was heavily fruiting. The KEP herbarium only has 16 specimens and the oldest specimen in 1936 is from Sungai Wi, Cameron Highlands. Near the waterfall 4 on Trail 2 Sungai Enam, Ficus ishnopoda was common in rocky streams. It has narrow lanceolate leaves and a pear-shaped fruits with white spots.

Several species of palm collected during the expedition include Arenga hookeriana which is a rare species, only found on the ridge of Sungai Enam.

Pinanga perakensis formed thickets and is endemic to Peninsular Malaysia.

Some common palms include Pinanga malaiana, Pinanga disticha and Calamus castaneus. Licuala sp 1 is an interesting solitary small palm found on the ridge of Sungai Enam to Sungai Singor. This species does not match with any small Licuala specimen. We manage to spot one species of climbing rattan at the Trail 2 which is Calamus manan, a very huge climbing rattan. Several species of fruiting and flowering plants of Annonaceae include Goniothalamus scortechinii, Goniothalamus uvaroides, Orophea cuneiformis, Orophea cf.

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hirsuta, Polyalthia cauliflora var. cauliflora and Polyalthia sp. 1 (fruiting material). Orophea cuneiformis is common in Sungai Enam trail and until now was thought to be restricted to limestone in Perak.

During the expedition, the collection of ferns included 13 families, 14 genera and 21 species. They were some of the most conspicuous terrestrial plants on the forest floor and creeping on the tree trunks and rocks (and especially beside streams) throughout Sg. Enam. Most frequent were species of Pneumatopteris, Selaginella, and Asplenium. Fern were more diverse along the river at the camp site towards the waterfall. There was Nephrolepis falciformis, Pityragramma calomelanos, Asplenium schortechinii, Selaginella wallichii, Selaginella delicatula, Bolbitis apendiculata, Antrophyum callifolium, Loxogramme subcostata, Pneumatopteris sp. while plants found on the ridge included Phlegmariurus phlagmaria, Diplazium sp., Asplenium longissimum, Haplopteris ensiformis, Selaginella mayeri, Pneumatopteris sp. and Asplenium sp. Fern plant were very hard to find around the peak, bamboo tree is dominant.

CONCLUSION The rich diversity of flora, especially on the forest floor and along the river, is an advantage for the Sungai Enam Basin because of its strategic location for tourist attractions and nature education. There is a need to manage the area in order to keep the integrity of the forest intact so that the current flora that includes many elements of lowland rain forest remain stable and will persist in the future. Sungai Enam basin is valuable for eco-tourism and nature education.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The botanical team would like to thank Pulau Banding Foundation, Banding Research Centre and the Forestry Department for permission to carry out this expedition and for the permit for botanical collection. We are indebted to KEP Herbarium and to the nature guides. We are grateful for help in specimen identification from T.L.Yao (Gramineae and Cyperaceae), Y.Y. Sam (Zingiberaceae), R. Kiew (Begoniaceae) and L.G.Saw, (Palmae).

REFERENCES Turner, I.M. (1997). A catalogue of the vascular plants of Malaya. Garden's Bulletin Singapore 47: 1-757

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Source: WWF Malaysia

Map 1: Temengor Forest Reserve in Perak State

Map 2: Sungai Enam Basin

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Map 3: Trail

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A

B

Plate 1: A) The badly silted Sungai Enam mouth filled with Cyperus compactus; B) Pristine Riverine vegetation

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A

A

B

C

Plate 2: A) Balanophora abbreviata; B & C) Balanophora papuana (B-female flower; C-Male flower)

C

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A

B

C

D

E

F

Plate 3: A) Begonia variabilis B) Begonia wrayi C) Scaphochlamys kunstleri var. speciosa D) Etlingera littoralis E) Zingiber sp1 F) Cheilocostus globosus E

F

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A

B

C

D

E

F

Plate 4: A) Schimatoglothis calyptrata B) Piptospatha perakensis C) Homalomena pontederiifolia D) Arisaema laminatum E) Thottea tomentosa F) Biophytum adiantoides E

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A

B

C

D Plate 5: A) Epithema saxatile B) Staurenthera grandiflora C) Orophea sp1 D) Orophea sp2

D

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A

B Plate 6: A) Calamus castaneus B) Licuala sp1

B

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A

B

C

A

Plate 7: A) Saurauia pentapetala B) Trevisia burckii C) Vitex vestita

B

C

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AN INVENTORY OF WILD ORCHIDS FOUND IN SG. ENAM BASIN, TEMENGOR, PERAK RUSEA GO, WONG WEE NEE, MOHD AKMAL MOHD RAFFI, NORâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;IZZATI SHAIPUDIN, FARAH KAMALUDIN, MUSKHAZLI MUSTAFA and JANNA ONG ABDULLAH Email: rusea@upm.edu.my or go_rusea@yahoo.com Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Abstract: A total of 43 taxa from 26 genera from the family of Orchidaceae were recorded in Sg. Enam, Perak which consisted of 27 epiphytic species and 15 terrestrial species. The two species, Biermannia laciniata and Oberonia bertoldii were discovered and identified as endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. Biermannia laciniata was previously recorded in Pahang but now is a new record to Perak. One new record to Peninsular Malaysia, Hylophila lanceolata was recorded for the first time. Four subfamilies of Orchidaceae except for subfamily Cypripedioideae (Slipper orchids or genus Paphiopedilum) were recorded during the expedition and further exploration should be initiated to ascertain the absence of the later subfamily. In addition, since this area is being developed into an ecotourism site, conservation actions should be implemented to maintain the biodiversity level in Sg.Enam basin.

Keywords: Diversity, Orchids, Sg.Enam

INTRODUCTION Orchidaceae is the largest family of flowering plants with more than 25,000 species worldwide and can be found in different habits and habitats except in the coldest and driest regions parts of the world (Chase et al., 2003; Holttum, 1964).

The family, which belongs to the order Asparagales (monocot), is divided into five subfamilies (Chase et al., 2003). The first subfamily is Epidendroideae and represented by monoandrous (one fertile anther) tropical epiphytic type of orchids. The second subfamily, Orchidoideae displays the same monoandrous characteristic but with terrestrial type of orchids. Vanilloideae or vanilloid orchid is also characterized as monoandrous except for the distinctive single fertile anther at the apex of the column structure (a union of male and female structure) of the flower (Cameron, 2011). The Cypripedioideae, which includes the lady slipper orchids, is another subfamily with two fertile anthers

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(diandrous) and the primitive lineage of orchids is listed in the last subfamily, Apostasiodeae that are triandrous (equipped with three fertile anthers).The current checklist by Rusea et al. (2010) reported that there are 910 taxa from 146 genera in Peninsular Malaysia that comprises all of the subfamilies in Orchidaceae.

The diversity of orchids is particularly dependent on the type of habitat.

Rainforest serves as an excellent ground to sustain the growth of a wide range of genetic resources in orchids and one of them is Sg. Enam basin. It covers an area of 1500 hectares and is located within the Temengor Forest Reserve as a part of the largest forest complex in Peninsular Malaysia, the Belum-Temengor rainforest complex. This forest reserve is the world’s oldest rainforest and contains a high degree of biodiversity and supports various ecological functions within it. It is located at the coordinate of 5°32’N, 101°20’E and lies within Temengor Dam at the East-west highway between East Perak and Jeli, Kelantan.

The area has a great potential to be a world class ecotourism centre but a comprehensive study on its biodiversity components must be conducted to reveal its natural aesthetic values. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the status of orchid species diversity within Sg.Enam basin. The research also acted as a fundamental and crucial approach to protect and conserve orchid diversity while preserving the uniqueness of this place. The results shared here should be treated as preliminary and does not represent the true species richness the area harboured.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Field observations and random samplings were carried out at the selected trails throughout the five-day scientific expedition in October 2012. Most of the specimens were photographed in their natural habitat and important characteristics were documented. The living specimens were collected for exsitu conservation and planted in a greenhouse in Universiti Putra Malaysia. The fresh specimens were collected for the purpose of species identification and preserved into dried specimens and spirit collection following the standard herbarium method (Bridson and Forman, 1992). Identification of species were accomplished by referring to Holttum (1964), Seidenfaden and Wood (1992), Comber (1992), Turner (1995) and Rusea and Khali Aziz (2008). The species name listed in this paper were checked with the current checklist from World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew accessed online at http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In total, 43 taxa from 26 genera were recorded throughout this scientific expedition which serves as a first exclusive account for the orchid flora in Sg.Enam Basin in Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak (Table 1). Plates 1-3, show some of the observed orchid species. Thirty-two species were identified into their respective taxa while the remaining ten species were only identified at the generic level due to the absence of reproductive structures. The majority of the collected orchids were epiphytes, represented by 27 species (65%) while the other 15 species (35%) were terrestrials with a ratio of 2:1. The epiphytic orchids were mainly found on the tree trunks or branches in fairly exposed area along the trails and streams.

Two species were discovered as endemic to Peninsular Malaysia, namely Biermannia laciniata and Oberonia bertoldii. B. laciniata which was previously recorded as endemic to Pahang is now a new record to Perak and another species O. bertoldii was also reported to be endemic to Perak, Johor, Selangor, and Pahang. Another surprising find was the discovery of Hylophila lanceolata which was reported to be distributed in Peninsular Thailand, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunder Islands, Philippines and Sumatra. This species is a new record for Peninsular Malaysia. Among all of the orchids, a handsome population of jewel orchid, Ludisia discolour was observed to be flowering at one of the waterfall area. This orchid is appreciated for the unique leaf’s venation over the flower. It is further suggested that this colony should be protected and monitored as one of the stops during guided jungle tracking activities in the future.

Generally, all of the subfamilies in Orchidaceae were observed and documented during the expedition excluding Cypripedioideae. This is an early optimistic indication that Sg. Enam serves as a suitable habitat for a wide range of orchid’s diversity. Epidendroideae is the largest subfamily that consists of 34 species from 19 genera which include Adenoncos, Biermannia., Bulbophyllum., Coelogyne, Cleisostoma, Corymborkis, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Eria, Lipari, Luisia, Oberonia, Oxystophyllum, Pennilabium, Phreatia, Plocoglottis, Pomatocalpa, Pteroceras and Stereosandra. The Orchidoideae, however represented by 4 genera Habenaria, Ludisia, Peristylis and Vrydagzynea.

Vanilloid orchid was represented by two species. The presence of the most primitive group of orchids species, subfamily Apostasiodeae represented by Apostasia nuda signified the congruency of the orchid with the age of the rainforest. Even though the lady slipper orchid’s subfamily was not documented in this expedition, it is strongly believed that the subfamily exists in this particular area but more explorations would be obligatory.

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CONCLUSION High diversity of orchids was observed at Sg. Enam basin, which comprises of species from most of the subfamily. However, the quest to search for the Cypripedioideae must be initiated to complete what is represented by the family Orchidaceae in Malaysia as a whole. Since Sg.Enam area has been opened to public as the ecotourism destination, these valuable wild orchid species are vulnerable to over exploitation. Hence, strict enforcement and regular monitoring should be implemented to protect the population of these species in Sg.Enam, Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank Pulau Banding Foundation for inviting our research group to join the expedition and providing assistance with the lodging and manpower during the whole expedition in Sg. Enam. This field exploration was also supported by e-science fund vote number 5450661 made available by Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia (MOSTI), which the authors are thankful for.

REFERENCES Bridson, D. and Forman, L., eds. (1992). The Herbarium Handbook, Rev.ed. Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens.

Chase, M.W., Cameron, K.M., Barrett, R.L. & Freudenstein, J.V. (2003). DNA Data and Orchidaceae Systematics: A New Phylogenetic Classification. Orchid Conservation. Pp 69-89. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.

Cameron, K. M. (2011a). Vanilloid orchids systematics and evolution. In Odoux, E. and Grisoni, M. (Eds.), Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-Industrial Profiles: Vanilla (pp. 1-14). Boca Raton; CRC Press.

Comber, J.B. (2001). Orchids of Sumatra. Singapore: Natural History Publications (Borneo) in Association with the Royal Botanic Gardens and Singapore Botanic Gardens.

Holttum, R.E. (1964). A Revised Flora of Malaya. Vol 1. Orchids of Malaya. 3rd Ed. Government Printing Office, Singapore. 759 Pp. Rusea, G and Khali, A.H. (2008). Orchids of Peat Swamp Forests in Peninsular Malaysia. Peat Swamp Forest Project, UNDP/GEF Funded (MAL/99/G31), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. 136 Pp. Rusea, G., Wendy Y.S.Y., Joanes, U. and Ridzuan, S. (2010). Orchids of Perlis: Jewels in the Forests (Revised Edition). Perlis Forest Department and Universiti Putra Malaysia. 152 Pp.

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Seidenfaden, G. and Wood, J.J. (1992). The Orchids of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Singapore: The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Botanic Gardens, Singapore. 779Pp. Turner, I.M. (1995). A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaysia. The Gardensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Bulletin Singapore:47 (1):559-620.

World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew accessed online at http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home__

Epiphytic Epiphytic Terrestrial Epiphytic Epiphytic Epiphytic Epiphytic Epiphytic Epiphytic Epiphytic Terrestrial Epiphytic Epiphytic Epiphytic Epiphytic Epiphytic Epiphytic Epiphytic Epiphytic

Adenoncos major Ridl.

Adenoncos vesiculosa Carr

Apostasia nuda R.Br Biermannia laciniata* (Carr) Garay Bulbophyllum medusae (Lindl.) Reichb.f.

Bulbophyllum sp. 1 Bulbophyllum sp. 2 Cleisostoma williamsonii (Reichb.f) Garay

Coelogyne prasina Ridl.

Coelogyne sp. 1 Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Blume Cymbidium bicolor Lindl.

Dendrobium acerosum Lindl.

Dendrobium acinaciforme Roxb.

Dendrobium crocatum Hook.f.

Dendrobium sp. 1 Dendrobium sp. 2 Dendrobium truncatum Lindl.

Eria sp.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

Habit

1.

Species

Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia (Turner, 1995) Widespread in southern parts Bukit Fraser, C. Highland (Pahang), The Gap (Selangor) Widespread Endemic to Pahang Widespread Incomplete specimens Incomplete specimens Langkawi (Kedah), Perlis Fraser's Hill, Cameron Highlands (Pahang), Taiping Hill (Perak), G. Jerai (Kedah) Incomplete specimens Widespread Widespread Widespread Tembeling (Pahang) Widespread lowland Incomplete specimens Incomplete specimens Kedah, Perak, Selangor, Pahang Incomplete specimens

Table 1: List of Orchids in Sg.Enam, Temengor Forest Reserve, life habit and their distribution in Peninsular Malaysia

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Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Epiphytic Epiphytic Epiphytic Epiphytic Epiphytic Terrestrial Epiphytic Terrestrial

Habenaria reflexa Bl.

Hylophila lanceolata **(Bl.) Miq.

Liparis barbata Lindl.

Liparis cespitosa (Lam.) Lindl.

Liparis elegans Lindl.

Liparis lacerata Lindl.

Liparis latifolia Lindl.

Liparis sp. 1 Ludisia discolor (Ker Gawl.) A.Rich.

Luisia zollingeri Rchb.f.

Oberonia bertoldii* King&Pantl.

Oberonia padangensis Schltr.

Oxystophyllum carnosum Blume

Pennilabium struthio Carr

Peristylis sp. 1

Phreatia plantaginifolia (J.Koenig) Ormerod

Plocoglottis plicata (Roxb.) Ormerod

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

Habit

20.

Species

Widespread

Widespread

Incomplete specimens

Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia (Turner, 1995) Pahang and Perak (limestone) Pen. Thailand, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Philippines and Sumatra Swamp forest in Johor, Perak, Pulau Tioman (Pahang) Widespread Widespread South-eastern Johor, Kuala Teku (Pahang), Taiping Hill (Perak) Widespread Incomplete specimens Kedah, Penang, Perak, Pahang Johor Langkawi (Kedah), Perlis, Pulau Tarak Endemic to Johor, Selangor, Pahang, Perak Bukit Fraser, C. Highland (Pahang), Gua Musang (Kelantan) Widespread; Cameron Highlands and Bukit Guling Gendang (Pahang), Kuala Teku, Cameron Highland (Pahang), Kelantan

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Terrestrial Epiphytic Epiphytic

Stereosandra javanica Bl.

Vanilla sp. 1

Vanilla sp. 2

39.

40.

41.

Incomplete specimens

Perak, Pahang, N. Sembilan, Johor Northern parts to Penang- several localities Incomplete specimens

Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia (Turner, 1995) Perak, Pahang, N. Sembilan

Terrestrial Cameron Highlands (Pahang), Perak **new records to Peninsular Malaysia ________________________________

Epiphytic

Pteroceras pallidum (Bl.) Holttum

38.

42.

Vrydagzynea albida (Bl.) Bl. *endemic to Peninsular Malaysia

Epiphytic

Pomatocalpa spicatum Breda, Kuhl & Hasselt

Habit

37.

Species

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_____________________________

.

Plate 1: Selected orchid species found in Sg. Enam Basin, Temengor, Perak. A and B. Adenoncos vesiculosa, C. Apostasia nuda, D. Corymborkis veratrifolia, E. Liparis barbata, F. Plocoglottis plicata

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Plate 2: Selected orchid species found in Sg. Enam Basin, Banding, Perak.

A. Bulbophyllum medusae, B. Liparis cespitosa, C. Cymbidium bicolor, D. Coelogyne prasina, E. Dendrobium acerosum, F. Liparis lacerata

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Plate 3: Selected orchid species found in Sg. Enam Basin, Banding, Perak.

A. Plocoglottis plicata, B. Cleisostoma williamsonii, C. Ludisia discolor, D. Vrydagzynea albida, E. Hylophila lanceolata, F. Habenaria reflexa, G. Dendrobium truncatum, H. Luisia zollingeri, I. Stereosandra javanica

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THE ZINGIBERACEAE OF TEMENGOR AT SG. ENAM C.K LIM1 Email: foliamy@foliamy.com 1

Folia malaysiana, 215, Macalister Road, 10450, Georgetown, Penang.

Malaysia.

Abstract: The wild gingers found in Temengor offer great potential for the discovery of medicinal products, flavourings, industrial chemicals and as ornamental plants. They are an important component of the ground flora in Temengor. The present study discusses all the wild ginger species that was documented within the Sg. Enam Basin during the survey.

Keywords: Zingiberaceae sp., Sg. Enam Basin, Temengor Forest Reserve

INTRODUCTION As a supplement to the Expedition to Sg. Enam organised by the Pulau Banding Foundation in October 2012, the author made a survey of the same area in late May 2013, collating findings of the notable Zingiberaceae taxa. The one-day visit corroborated observations and records of several previous surveys undertaken in the Belum domain (and in the Halabala Forest Reserve in south Thailand) since 1990, and more recently under the expeditions by the Forestry Department in 2003 and 2007. A full account of the gingers of Belum and Temengor has been published by the author Lim C.K., 2004b, which recounts the historical collections by Ridley, 1899; 1910 and others, and also the results of the Malayan Nature Society expeditions of 1993-1994 and in 1998.

As an overview, the ginger flora at Sg. Enam accords substantially with that seen at Sg. Halong, originally covered by the MNS expedition (Davidson et. al.

1995). Some taxonomic updates will be presented and discussed herein, as certain new species of Geostachys, Elettariopsis, Etlingera, Scaphochlamys, Plagiostachys and Zingiber have since been recognised or revised by the author.

Note however that not all the listed taxa are to be found at Sg. Enam. In terms of inflorescence, the May visit would have seen more flowering than in October, usually necessary for identification, offering comparisons with previous records.

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Gingers observed at Sg. Enam The environment at Sg. Enam is clearly convenient for eco-tourists, and seems similar to Sg. Halong. The latter location is now overgrown and many interesting taxa (e.g Etlingera venusta) were not to be seen. The common and ubiquitous gingers are the Amomum and Etlingera species, notably A. biflorum (a species first recorded in Penang), A. lappaceum and E. littoralis, E. rubrostriata, and also Zingiber spectabile. Along the track can easily be seen Elettariopsis smithiae, the herb called Calon by the Temiar, and its larger unscented relative E. exerta. Boesenbergia plicata is also in evidence and common, similarly Scaphochlamys kunstleri var. speciosa, the variety with white and pink-spotted flowers, on bracts variable in colour from white to red.

The latter, common also at Halong, was described as a new species, endemic to Perak, by the author Lim C. K., 2001c with its type from the Bintang Hijau Forest Reserve. It is a taxon with horticultural potential, like the other three varieties of S. kunstleri.

Another diminutive herb is the Globba fasciata which Ridley, 1910 first described from Temengor; it is however quite unexceptional as to the flowers, but the lanceolate leaves are usually reddish below. Apart from the overly populous and rarely flowering Amomum biflorum, the others of the genus may be found with their distinctive inflorescence, e.g A. lappaceum (with its green mini-rambutan fruit) and A. testaceum. I was attracted by the veined leaves of A. hastilabium, another of the notable Ridley species. The ground flowering Etlingera are also photogenic; for me the pride is E. triorgyalis, identifiable by its leaf scent. An aberrant form of this had been called E. pieii by S.H. Khaw, who made notable contributions to the study of gingers for MNS (Khaw, 2000, 2001; Lim, C.K, 2004a; Larsen, 1999). Our survey team missed finding the beautiful E. venusta and its relative E. terengganuensis at this location. E. fulgens was also rare, with only one plant in deep shade, unusual in having leaves that were not red below. The taxonomic unscrambling of these three species - which had been confused by Holttum, 1950 may be of interest, vide Latiff, A., 2001a: Pgs 67-68; Lim, C. K., 2001d: Pgs 141-178, the second reference also containing a full account of the genus Etlingera. E. maingayi which has curious inflorescence, occupies much of the hill slopes; it appears to spread widely by seeds, and the location presents itself for useful fieldwork on the phenology and distribution dynamics of gingers.

The spectacular Zingiber spectabile was not yet in full flowering, due usually in July, a special attraction for visitors. The other common large ginger is the one I have called Z. griffithii var major, which has highly scented

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oleaginous leaves; its taxonomy has to be sorted out (Lim, C. K., 2001b), as there are forms that differ - also qualifying for this name, which Holttum proposed to be synonymous with Z. puberulum Ridl., a determination I believe to be questionable. For the author, the highlight of the survey trip was to see again Z. raja in full bloom, with its tall distinctive inflorescence, as this is the species I had named with co-author B. Kharukanant (Lim, C.K., 2003) which is found not only in Temengor and Belum, but also in south Thailand, in the Halabala Forest Reserve, the companion bio-domain with many species in common. Another is Plagiostachys odorata, which is also in Thailand, which I had described from Terengganu (Lim, C.K., 2007). It is mentioned here, as it may be found in Sg. Enam, as it is common nearer Kelantan, notable also as it had been confused with P albiflora Ridl. before by myself and others. In the vicinity are also likely to be Alpinia species, e.g A. javanica and A. nobilis, previously regarded (by Holttum, 1950) as a variety of A. malaccensis Roscoe which is a species yet to be authenticated Future botanical visitors to the area may be rewarded to find other interesting gingers, such as the epiphytic Hedychium longicornutum with its spectacular flowers. There are other new species to be identified, exemplified by two Zingiber species which the author is in the process of recognising, listed as species A and B, which are clearly distinctive, one much in evidence at Sg. Kejar and G. Bubu, the other along the Kedah-Perak border. Botanical research requires extensive and persistent fieldwork. The Belum and Temengor area despite the coverage by many expeditions, still offers great scope for Malaysian botanists - and wonderment to visitors.

Checklist of the Zingiberaceae taxa noted in May 2013 Note 1: Taxa not seen, but likely to occur are shown in brackets.

Note 2: In preference to IUCN data on survival status, the author deploys his own Conservation Monitoring Index, indicated by bold numerals, e.g.: [1] to [4] in order of rarity and priority for conservation surveillance and protection, applied and relative to the gingers recorded at Temengor and Belum. Unnumbered taxa are regarded as common and not threatened. [For reference, as applied to Etlingera see C.K. Lim, 2001. Folia malaysiana 2(3): 174]

(Alpinia javanica Blume) (Alpinia nobilis Ridl.)

Amomum biflorum Jack.

Amomum hastilabium Ridl.

Amomum lappaceum Ridl.

Amomum testaceum Ridl.

[4] [3] [3] [4] [3]

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Boesenbergia plicata Ridl. Holtt.

Elettariopsuis exerta Scort. Baker Elettariopsis smithiae Kam (Elettariopsis rugosa Kam C.K. Lim) (Etlingera coccinea (Blume) S. Sakai & Nagamasu; formerly confused as E. punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Smith) Etlingera fulgens (Ridl.) C.K. Lim Etlingera littoralis (Koenig) Giseke Etlingera maingayi (Bak.) R.M. Smith (Etlingera pauciflora (Ridl.) R.M. Smith) Etlingera rubrostriata (Holtt.) C.K. Lim (Etlingera terengganuensis C.K. Lim) Etlingera triorgyalis (Bak.) R.M. Smith (Etlingera venusta (Ridl.) R.M. Smith) Globba cf fasciata Ridl.

(Hedychium longicornutum Baker) Hornstedtia scyphifera Koenig var. fusiformis Hollt.

(Hornstedtia conica Ridl.)

Scaphochlamys kunstleri (Bak.) Holtt. var speciosa C.K. Lim Zingiber griffithii var major Ridl.

Zingiber raja C.K. Lim & B. Kharukanant Zingiber spectabile Griff.

(Zingiber wrayi var. halabala C.K. Lim) Zingiber A. sp. nov. C.K. Lim, inedit [distinctive by its wrinkled leaves, and "soapy" scent] Zingiber B. sp. nov. C.K. Lim, inedit [distinctive by its ovate, veined and hairy leaves]

[3] [4] [3] [4] [3] [3] [1] [4] [1] [1] [3] [2] [4] [2] [1] [1] [2]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to Dr Daniel Baskaran and the Pulau Banding Foundation for facilitating our survey, and to members of my team, Surani and Noh Mohamad and Ali Ibrahim.

REFERENCES Davidson, G.W.H., E. Soepardmo & S.K. Yap. (1995). The Malaysian heritage and Scientific Expedition to Belum, Temengor Forest Reserve, 1993-1994. Malay.

Nat. Jnl. 48:133-146.

Holttum, R.E. (1950). The Zingiberaceae of the Malay Peninsula. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 13(1).

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Khaw, S.H. (2000). A checklist of the Gingers (Zingiberaceae) of the Belum and Temengor Forest Reserves in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Malay. Nat. Jnl. 54(3): 227-232.

Khaw, S.H. (2001). The Genus Etlingera (Zingiberaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia, including a new species. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 53: 191-239.

Larsen, K., H. Ibrahim, S.H. Khaw & L.G. Saw. (1999). Gingers of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

Latiff, A. (2001a). Notice of Priority of Etlingera terengganuensis C.K. Lim. Folia malaysiana 2(2): 67-68.

Lim, C.K. (2001b). The scented Zingiber wrayi Prain ex Ridley: a new variety. Folia malaysiana 2(1): 43-53.

Lim, C.K. (2001c). Notes on Scaphochlamys kunstleri (Zingiberaceae) and its varieties.

Folia malaysiana 2(2): 117-126.

Lim, C.K. (2001d). Taxonomic Notes on Etlingera Giseke (Zingiberaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia: the "Achasma" Taxa, and supplementary notes on the "Nicolaia" taxa. Folia malaysiana 2(3): 141-178.

Lim, C.K. (2003). Zingiber aurantiacum (Holtt.) Theilade, Z. petiolatum (Holtt.)

Theilade, and two related new species from Peninsular Malaysia & Thailand.

Folia malaysiana 4(2): 65-76.

Lim, C.K. (2003). Taxonomic Notes on Elettariopsis Baker, and new taxa from Peninsular Malaysia & Thailand. Folia malaysiana 4(3&4): 205-226 Lim, C.K. (2004a). Taxonomic Notes on Etlingera pieei Khaw, and E. coccinea (Blume) Sakai & Nagamasu. Folia malaysiana 5(1): 41-46.

Lim, C.K. (2004b). Palms & Gingers of Belum and Temengor Revisited - since Ridley's 1910 Account. Folia malaysiana 5(1): 47-64.

Lim, C.K. (2007). A new species of Plagiostachys Ridl. (Zingiberaeae) from, Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand. Folia malaysiana 8(2): 115-120.

Ridley, H.N. (1899). The Scitamineae of the Malay Peninsula. Jnl. Str. Br. R.A.Soc. 32: 85-184.

Ridley, H.N. (1910). A Scientific Expedition to Temengor, Upper Perak. Jnl. Str. Br. R.A.Soc. 57: 100-105. [reformatted reprint in Folia malaysiana 4(3&4): 153-204]

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Plate 1: Zingiber raja

Plate 2: Zingiber raja

Plate 3: Zingiber raja at Sg. Enam

Plate 4: Zingiber spectabile

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Plate 5: Zingiber sp. A

Plate 7: Zingiber sp. B

Plate 6: Zingiber sp. B

Plate 8: Scaphochlamys kunstleri var. speciosa

Plate 9: Hornstedtia conica Plate 10: Etlingera fulgens

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Plate 11: Etlingera rubrostriata

Plate 12: Etlingera triorgyalis

Plate 13: Etlingera littoralis

Plate 14: Etlingera maingayii

Plate 15: Globba fasciata

Plate 16: Amomum lappaceum

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KEPELBAGAIAN LIANA DI LEMBAH SUNGAI ENAM, HUTAN TEMENGOR, PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN RAHMAD ZAKARIA1, ASYRAF MANSOR1, SHAODAH JUPERI1,ABU HUSIN HARUN2, MOHD SYAIFUL MOHAMMAD3 dan SYED MOHD EDHZAM SYED HAMZAH1.

1

Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Biological Sciences, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

2 Program Geoinformasi, Bahagian Perhutanan Dan Alam Sekitar, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia 3 Pulau Banding Rainforest Research Center, Pulau Banding, 33300 Gerik, Perak, Malaysia Abstract: A total of 118 species of Liana from 32 families were recorded from all the study trails. Fabaceae/Leguminosae (22 species), Annonaceae (12 species) and Apocynaceae (12 species) are families that contributed the most species and count respectively. Three most dominant genera (by individual count) are Parameria (Apocynaceae), Bauhinia (Fabaceae) and Uncaria (Rubiaceae) respectively. Based on IVi (Importance Value Index) count the main species are Parameria laevigata (20.49), Spatholobus ferrugineus (10.21) and Millettia sericea (9.62).Many species are recorded once from the overall plot study (99) on the 3 trails. Morisita’s Similarity Index calculation show that trail 1 and 3 is more similar (0.52) to each other but with lower similarity when compared to trail 2 (0.22).

Keywords: Forest fauna, Morisita’s Similarity Index, IVi (Importance Value Index) Abstrak: Sejumlah 118 spesies Liana dari 32 famili telah direkodkan di semua jalanan denai (“trail”) kajian, Fabaceae /Leguminosae (22 spesies), Annonaceae (12 spesies) dan Apocynaceae (12 spesies) adalah famili yang menyumbang jumlah spesies terbanyak dan famili yang terbanyak bilangan setiap satunya. Genera yang paling dominan (mengikut bilangan) adalah Parameria (Apocynaceae), Bauhinia (Fabaceae) dan Uncaria (Rubiaceae). Spesies utama yang direkodkan berdasarkan nilai IVi (Indeks Nilai Kepentingan) tertinggi adalah Parameria laevigata (20.49), Spatholobus ferrugineus (10.21) dan Millettia sericea (9.62). Kebanyakan spesies (99) hanya ditemui sekali sahaja di keseluruhan plot kajian di kesemua 3 denai. Menurut kiraan Indeks Kesamaan Morisita, Denai 1 dan 3 mempunyai peratusan kesamaan yang agak tinggi (0.52) tetapi indeks ini bekurangan kepada 0.22 apabila dibandingkan dengan Denai 2.

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Kata kunci: Fauna Hutan, Indeks Kesamaan Morisita, IVi (Indeks Nilai Kepentingan) PENGENALAN

Liana merupakan kumpulan tumbuhan pemanjat berkayu yang sering dilupakan di dalam kajian diversiti dan taksonomi hutan. Liana banyak mempengaruhi ekosistem hutan terutamanya di hutan tropika (Schnitzer and Bongers, 2002) sehingga 38% spesies pokok boleh disumbang oleh Liana (Addo-Fordjour, et al., 2008). Liana, pada musim kering terutamanya, adalah merupakan penyumbang utama makanan kepada fauna hutan (Bongers, et al., 2005) dan mereka boleh menyumbang sehingga satu pertiga dari jumlah daun hutan basah (Letrpanich and Brockelman, 2003) serta mempengaruhi sehingga 35% biojisim pokok atas tanah (Yang, et al., 2012). Liana bersaing dengan tumbuhan berkayu untuk sumber asas, terutamanya cahaya dan oleh sebab itu, ia boleh mempengaruhi pertumbuhan pokok, (Perez-Salicrup, 2001; Perez-Salicrup and Barker, 2000) dan regenerasi semulajadi pokok berkayu hutan serta pengeluaran biji benih pokok (Perez-Salicrup, 2001; Perez-Salicrup and Barker, 2000; Schnitzer, et al, 2000).

Di Malaysia, banyak kawasan hutan tropika tanah rendah telah bertukar status kepada hutan sekunder akibat daripada aktiviti pembalakan, pertanian dan aktiviti-aktiviti manusia yang lain. (Kenzo, et al., 2009). Kesannya, kepelbagaian dan kandungan spesies tumbuhan akan berubah. Tujuan kajian ini dilakukan adalah untuk melihat kandungan Liana di hutan sekitar Sungai Enam khasnya dan hutan simpan di sekitar Tasik Temengor amnya. Oleh kerana kumpulan Liana bukanlah merupakan satu kumpulan saintifik yang khas, agak sukar untuk mengkaji Liana. Mengikut rekod, Liana datang dari sekurangkurangnya 32 famili tumbuhan berkayu, berbeza dari famili utama seperti Asclepidiaceae, Apocynaceae dan Fabaceae. Walaupun demikian, di Malaysia, famili yang biasa ditemui adalah Apocynacea, Annonaceae, Fabaceae dan Menispermaceae. Sehingga ke hari ini sangat sedikit kajian tentang kekayaan dan diversiti Liana yang telah dilakukan di Semenanjung Malaysia sedangkan sumbangan mereka kepada ekologi dan diversiti hutan sangatlah besar (Bongers, et al., 2005; Lertpanich and Brockelman, 2003), contohnya, spesies Smilax (ubi jaga), Spatolobus dan Bauhinia dan juga Tetrastigma (hos untuk Rafflesia sp).

Adalah diharapkan, kajian ini akan menjadi perintis kepada kajian-kajian yang lebih mendalam tentang ekologi, biologi dan etnobotani Liana pada masa akan datang. Adalah juga diharapkan agar melalui penemuan yang dilaporkan, lebih banyak kajian ke atas Liana akan dapat dilaksanakan untuk menentukan status Liana di hutan-hutan seluruh Malaysia.

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BAHAN DAN KAEDAH Kajian ini dilakukan mengikut 3 jalanan denai yang telah ditetapkan oleh penganjur sepanjang perjalanan ekspidisi. Kesemua Liana yang ditemui (dbh > 2 cm) direkodkan dan dikenalpasti. Spesimen yang ditemui, akan dikutip dan direkodkan manakala spesies yang berulang tidak dikutip semula. Spesimen yang tidak dapat dikenalpasti di tapak, direkodkan semua ciri fizikal mereka diambil gambar fotonya untuk tujuan pengecaman di makmal, dengan merujuk kepada buku dan manual hutan yang sediada (Whitmore, 1983a, b; Ng, 1978, 1989; Kiew et al., 2010, 2011 dan Kiew et al., 2012). Spesimen yang siap diproses, disimpan di Herbarium Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang.

Di setiap denai, plot kajian dibentuk dengan keluasan 200 x 20 meter setiap satunya pada paras ketinggian di antara 350 m sehingga 510 m dari aras laut. Jadual 1 menunjukkan kedudukan dan ciri fizikal plot kajian. Analisa statistik asas dilakukan mengikut Krebs (1989, 2002), nilai IVi dihitung mengikut Nizam et al. (2006) sementara analisis kluster menggunakan perisian MVSP ver 13.3d oleh Kovach Computing Services (2002).

KEPUTUSAN DAN PERBINCANGAN Sejumlah 118 spesies Liana dari 32 famili direkodkan dari kesemua tiga denai di dalam kajian ini; Fabaceae/Leguminosae (22 spesies), Annonaceae (12 spesies) dan Apocynaceae (12 spesies). Walaupun demikian, jumlah sebenar yang direkodkan tetapi tidak dijumpai di dalam plot kajian adalah sebanyak 140 spesies. Jadual 2 dan 3 menujukkan 5 genera dan famili utama Liana yang ditemui di dalam plot kajian. Spesies Liana dari famili-famili ini merupakan Liana yang sering ditemui di Semenanjung Malaysia dengan taburan yang meluas (Addo-Fordjour,et al., 2012b). Seperti yang ditunjukkan di dalam Jadual 2, Parameria dan Bauhinia direkodkan di semua plot kajian yang dibentuk, bersesuaian dengan famili Apocynaceae dan Fabaceae yang sememangnya mempunyai bilangan spesies yang tinggi untuk Liana. Sementara itu, jika dirujuk ke Jadual 3, dapat diperhatikan bahawa 9 daripada 26 genera yang direkodkan di Malaysia untuk famili Fabaceae boleh ditemui di kawasan kajian; diikuti oleh Apocynaceae dengan 7 genera daripada keseluruhan 19 genera dan Annonaceae dengan 8 genera daripada sejumlah 9 genera keseluruhannya (Whitmore, 1983a,b). Dapat disimpulkan bahawa, walaupun bilangan individu Annonaceae yang direkodkan bukan yang tertinggi, namun hampir kesemua genera Annonaceae boleh ditemui di kawasan kajian ini, kecuali Melodorum.

Antara spesies utama yang direkodkan adalah Combretum nigrescens (11), Bauhinia ferruginea (13), Parameria laevigata (19), dan Pyramidanthe

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prismatica (11). Dua spesies Liana yang direkodkan juga berpotensi sebagai spesies baru. Tiada rekod dari Herbarium FRIM, Kepong mengenai dua spesies ini iaitu Ventilago sp.dan Callicarpa sp. Sila rujuk Rajah 1 dan 2.

Keputusan analisis perbandingan di antara plot kajian yang dilakukan ditunjukkan di dalam Jadual 4 dan Rajah 3. Denai 1 merekodkan bilangan spesies tertinggi (59), tetapi Denai 3 memberikan indek diversiti (3.81) dan kesamarataan (0.94) yang lebih tinggi di antara ketiga-tiga plot kajian. Dari pemerhatian yang dilakukan ke atas ketiga-tiga denai tersebut, Denai 3 adalah denai yang paling kurang dilalui dan diganggu oleh aktiviti manusia. Maka tidak hairanlah jika indeks diversiti dan kesamarataan yang lebih tinggi didapati di sini. Keadaan ini bertepatan dengan apa yang direkodkan oleh Schnitzer and Bongers (2002) dan Addo-Fordjour et al. (2012b), di dalam kajian mereka. Plot kajian di Denai-Denai 3 dan 1 menunjukkan peratusan kesamaan yang lebih tinggi (0.51) berbanding plot kajian 2. Ini adalah kerana plot 1 dan 3 berkedudukan di puncak bukit dan plot kajian satu terletak di sepanjang Lembah Sungai Enam itu sendiri. Faktor-faktor fizikal seperti kelembapan relatif yang lebih tinggi, suhu yang lebih rendah dan keamatan cahaya berhampiran sungai yang rendah, dijangka mempengaruhi peratus kesamaan yang diperolehi. Selain daripada itu faktor jenis tanah dan bentuk mukabumi boleh mempengaruhi jenis Liana yang boleh dijumpai (Addo-Fordjour et al., 2012a; 1012b). Walaupun demikian, perlu ditekankan bahawa banyak daripada spesies Liana yang direkodkan mempunyai bilangan yang sangat rendah di dalam plot-plot kajian yang dibentuk. Sebanyak 99 spesies mempunyai wakil tunggal di dalam plot kajian. Analisis indeks kepentingan spesies ditunjukkan di dalam jadual 5.

Dapat diperhatikan bahawa kelima-lima spesies ini adalah spesies-spesies yang sering dijumpai di dalam hutan di sini, bertepatan dengan penemuan AddoFordjour et al., (2012a, 2012b) di dalam kajian mereka di Pulau Pinang.

Tambahan lagi, semua spesies yang direkodkan adalah datang dari famili-famili utama Liana di Semenanjung Malaysia (Whitmore, 1983a; 1983b dan Ng, 1978; 1989).

KESIMPULAN Liana adalah tumbuhan penting yang sering dilupakan di dalam kajian-kajian terdahulu akibat dari kekurangan rujukan dan kesukaran mendapatkan pakar.

Sejumlah 140 spesies direkodkan hadir di denai dan jalanan hutan Sungai Enam ini, tetapi cuma 118 spesies direkodkan di dalam plot kajian yang dibentuk.

Famili-famili utama dengan bilangan spesies tertinggi adalah Fabaceae, Apocynaceae dan Annonaceae. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi taburan dan kekayaan spesies Liana di dalam sesuatu hutan seperti jenis tanah, kelembapan

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dan keamatan cahaya. Liana mudah dijumpai di mana-mana, tetapi dalam bilangan ulangan spesies yang tidak tinggi. Lebih banyak kajian yang menyeluruh perlu dilakukan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman tentang ekologi dan biologi Liana di hutan ini khususnya dan hutan-hutan lain di Semenanjung Malaysia amya.

PENGHARGAAN Penulis ingin merakamkan ucapan terima kasih kepada Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia, Jabatan Perhutanan Perak dan Yayasan Pulau Banding di atas undangan untuk menyertai ekpedisi saintifik ini. Tidak lupa juga ucapan terima kasih diucapkan kepada semua yang membantu di dalam penyampelan dan pengutipan spesimen kajian. Penyelidikan ini dibiayai oleh gran penyelidikan Jangka Pendek USM 304/PBIOLOGI/6311113.

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(MVSP). http://www.kovcomp.com. Krebs, C.J. (1989) Ecological Methodology. Harper and Row, Publishers. New York. 654pp.

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Nizam M S, Suhaili R, Latiff A and Faridah-Hanum I. (2006). Community structure of trees in Lesong Virgin Jungle Reserve, Pahang, Malaysia. Malaysian Forester 69(2): 163–181.

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Schnitzer,S. A. and F. Bongers, (2002). “The ecology of lianas and their role in forests,” Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17(5): 223–230.

Schnitzer,S. A., J. W. Dalling, and W. P. Carson, (2000). “The impact of lianas on tree regeneration in tropical forest canopy gaps: evidence for an alternative pathway of gap-phase regeneration,” Journal of Ecology, 88(4): 655–666.

Tang, Y., R. L. Kitching, and M. Cao, (2012). “Lianas as structural parasites: a reevaluation,” Chinese Science Bulletin, 57(4):307–312.

Whitmore, T.C. (1983a).Tree Flora of Malaya: A Manual for Foresters, volume 1.

Longman, Malaysia.

Whitmore, T.C. (1983b).Tree Flora of Malaya: A Manual for Foresters, volume 2.

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Jadual 1: Maklumat plot kajian di Hutan Sungai Enam, Temengor, Perak Plot

Lokasi 5o 31’ 02.56” N, 101o 28’ 04.31” E 5o 30’ 42.98” N, 101o 28’ 34.61” E 5o 30’ 36.21” N, 101o 28’ 17.42” E

Trek 1 Trek 2 Trek 3

Altitud (m) 376 430 503

Jenis Hutan Hutan Terganggu Hutan Primer Hutan Primer

Jadual 2: Senarai 5 genera Liana yang merekodkan bilangan individu tertinggi.

No. 1 2 3 4 5

Genus Parameria Bauhinia Uncaria Combretum Pyramidanthe

Famili Apocynaceae Fabaceae Rubiaceae Combretaceae Annonaceae

Bilangan 32 29 20 18 16

Jadual 3: Senarai 5 Famili Liana dengan bilangan tertinggi No. 1

Famili Fabaceae

2

Apocynaceae

3

Annonaceae

4

Rubiaceae

5

Rhamnaceae

Genera Bauhinia, Caesalpinia, Callerya, Dalbergia, Derris, Entada, Milletia, Ormosia, Spatholobus.

Chilocarpus, Chonemorpha, Epigynym, Leuconotis, Parameria, Urceola, Willughbeia.

Artabotrys, Cyathostemma, Desmos, Ellipeia, Fissistigma, Friesodielsia, Mitrella, Pyramidanthe.

Coptosalpelta, Gynochthodes, Mussaenda, Uncaria.

Ventilago, Ziziphus.

Bilangan 72 53 42 25 19

Jadual 4: Indeks diversiti dan kesamarataan plot kajian Plot Denai 1 Denai 2 Denai 3

Indeks Diversiti 3.58 3.69 3.81

Kesamarataan 0.88 0.93 0.94

Bilangan Spesies 59 53 57

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Jadual 5: Indeks Nilai Kepentingan (IVi) bagi lima spesies utama No. Spesies Famili Rd* Rf* RD* IVi* 1 Parameria laevigata Apocynaceae 7.87 1.78 10.85 20.49 2 Spatholobus Fabaceae 1.69 1.18 7.34 10.21 ferrugineus 3 Millettia sericea Fabaceae 2.81 1.78 5.03 9.62 4 Uncaria calophylla Rubiaceae 2.53 1.78 4.61 8.91 5 Uncaria cordata Rubiaceae 2.53 1.18 4.87 8.59 *Rd: Densiti relatif, Rf: Frekuensi relatif, RD: Densiti Relatif Jumlah and IVi: Indeks Nilai Kepentingan.

Appendik 1: Senarai Liana yang direkodkan sepanjang ekspedisi berlangsung.

No.

Spesies

Famili

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Agelaea macrophylla Allegra passiflora Ampelocissus spicigera Ancistrocladus tectorius Anodendron gracilis Arcangelisia flava Artabotrys maingayi Bauhinia bidentata Bauhinia ferruginea Bauhinia andersonii Bauhinia strychnoidea Byttneria jackiana Byttneria pilosa Caesalpinia crista Caesalpinia parviflora Caesalpinia sumatrana Callerya eriantha Callicarpa sp.** Capparis diffusa Chilocarpus costatus Chilocarpus decipiens Chonemorpha verrucosa Cissus hastata Cnestis palala Combretum grandiflorum Combretum latifolium Combretum malaccensis

Connaraceae Vitaceae Ancistrocladaceae Menispermaceae Annonaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Lamiaceae Capparaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Vitaceae Connaraceae Combretaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae

Denai 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Denai 2 * * * * * * * * * *

Denai 3 * * * * * * * * * -

Lain -lain * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -

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Denai 1 * * * * * * * * * * -

Denai 2 * * * * * * * * * * -

Denai 3 * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Lain -lain * * * * * * * * * * *

Annonaceae

-

*

*

*

Annonaceae Gnetaceae Tiliaceae Rubiaceae

* * *

-

* -

-

Rubiaceae

-

-

*

-

*

-

-

-

No.

Spesies

Famili

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

Combretum nigrescens Connarus grandis Connarus monocarpus Connarus planchonianus Connarus villosus Coptosapelta griffithii Coptosapelta tomentosa Cyathostemma hookeri Dalbergia cochichinensis Dalbergia hullettii Dalbergia junghuhnii Dalbergia parviflora Dalbergia pubineris Dalbergia hullettii Derris malaccensis Derris trifoliata Desmos chinensis Desmos cochichinensis Desmos dumosus Desmos dunalii Diploclisia kunstleri Dissochaeta bracteata Ellipeia cuneifolia Embelia ribes Embelia rugosa Enkleia malaccensis Entada spiralis Epigynum griffithianum Epigynum ridleyi Fagraea carnosa Ficus apiocarpa Ficus calophylla Ficus depressa Fissistigma fulgens Fissistigma manubhriatum Friesodielsia affinis Gnetum macrostachyum Grewia laevigata Gynochthodes coriacea Gynochthodes sublanceolata Haematocarpus vallidus

Combretaceae Connaraceae Connaraceae Connaraceae Connaraceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Annonaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Menispermaceae Melastomataceae Annonaceae Myrsinaceae Myrsinaceae Thymelaceae Fabaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Gentianaceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Annonaceae

63 64 65 66 67 68

* * * * * * * * * *

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Denai 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Denai 2 * * * * * * * * -

Denai 3 * * * * * * * * -

Lain -lain * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -

Cecropiaceae

-

-

-

*

Lamiaceae Menispermaceae Annonaceae Connaraceae Connaraceae Celastraceae Celastraceae Celastraceae Celastraceae Smilacaceae Smilacaceae Smilacaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae

* * * * * -

* * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * -

* * * * * * * * * * * * -

No.

Spesies

Famili

69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93

Hiptage burkilliana Hiptage sericea Hodgsonia macrophylla Ichnocarpus frutescens Illigera parviflora Iodes reticulata Kadsura lanceolata Leuconotis griffithii Limacia scandens Loeseneriella pauciflora Luvanga crassifolia Luvanga scandens Millettia chrysamaryssa Millettia sericea Mitrella kentii Momordica clarkeana Mussaenda glabra Myxopyrum nervosum Olax psittacorum Ormosia scandens Parameria laevigata Parameria polyneura Paramignya lobata Piper maingayi Poikilospermum suaveolens Premna divaricata Pycnarhena tumefacta Pyramidanthe prismatica Rourea fulgens Rourea rugosa Salacia korthalsiana Salacia macrophylla Salacia maingayi Salacia verrucosa Smilax barbata Smilax extensa Smilax luzonensis Spatholobus ferrugineus Spatholobus gyrocarpus Spatholobus macropterus Spatholobus maingayi Spatholobus oblongifolia

Malphigiaceae Malphigiaceae Cucurbitaceae Apocynaceae Hernandiaceae Icacinaceae Malphigiaceae Apocynaceae Menispermaceae Celastraceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Annonaceae Cucurbitaceae Rubiaceae Oleaceae Olacaceae Fabaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Rutaceae Piperaceae

94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

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No.

Spesies

Famili

Sphenodesme pentandra Lamiaceae Stephania capitata Menispermaceae Strychnos axillaris Loganaceae Strychnos colubrina Loganaceae Strychnos ignatii Loganaceae Strychnos Loganaceae quadrangularis 117 Tetracera macrophylla Dilleniaceae 118 Tetracera scandens Dilleniaceae 119 Tetrastigma curtisii Vitaceae 120 Tetrastigma hookeri Vitaceae 121 Tetrastigma Vitaceae lanceolarium 122 Tetrastigma lawsonii Vitaceae 123 Thunbergia laurifolia Acanthaceae 124 Tinomiscium petiolare Menispermaceae 125 Uncaria calophylla Rubiaceae 126 Uncaria cordata Rubiaceae 127 Uncaria parviflora Rubiaceae 128 Uncaria sclerophylla Rubiaceae 129 Urceola lucida Apocynaceae 130 Ventilago gladiata Rhamnaceae 131 Ventilago malaccensis Rhamnaceae 132 Ventilago oblonga Rhamnaceae 133 Ventilago oblongifolia Rhamnaceae 134 Ventilago sp.** Rhamnaceae 135 Willughbeia coriacea Apocynaceae 136 Willughbeia edulis Apocynaceae 137 Willughbeia oblonga Apocynaceae 138 Willughbeia sp.

Apocynaceae 139 Ziziphus calophylla Rhamnaceae 140 Ziziphus horsfieldia Rhamnaceae *ada, ** kemungkinan spesies baru 111 112 113 114 115 116

Denai 1 * *

Denai 2 * -

Denai 3 * -

Lain -lain * * * -

-

-

-

*

* *

* *

* * *

* * *

-

*

-

-

* * * * * * * -

* * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

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Rajah 1: Callicarpa sp.yang direkodkan di Denai 1.

Rajah 2: Ventilago sp. yang tidak dapat dikenalpasti spesiesnya.

Rajah 3: Analisis kluster bagi ketiga-tiga denai kajian menggunakan kaedah Modified Morisitaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Similarity dengan perisian MVSP 3.1. UPGMA (Un-weighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) adalah pengiraan logaritma mudah menggunakan kaedah hairaki kluster untuk menunjukkan persamaan antara plot kajian (Krebs, 1989).

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INVENTORY OF MACROFUNGAL DIVERSITY OF SUNGAI ENAM BASIN AT TEMENGOR FOREST RESERVE, PERAK THI BEE KIN Email: thibeekin@frim.gov.my Mycology and Pathology Unit, Biodiversity Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor D.E. Abstract: Inventory of the macrofungal diversity at Sungai Enam Basin, Temengor Forest Reserve was carried out on 2-9 October 2012 during the expedition organised by the Pulau Banding Foundation. A total of 77 macrofungi collections from 24 families were collected. Of these, 25 collections were from Agaricales (10 families), 24 from Polyporales (3 families), 9 each from Rusulales (2 families) and Pezizles (1 family), 3 from Gomphales (2 families), 2 each from Boletales (2 families) and Xylariales (1 family) and 1 each from Auriculariales (1 family), Cantharellales (1 family) and Geastrales (1 family). This is a preliminary finding of macrofungi collected from Sungai Enam Basin. Further collections need to be carried out repeatedly over a period of several years to obtain a better understanding of the macrofungal diversity at Sungai Enam Basin in particular, and Temengor Forest Reserve, in general.

Keywords: Sungai Enam Basin, Sungai Kejar, macrofungi collection, identification

INTRODUCTION Malaysia is considered one of the mega-diversity countries and has a rich diversity of fungi, plants, insects, birds, mammals and other living organisms.

Belum, located in the state of Perak, is one of the largest forests in Malaysia and holds enormous diverse biological living organisms. Belum consists of Belum Forest Reserve at the northern part and Temengor Forest Reserve at the south.

From previous studies and visits in 1993, 1994, 2007 and 2008, documentation on fungi, flora and fauna diversity were carried out at various localities in Belum (Lee & Salmiah 1994; Lee. et al. 1995; Thi, B.K. 2010) but none were from Sungai Enam Basin. Therefore, an expedition to Sungai Enam Basin situated at Temengor Forest Reserve, was organised by the Pulau Banding Foundation in year 2012 to document flora and fauna diversity, including the macrofungi from this forest. This information will contribute to a better understanding of the macrofungal diversity in Belum. In July 1993 and April

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1994, surveys of fungi had been made at Sungai Halong and surrounding areas of the Temengor Forest Reserve (Lee & Salmiah 1994; Lee. et al. 1995).

Collections were also being made around Sungai Kejar in the Royal Belum area during the Royal Belum II expedition organised by the Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia (JPSM) in June 2007 and during the expedition Inventory of Biodiversity to Taman DiRaja Belum organised by the Wildlife Department of Peninsular Malaysia in August 2008. This expedition focused on the collections and surveys in the area of Sungai Enam Basin. The preliminary findings of the macrofungi collected from Sungai Enam Basin are presented in this paper.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Macrofungi were collected from Sungai Enam Basin base camp and three different trails which are Sungai Enam Basinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Trail 2, Trail 2.1 and Trail 2.3.

Specimens collected were labelled with field numbers and photographed. Their habitats were noted and the corresponding locations including altitude were recorded using GPSmap 76CSx in the field. The collected specimens were kept in wax or aluminium foil paper packets to prevent dehydration and brought back from the field for description.

Fresh specimens were described based on their macroscopic characters and its colour according to the Flora of British Fungi Colour Identification Chart (Anonymous 1969) and The Online Auction Color Chart (Anonymous 2004).

The spore prints were prepared and the specimens were dried at 45ÂşC in a ventilated portable dryer. Identification was made based on macroscopic and microscopic characters.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 77 macrofungi collections of 24 families were made from Sungai Enam Basin during the expedition between 2nd and 4th October 2012.

Macrofungi or larger fungi can generally be divided into two fungal divisions, the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, and both groups were also found and collected from Sungai Enam Basin. From the total macrofungi collections, 11 collections were from Ascomycota and 66 collections were from Basidiomycota. Of these, 25 collections were from Agaricales (10 families), 24 from Polyporales (3 families), 9 each from Rusulales (2 families) and Pezizles (1 family), 3 from Gomphales (2 families), 2 each from Boletales (2 families) and Xylariales (1 family) and 1 each from Auriculariales (1 family), Cantharellales (1 family) and Geastrales (1 family). The list and number of

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macrofungi collections made from Sungai Enam Basin are shown in Table 1.

Some of the macrofungi collected are illustrated in Plate 1.

Majority of the collected macrofungi during this expedition were found growing on the wood substrates. Few collections such as agaric and members of Boletaceae were found growing on forest ground. Some agaric fungi can also be found growing on wood such as Panaeolus sp. which is a saprotrophic fungi.

Filoboletus manipularis and Coprinellus disseminatus are also saprotrophic fungi and were always found growing in large numbers on dead logs. Most of the collected macrofungi were identified to genus level only because there are few keys and monographs for the identification of tropical fungi. Few studies have been conducted on tropical macrofungi and many are likely to be new to science.

From this expedition, members from the Order of Agaricales are the largest number of specimens collected from Sungai Enam Basin with a total of 25 collections. Of these, family of Agaricaceae is the highest specimens collected with a total of 7 specimens. Thi & Lee (2010) also reported higher collections of specimens from Agaricales Order from Sungai Kejar, Belum Forest Reserve. However, members of the Agaricales were found to be the second largest group of fungi collected around Sungai Halong and the surrounding areas in Temengor Forest Reserve (Lee et al. 1995).

The Polyporales was the second largest group of macrofungi collected after the Agaricales. Three families consisting of 24 collections were obtained from Sungai Enam Basin. The family with the highest number of collections was the Polyporaceae which consisted of 17 specimens. Among the family of Polyporaceae, genus of Microporus are the most frequently collected with 3 collections each from M. xanthopus and M. afiinis. The genus of Microporus is one of the most common fungi in Malaysia and is frequently found in tropical forests.

Besides Agaricales and Polyporales in Basidiomycota, the Ascomycota were also found and collected from Sungai Enam Basin. Cookeina species was the most frequently observed during this visit and was found growing everywhere along the trails. A total of 8 collections of Cookeina species were obtained. Genus Cookeina was also commonly called as cup fungi because of its appearance that look like the shape of a cup. Another Ascomycota fungi, Xylaria species, commonly known as dead manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fingers was also found, with 2 collections obtained from Sungai Enam Basin.

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Some of the collected macrofungi from Sungai Enam Basin are edible species such as Temitomyces sp. and Auricularia sp. Some of the macrofungi collected were also believed to have medicinal properties and are used by some indigenous communities in Malaysia for example Microporus xanthopus, Amaurodema rugosum and Cookeina sp. (Chang & Lee 2004).

CONCLUSION Different species of macrofungi from Ascomycota and Basidiomycota such as cup fungi, dead man’s finger, agaric, boletes, polypores, and coral fungi were found at Sungai Enam Basin, Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak during this expedition. However, collection activities need to be further carried out regularly and frequently over several years to obtain a more complete picture about the macrofungal diversity of Sungai Enam Basin with many more fungi remains to be discovered.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author would like to express her sincere gratitude to Pulau Banding Foundation for organizing the expedition to Sungai Enam Basin. The author would also like to thank Ong Chee Beng, Forest Research Institute Malaysia whom assisted in the field.

REFERENCES Anonymous (1969). Flora of British fungi colour identification chart. Edinburgh, London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

Anonymous (2004). The Online Auction Color Chart. www.OnlineAuctionColour Chart.com Chang, Y.S. and Lee, S.S. (2004). Utilization of macrofungi species in Malaysia.

Fungal Diversity 15: 15-22.

Lee, S.S. and Salmiah, U. (1994). Ectomycorrhizal and wood inhabiting fungi in Belum: Preliminary findings. Belum Expedition Workshop – 26 March 1994.

Lee, S.S., Helmut, B. and Salmiah, U. (1995). Some fungi of the Sungai Halong and surrounding areas, Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malaysia Nature Journal 48: 147-155.

Thi B.K. and Lee S.S. (2010). A survey of macrofungi at Sungai Kejar, Taman Diraja Belum, Gerik, Perak. In Mohd Nawayai, Y. Shukor, M.N., Rahmah, I., Syarifah Khadiejah, S.M.K., Mohd Rufino Baipura, M. and Frankie, T.S. (eds.).

Proceedings of National Biodiversity Seminar 2008. Pp. 155-162. Department of Wildlife and National Park.

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Table 1: Order, families and species of macrofungi collected from Sungai Enam Basin, Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak.

Division Ascomy cota

Order Pezizles

Sarcoscyphyaceae

Species Cookeina tricholoma

No. of collections

Subtotal

4

Cookeina sulcipes

3

Cookeina sp.

1

Galiella sp.

Xylaria polymorpha

1

Xylaria sp.

1

Agaricus sp.

1

Lepiota sp.

4

Leucoagaricus sp.

1

Micropsalliota sp.

1

Amanita sp.

2

Clitopilus sp.

2

Entoloma sp.

2

Hydnangiaceae

Laccaria sp.

1

Inocybaceae

Inocybe sp.

1

Lyophyllaceae Marasmiaceae

Termitomyces sp.

1

Marasmius sp.

2

Trogia sp Filoboletus manipularis Coprinellus disseminatus

1

Psathyrella sp.

1

Incertae sedis

Panaeolus sp.

2

Auriculariaceae

Auricularia sp.

1

Boletaceae

Phylloporus sp.

1

Sclerodermataceae

Scleroderma sp.

1

Cantharellales

Clavulinaceae

1

1

Geastrales

Geastraceae

Clavulina sp.

Geastrum javanicum

1

1

Gomphales

Gomphaceae

Ramaria sp.

2

Lentariaceae

Lentaria sp.

1

Xylariales

Basidio mycota

Families

Agaricales

Xylariaceae

Agaricaceae

Amanitaceae Entolomataceae

Mycenaceae Psathyrellaceae

Auriculariales Boletales

1

9

2

25

2 1

1 2

3

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Polyporales

Ganodermataceae

Merilpilaceae

Polyporaceae

Rusulales

Rusulaceae Stereaceae

Amauroderma rugosum Amauroderma sp.

Ganoderma australe Rigidoporus microporus

2 1 2 1

Rigidoporus sp.

1

Coriolopsis sp.

2

Dichomitus sp.

1

Earliella scabrosa Flabellophora licmophora Nigroporus vinosus Polyporus grammocephalus Polyporus tenuiculus

1

Pyrofomes sp.

Microporus xanthopus Microporus affinis Trametes menziesii

1

Russula sp.

4

Stereum hirsutum

1

Stereum ostrea

2

Stereum sp.

1

24

1 2 1

3 3 1

2 Total

9

77

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Coprinellus disseminatus

Clitopilus sp.

Rigidoporus microporus

Micropsalliota sp.

Russula sp.

Stereum ostrea

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Polyporus tenuiculus

Cookeina tricholoma

Microporus xanthopus

Cookeina sulcipes

Plate 1: Some of the macrofungi collected from Sungai Enam Basin, Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak.

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MACROFUNGI DIVERSITY IN THE SUNGAI ENAM BASIN, TEMENGOR FOREST RESERVE, PERAK TAN Y.S., YUSOFF, M., NOORLIDAH, A., AZLIZA, M. A., TAN W.C., NURULHUDA, M., WONG J.Y. and VIKINESWARY, S. Email: tanyeeshin@um.edu.my Mushroom Research Centre & Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Abstract: Diversity of macrofungi in Sungai Enam Basin, Temengor Forest Reserve was surveyed from 2-5 October 2012. The trails covered during the Second Temengor Expedition were trails 1, 2, 2.1, 2.2 and 3. A total of 62 collections belonging to 43 genera in 25 families were recorded. Polyporaceae macrofungi were the most dominant followed by Tricholomataceae and Marasmiaceae. In this study, Marasmius pellucidus Berk & Broome from family Marasmiaceae is reported as the first collection in Temengor Forest as well as in Peninsular Malaysia. Further, Leucophellinus hobsonii from family Hymenochaetaceae is the first record in Malaysia.

Keywords: Sungai Enam Basin, macrofungi, diversity

INTRODUCTION Macrofungi include members belonging to either Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. There are approximately 64,163 species of Ascomycota worldwide comprising of 15 classes, 68 orders, 327 families and 6,355 genera, while Basidiomycota is represented by approximately 31,515 species from 16 classes, 52 orders, 177 families and 1,589 genera (Kirk et al., 2008). However, only 1,141 species of ascomycetes from 179 families and 408 genera have been listed for Malaysia, while 1,820 species of basidiomycetes from 90 families and 358 genera have been recorded in Malaysia (Lee et al., 2012).

Polyporaceae has the largest number of published records among the basidiomycetous families in Malaysia, with 327 species in 42 genera, largely from the comprehensive studies of E.J.H. Corner (Corner, 1983; 1984; 1987; 1989a; b; 1991) and more recently by T. Hattori (Hattori and Lee, 1999; 2003).

Recent studies of macrofungi from Sabah and Sarawak in Borneo will

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significantly increase the total number recorded. Other basidiomycetous families with large number of recorded members in Malaysia include Marasmiaceae with 186 species in 13 genera, Boletaceae with 162 species in 18 genera, 75 species in Entolomataceae, 73 species in Tricholomataceae, and 35 species in Amanitaceae (Lee et al., 2012). Previous biodiversity studies of this region organised by the Malaysian Nature Society have focused in Sungai Halong and its surrounding area, Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak (Lee et al, 1995).

The present study documents macrofungi collected during the Second Expedition into Sungai Enam Basin located within the Belum-Temengor Forest Complex in the northern state of Perak, Malaysia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples of macrofungi were collected during the expedition into the Sungai Enam Basin, from 1-10 October 2012. A total of four collection trips were made along forest trails (Figure 1) in the area, namely Trail 2.2 (02/10/2012), Trails 2 and 2.1 (03/10/2012), Trail 3 (04/10/2012) and Trail 1 (05/10/2012).

Samples were photographed in the field, collected, and the macromorphological characters described and recorded according to Tan et al. (2009).

Identifications of the macrofungi were done based on various keys and field guides available (Corner, 1966; 1972; Tan et al., 2009; Pegler, 1983; Largent, 1986; Ruksawang and Flegel, 2001). The taxonomic classification is based on that proposed by Kirk et al. (2001). Attempts were also made to obtain axenic cultures of samples for future studies.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 62 collections of Basidiomycetes belonging to 43 genera in 25 families were recorded and/or collected during the four days of collecting in the four trials in Sungai Enam Basin (Table 1). All the macrofungi were collected on decaying wood, soil, twigs and leaves. In the class basidiomycetes, Polyporaceae was the dominant family represented by 12 species followed by Tricholomataceae and Marasmiaceae with seven and six species respectively.

Families Agaricaceae and Hymenochaetaceae each was represented by four species followed by family Ganodermataceae with three species. Families Coprinaceae, Pleurotaceae, Psathyrellaceae, Auriculariaceae, Russulaceae were presented as two species of each during collection. The poorly represented families with only one species each encountered were Clavariaceae, Clavulinaceae, Plutaceae, Schizophyllaceae, Boletaceae, Geastraceae,

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Phallaceae, Fomitopsidaceae, Meruliaceae, Bondarzewiaceae, Stereaceae, Thelephoraceae, Tremellaceae. Only two Ascomycetes were recorded and consisted of two genera in two families. Two Cookeina species (family Sarcocyphaceae) and four Xylaria species (family Xylariaceae) were recorded.

The most common macrofungi families encountered during the expedition were Polyporaceae, Tricholomataceae and Marasmiaceae.

Macrofungi in the family Polyporaceae were mainly bracket macrofungi that have tough and firm textured fruiting bodies which can withstand dry spells in the forest than macrofungi from families Tricholomataceae and Marasmiaceae which were normally fleshly and had soft tissue. This was evident from the studies that reported fungal diversity in Malaysia–North-east Langkawi (Noorlidah et al., 2005; Bolhassan et al, 2012); South-western region of EndauRompin Johor National Park (Noorlidah et al, 2007; Bolhassan et al., 2012); Kenaboi Forest Reserve, Negeri Sembilan (Noorlidah et al., 2009) and central region, Kota Damansara Forest reserve (Tan et al., 2012; Thi et al., 2012).

Lee et al. (1995) had reported 54 species of Basidiomycetes, 3 species of Gasteromycetes and 2 species of Ascomycetes. In their study, two species of Ascomycota namely Cookeina sulcipes (Berk.), Kuntze and Nectria jungneri Hennings were recorded. The Polyporaceae was dominant in almost all the studies. In the current study, Leucophellinus hobsonii was recorded and this could be a first report for Malaysia.

The genus Marasmius belongs to the family Marasmiaceae. They are saprotrophic fungi that colonise leaf litter, twigs, small branches and soil. Most Marasmius species have small to medium-sized and thin-fleshed basidiocarps.

Their texture is usually tough and persistent and many are capable of reviving after desiccation, a condition termed marcescent. Marasmius pellucidus, Berk & Broome is described to have paper-thin, pale yellowish white to cream pileus, close to distant lamellae and reddish-brown to dark brown stipes (Wannathes et al., 2004). Corner (1996) was one of the leading mycologist who studied macrofungi from Malesian region. He reported that Marasmius pellucidus was a commonly found fungus in almost “every fungus season” from Singapore Botanic Garden. However, it has not been reported in Peninsular. Therefore, this is the first collection of Marasmius pellucidus in Temengor forest reserve; also in Peninsular Malaysia. Marasmius angustilamellatus Y.S. Tan & Desjardin was one of the 12 new species described from Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia (Tan et al., 2009). It was recognized as large, yellowish brown pileus, very crowded and very narrow lamellae and dark brown stipe (Tan et al., 2009). Sungai Enam trail,

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Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak is the second collection site for Marasmius angustilamellatus other than the previously reported area in Selangor.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors thank University of Malaya for research grants J-21001-76536 and MOHE/ ERGS (ER020-2011A). Dr. Otto Miettinen, Botanical Museum, University of Finland and Mr Wong Jing Yang are thanked for identification of polypore macrofungi and photography, respectively. The organisers - Pulau Banding Foundation are thanked for the opportunity to participate in the Second Temengor Expedition 2012.

REFERENCES Bolhassan, M.H., Noorlidah, A., Vikineswary, S., Hattori, T., Abdullah, S., Mohd Noor Rashid, N. and Musa Y. (2012). Diversity and Distribution of Polyporales in Peninsular Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 41(2)(2012): 155â&#x20AC;&#x201C;161.

Corner, E.J.H. (1983). Ad-Polyporaceae I. Amauroderma and Ganoderma. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 75: 1-182.

Corner, E.J.H. (1984a). Ad-Polyporaceae II. Polyporus, Mycobonia and Echinochaete.

Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 78: 1-129.

Corner, E.J.H. (1984b). Ad-Polyporaceae III. Piptoporus, Buglossoporus, Laetiporus, Meripilus and Bondarzewia. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 78: 133-222.

Corner, E.J.H. (1987). Ad-Polyporaceae IV. The genera: Daedalea, Flabellophora, Flavodon, Gloeophyllum, Heterosporus, Irpex, Lenzites, Microporellus, Nigroformes, Nigroporus, Oxyporus, Paratrichaptum, Rigidoporus, Scenidium, Trichaptum, Vanderbylia and Steccherinum. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 86: 1265.

Corner, E.J.H. (1989a). Ad-Polyporaceae V. The genera: Albatrellus, Boletopsis, Coriolopsis (dimitic), Cristelloporia, Dicanthodes, Elmerina, Fomitopsis (dimitic), Gloeoporus, Grifola, Hapalopilus, Heterobasidion, Hydnopolyporus, Ischnoderma, Loweporus, Parmastomyces, Perenniporia, Pyrofomes, Stercchericium, Trechispora, Truncospora and Tyromyces. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 96: 1-218.

Corner, E.J.H. (1989b). Ad-Polyporaceae VI. The Genus: Trametes. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 97: 1-197.

Corner, E.J.H. (1991a). Ad-Polyporaceae VII. The Xanthochroic Polypores. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 101: 1-175.

Corner, E.J.H. (1991b). Trogia (Basidiomycetes). Gardensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Bulletin Singapore Supplement 22: 1-99.Corner, E.J.H. (1996). The agaric genera Marasmius, Chaetocalathus, Crinipellis, Heimiomyces, Resupinatus, Xerula and Xerulina in Malesia. Beiheft Nova Hedwigia.111: 1-175.

Corner, E.J.H. (1996). The agaric genera Marasmius, Chaetocalathus, Crinipelis, Heimiomyces, Resupinatus, Xerula and Xerulina in Malesia. Beiheft Nova Hedwigia, 111. pp 1-175

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Hattori, T. and Lee, S.S. (1999). Two new species of Perenniporia described from a rainforest of Malaysia. Mycologia 91: 525-531.

Hattori, T. and Lee, S.S. (2003). Community structure of wood-decaying basidiomycetes in Pasoh. In: Pasoh, Ecology of a Lowland Rain Forest in South East Asia (T. Okuda, N. Manokaran, Y. Matsumoto, K. Niyama, S.C. Thomas and P.S. Ashton, eds.). Springer, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 161-170.

Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J.A. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th Edition. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 771p.

Lee, S.S., Besl, H. And Ujang, S. (1995). Some fungi of the Sungai Halong and surrounding areas, Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 48:147-155.

Lee, S.S., Alias, S.A., Jones, E.B.G., Zainuddin, N. and Chan, H.T. (2012). Checklist of Fungi of Malaysia. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 556p.

Noorlidah A., Vikineswary S., Yusoff M. and Desjardin D. E. (2005). Higher fungi of North-East Langkawi. Langkawi Special Issue - Malaysian Journal of Science 24: 95-102.

Noorlidah, A., Vikineswary S., Yusoff, M., Desjardin, D.E and Jones, E.B.G. Macrofungi at the South Western Region of Endau-Rompin Johor National Park, Malaysia. (2007). In: The Forests and Biodiversity of Selai EndauRompin. H. Mohamed and M. Zakaria-Ismail (eds.), University of Malaya. pp 39 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 54.

Noorlidah, A., Yusoff, M. and Vikineswary, S. (2009). Survey of Macrofungi in the Kenaboi Forest Reserve, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Science 28 (4): 39 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 48.

Tan, Y.S., Chew, A.L.C., Peli, A., Tan, W.C., Yusoff, M., Vikineswary, S. and Noorlidah, A. (2012). Additional account of macrofungi in Kota Damansara forest reserve, Sungai Buloh, Selangor. In: Scientific expedition proceeding of biodiversity of Kota Damansara Forest Reserve, Selangor. Muda, Y., Mohd Basri, A,M., Wan Abdul Hamid Shukri, W.A.R., Maketab, M and Latiff, A (Eds). Selangor Forestry Department. pp 70-74.

Tan, Y.S., Desjardin, D.E., Perry, B.A., Vikineswary, S. and Noorlidah, A. (2009).

Marasmius sensu strict in Peninsular Malaysia. Fungal Diversity 37: 9-100.

Thi, B.K., Mansor, P. and Lee, S.S. (2012). Macrofungi of Kota Damansara forest reserve, Selangor. In: Scientific expedition proceeding of biodiversity of Kota Damansara Forest Reserve, Selangor. Muda, Y., Mohd Basri, A,M., Wan Abdul Hamid Shukri, W.A.R., Maketab, M and Latiff, A (Eds.) Selangor Forestry Department. pp 63-69.

Wannathes, N., Desjardin, D.E., Retnowati, A., Tan, Y.S. and Lumyong, S. (2004). A redescription of Marasmius pellucidus, a species widespread in South Asia.

Fungal Diversity 17: 203-218.

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Table 1: Checklist of Macrofungi of the Sungai Enam Expedition.

Phylum/Class Phylum Basidiomycota Class Agaricomycetes Order Agaricales Family Clavariaceae Order Cantharellales Family Clavulinaceae Class Basidiomycetes Order Agaricales Family Agaricaceae Family Coprinaceae Family Marasmiaceae

Family Pleurotaceae Family Plutaceae Family Physalacriaceae Family Psathyrellaceae Family Schizophyllaceae Family Tricholomataceae

Order Auriculariales Family Auriculariaceae Order Boletales Family Boletaceae Order Hymenochaetales Family Hymenochaetaceae Order Phallales Family Geastraceae

Genera (No. of specimens recorded/collected)

Clavaria sp. (1) Clavulinopsis miniata (1) Lepiota sp. (1) Leucocoprinus sp. (3) Coprinus sp. (2) Marasmius augustilamellatus Marasmius pellucidus Marasmius sp. (3) Oudemansiella sp. (1) Hohenbuehelia sp. (1) Pleurotus sp. (1) Amanita sp. (2) Gloiocephala sp. (1) Coprinellus sp. (1) Psathyrella sp. (1) Schizophyllum commune (1) Favolaschia sp. (1) Filoboletus manipularis (1) Hygrocybe sp. (2) Mycena sp. (1) Tricholoma sp. (1) Trogia sp. (1) Auricularia delicata (1) Auricularia polytricha (1) Boletus sp. (1) Inonotus sp. (1) Leucophellinus hobsonii (1) Phellinus sp. (2) Geastrum sp. (1)

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Family Phallaceae Order Polyporales Family Fomitopsidaceae Family Ganodermataceae Family Meruliaceae Family Polyporaceae

Order Russulales Family Bondarzewiaceae Family Russulaceae Family Stereaceae Order Thelephorales Family Thelephoraceae Order Tremellales Family Tremellaceae Phylum Ascomycota Class Ascomycetes Order Pezizales Family Sarcoscyphaceae Order Xylariales Family Xylariaceae

Dictyophora multicolor Fomitella rhodophaea Amauroderma sp. (1) Ganoderma sp. (2) Stereopsis hiscens (1) Abundisporus fuscopurpureus(1) Coriolopsis sp. (1) Lentinus sp. (1) Microporus sp. (3) Polyporus grammocephalus Polyporus varius Polyporus sp. (3) Trametes sp. (2) Stecchericium sp. (1) Russula sp. (1) Russula sp. (1) Stereum sp. (2) Thelephora sp. (1) Tremella sp. (1)

Cookeina sulcipes (1) Cookenia tricholoma (1) Xylaria sp. (4)

*The number in the bracket indicates the number of specimen recorded or collected.

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Figure 1: Map of Trails in Temengor

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Some of the Macrofungi found during the Expedition are:

Plate 1: Polyporus grammocephalus

Plate 3: Geastrum sp.

Plate 2: Geastrum sp.

Plate 4: Filoboletus manipularis

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Plate 5: Marasmius pellucidus

Plate 6: Marasmius sp.

Plate 7: Marasmius sp.

A BRIEF NOTE ON THE LARGE MAMMALS OBSERVED AT SG. ENAM, TEMENGOR FOREST RESERVE, PERAK AND THE LIKELIHOOD OF LARGE MAMMAL SIGHTINGS BY TOURISTS TO THE AREA DIONYSIUS SHARMA1, REUBEN SHARMA2& NUROLHUDA NASIR1 Email: dsharma@wwf.org.my 1

WWF-Malaysia, 49, Jalan SS23/15, Taman SEA, 47400 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.

2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Abstract: During the Second Temengor Scientific Expedition conducted from 1st to 10th October 2012, observations were made on the presence of large mammals at the vicinity of Sg. Enam. The Temengor Forest Reserve was previously reported to contain large mammals of global conservation importance such as the tiger, elephant, gaur, sun bear and leopard. During this expedition we noted the presence of six species of large mammals. We expect more large mammals to occur around the Sg. Enam area, based on work done elsewhere in the Belum and Temengor Forest Reserves. Based on previous large mammal detections at Belum using similar observation methods, we provide a brief note on some large mammals that the general tourist to the area is likely to encounter.

Keywords: Large mammals, Malaysia, Temengor Forest Reserve

INTRODUCTION The 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition to the Temengor Forest Reserve was conducted from 1st to 10th October 2012 at the vicinity of Sg. Enam, a small, four kilometer long tributary of the Singgor River which flows into the Temengor Lake. Previous records of mammals occurring at the Belum and Temengor Forest Reserves (Ratnam et al., 1995; DWNP, 2001) indicate these areas to be rich in mammalian diversity and are priority sites for biodiversity conservation in Malaysia. However, a variety of sampling methods are often applied in detailed scientific documentation of vertebrate fauna, such as mammals, occurring in a given area. Even with the knowledge of extensive lists

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of such fauna, rarely does the casual visitor to an area, on a brief visit see any more than a small fraction of what exists. The distinct calls of primates such as gibbons and the Siamang, the large dung piles of elephants and their tracks, and the ever present tracks of wild pigs and their diggings are likely to be some of the things a visitor may most likely encounter. Given that the purpose of the 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition was to document the fauna and flora in the vicinity of Sg. Enam for the purposes of enhancing and developing a better tourist product, we made observations on the large mammals simply by walking the established trails. This would better reflect what a casual tourist to Sg. Enam may likely encounter if they were to walk such trails during their stay at the Sg. Enam facility.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The trails established for the purposes of the expedition were walked both in the day and at night from the 2nd to the 5th of October 2012. We recorded the presence of any large mammal by direct sightings with the aid of binoculars (Leica 10x50 magnification) and any evidence of their presence (dung, claw marks, calls, etc.). Due to the presence of other survey teams sampling for the other fauna and flora, and the need to ensure that any animals present were not flushed out or scared away, we always tried to conduct our walks ahead of other survey teams, although this was not always possible. Day walks were made between 0800-1300 hrs and night walks between 2010-2200 hrs.

RESULTS Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) Very old dung piles were seen at various locations along Trail 1 including the ridge top. In total, seven piles of dung, at various stages of decomposition were observed during our walks along Trail 1. Similarly, old dung piles were observed along Trail 2 at two locations. Given that no fresh dung was observed during the expedition and no calls heard, elephants had obviously visited the area some weeks earlier but had moved elsewhere. The caretakers of the Sg. Enam base camp reported to us that elephants frequent the area and have been known to pass right through the camp facilities.

Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) The distinct claw marks (old marks) of this species were seen from the base of a tree (along the first 100m of Trail 1) upwards to the middle of the trunk, where

the marks were not visible anymore to the naked eye. Two other such observations were made, one at the middle of Trail 1 and the other at the end of Trail 1. No fresh marks were seen and this is indicative that the bears were not presently active in the immediate survey areas.

Wild pig (Sus scrofa) The tracks and diggings of this common species were seen throughout Trail 1 and Trail 2. We also located an active wallow used by pigs based on fresh tracks in and around the wallow at Trail 1. Based on the various sizes of the tracks, and their abundance, we assume that the wild pig populations were healthy around the Sg. Enam survey areas.

Barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak) The distinct loud barking calls of this species were heard at approximately 1100 hrs during a day walk along Trail 1. These calls are made by both males and females. During the entire survey, we did not detect any further calls of the barking deer.

Dusky leaf monkey (Trachypithecus obscurus) Three individuals of this leaf monkey were observed at 0955 hrs on Trail 1 during a day survey, but based on branch movements, there were possibly two others. They were seen feeding on the fruits of the Kelampayan tree.

Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) Calls of this species were heard along Trail 1 at approximately 1100 hrs during a day walk (possibly from one individual). Another set of calls from a second individual was heard at the end of Trail 1 in a southward direction at 1330 hrs.

Based on these two sets of calls from a same morning and from different directions, at least two groups of Siamang were present around the Sg. Enam area at the time of our surveys.

DISCUSSION The detection of only six species of large mammals during the expedition, although very low, is not surprising. Our inability to detect other large mammals that possibly occur at the Sg. Enam area may have been due to several reasons including (a) their actual absence from the area, (b) the fact that the expedition

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base camp was busy with human activity in preparation for the expedition, and (c) the presence of a large number of people walking the established trails during the expedition. Given the extremely brief expedition period and our limited observations made from only four days of walks (2-5th October 2012), we are aware that many more species may be present and that further work will be required to fully document the available large mammal fauna at Sg. Enam that a tourist might encounter.

Previous work reported by Sharma et al. (2011) during an expedition to the Royal Belum State Park in July 2003 (Sg. Kenarong area) using similar survey methods detected the following large mammals: Dusky langur (Trachypithecus obscurus)–vocalization, Banded langur (Trachypithecus melalophus)–vocalization, White-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar)–vocalization and direct sightings, Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis)–direct sightings, Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)–tracks and old dung, Wild pig (Sus scrofa)–tracks, diggings, fresh nest and fresh wallow, Sambar deer (Cervus unicolour)–tracks, Barking deer (Muntiacus muntjac)–barking calls, Smooth otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)–direct sightings, Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus)–claw marks on tree, Pangolin (Manis javanica)–partially eaten carcass, and Malayan tiger (Panthera tigris jacksoni)–pug marks.

A second expedition to the Royal Belum State Park in June 2007 (Sharma et al., 2011) using similar survey methods detected the following large mammals at Pulau Tali Kail: Sunda flying lemur (Galeopterus cynocephalus)– direct sighting, White-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar)–direct sighting, Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)–old dung and tracks, Wild pig (Sus scrofa)–tracks and diggings, Lesser mousedeer (Tragulus kanchil)–direct sighting. The same expedition reported on the following large mammals at the Sg. Kejar base camp vicinity: Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)–old dung and tracks, Seladang (Bos frontalis)–tracks and droppings, Sambar deer (Cervus unicolour)–tracks, Smalltoothed palm civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata)–direct sighting, Smooth otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)–direct observation and Dusky langurs (Trachypithecus obscurus)–direct sighting. In addition, previous record inventoried by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Malaysia (DWNP, 2001) at the Royal Belum State Park, have reported the presence of flagship large mammals like the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), Seladang (Bos frontalis), Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) and Malayan tiger (Panthera tigris jacksoni).

CONCLUSION The present survey, in tandem with previous reports on the large mammalian fauna of the Belum and Temengor Forest Reserves, clearly indicate that these areas are priority sites for biodiversity conservation and ecotourism in the country. As such, all efforts must be taken to ensure the continual existence of these biodiversity hotspots and to safeguard these resources which are our national heritage.

REFERENCES DWNP (2001). Laporan inventori hidupan liar Taman Negeri Belum, Perak 2001.

Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Ratnam, L., Lim, B.L. and Nor Azman, H. (1995). Mammals of the Sungai Singgor Area in Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal. 48:409-423.

Sharma D.S.K., Wahab, A.Z.A., Suksuwan, S., Shukor, S., Liew, E. and Sharma R.S.K. (2011). A note on the mammals of the Royal Belum State Park. In: Abdul Rahim, A.R., Koh, H.L., Abdullah, M. and Latiff, A. (eds.) Taman Negeri Diraja Belum, Perak: Pengurusan Hutan, Persekitaran Fizikal, Kepelbagaian Biologi and Sosio-ekonomi. Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia.

Chapter 28, Pp. 309-320.

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PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF MAMMALS AT SUNGAI ENAM IN TEMENGOR FOREST RESERVE, PERAK, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA 1

SHAHFIZ, M.A., 2SHAHRUL ANUAR, M.S., 1KAVIARASU, M., 3FAUZI, M. Z., AND 1RIZAL, M.R. Email: shahfiz@frim.gov.my 1

Zoology Branch, Forest Biodiversity Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor.

2 School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang 3 Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Gerik District, Perak Abstract: Survey was carried out at Sungai Enam from 2-7 October 2012 in Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak. The main objective of this survey was to identify, document and update the checklist of mammalian species. In total, 150 cage traps were placed, baited with ripped banana for four consecutive nights to capture non-volant small mammals.

At the same time, five harp traps and 30 mist nets were used to capture the flying mammals and bats. Moreover, 30 camera traps were setup at these trails. On top of that, direct observations were also carried out using binoculars to spot any arboreal species.

Feces, scats, marks, dungs and footprints were also recorded to indicate the existence of the mammalian species. As results, a total of 58 species of mammals from 25 families were documented and recorded. The squirrels (Sciuridae) were mostly recorded comprising of eight species and followed by the mega-chiropterans or the fruit-eating bats (Pteropodidae) with seven species and the rats and mice (Muridae) with six species. Moreover, at least four species of wild cats including the Malayan tiger (Panthera tigris) and leopard (P. pardus) were identified in this area. Tigers are the top predator in a food chain or are also known as the umbrella species. Deforestation that leads to forest fragmentation is one of the key factors that contribute to the loss of our biodiversity. Therefore, it is important to conserve this area as it still functions as habitats for these vertebrates. Governments (federal and states) have established two initiatives to solve this issue by having the National Tiger Conservation Action Plan (NTCAP) and the Central Forest Spine (CFS).

Keywords: Temengor Forest Reserve, Mammals, Sciuridae, Pteropodidae, Muridae, Panthera tigris, National Tiger Conservation Action Plan (NTCAP), Central Forest Spine (CFS)

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INTRODUCTION The status of the biodiversity of mammals in Malaysia can be divided into two main themes: first, the description of the diversity that exists at the various genetic, population and species levels of taxonomy; and second, documenting the changes in numbers of each species in the wild, as a response to development and other pressures (Davison and Zubaid, 2007).

Knowledge about the total number of mammal species that occur in Malaysia is still increasing rapidly, especially when various expeditions organized by Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia (FDPM), Department of Wildlife and National Park (DWNP), Malaysian Nature Society (MNS) or even Pulau Banding Foundation or other agencies to identify and document the biodiversity especially mammals at respective sites in the past decades. For instance, these efforts are best translated where at least 17 volumes that include all proceedings published by Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia (FDPM) from various expeditions started in 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (Davison and Zubaid, 2007; Shahfiz, personal observation).

There are approximately 298 species of non-marine mammals within the political borders of Malaysia which includes a total of 229 species in Peninsular Malaysia. Of these, at least 60% of the total numbers of the species are small mammals (Davison and Zubaid, 2007). Small mammals can be referred to as any mammal species whose individual live weight does not exceed 5 kg as an adult, for example; rodents, civets, cats, bats and mongooses (Hayward and Phillipson, 1979). Chiropterans represent the largest group comprising approximately more than 40% of the total mammalian fauna while at least 50 species of rodents recorded in Peninsular Malaysia (Medway, 1983; Momin Khan, 1992; Corbet and Hill, 1992; Wilson & Reeder, 2005; Payne et al., 2005; Davison &Zubaid, 2007; Francis, 2008).

Previously, numerous studies and surveys were carried in Belum and Temengor Forest Reserves since 1993 when Malaysian Nature Society (MNS) first organized the Heritage and Scientific Expedition at Sungai Halong (Ratnam et al., 1995). Over the decades, more researches have been carried out to study vertebrate ecology especially the Malaysian Tiger (Panthera tigris) since Belum-Temengor Forest Reserves are known as one of the tiger roaming areas in the country. Therefore, this expedition in Sungai Enam aimed to identify, document and update the species listing especially mammals. Such information is vital for managers, state governments, policy makers and other related parties

to undertake further action to protect and conserve this area to remain as one of the important in-situ conservation sites in Malaysia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Survey was carried out at different trails in Sungai Enam namely; Trail 1, Trail 2 and Trail 3 which took place from 2-7 October 2012. A total of 150 collapsible cage traps and Sherman traps were used for four consecutive nights. These traps were baited with ripped banana. Traps were checked twice a day at 1000 hrs and 1500 hrs. Of these, 30 cage traps were placed on tree branch, at least at 3m height above ground whereas the remaining traps were set on the ground and nearby dead logs. These traps were deployed at 10-20m interval and 3-5m from the walking trail. Moreover, five four-banked-harp traps and 30 mist nets that contain at least 4 pockets to capture the bats was also setup. These nets were checked at 1900 hrs, 2200 hrs and 0800 hrs daily. The nets were also placed for four consecutive nights. In addition, 30 camera traps were setup at these trails at 50m interval. These camera traps were left for five consecutive nights.

All trapped and netted animals were identified using Medway (1983), Momin Khan (1992), Corbet and Hill (1992) and Wilson and Reeder (2005).

Trapped animals were transferred to a cloth bag before being anesthetized and measured. Standard measurements that had been collected were Head-Body Length (HB), Tail Length (TL), Hind Foot (Hf), Ear Length (E), Forearm (FA) and live weight (g) including their sexes and status. After measurements were taken, the animals were tagged, photographed and released back to nature. In addition to active trapping methods, direct observations were also applied by using binoculars (Minox 10X55) to spot the arboreal species. Feces, scats, marks, dungs and footprints were also recorded during this exercise. Calls and nests were also identified and recorded as indication of the existence of the species at the area.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 58 species comprising 25 families (Table 1) of mammals were recorded at this area. Of these, the sciurids were mostly recorded with eight species, followed by the pteropidids (7 spp.) and murids (6 spp.).The squirrels are the second largest group after the bats for small mammals (Francis, 2008). It is recorded that at least 42 species of squirrels exist in Malaysia (Payne et al., 2005; Francis, 2008). In addition, based on the present study, three new species are being added to the checklist of mammals in Temengor namely; Malay civet

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(Viverra tangalunga), greater mousedeer (Tragulus napu) and brown spiny rat (Maxomys rajah).

Previously, Ratnam (1995) conducted studies in between October 1993 until October 1994 at Sungai Singgor, in the vicinity of Sungai Halong and Kampung Tekam in Temengor Forest Reserve. The team recorded an overall of 97 species of mammals comprising 29 families. Of these, 39.6% were bats belonging to seven families namely: Pteropodidae (10 spp.); Emballonuridae (1 sp.); Megadermatidae (1 sp.); Rhinolophidae (5 spp.); Hipposideridae (4 spp.); Vespertilionidae (17 spp.); and Molossidae (1 sp.). Earlier on, Francis (1995) had carried out a survey on bats diversity at Sungai Halong from 2-12 August 1993. Harp traps and mist nets were used to increase probability of capturing these bats. Francis (1989) mentioned that species differ in their susceptibility to different trapping methods, and the effectiveness of each method may vary with habitat as well. Francis (1995) also mentioned that the richness of bat fauna in Temengor Forest Reserve highlights the potential benefits of setting aside some of this area for complete protection and conservation since much of the area is designated for production forest where logging activities will take place. At the same time, there is evidence that bats in isolated logged forests lose much of their diversity (Zubaid, 1993) and primate as well (Shahfiz, personal observation). Arboreal species especially primate namely gibbon, siamang, langurs, macaques, squirrels and even civets that require certain extent of canopy shade for their movements may be affected when their migratory tracks are destroyed due to such logging activities. Later, it will create more issues on human-wildlife-conflict (HWC).

Previously, Stevens (1968) documented the large Malaysian mammals like Sumatran rhino, elephant, gaur, tapir, sambar deer and tiger were well represented within the forests that form the watershed of Temengor Dam. Moreover, this statement is supported with surveys carried out by Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP, unpublished data) that confirmed the existence of these species along the East-West Highway that connects Gerik (Perak) and Jeli (Kelantan). However, during the past two decades, there is no sign of Sumatran rhino at this area until Magintan et al. (2009-2010) and Rufino et al. (2010) discovered their tracesâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;fresh footprints, debarking of tree mark, scraped on ground and strong smell of urination at the ridges close to Sungai Talang. However, there is no actual footage (camera trap photo or video) of the rhino recorded. WWF-Malaysia (Mark Rayan et al., 2012) carried out their surveys from June-November 2010 and deployed their camera traps for three months from May-August 2011 within the established 39 cells (2x2km cell each) along the highway. As results, 22 species of mammals were photo-trapped

including 11 out of the 12 large mammalsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; species known to occur within the landscape excluding the rhino. This is probably due to the fragmentation of forests by the highway and logging activities as mentioned before.

The size of the area of natural vegetation is a critical factor in determining mammal species richness in both fragmented forests and in the protected areas contained within forest fragments (Laidlaw, 2000). Moreover, based on the study carried out, Laidlaw (2000) mentioned that among seven study areas (Virgin Jungle Reserves, VJR) that has been compared (Sungai Lalang, Kemasul, Lesong, Jengka, Terengganu, Paya Pasir and Bukit Tarek); the most striking difference between the large, medium and small areas of natural forest was the fact that most widespread species which included small, abundant species were recorded in all areas whereby the least widespread, least abundant species including the largest and most wide-ranging, were recorded only in the largest areas. Therefore, the size of the natural forest areas will determine the quality of habitat by looking at the species richness due to the fact that certain species preferred a relatively undisturbed forest while certain species preferred these disturbed forest (Laidlaw, 2000).

The two scenarios that have happened at Temengor Forest Reserves are developed road (East-West Highway) and logging activities that are impacting and altering the species populations particularly the tiger. This highly adaptable species exhibits tolerance to a wide range of forest types, climatic regimes, altered landscapes and prey bases (Kawanishi and Sunquist, 2004). As of today, many of the remaining tiger populations are confined to small and isolated forests (Dinerstein et al., 1997) where stochastic events and continuing human impacts are likely to cause local extinction (Smith et al., 1987). Even tiger populations in large forest tracts may not be secure, especially in tropical rainforest habitats where prey densities are naturally low (Eisenberg and Seidensticker, 1976; Kenney et al., 1995).

Malaysia occupies the southern limit of the distribution of mainland tiger populations. In the past century, Malaysia has lost half of its forest cover and most of the remaining forests are located primarily in mountainous regions with little agricultural value or in isolated protected areas. Since independence in 1957, large areas of productive lowland forests have been converted to oil palm and rubber plantations. In addition to habitat loss and fragmentation, increased demands for wild meat and high-priced body parts have reduced populations of many large mammals for instance, the Javan rhinoceros, Rhinoceros sondaicus and banteng, Bos javanicus are already extinct and the Sumatran rhino, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis is critically endangered (Aiken and Leigh, 1992).

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With its position at the apex of the terrestrial food chain, the top predators maintain the balance of an ecosystem (Terborgh, 1988; Terborgh, 1990, Terborgh et al., 1999). Top predators not only have numerical and behavioral impact on their immediate prey species but sometimes regulate their populations which actually have effects on plants and smaller animals that these preys feed on. In other word, the loss of top predators may release cascade impacts and changes across the food web and this whole concept is known as the “the umbrella species” (DWNP, 2008).

Realizing these factors impacting the biodiversity especially the mammal species, the government has established at least two initiatives to overcome or solve these issues by having the National Tiger Conservation Action Plan (NTCAP) (DWNP, 2008) and Central Forest Spine Master Plan (CFS) (DTCP, 2010). These two initiatives have set intensive plans of actions to be implemented by various agencies from federal to state level. These two documents are putting the same aims as to conserve biodiversity especially tiger.

NTCAP has described that a healthy tiger population across a landscape of well conserved and contiguous forest ecosystems indicates ecologically and socioeconomically balanced progress of the nation that translates into a better quality of life for all Malaysians in which the definition of a healthy tiger population is a contiguous population of about 1000 adult tigers in the Central Forest Spine that has a greater than 90% projected survivorship into the 22nd century.

Moreover, CFS comes in hand to support NTCAP by having and re-establishing connectivity of all forest reserves in Peninsular Malaysia thus becoming the backbone of the Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) network through protection and restoration of this forest system and as well to maintain the country’s forest cover, reconnecting the fragmented landscapes offer better protection to the nation’s environment and biodiversity, all within a timeline that runs to the year 2020.

CONCLUSION Based on the survey conducted, Sungai Enam still plays its role in providing habitat for the vertebrates especially mammals. Therefore, it is important to conserve this reserve for future generation and to ensure on keeping the balance of our biological diversity.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to wish our greatest gratitude to Dr Daniel Baskaran and team (Pulau Banding Foundation) for organizing the expedition, Prof Emeritus Dato’ Dr Abd Latiff

Mohamed, our chief expedition leader and to fellow researchers and friends. Thanks also to Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Department of Wildlife and National Park (DWNP) and Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia (FDPM). Thanks again to Pulau Banding foundation for their kind hospitality on providing accommodation, transport and porters (Orang Asli) to help during the expedition. This survey was supported by research grant from FRIM. REFERENCES Aiken, S. R. and Leigh, C. H., (1992). Vanishing rainforests: The ecological Transition in Malaysia. Oxford Press, Oxford.

Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. (1992). The Mammals of the Indomalayan Region.Natural History Museum Publications. Oxford University Press, New York.

Davison, G.W.H., and Zubaid, A. (2007). The Status of Mammalian Biodiversity in Malaysia. In Chua, L. S. L., Kirton, L. G. and Saw, L. G. Status of Biological Diversity in Malaysia and Threat Assessment of Plant Species in Malaysia.

FRIM, Kuala Lumpur. p. 21-27 Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E., Robinson, J., Karanth, U., Robinowitz, A., Olson, D., Mathew, T., Hedao, P., Connor, M., Hemley, G. and Bolze, D. (1997). A framework for identifying high priority areas and actions for the conservation of tigers in the wild.World Wildlife Fund-US (WWF-US), Washington, DC. Department of Town and Country Planning (DTCP) (2010). CFS I: Master Plan for ecological linkages. Kuala Lumpur. 444 pp..

Department of Town and Country Planning (DTCP).(2010). CFS II: Master Plan for ecological linkages. Kuala Lumpur. 273 pp.

Department of Town and Country Planning (DTCP) (2010). 2nd National Physical Plan.Kuala Lumpur. 306 pp..

Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) (2008). National Tiger Conservation Action Plan.Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 94 pp.

Eisenberg, J. F. and Seidensticker, J. (1976). Ungulates in southern Asia: a consideration of biomass estimates for selected habitats. Biological Conservation. 10:293-308.

Ellermen, J. R. and Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1955). Supplement to Chasen (1940) A Handlist of Malaysian Mammals. British Museum. 80 pp.

Francis, C. M. (1989). A comparison of mist nets and two designs of harp traps for capturing bats. Journal of Mammalogy70:865-870.

Francis, C. M. (1995).The diversity of bats at Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal. 48: 403-408.

Francis, C. M. (2008). A Field Guide To The Mammals of South-East Asia, New Holland Publishers Ltd, London, United Kingdom.

Harrison, J. L. (1966). An Introduction to Mammals of Singapore and Malaya.

Malayan Nature Society, Singapore.

Hayward, G. F. and Phillipson, J. (1979). Community structure and functional role of small mammals in ecosystems. Ecology of Small Mammals. 4:135

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Kawanishi, K. (2002). Population status of tiger (Panthera tigris) in a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia. Ph.D dissertation.University of Florida, Gainesville.

Kawanishi, K. and Sunquist, M. (2004). Conservation status of tigers in a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia. Biological Conservation.Pp: 329-344.

Kemper, C. and Bell, D.T. (1985). Small mammals and habitat structure in lowland rain forest of Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Ecology.

1: 5-22.

Kenney, J. S., Smith, J. L. D., Starfield, A. M. and McDougal, C. W. (1995). The longterm effects of tiger poaching on population viability. Conservation Biology.9: 1127-1133 pp.

Khan, M.K.M., Elagupillay, S.T. danZainal, Z. (1983).Species conservation priorities in the tropical rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian Naturalist. Pp: 2-8 Kingston, T. 2003. Key to the bats of Peninsular Malaysia. Unpublished manual for the Malaysian Bat Conservation Research Unit MNS Workshop 2003.7-8th March 2003, Kuala Lompat, Pahang, Malaysia.

Kingston, T., Francis, C.M., Zubaid, A. and Kunz, T.H. (2003).Species richness in an insectivorous bat assemblage from Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19:67-79.

Laidlaw, R. K. (2000). Effects of habitat disturbance and protected areas on mammals of Peninsular Malaysia. Conservation Biology.14:1639-1648 pp.

Lim, B.L. (1973). Bait preference by small mammals. Malayan Nature Journal.26: 3236.

Magintan, D., Rufino, M. B. M., Cosmas, N. and Dennis, T. C. Y. (2009-2010). Some evidences of Sumatran rhinoceros presence in Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak. Journal of Wildlife and Parks. 26: 5-10 pp.

Mark Rayan, D., Ching, L. F., Suz, S. G., Shariff, M., Wong, C. T. C., Elangkumaran, S. S., Hamirul, M. And Azlan, M. (2012). Management recommendations on ecological linkages: Findings from a study on large mammal habitat use within Belum-Temengor corridor. World Wildlife Fund-Malaysia (WWF-Malaysia), Malaysia.

Medway, L. (1966). The mammals: Observations of the fauna of Pulau Tioman and Pulau Tulai. Bulletin of the National Museum of Singapore. 34: 33-38.

Medway, L. (1983). The Wild Mammals of Malaya and Singapore - 2nd Edition.

Oxford University Press, Singapore.

Mohd Khan, M.K. (1992). Mamalia Semenanjung Malaysia. Jabatan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara Semenanjung Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.

Payne, J. and Francis, C.M. (2005). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Borneo. The Sabah Society. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.

Ratnam, L., Lim, B. L. and Nor Azman, H. (1995). Mammals of the Sungai Singgor Area in Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal.48 : 409-423.

Rufino, M. B. M., Magintan, D., Cosmas, N., Zahrim, A. I., Hamidi, J., Zainal, A. M., Idlan, R., Abdul-Kadir, A. H., Dennis, T. C. Y. and Fauzul Azim, Z. A. (2010).

Mammals of Temengor Forest Reserve: Evidence through camera trapping. In: Nawayai, Y., Shukor, M. N., Rahmah, I., Syarifah-Khadiejah, S. M. K., Rufino,

M. B. M. and Frankie, T. S. Proceeding of National Biodiversity Seminar 2008.

Department of Wildlife and National Parks. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. p. 7-16.

Smith, J.L.D., Wemmer, C. and Mishra, H.R. (1987). A tiger geographic information system: the first step in a global conservation strategy. In: Tilson, R. C. and Seal, U.S. (Eds.), Tigers of the World. Noyes Publication, Park Ridge. p. 464474.

Stevens, W. E. (1968). The conservation of wildlife in West Malaysia.Office of the Chief Game Warden, Seremban, Malaysia.116 pp.

Terborgh, J. (1988). The big things that run the wild: a sequel to E. O. Wilson.

Conservation Biology.2: p. 1342-1348.

Terborgh, J. (1990). The role of felid predations in neotropical forests. Vida Silvestre Neotropical.2: p. 3-5.

Terborgh, J., Estes, J., Paquet, P., Ralls, K., Boyd-Heger, D., Miller, B. and Noss, R. (1999). The role of top carnivores in regulating terrestrial ecosystems. Wild Earth 1999 (summer): p. 42-56.

Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (eds). (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed). Johns Hopkins University Press, 2142 pp.

Zubaid, A. (1993). A comparison of the bat fauna between a primary and fragmented secondary forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Mammalia 57:201-206.____________

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Manidae Erinaceidae Erinaceidae Soricidae Soricidae Soricidae Tupaiidae Tupaiidae Cynocephalidae Pteropodidae Pteropodidae Pteropodidae Pteropodidae

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Malayan Pangolin Moon rat Lesser Gymnure Malayan Pygmy Shrew SEA White-toothed Shrew Himalayan Water shrew Common Tree shrew Lesser Tree shrew Flying Lemur Geoffroy's Rousette Malayan Flying Fox Malaysian Fruit Bat Horsefield's Fruit Bat

Manis javanica Echinosorex gymnurus Hylomys suillus Suncus etruscus Crocidura fuliginosa Chimarrogale himalayica Tupaia glis Tupaia minor Galeopterus variegatus Rousettus amplexicaudatus Pteropus vampyrus Cynopterus brachyoti Cynopterus horsfieldi 3: Belum-Temengor (Mark Rayan et al., 2012) 4: Present study (2012)

Common Name

Scientific Name

1: Temengor (Rufino et al., 2010) 2: Temengor (Ratnam et al., 1995)

Family

No

Table 1: List of mammals recorded and compared with previous literature

-

1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X

2

-

3

Comparison

X X X X X X X X X X

4

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Pteropodidae Pteropodidae Pteropodidae Pteropodidae Pteropodidae Pteropodidae Emballonuridae Megadermatidae Rhinolophidae Rhinolophidae Rhinolophidae Rhinolophidae

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Dusky Fruit Bat Dayak Fruit Bat Spotted-winged Fruit Bat Tailless Fruit Bat Cave Fruit Bat Common Long-tongued Fruit Bat Lesser Sheath-tailed Bat Malayan False Vampire Intermediate Horseshoe Bat Lesser Brown Horseshoe Bat Trefoil Horseshoe Bat Blyth's horseshoe bat

Penthetor lucasi Dyacopterus spadiceus Balionycteris maculata Megaerops ecaudatus Eonycteris spelaea Macroglossos minimus Emballonura monticola Megaderma spasma Rhinolophus affinis Rhinolophus stheno Rhinolophus trifoliatus Rhinolophus lepidus 3: Belum-Temengor (Mark Rayan et al., 2012) 4: Present study (2012)

Common Name

Scientific Name

1: Temengor (Rufino et al., 2010) 2: Temengor (Ratnam et al., 1995)

Family

No -

1 X X X X X X X X X X X X

2

-

3

4

VERTEBRATE FAUNA

X X X X -

Comparison

207

Hipposideridae Hipposideridae Hipposideridae Hipposideridae

Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae

26 27 28 29

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Bicolour Roundleaf Horseshoe Bat Least Roundleaf Horseshoe Bat Cantor's Roundleaf Horseshoe Bat Diadem Roundleaf Horseshoe Bat Ridley's Bat Herman's Myotis Whiskered Bat Burmese Whiskered Bat Horsfield's Myotis Lesser Flat-Headed Bat Greater Flat-headed Bat Schreibers's Bat Brown Tube-nose Bat

Hipposideros bicolor Hipposideros cineraceus Hipposideros galeritus Hipposideros diadema Myotis ridleyi Myotis hermanni Myotis muricola Myotis montivagus Myotis horsfieldii Tylonycteris pachypus Tylonycteris robustula Miniopterus schreibersii Murina suilla

2: Temengor (Ratnam et al., 1995)

3: Belum-Temengor (Mark Rayan et al., 2012) 4: Present study (2012)

Common Name

Scientific Name

1: Temengor (Rufino et al., 2010)

Family

No

-

-

1

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

2

-

-

3

X

X X -

4

Comparison

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Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Molossidae Lorisidae Cercopithecidae Cercopithecidae

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

Bronzed Tube-nosed Bat None Papillose Bat Hardwicke's Forest Bat Clear-winged Bat Least Forest Bat Groove-toothed Bat Hairless Bat Slow Loris Dusky Leaf Monkey Banded Leaf Monkey

Murina aenea Harpiocephalus mordax Kerivoula papillosa Kerivoula hardwickii Kerivoula pellucida Kerivoula minuta Phoniscus atrox Cheiromeles torquatus Nycticebus coucang Trachypithecus obscurus Presbytis femoralis 3: Belum-Temengor (Mark Rayan et al., 2012) 4: Present study (2012)

Common Name

Scientific Name

1: Temengor (Rufino et al., 2010) 2: Temengor (Ratnam et al., 1995)

Family

No -

1 X X X X X X X X X X X

2

-

3

Comparison

VERTEBRATE FAUNA

X X -

4

209

Cercopithecidae Cercopithecidae Hylobatidae Hylobatidae Hylobatidae Canidae Ursidae Mustellidae Mustellidae Mustellidae Viverridae Viverridae Viverridae

50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

Long-tailed Macaque Pig-tailed Macaque White-handed Gibbon Agile Gibbon Siamang Wild dog Malayan Sun Bear Yellow-throated Marten Malay Weasel Smooth-coated Otter Large Indian Civet Malay Civet Banded Linsang

Macaca fascicularis Macaca nemestrina Hylobates lar Hylobates agilis Symphalangus syndactylus Cuonal pinus Helarctos malayanus Martes flavigula Mustela nudipes Lutrogal eperspicillata Viverra zibetha Viverra tangalunga Prionodon linsang 3: Belum-Temengor (Mark Rayan et al., 2012) 4: Present study (2012)

Common Name

Scientific Name

1: Temengor (Rufino et al., 2010) 2: Temengor (Ratnam et al., 1995)

Family

No X X X X X

1 X X X X X X X X X

2

X X X X X

3

Comparison

X X X X X X X X X -

4

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Viverridae Viverridae Viverridae Viverridae Viverridae Herpestidae Felidae Felidae Felidae Felidae Felidae Felidae Felidae

63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

Common Palm Civet Masked Palm Civet Binturong Small-toothed Palm Civet Banded Palm Civet Crab-eating Mongoose Tiger Leopard Clouded leopard Golden cat Leopard Cat Flat-Headed Cat Marbled Cat

Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Paguma larvata Arctitis binturong Arctogalidia trivirgata Hemigalus derbyanus Herpestes urva Panthera tigris Panthera pardus Neofelis nebulosa Catopuma temminckii Prionailurus bengalensis Prionailurus planiceps Pardofelis marmorata 3: Belum-Temengor (Mark Rayan et al., 2012) 4: Present study (2012)

Common Name

Scientific Name

1: Temengor (Rufino et al., 2010) 2: Temengor (Ratnam et al., 1995)

Family

No X X X X X X X

1 X X X X X X X X -

2 X X X X X X X X -

3

Comparison

VERTEBRATE FAUNA

X X X X X X X X -

4

211

Elephantidae Tapiridae Rhinocerotidae Suidae Tragulidae Tragulidae Cervidae Cervidae Bovidae Bovidae Sciuridae Sciuridae Sciuridae Sciuridae

76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89

Asian Elephant Malayan Tapir Sumatran Rhinoceros Wild Pig Lesser Mouse-deer Greater Mouse-deer Barking Deer Sambar Gaur Serow Black Giant Squirrel Cream-coloured Giant Squirrel Plantain Squirrel Belly-banded Squirrel

Elephas maximus Tapirus indicus Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Sus scrofa Tragulus kanchil Tragulus napu Muntiacus muntjak Rusa unicolor Bos frontalis Capricornis sumatraensis Ratufa bicolor Ratufa affinis Callosciurus notatus Callosciurus flavimanus 3: Belum-Temengor (Mark Rayan et al., 2012) 4: Present study (2012)

Common Name

Scientific Name

1: Temengor (Rufino et al., 2010) 2: Temengor (Ratnam et al., 1995)

Family

No X X X X X X X -

1 X X X X X X X X X X

2

X X X X X X X -

3

Comparison

X X X X X X X X X X

4

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Sciuridae Sciuridae Sciuridae Sciuridae Sciuridae Sciuridae Sciuridae Sciuridae Sciuridae Spalacidae Muridae Muridae

90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101

Prevost's Squirrel Black-banded Squirrel Slender Squirrel Low's Squirrel Himalayan Striped Squirrel Three-striped Ground Squirrel Grey-cheeked Flying Squirrel Horsfield's Flying Squirrel Red Giant Flying Squirrel Large Bamboo Rat Pencil-tailed Tree mouse House Rat

Callosciurus prevostii Callosciurus nigrovittatus Sundasciurus tenuis Sundasciurus lowii Tamiops macclellandii Lariscus insignis Hylopetes platyurus Iomys horsfieldii Petaurista petaurista Rhizomys sumatrensis Chiropodomys gliroides Rattus rattus 3: Belum-Temengor (Mark Rayan et al., 2012) 4: Present study (2012)

Common Name

Scientific Name

1: Temengor (Rufino et al., 2010) 2: Temengor (Ratnam et al., 1995)

Family

No -

1 X X X X X X X X X X X X

2

-

3

X X X X X -

4

VERTEBRATE FAUNA

Comparison

213

Muridae Muridae Muridae Muridae Muridae Muridae Muridae Muridae Hystricidae Hystricidae

102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 19 11

Total number of species Total number of family 3: Belum-Temengor (Mark Rayan et al., 2012) 4: Present study (2012)

-

Malaysian Wood Rat Muller's Rat Bower's Rat Dark-tailed Tree Rat Red Spiny Rat Brown Spiny Rat Whitehead's Rat Long-tailed Giant Rat Malayan Porcupine Brush-tailed Porcupine

Rattus tiomanicus Sundamys muelleri Berylmys bowersi Niviventer cremoriventer Maxomys surifer Maxomys rajah Maxomys whiteheadi Leopoldamys sabanus Hystrix brachyura Atherurus macrourus

1

Common Name

Scientific Name

1: Temengor (Rufino et al., 2010) 2: Temengor (Ratnam et al., 1995)

Family

No

97 29

X X X X X X X X X

2

21 12

X -

3

Comparison

58 25

X X X X X X X -

4

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THE HORNBILL VALLEYS OF BELUM-TEMENGOR FOREST COMPLEX, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA YEAP CHIN AIK Email: hornbills@mns.org.my Project Manager/Lead Investigator, MNS Hornbill Conservation Project, Malaysian Nature Society, Bukit Persekutuan, 50480 Kuala Lumpur.

Abstract: Hornbills are one of the iconic birds in the tropical forests of Asia, supporting a total of 32 species in Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, south China, south-east Asia and Solomon Islands. Their trademark physical characteristics especially its prominent casque and unique breeding behavior of nesting in sealed tree cavities make Asian hornbills a ‘target’ of birdwatchers and nature lovers. Nevertheless, are secretive and most encounters with hornbills are brief and fleeting. Seeing or observing hornbills in the wild are thus wonderful experiences for many. Malaysia is blessed by having 10 hornbill species in the country, almost a third of the total hornbill species in Asia. More amazing is the fact that all the 10 species can be found in a single site: the Belum-Temengor Forest Complex (BTFC). The seasonal movements of large flocks of the globally threatened Plain-pouched Hornbills in the hundreds that cross this landscape annually adds to the allure of BTFC as possibly the most important site for hornbill conservation in Malaysia. The damming of Sungai Perak which formed the Temengor lake has also unexpectedly ‘created’ hornbill valleys – valleys which are accessible by boat and that perhaps present higher opportunities to seeing hornbill(s) of various species in the wild and sometimes up close. However, the future of the hornbill valleys of Belum-Temengor will depend entirely on how this forest landscape will be managed and conserved.

Keywords: Belum-Temengor Forest Complex, Ficus, Important Bird Area (IBA), hornbill valleys, Plain-pouched Hornbills, Hornbill Triangle

INTRODUCTION One of the most magical experiences in Asia’s tropical forests is to encounter a hornbill (or hornbills) in the wild (Figure 1). Stephen Moss, a well known journalist and broadcaster in the UK, listed the Rhinoceros Hornbill Buceros rhinoceros amongst the “100 of the world’s most unmissable birds” in his book

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‘Remarkable Birds’, (Moss 2007)1. The allure of hornbills is unmistakable– almost every visitor especially birdwatchers to our forests would hope to catch a glimpse of them. Moss (2007) remarked (of the Rhinoceros Hornbill) that “some birds have to be seen to be believed – and even when they appear to defy logic”.

Hornbills are clothed in mainly black and white plumage, with various displays of casque shapes and colour and facial characteristics. Their calls, which differ according to species, can often be heard echoing across the forest in early mornings and dusk. Its nesting habits are bizarre where the female is sealed in the nest hole together with the egg/chick. Guarded and provided for by her mate, they remain in its ‘tree prison’ until the female and/or chick is ready to fledge.

No other bird species in the world breed this way.

How special are Hornbills in Belum-Temengor?

Our earliest knowledge of hornbills in Belum-Temengor Forest Complex (BTFC) was generated from a series of MNS scientific expeditions in this landscape in the 1990s (Latiff and Yap 2000; Davison et al. 1995a). Nine hornbill species were recorded with a tantalizing possibility of a tenth. Large flocks of ‘Wreathed Hornbills’ were observed moving across the landscape.

Given its nature and physical similarity (almost) with the globally threatened Plain-pouched Hornbills, it raised hopes that these ‘Wreatheds’ were indeed Plain-pouched. After closer studies, observations and deliberations with Thai experts were these records positively identified as Plain-pouched Hornbills making it Malaysia’s 10th hornbill species (MNS-BCC Records Committee 2000).

Currently, there are 57 recognised hornbill species globally (Poonswad et al. 2013). Out of this figure, 32 species (56%) can be found in Asia making it a ‘powerhouse’ of hornbill diversity. Within Asia, Malaysia and Myanmar are ranked third in the total number of hornbill diversity per country (Table 1).

Malaysia’s position as a key hornbill country is further reinforced by the fact that Belum-Temengor Forest Complex has the highest number of hornbill species per site in the world when compared with other several wellknown protected/conservation areas (Table 2). It does however shares this distinction with the Greater Ulu Muda Forest Complex in Kedah and Bang Lang National Park/Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary in southern Thailand. The annual occurrence of Plain-pouched Hornbills in BTFC is another plus point which is succinctly captured by Davidson, 1995b as:

“The totals of more than 2,000 hornbills at Temengor seem to be unprecedented anywhere in the world for any hornbill species, but there are now sufficient reports to be sure that substantial numbers are regular occurrence there”. Dr G.W.H. Davison (1995b) Many hornbill species and population in Asia are declining due to habitat loss and degradation and hunting/poaching. Seven out of 10 hornbill species in Malaysia are globally threatened and near-threatened according to the IUCN Red List with the exception of the Oriental Pied, Bushy-crested and Wreathed Hornbills. BTFC with its relatively intact forest ecosystem offers one of the best hopes of long-term survival of hornbills not just in Malaysia but Asia as well provided it is accorded proper conservation attention by all stakeholders of this site.

The Hornbill Valleys of BTFC The construction of the Temengor dam and its eventual flooding, which created Temengor Lake, undoubtedly destroyed hornbill feeding and nesting sites in the landscape. However the vastness of this area and its intactness could still sustain relatively good hornbill populations evident from sightings of juveniles and discoveries of breeding pairs2. One unexpected opportunity that rose from the creation of Temengor lake is the relative ease of observing hornbills at several ‘hornbill valleys’ as compared to other established birdwatching site such as Taman Negara National Park.

The term “hornbill valleys” refer to river valleys that can be navigated by boat along its route that are flanked by mostly intact forest on both sides. For example, the Tekam valley, which is fed by Sungai Singor, Sungai Enam, Sungai Tujuh, Sungai Hantar, Sungai Halong and Sungai Bekek, stretches for about 8km and is lined with well-regenerated forests (Figure 2). All hornbill species have been recorded occurring here with the exception of the Wrinkled Hornbill Aceros corrugatus at different frequencies and number of individuals.

These river valleys which are part of the larger BTFC landscape serve several of the hornbills’ needs as observed by the author;  Forest river valleys as feeding sites. Many forest fruit trees line these waterways, with figs (Ficus spp.) as very likely the most common. When figs ripen, hornbills as well as other frugivorous birds and mammals (e.g. squirrels, primates, wild pigs) often congregate in large numbers to take advantage of this bounty. Oriental Pied, Black and Rhinoceros Hornbills are

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just some of the hornbills that have been recorded feeding on fruiting figs in the Tekam valley.

Forest river valleys as nesting sites. Hornbills, such as the Great and Oriental Pied, have been observed investigating suitable tree holes for nesting along this valley. It is without doubt that the well-regenerated forests at the Sungai Enam or Sungai Halong area would support nesting hornbills.

Forest river valleys as roosting/roaming sites. Nine hornbill species have been recorded engaged in various activities e.g. in flight, perched, grooming and also possibly roosting in large numbers e.g. Rhinoceros Hornbills within this valley.

Forest river valleys as navigational landmarks. Regular monitoring and simultaneous counts of the Plain-pouched Hornbills have indicated that these hornbills do fly along river/forest valleys to get to their intended destination(s).

The hornbill valleys offer an unparallel opportunity for BTFC visitors to experience hornbill(s) in the wild and even the possibility of spotting and/or hearing at least five species (Figures 3 & 4). Some of the hornbill valleys that are promising includes (but not exhaustive):      

Temin Valley (Royal Belum State Park) Kenarong Valley (Royal Belum State Park) Gadong Valley (Royal Belum State Park) Tekam Valley (Temengor Forest Reserve) Rokan Valley (Temengor Forest Reserve) Pulau Besar East Valley (Temengor)

The Art of Hornbill Watching To watch these extraordinary birds, one needs to understand its behaviour to increase our chances. The MNS field experiences can be summarized into 5S – the Five Secrets of Hornbill Watching – in the particular order.  Secret 1: Sunrise/sunset. In order to maximize one’s chances in seeing hornbills, the observer needs to be up and ready before the first light (i.e.

0700 hrs). Hornbills are most active and vocal in the morning. Their calls can at times be heard even before sunrise. In the evening, dusk also presents another opportunity to search for hornbills as the weather cools down.  Secret 2: Search. Go to the preferred hornbill valley by dawn and/or dusk to search. When at the valley, boat engines should be turned off in order for the observer to be able to listen for hornbill calls and search.





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Secret 3: Silence. Waiting or searching for hornbills is tedious work. Often one might be tempted to start conversations to relieve temporary boredom.

This is best avoided or perhaps kept to a minimum. The observer can then concentrate on locating the hornbills amidst nature’s sounds.

Secret 4: Study. Once the hornbill has been located, one should not waste this opportunity to also study its behavior/habits. Is it feeding on a fig tree?

Where is it located? How long did it stay on this tree? Does it always perch on this tree to groom? Is it roosting here for the night? By studying the hornbill(s), the observer will then get a more holistic picture of ‘hornbill happenings’ within this valley.

Secret 5: Story. By applying S1-S4, the observer would be able to paint a picture or ‘story’ of what species have been seen and how the hornbill(s) behave in the valley for fellow visitors/observers. Patience, dedication and diligent note-taking are final ingredients that would make this a worthwhile venture.

Hornbills as Tourism Ambassadors for BTFC The Belum-Temengor Forest Complex is undoubtedly Peninsular Malaysia’s jewel in the north supporting one of the country’s best representations of forest ecosystem and biodiversity. Globally, it has earned the reputation as being one of Malaysia’s 55 Important Bird Areas (IBA). More recently, hornbills have also been ‘incorporated’ into the Malaysia’s Economic Transformation Plan’s (ETP) Tourism National Key Economic Area (NKEA) where it is regarded as one of the top 10 terrestrial icons of MMBH3 sites (PEMANDU 2010). Belum is listed as one of the MMBH sites. As one of the country’s top revenue earner, tourism is expected to continue its upward growth trend in the following years to come as outlined in the Malaysia Tourism Transformation Programme (MTTP).

At the same time, birdwatching tourism4, a branch of the broader naturebased tourism, is expected to grow as well with more bird watchers (birders) travelling the globe in search of their target list of birds or lifers5. As explained earlier in this paper, hornbills are often on their ‘want list’ if/when birdwatchers visit this region. BTFC could offer both foreign and domestic birdwatchers a new opportunity (in terms of a site) in seeing hornbills (and other wildlife/birds) in the wild (Figure 5). However, it must be cautioned that it is very challenging to just promote hornbill as a main draw to BTFC. Rather, experiencing hornbills can be incorporated in to existing nature tourism activities (and applying the 5S). Dedicated hornbill watching activities is possible if by-demand (from visitors).

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Size Does Matter In Conserving Hornbills The management and conservation of BTFC as one intact forest ecosystem will determine the future survival of its hornbill populations. BTFC’s contiguity with Bang Lang National Park/Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary in southern Thailand and its ‘link’ to the Greater Ulu Muda Forest Complex in the north-west creates a Hornbill Triangle (or HoT), which further reinforces its reputation (Figure 6).

This combination creates a ‘super forest complex’ that evidently fulfils the hornbills’ ecological and biological requirements and ensures the continuity of the Plain-pouched Hornbill’s annual movements in these landscapes. Hornbills in Asia will continue to face tremendous pressure from various threats including climate change. At this juncture, priority must be given to safeguard BTFC’s reputation as one of the world’s priority hornbill landscapes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS MNS would like to thank Pulau Banding Foundation for the invitation to join the Sungai Enam Scientific Expedition 2012. The Society is also grateful to the Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, Perak State Parks Corporation for supporting hornbill conservation work in BTFC. Hymeir Kamarudin provided information about the Greater Ulu Muda Forest Complex. The ongoing MNS Hornbill Conservation Project is currently funded by Yayasan Sime Darby.

REFERENCES Latiff, A. and Yap, S.K. (2000). An Expedition to Belum Forest Reserve, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia: An Introduction. Malayan Nature Journal 54: 147-149.

Moss, S. (2007). Remarkable Birds: 100 of the World’s Most Unmissable Birds.

London: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. Davison, G.W.H. (ed.). (1995). The Birds of Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malaysian Nature Journal 48: 371-386.

Davison, G.W.H., Soepadmo, E. and Yap, S.K. (1995). The Malaysian Heritage and Scientific Expedition to Belum: Temengor Forest Reserve, 1993-1994. Malayan Nature Journal 48: 133-146.

MNS-BCC Records Committee. (2000). Plain-pouched Hornbill Aceros subruficollis – A New Species for Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 54: 267-269.

PEMANDU. (2010). Economic Transformation Programme: A Roadmap for Malaysia.

Putrajaya: Prime Minister’s Department.

Poonswad, P., Kemp, A., and Strange, M. (2013). Hornbills of the World: A Photographic Guide. Singapore: Draco Publishing and Distribution Pte. Ltd.

LIST OF FOOTNOTE 1. Out of about 10,000 bird species recognized currently.

2. Through the MNS Hornbill Conservation Project which was established in 2004.

3. Malaysia Mega Biodiversity Hub 4. Also known as birding tourism or avitourism.

5. A term used by birdwatchers to denote a bird species that is â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;newâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; to and seen for the first time by a birdwatcher

Figure 1: A male Great Hornbill in flight in Belum-Temengor Forest Complex.

(Yeap Chin Aik/MNS).

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Table 1: Total number of species according to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;hornbill countriesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; in Asia.

NO. OF SPECIES

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

COUNTRY

Table 2: Number of hornbill species per site of several notable locations in Malaysia (in black), Myanmar (orange), Thailand (red) and Indonesia (blue).

12

No. of Hornbill Species

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10 8 6 4 2 0

SITES Notes *The Belum-Temengor Forest Complex comprises of the Royal Belum State Park and Forest Reserves of Temengor, Gerik, Banding and Amanjaya. **The Greater Ulu Muda Forest Complex comprises of the Ulu Muda, Pedu, Chebar Besar and Padang Terap Forest Reserves and including the proposed Ulu Muda Tambahan, Bukit Keramat and Bukit Saiong Forest Reserves.

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Figure 2: An example of a hornbill valley - the Tekam Valley (marked in yellow) in Temengor Forest Reserve.

Figure 3: An example of a physical setting of the hornbill valley in BTFC. (KH Khoo/MNS)

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Figure 4: Plain-pouched Hornbills in flight along the forest canopy in one of the hornbill valleys in BTFC. (Yeap Chin Aik/MNS)

Figure 5: An example of a visitor signboard that was developed by MNS which highlighted Royal Belum State Park as an IBA and hornbills as the icon for this site.

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Figure 6: The Hornbill Triangle (HoT) in Peninsular Malaysia.

A CHECKLIST OF INSECTIVOROUS BATS IN THE DIPTEROCARP HILL FORESTS OF BELUM-TEMENGOR, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA Christine Fletcher1 & Joann Luruthusamy 1

Forest Ecology Unit, Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia.

Abstract: The diversity of insectivorous bats in the dipterocarp hill forests of Temengor Forest Reserve and the Royal Belum State Park was studied in 2008 and 2009. Four-bank harp traps placed on established 300m transects were used to capture bats. This resulted in an accumulative 447 bat captures and a checklist of 23 bat species.

Five near threatened and one vulnerable species under the IUCN list were among those listed. The species composition at both sites were dominated by forest-dependent species (tree/foliage/bamboo-roosting bat species) instigating the need for forest conservation and/or good forest management in these forested areas to ensure its continuous existence.

Keywords: insectivorous bats, forest-dependent bats, dipterocarp hill forest, Peninsular Malaysia

INTRODUCTION Temengor Forest Reserve is one of the largest contiguous tropical rainforests in Peninsular Malaysia and home to many endemic flora and fauna species (Davison 1995).The reserve was gazetted in 1991 and covers an area of 300 000 ha. The Royal Belum State Park is located to the north of Temengor Forest Reserve, bordering Thailand, and covers a total area of 117,500ha. It is part of the Belum Forest Reserve (134 167ha) but it was officially gazetted as the Royal Belum State Park in 2007 (NRE 2007). Both forest areas consists of hill forest and upper hill forests (between 300â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1200m a.s.l., Whitmore 1990). In these forests, biological and ecological studies on bats are lacking (Fletcher et al 2004).

The Belum-Temengor forest complex is more well known for harbouring some of Malaysiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s charismatic and protected animal species such as the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) and Malayan tiger (Panthera tigris jacksoni)

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(Ratnam et al. 1995). However less is known of other forest-dependent animal species such as bats.

The objective of this study was to document the species diversity of insectivorous bats found in the hill dipterocarp forests of Temengor Forest Reserve and Royal Belum State Park. Insectivorous bats was our focus because it is particularly vulnerable to disturbance and habitat fragmentation (Struebig et al. 2008) hence potentially provides an indication on conservation or management needs within the area.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted at two sites; the Temengor Forest Reserve (TFR) and the Royal Belum State Park (RBSP) located in northern Perak, Peninsular Malaysia in 2008 (TFR only) and 2009 (both TFR and RBSP). This region has a tropical monsoon climate with an average temperature of 24.2–29.9ºC and a high humidity level of 70–98%. Annual rainfall can reach up to 3000 mm per year. The drier season in the region is between February and July (Yap, 2008).

Bat trapping was done during this dry period.

The study area in TFR was located in Compartment 44, Block 5 of Perak Integrated Timber Complex (PITC), which comprised of 200 ha of pristine hill and upper hill dipterocarp forest (5°24'40"N to 5°34'15"N, 101°33'0"E to 101°39'30"E). The study area in RBSP (5° 47' 52"N 101° 23' 27''Eto 5° 48' 19''N 101° 23' 50''E) was at a smaller scale located at Sungai Mes. Twenty-four 300 m transects were established and sampled in TFR and only nine in RBSP. Four-bank harp traps (approximately 2 m wide and 3 m tall) were used to capture insectivorous bats foraging in the understorey. The traps were set up on transects that were established one to two weeks prior to sampling. Harp traps were set approximately 1 m above ground level, with trees and undergrowth above and on either side of them. Each night, nine traps on three transects (three traps on each transect) were set up. The traps were positioned 50–75 m apart and left in the same location for three consecutive nights. Captured bats were held in catch bags and identified using the identification key by Kingston et al. (2006), alternatively Francis (2008) can also be referred to. All bats were released after they were measured and banded.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 88 bats from 17 insectivorous species were captured in RBSP while 359 bats from 20 species were captured from TFR. This resulted in an accumulative 447 bat captures and a checklist of 23 bat species. Table 1 shows the presence of bat species at both sites. The high number of captures from TFR is largely due to the much higher trapping effort; 432 and 27 trap nights in TFR and RBSP respectively. The species accumulation curve for TFR showed that the area was adequately sampled while the accumulation curve for RBSP did not show any evidence of reaching an asymptote indicating that under sampling had occurred (Fig. 1).

However, even due to the high number of capture in TFR, it did not show a significantly higher diversity of bat species compared to RBSP. There were six species recorded in TFR that was not recorded in RBSP; these three were Hipposideros spp., Rhinolophus luctus and Murina suilla. The composition of other bat species was similar between both sites however, a mantel test showed a non significant high correlation (r = 0.773, p = 0.336) for species composition between TFR and RBSP. Francis (1995) captured a total of 30 insectivorous bat species at TFR over a period of eleven days in 1993. A few rarely caught species were not captured in our study; Harpiocephalus mordax, Myotis hermani, Rhinolophus megaphyllus and two unidentified species (Hipposideros sp. and Myotis sp.) contributed to this higher number of species. In addition, Francis applied mistnetting and canopy netting besides the use of harp traps to which would increase trapping effort and probability of capturing bats at all vertical levels of the forest.

The most common insectivorous bat species caught at both sites were forest-dwelling species. Rhinolophus trifoliatus or the Trefoil bat, which normally roosts solitarily under leaves of trees (Kingston et al 2006) were found to be the most abundant in RBSP (17.04 % of the total capture) and only second abundant in TFR (14.81% of the total capture. The second most abundant species in RBSP is the Kerivoula papillosa or the Woolly bat, which roosts in small groups of 5â&#x20AC;&#x201C;10 individuals (Fletcher, 2006) inside the hollow tree trunks < 20 m in height and 4â&#x20AC;&#x201C;15 cm diameters at breast height (Kingston et al. 2006).

Their abundance accounted for 12.5 % of the total bats captured in RBSP while it was the most abundant in TFR with 31.90% of the total bats captured.

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Five bat species captured are classified as near threatened (NT), and one as Vulnerable (VU) (IUCN 2010) (Table 1) all of which are tree/foliage roosting species. With the exception of K. intermedia, very few individuals of other threatened species, such as Phoniscus atrox and Murina rozendaali were captured at either sites. Very little ecological information is currently available on these species to explain its low abundance.

CONCLUSIONS Forest-dependent insectivorous bat species form the majority of the bat assemblage in the dipterocarp hill forests of Belum-Temengor in Perak. Their existence highly depends on forested areas with viable tree roosts (Struebig et al. 2009). Therefore it is crucial that the Belum-Temengor forest is protected and/or managed well to ensure its continuous existence and ecological function.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding for this research was provided by the Global Environment Facility through UNDP Malaysia (MAL/04/G31) and the International Tropical Timber Organization [PD 16502 Rev.3 (F)], with in-kind financial assistance and support from the Government of Malaysia through the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). In-kind support and collaboration was received from the Perak Integrated Timber Complex, a subsidiary of the Perak State Economic Development Corporation, as well as the Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia Headquarters. Ground support was provided by Forestry Department of Perak. Our appreciation also goes out to Mohammad Rozaimi Mohd Nayan for his field assistance, and the Orang Asli of PITC for their dedication during field sampling.

REFERENCES Davison, G.W.H. (1995). Belum: A rainforest in Malaysia.Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Malaysian Nature Society, 200 pp.

Francis, C.M. (1995). The diversity of bats in Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 48: 403â&#x20AC;&#x201C;408.

Francis, C.M. (2008). A field guide to the mammals of south-east Asia. New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd, London.

Fletcher, C.D.,Shukor, M.N. and Zubaid, A. (2004). An elevational study of insectivorous bats at Gunong Nuang, Selangor, Malaysia. Malaysian Applied Biology 33:41â&#x20AC;&#x201C;49 IUCN (2010). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Version 2010.2 www.iucnredlist.org Downloaded on 19 August 2010.

Kingston, T., Lim, B.L. and Zubaid, A. (2006). Bats of Krau Wildlife Reserve, Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE). (2007). Royal Belum State Park Gazetted. Malaysian Parks Newsletter Issue 2/07.

Ratnam, L., Lim, B.L. & NorAzman, H. (1995). Mammals of the Sungai Singgor area in Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 48: 409â&#x20AC;&#x201C;423.

Struebig, M.J., Kingston, T., Zubaid, A., Le Comber, S. L., Adura, M-A., Turner, A., Kelly, J., Bozek, M. and Rossiter, S. J. (2009). Conservation importance of limestone karst outcrops for Palaeotropical bats in a fragmented landscape.

Biological Conservation 142: 2089â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2096 Yap, S.K. (2008). Forest management and stump-to-forest gate chain-of-custody Certification re-evaluation report for the Perak Integrated Timber Complex (Perak ITC). Unpublished report by the Scientific Certification Systems (SCS) Forest Conservation Programme, California.

Whitmore, T.C. (1990). An Introduction to Tropical Rainforest. New York: Clarendon Press, Oxford.

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Table 1: List of bat family and species caught in Royal Belum State Park (RBSP) and Temengor Forest Reserve (BFR), Perak, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) status (IUCN, 2009). Black dots indicate species present at the site. Species classification and day roost is according to Kingston et al. (2006). Day roost: C – Cave/boulders/crevices, T - Trees/foliage/bamboo. IUCN classification: LC – Least concern; NT – Near threatened; VU – Vulnerable; DD – data deficient

FAMILY Hipposideridae

Rhinolophidae

Murininae

Kerivoulinae

Nycteridae Vespertilionidae

SPECIES

TFR

Hipposideros bicolor spp.

Hipposideros cineraceus Hipposideros sabanus Hipposideros diadema Rhinolopus stheno Rhinolopus lepidus Rhinolopus trifoliatus Rhinolopus affinis Rhinolopus acuminatus Rhinolopus luctus Murina suilla Murina cyclotis Murina aenea Murina rozendaali Kerivoula papillosa Kerivoula hardwickii Kerivoula pellucida Kerivoula intermedia/K. minuta Phoniscus atrox Nycteris tragata Glischropustylopus Tylonycteris pachypus Tylonycteris robustula

                    -

RB SP             

IUCN status LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC VU LC LC NT NT

Ensemble

   

NT NT LC LC LC

T T T T T

C C T C C C T C T T T T T T T T T T

Temengor Forest Reserve

Figure 1: Species accumulation curve of insectivorous bat species in Royal Belum State Park (left, with 100 permutations) and Temengor Forest Reserve (right, with 999 permutations) in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia.

Royal Belum State Park

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AVIFAUNA ASSEMBLAGE AT SUNGAI ENAM IN TEMENGOR FOREST RESERVE, PERAK, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA 1

SHAHFIZ, M.A., 2SHAHRUL ANUAR, M.S., 3ZAINAL, A. M., 1 KAVIARASU, M., 4NOR DIANA, M. N., 1RIZAL, M.R., 4HAMDON, T., 4 HAIROL, M. Z. AND 5KHAIRUL, A. A. Email: shahfiz@frim.gov.my 1

Zoology Branch, Forest Biodiversity Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor.

2 School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang 3 Department of Wildlife and National Parks, KM10, Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur 4 Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Perak Office, Ipoh, Perak 5 Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Teluk Intan District, Perak Abstract: A survey was carried out at Sungai Enam on 2-7 October 2012 in Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak. The main objective of this survey was to identify, document and update the checklist of bird for this area. In total, 30 mist nets were used to capture the avifauna. These nets were set for five consecutive days. As a result, a total of 44 species comprising13 families of birds were documented and recorded. Species from family Muscicapidae and Timaliidaewas was most abundant with nine species respectively and followed by species from the family Pycnonotidae with six species recorded. Little spiderhunter (Arachnothera longirostra) recorded the highest number of captures with 17 individuals, followed by the moustached babbler (Malacopteron magnirostre) and chestnut-naped forktail (Enicurus ruficapillus). The total number of captured individuals were 16 and 14 respectively. More species of birds are expected to be captured based on five-day mist-netting activities. This area is one of the primary linkages in Central Forest Spine sites in Perak. Therefore, it is important to be conserved and connected.

Keywords: Temengor Forest Reserve, Avifauna, Muscicapidae, Timaliidae, Pycnonotidae, Central Forest Spine (CFS)

INTRODUCTION The Belum-Temengor and Gerik Forest Reserves in Hulu Perak cover over

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300,000 ha of hilly terrain, ranging from lowland dipterocarp forest through hill forest to lower montane forest. The area is bounded by Thailand in the north, Kelantan in the east, the Belum/Perak river valley in the west and the Perak and Kenyir rivers to the south. The East-West Highway from Gerik to Jeli cuts through the southern part of this area, extending from altitude of the Temengor Lake just below 300m to lower montane altitudes at just over 1000m (GregorySmith, 1995)._______________________________ According to MNS (2006), the Halong River is one of the most important streams flowing into Temengor Lake because in 1993/1994, the first expedition was initiated by the Malaysian Nature Society (MNS). During this expedition, 210 species of birds were recorded around the Halong River Base Camp. To date, the whole Belum-Temengor Basin has recorded a total of 304 species including 58 migrantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; species. Of these, 56 near threatened species were also recorded for instance, the black and wrinkled hornbills, black magpie, buff-necked and olive-backed woodpeckers, diards and scarlet-rumped trogons, great argus, grey-headed fish-eagle and lesser fish-eagle.

Therefore, the objective of this study is to update the avifauna assemblage at Sungai Enam using mist-netting technique. This information is important for managers, state governments, policy makers and other related parties to undertake further action to protect and conserve this area and to be maintained as one of the important in-situ conservation sites in Malaysia because all ten species of hornbills in Malaysia can only be seen in BelumTemengor area (MNS, 2006).

MATERIALS AND METHODS Survey was carried out at different trails in Sungai Enam namely; Trail 1, Trail 2 and Trail 3 started from 2-7 October 2012. A total of 30 mist nets that contain at least 4 pockets was setup to capture these birds. These nets were checked every one to two hours daily starting from 0700 hrs until 1900 hrs. These nets were set up at 20-50m interval crossing the fly path of these birds. There nets were also placed for five consecutive days. All netted birds were identified using Jeyarajasingam and Pearson (1999); MNS (2006) and Robson (2008) guide books. Netted animals were transferred to a cloth bag before measurements were taken and specimen identified. Standard measurements that were collected were Total Length (TL), Tail Length (TA), Tarsus (T), Bill Length (BL), Bill Depth (BD), Head-Bill Length (HB), Bill Width (BW), Wing Span (WS), Wing Length (WL) and live weight (g) including their body conditions. After these

measurements were taken, the animals were tagged, photographed and released back to nature.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 175 individuals captured were from 44 species comprising 13 families (Table 1) of birds were recorded at this area. Of these, the species from family Muscicapidae and Timaliidae were mostly recorded with nine species respectively and followed by the species from family Pycnonotidae with six species. Little spiderhunter (Arachnothera longirostra) recorded the highest number of captures with 17 individuals, followed by the moustached babbler (Malacopteron magnirostre) and chestnut-naped forktail (Enicurus ruficapillus) with total number of captured individuals as 16 and 14 individuals respectively.

Based on the five-day mist-netting activities, the species accumulation curve did not reach plateau. This indicates that more species of birds are expected to be captured.

Previously, numerous surveys were carried out. MNS initiated the first expedition to Belum-Temengor Forest Reserves in 1993 where the basecamp was setup at Sungai Halong. Davison (1995) had recorded 215 species of birds during this expedition. Gregory-Smith (1995) studied the birds composition based on altitudes from 300m to 1050m and recorded at least 155 species of birds including 13 montane specialists. According to Lim and Tan (2000), there are at least 71 species of birds being observed during the MNS BelumTemengor Phase II Expedition thus bringing the total number of bird species recorded in Belum-Temengor areas as 274 species. To date, MNS has recorded 304 species of birds in Belum-Temengor areas. This proves that these areas are important sites for avifauna populations. Therefore, it is crucial to connect these reserves since the East-West Expressway starting from Gerik to Jeli has fragmented the reserves. Perhaps with the government effort on combating the fragmentation issue seriously, the Central Forest Spine Master Plan has been developed and is being implemented. Belum-Temengor is one of the primary linkages in Perak. By re-establishing connectivity of all forest reserves especially in Perak, and in Peninsular Malaysia in general, this will become the backbone of the Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s) and providing natural habitats for wildlife especially birds. These networks will be connected through protection and restoration of forests. Perhaps, by maintaining the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s forest cover, reconnecting the fragmented landscapes and providing better protection for the environment, the biodiversity especially birds will be conserved for future generations.

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CONCLUSION Based on the survey conducted, there are at least 44 species of birds from 13 families recorded. Sungai Enam still plays its role in providing habitat for the vertebrates especially birds. Therefore, it is important to conserve this reserve for future generation and to ensure on keeping the balance of our biological diversity.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to wish our greatest gratitude to Dr Daniel Baskaran and team (Pulau Banding Foundation) for organizing the expedition, Prof Emeritus Datoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Dr Abd Latiff Mohamed, our chief expedition leader and to fellow researchers and friends. Thanks also to Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Department of Wildlife and National Park (DWNP) and Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia (FDPM). Thanks again to Pulau Banding Foundation for their kind hospitality on providing accommodation, transport and porters (Orang Asli) to help during the expedition. This survey was supported by research grant from FRIM.

REFERENCES Aiken, S. R. and Leigh, C. H., (1992). Vanishing rainforests: The ecological Transition in Malaysia. Oxford Press, Oxford.

Davison, G. W. H. (1995). The birds of Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal.48: 371-386 pp.

Department of Town and Country Planning (DTCP) (2010). CFS I: Master Plan for ecological linkages. Kuala Lumpur. 444 pp.

Department of Town and Country Planning (DTCP).(2010). CFS II: Master Plan for ecological linkages. Kuala Lumpur. 273 pp.

Department of Town and Country Planning (DTCP).(2010). 2nd National Physical Plan.

Kuala Lumpur. 306 pp.

Gregory-Smith, R. (1995). Altitudinal survey of birds in Belum and Temengor, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal.48: p. 387-385.

Jayarajasingam, A. and Pearson, A. (1999).A field guide to the birds of West Malaysia and Singapore. Oxford University Press. 460 pp.

Kemper, C. and Bell, D.T. (1985). Small mammals and habitat structure in lowland rain forest of Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Ecology.1: 5-22.

Laidlaw, R. K. (2000). Effects of habitat disturbance and protected areas on mammals of Peninsular Malaysia. Conservation Biology.14:1639-1648 pp.

Lim, K. C. and tan, M. (2000).Bird observation in Belum Forest Reserves. Malayan Nature Journal.54:3, 259-265 pp.

Malaysian Nature Society, MNS.(2006). Birds of Perak, Peninsular Malaysia and where to see them. Bird Group, Malaysian Nature Society (MNS), Perak Branch, Ipoh, Perak. 150 pp.

Mark Rayan, D., Ching, L. F., Suz, S. G., Shariff, M., Wong, C. T. C., Elangkumaran, S. S., Hamirul, M. And Azlan, M. (2012). Management recommendations on ecological linkages: Findings from a study on large mammal habitat use within Belum-Temengor corridor. World Wildlife Fund-Malaysia (WWF-Malaysia), Malaysia.

Ratnam, L., Lim, B. L. and NorAzman, H. (1995). Mammals of the Sungai Singgor Area in Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal.48 : 409-423.

Stevens, W. E. (1968). The conservation of wildlife in West Malaysia. Office of the Chief Game Warden, Seremban, Malaysia.116 pp.______________________

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No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Pycnonotidae Pycnonotidae Pycnonotidae Pycnonotidae Pycnonotidae

Timaliidae Timaliidae Timaliidae Timaliidae Timaliidae Timaliidae Timaliidae Timaliidae Timaliidae

Family Muscicapidae Muscicapidae Muscicapidae Muscicapidae Muscicapidae Muscicapidae Muscicapidae Muscicapidae Muscicapidae

Common Name White Rumped Shama Brown Chested Jungle Flycatcher Snowy-Browed Flycatcher Chestnut Naped Forktail White-Crowned Forktail Rufous Winged Philentoma Rufous-Chested Flycatcher Ultramarine Flycatcher Grey Chested Flycatcher Moustached Babbler Chestnut Rumped Babbler Grey Headed Babbler Rufous Crowned Babbler Scally Crowned Babbler Ferrugenous Babbler Black-Capped Babbler Yellow Bellied Wabler Abbott's Babbler Yellow Bellied Bulbul Grey Cheeked Bulbul Buff Vented Bulbul Red Eye Bulbul Scally-Breasted Bulbul

Species Name Copsychus malabaricus Rhinomyias brunneata Ficedula hyperythra Enicurus ruficapillus Enicurus leschenaulti Philentoma pyrhopterum Ficedula dumetoria Ficedula superciliaris Rhinomyias umbratilis Malacopteron magnirostre Stachyris maculata Stachyris poliocephala Malacocincla magnum Malacocinda cinereum Trichastoma bicolor Pellorneum capistratum Abroscopus superciliaris Malacocincla abotti Alophoixus phaeocephalus Alophoixus bres Iole olivacea Pycnonotus brunneus Pycnonotus squamatus

Table 1: List of birds recorded based on mist-netting activities daily Total number of individual 13 4 2 14 4 3 2 4 1 16 6 4 1 8 1 1 1 1 7 11 1 1 2

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No 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Picidae Picidae Columbidae Eurylaimidae Trogonidae Cuculidae Laniidae

Motacillidae Dicrurinae Dicrurinae Dicrurinae

Alcedinidae Alcedinidae Alcedinidae Alcedinidae Alcedinidae

Nectariniidae Nectariniidae Nectariniidae Nectariniidae

Family Pycnonotidae

Common Name Grey Bellied Bulbul Little Spiderhunter Grey Breasted Spiderhunter Purple Naped Sunbird Yellow Breasted Flower pecker Rufous-collared Kingfisher Blue Banded Kingfisher Black-Backed Kingfisher Rufous-Backed Kingfisher Banded Kingfisher Yellow Wagtail Black Naped Monarch Asian Paradise-Flycatcher Greater-Racket Tailed Drongo Rufous Piculet Buff-Necked Woodpecker Green Imperial Pigeon Green Broadbill Red-Naped Trogon Hodgson Hawk Cuckoo Tiger Shrike

Species Name Pycnonotus cyaniventris Arachnothera longirostra Arachnothera affinis Hypogramma hypogrammicum Prionochilus maculatus Actenoides concretus Alcedo euryzona Ceyx erithacus Ceyx rufidorsa Lacedo pulchella Motacilla flava Hypothymis azurea Terpsiphone paradisi Dicrurus paradiseus Sasia abnormis Meiglyptes tukki Ducula aenea Calyptomena viridis Harpactes kasumba Hierococcyx nisicolor Lanius tigrinus Total

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BEETLE FAUNA OF SUNGAI ENAM BASIN, TEMENGOR FOREST RESERVE, PERAK, MALAYSIA FAUZIAH ABDULLAH1,2,3 and MOHD SHUKRI MOHD SABRI1 Email: fauziah@um.edu.my 1

Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA 2 Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA 3 Centre of Tropical Research (CTBR), University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA Abstract: Beetle fauna was assembled at Sungai Enam area in Temengor Forest Reserve from 1st to 10th October 2012 using light traps, malaise traps and pitfall traps.

366 beetle specimens were identified to 25 family and 165 species. The most number of beetle specimens was collected from Trail 3 (N=169). The diversity of Sungai Enam beetle fauna was high (Shannon-Weaver index, 4.180) and heterogeneous (Evenness index, 0.964). Beetles sampled from Trail 1 were most diverse (Shannon-Weaver Index, 4.023). The most number of beetle collected was Bledius gracilicornis (N=70), Paedarus sp. (N=26), Xyleborus parunus (N=23) and an unidentified species from beetle family Rhipiporidae (N=16). Patterns of beetle biodiversity should be included in ecosystem management and in decision making for conservation of Temengor forest reserve. Thus this study shows that Sungai Enam basin has high diversity of beetle fauna and Temengor forests should be protected from further logging to conserve fauna and flora of this priceless 130 million old forests for our heritage.

Keywords: Beetle, biodiversity, Sungai Enam, Temengor Forest Reserve

INTRODUCTION Insects are extremely important and dominant elements within ecosystems (Jenzen, 1987) despite their small size compared to vertebrates (Greenwood, 1987; Whitemore, 1990). Beetles form the most diverse insect order, with an estimated 400,000 species worldwide. Tropical beetles are likely to be highly specious, and to exhibit a wide range of life-histories. However, the number of researchers working on beetle diversity is very low, making it difficult to achieve an adequate knowledge of this insect group.

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Basic information on beetle diversity is very important, as this can contribute valuable information that can guide the formulation of conservation measures (Chung 2007). Beetles are well represented in all terrestrial habitats which are often used as indicators of environmental change due to their habitat specificity (Forsythe, 1987; Lovei and Sunderland, 1996) and sensitivity to environmental stress have been considered as good indicators of habitat heterogeneity (Melania and Cornelia, 2005). Beetles are valuable in detecting impacts of tropical rainforest management (Grove, 2001).

Belum-Temengor complex is 130 million years old, older than the Amazon and the Congo rainforests. The Royal Belum State Park (117,500 ha) is protected since 2007 but Temengor Forest Reserve is a production forest and hence remains vulnerable to logging and poaching. Past expeditions in 19931994, 1998-1999, 2003 and 2007 have shown that it has a complex diversity of flora and fauna. Abdullah et.al (2011) reported high diversity of beetle at Sg.Tiang and Sg.Kejar in Royal Belum State Park. Sungai Enam flows into Temengor Reservoir and provides an environment that supports diverse fish assemblages. Despite the negative impacts of logging 40 years ago, water quality in the headwater has recovered and classified as Class I (Hashim et al., 2011). A study on beetle diversity at Temengor forests was conducted focussing on Sungai Enam area. This study also aimed to provide a checklist of beetle fauna at Sungai Enam.

MATERIALS AND METHOD Study area This study was conducted at three newly made trails at the Sg. Enam area at 5O 30’N, 101O 27’ E. (Figure 1). Sungai Enam flows into Temengor Reservoir (Figure 1) which is the second largest man-made reservoir in Peninsular Malaysia. The Belum-Temengor forest Complex is made up of Royal Belum State Park and Temengor Forest Reserve which is mostly covered by the Temengor Lake. It can be reached by land transport towards Grik on north-south highway exit at Kuala Kangsar then take the East-West highway towards Jeli town. The Belum rainforest Jetty is located about 389 km from Kuala Lumpur and can be reached after 4-5 hours’ drive. From the jetty at Belum Rainforest resort the journey to Sungai Enam was made by a 45 min boat ride to Sungai Enam then resumed by walking to Sungai Enam base camp. Human porters were used to carry research materials and equipment into the Temengor forest to Sungai Enam basecamp.

Sampling methods During the 9 days samplings to ensure maximum assemblage a total of 12 Malaise traps, 150 Pitfall traps and 12 Light traps were set up to sample beetle fauna at Trails 1, 2 and 3. Each trap was placed 100 m apart within each trail covering the distance of 2000 m along each trail. The trap was set up alternate to each other.

The pitfall trap (Plate.2) was used to attract walking insects. The pitfall consisted of five plastic cups placed in holes in the forest floor. The cups were placed 1 m apart from each other forming a square with the fifth cup in the middle. 70 percent alcohol was poured to fill half of the cups. The cup was covered with a big dried leaf four cm above the mouth of the cup to prevent overflow of rainwater. 24 hours later the alcohol containing cups attracted insects and these was collected. Beetle was sorted from other insects in the alcohol.

Each light trap (Plate. 3) consisted of a mosquito net tied to trees with a mercury bulb tied on a stick pole and placed at the entrance of the mosquito net.

The bulb was powered by a portable generator. The light traps were set up for 4 hours from 1900 hrs. to 2300 hrs. every night. The light attracted many insects but only beetles were collected from the light trap using aspirator and by manual catch.

Malaise trap (Plate 4) was used to catch flying insects for 24 hours.

Insects flying into the malaise trap were entrapped in a collection cup filled with 70 percent alcohol. Beetles were sorted from other insects from the alcohol.

Sorting, preservation and identification Specimens were sorted to family level according to Borror and Delong (1974) and Triplehorn and Johnson (2004). The field specimens were preserved in 70% alcohol in scintillation vials. The specimens were brought back to the laboratory, pinned and dried in oven at University Malaya. The beetle species were identified at Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia, Galagher Road, Kuala Lumpur.

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Ecological indices calculation and close up photography of specimens.

Species richness and abundance of beetle fauna were determined using Margalef index and the diversity was calculated using Shannon-weaver index.

Margalef index, H = (S â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1)/ln N S is the number of species recorded in a sample; with that of sample size N. Abundance increased proportionately with the value of Margalef index.

Shannon-Weaver Index, H= -ÎŁ Pilog Pi This index assumes that each species was represented in each sample and that there was random sampling of individuals from an infinitely large population. Diversity increases with the increase in the value of the index.

Shannon-weaver index has a maximum value of 5.

The evenness index (E) is more conveniently called the diversity indices because they normalize the estimates with respect to the maximum value that is possible for given sample size. The evenness index derived from the Shannon index is (Lloyd and Ghelardi, 1964) as follows: Evenness Index, E = H / ln (S) The beetle specimens were photographed with Leica microscope model EZ4D attached with a digital camera.

RESULTS The 10 days expedition at Sungai Enam succeeded to assemble a total of 366 beetle specimens belonging to 25 families and 165 species. (Table1). 69 species was assembled by light trap, 49 species by pitfall traps and 38 species by Malaise traps. Most beetles were collected at Trail 3 (N=162). However the most species was collected at Trail 3 (65 species).The beetles at Sungai Enam was abundant (Margalef index,19.987) and highly diverse beetle (ShannonWeaver index, 4.180; Simpson diversity index, 0.951; Evenness index, 0.819)The list of identified and unidentified beetles is given in Table 2. The list showed that most number of beetles were from family Staphylinidae (N=140) followed by family Scolytidae (N=32) and Chrysomelidae (N=30).

Figure 1 shows that the most beetle collected was (17 specimens) from family Staphylinidae (rove beetle) with pitfall trap followed by 15 specimens of Scarabaeidae using light trap. 15 beetles were collected using light traps from both family Carabidae (ground beetle) and Chrysomelidae (leaf beetle).

Beetles sampled at Sungai Enam were sampled from three newly made trails 1, 2 and 3. Beetle fauna sampled at Trail 1 (Table 3) was the most abundant (Margalef index, 14.054) and diverse (Shannon-Weaver index, 4.023).

The higher the value of Margalef index the more abundant it is and the highest value for Shannon-Weaver index is 5. Thus the beetle fauna of Sungai Enam is highly abundant and diverse (Margalef index, 19.987; Shannon-Weaver index, 4.180). Beetles assembled by light trap were most abundant and diverse.

(Margalef index, 19.757; Shannon-Weaver index, 4.210) (Table 4).

In comparison with the expedition conducted at Royal Belum State Park in 2007, the beetle fauna assembled at Sungai Enam showed slightly less abundance (Margalef index, 19.987) than Royal Belum (Margalef index, 20.215) (Figure 2). However in terms of diversity, Sungai Enam beetle fauna was more diverse (Shannon-Weaver index, 4.18) than the beetle fauna of Royal Belum (Shannon-Weaver index, 3.305) (Figure 3). Figure 2 and Figure 3 compares the abundance and diversity of beetle fauna from a number of scientific expeditions from 2002 to 2012 from the work of Abdullah et al, 2011.

The most number of beetle collected was 70 specimens of the staphylinid beetle Bledius gracilicornis (Plate 5) and 26 specimens of Paedarus sp.(Plate 6) followed by 23 individuals of the scolytid beetle Xyleborus parunus (Plate 7), 14 individuals of an unidentified species from beetle family Rhipiporidae (Plate 8).

Nine specimens of Xyleborus parunus (Plate 9) and seven specimens of tiger beetle Cicindela triguttata (Plate 10).

DISCUSSION Tropical rain forest have long been regarded as the most diverse biological ecosystems (Idris et al, 2001) functioning by providing shelter and home for thousands of insect species. Environmental changes and conversion of natural habitat for agriculture, human settlement, recreation, amenity or industry, greatly affect organism diversity (McNeely et al, 2005) Efforts to include patterns of beetle biodiversity in ecosystem management and single species conservation efforts are proving effective in several countries, and the broader use of beetles as a biodiversity focal taxon is clearly justified (Vulinec, 2000; Davis 2002; Davis et al. 2004). This study has shown that beetle fauna at Sungai

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Enam is highly diverse and heterogeneous similar to the beetle fauna of Royal Belum State Park (Abdullah et. al, 2011). Beetle is the most successful insect living on earth adapting to various habitat and have many ecological niches.

There are many poaching activities and illegal logging at Temengor forest.

Similar to Royal Belum State park, Temengor forest area should also be gazetted as a protected area. This is of utmost importance since this expeditions showed that Sungai Enam is rich is fauna and flora and retain its name being the hot biodiversity spot in the world. This priceless forest of 130 million old, home to many species of flora and fauna should be regarded as a jewel that should be kept away from threats of human development. Ecotourism will promote the care for natural heritage and should be the responsibility of all Malaysians irrespective of their profession as scientists, foresters, administrators, politician, businessman or ordinary layman. Voice of Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) such as Malayan Nature society (MNS) should be heard. Through ecotourism the love for nature can be nurtured. Temengor Forest within the Belum Temengor Complex should be preserved for our future generations.

Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia and of other states, scientists, our NGOs and every one of us are responsible to ensure the sustainability of our forests.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Appreciations are due to Dr Baskaran, expedition leader Professor Emeritus Datoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Dr. Abdul Latif Mohamad, Pulau Banding Foundation, Mohd Farizwan Ismail (field assistant) and Balkis (map drawing).Transportation to Grik was paid by Vot No. FL010/2012D. The travelling cost to present this paper from 22nd Aug to 25thAugust at Belum Rainforest Resort is supported by grant No.RP004E-13SUSfrom Center of Tropical and Biodiversity Research, University Malaya.

REFERENCES Abdullah, F., S.M. Isa, I. Sina, K. Shamsulaman and F. Fauzee (2011). Beetle Fauna of Taman Negeri Diraja Belum. In:15 Siri Kepelbagaian Biologi Hutan, Taman Negeri Diraja Belum, Perak. A.R.A. Rahim, H.L. Koh, M. Abdullah and A. Latiff (Eds.), Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia. pp.203-215.

ISBN978-983-9269-88-8 Borror, D. J. and D. M. DeLong, (1971). An Introduction to the Study of Insects.3rd ed.

Holt, Rinehart and Winston New York. ISBN-13 9780030828614.

Chung, A.Y.C. (2007). An overview of research on beetle diversity and taxonamy in Malaysia. In: Chua, L. S. L.;L. G.Kirton, L. G., Saw. (Eds.) Status of biological diversity in Malaysia and threat assessment of plant species in Malaysia.

Proceedings of the Seminar and Workshop, 28-30 June, 2005 pp. 137-148 Davis A.L.,E.S. Nichols, M.Spector Favila, K.Vulinec, F.Escobar and T. Larsen (2004) Global dung beetle response to tropical forest modification and fragmentation: A quantitative literature review and meta-analysis. Biological Conservation.Vol 137(1):1-19 Davis, A.L.V (2002). Dung beetle diversity in South Africa: influential factors, conservation status, data inadequacies and survey design. African Entomology.Vol 10(1): 53-65 Forsythe, T. G. (1987). The relationship between body form and habit in some Carabidae (Coleoptera). J. Zool. Soc. London. 211: 643-666 Greenwood, S.R. (1987). The role of insects in tropical forest food webs. Ambio. Vol. 16: 267-271.

Grove, S.J. (2001). The influence of forest management history on the integrity of the saproxylic beetle fauna in Australian lowland tropical rainforest. Biol.

Conservation. Vol. 104 (2): 146-171.

Hashim,Z. H., A.S.R.MdShah, M.S. Mohammad and M. Mansor.(2012). Fishes of Sungai Enam and Sungai Telang in Temengor Reservoir, Perak, Malaysia.

Check List 8(1): 027-031, Janzen, D.H. (1987). Insect diversity of a Costa Rican dry forest: why keep it and how.

Biological Journal.Linn. Soc. 30:343-356 Idris, A. B., S.Ismail, Y.Haron. and Y. Suhana. (2009). Insects of Tasik Chini with Special Emphasis on Ichneumonid Wasps. Sains Malaysiana. Vol. 38 (6): 813816.

Lloyd M., R. J. Ghelardi. (1964). A table for calculating the equitability component of species diversity. Journal of Animal Ecology. 33: 217-225.

Lovei, G. L., and K. D. Sunderland (1996). Ecology and behavior of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Annu. Rev. Entomol. 41:231-256.

McNeely, J.A., M.Gadgil, C.Leveque, C.Padoch and K.Redford.(1995). Human influences on biodiversity. In: Global biodiversity assessment. Heywood V.H. and Watson R.T. (Eds.), UNEP, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.pp.

711-822

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Melania, S and C. Cornelia (2005). Rove Beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from the collection of the Oltenia Museum Craiova. Entomol.rom.,10: 93-97. ISSN 1224 – 2594.

Triplehorn, C.A.S., and N.F. Johnson.(2004). Borror and DeLong’s Introduction to the Study of Insects. Brooks Cole/2004-05-19/ Hardcover/864pp.

ISBN 0030968356.

Vulinec, K. (2000). Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), monkeys, and conservation in Amazonia. Florida Entomologist 83:229–241.

Whitemore, T.C. (1990). An introduction to tropical rainforest.226 pp. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Table 1: A summary of beetle fauna collected at Sungai Enam according to sampling sites and method of sampling.

Sampling Site Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3 Total Overall Sungai Enam

LT 57 52 55 10 7

No. of Specimen MT PF Total 13 11 20 31 366

25 41 87 128

95 104 162

LT 17 12 16 28

No. of Family MT PF Total 7 7 11 18

4 5 6 11

20 17 22

LT 43 34 35 69

No. of Species M P Tota T F l 11 13 65 11 15 57 16 21 62 38 49

25

165

NB: LT: Light Trap; MT: Malaise trap; PF: Pitfall trap

Table 2: A checklist of both identified and unidentified beetles assembled at Sungai Enam.

Family Anthribidae Anobiidae Bostrichidae Carabidae

Cerambycidae Chrysomelidae

Species Litocerus pariei Lanse.

Litocerus sp.

Phaeocrotes pictus Jord.

Castrallus kendirly Lasioderma panicium Unknown Sinoxlyon malaccanum Lesne.

Unknown Xylopsocus capucinus F. Abacetus sp.

Casnoidea sp.

Coelostomus picipes Mol. Dolichoetis sp.

Dolichoetis sp.

Gnathapharus punctilabis Macl.

Ophione interstitialis Sech Goeb Orthogonius hapei Gray Orthogonius sp.

Perigona sp.

Stenenolophus quinquepustulatus Weid Stenenolophus sp.

Unknown Unknown Chraleaim itants Jac. Crioceris sp.

Haltica caeulae Olive Lema cormandeliana F. Lema cyanipennis F. Luperodes bisignatus Mats.

Luperodes sp.

No of specimens 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 9 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1

Total in each family 3 3 4

30

1

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Family

Cicindelidae Coccinellidae Curculionidae

Elateridae

Elmidae Endomytidae Erotylidae Hydrophilidae

Lampyridae Languriidae

Lycidae Mordelidae

Nitidulidae Passalidae Platypodidae Rhipiporidae

Species Luperodes sp.

Luperodes sp.

Luperodes sp. mr. bimaculatus Hornst Microlepta annulicornis Jac. Nisotra chrysomeloides Jac. Sebaethe sp.

Unknown Unknown Cicindela triguttata Hbst.

Cryptogonus fulvoterminatus Coelosternechus javanus Hllr.

Hylobius abietus L. Imerodes angusticollis Mot. Mecopus sp.

Mecysmoderes sp.

Microspathe fuliginosa Pasc.

Nanophyes sp.

Prodioctes gemellus Fst. Thisus sp.

Alaus lacteus .

Crytohypnus sp.

Megapenthes sp.

Melanotus carinatus Prasterius sp.

Unknown Unknown Unknown Enmorphus marginatus Unknown Cyclonotum sp.

Helochares sp.

Pachysternum apicitum Mots.

Unknown Calochromus malanus Waterh.

Cladophorus sp.

Conderis signicollis Kirsch.

Anadastus filiformis F. Anadastus sp.

Pachylanguria sp.

Pachylanguria sp.

Pteroptax sp.

Gilpa sp.

Mordellistena sp.

Mordellistena sp.

Unknown Unknown Haptoncus reflexicollis Mots.

Ophrygonius sp. nr. Birmanicus Gravely.

Tenebriodes mauritanicus L. Platypus malayensis Sel. Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

No of specimens 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 7 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 14 2 1

Total in each family 17

7 5

10

5

5 7 1 7

4 2 3 1 6 1 3 1 20

Family Scarabaeidae

Scolytidae

Staphylinidae

25

Species Unknown Anomala chlorotica Guer.

Anomala sp.

Apogonia cribricollis Burm.

Apogonia laericollis Lansbr.

Apogonia laevicollis Lansbr.

Apogonia sp.

Apogonia sp.

Apogonia sp.

Aserica sp.

Aserica sp.

Autoserica sp.

Catharsius molossus L. Maladera (Olim Aserica) sp.

Maladera (Olim neoaserica) sp.

Onthophagus crassicollisBouc.

Unknown Unknown Cryphalus (Stifanoderus) hampei Ferr.

Poecilips ater Eggrs.

Poecilips varabilis Bees.

Xyleborus parunus Eich.

Xyleborus torquatus Eich.

Xyloborus similies Ferr.

Acylophorous bruneicollis Bernh Astenus sp.

Bledius gracilicornis Kr. Bledius sp.

Bledius sp.

Charichirus sp.

Coenonica sp.

Coproporus sp.

Eleusis sp.

Eleusis sp.

Gyrophaena sp.

Holosus sp.

Homalata sp.

Leptadinus sp.

Lispinus sp.

Lispinus sp.

Orphnebius sp.

Orphrebius sp.

Oxytelus sp.

Paedarus sp.

Paedarus sp.

Paederus sondicus Faur Paederus sp.

Paederus sp.

Stenomastax sp.

Tachinomorphus sp.

Tetratica sp.

Tetraticta sp.

Unknown 165

No of specimens 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 23 1 1 1 7 70 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 26 1 4 2 5 1 1 1 1 366

Total in each family

18

32

140

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Table 3: A summary of the ecological indices from three study sites in Sungai Enam.

Sites Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3 Overall Sungai Enam

Margalef index 14.054 12.058 11.990

Simpson Diversity index 0.989 0.943 0.896

Shannon-Weaver index 4.023 3.478 3.110

Evenness index 0.964 0.860 0.754

19.987

0.951

4.180

0.819

Table 4: A summary of the ecological indices using different traps at Sungai Enam.

Trap Light Trap Malaise Trap Pitfall Trap

Margalef index

Simpson Diversity index

Shannon-Weaver index

Evenness index

19.757

0.982

4.210

0.910

9.249

0.985

3.475

0.970

5.964

0.782

2.240

0.652

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Figure 1: Number of species caught in each beetle family by various trap

Figure 2: Abundance (Margalef index) of beetle collected at other scientific expedition

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Figure 3: Diversity (Shannon-Weaver index) of beetle collected at other scientific expedition

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Plate 1: The study site Sungai Enam showing the sampling sites at Trail1,Trail 2, Trail 3.

Plate 2: Pitfall set up at Sungai Enam

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Plate 3: Light trap set up at Sungai Enam

Plate 4: Malaise trap set up at Sungai Enam

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Plate 5: Bledius gracilicornis Kr (Family: Staphylinidae) (N = 70)

Plate 6: Paedarus sp.

Family: Staphylinidae) (N = 26).

Plate 7: Xyleborus parunus Eich (Family: Scolytidae) (N = 23)

Plate 8: Unknown (Family: Rhipiporidae) (N = 14)

Plate 9: Stenenolophus quinquepustulatus (Weid) (Family: Carabidae) (N = 9)

Plate 10: Cicindela triguttata Hbst (Family: Cicindelida)(N = 7)

BUTTERFLY (LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA) DIVERSITY IN SUNGAI ENAM BASIN, TEMENGOR, PERAK 1

Norela Sulaiman, 1RosniMansor and 1Mohd Asri Abdul Bahar E-mail: vozela@ukm.my

1

School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Malaysia

Abstract: Sampling of butterflies in the vicinity of Sungai Enam Basin, Temengor, Perak, were conducted from October 5th until 9th 2012 in conjunction with the 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition. The objective of the study was to determine the diversity of butterfly and moth species. Samples of butterfly were manually collected using butterfly sweeping net and baited trap, during 0900-1700 hrs. by four manpower efforts. A total of 53 species of butterflies with 5 families and 10 subfamilies were recorded.

Keywords: Butterfly, Sungai Enam Basin

INTRODUCTION Lepidopteran species are characterized by more than three derived features, some of the most apparent being the scales covering their bodies and wings, and a proboscis. The scales are modified, flattened "hairs", and give butterflies and moths their extraordinary variety of colours and patterns. Almost all species have some form of membranous wings, except for a few that have reduced wings or are wingless. Like most other insects, butterflies and moths are holometabolous, meaning they undergo complete metamorphosis. Mating and the laying of eggs are carried out by adults, normally near or on host plants for the larvae. The larvae are commonly called caterpillars and are completely different from their adult moth or butterfly form, having a cylindrical body with a well-developed head, mandible mouth parts, and from 0 to 11 (usually 8) pairs of prolegs. As they grow, these larvae will change in appearance, going through a series of stages called instars. Once fully matured, the larva develops into a pupa, referred to as a chrysalis in the case of butterflies and a cocoon in the

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case of moths. A few butterflies and many moth species spin a silk case or cocoon prior to pupating, while others do not, instead they go underground.

Butterflies and moths play an important role in the natural ecosystem as pollinators and as food in the food chain; conversely, their larva are considered very problematic to vegetation in agriculture, as their main source of food is often living plant matter. In many species, the female may produce anywhere from 200 to 600 eggs, while in others the number may go as high as 30,000 eggs in one day. The caterpillars hatching from these eggs can cause damage to large quantities of crops. Many moth and butterfly species are of economic interest by virtue of their role as pollinators, the silk they produce or as pest species.

Temengor Reservoir, which is the second largest man-made reservoir in Peninsular Malaysia, provides an environment that supports diverse Lepidoptera species.

Sampling of butterflies in the vicinity of Sungai Enam, which were last logged more than 40 years ago were conducted in conjunction with 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition. The objective of the study was to determine the diversity of the butterfly species.

MATERIALS AND METHODS A survey of butterfly fauna in the vicinity of Sungai Enam base camp was conducted from 5th October until 9th October 2012, with four-man sampling efforts per day. For each sampling day, butterflies seen during 0900-1700 hrs. were manually collected using butterfly nets and also by using baited traps (using ripe fruits). Each butterfly specimen obtained was killed, by pressing its thorax using thumb and fore finger, and separately kept in a transparent-paper envelop. Curation of the specimens was conducted in the laboratory of the Centre for Insect Systematics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (CIS-UKM), involving the usual processes of softening, pinning, setting, drying, labelling and safe-keeping. Identification and classification of the specimens were based on Corbet et al. (1992). The specimens are currently kept at the repository of CISUKM. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Butterfly fauna A total of 131 individuals representing 53 species in 10 subfamilies and 5 families were collected during three days of sampling period in Sungai Enam

base camp (Table 1& Appendix 1).

Nymphalidae is the most dominant family with 30 species or 56.6% of total catch, followed by Pieridae (14 species or 26.4%), Lycaenidae (5 species or 9.5%), Papilionidae and Hesperiidae (2 species or 3.8% for each family, respectively) (Table 2). This comprises approximately 5.14% of the total known species in Malay Peninsula (Table 3), and constitutes a new record for this forest reserve, since there has been no previously publish report of butterfly fauna for this area.

The family of Nymphalidae recorded the highest percentage of the total collected (56.6 %) and with the most abundant species compared to the total known species of the Malay Peninsula (Table 1). This butterfly family Nymphalidae is the largest family of butterflies with about 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. These are usually medium sized to large butterflies. Most species have a reduced pair of forelegs and many hold their colourful wings flat when resting. They are also called brush-footed butterflies or four-footed butterflies. Many species are brightly coloured and include popular species such as the blue pansy and the map-wing. However, the under wings are in contrast often dull and in some species look remarkably like dead leaves, such as Kallima limborgii amplirufa (Fruhstorfer) or are much paler such as Euploea radamanthus radamanthus (Fabricus), producing a cryptic effect that helps the butterfly disappears into its surroundings (Corbet et al. 1992) The most individuals were caught during flying in the shrubs and grass fringes of the study area. The abundance of members from this common family indicates that much of the area is already disturbed forest because it is being privately developed into a recreational centre with accommodation facilities.

The next highly abundant family is Pieridae (1.35%) followed by Lycaenidae (0.48%), Papilionidae and Hesperiidae (0.19 % for each family), respectively.

Butterflies are cold-blooded creatures; therefore any hot or warm climate is going to be the best possible place for butterfly to live. One of the main things that influences where butterflies live is the food source available in the area. If a butterfly can`t find food, it will move on to a better place where food is availble.

The important climate parameters that influences butterfly abundance were monthly rainfall, relative humidity, minimum temperature and vegetation featured in previous months. On the other hand, according to Intachat et al.

(2001), high rainfall and relative humidity thereafter served to decrease the abundance, possibly by encouraging the spread and activity of pathogens: all

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these factors impacted on early life-stage survivorship. In additional, the presence of tributaries that support high humidity and sources of water and various flowering plants in the Sungai Enam, enhance the butterfly population, because according to Pullin (2001) tributaries can support niche diversity and various flowering plants, can be food sources that enhance the butterfly population. However, constrain on time and manpower was a limiting factor during collection in this study.

Common, abundant and rare species a) Common Out of the 53 species recorded, three species were noted as common (found in almost all the sampling occasions), namely Chersonesia intermedia intermedia Martin (Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae), Appias lyncida vasava Fruhstorfer (Pieridae: Pierinae) and Junonia atlites athletes Linnaeus (Nymphalidae: Morphinae) (Table 1). The Chersonesia species are forest butterflies of rather feeble flight, which settle with outspread wing. The larva of one species was seen on a Ficus tree. Furthermore, Appias lyncida vasava Fruhstorfer, known as `The Chocolate Albatross` abundant in forest and secondary growth, and large number of males may often be seen congregating at moist spots on the roadside and along the banks of the streams. The rarer female is usually found flying among the forest undergrowth. Although, it is most common on the plains, the species occurs at all elevations. The larva feeds on Crateva religiosa and Capparis micracantha. Known as `The Grey Pansy`, Junonia atlites athletes Linnaeus, is very common, and is found in the neighbourhood of villages and along the forest roads; occasionally, it takes up to the hills. The food plant is Hygrophila. b) Abundant Two species were found to be abundant (with the highest number of specimens collected).

These are Eurema hecabe contubernalis (Moore) (Pieridae:Coliadinae) with 16 individuals and Eurema lacteola lacteola (Distant) (Pieridae:Coliadinae) with 13 individuals, respectively. Both of them known as `The Common Grass Yellow`. The butterflies are comparatively small, and are readily recognised by the deep lemon-yellow wings bordered with black lining. The underside is marked with a few small rusty red spots, and there is, in some forms, a similarly coloured spot at the apex of the forewing. A wide range of species of Leguminosae are included among the larval food plants.

c) Rare A total of 32 species or 60% of total species recorded in the study area appeared as rare, each with only a single specimen being caught during the sampling occasion. These included 21 species of Nymphalids (comprising four subspecies), three species of Pierids, five species of Lycaenids, two species of Hesperids and only one species of Papilionids (Table 1).

Comparison with butterfly species in other areas of Malaysia The total number of butterfly species recorded in this study area (53 species) is higher than Hutan Lojing Highlands Kelantan and Pulau Pangkor (Table 4). The probable reason is that Hutan Lojing Highlands Kelantan has been converted into agricultural areas and Pulau Pangkor has been converted into residential areas.

In comparison, the total amount of butterfly species at Sungai Enam basin is lower compared to that Hutan Lipur Melaka (83 species, 8.05%), Pulau Tioman (78 species, 7.56%), Hutan Simpan Belum(57 species or 5.53%) and Taman Negara Endau Rompin, Johor (89 species or 8.63%). This could be due to the sampling durations of only three days, whereas at Hutan Lipur Melaka sampling was done for more than 12 days (Norela et al. 2011), and for other areas also intensive studies was done. The number of butterfly species might have been more at Sungai Enam Basin Forest Reserve if more manpower and longer sampling period was available. In conclusion, the diversity of butterfly species in this study was considered low, taking into account the limited sampling period and area covered as compared to similar efforts from other parts of Malaysia. Akite (2008) revealed that the capability and resilience of butterfly to live on verge habitats are dissimilar and are relied on the life stage of the organism.

CONCLUSION The preliminary record of the survey are far from exhaustive, and it is predicted that with more extensive surveys covering more areas and spanning a longer time frame, a more representative inventory of the butterfly fauna can be derived for the Sungai Enam Basin. The cumulative record can be further enriched with future excursions and sharing the data among lepidopteran researches worldwide. It is hoped that this study can contribute towards the overall inventory of butterflyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s species for Perak and for Malaysia in general.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank Pulau Banding Foundation for technical support and permission to conduct this study during the 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition. We are grateful to the Prof. Emeritus Datuk Dr. Latiff Mohamad for inviting us to join this expedition.

Also gratefully appreciated were the kind cooperation and assistance rendered by the officers and staff of Pulau Banding, the Belum Rainforest Resort during the study and last but not least, to Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for supporting this study.

REFERENCES Akite, P. (2008). Effects of antropogenic disturbances on the diversity and composition of the butterfly fauna of sites in the Sango Bay areas, Uganda: Implications for conservation. African Journal of Ecology. 46(1): 3-13.

Corbet, A. S., Pendlebury, H. M. & Eliot, J. N. (1992). Butterflies of the Malay Peninsular. 4th Ed. Kuala Lumpur: The Malayan Nature Society.

Intachat, J., Holloway, J.D. & Staines, H. (2001). Effects of weather and phenology on the abundance and diversity of geometroid moths in a natural Malaysian tropical rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 17: 411-429.

Norela Sulaiman, Ade Sepfaliani & Maimon Abdullah. (2011). Fauna kupu-kupu (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) Hutan Lipur Negeri Melaka. Dalam: Abd Rahman Abd Rahim,H.L. Koh, Muhamad Abdullah, Wan Yusuf Wan Kamil, A. Latiff.

Hutan Simpan Melaka. Pengurusan hutan, persekitaran fizikal, kepelbagaian biologi dan Sosio-ekonomi. Siri 16. ms 202-215. Kuala Lumpur: Fedtec Sdn. Bhd. Norela Sulaiman, Afiq Aizat J., Maimon A., Zabidi, M.Y. and Aliadi Mohd.Tahir.

(2010). Butterfly fauna (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) of Lojing Highlands, Kelantan. In Ibrahim Che Omar and Zulhazman Hamzah (eds.). Conserving Lojing Highlands for Sustainable Development. Pg. 144-151. Kota Bahru: Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Kelantan.

Norela Sulaiman, Nila Sari & Maimon Abdullah. (2011). Butterfly fauna (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera)Pulau Pangkor, Perak. Dalam: Abd Rahman Abd Rahim,Masran Md Salleh, Mohd Nasir Abu Hassan, Muhamad Abdullah & A. Latiff. Hutan Pulau Pangkor, Perak: Simpan Melaka. Pengurusan hutan, persekitaran fizikal dan kepelbagaian biologi. Siri 19. ms 189-197. Negeri Sembilan: Maha Ulung Holding Sdn. Bhd. Pullin, A.S. (2001). Ecology and conservation of butterflies. In association with the British butterfly conservation society. Chapman & Hall.

Quek, K.C., Navjot S. Sodhi & L.H. Liow. (1999). New record of butterfly species for Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology; Suplement No. 6: 271-276.

Teoh, C.N.J. (2004). Fauna Kupu-kupu (Lepidoptera:Rhopalocera) di Hutan Simpan Belum, Perak. Tesis SmSn (Kepujian) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Unpublish. (in Malays).

Zaidi, M., S. Azman, S. Norela & Z. 1.Saiful, (2004): Fauna Kupu-kupu (Lepidoptera:Rhopalocera) Taman Negeri Endau Rompin. Dalam Shaharuddin Mohamad Ismail, Mokhtar Mat Isa, W. Yusof W. Ahmad, M. Rahim Ramli dan A Latiff (Pynt). 1 Taman Negeri Endau Rompin :Pengurusan, Persekitaran Fizikal dan Biologi. Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia.ms. 153-161.

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Table 1: Number of specimens of each butterfly species recorded for Sungai Enam, Temengor, Perak over the sampling occasion.

No.

Taxa

Sampling Days (October 2012) 6TH

7TH

8TH

1

Subfamily: Papilioninae Graphium agamemnon agamemnon (L.)

1

0

1

2

Papilio helenus helenus (L.)

1

0

0

3 4 5 6a 6b 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

NYMPHALIDAE Subfamily: Nymphalinae Chersonesia nicevillei (Martin) Chersonesia rahria rahria (Moore) Chersonesia intermedia intermedia (Martin) Cirrochroa tyche aurica (Eliot) Cirrochroa tyche rotundata (Butler) Cirrochroa malaya malaya (C. & R. Felder) Cyrestis nivea nivalis (C.& R. Felder) Cyrestis themire themire (Honrath) Hypolimnas bolina bolina (Wallace) Hypolimnas misippus misippus (Linnaeus) Kallima limborgii amplirufa (Fruhstorfer) Lasippa tiga siaka (Moore)

1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 4 0 1

14 15

Neptis hylas papaja (Moore) Neptis omeroda omeroda (Moore)

0 0

1 1

0 1

16 17

Tanaecia pelea pelea (Fruhstorfer) Terinos terpander robertsia (Butler)

0 0

1 0

0 1

18

Vindula dejone erotella (Butler)

1

0

0

PAPILIONIDAE

No.

Taxa

Sampling Days (October 2012) 6TH

7TH

8TH

19 20 21 22 23

Subfamily: Satyrinae Mycalesis intermedia distanti (Moore) Mycalesis horsfeldi hermana (Fruhstorfer) Mycalesis mineu smacromalayana (Fruhstorfer) Mycalesis visala pharis (Talbot &Corbet) Ypthima asterope (Klug)

0 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 2 1

24 25

Ypthima baldus newboldi (Distant) Ypthima fasciata torone (Fruhstorfer)

0 1

1 0

0 0

26

Orsotriaen amedus cinerea (Butler)

1

0

0

27

Subfamily: Danainae Euploea radamanthus radamanthus (Fabricus)

3

0

0

28 29

Euploea tulliolus aristotelis (C. & F. Felder) Euploea tulliolus lederi (C. & F. Felder)

2 2

1 0

0 0

30 31 32

Subfamily: Morphinae Amathusia masina malaya (Corbet & Pendlebury) Junonia atlites ahtletes (Linnaeus) Paduca fasciata fasciata(C. & R. Felder)

1 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 2

33 34 35 36

LYCAENIDAE Subfamily: Lycaeninae Arhopala horsfieldi (Pagenstecher) Arhopala wildeyana wildeyana (Corbet) Chliaria balua gabrieli (Corbet) Prosotas lutea sivoka (Evans)

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

1 1 1 0

37

Subfamily: Miletinae Amblypodia anita (Moore)

0

0

1

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No.

Taxa

Sampling Days (October 2012) 6TH

7TH

8TH

38 39

PIERIDAE Subfamily: Coliadinae Catopsilia pomona pomona (Fabricius) Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe (Linnaeus)

1 1

0 0

3 2

40 41

Eurema badalona (Talbot) Eurema andersonii andersonii (Moore)

4 0

0 0

3 3

42 43

Eurema hecabe contubernalis (Moore) Eurema lacteola lacteola (Distant)

6 5

0 0

10 8

44 45

Eurema sari sodalist (Moore) Eurema simulatrix littorea (Morishita)

3 0

0 0

1 1

46 47

Subfamily: Pierinae Appias lyncida vasava (Fruhstorfer) Appias libythea olferna (Swinhoe)

1 1

1 0

1 6

48 49

Appias nero figulina (Butler) Appias paulina distanti (Moore)

1 1

0 0

1 0

50 51

Cepora nadina andersoni (Distant) Leptosia nina nina (Fabricius)

0 0

0 1

1 6

HESPERIIDAE Subfamily: Coeliadinae Hasora vita vitta (Butler) Celaenorrhinus ladana (Butler) Total no. for each day Total no. of specimens collected Total no. of species found

0 1 47

0 0 13 131 53

1 0 71

52 53

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Table 2: Percentage of species in each family.

No.

Family

Species

1

Papilionidae

2 (3.8%)

2

Nymphalidae 30 (56.6%)

3

Pieridae

4

Hesperiidae

2 (3.7%)

5

Lycaenidae

5 (9.5%)

TOTAL

14 (26.4%)

53 (100%)

Table 3 : Comparative number and percentage of butterfly species found at the Sungai Enam Basin, and those of the Peninsula Malaysia.

Family

Papilionidae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Pieridae Hesperiidae Total

No. of species in each family in Sungai Enam (present study) 2 30 5 14 2 53

No. of species in each family in Peninsular Malaysia 45 275 411 45 255 1031

Percentage of species compared to those of the Peninsular Malaysia 0.19 % 2.90 % 0.48 % 1.35 % 0.19 % 5.14 %

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Table 4: Comparative number and percentage of species recorded at Sungai Enam Basin (SEB), Hutan Lipur Melaka (HLM), Pulau Tioman (PT),Hutan Simpan Belum (HSB), Lojing Highlands Kelantan (LHK), Pulau Pangkor Forest Reserve, Perak (PPP), and Taman Negara Endau Rompin (TNE).

Family Papilionidae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Pieridae Hesperiidae

SEB 2 30 5 14 2

Number of species in each family HLM PT HSB LHK 11 7 7 0 44 26 26 13 13 17 12 2 12 26 11 12 3 2 1 0

PPP 7 22 3 5 2

TNE 13 36 22 16 2

Total 53 83 78 57 27 36 89 % of Malay 5.14 8.05 7.56 5.53 2.61 3.49 8.63 Peninsular Sources: Present study (SEB)*,Norela et al. 2011 (HLM); (Quek et al. 1999 (PT), Teoh 2004 (HSB); Norela et al. 2010 (LHK), Norela et al. 2012 (PPP), Zaidi et al. 2004 (TNE),

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Appendix 1: The photos of selected butterflies.

Cyrestis nivea nivalis C.& R. Felder (The straight line map-wing) Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae

Eurema andersonii andersonii (Moore) (The Common Grass Yellow) Pieridae: Coliadinae

Junonia atlites athletes Linnaeus The Grey Pansy (Nymphalidae: Morphinae)

Vindula dejone erotella (Butler) The Cruise Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae

A PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF THE MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: HETEROCERA) OF THE SUNGAI ENAM BASIN, TEMENGOR, PERAK NORELA SULAIMAN1, ROSNI MANSOR1 and MOHD ASRI ABDUL BAHAR1 E-mail: vozela@ukm.my 1

School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Malaysia

Abstract: Sampling of moth was conducted in the vicinity of Sungai Enam Basin, Temengor, Perak, from October 5th until 9th 2012 in conjunction with 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition. The moth were sampled at night using a light trap illuminated by 160W mercury vapour light bulb and set from 1900 to 2200 hrs. daily . A total of 29 species in 9 families of moth were recorded. The families were Noctuidae (2 species), Geometridae (17 species), Arctiidae (2 species), Saturniidae (3 species), Lymantriidae, Uraniidae, Drepaniidae, Notodontidae and Cyclidiidae (each with only one species).

Keywords: Moth, Sungai Enam Basin

INTRODUCTION A moth is an insect related to the butterfly, both being of the order Lepidoptera.

Moths are a group of specialized, night-flying Lepidoptera, generally recognized by their dull colors and feathery antennae, but also by the way they rest, with the wings expanded horizontally. Moths have a wide variety of wing shape, with the base of the hind wing normally strengthened and coupled to the forewing when in flight. This study was conducted in the Sungai Enam Basin, Temengor, Perak.

MATERIALS AND METHOD Samplings of the moth fauna at the Sungai Enam Basin, Perak were carried out from October 5th until 9th 2012 in conjunction the with 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition. The moth specimens were collected by means of a light trap (Plate 1)

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illuminated by a 160 watt mercury vapour bulb powered by a portable generator.

Species identification was done with the aid of standard reference such as Barlow (1982); Holloway (1983; 1985; 1986; 1989; 1993; 1996; 1997; 1998; 2001)._ RESULTS A total of 30 species in 9 families of moth were recorded (Table 1). The families were Noctuidae (2 species), Geometridae (17 species), Arctiidae (2 species), Saturniidae (3 species), Lymantriidae, Uraniidae, Drepaniidae, Notodontidae and Cyclidiidae (each with only one species). This comprises approximately 2.47% of the total known species in Borneo (Holloway, 1976) and constitutes the new record for this forest reserve, since there is no previously published report of moth fauna in this area. Some of the species found are shown in Plate 2.

CONCLUSION The preliminary record of the survey are far from exhaustive, and it is predicted that with more extensive surveys covering more areas and spanning a longer time frame, a more representative inventory of the moth fauna can be derived for the Sungai Enam Basin. The cumulative record can be further enriched with future excursions and sharing the data among moth researches worldwide. It is hoped that this study can contribute towards the overall inventory of moth species for Perak and for Malaysia in general.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank Pulau Banding Foundation for technical support and permission to conduct this study during the 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition. We are grateful to Prof. Emeritus Datoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Dr. Latiff Mohamad for inviting us to join this expedition. Also gratefully appreciated for the kind cooperation and assistance rendered by the officers and staff of Pulau Banding â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Belum Rainforest Resort during the study and last but not least, to Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for supporting of this study.

REFERENCES Barlow, H.S. (1982), An Introduction to the Moths of Southeast Asia. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, 305 pp.

Holloway, J.D. (1983), The moths of Borneo, part 4: Family Notodontidae. Malayan Nature Journal. 37:1-107

Holloway, J.D. (1985), The moths of Borneo, part 5: Family Noctuidae: Subfamily Euteliinae, Stictopterinae, Plusiinae; Pantheinae. Malayan Nature Journal.

38:1-384.

Holloway, J.D. (1986), The moths of Borneo, Keys to families Cossidae, Metarbelidae, Riardidae, Dudgeoneidae, Epipyropidae & Limacodidae. Malayan Nature Journal. 40:1-165 Holloway, J.D. (1989), The moths of Borneo, part 4: Family Noctuidae: trifine subfamilies : Noctuinae, Heliothinae, Hadeninae, Acronictinae, Amphiphyrinae & Agaristinae. Malayan Nature Journal. 42:1-228 Holloway, J.D. (1993), The moths of Borneo: Family Geometridae: Ennominae.

Malayan Nature Journal. (1&2):1-309 Holloway, J.D. (1996), The moths of Borneo, Family Geometridae: Subfamilies Oenochrominae, desmobathrinae and Geometrinae. Malayan Nature Journal.

49:147-326 Holloway, J.D. (1997), The moths of Borneo, Family Geometridae: Geometridae : Sterhinae Laretiinae. Malayan Nature Journal. 51:1-242 Holloway, J.D. (1998), The moths of Borneo, Family Castniidae, Callidulidae, Drepanidae and Uraniidae. Malayan Nature Journal. 52:1-155 Holloway, J.D.( 2001), The moths of Borneo: Family Arctiidae: Lithosiinae. Malayan Nature Journal. 55:279-486.

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Table 1: List of moth species collected at the Sungai Enam Basin, Temengor, Perak No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Family Noctuidae Geometridae

Arctiidae Saturniidae Lymantriidae Uraniidae Drepanidae Notodontidae Cyclidiidae

Species Eugnathia cithara Swinhoe Vestura minereusalis Walker Aporandria specularis Moore Pingasa venusta Warren Pingasa ruginaria Guenee Epipristis nelearia Guenee Comostola cedilla Prout Plutodes cyclaria Guenee Hypochrosis lycoraria Guenee Semiothisa eleonora Villers Lophophelma rubroviridata Warren Alex palparia Walker Hypochrosis lycoraria Guenee Hypochrosis binexata Walker Auzeodes coctata Warren Pingasa ruginaria Guenee Boarmia uoptilaria Swinhoe Ornithospila submonstrans Walker Agathia quinaria Moore Miltochrista euprepioides Moore Miltochrista cornicornutata Holloway Tagora pallida Walker Argema maenas Doubleday Rivula faircloughi Holloway Euproctis bipunctapex Hampson Micronia astheniata Guenee Albara reversaria Walker Tarsolepis rufobrunnea Rothschild Cyclidia orciferaria Walker

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Hypocrosis binexata Walker Geometridae: Ennominae

Vestura minereusalis Walker Noctuidae: Stictopterinae

Tarsolepis rufobronnea Rothschild: Notodontidae

Micronia astheniata Guenee: Uraniidae

Semiothisa eleonora Villers: Noctuidae

Argema maenas Doubleday: Saturniidae

Plate 2: Some examples of moth species collected at Sungai Enam Basin, Temengor, Perak

STATUS OF AQUATIC INSECTS IN SUNGAI ENAM, TEMENGOR LAKE 1

CHE SALMAH MD RAWI AND 1DHIYA SHAFIQAH RIZUAN Email: csalmah@usm.my

School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang Abstract: Aquatic insects constitute more than 50 % of all macro-invertebrates in any aquatic system. Ecologically, aquatic insects are important in the aquatic and forest ecosystems as they form important links in the aquatic and terrestrial food chains and they help in the decomposition of forest litters. This present study was carried out to investigate the composition of aquatic insects inhibiting the Sg. Enam River and the status of the river habitats for these insects. The paper also discusses the results of the findings at Sg. Enam with earlier aquatic insect faunal studies carried out in a few other rivers within Belum-Temengor to compare the status of the Sg. Enam habitat and the richness of the insect diversity therein.

Keywords: Aquatic Insects, Sg. Enam River habitat, comparison with other river habitats within Belum Temengor

INTRODUCTION Aquatic insects are the richest macroinvertebrates in forest streams in Malaysia.

They contribute more than 50% of all macroinvertebrates in the aquatic system.

Ecologically aquatic insects are very important in aquatic and forest ecosystems.

They form important links in aquatic and terrestrial food chains and they also function in forest litter decomposition. In the forests, litter inputs from riparian vegetation provide a major energy source for stream invertebrates especially the aquatic insects (Gregory et al., 1991). The diversity of species in headwater streams (intermittent, first, second and third order) contributes to the biodiversity of a river system and its riparian network (Clarke et al., 2008).

However, human activities within and around the forests such as deforestation for agricultural purposes or logging affect both physical and biological characteristics of adjacent streams and rivers (Heino et al., 2009). Soil erosion and streambed alteration caused by human activities will altered the aquatic ecosystems in the area. Changes in riparian canopy cover affect macroinvertebrate communities by influencing habitat, instream temperature and primary production (Herlihy et al., 2005).

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Sungai Enam is one of many tributaries that enter Temengor Lake, in Banding, Perak. This small pristine forest stream typically provides suitable habitats for aquatic insects and other macroinvertebrates. However, this river has been developed for tourism purposes to attract local and international visitors to enjoy forest environment and its rich fauna and flora. Human activities around the stream may influence the habitats of aquatic insects thus affect the diversity and abundance of this group of macroinvertebrates. This study was carried out to investigate the composition of aquatic insects inhabiting the river and the status of the river as habitats for the insects. Aquatic insect richness in this river was compared to fauna of few other rivers to evaluate the status of river habitats for aquatic insects.

Sampling of Aquatic Insects Aquatic insects were collected in Sg. Enam and four other rivers in BelumTemengor Lake; Tan Hain, Temin (both in Belum), Telang and Ular (in Temengor) from September 2012 to July 2013 using a D-pond aquatic net with 40 cm x 30 cm frame, 50 cm long net of about 30 Âľm mesh equipped with a handle of about 1.5 m long. Ten monthly samples were collected from each station. A sample consisted of a meter2 drag of aquatic net over river substrates.

The samples were sorted in the laboratory and all specimens were preserved in 75% alcohol (ETOH). The specimens were identified following keys of Yule and Yong (2004), Dudgeon (1999), Morse et al. (1994), Orr (2005) and Fonseka (2000).

Measurement of physicochemical parameters and biotic integrity analyses.

Selected water and river physicochemical parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), water temperature, and river width and depth were measured insitu using appropriate instruments. Qualitative amount of shading and water flow was recorded for all sampling stations. Water sample were brought back to the laboratory for analysis of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), TSS (total suspended solid), nitrate, and phosphate using a HACH Calorimeter (Model DR/890) following manufacturersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s standard procedures using specified reagents. All parameters were measured in three replicates.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During recent collection in Sg. Enam, 896 of aquatic insects (mainly immatures) were collected. This specimens represented 9 orders, 38 families and 54 genera of aquatic insects assemblage in the river (Table 1). Like collections from many

undisturbed forest streams, 3 important orders; Ephemeroptera (mayfly), Trichoptera (caddisfly) and Plecoptera (stonefly) made up the most (64.29%) of the collection. Trichoptera contributed the most individuals (348) and family Hydropsychidae alone was represented by 5 genera with 219 individuals. Two other orders, Diptera (fly) and Odonata (dragonfly) occurred in relatively high abundance in various habitats in the river. Other orders were collected in low numbers and only one specimen of Lepidoptera (butterfly) was found during the sampling.

Among 54 genera, 5 genera were found to be the most dominant in Sg. Enam. These genera; trichopteran Ceratopsyche (178), dipteran Simulium (147), trichopteran Chimarra (100), ephemeropteran Baetis (71) and odonate Euphaea (53) were slightly tolerant of disturbance. They live among small to medium size boulders in moderately clean to clean running water. The collection was made during the dry season and there was no evidence of sedimentation thus the water was clean and clear. Apparently some of the sites were popular recreational fishing area for visitors. Nevertheless, these insects were less affected by the activity because they were strongly attached to the substrates with their rings of hooks (Simulium) or net (Ceratopsyche, Chimarra) or tightly clinging or hiding (Baetis, Euphaea) around or behind the substrates (Merritt and Cummins 1996).

Comparing the diversity of aquatic insects in other rivers (Table 2), collections in Sg. Enam was the lowest (8.5% of total collection) among 4 other rivers; Tan Hain (38.1%), Temin (9.1%) (both within Belum Lake), Telang (25.2%) and Ular (19.1%). The number of genera collected was also the lowest in Sg. Enam. Environmental factors in each river such as light, water flow, type of substratum and width and depth of water bodies influences the different species of aquatic insects to form the communities (Corbet, 1999). In addition, the distribution of aquatic insects in streams is highly dependent on the stability and textures of substrate (Colier et al., 1998), particle sizes of the substrate, nature of organic detritus and food availability under different condition (Scheffer et al., 1984; Che Salmah et al., 2005). Moreover, the stream ecosystem in each river is greatly influenced by the riparian vegetation which contributes allochthonous organic matter that forms a large part of the food base (Hynes, 1970; Mitsch and Gosselink, 2000; Wantzen et al., 2008). Rotten logs, leaves and other organic matters will increase the soft sediment in the river which is favorable to several aqautic insects (Hawtin, 1998) The water quality in all rivers were almost similar for water temperature, pH, depth of water and nitrate content (Table 3). Physically Tan Hain River is more than double the width of Sg. Enam. Therefore it provided more

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microhabitats for the insects which explained a rich assemblage of aquatic insects there compared to other rivers. However, Telang and Temin were slighly wider and narrower in width (respectively) but their assemblages were higher than in Sg. Enam.

Among the water parameters in all rivers, BOD and COD contents in Sg. Enam were very high. COD is the amount of oxygen in the form of oxidizing agent consumed in the oxidation of organic water components while BOD is the quantity of dissolved oxygen which is able to oxidize the organic components in the water with the assistance of microorganisms. COD is a good indicator of the concentration of organic matter in the water (Kawabe and Kawabe, 1997).

Usually in forest stream such as Sg. Enam, high COD is contributed by litterfall (leaves, twigs and other plant material) from the vegetation in the surrounding areas (Mitch and Gosselink, 2000). Furthermore, in Sg. Enam, left over visitorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; food thrown in and around the river could also contribute to the increase of COD content in the water. Higher BOD content reflected more activity of microorganisms to oxidize organic components in the water of Sg. Enam.

Human activity that led to destruction of habitats during establishing tourism sites, fishing and swimming in the area very likely contributed to low numbers of the insects although the diversity of the assemblage was still maintained.

It has been documented that aquatic insects assemblages are influenced by alteration of physical and chemical habitat and changes in the environmental factors (Miserendino and Pizzolon, 2003). Changes in microhabitats as well as slightly poor water quality in Sg. Enam could have affected the richness of the aquatic insects in this river compared to other rivers in Belum-Temenggor lake/forest. Clearing vegetation around the river would open up the canopy that interfered with the preferrence of many shade loving aquatic insects. Reduced availabililty of food resources could also limit the habitat to support high abundance of aquatic insects. In the case of Sg. Enam the water temperature was slightly higher than temperature in other rivers which translated into more sunlight penetrating the water surface. Nevertheless, small temperature variations in tropical rivers usually was not very crucial to the aquatic insects.

CONCLUSION As a conclusion the collection of aquatic insects from Sg. Enam indicated that the river supported diverse assemblage of aquatic insects but their abundances was very much reduced compared to the assemblages in other rivers. Water quality and some history of habitat disturbance could have contributed to lesser community of aquatic insects in the river.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was funded by FRGS Grant 203/PBIOLOGI/6711224 of Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia.

REFERENCES Che Salmah, M.R., Abu Hassan, A. and Wahizatul Afzan, A. (2005). Preliminary study on the composition and distribution of Odonata in Perlis State Park. Malayan Nature Journal, 57(3), 317-326.

Clarke, A., Mac Nally, R., Bond, N. and Lake, P.S. (2008). Macroinvertebrate diversity in headwater streams: A review. Freshwater Biology, 53, 1707-1721.

Collier, K.J., Wilcock, R.J. and Meredith, A.S. (1998). Influence of substrate type and physico-chemical conditions of macroinvertebrate faunas and biotic indices in some low land Wakaito, New Zealand, streams. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 3, 1-19.

Corbet, P.S. (1999). Dragonflies: behavior and ecology of Odonata. Cornell University Press.

Dudgeon, D. (1999). Tropical Asian streams: Zoobenthos, ecology and conservation.

Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.

Fonseka, T. (2000). The dragonflies of Sri Langka. WHT Publication (Private) Limited, Colombo, Sri Langka.

Gregory, S.V., Swanson, F.J., McKee, W.A. and Cummins, K.W. (1991). An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones: Focus on links between land and water. Bioscience, 41, 540-551.

Hawtin, E. (1998). Chironomid communities in relation to physical habitat. In: Bretschko, G. and Helesic, J. (Eds.). Advances in River Bottom Ecology.

Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 175- 184.

Heino, J., Virkkala, R. and Toivonen, H. (2009). Climate change and freshwater biodiversity: detected patterns, future trends and adaptations in northern regions. Biological Reviews, 84, 39â&#x20AC;&#x201C;54.

Herlihy, A.T, Gerth, E.J., Li, J. and Banks. J.L. (2005). Macro-invertebrate community response to natural and forest harvest gradients in western Oregon headwater streams. Freshwater Biology, 50, 905â&#x20AC;&#x201C;919.

Hynes, H.B.N. (1970). The Ecology of Running Water. 3rd ed. Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario.

Kawabe M. and Kawabe M. (1997). Temporal and spatial characteristics of COD in Tokyo Bay. Journal of Oceanography, 53, 19-26.

Merritt, R.W. and Cummins, K.W. (Eds). (1996) An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America, 3rd ed. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, IA. Miserendino, M.L. and Pizzolon, L.A. (2003) Distribution of macroinvertebrate assemblages in the Azul-Quemquemtreu river basin, Patagonia, Argentina. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 37, 525-539.

Mitsch, W.J. and Gosselink, J.G. (2000). Wetlands. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, USA.

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Morse, J.C., Liangfang, Y. and Tian, L. (Eds.), (1994). Aquatic insects of China useful for monitoring water quality. Hohai University Press, Nanjing, P.R.C. Orr, A.G. (2005). A pocket guide: Dragonflies of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore.

Natural History Publications (Borneo) Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.

Scheffer, M., Adriaan, A. and Beltman, S. (1984). Distribution of macroinvertebrates in a ditch in relation to the vegetation. Freshwater Biology, 14, 367-370.

Wantzen, K.M., Yule, C.M., Tockner, K.. and Junk, W.J. (2008). Riparian Wetlands of Tropical Streams. In: Dudgeon, D. (Ed), Tropical Stream Ecology. Elsevier Inc., USA, pp. 199- 217.

Yule, C.M. and Yong, H.S. (2004). Freshwater invertebrates of the Malaysian region.

Academy of Sciences Malaysia.

Table 1: Composition of aquatic insects in Sg Enam Total individuals

Order

Family

Genus

Diptera

Simuliidae

Simulium

147

Chironomidae

Unidentified

12

Athericidae

Suragina

8

Tipulidae

Hexatoma

11

Tabanidae

Tabanus

2

Limoniinae

1

Culicidae

Culex

4

Baetidae

Baetis

71

Platybaetis

10

Habrophlebiodes

11

Chloroterpes

2

Thalerosphyrus

36

Campsoneuria

37

Epeorus

6

Tricorythidae

Tricorythus

5

Caenidae

Caenis

7

Oligoneuriidae

Isonychia

2

Ephemeridae

Ephemera

2

Potamanthidae

Rheonanthus

1

Hydropsychidae

Ceratopsyche

178

Hydropsyche

16

Potamyia

8

Cheumatopsyche

9

Ephemeroptera

Leptophlebiidae Heptageniidae

Trichoptera

Order

Family

Total individuals

Genus Macrostemum

Coleoptera

Coleoptera Plecoptera

8

Philopotamiidae

Chimarra

100

Stenopsychidae

Stenopsyche

18

Lepidostomatidae

Lepidostoma

4

Glossosomatidae

Agapetus

3

Calamoceratidae

Ganonema

1

Ecnomidae

Ecnomus

1

Brachycentridae

Micrasema

2

Psephenidae

Eubrianax

1

Unidentified

1

Dryopidae

Unidentified

1

Scirtidae

Scirtes

7

Elmidae

Stenelmis

3

Perlidae

Etrocorema

14

Kamimuria

2

Tetropina

15

Neoperla

5

Phanoperla

1

Nemouridae

Amphinemura

1

Euphaeidae

Euphaea

53

Platystictidae

Drepanosticta

46

Amphipterygidae

Devadatta

2

Libellulidae

Zygonyx

2

Gomphidae

Phaenandrogomphus

4

Onichogomphus

3

Nepogomphus

2

Chlorocyphidae

Libellago

1

Lepidoptera

Crambidae

Eoophyla

1

Hemiptera

Helotrephidae

Hydrotrephes

1

Gerridae

Rheumatogonus

1

Corydalidae

Unidentified

6

Odonata

Megaloptera Total

9

38

54

896

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287

3

8

9

5

2

9

1

1

Hemiptera

Diptera

Trichoptera

Odonata

Plecoptera

Coleoptera

Lepidoptera

Megaloptera

1

1

12

6

10

14

10

4

10

4029

3

30

348

508

179

852

1689

17

403

0.07

0.74

8.64

12.61

4.44

21.15

41.92

0.42

10.00

%

0

1

6

2

6

8

8

3

9

Fam.

0

1

8

5

9

11

10

3

11

Gen.

959

0

1

91

101

100

158

208

7

293

Ind.

Temin

* Fam= Family; Gen= Genus; Ind= individual

Total

7

Ephemeroptera

Ind.

Gen.

Order

Fam.

Tan Hain

River

0

0.10

9.49

10.53

10.43

16.48

21.69

0.73

30.55

%

1

1

7

2

6

10

4

3

8

Fam.

2

3

11

6

9

16

6

5

13

Gen.

2665

11

42

330

468

319

765

310

19

401

Ind.

Telang

0.41

1.58

12.38

17.56

11.97

28.71

11.63

0.71

15.05

%

1

0

8

1

5

6

4

3

7

Fam.

1

0

12

5

10

10

6

5

9

Gen.

2024

7

0

111

314

155

1086

154

22

175

Ind.

Ular

Table 2: Comparative composition of aquatic insects in selected rivers of Belum-Temengor Lake

0.35

0.00

5.48

15.51

7.66

53.66

7.61

1.09

8.65

%

1

1

4

2

6

8

6

2

8

Fam.

1

1

5

6

8

12

7

2

12

Gen.

896

6

1

13

38

113

348

185

2

190

Ind.

Enam

0.67

0.11

1.45

4.24

12.61

38.84

20.65

0.22

21.21

%

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6.9

6.64

22.7

23.2

22.5

22.6

Temin

Enam

Telang

Ular

6.09

6.4

6.91

pH

Tan Hain

River

Temperature (C째) 22.6

0.22

0.12

0.17

0.1

Depth (m) 0.19

7.5

12.14

10.52

8.035

Width (m) 21.7

0.37

0.42

0.57

0.39

Velocity (m/s) 0.69

7.35

7.10

7.72

6.05

7.03

DO

Table 3: Water parameters of selected rivers of Belum- Temengor Lake

3.56

4.18

5.89

3.89

4.77

BOD

0

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.01

Nitrate

8

0

32

0

0

COD

1.8

0.9

1

3.8

0.7

PO3

0

0

0

0

0

NH3

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3

1

35

1

TSS

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Aquatic Insects Found during the Expedition

Plate 1: Macromia: Dragonfly

Plate 2: Isonychia: Mayfly

Plate 3: Perlidae: Stonefly

Plate 4: Adult: Mayfly

Plate 5: Mayfly Nymph

DNA BARCODING FOR RAPID INVENTORISATION OF TERMITES IN THE SG. ENAM BASIN, BELUM– TEMENGOR RAINFOREST CHENG, S., THINAGARAN, D. and SHAH-FADIR I. Email: shawn@frim.gov.my; dinaiz@frim.gov.my Genetics Laboratory, Forest Biotechnology Division, FRIM 52109, Kepong Selangor Abstract: Termites are important decomposers in the tropical rainforests of Malaysia.

There are approximately 175 termite species in Peninsular Malaysia with many more waiting to be described. The diversity of termites in the Belum–Temengor rainforest, one of the oldest rainforests in the world has not been explored. In this study, we utilise DNA barcoding to identify termites from the Sg. Enam Basin in the Belum–Temengor rainforest, as a rapid method of inventorising termite fauna. We sequenced two mitochondrial DNA genes, namely the 16S ribosomal RNA and the cytochrome oxidase subunit I. DNA barcoding analysis and morphological taxonomy identified the presence of 22 species of termites from collections made in the area. Close to 90% of the samples found here belonged to higher termites from the subfamilies Macrotermitinae and Nasutitermitinae while the remaining 10% belonged to the Rhinotermitidae. Where there were existing DNA sequences of identified species in publically available databases such as GenBank®, the usefulness of DNA barcoding was clearly seen. As many of the DNA sequences of the termites from Sg. Enam were quite unique, reconstruction of their phylogenetic relationships with mtDNA gene sequences helped confirm their species positions. We envisage that as more and more DNA sequences of termites from Peninsular Malaysia are made available through our research, obtaining an accurate DNA-based identification will become a reality.

INTRODUCTION There are approximately 2,600 described species of termites found within 281 genera throughout the world. Termites are the dominant decomposer invertebrates in the humid rainforests of Africa, Asia and South America. They also affect the physical and chemical properties of the soil by bioturbation and the incorporation of humic materials and mineral particles to their structures such as mud tubes, pellets and mounds (Bignell & Eggleton, 2000). Termites are normally sampled casually and without protocol. However, if the sampling

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effort is sufficient or if the collector is experienced, attaining a reasonable estimate on the number of species present is possible. Termites can be sampled from soil and surface litter, dead or living wood, epigeal and arboreal mounds or foraging out in the open.

In the tropics, most of what constitutes tropical ecology consists merely of species lists and though taxonomies in this region appear to be underdeveloped for termites, counts of overall species numbers may be sufficient when inventorising termites (Bignell & Eggleton, 2000). Specimens could be assigned to morphospecies rank or higher taxonomic levels (genera, subfamily or family in such inventories. More recently, DNA sequences have been found to be useful for animal and plant diversity studies as they can potentially enable taxonomic identification or help ascertain a species’ position from a phylogenetic standpoint. Research is also well underway to establish standard DNA barcodes from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes for recognised species (Herbert et al., 2003).

Here, we explored the use of DNA barcodes to inventorise the termite fauna of the Sg. Enam basin in the Belum–Temengor rainforest. Located north of Peninsular Malaysia and on the Titiwangsa Range, Belum–Temengor is one of the oldest tropical rainforests in the world. It has survived the last ice age and has stayed the same for approximately 130 million years, surpassing both the Amazonian and Congolian rainforests. This may have contributed to the high floral and faunal diversity found here. There are a reported 3,000 species of flowering plants, 274 species of birds, 100 species of mammals and 500 species of insects here (Malaysian Nature Society, 2005). In order to barcode the termites, we sequenced two mtDNA genes, namely, the 16S ribosomal RNA (16s rRNA) and the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (cox1) and compared these sequences to the GenBank® genetic sequence database which houses annotated collections of all publicly available DNA. We also examined the phylogenies from these genes to identify clades or groups of termites that contain potentially new or undescribed species that will be targeted for future taxonomic and phylogenetic researches.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Termites were sampled along three major trails in the Sungei Enam Basin (Plate 1) between 2 and 5 October, 2012. Termites were sampled over a total of four man-days by two termite collectors. Soldiers and/or workers were collected and preserved in 75% and 100% undenatured ethanol for morphological and molecular analysis respectively. The molecular samples were stored at -80 ºC at

the Genetics Laboratory, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Soldier individuals were examined under a binocular microscope and measured and matched as far as possible to described species using the keys and descriptions of Tho (1991).

DNA was extracted from the heads, thoraces, and legs of single individuals of termites using Wizard® Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (Promega, USA). The 16s ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene was amplified with Odo16F (5'-ACGTAAGATTTTAAAGGTCGAA-3') and Odo16R primers (5'ACATCTTTTCTTGTTA GTCTCTGAA-3') (Cheng et al., 2011), while the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene was amplified using the primers Short F (5′-CAATTTCCAAATCCNCCAAT-3’) and Short R (5’-GGTCAACAAA TCATAAAGATATTGG AA-3’) (Gilbert et al. 2007). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was performed on a Vapo Protect Mastercycler (Eppendorf, Germany) in a reaction containing 2.0 µl of DNA template (5.0ng/µl), 2.0 µl dNTPs (2.0 mM), 1.2 µl MgCl2 (25.0 mM), 2.0 µl 10× PCR Buffer, 0.6 µl of each primer (10.0 µM), 11.4 µl double-distilled water and 0.2 µl GoTaq™ DNA polymerase (Promega Corp., USA). PCR amplification was performed with the following parameters: initial denaturation at 94ºC for 3 min, 36 cycles of denaturation at 94 ºC for 30 sec, annealing at 48 ºC for both 16S rRNA and cox1 primers for 30 sec, extension at 72 ºC for 1 min, and a final extension at 72 ºC for 10 min.

PCR products were purified with ExoSAP-IT (Affymetrix, USA) and used in BigDye® Terminator ver. 3.1 cycle sequencing reactions on a GeneAmp® 9700 Thermal Cycler (Applied Biosystems, USA). Sequencing was performed in the forward and reverse directions on an ABI 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA). Gene sequences were trimmed and aligned using Sequencher ver5.0 (Gene Codes Corp., USA). Sequences were then cross-referenced against sequences held in GenBank®, a genetic sequence database by the National Institutes of Health (USA), using the nucleotide Basic Local Alignment Search Tool or “BLAST” algorithm (Morgulis et al., 2008) to determine the species identities of our samples. Maximum likelihood trees were built using RAxML-HPC2 on XSEDE algorithm with the default parameter of 100 bootstraps on the Cyber Infrastructure for Phylogenetic Research (CIPRES) Science Gateway Portal ver. 2.0 (http://www.phylo.org).

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RESULTS A total of 49 termite samples were collected from Sg. Enam and of these, 41 samples had their 16S rRNA and/or cox1 gene(s) sequenced. Five of the eight termite samples that could not be barcoded belonged to genera Pericapritermes, Macrotermes and Odontotermes while the three remaining samples could not be identified because soldier individuals were unavailable for morphological identification. Table 1 lists the taxonomic identities of the Sg. Enam termite samples, their BLASTn identities/similarities and their host information. A total of 22 termite species were recognised from our data set (Table 1). The gene sequence of several species, that is, Hypotermes spp. Nasutitermes spp., Schedorhinotermes sarawakensis, and an unidentified species of termite (ENT77) appeared to be quite novel as they were only between 87% and 96% similar to sequence accessions found on GenBank速. In addition to this, the 16S rRNA sequence of a specimen (ENT116) identified as Parrhinotermes sp. was observed to be highly similar to the 16S rRNA gene sequence of S. breinli, which was from Australia.

Samples collected from Sg. Enam largely came from the higher termites, specifically the Macrotermitinae and the Nasutitermitinae (Table 1). Members of these subfamilies accounted for approximately 90% of the samples collected from Sg. Enam. The fungus-growing Odontotermes was the most common termite followed by Macrotermes and Hypotermes (Table 1). Only one species, Coptotermes curvignathus, was found to attack live trees in Sg. Enam, while the rest of the termite samples were found to be largely feeding on dead and decomposing tree and plant materials. Thirty-five of the forty termite samples collected from Sg. Enam were found on dead plant materials such as fallen tree branches, dead logs and dead standing trees. Four of the termite samples collected from living trees, that is, Hypotermes sp. A , Nasutitermes spp., and O. longignathus were collected from mud trails or mud patches on tree trunk and branches. These termites are not believed to be capable of killing trees.

The likelihood tree based on the 16S rRNA genes of our samples is shown in Figure 2. Samples identified as O. azmiensis sp. nov, O. hainanensis, O. minutus, O. longignathus, O. Sarawakensis, Macrotermes gilvus, Microtermes pakistanicus, Nasutitermes spp., Schedorhinotermes sarawakensis and C. curvignathus were determined after their sequences clustered with sequences of their conspecifics from GenBank速. Samples identified as H. xenotermes, Hypotermes sp. A and Parrhinotermes sp. on the other hand were identified after observations were made of their phylogenetic distinctness compared to the rest of the sequences in our data set (Table 1). Their

distinctness was judged by the strong bootstrap values at the nodes leading to these species and their genetic distances from the rest of the sequences as seen by the horizontal lengths of their branches. In addition to this, at least three clades, that is, Hypotermes, Nasutitermes and O. hainanensis contained samples which were quite divergent (Figure 2). These clades potentially contain cryptic species. The likelihood tree also showed that lower termites from the Rhinotermitidae, specifically, Schedorhinotermes spp. and Parrhinotermes sp. to be at a basal position while higher termites from the Nasutitermitinae and the Macrotermitinae to be at an apical position on the likelihood tree (Figure 2).

This is in agreement with traditional higher–level classification of termites.

DISCUSSION DNA barcoding and the subsequent BLAST and taxonomic analyses recovered 22 distinct species of termites from the Sg. Enam basin. The number of termite species found in the Sg. Enam basin constitutes approximately 12.5% of the termite fauna of Peninsular Malaysia. Similarity of the sequences of our samples with sequence accessions from GenBank® ranged from as low as 87% to as high as 100%. A BLAST result showing a difference of 2% to 3% between a pair of sequences often indicated that the query sequence may represent a unique species. Additionally, several of our DNA sequences of Hypotermes spp., Nasutitermes spp., Parrhinotermes spp. and Macrotermes spp. were found to be novel. When the similarity of our query sequences were less than 97% and/or if they failed to cluster with GenBank® sequences accessions of identified specimens in the 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree (Figure 2), we used morphological taxonomy to confirm the identities of the samples.

Also, there was a case where the 16S rRNA gene sequence of Parrhinotermes showed a 99% sequence similarity to a species from a different genus, that is, Schedorhinotermes breinli from Australia (Table 1). There were also several samples where universal mtDNA primers failed to amplify the 16s rRNA or cox1 genes. This was found in species of Pericapritermes, Macrotermes and Odontotermes. The presence of mutation(s) at the flanking regions of the gene fragments of these species was most likely the cause; mutations at the flanking regions of these genes prevent DNA primers from annealing to these sites. Nevertheless, DNA barcodes are a promising option for termite biodiversity researchers and taxonomists although it appears to be at an early stage of development. But as more and more sequences are deposited and made available on GenBank®, the possibility of obtaining a highly accurate DNA-based identification of Peninsular Malaysian termites will become a reality.

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Besides performing a BLAST analysis to obtain species identifications, sequences were used to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree to examine the intra- and interspecific relationships of our specimens/species (Figure 2). Members of the same species were largely observed to cluster along a straight vertical line and the support value for these clades e.g. O. azminensis, O. hainanensis and O. minutes, were usually very high and were found to range between 95 and 100% (Figure 2). The likelihood tree in Figure 2 also showed that several clades, namely, O. hainanensis, Hypotermes and Nasutitermes probably contain cryptic species. This was indicated by the varying horizontal lengths of branches of the taxa found within these clades.

The termite fauna of the Sg. Enam basin largely comprised higher termites from the subfamilies Macrotermitinae and Nasutitermitinae (Table 1, Figure 2). Termites from the Macrotermitinae such as Odontotermes, Macrotermes and Hypotermes have African affinities and recent research has indicated that these termites have reached Southeast Asia via multiple colonization events during the Pleistocene glaciations (Aanen et al., 2002).

Primitive termites from the Rhinotermitidae, namely, Coptotermes curvignathus, Schedorhinotermes spp. and Parrhinotermes sp. on the other hand were less common. The Macrotermitinae and Nasutitermitinae in the Sg. Enam basin play an important role in nutrient cycling and form a large food source for predators (Wood & Sands, 1978). Studies in South America and Africa show that termites are predated on by doryline ants and the aardvark Orycteropus afer (Lepage & Darlington, 2000) while in Peninsular Malaysia, sun bears are known to incorporate termites into their diet (Sharma pers. comm.). More recently, termites have been the focus of biofuels research because of their unique ability to digest lignocelluloses and offer novel enzyme sources that can be harnessed for industrial applications (Ni & Tokuda, 2013).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We express our deepest thanks to Tan Sri Datuk Hj. Mustapha Kamal Bin Hj. Abu Bakar, Dr. Daniel Baskaran and the Pulau Banding Foundation team for organising the expedition and for providing logistical support throughout the duration of the 2nd Temenggor Scientific Expedition in October 2012. The DNA sequencing component was partly funded by a grant from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia.

REFERENCES Aanen D.K., Eggleton P., Rouland-Lefevre, C., Guldberg-Froslev, T., Rosendahl, S. & Boomsma, J.J. (2002). The evolution of fungus-growing termites and their mutualistic fungal symbionts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99: 14887-14892 Bignell, D.E. & Eggleton, P.E. (2000). Termites in ecosystems. In: Abe, T., Bignell, D.E., Higashi, M., editors. Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology.

Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 378 Cheng, S., Kirton, L. G., Panandam, J. M., Siraj, S. S., Ng, K. K. S. & Tan, S. G. (2011). Evidence for a higher number of species of Odontotermes (Isoptera) than currently known from Peninsular Malaysia from mitochondrial DNA phylogenies. PLoS ONE 6(6): e20992. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020992 Gilbert, M.T.P., Moore, W., Melchior, L. & Worobey, M. (2007). DNA extraction from dry museum beetles without conferring external morphological damage. PLoS ONE 2(3): e272. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000272.

Hebert, P.D., Cywinska, A., & Ball, S.L. (2003). Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 270 (1512), 313-321.

Lepage, M. & Darlington, J.P.E.C. (2000). Population dynamics of termites. In: Abe, T., Bignell, D.E., Higashi, M., editors. Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 378.

Malaysian Nature Society. (2005). Belum-Temengor factsheet. Retrieved on 19th June 2013, from http://www.tetrapak.com/my/SiteCollectionDocuments/fact_sheet.pdf Morgulis, A., Coulouris, G., Raytseli,s Y., Madden, T. L., Agarwala, R. & Sch채ffer, A. A.(2008). Database indexing for production MegaBLAST searches. Bioinformatics 24(16):1757-1764.

Ni, J. & Tokuda, G. (2013) Lignocellulose-degrading enzymes from termites and their symbiotic microbiota. Biotechnology Advances. Available online 23 April 2013.

Tho, Y.P. (1991). Termites of Peninsular Malaysia. In: Kirton LG, editor. Malayan Forest Records No. 36. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.

Wood, T.G. & Sands, W.A. (1978) The role of termites in ecosystems. In: Production ecology of ants and termites. Brian, M.V., editor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 245-292.

Salick, J., & Tho, Y.P. (1984). An analysis of termite faunae in Malayan rainforests. Journal of Applied Ecology 21: 547-561.

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No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Sample ID ENT88 ENT75 ENT81 ENT107 ENT95 ENT96 ENT104 ENT86 ENT123 ENT94 ENT80 ENT91 ENT108 ENT74 ENT103 ENT109 ENT114 ENT105 ENT112 ENT113 ENT78 ENT93

Taxonomic ID C. curvignathus H. xenotermes H. xenotermes Hypotermes sp. A Hypotermes sp. A Hypotermes sp. A Mac. gilvus Mac. malaccensis Macrotermes sp.

Macrotermes sp. 2 Macrotermes sp. 3 Macrotermes sp.1 Mic. pakistanicus Mic. pakistanicus Nasutitermes sp. 1 Nasutitermes sp. 2 Nasutitermes sp. 3 O. azmiensis O. azmiensis O. azmiensis O. azmiensis O. azmiensis

16S rRNA C. curvignathus (99) Odontotermes sp. (96) O. formosanus (96) O. azmiensis (97) O. azmiensis (87) O. longignathus (95) Mac. gilvus (99) Mic. pakistanicus (99) Nasutitermes sp. (88) Nasutitermes sp. (99) N. fumigathus (99) O. azmiensis (99) O. azmiensis (94) O. azmiensis (99) O. azmiensis (99) O. azmiensis (99)

BLAST result (% similarity) cox1 Drepanotermes sp. (82) Mac. subhyalinus (90) Mac. jeanneli (96) No match Mac. jeanneli (96) Mac. jeanneli (95) Mac. jeanneli (96) Mac. subhyalinus (87) R. speratus (82) Host Living tree Dead log Dead log Living tree* Dead branch Dead branch Dead standing tree Dead standing tree Dead log Dead branch Dead log Dead log Dead branch Dead branch Dead branch Living tree* Living tree* Dead branch Dead standing tree Dead branch Dead branch Dead log

Table 1: List of samples used with information on their taxonomic and BLAST identities, and their feeding habits

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23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

ENT99 ENT106 ENT115 ENT117 ENT79 ENT102 ENT110 ENT118 ENT119 ENT83 ENT92 ENT101 ENT90 ENT97 ENT98 ENT116 ENT111 ENT82 ENT77

O. azmiensis (99) O. hainanensis (99) O. hainanensis (92) O. hainanensis (87) O. hainanensis (99) O. longignathus (100) O. longignathus (99) O. longignathus (99) O. longignathus (99) O. longignathus (99) O. longignathus (99) O. minutus (100) O. minutus (99) O. sarawakensis (99) O. minutus (99) S. breinli (99) Schedorhinotermes sp. (99) S. sarawakensis (96) Microtermes sp. (90) O. malaccensis (95) T. geminatus (89)

*Termites collected from mudtrails on the tree trunk; infestation mainly superficial.

O. azmiensis O. hainanensis O. hainanensis O. hainanensis O. hainanensis O. longignathus O. longignathus O. longignathus O. longignathus O. longignathus O. longignathus O. minutus O. minutus O. sarawakensis O. minutus Parrhinotermes sp.

S. malaccensis S. sarawakensis UnidentifiedĎ&#x2C6;

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Dead branch Dead log Dead branch Dead branch Dead branch Dead branch Dead branch Dead log Dead branch Dead log Living branch Dead branch Dead fallen tree Dead branch Dead log Dead log Dead standing tree Dead log missing data

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Plate 1: Termite sampling sites in the Sg. Enam basin (indicated by broken purplelines)

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Figure 2: Phylogram of termite samples from Sg. Enam based on the 16S rRNA gene.

(Note: Species names and sequence accessions in bold were obtained from GenBank速; clades in light blue boxes contain species with divergent sequences; scale bar represents 0.1 nucleotide substitutions per site; numbers on branches represents bootstrap values from 100 bootstraps replicates)

FISHES OF SUNGAI ENAM IN TEMENGOR RESERVOIR, PERAK, MALAYSIA MOHD. SHAFIQ ZAKEYUDDIN1, AMIR SHAH RUDDIN MD. SAH1, KHALED PUTEH1, MOHD. SYAIFUL MOHAMMAD2 and MOHD. NAJMI HASSAN2 Email: amirshah@usm.my 1

Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Biological Sciences, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia 2 Pulau Banding Rainforest Research Center, Pulau Banding, 33300 Gerik, Perak, Malaysia Abstract: An intensive 3-day sampling was carried out starting from 4 to 6th October 2012 at Sungai Enam, Temengor Reservoir, Perak by using cast nets and gill nets with 1, 2 and 3-inch mesh sizes, respectively. Despite being logged 40 years ago, the study recorded a total of 14 species consisting of four families. From the total fish checklist from previous studies, three new species were added into the existing list namely Labiobarbus leptocheilus (Valenciennes, 1842), Mystus castaneus (Ng, 2002), and Pristolepis fasciatus (Bleeker, 1851), thus resulting in a total of 31 fish species compared to 28 fish species. The presence of two dominant species namely Devario regina and Poropuntius smedleyi in all inventory studies indicate that Sungai Enam provide good water quality, food availability and for healthy growth of these species.

INTRODUCTION Freshwater fish in the tropics are extremely diverse. It is estimated that more than 1000 species are present in Southeast Asia (Zakaria-Ismail, 1994) and about 200 out of the 1000 fish species can be found in Peninsular Malaysia (Zakaria-Ismail and Sabariah 1995). However, further studies showed that the species number is likely to increase (Kottelat and Lim 1992; Ng and Lim 1993; Tan 1998; Ng 2002; Ng 2003; Tan and Ng 2005). For example, Chong et al., (2010) had recorded a total of 470 species comprising of 15 families of freshwater fishes in Malaysia.

Temengor Reservoir that represents as the second largest man-made reservoir in Peninsular Malaysia provides an environment that supports diverse

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fish assemblages (Hashim et al., 2012). Sungai Enam (Sungai = River), which was last logged 40 years ago had recovered its water quality and was classified as Class I despite the fact that there is an impact on its river morphology (Hashim et al., 2011).

Due to poor documentation of Malaysian freshwater fishes as mentioned

by Chong et al., (2010), we present this checklist of fish community of Sungai Enam. Later this species checklist will be compared to the previous fish study at Sungai Enam done by Zakaria-Ismail and Sabariah (1995), Mohd Akhir (1999), Berryhill (2003) and Hashim et al., (2012) for future reference purposes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted in Sungai Enam, a second order stream flowing into Temengor Reservoir (Fig. 1). This stream was characterized by the presence of sand-bed, bedrock, sand-bedrock, cobbles, pebbles and woody debris. All pools were stratified into three zones namely upper, middle and lower zones. In this study, the same two individuals used two cast nets to minimize bias. The fish net was casted 20 times for each location. Meanwhile, a gill net of 1 inch size was set up at the river mouth within a deep pool area and another 2 and 3 inch gill net sizes were set up about 100 m away from the river mouth. Captured fishes were placed in a bucket filled with stream water to keep the fish alive. The fish were counted, measured their body length, weight and identified to the lowest taxon possible using standard taxonomic keys of Mohsin and Ambak (1991); Kottelat et al., (1993); Rainboth (1996) and Ambak et al., (2010) before being released back into the pool of origin. A fishing permit for this study had been approved by the Fisheries Department of Perak.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 14 species of fish from four families were recorded during this study.

Family Cyprinidae was the most dominant in Sungai Enam and represent 96%, followed by Bagridae (2.1%), Nandidae (1.5%) and Eleotridae (0.4%) (Fig.2).

Generally, the fish fauna in the Southeast Asia are dominated by cyprinids (Zakaria-Ismail, 1994; Nguyen and De Silva, 2006). The distribution of fish species by stream zones is shown in Table 1.

The total specimens that had been sampled plus species number (in parenthesis) at the upper, middle, lower and in the lake zones were 11 (one species), 12 (two species), 185 (13 species) and 66 (five species), respectively.

Spatio-temporal variations in the environmental characteristics as well as

resource availability are among the main determinants of the species distribution, species interaction and habitat adaptations, thus determining the diversity of fish communities (SĂşarez et al., 2007; Khairul Adha et al., 2009).

Fish diversity increases from headwaters to downstream (Schlosser, 1982). Deep river and low in water velocity in the lower part of Sungai Enam increased the number of species due to the greater availability of ecological niches, which allowed the occurrence of diverse communities of trophic level that directly associated with the increasing of living space (Sheldon, 1968; Mahon et al., 1979; Bistoni and Hued, 2002). In fact, slow moving water or ponds might provide shelter to fishes during droughts and tend to moderate the effects of flash floods (Gorman and Karr, 1978; Bistoni and Hued, 2002). In the upper part of the river, the geographical condition such as steep ends and heights between pools was probably limiting the number of fish present. It acts as a barrier for fish to migrate to upstream areas.

Based on studies conducted by Zakaria-Ismail and Sabariah (1995), Md. Akhir (1999), Berryhill (2003), Hashim et al., (2012) and the present study, the total number of fish species recorded was 32 species, in which three new species were added into the previous checklist done by Hashim et al., (2012) which recorded 29 species. The three new fish species recorded were Labiobarbus leptocheilus (Valenciennes, 1842), Mystus castaneus (Ng, 2002) and Pristolepis fasciatus (Bleeker, 1851). The addition of these species into the fish checklist was due to the expanding area of sampling, in which the river mouth of Sungai Enam had also been studied. Besides, the using of gill net increased the catch potential of fish especially in a deep pool. Among all fish species, D. regina, P. smedleyi and O. vittatus were classified as common fish and were good indicator species for stream health as they inhabit the pristine and good water quality (Rainboth, 1996).

CONCLUSION As a conclusion, fish composition in Sungai Enam follows the River Continuum Concept, in which the fish population increases from upstream to downstream.

The depth of water was one of the factors influencing the composition of fish, despite other physico-chemical parameters that might also influence the fish distributional patterns. Extensive studies of the biology of fishes such as life cycle, growth, mortality and feeding habits are important for better management and conservation of fish in Sungai Enam, Temengor Reservoir, Perak.

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REFERENCES Ambak, M. A., Isa, M. M., Zakaria, M. Z. and Ghaffar, M. A. (2010). Fishes of Malaysia. Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. 334 pp.

Berryhill-Jr., G. F. (2003). Habitat factors affecting the distribution of Neolissochilus soroides and Poropuntius deauratus in low order tropical mountain streams.

M.Sc. Thesis. Pulau Pinang: Universiti Sains Malaysia. 80 p.

Bistoni, M. A. and Hued, A. C. (2002). Pattern of fish species richness in rivers of the Central Region of Argentina. Brazilian Journal of Biology 62(4B): 753-764.

Chong, V.C., Lee, P.K.Y. and Lau, C.M. (2010). Diversity, extinction risk and conservation of Malaysian fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 76: 2009-2066.

Gorman, O. T. and Karr, J. R. (1978). Habitat structure and stream fish communities.

Ecology 59(3): 507-515.

Hashim, Z.H., Shah, A.S.R.M., Khoo, K.H. and Mansor, M. (2011). The recovery of the long-logged headwaters in Temengor Reservoir, Perak, Malaysia. Wetland Science 9(2): 140-150.

Hashim, Z. H., Shah, A. S. R. M., Mohammad, M. S., Mansor, M. (2012). Fishes of Sungai Enam and Sungai Telang in Temengor Reservoir, Perak, Malaysia.

Check List 8(1): 027-031.

Khairul Adha, A. R., Siti Khalijah, D., Siti Shapor, S., Aziz, A., Yuzine, E. and Eza Rena, I. (2009). Freshwater fish diversity and composition in Batang Kerang Floodplain, Balai Ringin, Sarawak. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 32(1): 7-16.

Kottelat, M. and Lim, K.K.P. (1992). A synopsis of the Malayan species of Lepidocephalichthys with description of two new species (Teleostei: Cobitidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 40: 201-220.

Kottelat, M., Whitten, A. J., Kartikasari, S. N. and Wirjoatmodjo, S. (1993). Freshwater fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi. Singapore: Periplus Editions Limited. 293 pp.

Mahon, R., Balon, E. K. and Noakes, D. L. G. (1979). Distribution, community structure and production of fishes in the upper Speed River, Ontario: a preimpoundment study. Environmental Biology of Fishes 4(3): 219-244.

Md Akhir, M. Z. (1999). Habitat heterogeneity and fish diversity in Temengor river basin. B.Sc. Thesis. Pulau Pinang: Universiti Sains Malaysia. 45 pp.

Mohsin, A. K. M. and Ambak, M. A. (1991). Freshwater fishes of Peninsular Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka. 281 pp.

Ng, H.H. (2002). The identity of Mystus nigriceps (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1840) with the description of a new Bagrid catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from Southeast Asia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 50(1): 161168.

Ng, H.H. (2003). A review of the Ompok hypopthalmus group of silurid catfishes with the description of a new species from South-East Asia. Journal of Fish Biology 62(6): 1296-1311.

Ng, P.K.L. and Lim, K.K.P. (1993). The Southeast Asian catfish genus Encheloclarias (Teleostei: Clariidae) with description of four new species. Ichthyological Explorations of Freshwater 4: 21-37.

Nguyen, T. T. T. and De Silva, S. S. (2006). Freshwater finfish biodiversity and conservation: an Asian perspective. Biodiversity and Conservation 15: 35433568.

Rainboth, W.J. (1996). Fishes of the Cambodia Mekong. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 265 pp.

Schlosser, I. J. (1982). Fish community structure and function along two habitat gradients in a headwater streams. Ecological Monographs 52: 395-414.

Sheldon, A. L. (1968). Species diversity and longitudinal succession in stream fishes.

Ecology 49: 193-198.

Súarez, Y. R., Valério, S. B., Tondado, K. K., Florentino, A. C., Felipe, T. R. A., Ximenes, L. Q. L. and Lourenço (2007). Fish species diversity in headwater streams of Paraguay and Paraná Basins. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 50(6): 1033-1042.

Tan, H.H. (1998). Two new species of Betta waseri group (Teleostei: Osphronemidae) from central Sumatra and southern Thailand. Ichthyological Explorations of Freshwater 8: 281-287.

Tan, H.H. and Ng, P.K.L. (2005). The fighting fishes (Teleostei: Osphronemidae: genus Betta) of Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei; p. 43-49. In Yeo, D.C.J. and Kottelat, M. (eds.) Southeast Asian Freshwater Fish Diversity. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 13.

Zakaria-Ismail, M. (1994). Zoogeography and biodiversity of the freshwater fish of Southeast Asia. Hydrobiologia 285: 41-48.

Zakaria-Ismail, M. and Sabariah, B. (1995). Lake and river water quality as determinants of fish abundance at Temengor, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 48: 333-345.

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Table 1: Fish distribution by stream zones recorded during 3-day intensive sampling from 4 to 6th October 2012 in Sungai Enam, Temengor Reservoir, Perak.

Family

Species

EU

EM

EL

River mouth

-

+

+

-

Puntius binotatus (Valenciennes, 1842)

-

-

+

-

Mystacoleucus marginatus (Valenciennes, 1842)

-

-

+

+

Poropuntius smedleyi (de Beaufort, 1933)

+

+

+

-

Rasbora sumatrana (Bleeker, 1852)

-

-

+

-

Hampala macrolepidota (Kuhl and Van Hasselt, 1823)

-

-

+

+

Osteochilus vittatus (Valenciennes, 1842)

-

-

+

+

Anematichthys apogon (Valenciennes, 1842)

-

-

+

+

Labiobarbus leptocheilus* (Valenciennes, 1842)

-

-

-

+

Rasbora caudimaculata (Volz, 1903)

-

-

+

-

Oxygaster anomalura (Van Hasselt, 1823)

-

-

+

-

Bagridae

Mystus castaneus* (Ng, 2002)

-

-

+

-

Nandidae

Pristolepis fasciatus* (Bleeker, 1851)

-

-

+

+

Eleotridae

Oxyeleotris marmoratus (Bleeker, 1852)

-

-

+

-

Cyprinidae Devario regina (Fowler, 1934)

Notes: E-U = Sungai Enam upper zone; E-M = Sungai Enam middle zone; E-L = Sungai Enam lower zone. (-) = Absent; (+) = Present; * = new species recorded.

Table 2: Species checklist of fishes in Sungai Enam, Temengor Reservoir, Perak, Malaysia. Classification system follows Mohsin and Ambak (1991). Data based on the following studies: (a) Zakaria-Ismail and Sabariah (1995), (b) Md Akhir (1999), (c) Berryhill (2003), (d and e) Hashim et al., (2012) and (f) present study.

SPECIES

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

+ + + -

+ + +

+ + +

+ +

+ + +

+ + + +

-

-

-

+ + + + + + 11

+ + + + + + + 13

+ + + + + + + 14

1994 1998 2002 2004 2011 2012

Devario regina (Fowler, 1934) + + + Puntius binotatus (Valenciennes, 1842) + + Puntius lateristriga ( Valenciennes, 1842) + Mystacoleucus marginatus (Valenciennes, + + 1842) Poropuntius smedleyi (de Beaufort, 1933) + + + Rasbora caudimaculata (Volz, 1903) + Rasbora sumatrana (Bleeker, 1852) + + + Hampala macrolepidota (Kuhl and Van + + Hasselt, 1823) Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (Bleeker, 1853) + Osteochilus microcephalus (Valenciennes, + 1842) Osteochilus vittatus (Valenciennes, 1842) + + + Anematichthys apogon (Valenciennes, 1842) + Labiobarbus leptocheilus (Valenciennes, 1842) Neolissochilus soroides (Duncker, 1904) + + + Tor tambroides (Bleeker, 1854) + Oxygaster anomalura (Van Hasselt, 1823) + Glyptothorax platypogonides (Bleeker, 1855) + Mystus castaneus (Ng, 2002) Hemibagrus nemurus (Valenciennes, 1840) + Hemibagrus planiceps (Valenciennes, 1840) + Clarias macrocephalus (Gßnther, 1864) Clarias teijsmanni (Bleeker, 1857) + + + Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch, 1974) + Xenentodon canciloides (Bleeker, 1853) + Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) + Channa micropeltes (Cuvier, 1831) + Osphronemus goramy (Lacepède, 1801) + Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793) + + Pristolepis fasciatus (Bleeker, 1851) Pseudogobiopsis oligactis (Bleeker, 1875) + + + Oxyeleotris marmoratus (Bleeker, 1852) Total number of species 9 21 14 Studies (b), (c), (d) and (e) were carried out by using electrofishing.

Notes : + = present; - = absent

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State.

Figure 1: Location area of Sungai Enam (05⁰28.061’ N, 101⁰17.277’ E) in Temengor Reservoir, Perak, Malaysia.

96% (262)

0.4% (1)

1.5% (4)

Eleotridae

Nandidae

Bagridae

Cyprinidae

Figure 2: Percentage composition of fish by family in Sungai Enam, Temengor Reservoir, Perak, Malaysia.

2.1% (6)

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FISH CHECKLIST AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDE ZONES OF SUNGAI ENAM, TEMENGOR LAKE, PERAK

AHMAD ISMAIL, *MOHAMMAD NOOR AMAL AZMAI, MUSKHAZLI MUSTAFA, NOR AZWADY ABD AZIZ, MOHD NOOR HISHAM MOHD NADZIR and FAID RAHMAN Email: aismail@science.upm.edu.my Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor.

Abstract: The Temengor Lake is the 2nd largest lake in Peninsular Malaysia which spans over an area of 15,200 hectares. The lake is man-made and is a result of the construction of the Temengor Dam to generate electricity. The lake over the years had developed a rich diversity of fishes. This present survey was carried out both in the lake and along the Sg. Enam River during the 2nd Scientific Temengor Expedition to document and update the earlier records made available by earlier researchers. This paper discusses on the latest census of what species are still present within the river and the lake.

Keywords: Fish Diversity, Temengor Lake, Sungei Enam River, fish species checklist

INTRODUCTION Temengor Lake, Perak, is the second largest lake in Peninsular Malaysia. This man-made lake is located in the Hulu Perak district and was created after the construction of Temengor Dam, which is purposely to generate electric power.

Covering more than 15,200 hectares of land, this lake is also surrounded with a variety of flora and fauna.

Previous reports showed that 42 fish species from a total of 12 families were identified in Temengor Lake until 2010 (Hashim et al. 2012b). Sungai Enam (sungai = river), located to the north east of Banding Island, is one of the important rivers that continuously channel water into this lake. This river also forms a conducive habitat and protection for a diverse number of fish species, due to the fact that 28 different fish species has so far been identified in this river alone (Hashim et al. 2012a).

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Several studies on fish diversity of Temengor Lake and Sungai Enam have been previously reported (Ismail and Sabariah 1995; Md Akhir 1999; Hashim et al. 2012a, 2012b). However, a frequent and continuous data update is required for monitoring, managing and planning for the conservation of the fishes in this lake and its rivers. Thus, this survey was conducted in order to determine and update the fish diversity that inhabits Sungai Enam, Temengor Lake, Perak.

SURVEY METHODOLOGY This survey was conducted in Sungai Enam, Temengor Lake, Perak, during a scientific expedition organized by Pulau Banding Foundation, Perak, from the 1st to 3rd October of 2012. It was observed that the water level in this lake was slightly low during this survey, due to less rainfall.

Three sampling sites with different altitude zones of Sungai Enam were selected for this study (Figure 1). Site 1 (5◦51.92’N 101◦46.09’E), which was located at the lowest altitude in this survey, was located at a point where the water from Sungai Enam reaches Temengor Lake. The water current at this site was rather rapid, but clear, while its bed is sandy and covered with small rocks.

The depth of this site ranges from 15 cm to 100 cm, but it gets quite deep during the rainy seasons, resulting from high water level.

Site 2 (5◦51.75’N 101◦46.33’E) was a small pond situated at the mouth of Sungai Enam. This site was located at a higher altitude zone compared to site 1. This pond received continuous water from middle zone of Sungai Enam, but at a slower rate due to its low gradient. The water of this pond was slightly cloudy and contained high load of sediment at the bottom. The pond is also surrounded with a high density of vegetation, with some of these vegetation forming islands in the middle of the pond due to its lower water level. The depth of the water was between 50cm to 200cm. According to local people, the low water level of Temengor Lake inadvertently creates this pond and it will disappear when the water level increases. The water from this pond slowly flows to site 1 before reaching Temengor Lake.

Site 3 (5◦51.40’N 101◦47.33’E) was situated at a small pool of a waterfall in the middle zone of Sungai Enam and located at the highest altitude among the three sampling sites. This site received continuously clear water with moderate water flow from the upper zone of Sungai Enam. The depth of this pool varied from 30 cm to 150 cm. This pool was surrounded by the riverbank

consisting of rocks, with minimal vegetation, while its bottom contains a high amount of dead tree leaves and branches.

The fishing equipment that were used in this survey were gill and scoop nets with a mesh size between 0.5 to 5.5 inches. The gill nets were set at 0700 hrs., and maintained in the position, and hauled at 1900 hrs. of the same day.

Two replicates of gill net of the same mesh size were used in each sampling area, while the scoop net was used to catch the fishes at vegetation, rocky and dead tree branches area. The same collected fish species were released back to their natural habitat.

The selected fishes were preserved in 10% formalin solution and replaced by 70% alcohol after a week. The fishes were identified using standard taxonomic keys accordingly to Mohsin and Ambak (1983).

RESULTS & DISCUSSION Ten fish species comprising of four families were collected during this survey (Table 1). Fishes from the family of Cyprinidae, which were Hampala macrolepidota (Kuhl & Van Hasselt 1823), Macrochirichthys macrochirus (Valenciennes 1844), Mystacoleucus marginatus (Valenciennes 1842), Rasbora sumatrana (Bleeker 1852), Cyclocheilichthys apagon (Valenciennes 1842), Osteochilus vittatus (Valenciennes 1842) and Poropuntius smedleyi (de Beaufort 1933), were the highest recorded with seven species. It was followed by only a single fish species from the family of Bagridae, Nandidae and Eleotridae which was Mystus nigriceps (Valenciennes 1840), Pristolepis fasciata (Bleeker 1851) and Oxyeleotris marmorata (Bleeker 1852), respectively.

Site 1, which was located at the lowest altitude zone in this survey recorded the presence of three species of fishes, namely as M. macrochirus, M. marginatus and R. sumatrana; while site 2, which was located at a higher altitude zone compared to site 1, recorded the highest in the presence of fishes with six species such as H. macrolepidota, C. apagon, O. vittatus, M. nigriceps, P. fasciata and O. marmorata. However, for site 3, which was located in the middle zone of Sungai Enam and also the highest altitude of sampling site in this survey recorded the presence of only a single species, which was P. smedleyi.

Site 1 was located at a point where the water from Sungai Enam reaches Temengor Lake. It is interesting to point out the presence of M. macrochirus in

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this site, which was absent in previous studies in Sungai Enam and Temengor Lake by Hashim et al. (2012a, 2012b). This finding may be due to the fact that our sampling point was much further than Sungai Enamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s river mouth, while their study only focused on the lower zone of the river. According to Ambak et al. (2010), the presence of M. macrochirus has been reported with large numbers in Sungai Paka, Terengganu, while a few numbers were caught in Bungor Lake and Chini Lake, Pahang. However, species such as M. marginatus and R. sumatrana has been previously identified in this river.

The small pond at site 2 may provide a lot of food to the fishes, due to its location at the river mouth. Sediments flowing from the middle zone and upper zone of the river will accumulate at this point, creating an area full of food sources. Moreover, the presence of emerged and submerged plants also provided habitat and protection area for the fishes, while slow flowing water promoted the colonization of fishes in this pond. All of these factors support our finding for the highest presence of fish species in this sampling site, with six species.

However, all of the fishes found in this pond were commonly found in lakes and their presence in Temengor Lake has been reported by Hashim et al. (2012b), with the exception of M. nigriceps. Indeed, the presence of various fish species in this small pond was also expected, due to the fact that this pond becomes a part of Temengor Lake when the water level increases. Even when the water level was low during this time, the water from this pond is still directly connected to site 1 and further to Temengor Lake, while its depth depending on the water volume of the lake. Previous reports showed that M. nigriceps was absent in this area, while P. fasciata was commonly found in Temengor Lake, but never was recorded in Sungai Enam (Hashim et al. 2012a, 2012b).

It is also interesting to note that only a single species of fish, namely P. smedleyi was discovered in site 3. This finding was related to the biology of the fish itself. This fish species is mostly found in the clear water with moderate to fast water flow. Its presence is also an indicator of good water quality in the area, due to the fact that this fish species requires a pristine and clear water quality in order to survive (Rainboth 1996). Previous study conducted in this river showed the consistence in the presence of this fish from 1993 to 2011, and has been found from the lower to the upper altitude zone of Sungai Enam (Ismail and Sabariah 1995; Hashim et al. 2012a).

Ten different fish species has been identified from this study area, compared to 11 and 13 in 2004 and 2011, respectively (Hashim et al. 2012a, 2012b). Their sampling accuracy was higher due to the utilization of an electro-

shocker. However, the difference in the number of collected fish was insignificant compared to our study, owing to the fact that we extended our sampling area further downstream of Sungai Enam. Moreover, utilization of different sizes of gill and scoop nets and cumulative sampling period for about 12 hours per day may affect our study results.

CONCLUSION Even though with the short period of sampling time, lack of fishing equipment and indetermination of the water quality at the sampling sites, we believed the presence of various fish species in Sungai Enam is indicative of very good water quality and its surrounding environment. Moreover, this first report on the presence of M. nigriceps and M. macrochirus in this study area will update the data and increased the fish diversity in this river. Thus, the pristine condition of this river should be conserved as it provides a precious habitat for our native fish species in the future.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would like to thanks Pulau Banding Foundation for inviting UPMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s researchers in participating this scientific expedition.

REFERENCES Ambak, M.A., Isa, M.M., Zakaria, M.Z. and Ghaffar, M.A. (2010). Fishes of Malaysia.

Penerbit UMT, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.

Hashim, Z.H., Md. Shah, A.S.R., Mohammad, M.S., Mansor, M. and Mohd. Sah, S.A. (2012a). Fishes of Sungai Enam and Sungai Telang in Temengor Reservoir, Perak, Malaysia. Check List 8(1): 27-31.

Hashim, Z.H., Zainuddin, R.Y., Md. Shah, A.S.R., Mohd Sah, S.A., Mohammad, M.S. and Mansor, M. (2012b). Fish Checklist of Perak River, Malaysia. Check List 8(3): 408-413.

Md Akhir, M.Z. (1999). Habitat heterogeneity and fish diversity in Temengor river basin. B.Sc. Thesis. Pulau Pinang: Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Mohsin, A.K.M. and Ambak, M.A. 1983. Freshwater Fishes of Peninsular Malaysia.

Penerbit Universiti Pertanian Malaysia.

Ismail, M.Z. and Sabariah, B. (1995). Lake and river water quality as determinants of fish abundance at Temengor, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 48: 333-345.

Rainboth, J. (1996). Fishes of Cambodian Mekong. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organizations of them United Nations._______________________________

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Figure 1. Map of Temengor Lake, Sungai Enam and three sampling sites at different altitude zones along Sungai Enam.

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Bagridae

Cyprinidae

Family

+ + + + + + -

Hampala macrolepidota (Kuhl & Van Hasselt, 1823)

Macrochirichthys macrochirus (Valenciennes, 1844)

Mystacoleucus marginatus (Valenciennes, 1842)

Rasbora sumatrana (Bleeker, 1852)

Cyclocheilichthys apagon (Valenciennes, 1842)

Osteochilus vittatus (Valenciennes, 1842)

Poropuntius smedleyi (de Beaufort, 1933)

Devario regina (Fomler, 1934)

Puntius binotatus (Valenciennes, 1842)

Puntius lateristriga (Bleeker, 1851)

Neolissochilus soroides (Duncker, 1904)

Mystus nigriceps (Valenciennes, 1840)

-

+

-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

+

July2011

Hashim et al., (2012) June 2003May 2004 +

Species

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+ (2)

-

-

-

-

+ (3)

+ (2)

+ (2)

+ (1)

+ (1)

+ (1)

+ (2)

Present study October 2012

Table 1. Comparison with the previous recorded fish species that inhabits different altitude zones of Sungai Enam, Temengor Lake, Perak.

Symbol of + and â&#x20AC;&#x201C; indicates the presence and absent of the fish species, respectively, while (1), (2) and (3) are the sampling sites where the fishes were collected.

319

+ + -

Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther, 1864)

Clarias teijsmanni (Bleeker, 1857)

Channa striata (Bloch, 1793)

Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch, 1974)

Xenentodon canciloides (Bleeker, 1853)

Channidae

Siluridae

Belonidae

11

+

Oxyeleotris marmorata (Bleeker, 1852)

Eleotridae

Total no. of species

-

Pristolepis fasciata (Bleeker, 1851)

Clariidae

June 2003 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; May 2004 +

13

+

-

+

+

-

-

-

+

July 2011

Hashim et al., (2012)

Hemibagrus nemurus (Valenciennes, 1840)

Species

Nandidae

Family

10

-

-

-

-

-

+ (2)

+ (2)

-

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DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF FRESHWATER FISH OF TEMENGOR LAKE, WEST MALAYSIA KAVIARASU, M.1, 2, AMIN, M.H.N3, RIZAL, M.R1, & SHAHFIZ, M.A1 Email: kaviarasu@frim.gov.my 1

Zoology Branch, Forest Biodiversity Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan 2 Animal Genetics & Genome Evolutionary Laboratory, Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology, Institute of Science Biology, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur 3 Perak Fishery Department, Kompleks Islam Darul Ridzuan, Jalan Panglima Bukit Gantang Wahab, 30628, Ipoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan Abstract: This present study aimed to investigate the diversity and distribution of freshwater fish from five tributaries (Sg. Semelor, Sg. Rekam, Sg. Kuda, Sg. Ular and unnamed tributary) in Temengor Lake, which have not been studied before. Fish samples were collected from 2nd of February to 9th of March 2010. Each sampling site took place along a 200 m reach comprising three characteristics of water flow (rapid, pool and run) to represent the species composition. Fish samples were collected using an electrofisher and scoop nets. A total of 428 individual of fishes comprising 17 species and seven families were recorded. Among fishes collected, 94.4% were from the family Cyprinidae and Devario regina was the most abundance species. Simpsonindex analysis showed that the highest was recorded for Sg. Kuda, Ds= 0.754, while the lowest was recorded for Sg. Semelor, Ds= 0.420. The highest evenness index of fish species was detected for Sg. Kuda, Es = 0.649 and the lowest for Sg. Rekam with Es =.

0.326. Rasbora paviana and Parachela hypophthalmus was recorded for first time in Temengor Lake. Previous published data from Sg. Enam and Sg. Telang were included for similarity analysis to compare with sampled sites.

INTRODUCTION Freshwater fishes in Malaysia are relatively diverse with approximately 470 species of primary freshwater fishes comprising 15 families have been recorded in Malaysia (Chong et al, 2010) and more than 200 species can be found in Peninsular Malaysia (Ismail and Sabariah, 1995). According to Zakaria-Ismail (1994), species composition of freshwater fish in Peninsular Malaysia is heavily influenced by Siamese and Indonesian elements. Peninsular Malaysia is bounded by Thailand in the north and Indonesian archipelago in the south.

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In Malaysia, there are 51 reservoirs that have been impounded mainly for generating electricity and a water sources (Ambak & Jalal, 2006). One of many reservoirs in Peninsular Malaysia, the Temengor Lake is a result of constructing Temengor Dam. Covering a 22,672 ha of area, Temengor Lake originates from Perak River, and is the second longest river drainage in Peninsular Malaysia.

Temengor Lake is located in the middle of the Belum-Temengor Forest Complex, largest continuous forest complex in Peninsular Malaysia. BelumTemengor Forest Complex has being identified as an Environmentally Sensitive Area Rank 1 under Malaysian National Physical Plan and recognized by Birdlife International as an Important Bird Area. Despite that, only the Belum forest had being gazetted as a state park while Temengor forest is open for production.

Temengor in particular is now facing considerably deforestation due to logging.

Deforestation can cause deleterious impacts for the lake inhabitants especially for the fish fauna due to sedimentation, limiting food sources, changes in physicochemistry of water which will directly distorted the species richness, composition and species survival (Zakaria et al, 1999).

Present study aimed to investigate the diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes found in five tributaries located in the southern part of Temengor Lake which have being heavily logged. Previous published data were compiled and compared for species diversity and distribution for future reference and conservation purposes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites Temengor Lake is the second largest man-made reservoirs in Peninsular Malaysia, located south of 1,533 m high Ulu Titi Basah peak, Thailand (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Temengor Lake is a result of damming upper region of Perak River Basin, second longest river basin in Peninsular Malaysia. This reservoir were inundated for generating hydroelectric in year 1997 along with other reservoir such as Chenderoh Dam (1993), Bersia Dam and Kenering Dam (Dahlen, 1993; Tenaga National, 2002).

This lake is made up of 22,672 acres and coverage with 40 m to 99 m of maximum depth (Ambak & Jalal, 2006). Five tributaries located in Temengor Lake were chosen based on the following conditions; perennial water flow, an easy accessible route along the tributary and absence of previous studies. The five tributaries surveyed was namely, Sg. Kuda (Sg = Sungai; means River), Sg. Rekam, Sg Semelor, Sg. Ular and an unnamed stream (called Sg. A here

onwards). Most of the streams surveyed have a width of 2 m to 20 m while the maximum depth encountered was 0.9 m. All sampled sites were located longitudinally which cover each of the river flow into the Temengor reservoir (Figure 1).

Fish sampling Fish sampling were conducted from 2nd of February until 9th of March 2010.

This study is a part of long term monitoring project funded under Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) which was completed in year 2012. A 200m tributary reach was selected at each site comprising of three types of water flow; rapid, pool and run to represent fish fauna and habitat characteristics.

Fishes were collected using a back-packed electrofisher (Smith-Root Model 20D) for a period of two hours, fished against the water flow. Prior to fishing, a seine net was established at below to avoid any stunned fish being washed away.

All the stunned fishes were collected using scoop nets and placed into pail filled with water. The fish specimens were then weighed, measured and identified to species level using standard keys suggested by Kottelat et al. (1993) and Rainboth (1996). To determine the species composition, number of fish species caught in the samples, the number of individuals in each species were enumerated along the list of published species composition data of Sg. Enam and Sg, Telang (see table 1; Hashim et al., 2012 and Zakaria & Sabariah, 1995) and included for similarity analysis. Tissues were extracted from each representative species from each sampled site was left for future DNA analysis prior to preservation in formalin (10%) and transferred into 70% Ethanol for long-term storage. Voucher specimens were kept in specimen collection of Zoology Branch under the Forest Biodiversity Division, FRIM. Data analysis In this study, the species diversity of fish was indicated by the Simpson Index (Magurran 1988) represented as Ds = 1 – [Σni (ni - 1)] / [N (N-1)] where ni is the number of individuals in the i-th species and N is the total number of individuals. The Ds value is set between 0 and 1; a better tool to explain results obtained from a single snapshot sampling, where ‘temporal’ element was not involved. The evenness of distribution was presented by the Evenness Index (Magurran 1988) whereby Es = Ds / Dmax where Dmax is the value Ds would take if the abundances in the samples are all equal.

The Jaccard’s Coefficient was used to determine species similarity between the streams. It is calculated as S = 2C / (A+B), where A and B each

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indicates the number of species found in sample A and B, and C is the number of overlapping species found in sample A and B. Catch index was used to express the number of individuals per species caught, thus dominant species can be determined. The value of this index is calculated as Ci = ni / N, where ni is the number of individuals in the i-th species and N is the total number of individuals caught.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fish composition A total of 428 individuals were collected from five sampled tributaries in Temengor Lake. They belong to 17 species and seven families of primary freshwater fishes (Table 2). Simpson`s Index analysis among the tributaries surveyed show a variation in values ranging from 0.420 to 0.754. The evenness index values showed a similar pattern and ranged from value 0.326 to 0.649.

The highest species diversity was recorded for Sg. Rekam with 13 species while the lowest was recorded for Sg Semelor with five species (Table 3). Overall Simpson`s Index for all five tributaries sampled valued 0.826 and ShannonWeaver Index gives a value of the 2.02. Rasbora paviana and Parachela hypophthalmus was recorded for first time in Temengor Lake.

The number of species caught from these five tributaries was less than previous studies conducted (see Zarul et. al, 2012) in Temengor Lake. Based on published data, total species diversity recorded in Temengor Lake is 33 species (Zarul et al, 2012). The number of species observed in Temengor Lake is lower compared to other lakes in Peninsular Malaysia Tasek Bera=93 species (Sim C.H. et al., 2002); Kenyir Lake=36 species (Ambak and Jalal, 1998); Chini Lake=38 species (Wetland International, 1998); and Bukit Merah=48 (Yap, 1992)) According to Zakaria & Sabariah (1995) , the low number of species were recorded in Temengor Lake might be due to the vicinity of tributaries which are considered to be montane with torrent flow, allowing only species specializing to live in a high elevation. Besides that, only a handful of species in Malaysia are able to live at such high elevation reflecting the low diversity in Temengor Lake.

Besides low number of species diversity due to specialized species, more intensive samplings will increases chances of discovery for more species. For all five tributaries sampling were done at headwater and none of these were

repeated. Sampling at the mouth of each tributary will increases the probability to obtain more species as diversity along upstream and downstream gradient will increases spatially (Matthews, 1986).

Fish distribution Rank-abundance curve (Figure 1) showed that Devario regina is the most abundant species that was found among the sampled sites followed by Mystacoleucus marginatus and Poropuntius smedleyi. The total D. regina individual collected constitute an amount of 108 individuals (Table 2). Devario regina is probably the most beautiful cyprinid species in the area. Although Devario regina showed an overall dominance for pooled sampled sites, certain tributaries were dominated by other species. For instance, Mystacoleucus marginatus dominated in Sg. Rekam; Puntius binotatus in Sg. Kuda; and Poropuntius smedleyi in Sg. Ular.

Overall, the fish communities surveyed in these five tributaries was subjugated by family Cyprinidae, which comprised of 94.4% of total species recorded. Such circumstance is evidence that family Cyprinidae constitutes a major proportion of stream fishes in Peninsular Malaysia (Mohsin & Ambak, 1983). Other families were represented by a few species including Bagridae, Siluridae, Channidae, Clariidae, Synbranchidae and Belonidae. Each family was represented by each species. Hemibagrus nemurus is the only species recorded under family Bagridae, unlike previous studies that recorded three species under the same family (Zarul et al., 2012; Zakaria M.I & Kevin K.P. Lim, 1995).

Monopterus albus or locally called as Belut another single species was recorded under family Synbranchidae. Present study also recorded the occurrence of Ompak siluroides, family Siluridae. Zarul et al. (2012) misidentified Ompok siluroides in Sg Enam as Ompak bimaculatus. Ompak siluroides is often incorrectly identified as the Indian species, O. bimaculatus (Kottelat and Lim, 1995; Ng et al 2009). O. siluroides is a Southeast Asian species which has a rounder head and a mottled brown coloration, while O. bimaculatus is silvery and has a sharper head which may be restricted to Southern India (Ng, et al.

2010).

Rasbora paviana was recorded for the first time in Temengor Lake.

Previously Zakaria et al (1995) doubted the occurrence Rasbora cf sumatrana species he collected in Sg Enam and Sg Halong as belonging to the group Rasbora taxa whose classification is still problematic. He mentioned that the species is restricted to Sumatra locality only. He also suggested that the species Rasbora collected will be named as Rasbore vulgaris once the Rasbora

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sumatrana group of fishes taxonomy is revised. However, tissues samples of Rasbora species collected from Sg Kuda and other locations in Belum during the present study, were analysed using barcoding gene mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene and the results were found to be similar with Rasbora paviana in database of National Center for Biotechnoloy Information (NCBI) (Li Min et al, 2013, unpublished). Further studies are required to verify the existences of both Rasbora sumatrana and Rasbora paviana in Temengor Lake using more sensitive tools such as DNA analysis.

Previous published data on species composition from Sg Enam and Sg Telang were compiled to test the similarity analysis between tributaries sampled.

Similarity analyses using Jaccard method showed that both the Sg. Enam and Sg Telang has clustered into similar group. More interestingly, it was found that Sg. Rekam and Sg Kuda have closer similarity of species composition to Sg Enam and Sg Telang compared to other three sites although both of these sites were located far away from latter sites when noted longitudinally. It is because the similarity analysis takes into accounts the average ecological distance between sample sites. Although Sg Rekam and Sg Kuda were located far from Sg Enam and Sg Telang but the similarity analysis suggesting that these tributaries were having almost similar habitat parameters thus populated by particular similar species composition. Zakaria et al. (1999) found that species richness, species diversity, and species survival in aquatic habitat were affected by several environmental factors, namely the physicochemistry of the water, topographic, hydrological characteristics and habitat destruction.

CONCLUSION The five tributaries surveyed in Temengor Lake contain a low diversity of fish fauna and is dominated by the cyprinids. Similarity analysis suggests that partial segregation in species composition between the sampled sites as found in the previous studied of Sg Enam and Sg Telang. Devario regina was found most abundant among the five tributaries sampled followed by Mystacoleucus marginatus. Rasbora paviana and Parachela hypophthalmus was recorded for the first time in Temengor Lake with validation of Ompok siluroides which was misidentified as Ompak bimaculatus in the earlier study. Although the species diversity overall were low compared to other lakes in Peninsular Malaysia, further systematic studies throughout all tributaries located in Temengor Lake might increases the number of freshwater fish species diversity. The findings of this study are expected to benefit the planning and management towards conservation programs of Temengor Lake.

REFERENCE Ambak M.A and Jalal K.C.A. (1998). Management and Ecological Note Habitat Utilization by the Tropical Fish Community in the Man-Made Lake Kenyir, Malaysia Fisheries Management and Ecology 5:173-176.

Ambak M.A. & K. C. A. Jalal, (2006). Sustainability issues of reservoir fisheries in Malaysia, Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 9:2, 165-173 Dahlen, B. F., (1993). Hydropower in Malaysia. Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), Malaysia.

Haig, J. (1952). Studies on the classification of the catfishes of the Oriental and Palearctic family Siluridae. Records of the Indian Museum 48: 59-116.

Kottelat. M., Whitten, A.J., Kartikasari, S.N. & Wirjoatmodjo, S. (1993). Freshwater fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi. Singapore: Berkeley Books Kottelat, M. and Lim, K.K.P. (1995). Freshwater fishes of Sarawak and Brunei Darussalam: a preliminary annotated checklist. Sarawak Museum Journal 48: 227-258.

Li Min Song, Kaviarasu Munian, Rosly Hassan, Zulkafli Abd Rashid, Rofina Yasmin Othman, Subha Bhassu, (2013). Submitted to Journal of Genetic and Molecular Biology Magurran, A.E. (1998). Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. London: Chapman and Hall Matthews, W.J. (1986). Fish faunal ‘‘breaks’’ and stream order in the eastern and central United States. Environmental Biology of Fishes 17: 81–92.

Mohsin, A.K.M. & Ambak, M.A. (1983). Freshwater fishes of Peninsular Malaysia.

Serdang: Penerbit Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Ng, H.H., Tenzin, K. & Pal, M. (2010). Ompok bimaculatus. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>.

Downloaded on 11 July 2013.

Rainboth, W.J. (1996). Fishes of Cambodian Mekong. FAOAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. FAO Rome Sim C.H, Murugadas, T.L., and Sundari R., 2002. A Guide to the Endangered Flora and Fauna of Tasek Bera.

Tan, H. H. and M. Kottelat. (2009) - Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwater. 20(1): 13-69. The fishes of the Batang Hari drainage, Sumatra, with description of six new species.

Tenaga National, Malaysia, (2002). Statistics of dams and reservoirs in their website. http://www.tnb.com.my/.

Wetland International (1998). The ecological assessment ofChini Lake, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia: An evaluation of its conservation value and environmental improvement requirement. Wetland International–Asia Pacific–Malaysia Programme.

Yap, S. Y., (1992). Inland capture fisheries in Malaysia. Fish. Rep. No. 405 Suppl.

FAO, Rome.

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Zakaria M.I. and B. Sabariah. (1995). Lake and river water quality as determinants of fish abundance at Temengor, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 48:333-345.

Zakaria M.I., & Kelvin K.P. Lim, (1995). Fish fauna of Tasik Temengor and its tributaries south of Banding, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 48:319-332 Zakaria, R., Mansor, M. and Ali, A. B. (1999). Swamp-riverine tropical fish population: A comparative study of two spatially isolated freshwater ecosystems in Peninsular Malaysia. Wetlands and Ecology Management, 6, 261-268 Zarul Hazrin Hashim , Amir Shah Ruddin Md. Shah , Mohd. Syaiful Mohammad , Mashhor Mansor and Shahrul Anuar Mohd. Sah, (2012). Fishes of Sungai Enam and Sungai Telang in Temengor Reservoir, Perak, Malaysia. Journal of Species List and Distribution 8(1): 027-031

Table 1: Combination of fish checklist in Sungai Enam, Sungai Telang and present study, Temengor Reservoir, Perak, Malaysia. *Zakaria & Sabariah 1995, **Zarul et al, 2012; √present Species

Rasbora sumatrana (Bleeker, 1852) Rasbora paviana (Tirant 1885) Devario regina (Fomler, 1934) Puntius binotatus (Valenciennes, 1842) Puntius lateristriga (Valenciennes, 1842) Mystacoleucus marginatus (Valenciennes, 1842) Poropuntius smedleyi (de Beaufort, 1933) Hampala macrolepitoda (Kuhl and Van Hasselt, 1823) Osteochilus vittatus (Valenciennes, 1842) Osteochilus mircocephalus (Valenciennes, 1842) Cyclocheilichthys apogon (Valenciennes, 1842) Labiobarbus leptocheilus (Valenciennes, 1842) Neolissochilus soroides (Duncker, 1904) Glyptothorax platypogonides (Bleeker, 1855) Hemibagrus nemurus (Valenciennes, 1840) Hemibagrus planiceps (Valenciennes, 1840) Mystus castaneus Ng, 2002 Clarias marcocephalus Gunther, 1864)

Sungai Enam 1994*

Sungai Enam 2004**

√

Sungai Enam 2011**

Sungai Telang 2004**

√

√

Present study 2012√

√ √

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ √

√

√

√

√ √

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ √ √

√

√

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Clarias teijsmanni Bleeker, 1857 Ompok spp

√

√ √

Xenentodon canciloides (Bleeker, 1853) Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) Osphronemus goramy (Lacepede, 1801) Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793) Pristolepis fasciata (Bleeker, 1851) Oxyeleotris marmorata (Bleeker, 1852)

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ √ √

√ √

Table 1: The Occurrence of fish species in the five tributaries surveyed in Temengor Lake.

Species

Sites Sg Sg Sg Semelor Rekam Kuda

Sg A Family: Cyprinidae Neolissochilus soroides (Duncker, 1904) Poropuntius smedleyi (de Beaufort, 1933) Devario regina (Fomler, 1934) Puntius binotatus (Valenciennes, 1842) Hampala macrolepitoda Kuhl and Van Hasselt, 1823 Osteochilus vittatus (Valenciennes, 1842) Rasbora paviana Tirant 1885 Parachela hypophthalmus (Bleeker, 1860) Mystacoleucus marginatus (Valenciennes, 1842) Cyclocheilichthys apogon (Valenciennes, 1842)

Sg Ular

0

2

2

0

10

30

0

0

0

49

52 23 3

18 0 0

18 1 1

9 31 0

11 0 1

1

1

5

0

0

1 0

1 0

8 5

16 0

0 0

0

0

90

9

0

0

0

2

0

0

Puntius lateristriga (Valenciennes, 1842) Family: Channidae Channa striata (Bloch, 1793)

0

0

0

4

0

0

2

0

5

1

Family: Bagridae Hemibagrus nemurus (Valenciennes, 1840) Family : Clariidae Clarias marcocephalus Gunther, 1864)

0

0

10

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

Family : Belonidae Xenentodon canciloides (Bleeker, 1853)

0

0

2

0

0

Family: Synbranchidae Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793)

0

0

1

0

0

Family: Siluridae Ompok siluroides Lacepède, 1803

0

0

0

1

0

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Table 3. Diversity Index of Freshwater fishes in Temengor Lake.

Sites

Number of species 6

Simpson`s Index 0.658

Evenness Measures 0.564

Abundance

Sg Semelor (x2)

5

0.420

0.489

24

Sg Rekam (x3)

13

0.639

0.326

146

Sg Kuda (x4)

8

0.754

0.649

76

Sg Ular (x5)

5

0.494

0.513

72

Sg A (x1)

110

Figure 1: Five sampling sites in Temengor Lake including Sg Enam and Sg Telang

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100 80

Poropuntius.smedleyi.

60

Mystacoleucus.marginatus

0

20

40

abundance

Devario.regina.

5

10

15

species rank

Figure 2: Rank-abundance curve for species diversity in five tributaries.

0.8

0.9

1.0

Cluster Dendrogram

x4

xT

x6

x2

x1

0.5

x5

x3

0.6

0.7

Height

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d hclust (*, "ward")

Figure 3: The dendrogram showing a cluster of the species occurrence among the tributaries studied. x1: Sg A; x2: Sg Semelor; x3: Sg Rekam; x4: Sg Kuda; x5: Sg Ular; x6: Sg Enam; xT: Sg Telang.

PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES FROM SUNGAI ENAM, TEMENGOR, PERAK WITH AN UPDATED CHECKLIST FOR THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE BELUM-TEMENGOR REGION EVAN S.H. QUAH and SHAHRUL ANUAR MD. SAH E-mail: evanquah@yahoo.com; sanuar@usm.my School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.

Abstract: A preliminary survey was carried out to catalogue the herpetofauna around the Sungai Enam in Temengor, Perak. A brief inventory was conducted along two trails, the Sungai Enam and around the base camp areas over two nights from the 5th to the 7th of October 2012. In total, nine species of frogs, nine species of lizards, four species of snakes and one species of freshwater turtles were recorded around Sungai Enam. The survey has added one species of frog, two species of lizards and two species of snakes to the known list of species found in the Belum-Temengor region. This brings the total number of species of amphibians to 40 and the number of reptiles to 68.

Keywords: Malaysia, Temengor, Belum, Perak, Herpetofauna, Amphibians, Reptiles, Checklist, Inventory

INTRODUCTION The Belum-Temengor forest is known to support a rich array of species with a great diversity of enigmatic wildlife such as tigers, rhinoceros, elephants and hornbills (Davison et al. 1995; Chew & Supari, 2000; Clements et al. 2010).

Some endangered reptiles such as painted terrapins (Batagur borneoensis) (Lim et al. 1995b) and rare snakes such as Oreocalamus hanitschi and Enhydris indica (Lim et al. 1995a) have been recorded here. However, despite some earlier surveys in this area (Diong et al. 1995; Kiew et al. 1995; Lim et al.

1995a; Lim et al. 1995b; Norsham et al. 2000; Grismer et al. 2004), only one presumably endemic species of lizard has been discovered from this area. A new species of skink Sphenomorphus temengorensis was only discovered in 2004 (Grismer et al. 2004) from this area and recently described (Grismer et al. 2009).

This is in stark contrast to the rest of the country where in the last ten years,

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many new species of reptiles and amphibians have been described (e.g., Das & Lim, 2000; Grismer 2006; Grismer et al. 2008; Rosler & Glaw, 2008; Wood et al. 2008; Chan et al 2009 and references therein). So few discoveries from an area so large, suggests that the region is still largely unexplored in terms of their herpetofauna and additional field research is needed in this area.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Field surveys were conducted along the Sungai Enam river (05°28.061’N, 101°17.377’E) base camp areas, Trail 1 and Trail 2 from 5-7 October 2012.

Surveys were carried out by active day and night searches. Specimens were caught by hand or visually identified if they could not be captured.

Representative samples of each species collected were photographed prior to preservation. Following euthanization with Tricaine, also known as Ethyl 3aminobenzoate methanesulfonate (C9H11NO2.CH4O3S), liver samples were taken and stored in 100% undenatured ethanol. Specimens were then set in 10% formalin and later transferred into 70% denatured ethanol for storage. Voucher material and photographs are deposited at the School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Taxonomy for Hemidactylus follows that of Carranza and Arnold (2006); Draco taxonomy follows Manthey (2008) and amphibian taxonomy follows Frost (2012). Institutional abbreviations USMHC refers to Universiti Sains Malaysia Herpetological Collection.

RESULTS In this survey over a span of two nights, a total of nine species of frogs, nine species of lizards (including a newly described species of gekkonid Cyrtodactylus), four species of snakes and one species of freshwater turtles were recorded thus far. Accounts of each species observation is discussed and given below. A consolidated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the BelumTemengor region is presented in Table 1.

Frogs (Anura) Bufonidae Phrynoidis aspera (Gravenhorst, 1829) Calling males were heard along Sungai Enam at night on 5th October 2012. This species had been previously recorded from the Belum-Temengor region by Kiew et al. (1995), Norsham et al. (2000), Sukumaran (2002) and Grismer et al.

(2004) as Bufo asper.

Megophryidae Leptolalax heteropus (Boulenger, 1900) Two specimens (USMHC 1340 & 1341) were collected at night along Sungai Enam on 5th October 2012. The males were calling from low vegetation by the river. This species had been previously recorded from the Belum-Temengor region by Kiew et al. (1995), Sukumaran (2002) and Grismer et al. (2004). Kiew et al. (1995) had recorded the species as Leptolaxis heteropus.

Megophyrs nasuta (Schlegel, 1837) Calling males were heard along Sungai Enam in the late evening on 5th and 6th October 2012. This species had been previously recorded from the BelumTemengor region by Kiew et al. (1995), Sukumaran (2002) and Grismer et al.

(2004). Kiew et al. (1995) had recorded the species as Megophrys monticola nasuta.

Microhylidae Microhyla heymonsi (Vogt, 1911) Congregations of calling males were heard in thick vegetation fringing Sungai Enam near base camp at night on 6th October 2012. This species had been previously recorded from the Belum-Temengor region by Kiew et al. (1995), Sukumaran (2002) and Grismer et al. (2004).

Dicroglossidae Limnonectes laticeps (Boulenger, 1882) A specimen (USMHC 1332) was collected in a seepage by river along Trail 2 at night on 5th October 2012. This species had been previously recorded from the Belum-Temengor region by Kiew et al. (1995), Sukumaran (2002) and Grismer et al. (2004). Kiew et al. (1995) recorded this species as Rana laticeps.

Ranidae Amolops larutensis (Boulenger, 1899) A series of specimens (USMHC 1325 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1331) were collected on boulders and low vegetation fringing swift portions of Sungai Enam at night on 5th October 2012. This species had been previously recorded from the Belum-Temengor region by Kiew et al. (1995), Norsham et al. (2000), Sukumaran (2002) and Grismer et al. (2004). Kiew et al. (1995) recorded this species as Staurois larutensis.

Hylarana labialis (Boulenger, 1887) A series of specimens (USMHC 1336 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1338) were collected from along Sungai Enam at night on 5th October 2012. This species had been previously recorded

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from the Belum-Temengor region by Kiew et al. (1995) as Rana chalconota and Sukumaran (2002) and Grismer et al. (2004) as Rana raniceps. We follow taxonomy by Stuart et al. (2006) and Inger et al. (2009) that removed H. labialis from synonymy with H. raniceps and restricted it for specimens from the Malay Peninsula.

Odorrrana hosii (Boulenger, 1891) A series of specimens (USMHC 1325 – 1331) were collected on boulders and low vegetation fringing swift portions of Sungai Enam at night on 5th October 2012. This species had been previously recorded from the Belum-Temengor region by Kiew et al. (1995) and Norsham et al. (2000) as Rana hosei and by Sukumaran (2002) and Grismer et al. (2004) as Rana hosii.

Rhacophoridae Rhacophorus cf. norhayatii (Chan & Grismer, 2010) A male was heard calling from high up in the canopy at night along Trail 1 on 6th October 2012. It has been tentatively assigned to this recently described species based on its “woodpecker-like” call.

Turtles (Testudines) Trionychidae Dogania subplana (Geoffroy, 1809) An adult specimen was observed swimming in Sungai Enamat night on 5th October 2012. The specimen was photographed then later released. This species had been previously recorded from the Belum-Temengor region by Lim et al.

(1995b).

Lizards (Squamata) Agamidae Acanthosaura armata (Hardwicke & Gray, 1827) An adult female (USMHC 1362) was collected sleeping on a vine at night on 6th October 2012 along Trail 2 about one metre above the ground. The presence of this species in the Belum-Temengor region had been previously recorded by Diong et al. (1995) and Grismer et al. (2004).

Bronchocela cristatella (Kuhl, 1820) A hatchling (USMHC 1357) was collected during the day by a ranger on low vegetation along Trail 2 on 6th October 2012. The presence of this species in the Belum-Temengor region had been previously recorded by Diong et al. (1995)

and Grismer et al. (2004). Diong et al. (1995) recorded the species as Calotes cristatellus.

Draco melanopogon (Boulenger, 1887) Many pairs were observed during the day on the trunks of trees around the base camp, river and various trails. This species had been previously recorded from the Belum-Temengor region by Diong et al. (1995), Sukumaran (2002) and Grismer et al. (2004).

Draco quinquefasciatus (Hardwicke and Gray, 1827) A juvenile was observed in the evening of 6th October 2012 on the trunk of a tree at base camp approximately two meters above the ground. The presence of this species in the Belum-Temengor region had been previously recorded by Diong et al. (1995) and Grismer et al. (2004).

Gonocephalus grandis (Gray, 1845) Two juvenile specimens (USMHC 1342 & 1343) were collected sleeping at night on vegetation overhanging river on 5th October 2012. This species had been previously recorded from the Belum-Temengor region by Diong et al.

(1995), Sukumaran (2002) and Grismer et al. (2004).

Gekkonidae Cnemaspis cf. narathiwatensis Two pairs of these geckos (USMHC 1347 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1350) were collected from boulders around Sungai Enam at night on 6th October 2012. They most resemble a recently described species by Grimer et al. (2010) called Cnemaspis narathiwatensis from Thailand in terms of morphology and coloration and have been tentatively assigned to that species pending further investigation. This is a new record for the Belum-Temengor region.

Cyrtodactylus bintangrendah (Grismer et al., 2012) A series of specimens (USMHC 1351 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1353) of this newly described species of gecko was collected from boulders and the trunks of trees around Sungai Enam at night on 6th October 2012. It was previously part of the Cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex of species that before careful morphological and molecular examination revealed it to be a distinct species. (Grismer et al. 2012).This is a new record for the Belum-Temengor region.

Cyrtodactylus consobrinus (Peters, 1871) An adult male (USMHC 1344) was collected from the crevices of a boulder along Trail 2 at night on 5th October 2012. Another female (USMHC 1354) was

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also collected from the boulders along Sungai Enam at night on 6th October (2012). This species had been previously recorded from the Belum-Temengor region by Diong et al. (1995).

Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus (Taylor, 1962) One specimen (USMHC 1339) was caught at night on the trunk of a tree about 1.5m off the ground on 5 October 2012 along Trail 2. Two more specimens (USMHC 1355 & 1356) were collected from low vegetation at night along Trail 1 on 6th October 2012. This species had been previously recorded from the Belum-Temengor region by Diong et al. (1995), Sukumaran (2002) and Grismer et al. (2004).

Snakes (Squamata) Pareatidae Aplopeltura boa (Boie, 1828) A specimen (USMHC 1363) was collected at night on Trail 1 crawling on a branch about two meters off the ground on 6th October 2012. This species had been previously recorded from the Belum-Temengor region by Sukumaran, (2002).

Colubridae Lycodon effraenis (Cantor, 1847) A juvenile specimen (USMHC 1361) was collected at night on 6th October 2012 as it was crawling up the side of a tree trunk about one meter off the ground.

This is a new record for the Belum-Temengor region.

Oligodon purpurascens (Schlegel, 1837) A juvenile specimen (USMHC 1360) was found coiled up on the side of a tree trunk one meter off the ground at night on 5th October 2012. Two Bronchocela cristatella eggs were found in the stomach of the specimen. This species had been previously recorded from the Belum-Temengor region by Lim et al.

(1995a).

Natricidae Rhabdophis chrysargos(Schlegel, 1837) A juvenile specimen (USMHC 1359) was collected along Sungai Enam in the morning on 5th October 2012. This is a new record for the Belum-Temengor region.

DISCUSSION Despite the very short sampling period, the survey has added one species of frog (Rhacophorus cf. norhayatii), two species of lizards (Cnemaspis cf. narathiwatensis and Cyrtodactylus bintangrendah) and two species of snakes (Lycodon effraenis & Rhabdophis chrysargos) to the known species of herpetofauna in the Belum-Temengor region. This brings the total number of species of amphibians to 40 and the number of reptiles to 68 (7 species of freshwater turtles, 31 species of lizards and 30 species of snakes). This demonstrates that there may be many more species to be discovered should more thorough surveys be carried out, possibly even species new to science. In terms of herpetofauna, the Belum-Temengor region hosts some really rare species such as Varanus dumerilii, Enhydris indica and Oreocalamus hanitschi and even threatened ones such as Batagur borneoensis. The region is also home to the endemic Sphenomorphus temegorensis skink. As such, all efforts should be made to save the remaining tracts of forest and its surrounding areas to ensure the survival of these animals.

Since the publication of the last checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the Belum-Temengor region, there have been many taxonomical revisions.

Updated taxonomies are used for Hemidactylus that follows Carranza and Arnold (2006), Draco taxonomy follows Manthey (2008), viper taxonomy follows that of Malhorta and Thorpe (2004) and amphibian taxonomy follows Frost (2012). Species such as Occidozyga laevis (G端nther, 1858) that was recorded by Kiew et al. (1995) has been revised and relisted as O. sumatrana following the convention that O. laevis is restricted to the Philippines after O. sumatrana was resurrected from the synonymy with the former by Iskandar (1998) where it had been earlier placed by Boulenger (1882). The unidentified Rhacophorus sp. recorded by Grismer et al. (2004) was later on identified as R. robinsonii (per. comm.).

Following careful examination, the skink Sphenomorphus cf. butleri listed by Grismer et al. (2004) had been officially described as a new species; S. temengorensis by Grismer et al. (2009), and is only known from Temengor.

Other reptile groups have been updated as well such as the turtle Callagur borneoensis that was recorded by Lim et al. (1995b) has been synonymized with the genus Batagur as B. borneoensis following taxonomy updates by Le at al.

(2007). Snakes have undergone revision too and the Reticulated Python (Python reticulatus) recorded by Lim et al. (1995a) has been changed to Broghammerus reticulatus following the taxonomy of Rawlings et al. (2008) that recognize this species as belonging to its own distinct genus. The ratsnakes Elaphe flavolineata

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and E. prasina recorded by Lim et al. (1995a) have been reclassified as Coelognathus flavolineatus and Rhadinophis prasina respectively following classifications by Helfenberger (2001) and Burbrink & Lawson (2007). The slender wolf snake Lepturophis albofuscus that was recorded by Lim et al.

(1995a) and once considered a member of the revalidated genus Lepturophis by David& Vogel (1996) is maintained in the genus Lycodon following taxonomies

by Lanza (1999) and Das (2012). All updated taxonomies are listed in Table 1.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For assistance in the field we thank Mr. Yusof Omar. We are also grateful to the Pulau Banding Rainforest Research Center and Pulau Banding Foundation for organising the expedition and inviting us to participate in it. Survey was supported in part by Universiti Sains Malaysia Grant 815075 to SAMS.

REFERENCES Boulenger, G. A. (1882). Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia s. Ecaudata in the Collection of the British Museum. Second Edition. Taylor and Francis. London.

210pp Burbrink, F.T., and Lawson, R. (2007). How and when did Old World ratsnakes disperse into the New World? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43 (1): 173-189 Carranza, S. and Arnold, E.N. (2006). Systematics, biogeography, and evolution of Hemidactylus geckoes (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) elucidated using mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Systematics and Evolution 38: 531-545.

Chan, K.O. and Grismer, L.L. (2010). Re-assessment of the Reinwardtâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Gliding Frog, Rhacophorusreinwardtii (Schlegel 1840) (Anura: Rhacophoridae) in Southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia and its re-description as a new species.

Zootaxa 2505: 40 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 50.

Chan, K.O., Grismer, L.L., Norhayati, A. and Daicus, B. (2009). A new species of Gastrophrynoides (Anura: Microhylidae): an addition to a previously monotypic genus and a new genus for Peninsular Malaysia. Zootaxa 2124: 6368.

Chew, H.H. and Supari, S. (2000). Observations of Plain-pouched Hornbills Aceros subruficollis in Tasek Temengor, Peninsular Malaysia. Forktail 16: 65 - 67.

Clements, R., Rayan, D.M., Ahmad Zafir, A.W., Venkataraman, A., Alfred, R., Payne, J., Ambu, L., Sharma, D.S.K. (2010). Trio under threat: can we secure the future of rhinos, elephants and tigers in Malaysia? Biodiversity Conservation 19: 1115 - 1136.

Das, I. (2012). A Naturalist’s Guide to the Snakes of South-east Asia: Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Myanmar, Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali. John Beaufoy Publishing. United Kingdom. 160pp.

Das, I. and Lim, L.J. (2000). A new species of Cyrtodactylus (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Pulau Tioman, Malaysia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 48: 223 - 231.

David, P. &Vogel, G. (1996). The snakes of Sumatra. An annotated checklist and key with natural history notes. Bücher Kreth, Frankfurt/M. Davison, G.W.H., Soepadmo, E., and Yap, S.K. (1995). The Malaysian Heritage and Scientific Expedition to the Belum: Temengor Forest Reserve, 1993-1994.

Malayan Nature Journal 48: 133 - 146.

Diong, C.H., Kiew, B.H. and Lim, B.L. (1995).An annotated checklist of the lizard fauna in the Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 48: 353 - 356.

Frost, D.R. (2012). Amphibian Species of the World 5.5: an Online Reference. http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/ (last accessed 18 June 2013) Grismer, L.L. (2006). A new species of Ansonia Stoliczka 1872 (Anura: Bufonidae) from Central Peninsular Malaysia and a revised taxonomy for Ansonia from the Malay Peninsula. Zootaxa 1327: 1-21.

Grismer, L.L., Chan, K.O., Grismer, J.L., Wood, P.L.Jr. and Daicus, B. (2008). Three new species of Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Peninsular Malaysia. Zootaxa 1921: 1-23.

Grismer, L.L., Norhayati, A. and Chan, K.O. (2009). A new, diminutive, upland Sphenomorphus Fitzinger 1843 (Squamata: Scincidae) from the BelumTemengor Forest Complex, Peninsular Malaysia. Zootaxa 2312: 27 - 38.

Grismer, L.L., Sukumaran, J., Grismer, J.L., Youmans, T.M., Wood, Jr., P.L., and Johnson, R. (2004). Report on the herpetofauna from the Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak, West Malaysia. Hamadryad 29(1): 15 - 32.

Grismer, L.L., Sumontha, M., Cota, M., Grismer, J.L., WOOD, P.L.Jr., and Pauwels, O.S.G. (2010). A revision and redescription of the rock gecko Cnemaspis siamensis (Taylor 1925) (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Peninsular Thailand with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 2576: 1–55 Grismer, L.L., Wood, P.L.Jr., Quah, E.S.H., Shahrul Anuar, Muin, M.A., Sumontha, M., Norhayati, A., Bauer, A.M., Wangkulangkul, S., Grismer, J.L. and Pauwels, O.S.G. (2012). A phylogeny and taxonomy of the Thai-Malay Peninsula Bent-toed Geckos of the Cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex (Squamata: Gekkonidae): combined morphological and molecular analyses with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 3520: 1–55 Helfenberger, N. (2001). Phylogenetic relationship of Old World Ratsnakes based on visceral organ topography, osteology, and allozyme variation. Russian Journal of Herpetology. (Suppl.): 1-56.

Iskandar, D. T. (1998). The Amphibians of Java and Bali. Research and Development Centre for Biology - LIPI and GEF – Biodiversity Collections Project. Bogor, Indonesia. 117pp.

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Kiew, B.H., Diong, C.H. and Lim, B.L. (1995).An annotated checklist of the amphibian fauna in the Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 48: 347 - 351.

Lanza,B. (1999). A new species of Lycodon from the Philippines, with a key to the genus (Reptilia: Serpentes: Colubridae). Tropical Zoology 12: 89-104 Le, M., McCord, W.P., and Iverson, J.B.(2007). On the paraphyly of the genus Kachuga (Testudines: Geoemydidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45: 398 -404 Lim, B.L., Ratnam, L. and Nor Azman, H. (1995a). Snakes examined from the Sungai Singgor area of Temengor, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 48: 357 - 364.

Lim, B.L., Ratnam, L. and Nor Azman, H. (1995b). Turtles from the Sungai Singgor area of Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 48: 365 - 369.

Malhotra, A. and Thorpe, R.S. (2004). A phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for Asian pit vipers (Trimeresurus and Ovophis).

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 83 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;100 Manthey, U. (2008). Agamid Lizards of Southern Asia, Draconinae 1. AqualogVerlag: 160pp.

Norsham, Y., Bernard, H., Chew, K.L., Yong, H.S., Yap, M.N. and Lim, B.L. (2000).

An annotated checklist of the herpetofauna in the northern part of Belum Forest reserve, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 54: 245 - 253.

Rawlings, L. H., Rabosky, D.L., Donnellan, S.C., and Hutchinson, M.N. (2008). Python phylogenetics: inference from morphology and mitochondrial DNA. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 93: 603 - 619.

Rosler, H. and Glaw, F. (2008). A new species of Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Malaysia including a literature survey of mensural and meristic data in the genus. Zootaxa 1729: 8 - 22.

Stuart, B.L., Inger, R.F. and Voris, H.K. (2006). High levels of cryptic species diversity revealed by sympatric lineages of Southeast Asian forest frogs. Biology Letters.

London 2: 470-474.

Sukumaran, J. (2002). The amphibian fauna of a forested area in Temengor, Perak, Malaysia, with the first record of Philautus parvulus (Boulenger, 1893) in the Malay Peninsula. Hamadryad 27: 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 10.

Wood, P.L. Jr., Grismer, L.L., Norhayati A. and Juliana S. (2008). Two new species of torrent-dwelling toads Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Anura: Bufonidae) from Peninsular Malaysia. Herpetologica 64(3): 321-340.

Table 1: List of the amphibian and reptile species from the Belum-Temengor region.

Species

AMPHIBIANS (Anurans) Bufonidae 1. Ingerophrynus parvus 2. Leptophryne borbonica 3. Pedostibes hosii 4. Phrynoidis aspera Megophryidae 5. Leptobrachium hendricksoni 6. Leptolalax heteropus 7. Megophrys nasuta 8. Xenophrys aceras Microhylidae 9. Kalophrynus pleurostigma 10. Microhyla berdmorei 11. Microhyla butleri 12. Microhyla heymonsi Dicroglossidae 13. Fejervarya limnocharis 14. Limnonectes blythii 15. Limnonectes kuhlii 16. Limnonectes laticeps 17. Limnonectes paramacrodon 18. Limnonectes plicatellus 19. Occidozyga sumatrana 20. Taylorana hascheana Ranidae 21. Amolops larutensis 22. Hylarana erythraea 23. Hylarana glandulosa 24. Hylarana labialis 25. Hylarana laterimaculata 26. Hylarana nicobarensis 27. Hylarana nigrovittata 28. Hylarana picturata 29. Odorrana hosii Rhacophoridae 30. Nyctixalus pictus 31. Philautus parvulus 32. Philautus petersi 33. Polypedates leucomystax 34. Polypedates macrotis 35. Rhacophorus nigropalmatus 36. Rhacophorus cf. norhayatii 37. Rhacophorus prominanus 38. Rhacophorus robinsonii 39. Theloderma horridum

Grismer et al.

2004

Present survey

X X X X

X

X X X X

X X -

X X X X

X

X X X X X X X X

X -

X X X X X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X -

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AMPHIBIANS (Caecilians) 40. Ichthyophis sp.

REPTILES (Turtles) Geoemydidae 41. Batagur borneoensis 42. Cuora amboinensis 43. Cyclemys dentata 44. Heosemys spinosa 45. Notochelys platynota Trionychidae 46. Amyda cartilaginea 47. Dogania subplana REPTILES (Lizards) Agamidae 48. Aphaniotis fusca 49. Acanthosaura armata 50. Bronchocela cristatella 51. Calotes emma 52. Draco abbreviatus 53. Draco cristatellus 54. Draco formosus 55. Draco maximus 56. Draco melanopogon 57. Draco quinquefasciatus 58. Draco sumatranus 59. Gonocephalus abbotti 60. Gonocephalus bellii 61. Gonocepalus grandis Eublepharidae 62. Aeluroscalabotes felinus Gekkonidae 63. Cnemaspis cf. narathiwatensis 64. Cyrtodactylus bintangrendah 65. Cyrtodactylus consobrinus 66. Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus 67. Gekko smithii 68. Gehyra mutilata 69. Hemidactylus craspedotus 70. Ptychozoon horsfieldii 71. Ptychozoon kuhlii Scincidae 72. Dasia olivacea 73. Eutropis multifasciata 74. Sphenomorphus maculatus 75. Sphenomorphus temengorensis Varanidae 76. Varanus dumerilii 77. Varanus rudicollis 78. Varanus salvator

X

-

X X X X X

-

X X

X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X

X

-

X X X X X X X

X X X X -

X X X X

-

X X X

-

REPTILES (Snakes) Typhlopidae 79. Ramphotyphlops lineatus Pythonidae 80. Broghammerus reticulatus 81. Python brongersmai Pareatidae 82. Aplopeltura boa Homalopsidae 83. Enhydris indica Colubridae 84. Ahaetulla prasina 85. Boiga cynodon 86. Boiga dendrophila 87. Coelognathus flavolineatus 88. Dendrelaphis formosus 89. Gongylosoma longicauda 90. Gonyosoma oxycephalum 91. Lycodon albofuscus 92. Lycodon effraenis 93. Lycodon subcinctus 94. Oligodon purpurascens 95. Oreocalamus hanitschi 96. Psammodynastes pulverulentus 97. Pseudorabdion longiceps 98. Ptyas carinata 99. Rhadinophis prasina Natricidae 100. Rhabdophis chrysargos 101. Xenochrophis trianguligerus Elapidae 102. Bungarus candidus 103. Calliophis bivirgata 104. Naja sumatrana Viperidae 105. Parias hageni 106. Parias sumatranus 107. Popeia fucata 108. Tropdiolaemus wagleri

X

-

X X

-

X

X

X

-

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X -

X

X -

X X X

-

X X X X

-

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Some Amphibians and Reptiles found during the Expedition

Plate 1: Cyrtodactylus bintangrendah

Plate 2: Dogania subplana

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Plate 3: Rhabdophis chrysargos

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Plate 4: Sungai Enam

DIVERSITY AND DENSITY OF AMPHIBIANS AT SUNGAI ENAM, TEMENGOR FOREST RESERVE, PERAK, MALAYSIA. AMIRAH HURZAID1, YAP CHEE HUI1, MOHD AZMEER ABU BAKAR1, AHMAD RIDZUAN YEOP AZNAN2 and IBRAHIM JAAFAR1 Email: jibrahim@usm.my 1

Biological Science Program, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.

2 Yayasan Emkay, Unit 3A-3, Level 4, Jalan PJU 8/5g, Bandar Damansara Perdana, 47820 Petaling Jaya, Selangor.

Abstract: The density and diversity of anurans were investigated along Sungai (River) Enam within the Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak for four consecutive nights from 2nd till 5th October 2012. Specimens were collected along a 100 m line transect of Sungai Enam. The local assemblage of anurans comprised eight species, with the Larut Torrent Frog, Amolops larutensis and the poisonous Rock Frog, Odorrana hosii, being the most abundant. The Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H’) of the anurans obtained was 2.49; Simpson’s Index (D) obtained was 0.79, while the Simpson’s Evenness Index was 0.83.

The results indicated that the presence of anurans in term of species variety and abundance at this particular stretch of river is quite moderate. Despite the variations of micro-habitats along the stretch of Sungai Enam, the nearness to the main trail and the prolonged dry weather are suggested as the main factors that limit the variety of anuran species at the study site.

Keywords: amphibia; Malaysia; Temengor Forest Reserve; density; diversity

INTRODUCTION Belum-Temengor Rainforest is the largest continuous forest complex in Peninsular Malaysia. These forests are believed to be more than 130 million years old thus rendering them one of the world’s oldest rainforests, older than both the Amazon and the Congo (MNS, 2013). Encompassing 300,000 hectares, Belum-Temengor is unique as it is home to a vast number of species of animals and plants, many of which cannot be found anywhere else in the world. At

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present, Belum-Temengor Rainforest harbors over 3,000 species of flowering plants, including three species of the largest flower in the world - the Rafflesia.

Besides, it is also the natural habitat of 64 species of ferns, 62 species of mosses, and has a lake that is home to 23 species of freshwater fish and 5 species of turtles (Belum Rainforest Resort, 2008).

In 1993, the Malayan Nature Society (MNS) led the first scientific expedition to Belum-Temengor Forest Reserve, followed by second expedition in 1998 to inventorise and document its rich diversity (MNS, 2013). In fact, scientific studies indicate that this pristine forest, which remains one of the largest untouched forest reserves in Peninsular Malaysia, holds enormous potential for the discovery of more biological treasures.

Currently, there are few publications on the herpetofauna of BelumTemengor Rainforest. Kiew et al. (1995) reported that a total of 24 species of frogs and toads, representing 26 % of the amphibian fauna of Peninsular Malaysia, has been identified so far in the area during the Malaysian Heritage and Scientific Expedition to Belum from 1993 to1994. This may be about half of the amphibian species present in the area. Norsham et al. (2000) recorded twenty six species of amphibians and reptiles in the northern part of Belum Forest Reserve, Perak. They comprised nine species of frogs, ten species of lizards and geckos, one species of varanid, one species of skink, four species of snake, and one species of turtle. The species diversity of herpetofauna in their survey is extremely low due to the short duration of the survey. The last survey in 2004, conducted by Grimmer et al. (2004) found 32 species of amphibians and 25 species of reptiles representing five and seven families, respectively. In their survey, newly reported species comprised five species of frogs, one species of caecilian, 15 species of lizards and four species of snakes from their study area.

In this study, we investigated (i) the diversity of anurans along a 100 m length of Sungai Enam, (ii) the density of anurans present at the study area and (iii) the micro-habitats of the anurans in the study area.

MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was undertaken during The 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition at Sungai Enam from 1st until 10th October 2012 organized by the Pulau Banding Foundation. It was conducted along Sungai Enam, a small, 4 km long tributary of the Singor River, which then flows into Temengor Reservoir (Figure 1). The geographic coordinates of the sampling location are 5째30.65'N, 101째27.79'E,

with average elevation of about 35 m a.s.l (Figure 1). The vegetation consist of Lowland Dipterocarp Forest. Line transect samplings were conducted along a 100 m length of Sungai Enam from 2030 hrs. to 2230 hrs. by search parties with 4 persons, for four consecutive nights starting 2 October till 5 October 2012.

Total sampling effort spent was 32 man-hours. The study site is about 1.2 km from the river mouth, and about 20 m of the lower part of the riverbed is made up of sandy and silty soil, whereas about 80 m upstream is of rocky terrain with gravel, cobblestones, boulders and occasional large boulders. Bedrock is also present, forming a small waterfall (Waterfall 4), some rock pools and some small riffles (Figure 2). The banks of the river were somewhat overgrown with lowland dipterocarp vegetation with trees, shrubs, ferns and lianas overhanging the river.

The river depth ranged from 4 cm to 100 cm and its width averaged around 13 m. Canopy cover is scarce near the river mouth (estimated 60% light penetration) and become denser going up stream (estimated 35% light penetration).

Specimens were captured by hand or fishnets with the help of handheld battery powered torchlights to locate hiding sites. Individuals collected were placed in separate plastic bags and labeled for processing later in camp. Upon reaching the camp, each captured specimen was immediately identified by referring to Berry (1975), Ibrahim et al. (2008) and Das (2010), and the species names were updated according to Frost et al. (2011). Two individuals of each species were kept as voucher specimens (voucher no USM ARC 3001/12 to USM ARC 3009/12) and were preserved in 10% formalin and later stored in 70% alcohol. Photographs of each species were recorded using Nikon D5100 SLR camera and stored in a digital file. All daily captured anurans were temporarily quarantined in camp and were released at the end of the study after initial voucher specimens were preserved (Figure 10). Voucher specimens are housed at The Amphibian of Reptile Collections, University Sains Malaysia (ARC, USM). Minimum density estimates of each species was then calculated for the 100 m length of the river at the end of the four day period. Diversity indices were calculated using methods suggested by Anderson et al. (1979) and Krebs (1999).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS A total of 57 anurans from four families were recorded during this study, consisting of 18 individuals of Amolops larutensis, 17 individuals of Odorrana hosii, six Hylarana labialis, seven Leptolalax heteropus, three Phrynoides

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aspera, and two individuals each of Limnonectes blythii, Leptophryne borbonica and Limnonectes laticeps. Table 1 shows the list and numbers of amphibians recorded at Sungai Enam. An adult of P. aspera was observed roosting on the rocky boulders on the third day at the study site. Four anurans escaped during the last sampling day, three A. larutensis and a juvenile of O. hosii. An adult of L. heteropus was heard calling near some shrubs that grow along the river side of the study area.

From the results, it is estimated that the minimum density for anurans at Sungai Enam is 57 individuals per 100 m of river length, with two species having the highest density, namely A. larutensis and O. hosii, at 18 and 17 frogs for every 100 m. Our results are different from those found by Ibrahim et al.

(2011) where they reported Hylarana nicobariensis and H. labialis were frogs with the highest density in Gunung Bubu Virgin Forest Reserve, Perak.

However, what we found in this study were comparable with the results of Inger and Greenberg (1966) who reported that L. blythii had a density of 7-8.5 frogs per 33 m length of a stream in Borneo, and Tessier et al. (1991) who reported 32 frogs of the species Leiopelma hochstetteri along a 120 meter length of a mountain stream in New Zealand.

The Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (Hâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;) obtained was 2.49 while the Simpsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Index (D) obtained from this study was 0.79. Even though only eight species of amphibians were found at the study area, these two indices indicate that the diversity of frogs and toads here is considered moderate. The value of Simpsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Evenness Index (E) was 0.83, showing that the amphibian assemblage here is moderately even, with two species, namely A. larutensis and O. hosii, found in large numbers, two other species, L. heteropus and H. labialis in moderate numbers, while the other four species are found in low numbers.

The micro-habitat along Sungai Enam can be categorized into four types, (i) Bed rock, (ii) Shrubs that grows along the river side, (iii) Leaf litter and (iv) Rocky boulders. Table 2 shows the detailed spots where anurans were recorded, categorized as above.

The majority of anurans were found on shrubs and rocky boulders while only a small number were recorded in the leaf litter. We also observed and recorded the presence of four other amphibians, Ingerphrynus parvus, Fejevarya limnocharis, Megophrys nasuta, Microhyla heymonsii and ten reptiles, Ganocephalus abbotti, Ganocephalus grandis, Draco cristatellus, Draco melanopogon, Gekko smithii, Trimeresurus hageni, Rhabdophis chrysargos, Typhlops muelleri, Xenopeltis unicolor and Dogonia subplana in the general

vicinity of the Sungai Enam basin but these were not included in the calculations since they were outside the intensified study area of the 100 m stretch of Sungai Enam. Some of the species found are shown in Plate 1- 9.

CONCLUSIONS This study found that all the frogs collected are forest-dwelling species that require undisturbed and pollution free habitats to thrive and survive. This shows that Sungai Enam is basically clean and pollutant free. One species of frog, namely L. blythii is categorized as Near Threatened by the IUCN, while four species (L. blythii, A. larutensis, O. hosii and H. labialis) are included in the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010. It is our sincere and genuine hope that the relevant authorities will maintain the Temengor Forest Reserve as an undisturbed, pristine forest and not allow any type of disturbance or logging to occur here, for the benefit of our future generations and more importantly for the continued survival and existence of our natural amphibian heritage.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to thank the Pulau Banding Foundation for the opportunity to participate in the expedition. We also wish to express our gratitude to the staffs and crew of Pulau Banding Foundation and Belum Rainforest Resort for excellent logistics and hospitality provided. We are also indebted to staffs of WWF and Miss Endah Sama for cordial companionship and general assistance rendered throughout our research period. This study was partially funded by Universiti Sains Malaysiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Research University Grant No. 5001/PJJAUH/815030 awarded to the last author.

REFERENCES Anderson, A.L., Laake, J.L., Crain, B.R. and Burham, K.P. (1979) Guidelines for Line Transect Sampling of Biological Populations. Journal of Wildlife Management 43 (1) : 70-78.

Belum Rainforest Resort. (2008). Belum-Temengor Rainforest. Electronic Database accessible at http://www.belumresort.com/btfc.html.

Berry, P.Y. (1975). The Amphibian Fauna of Peninsular Malaysia. Tropical Press, Kuala Lumpur. 130 pp.

Das, I. (2010). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of South-East Asia. New Holland Publishers, London. 376 pp.

Frost, D. R. (2011). Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version (31 January, 2011). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/vz/ herpetology/amphibia/Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, USA.

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Grismer, L.L., J. Sukumaran, J.L. Grismer, T.M. Youmans, P.L. Wood and R. Johnson (2004) Report on the Herpetofauna from the Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak, West Malaysia. Hamadryad 29 (1) : 15-32 Ibrahim, J., Shahrul, A.M.S., Norhayati, A., Chan, K.O. and Muin, M.A. (2008). The Common Amphibians and Reptiles of Penang Island. Penang, State Forestry Department.

Ibrahim, J., Wong, J., Mohd-Fazlin, M.S., Fatan, H.Y., Siti-Hadijah, Y. and Norhaslinda, S. (2011). Amphibian Assemblage of Bubu Permanent Forest Reserve, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian Applied Biology (2011) 40 (1) : 1-6 Inger, R.F. and Greenberg, B. (1966) Ecological and Competitive Relations among Three Species of Frogs ( Genus Rana ). Ecology 47 : 746-759 Kiew, B. H., Diong, C. H. and Lim, B. L. (1995). An Annotated Checklist of the Amphibian Fauna in the Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak, Malaysia.

Malayan Nature Journal, 48: 347-351.

Krebs, C.J. (1999) Ecological Methodology. 2nd Ed. Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park, California. 620 pp.

MNS (2013) Malayan Nature Society. Fact Sheet MNS Belum-Temengor. Electronic Database accessible at http://www.tetrapak.com/my/SiteCollectionDocuments/ factsheet.pdf.

Norsham, Y., Bernard, H., Chew, K. L., Yong, H. S., Yap, M. N. and Lim, B. L. (2000). An Annotated Checklist of Herpetofauna in the Northern Part of Belum Forest Reserve, Perak Peninsular, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 54: 245251.

Tessier, C., Slaven, D and Cohen, D.M. (1991) Population Density and Daily Movement Patterns of Hochstetterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Frogs, Leiopelma hochstetteri, in a New Zealand Mountain Stream. Journal of Herpetology 25 : 213-214

Table 1: List and numbers of amphibians recorded at Sungai Enam.

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Family Megophryridae Bufonidae Dicroglossidae Ranidae

Species Leptolalax heteropus Phrynoides aspera Leptophryne borbonica Limnonectes blythii Limnonectes laticeps Amolops larutensis Odorrana hosii Hylarana labialis TOTAL

Recorded 7 3 2 2 2 18 17 6 57

Table 2: Summary of micro-habitat where anurans were captured.

Microhabitat

Relative abundance in study site (Pi)

No. of anurans found

Bedrocks

0.105

6

Shrubs

0.491

28

Leaf litter Rocky boulders

0.053

3

0.351

20

Species found Phrynoides aspera, Leptophryne borbonica, Amolops larutensis Limnonectes blythii, Limnonectes laticeps, Leptolalax heteropus, Leptophryne borbonica, Odorrana hosii, Hylarana labialis Leptolalax heteropus Amolops larutensis, Odorrana hosii

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Figure 1: Location of the study area.

Plate 1: Study site at Sungai Enam (Waterfall 4).

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Plate 2: Leptolalax heteropus

Plate 3: Phrynoides aspera (Sub adult)

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Plate 4: Leptophryne borbonica

Plate 5: Limnonetes blythii

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Plate 6: Limnonectes laticeps Figure 3: Leptolalax heteropus

Plate 7: Odorrana hosii

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Plate 8: Hylarana labialis

Plate 9: Releasing of specimens back to nature

AN UPDATED CHECKLIST OF THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE BELUM-TEMENGOR FOREST RESERVES, HULU PERAK, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA AMIRAH HURZAID1, MOHD AZMEER ABU BAKAR1, DIONYSIUS SHARMA2, NUROLHUDA NASIR2, REUBEN SHARMA3, AHMAD RIDZUAN YEOP AZNAN4 AND IBRAHIM JAAFAR1 Email: amirahhurzaid@gmail.com 1

Biological Sciences Program, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.

2 WWF- Malaysia, 49, Jalan SS 23/15, Taman SEA, 47400 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.

3 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

4 Yayasan EMKAY, Unit 3A-3, Level 4, Jalan PJU 8/5g, Bandar Damansara Perdana, 47820 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.

Abstract: A herpetofaunal survey was carried out in Temengor Forest Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia during the second Temengor Scientific Expedition conducted from 1st to 10th October 2012. This study represents the first records of amphibians and reptiles of Sungai Enam Basin and an updated record of Belum-Temengor Forest Reserve. In this survey, a total of 27 species of herpetofauna was recorded comprising 12 species of amphibians from four families and 15 species of reptiles from six families. No new records of frog or lizard species are reported in this study. However, three new records of snakes are reported from the area.

Key words: Herpetofauna, Malaysia, Temengor Forest Reserve.

INTRODUCTION The 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition to Belum running from 1st to 10 October 2012 was based at Sungai Enam, a small, 4 km long tributary of the Singor River, which flows into the Temengor Reservoir. The vegetation of this area is characteristic of Lowland Dipterocarp Forest. The first herpetofauna survey of Belum-Temengor Forest Reserves was conducted by Kiew et al.

(1995) during the Malaysian Nature Societyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Heritage and Scientific th

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Expedition to Belum. They found 24 species of amphibians, representing 26% of the amphibian fauna of Peninsular Malaysia. In the same expedition, Diong et al. (1995) reported on the lizards while Lim et al. (1995a; 1995b) reported on the snakes and turtles, respectively.

The second survey conducted opportunistically during a mammal survey of the northern part of the Belum Forest Reserve by Norsham et al. (2000) recorded the presence of 26 species of amphibians and reptiles (nine species of frogs, 10 species of lizards and geckos, one species of varanid and skink, four species of snakes and one species of turtle). Sukumaran (2002) documented 26 species of frogs and seven species of reptiles from five and four families respectively within the Perak Integrated Timber Complex (PITC) located in Temengor Forest Reserve. Two years later, a comprehensive survey by Grismer et al. (2004) was conducted at the PITC. They discovered 32 species of amphibians and 25 species of reptiles representing five and seven families, respectively. In their survey, they added five new records of frogs including an undescribed species of flying frog (Rhacophorus), one caecilian, 15 species of lizards and four species of snakes. In this study, we have added three new records of snakes; Typhlops muelleri, Calamaria schlegelii and Rhabdophis chrysargos from two families.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area The Sungai Enam base camp (5째30.65'N 101째27.79'E), with an elevation of 450m a.s.l., is located at Sungai Enam, a small, 4 km long tributary of the Singor River, which then flows into Temengor Reservoir (Figure 1). The base camp is about 500 m from the river mouth; about 200 m of the lower part of the river, the riverbed is made up of sandy and silty soil, whereas about 3.8 km upstream is of rocky terrain with gravel, cobblestones, boulders and occasional large boulders (Plate 1). Bedrock is also present, forming some rock pools and some small riffles. The banks of the river were somewhat overgrown with lowland dipterocarp vegetation with trees, shrubs, saplings, ferns and lianas overhanging the river.

Herpetofaunal Survey The survey was conducted over a period of four days from 2-5 October 2013, accumulating to 24 active survey hours (hours surveyed actively by 4 to 7 number of people). Areas around the base camp, the surrounding forest, established trails, river banks and streams were actively searched for

herpetofauna. Amphibians were captured mainly at night by hand or with fishnets by field parties working from 2000 hrs to 2300 hrs with the help of handheld battery powered torchlights. Surveys for reptiles were a combination of active searches and chance observations. Lizards were captured by hand or by sweep nets, while smaller snakes and turtles were caught by hand, nets and poles. The specimens collected were placed in separate plastic bags and labeled for subsequent processing at the base camp. All captured specimen were photographed and identified by referring to Berry (1975), Ibrahim et al. (2008), Cox et al. (1998) and Das (2010), and the amphibians names were updated according to Frost et al. (2011). All amphibian specimens were injected with benzocaine solution into its dorsal lymph sac to humanely kill them before dissection (Norhayati Ahmad, pers. comm).

Specimens were then weighed to the nearest 0.1g using an AND Electronic Precision Model EK- 1200A (1200g capacity). Basic morphometric data; snout- vent length (SVL), mouth width (MW), tibia length (TL) and tympanum diameter (TD) were measured to the nearest 0.01mm using dial calipers (Âą 0.05mm). Voucher specimens of species collected were preserved in 10% formalin and later stored in 70% alcohol and housed at The Amphibian and Reptile Collections Universiti Sains Malaysia (ARC, USM). For the reptiles, the voucher specimens were housed at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia for future reference.

RESULTS A total of 27 species of amphibians and reptiles were identified. These comprised twelve species of frogs and toads, belonging to four families; eight species of lizards and geckos from two families; six species of snakes from four families; and a species of soft-shell turtle of one family. The updated checklists of amphibians (Table 1) and reptiles (Table 2) are presented with annotations for each species recorded.

Species Account: Anura A total of 12 species of anurans from four families were discovered in the survey with three species of bufonids, three species of dicroglossids, two species of megophryids, one species of microhylids and three species of ranids.

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Bufonidae Phrynoides aspera (Gravenhorst, 1829) (USM-ARC1312/12) An individual of this species was collected on the second day while it was perching on a boulder at Waterfall 4. An adult of this species was also heard calling from a boulder on the banks of Sungai Enam. Another individual was observed at Trail 1.

Ingerophrynus parvus (Boulenger, 1887) (UPM) A juvenile of this species was collected at Trail 2 along the forest trail close to the fork between a Merbau tree and the lower base camp. A second individual was collected as it was resting on a piece of wood on the forest floor nearby a stream at Trail 1.

Leptophryne borbonica (Tschudi, 1838) (USMARC1313- 1314/12) (Plate 2) Two individuals were collected jumping on the bank of Sungai Enam on the third day.

Dicroglossidae Fejevarya limnocharis (Boie, 1834) (UPM) A single specimen was collected off a leaf of a small stream plant by a staff member of Pulau Banding Foundation at the river near the campsite.

Limnonectes blythii (Boulenger, 1920) (USMARC1310- 1311/12) One individual was collected by an Orang Asli tracker near Trail 1.

Another individual was collected on the banks of Waterfall 4.

Limnonectes laticeps (Boulenger, 1882) (USMARC1315- 1316/12) (Plate 3) A total of two individuals were collected while perching on the leaves at bushes near some rock pools at Waterfall 4.

Megophryidae Leptolalax heteropus (Boulenger, 1900) (USMARC1301- 1302/12) (Plate 4) Two individuals were collected under leaf litter along the banks at Waterfall 4 of Sungai Enam. Another individual was observed vocalizing near the bank of Waterfall 4 while a single specimen was observed from small vegetation near Waterfall 4.

Megophrys nasuta (Schlegel, 1837) (USMARC1317/12) (Plate 5) An adult of this species was collected by a ranger along the jetty to the campsite. Vocalization of this species was also noted near Trail 1.

Microhylidae Microhyla heymonsi (Vogt, 1911) (UPM) One specimen, from the numerous present, was collected at the Trail 2 from a swampy patch of forest just off the main trail. It was taken off a low leaf of a wild ginger plant.

Ranidae Amolops larutensis (Boulenger, 1899) (USMARC1305- 1306/12) This species was common at Sungai Enam. They were observed on boulders in and on the banks of Waterfall 4 and near the river of Trail 2. A pair of amplectant individuals was also observed on a bed rock at the waterfall 4.

Odorrana (Hylarana) hosii (Boulenger, 1891) (USMARC1307/12, USMARC1309/12) This species was fairly common among small vegetation along Sungai Enam. Two individuals were caught on boulders near the Waterfall 4. Another gravid female was taken as it was resting on a heap of twisted vines and climbers near a stream. Two male specimens were found about eight feet high up a slender sapling beside a stream.

Hylarana labialis (Boulenger, 1887) (USMARC1303- 1304/12, USMARC1308/12) Vocalization of this species was noted along the bank at Waterfall 4.

Some of the specimens were observed on tree branches along Sungai Enam.

Two individuals were collected on bedrocks near the waterfall 4.

Reptilia Squamata (Lizards) A total of 8 species of lizards and geckos from two families were documented, representing 5 species of agamids and three species of gekkonids.

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Agamidae Aphaniotis fusca (Peters, 1864) (UPM) A single specimen was taken at night off a leaf high up in a tall sapling along Trail 2. No photograph was taken however the specimen showed distinct identification of the species.

Draco maximus (Boulenger, 1893) A single specimen was seen at Trail 2 and photographed. Another individual was observed perching on a tree trunk around 4m from the ground, during night sampling at Waterfall 4. Identification of this species was based on the photographs taken.

Draco melanopogon (Boulenger, 1887) (UPM) (Plate 6) This species was common and easily observed at the base camp and along all trails including the waterfall areas. Three specimens, one gravid female (SVL= 83mm) carrying two eggs, and two males (SVL= 83mm and SVL= 78mm respectively) were collected while perching on small trees along Trail 2.1.

Gonocephalus abbotti (Cochran, 1922) (UPM) (Plate 7) One adult (SVL= 93mm and a tail measuring 146mm) of this rare lizard was collected from approximately 3m off the ground on a slender young tree, fairly close to a stream, along Trail 2. It was found in a well-lit area at 1330hrs although the specimen, when found, was not in direct sunlight. It was bright green with yellow spots on its flanks and cream- colored on the undersides.

Gonocephalus grandis (Gray, 1845) (UPM) One adult female (SVL= 134mm) of this species was caught while trying to get easy meals from the insects trapped in the Malaise Trap by one insect research team which was installed at the stream bank along Trail 1. The specimen had a short dark regenerated tail. A juvenile (SVL= 52mm) was also taken from around the same area, similarly from a branch overhanging a stream.

Gekkonidae Cyrtodactylus consobrinus (Peters, 1871) (UPM) Two individuals were seen, during a night walk along the river trail leading to base camp, on the buttress roots of a large tree with numerous crevices. One was captured (SVL= 82mm) but the other hid in a crevice and could not be retrieved.

Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus (Taylor, 1962) (UPM) (Plate 8) Five individuals of this species were caught. A gravid female (SVL= 67mm) with two eggs and another (SVL= 57mm) were taken from small trees along the main trail leading to base camp. At Trail 2, a second gravid female (SVL= 64mm) with two eggs was taken from the base of a large tree and another two adults (SVL= 53mm) and (SVL= 57mm) were taken from the base of a tree close to a river.

Gekko smithii (Gray, 1842) One specimen was observed and photographed at Trail 1, wedged between the trunk of a fig tree and another tree. A second specimen was detected by its distinct calls although the specimen could not be visually located.

Reptiles Squamata (Snakes) A total of six species of snakes were documented consisting of a single species each from the family Typhlopidae, four from Colubridae and one species from the family Viperidae.

Typhlopidae Typhlops muelleri (Schlegel, 1839) (UPM) (Plate 9) One specimen of this blind snake (Total length= 419mm) was caught by a Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) small mammals research team member as the snake came out from a bush onto Trail 1. This is generally a well-used loamy-trail with the river to one side and thick with undergrowth on both sides of the trail. This species has never been reported before at the BelumTemengor area.

Colubridae Boiga dendrophila (Boie, 1827) (Plate 10) An individual of this species was observed in the evening, as it crawling on the ground near the jetty area, by a staff member of Pulau Banding Foundation. Identification of this species was based on the photographs taken.

Calamaria schlegelii (Bibron & Dumeril, 1854) (UPM) (Plate 11) A specimen of this semi-fossorial snake (Total length= 345mm), considered to be common throughout its range, was collected at night as it lay still on a rotting log that lay across a wide and flat swampy patch of forest

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covered with wild gingers. It had a glossy dark brown to black dorsum, a distinct pinkish- brown head and a cream colored venter. At the time this snake was captured, this swampy area was abundant with I. parvus and M. heymonsi.

This species represents the first record of the species in the area.

Lycodon subcintus Boie, 1827 (UPM) (Plate 12) A single juvenile specimen (Total length= 310mm) was caught while crawling on the ground at the edge of a stream during night sampling at the end of Trail 2.1.

Rhabdophis chrysargos (Schlegel, 1837) (UPM) (Plate 13) An individual of this species (Total length = 231mm) was collected during the day as it was moving along the forest floor at Trail 1 by a research team member of FRIM. This is the first record of the species in the area.

Viperidae Tropidolaemus wagleri (Boie, 1827) (UPM) (Plate 14) A single juvenile specimen (Total length=290mm) of this venomous pit viper was caught in the evening, as it rested on a low branch of a sapling, by a member of the small mammals research team from FRIM. This was near the advance base camp area used by FRIM team for their small mammal sampling.

Reptiles (Turtles) Trionychidae Dogania subplana (Geoffroy, 1809) (Plate 15) One juvenile specimen (carapace length= 65mm; carapace width= 55mm) was collected by a team member of USM fish research group conducting aquatic studies at Waterfall 3 at close to Sungai Enam base camp. The specimen was photographed and released after measurements were taken. .

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The present effort represents the fifth herpetological survey of the Belum-Temengor Forest Reserves, but constitutes the first survey of the Sungai Enam Basin, Temengor. In this study, we added three new records of snakes namely Typhlops muelleri, Calamaria schlegelii and Rhabdophis chrysargos.

This brings the total number of herpetofauna documented in the BelumTemengor area to 105. This low herpetofaunal diversity may be largely attributed to the limited sampling period (four search days) and restricted to

three main trails (Trail 1, Trail 2 and Waterfall 4) of the area. In addition, herpetological surveys in general require longer periods of time due to the elusive and secretive nature of many species of snakes and lizards where they tend to slip away unnoticed at the approach of human (Ibrahim et al., 2013).

Hence, cross sectional surveys normally tend to under-represent the actual herpetofaunal diversity, especially so in the dense tropical forest. According to Inger (2003), numerous factors such as duration of sampling period, area of coverage, sampling technique, topography, weather, types of microhabitat and activity pattern are known to influence the number of species recorded in each area. Besides, continuous surveys are also necessary to increase the chances of detection and increase the total number of herpetofauna recorded (Shahriza et al., 2012). For example, an early record of amphibianâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s diversities of Peninsular Malaysia by Berry (1975) found 83 species. Thirty years later, this number increased to 100 species (Inger, 2005) and seven more were identified in the following five years (Chan et al. 2010). This scenario clearly reveals that Malaysian forests are very rich in herpetofaunal assemblage. Similarly, in this study, the number of herpetofauna of the Belum-Temengor Forest Reserves is still increasing and additional new records can be expected with continuous intensive surveys. Most reptiles caught especially snakes are juveniles which indicated that the area is still viable to the snakes although the base camp site is already disturbed and slowly been developed into an ecotourism site.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank the Pulau Banding Foundation and Yayasan EMKAY for the opportunity to participate in the expedition. We also wish to express our gratitude to the staffs and crew of Pulau Banding Foundation, Yayasan EMKAY and Belum Rainforest Resort for excellent logistics and hospitality provided, and all expedition members who have helped us with the additional herpetofaunal specimens and information especially from few other research teams including FRIM small mammals team, insect team, DWNP Perak Branch survey team and USM fish team. This study was also partially funded by Universiti Sains Malaysiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Research University Grant No. 5001/PJJAUH/834059 awarded to the last author.

REFERENCES Berry, P. Y. (1975). The Amphibian Fauna of Peninsular Malaysia. Tropical Press, Kuala Lumpur. 130 pp.

Chan, K. O., Daicus, B., & Norhayati, A. (2010). A revised checklist of the Amphibians of Peninsular Malaysia. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 17(3), 202-206.

Cox, M. J., van Dijk, P. P., Nabhitabhata, J. & Thirukhupl, K. (1998). A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. New Holland Publishers. London. 144 pp.

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Das, I. (2010). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of South-East Asia. New Holland Publishers, London. 376 pp.

Diong, C. H., Kiew, B. H. and Lim, B. L. (1995). An annotated checklist of the lizard fauna in the Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 48: 353- 356.

Frost, D. R. (2011). Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version (31 January, 2011). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/vz/ herpetology/amphibia/Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, USA. Grismer, L.L., J. Sukumaran, J.L. Grismer, T.M. Youmans, P.L. Wood and R. Johnson (2004) Report on the Herpetofauna from the Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak, West Malaysia. Hamadryad 29 (1): 15-32 Ibrahim, J., Shahrul, A.M.S., Norhayati, A., Chan, K.O. and Muin, M.A. (2008). The Common Amphibians and Reptiles of Penang Island. Penang, State Forestry Department.

Ibrahim, J., Amirah, H., Shahriza, S., Nurhafizah, I., Zalina, A., Yap, C. H., Nurliza, A. M. and Nurhafizah, C. Z. (2013). Additions to the herpetofauna of Jerejak Island, Penang, Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 64(4): 213-232.

Inger, R. F. (2003). Sampling Biodiversity in Bornean Frogs. The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University, 3(1), 9-15.

Inger, R. F. (2005). The Frog Fauna of the Indo- Malayan Region as it Applies to Wallaceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Line. In A. A. Tuen, & I. Das (Eds). Wallace in Sarawak-150 Years Later. An International Conference on Biogeography and Biodiversity (pp. 8290). Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, University Malaysia Sarawak.

Kiew, B. H., Diong, C. H. and Lim, B. L. (1995). An Annotated Checklist of the Amphibian Fauna in the Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak, Malaysia.

Malayan Nature Journal, 48: 347-351.

Lim, B. L., Ratnam, L. and Nor Azman, H. (1995a). Snakes examined from the Sungai Singgor area of Temengor, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 48: 357- 364.

Lim, B. L., Ratnam, L. and Nor Azman, H. (1995b). Turtles from the Sungai Singgor area of Temengor, Hulu Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 48: 366369.

Norsham, Y., Bernard, H., Chew, K. L., Yong, H. S., Yap, M. N. and Lim, B. L. (2000). An Annotated Checklist of Herpetofauna in the Northern Part of Belum Forest Reserve, Perak Peninsular, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 54: 245-251.

Shahriza, S., Ibrahim, J., Shahrul Anuar, M. S. and Abdul Muin, M. A. (2012).

Herpetofauna of Peta Area of Endau-Rompin National Park, Johor, Malaysia.

Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci., 35 (3): 553 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 567.

Sukumaran, J. (2002). The amphibian fauna of a forested area in Temengor, Perak, Malaysia, with the first record of Philautus parvulus (Boulenger, 1893) in the Malay Peninsula. Hamdryad, 27: 1- 10.

Table 1: Amphibians of Belum-Temengor Forest Reserves.

Species

Kiew

Norsham

Sukumaran

Grismer

This

et al.

et al.

2002

et al.

study

1995

2000

2004

2012

AMPHIBIANS (ANURANS) Bufonidae 1

Phrynoides aspera

X

X

X

X

X

2

Ingerophrynus parvus

X

X

X

X

X

3

Leptophryne borbonica

-

-

X

X

X

4

Pedostibes hosii

-

X

X

X

-

Dicroglossidae 5

Fejevarya aff. limnocharis

X

X

X

X

X

6

Limnonectes blythii

X

X

X

X

X

7

Limnonectes kuhlii

X

-

X

X

-

8

Limnonectes laticeps

X

-

X

X

X

9

Limnonectes paramacrodon

-

X

-

-

-

10

Limnonectes plicatellus

-

-

X

X

-

11

Occidozyga laevis

X

-

-

-

-

12

Limnonectes hascheanus

-

-

-

X

-

Megophryidae 13

Leptobrachium hendricksoni

X

-

-

-

-

14

Leptolalax heteropus

X

-

X

X

X

15

Megophrys nasuta

-

-

X

X

X

16

Megophrys aceras

-

-

X

X

-

Microhylidae 17

Kalophrynus pleurostigma

X

-

-

-

-

18

Microhyla berdmorei

-

-

-

X

-

19

Microhyla butleri

-

-

X

X

-

20

Microhyla heymonsi

X

-

X

X

X

Ranidae 21

Amolops larutensis

X

X

X

X

X

22

Hylarana laterimaculata

-

-

X

-

-

23

Hylarana erythraea

X

X

-

X

-

24

Hylarana glandulosa

X

-

X

X

-

25

Hylarana hosii

X

X

X

X

X

26

Hylarana nicobariensis

-

-

-

X

-

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Species

Kiew

Norsham

Sukumaran

Grismer

This

et al.

et al.

2002

et al.

study

1995

2000

2004

2012

27

Hylarana nigrovittata

X

-

X

X

-

28

Hylarana labialis (raniceps)

X

-

X

X

X

29

Hylarana signata

X

-

X

X

-

Rhacoporidae 30

Nyctixalus pictus

-

-

X

X

-

31

Philautus parvulus

-

-

X

X

-

32

Philautus petersi

X

-

-

-

-

33

Polypedates leucomystax

-

-

X

X

-

34

Polypedates macrotis

X

-

-

-

-

35

Rhacophorus nigropalmatus

-

-

X

-

-

36

Rhacophorus prominanus

X

-

X

X

-

37

Rhacophorus sp.

-

-

-

X

-

38

Theloderma horridum

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

X

-

AMPHIBIANS (CAECILIANS) Ichthyophidae 39

Ichthyophis sp.

Table 2: Reptiles of Belum- Temengor Forest Reserves.

Species

Diong et al.

1995

Lim

Lim

et al.

1995 a

et al.

1995 b

Norsham et al.

Sukumaran 2002

2000

Grismer et al.

study

2004

2012

This

REPTILES (LIZARDS) Agamidae 40

Aphaniotis fusca

X

-

-

-

-

-

X

41

Acanthosaura armata

X

-

-

-

-

X

-

42

Bronchocela cristatella

X

-

-

-

-

X

-

43

Calotes emma

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

44

Draco cristatellus

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

45

Draco fimbriatus

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

46

Draco formosus

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

47

Draco maximus

X

-

-

-

-

X

X

48

Draco melanopogon

X

-

-

-

X

X

X

49

Draco quinquefasciatus

X

-

-

-

-

X

-

50

Draco sumatranus

X

-

-

-

X

-

-

51

Gonocephalus abbotti

X

-

-

-

X

X

X

52

Gonocephalus bellii

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

53

Gonocephalus grandis

X

-

-

-

X

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

Eublepharidae 54

Aeluroscalabotes felinus

Gekkonidae 55

Cosymbotus craspedotus

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

56 57

Cyrtodactylus consobrinus Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus

X

-

-

-

-

-

X

X

-

-

-

-

X

X

58

Gekko smithii

X

-

-

-

-

-

X

59

Gehyra mutilata

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

60

Ptychozoon horsfieldi

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

61

Ptychozoon kuhlii

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

Scincidae 62

Dasia olivacea

X

-

-

-

-

X

-

63

Eutropis multifasciata

X

-

-

-

-

X

-

64

Sphenomorphus maculatus

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

65

Sphenomorphus cf. butleri

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

Varanidae 66

Varanus dumerilii

AMPHIBIAN & REPTILE

377

Proceedings of the 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition 2012

378

Species

Diong et al.

1995

Lim

Lim

et al.

1995 a

et al.

1995 b

Norsham et al.

Sukumaran 2002

2000

Grismer et al.

study

2004

2012

This

67

Varanus rudicollis

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

68

Varanus salvator

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

REPTILES (SNAKES) Typhlopidae 69

Ramphotyphlops lineatus

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

70

Typhlops muelleri

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

Pythonidae 71

Python brongersmai

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

72

Python reticulatus

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

Colubridae 73

Ahaetulla prasina

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

74

Aplopeltura boa

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

75

Boiga cynodon

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

76

Boiga dendrophila

-

X

-

-

-

X

X

77

Calamaria schlegelii

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

78

Dendrelaphis formosus

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

79

Elaphe flavolineata

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

80

Elaphe prasina

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

81

Enhydris indica

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

82

Gongylosoma cf. longicauda

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

83

Gonyosoma oxycephalum

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

84

Lepturophis albofuscus

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

85

Lycodon subcintus

-

-

-

-

-

X

X

86

Oligodon purpurescens

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

87

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

88

Oreocalamus hanitschi Psammodynastes pulverulentus

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

89

Pseudorhabdion longiceps

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

90

Rhabdophis chrysargos

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

91

Xenochrophis trianguligerus

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

Elapidae 92

Bungarus candidus

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

93

Calliophis bivirgata

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

94

Naja sumatrana

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

AMPHIBIAN & REPTILE

379

Viperidae 95

Parias hageni

-

96

Parias sumatranus

97

Popeia popeiorum

98

Tropidolaemus wagleri

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

X

REPTILES (TURTLES) Emydidae 99

Batagur borneoensis

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

100

Cuora amboinensis

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

101

Cyclemys dentata

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

102

Heosemys spinosa

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

103

Notochelys platynota

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

X

Trionychidae 104

Amyda cartilaginea

-

105

Dogania subplana

-

X

X

Proceedings of the 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition 2012

380

Figure 1: Map showing the location of study area (modified from Rainwalker Ecosystems, 2012).

AMPHIBIAN & REPTILE

381

Plate 1: Location of Sungai Enam base camp area.

Plate 2: An individual of Leptophryne borbonica was collected on the bank of Sungai Enam.

Proceedings of the 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition 2012

382

Plate 3: Limnonectes laticeps was caught while perching on the leaves at bushes near some rock pools at waterfall 4.

Plate 4: of Leptolalax heteropus One individual was collected under leaf litter along the banks at Waterfall 4 of Sungai Enam.

AMPHIBIAN & REPTILE

383

Plate 5: An adult of Megophrys nasuta was collected by a ranger from along the jetty to the campsite.

Plate 6: One specimen of Draco melanopogon was collected while perching on small trees at the end of Trail 2.1.

Proceedings of the 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition 2012

384

Plate 7: An individual of Gonocephalus abbotti was photographed while perching on a tree trunk.

Plate 8: Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus collected at Trail 1.

AMPHIBIAN & REPTILE

385

Plate 9: An individual of Typhlops muelleri was caught while foraging at Trail 1.

Plate 10: An individual of Boiga dendrophila was observed at the jetty area.

Proceedings of the 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition 2012

386

Plate 11: An individual of Calamaria schlegelii was collected at Trail 2 in a swampy area.

Plate 12: A single juvenile of Lycodon subcintus was caught while Crawling on the ground at the end of Trail 2.1.

AMPHIBIAN & REPTILE

387

Plate 13: A single specimen of Rhabdophis chrysargos found at Trail 1 adds up to the new record to Sungai Enam herpetofaunal list.

Plate 14: A single juvenile specimen of Tropidolaemus wagleri was caught near the advance base camp area.

Proceedings of the 2nd Temengor Scientific Expedition 2012

388

Plate 15: One specimen of Dogania subplana was collected from a pool at a waterfall near the Sungai Enam base camp.