The Walmart Guide by urtzi grau

Walmart has utterly dominated the American retail sales market since its inception in 1962. However, its domestic dominance has not always translated to success in international arenas. While Walmart maintains a presence in over a dozen countries, the majority of its statistially significant international sales have been in neghboring Mexico and Canada. Walmart is slowly on its way to approaching what apperas to be complete market saturation in the U.S., and, if the future holds true to present form, it will need to confront its inability to gain market share overseas in order to retain its current status at the top of the retail market. Many of Walmart’s problems may be attributed to an inflexibility of its stores with regard to previaling local conditions. For all of ruthelss efficiencies in almost every area, however, Walmart has yet to develop a systematic way of responding to local cultural and environmental conditions in a way that makes these variations readily apparent and thus effective inflectors of experience or branding tools. It is the production of a guide to such a system of expressive efficiency that is PEG’s goal. In researching Walmart and its links to the broader Flat Horizontal type, we have focused our attentions on the roof, as it comprises the greatest part of Walmart’s surface area and engagement with the environment while also acting as the dominant face of the building inside the store. While the roof is generally treated as only a performative menbrane in current Walmart stores, incarnations produced by the PEG guide seek capitalize upon the dormant expressive capacities of the roof as evidenced in the soffit and cornice, specifically. The PEG guide partitions the roof further into a set of elements and provides a series of techniques for linking each element’s responses to performative mandates to types of experiential effects while also implementing several new performative criteria. As a whole, the responses to performative criteria provided by the PEG guide are meant, by making each building’s relationship to the environment explicit through the treatment of the roof, to induce a sense of locality or local specificity to each Walmart, localizing each store with regard to global systems of sun and weather. The specific responses to these conditions suggested by the guide generate, in turn, discrete ranges of affective experience produced by the cornice and the soffit with regard to the relationship of the building’s massing to its surroundings and the relationship between the space of the interior and that of the exterior of the store. While each range produced by climactic variables is necessarily limited, the guide also provides techniques for working within a given range that would allow each building to be even more specifically tailored to local conditions. This flexibility points to the broader disciplinaryvalue of such a study, for while many of these problems may be specific to Walmart, the methods for generating potential solutions and the ways in which these solutions are evaluated are quite flexible, and can in most cases be applied to any other incarnation of the Flat Horizontal type.

II. RELATIONS, PARTS, FRIENDLINESS varAMERICA(typ) -> varWORLD(typ) Walmart’s typical American condition allocates separate representative and performative functions to each face. Friendliness toward a host culture is generated through the materiality of the vertical facades or in the articulation of peaks and corrugations through the parapet wall. Meanwhile, the building’s relationship to the exterior environment, both physical and meteorological, is framed primaily through the configuration of the parking lot, plantings, and drainage areas. This duality produces a divorce between investments in environmental friendliness and those in cultural friendlinss. By embedding both of these functions in the cornice and the soffit, a more integrated solution can be achieved.

partSKYLIGHT 5' x 6' sp. 15,20' OC

partCORNICE friendliness_ENVIRO

Flat Horizontal: Walmart

partDRAIN 10 catch pts. 0% retain partMEMBRN

partRF_STR 50'X50' bay 1way joists 5'OC

partCLUMNS 50'X50' bay 11" SQ. STL.

By examining surface area and volumes in proportionally related exemplars of each type, we can see that the roof is the dominant face of the FH (Flat Horizontal) type, as it comprises at least 41% of the surface area of any Walmart store. Dominant faces of other typologies are highlted in red and grey, their values having been highlighted as well.

V=6.25x10e4 SA=1.375x10e4 Vsrf=8.18x10e-1Tsrf Roof=9.1x10e-2Tsrf

SPH

V=1.25x10e5 SA=1.5x10e4 Vsrf=6.7x10e-1Tsrf Roof=1.67x10e-1Tsrf FH

TWR

V=3.75x10e5 SA=3.5x10e4 Vsrf=8.57x10e-1Tsrf Roof=7.1x10e-2Tsrf

partSOFFIT friendliness_CULTUR

I. RELATIVE VALUE

V=3.125x10e5 SA=3.625x10e4 Vsrf=1.79x10e-1Tsrf Roof=4.1x10e-1Tsrf

friendliness_CULTUR friendliness_ENVIRO

Standard Configuration

Typical American Store Measurements taken in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Texas

Table of Contents I. Flat Horizontal Typology Research Introduction Typological Evolution Data Set Graphs II. Walmart Research Corporate / Economic Siting Parking14 Environmental Photographs III. The 2009 Walmart Design Guide Elements Cornice Drainage Context Soffit Global Positioning Rotational Strategy Rotational Efficiency Skylights Light Differentiation / Continuity Paint Case Studies Walmart International Appendix: Walmart USA Case Studies for US Locations New Jersey

3 4-8 9-10

11 12-13 15-16 17

18 19 20

21 22-23 21 24 24 25 27-29 30-31

I. RELATIVE VALUE By examining surface area and volumes in proportionally related exemplars of each type, we can see that the roof is the dominant face of the FH (Flat Horizontal) type, as it comprises at least 41% of the surface area of any Walmart store. Dominant faces of other typologies are highlted in red and grey, their values having been highlighted as well.

V=6.25x10e4 SA=1.375x10e4 Vsrf=8.18x10e-1Tsrf Roof=9.1x10e-2Tsrf TWR

The Flat Horizontal Type The FH envelope is, far and away, the most programmatically varied of the 4 envelope types, yet this variation occurs across such a wide range of categories and scales as to perhaps allow for a temporary re-routing of questions regarding the relationship between building form and programmatic necessity. For while there are certainly no shortage of programmes for which an FH building is absolutely ideal, programmes for which location within an FH envelope would be utenable are few and far between. Any attempt to create a taxonomy of FH form based only on programme would be wrong half the time simply because there’s not much it can’t accomodate. While the programmatic flexibility on the part of the FH type is obstinate in its obfuscation of the “why” of building form, its physical flexibility is illuminating. The FH type encompasses projects ranging in size from that of from Mies’ Crown Hall to OMA’s Jeddah Airport, yet its translation from the former to the latter is hardly a simple enlargement operation. It is in fact within the way in which the FH envelope “scales” that a series of formal responses seemingly endemic to the type begin to emerge. In examining the response of the FH building envelope to its subjection to a series of scalar shifts, distinct stages in its evolution have become apparent. Currently, these are, from small to large:

V=3.75x10e5 SA=3.5x10e4 Vsrf=8.57x10e-1Tsrf 1. Glass Box (prismatic form, large expanses Roof=7.1x10e-2Tsrf of facade glass, impermeable roof; i.e. Farnsworth House) 2. Big Box (featurless facade, some skylighting, i.e. Wal-Mart) 3. Broken Box (small courtyards begin to appear, corrugation of edges occurs; i.e. Aplix Factory) 4. Mat Building (proliferation of courtyards, general edge irregularity; i.e. Van Eyck’s orphanage) 5. Mother Ship (monolithic figures; i.e. Mies’ Convention Center, Water Cube, Jin Yuan Mall) 6. Donut (single, large, central courtyard; i.e. Pentagon, Jeddah)

SPH

V=1.25x10e5 SA=1.5x10e4 Vsrf=6.7x10e-1Tsrf Roof=1.67x10e-1Tsrf FH

V=3.125x10e5 SA=3.625x10e4 Vsrf=1.79x10e-1Tsrf examples can be examined with regard to Roof=4.1x10e-1Tsrf their envelopes’ behaviors across scales and the degree to which these might (or might not) align with the behavior of FH buildings in general, opening up potentially new prototypical manifestations. What, for instance, would a 300,000 m2 mat Wal-Mart be like? Why would it ever come to be, and what are its political and economic opportunities and challenges? The establishment of this datum thus provides a structure within which other inquiries can be more precisely targeted.

Early figures produced by examing SA/V ratios in relation to P/(2X+2Y), our method for calculating invagination, seem to bear out this thesis. It is, however, not the identification of evolutionary stages that interests us but rather in that of its gaps and overlaps and the limits of the FH type, for identifying these areas will provide opportunities for more focused inquiry as to their origins, be they programmatic, economic, social, etc. Regarding the approach to prototype: An attempt has been made to establish a set of normative behaviors for the FH type in terms of its response to scale. This emphasis on scale allows new avenues for prototypical development, in the sense that existing

Hypothesis: Scale Shift

+++program

Glass Box : Farnsworth House

+++light +++ vent

+++structure

Broken Box : Aplix Factory

+++program differentiation

BIG Box : Wal-Mart

Mat : Orphanage

+++light +++ vent

+++structure

+++ structure +++ light +++ enviro Mother Ship : Water Cube

FH : SCALE SHIFT (conâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t.) An attempt has been made to establish a set of normative behaviors for the FH type in terms of its response to scale. This emphasis on scale allows new avenues for prototypical development, in the sense that existing examples can be examined

Donut : The Pentagon

with regard to their envelopesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; behaviors across scales and the degree to which these might (or might not) align with the behavior of FH buildings in general, opening up potentially new prototypical manifestations.

LEGEND

Corrugated Box Big Box Glass Box

Mothership

Mat Building

Donut

0.6

Aldo van Eyck Orphanage

0.5

Double House

Surface Area / Volume (m2/m3)

0.4 Farnsworth 21st Century Museum

0.3 Toledo Glass Museum Baker House MASP Gifu Housing

0.2

0.1

Free University Mpreis Nexus Housing Silodam McCormick Campus Center Aplix Centraal Beheer Office Building Casa da Musica London City Hall Villa VPRO Laban Westin Peachtree Torre Agbar Aqua Tower Stansted Airport Unite Taipei 101 Tokyo Opera House

Water Cube

Pentagon

Golden Resources

Mall of America

Mies Convention

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

Floor Plate Area (m2)

Glass Box

Big Box

Corrugated Box

Mat Building

Mothership

Donut

0.6 0.5

Aldo van Eyck Orphanage Double House

Surface Area / Volume (m2/m3)

0.4 Farnsworth 21st Century Museum

0.3 Westin Peachtree

0.2 0.1

MASP

Toledo Glass Museum

Taipei 101

Walmart

Nexus Housing Torre Agbar Casa da Musica Villa VPRO London City Hall Aqua Tower Gifu Housing Unite Silodam

Mpreis

Free University McCormick Campus Center

Aplix Centraal Beheer Office Building

Laban

Stansted Airport Golden Resources

Baker House Tokyo Opera House

139

1555

1800

2603

3180

Water Cube

3650

4235

4290

7549

9278

9308

30000

32045

35000

35344

Mies Convention

48400

56000

Jeddah Pentagon Mall of America

176000

197449

1102500

Floor Plate Area (m2)

Typological Evolution 02

1. Glass Box (prismatic form, large expanses of facade glass, impermeable roof; i.e. Farnsworth House) 2. Big Box (featurless facade, some skylighting, i.e. Wal-Mart) 3. Broken Box (small courtyards begin to appear, corrugation of edges occurs; i.e. Aplix Factory) 4. Mat Building (proliferation of courtyards, general edge irregularity; i.e. Van Eyck’s orphanage) 5. Mother Ship (monolithic figures; i.e. Mies’ Convention Center, Water Cube, Jin Yuan Mall) 6. Donut (single, large, central courtyard; i.e. Pentagon, Jeddah)

x Corrugated Box x Big Box x Glass Box

m3 m2 m2

Mothership 2.069.800m

Mat Building

Surface Area / Volume (m2/m3)

2 3 Surface Area Surface / Volume Area(m/ 2Volume /m3) (mSurface /m3) AreaSurface / VolumeArea (m2/m / Volume ) (m2/m3)

134.700m 0.4 40.000m The Pentagon 0.6 Farnsworth Aldo van Eyck Orphanage 0.4 21st Century Museum 0.5 Double House 0.3 FarnsworthAldo van Eyck Orphanage Toledo Glass Museum 21st Century Museum 0.5 Double Baker House House MASP Gifu Housing Mothership Mat Building 0.3 0.4 Toledo Glass Museum Free University Baker House Mpreis MASP 0.2 0.6 Farnsworth Nexus Housing Gifu Housing Silodam McCormick Campus Center Aplix Centraal Beheer Office Building 0.4 Casa da Musica Free University London City 21stHall Century Museum Villa VPRO Mpreis Laban 0.2 Farnsworth Nexus Housing Peachtree Silodam McCormick Campus Center Aplix Torre Agbar 0.3 UniteWestin Aqua Tower Aldo van Eyck Office Orphanage Centraal Beheer Building Stansted Airport Casa da Musica Toledo21st GlassCentury Museum Museum 0.1 Double 0.5 London City Hall Baker House House Villa VPRO MASP Laban Gifu Housing Taipei 101 Golden Resources 0.3 Westin Peachtree Tokyo Opera House Torre Agbar Water Cube Aqua Tower Stansted AirportMies Convention Unite Toledo Glass Museum University Free University Baker House 0.1 MASP Mpreis Gifu Housing 0.2 Nexus TaipeiHousing 101 Silodam Golden Resources McCormick Center Aplix TokyoCampus Opera House Cube Centraal Beheer Office Building 0.40 FreeWater University Casa da Musica Mies Convention Mpreis City Hall London 50000 Villa VPRO 0.2 0 Farnsworth Nexus Housing Laban Silodam McCormick Campus Center Aplix Westin Peachtree Torre Agbar Centraal Aqua Beheer Tower Office Building Stansted Airport 0 UniteLondon tansted Airport Casa da Musica 21stHall Century Museum City 0.1 0 VillaLaban VPRO 50000 Westin Peachtree Taipei 101 Golden Resources 0.3 Golden Resources Torre Agbar Aqua Tower Tokyo Opera House Water Cube Stansted Airport Unite Toledo Glass Water Cube Museum Mies Mies Convention 0.1Convention Baker House

Mothership

MASP Gifu Housing Taipei 101 Tokyo Opera House

Building Name

2 2

Volume, Surface Area, Glass Area

Building Axonometric Building Roof Plan

LEGEND

100000 100000

Golden Resources

Water Cube 0 Mies Convention Free University Mpreis 50000 100000 150000 0.2 0 Nexus 50000 100000 Housing Silodam McCormick Campus Center Aplix Centraal Beheer Office Building 0 Glass Casa da Musica Box Big Box Floor Plate Area (m ) Corrugated Box London City Hall Villa VPRO 0 Laban 50000 100000 Westin Peachtree 0.6 Torre Agbar Aqua Tower Stansted Airport Big Box Corrugated Box 0.1 UniteGlass Box Taipei 101 Golden Resources 0.6 Tokyo Opera House Water Cube Mies Convention 0.5 Double House Big Box 0 Glass Corrugated Box Big Box Mat Building Box Corrugated Box 0.5 0 50000 100000 Double House 0.6 0.4 2 3 /m3) (mSurface /m3) AreaSurface ) Surface Area Surface / Volume Area(m/ 2Volume / VolumeArea (m2/m / Volume (m2/m3)

e University

Glass Box

0.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2

Big Box

Corrugated Box

Floor Plate Area (m2)

Mall of Americ Floor Plate Area (m2)

Donut

Mat B

Floor Plate Area (m2)

Mat B

Floor Plate Area (m2)

Aldo van

Aldo van Mothers Mat B

Mat B

Floor Plate Area (m2)

Farnsworth Aldo van Eyck Orphanage Farnsworth Double House Westin Peachtree Double House

MASP

Taipei 101

Toledo Glass Museum

Aldo van

Walmart

Toledo Glass Museum Taipei 101 Mpreis McCormick Box Campus Center Nexus Housing Glass BoxTorre Agbar MASP Big Box Corrugated Mat B Westin Peachtree Walmart Casa da Musica Centraal Beheer Office Bu Farnsworth Stansted Airport Villa VPRO Mpreis Laban London City Hall 21st McCormick Century Museum Aqua Tower Campus Center Nexus Housing Gifu Housing Torre Unite Silodam Agbar Farnsworth Golden Resources Casa da Musica Centraal BeheerMall Office Bu of Ame Toledo Glass Museum Water Cube Toledo GlassLaban Museum Villa VPRO Baker House Taipei Mies 101 Convention London City Hall Taipei 101 Aldo van P Aqua Tower Tokyo Opera House MASP Gifu Housing Westin Peachtree Unite Walmart Silodam Walmart Double House Free University Toledo Glass Museum Mpreis TaipeiHouse 101 Mpreis Baker McCormick Campus MASPCenter Tokyo Opera House McCormick Nexus Housing Westin 139 Peachtree 1555 1800 2603 3180 3650 4235 4290 Center 7549 9278 9 Aplix Campus Walmart Torre Agbar ca Centraal Beheer Office Building Casa da Musica Centraal Beheer Office Bu Floor Plate Area (m2) FloorMpreis Plate Area (m2) Villa VPRO Laban Villa VPRO Laban Campus Center London CityHousing Hall McCormick Nexus Tower Aqua Tower 139 3180 3650 4235 4290 7549 9278 9 Torre Agbar1800Unite 2603 Gifu Housing 1555 Stansted Airpo FarnsworthSilodamCasa da Musica Centraal Beheer Office Bu Floor Plate6Area (m2) Villa VPRO Laban Baker House London City Hall Aqua Tower Baker House Tokyo Opera House Tokyo Opera House Gifu Housing Unite Silodam Water Cube

0.6 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1

ea / Volume (m2/m3)

0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 0 50000 0.4 0.2 0 0.1 0.3 0.1

100000

150000

Typological Evolution Building to Building 26.250m3 6.700m2 2.400m2

MAAB

Laban Centre

178.218m3 44.572m2 108m2

Wal - Mart #1800

50.540m3 7.178m2 3.480m2

200.800m3 50.300m2 5.400m2

Aplix

1.344.000m3 89.600m2 17.000m2

Jin Yuan Mall 325.300m3 240.000m2 55.500m2

FBU

Mall of America

83.592m3 24.874m2 22m2

Wal - Mart #1620

1.344.000m3 89.600m2 17.000m2

Jin Yuan Mall

2.730.800m3 170.800m2 31.500m2

The Pentagon

2.069.800m3 134.700m2 40.000m2

Building Name

Aplix

Volume, Surface Area, Glass Area

200.000m3 50.000m2 5.400m2

Building Axonometric Building Roof Plan

LEGEND

Corrugated Box Big Box Glass Box

0m 3 0m 2 0m2

Building Name Mothership

Mat Building

Donut

0.6

200.000m3 50.000m2 5.400m2

Aplix Aldo van Eyck Orphanage

Volume, Surface Area, Glass Area

0.5

Double House

Surface Area / Volume (m2/m3)

0.4 Farnsworth 21st Century Museum

0.3 Toledo Glass Museum Baker House MASP Gifu Housing

0.2

0.1

Building Axonometric Building Roof Plan

Water Cube

Pentagon

Golden Resources

Mall of America

Mies Convention

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

Floor Plate Area (m2)

LEGEND

Typological Evolution Hypothesis: Data Sets Comprehensive Data Set GA ROOF / FLOOR AREA 35000 30000

Glass Area (Roof)

25000 20000 15000 10000

y = 0.003x + 4058. R² = 0.010

5000 0 0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

Floor Area

GA FAÇADE / FLOOR AREA 250000 y = 0.191x - 3015. R² = 0.959

Glass Area (Façade)

200000

150000

100000

50000

-50000 0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

Floor Area

ROOF AREA / SURFACE AREA 600000 y = 0.277x + 15144 R² = 0.976 500000

Roof Area

400000

300000

200000

100000

0 0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

Surface Area

Typological Evolution Comprehensive Data Set, Con’t.

Collective Information Summations FENESTRATION RATIO (FAÇADE) / SURFACE AREA

1.2

Façade Fenestration Ratio

0.8

0.6

0.4 y = -1E-07x + 0.523 R² = 0.023 0.2

0 0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

Surface Area

FENESTRATION RATIO (ROOF) / SURFACE AREA 0.45 0.4

Roof Fenestration Area

0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05

y = -2E-08x + 0.075 R² = 0.008

0 0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000 Surface Area

ROOF AREA / VOLUME 600000 y = 0.024x + 11411 R² = 0.991 500000

Roof Area

400000

300000

200000

100000

0 0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

Volume

Walmart Q: What does Wal-Mart want? A: Wal-Mart wants to make money for its shareholders. Wal-Mart wants to make money for its shareholders. Selling lots of different kinds of products at a lower-than-average profit margin while making up the difference in high sales volume is simply their established method of making profits, which is, in turn, only part of making money for stockholders. Q: How do shareholders make money through Wal-Mart? A: Stock price increases and dividend payments. Wal-Mart stockholders make money through stock increases and dividend payments. An increase in stock prices increases a shareholders’ net worth or will allow them to make money selling those stocks. Divident payments, on the other hand, increase a stockholders’ cash holdings. Stock prices are a reflection of market optimism regarding the prospects of future earnings, while dividends are a register of the relationship between actual earnings and projected future earnings. For instance, even if a company is earning lots of money, they might forgo paying dividends if it seems that opportunities for growth are strong enough to justify re-investing all profits.

Q: What’s the difference? A: Wal-Mart stock prices are a measure of prospects for future growth, while dividends are a measure of the efficacy of past growth. Since Wal-Mart has traditionally been regarded as a ‘growth company’, dividends have a loosely inverse relationshp to growth, in that in times when prospects for growth have been strong, large percentages of earnings were re-invested in new construction and hiring. When growth slows, such as in the past year, Wal-Mart pays out greater dividends in order to keep shareholders interested and stock prices from falling. Q: So what? A: In certain moments, growth is more important than profits, while in other situations, profits (and therefore dividends) are the only way to make money for shareholders.

vestor money into growing itself. Q: What does this mean for how WalMart operates? A: When growth seems viable, Wal-Mart will build more stores as quickly as possible. When growth does not seem viable, the most direct route Wal-Mart can take is to concentrate on increasing profits from existing stores. Q: How does Wal-Mart know when to grow ‘em and when to hold ‘em? A: It’s generally a function of market share and market growth. We can think of the basic distinction among Wal-Mart’s operating modes as being that of the difference between operating in a growing market and in a saturated market. Architectural consequences emerge.

The Dot-Com boom of the late ‘90s, early 2000s is an example of a situation in which companies’ stocks were valuable because their prospects for future earnings seemed good, even when actual earnings were non-existent. These companies went bust because their shareholders began to doubt that actual earnings would ever appear, even as the company was sinking more and more in-

Economic Indicators The chart below shows several of Wal-Martâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s key economic indicators: Stock Price, Dividend Payments, Store Openings, New Store Openings, Store Replacements, and Same Store Sales. By charting these indicators and graphing these relationships, we can

see that while stock price has risen steadily, it has recently plateaued along with new store openings, while dividend payments contiue to rise as growth in same store sales stagnates, illustrating a situation in which Wal-Mart, having to pay off investors to keep them from jumping ship, is oper-

ating in a saturated market and constantly lowering its operating margin.

Stock Price

Dividends

Stores Opened

New Stores

Stores Replaced

Same Store Sales Growth

51.01 (52.02)

0.23 (0.238)

191

109

1.40%

46.33 (45.50)

0.22 (0.22)

276

134

2.00%

47.19 (45.06)

0.18 (0.168)

267

144

3.28%

51.01 (47.18)

0.16 (0.15)

283

118

165

2.85%

62.18 (55.63)

0.15 (0.13)

297

130

167

3.84%

0.10 (0.09)

221

125

5.57%

0.09 (0.075)

278

114

164

5.98%

0.08 (0.07)

219

106

113

5.41%

281

105

176

7.92%

2000

55.24 (48.14)

66.18 (56.39) 55.09 (46.21)

63.07 (51.44) 52.96 (41.79) 29.69 (22.92)

0.07 (0.06)

2004

2003

2002

2001

133

9.05%

1999

0.05 (0.039)

181

115

6.83%

1998

147

4.94%

155

102

5.20%

241

129

112

10.16%

1995

189

107

7.85%

1994

171

156

140

138

163

181

180

0.0375 (0.026)

15.64 (11.29)

0.03 (0.025)

16.13 (11.32)

0.03 (0.021)

8.21 (5.08)

2005

13.75 (10.22)

12.98 (8.37)

2006

213

0.04 (0.034)

17.38 (11.55)

2007

0.06 (0.05)

16.43 (12.49)

20.19 (13.82)

2008

0.02 (0.016)

0.015 (0.013)

0.014 (0.013)

0.01 (0.00875)

1997

1996

11.00% 1993 10.00%

1992

10.00%

1991

11.00% 1990 11

Siting Case Studies + Calculations

L/W: 1.375 130K FT^2

1.83

238K FT^2 Average Discount Center n

L/W: 1.5 195K FT^2

2.05

400K FT^2 Average Supercenter

L/W: 1.6 292K FT^2

2.5

672K FT^2 North Platte, NB Supercenter 316K FT^2 424K FT^2

Average Dupercenter

n n

East Windsor, NJ Discount Center 148K FT^2 226K FT^2

Elko, NV Supercenter 106K FT^2 267K FT^2 n

Atlanta, GA Supercenter 192K FT^2 397K FT^2 n

n Dallas, TX Supercenter n

209K FT^2 342K FT^2

Avondale, AZ Supercenter 215K FT^2 410K FT^2 Hamilton, NJ Discount Center 143K FT^2 327K FT^2 n

n Seattle, WA Discount Center 122K FT^2 213K FT^2 Houston, TX Discount Center 117K FT^2 242K FT^2

n n

Siting Case Studies + Calculations East Windsor, NJ Discount Center 148K FT^2 226K FT^2

Elko, NV Supercenter 106K FT^2 267K FT^2 n

Atlanta, GA Supercenter 192K FT^2 397K FT^2 n

n Dallas, TX Supercenter n

209K FT^2 342K FT^2

Avondale, AZ Supercenter 215K FT^2 410K FT^2 Hamilton, NJ Discount Center 143K FT^2 327K FT^2 n

n Seattle, WA Discount Center 122K FT^2 213K FT^2 Houston, TX Discount Center 117K FT^2 242K FT^2

Augusta, MA Supercenter

212K FT^2 409K FT^2

Goodyear, AZ Supercenter

Miramar, FL Discount Center 115K FT^2 212K FT^2

197K FT^2 483K FT^2

n n n

Eugene, OR Discount Center 122K FT^2 237K FT^2

Houston, TX Discount Center

Princeton, NJ Discount Center 236K FT^2 333K FT^2

143K FT^2 207K FT^2

Parking Typical Configurations

FRONTAGE

FRONTAGE FRONTAGE

FRONTAGE

1. Road on one side Side access only

FRONTAGE

2. 3-sides surrounded Shared lot Front access only

3. Fully road-surrounded. Front/side access

4. 3-sides surrounded Back or side access

*One of the largest ecological problems - polluted storm runoff from parking lots

FRONTAGE?

Beauty

LEASE

Pharmacy

Women’s Hardware Courtyard/café

REGISTERS

Beauty

LEASE

Pharmacy

Car Car Care

Electronic

Sports & Toys

Men’s

Garden

REGISTERS

DIY

Home/Office

Courtyard/café

Women’s Hardware

GROCERY

Electronic

Baby/Kids Car Car Care

Men’s

Garden

DIY

Sports & Toys

Baby/Kids

Home/Office

GROCERY

Loss of the parking lots = loss of face?

down

FRONTAGE entry

down LOADING below ramp

entry

Car Car Care

Courtyard = New Frontage

FRONTAGE?

Loss of the parking lots = loss of face?

Loss of the parking lots = gain of amenity

Environmental Research Light and Water

Walmart desired foot candles: 100 48” flourescent tubes provide 100 fc for 30 square feet of retail space

11,250 48” tubes required to light average super center @ 32 watts/bulb = 360 kw energy demand

5’ x 6’ sunoptics skylights 25’ on center provide equivalent light levels

375 skylights light average super center (approximately 3% of roof area)

Walmart water consumption: 3,117,647 gallons/year

Roof area of average supercenter: 337,500 ft^2 parking lot area of average supercenter: 440,000 ft^2 total surface area for water collection: 777,500

Potential water collection in temperate climate such as new jersey (approx. 45 inches of rainfall/year) = 28 gallons/ft2 total potential collection of supercenter roof and parking lot = 21,770,000 gallons

Potential water collection in desert climate such as arizona (approx. 7 inches of rainfall/ year) = 4.3 gallons/ft2 total potential collection of supercenter roof and parking lot = 3,343,250 gallons

Environmental Research Light and Water

walmart peak electricity demand: 2,000 kw

38,352 200w units fit on average supercenter roof

roof area of average supercenter: potential power generation during day337,500 ft2 light hours = 7670 kw bp standard 200 watt pv cell dimensions: 66” x 32” (8.8 ft2)

perimiter of average supercenter: 2,500 ft

potential power generation when average wind speed is over 10mph (throughout northeast, midwest, and west coast) aeroenvironment 400 watt micro turbine =250 kw diameter = 4’ 625 units fit around average supercenter perimiter

Photos Construction

Photos Case Studies | Pennsylvania

2009 Walmart Design Guide

partSKYLIGHT 5' x 6' sp. 15,20' OC

partCORNICE friendliness_ENVIRO

Flat Horizontal: Walmart

partDRAIN 10 catch pts. 0% retain partMEMBRN

partRF_STR 50'X50' bay 1way joists 5'OC

partCLUMNS 50'X50' bay 11" SQ. STL.

V=6.25x10e4 SA=1.375x10e4 Vsrf=8.18x10e-1Tsrf Roof=9.1x10e-2Tsrf

SPH

V=1.25x10e5 SA=1.5x10e4 Vsrf=6.7x10e-1Tsrf Roof=1.67x10e-1Tsrf FH

TWR

V=3.75x10e5 SA=3.5x10e4 Vsrf=8.57x10e-1Tsrf Roof=7.1x10e-2Tsrf

partSOFFIT friendliness_CULTUR

I. RELATIVE VALUE

V=3.125x10e5 SA=3.625x10e4 Vsrf=1.79x10e-1Tsrf Roof=4.1x10e-1Tsrf

friendliness_CULTUR friendliness_ENVIRO

Standard Configuration

Typical American Store Measurements taken in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Texas

IV. CORNICE CONFIGURATIONS varWORLD(typ)

precipitation store size

Roofline

Current Supercenter Config.

The drainage strategies outlined to the left produce solutions embedded with latent biases with regard to a store’s site-inclusiveness, which one may desire to either mitigate or amplify, depending upon local-cultural micro-climates or more general societal attitudes. The techniques employed toward these ends may also be modified to respond to differing rainfall amounts in a given location and also may be combined with variations upon the techniques of curvature and faceting shown below in order to form more explicit relationships with the stores’ surroundings.

DRAIN POINT DRAIN PANEL

(#PANELS)

Floor Area (In Thousands of Ft.^2) 50 90 110 130 150 6

10 2

170

PARAPET

190

210 Low Precip.

14 Drainage Points

Med. Precip.

Hi Precip.

18 20 22

(#PANELS)

PLANAR > SINGLE SURFACE > LOW-PITCH FACETED - monolithic, closed RAINFALL

PARAMETERS store size rainfall

EXTERIOR ENGAGEMENT

Drain

GENERIC CONTEXTUAL

GENERIC

CONTEXTUAL

Base Configurations (drawings not to scale)

50-60K FT.^2 5-6 PTS. 1 PANEL GENERIC F CONTEXTUAL

MULTI-SLOPE > HIGHLY FACETED - multiple identities 8-10 PTS. 2 PANELS

RAINFALL

70-100K FT.^2 GENERIC

CONTEXTUAL S

100-130K FT.^2

GENERIC

10-12 PTS. 3 PANELS

CONTEXTUAL F S GENERIC

130-160K FT.^2

12-14 PTS. 4 PANELS

CONTEXTUAL

HIGHLY CORRUGATED > SAWTOOTH - dissolution of form RAINFALL

F S

160-180K FT.^2

14-16 PTS. 5 PANELS

GENERIC

CONTEXTUAL

GENERIC

CONTEXTUAL

200-220K FT.^2

18-22 PTS. 8 PANELS GENERIC

F CONTEXTUAL S

V. SOFFIT CONFIGURATIONS varWORLD(typ)

irradiance avg. temp orientation latitude bldg. ht.

Global Positioning

Skylight Ratio & Distribution

One of the major upshots of the large spaces required by big-box retailers like Walmart is the sense that the interior becomes a sort of environment-unto-itself with no apparent relationship to environmental conditions or exterior space. For retail purposes, this disorientation is sometimes preferable, while at other times this lack of experiential continuity between itnerior and exterior is detrimental. As the soffit is the only continuously available (visually) plane of reference from the interior of the store, the sizing, orientation, and distribution of the skylights takes on a great deal of importance with regard to orientation as well as to interior illuminance. A typical bay configuration for a revised temperate American Walmart is shown below.

based on local irradiance and illuminance levels 24' 330 dy 292 W/m^2 17.5'

SUN

116 ft.^2 skyltAREA

22'

INTERIOR

xtra-hi solar bldg_ht 22' dim_skylt (1) (3',5') spacing_skylt (24',15')

PV panel secondary structure (5' oc typ.)

48' TYP.

primary structure (50' oc typ.)

24' 300 dy 210 W/m^2

50' TYP.

twin t8 strip fixt. (12' oc typ.)

17.5'

ALTITUDE PV ANGLE

SUN

154 ft.^2 skyltAREA

22'

INTERIOR

Standard Configuration Typical Structural Bay 180 ft.^2 Skylight Area / Bay

ORIENTATION TO MAJ. SUN

Rotational Strategies

hi solar bldg_ht 22' dim_skylt (1) (4',5') spacing_skylt (24',17.5')

By always using PV panels as skylight shading devices and orienting the entire assembly to take advantage of dominant sun direction, the interior is ‘localized’ with regard its global coordinates while environmental gains are also achieved. 20'

SUN

151 dy 188 W/m^2 15'

180 ft.^2 skyltAREA

24' 151 dy 188 W/m^2

22'

SUN

180 ft.^2 skyltAREA

22' 17.5'

EXPLODED PERSPECTIVE

INTERIOR

20'

med solar bldg_ht 22' dim_skylt (1) (6',5') spacing_skylt (24',17.5')

151 dy 188 W/m^2 15'

24'

SUN

180 ft.^2 skyltAREA

59 dy 120 W/m^2 17.5'

22'

SUN

324 ft.^2 skyltAREA

22'

SUNLIGHT

EXPLODED PERSPECTIVE

INTERIOR

low solar bldg_ht 22' dim_skylt (1) (10',5') spacing_skylt (24',17.5')

50' SUN

50'

1800 ROTATION: 90 deg.. TOTAL NUMBER OF JOISTS: 9 TOTAL JOIST LENGTH: 450 lf SPAN PER JOIST: 50' LONGEST SPAN: 50' CONVERTS TO ONE-WAY SYSTEM

ASSUMING A 2-WAY SYSTEM... 50'

50'

15˚

SUN

50'

ROTATION: 30 deg..

50'

ROTATION: 15 deg.. TOTAL NUMBER OF JOISTS: 13 TOTAL JOIST LENGTH: 490' AVG. SPAN PER JOIST: 37.7' LONGEST SPAN: 40.7'

50'

ROTATION: 15 deg.. TOTAL NUMBER OF JOISTS: 17 TOTAL JOIST LENGTH: 572' SPAN PER JOIST: 33.6' LONGEST SPAN: 40.7' 50'

SUN 50'

30˚

ROTATION: 30 deg..

ROTATION: 30 deg.. TOTAL NUMBER OF JOISTS: 13 TOTAL JOIST LENGTH: 402.5' AVG. SPAN PER JOIST: 31' LONGEST SPAN: 36.6'

50'

45˚

SUN

50'

ROTATION: 30 deg.. TOTAL NUMBER OF JOISTS: 18 TOTAL JOIST LENGTH: 567' AVG. SPAN PER JOIST: 31.5' LONGEST SPAN: 36.6'

50'

ROTATION: 45 deg.. TOTAL NUMBER OF JOISTS: 10 TOTAL JOIST LENGTH: 402.5' AVG. SPAN PER JOIST: 31' LONGEST SPAN 35.3'

ROTATION: 30 deg.. TOTAL NUMBER OF JOISTS: 18 TOTAL JOIST LENGTH: 516' AVG. SPAN PER JOIST: 28.7' 22 LONGEST SPAN: 35.3'

CONVERTS TO ONE-WAY SYSTEM 50'

5' 50'

50'

ROTATION: 15 deg.. TOTAL NUMBER OF JOISTS: 11 TOTAL JOIST LENGTH: 526' SPAN PER JOIST: 47.8' LONGEST SPAN: 52' 50'

50'

ROTATION: 30 deg.. TOTAL NUMBER OF JOISTS: 12 TOTAL JOIST LENGTH: 482' AVG. SPAN PER JOIST: 40.2' LONGEST SPAN: 58'

ROTATION: 30 deg.. TOTAL NUMBER OF JOISTS: 18 TOTAL JOIST LENGTH: 567' AVG. SPAN PER JOIST: 31.5' LONGEST SPAN: 36.6'

TS: 13 02.5' '

TS: 9 50 lf

50'

ROTATION: 15 deg.. TOTAL NUMBER OF JOISTS: 17 TOTAL JOIST LENGTH: 572' SPAN PER JOIST: 33.6' LONGEST SPAN: 40.7'

TS: 13 90' .7'

TS: 10 02.5' '

50'

ROTATION: 30 deg.. TOTAL NUMBER OF JOISTS: 18 TOTAL JOIST LENGTH: 516' AVG. SPAN PER JOIST: 28.7' LONGEST SPAN: 35.3'

ROTATION: 30 deg.. TOTAL NUMBER OF JOISTS: 12 TOTAL JOIST LENGTH: 487' AVG. SPAN PER JOIST: 40.6' LONGEST SPAN: 66'

Differentiation & Continuity

Paint

configurations to produce, mitigate discontinuity of interior/ exterior experience

to mitigate effects of extreme temperatres, light levels and building heights

0° DIFFERENCE

FINISH

STRIATED

SOLAR IRRADIANCE FLATNESS

12.25' 25'

2.5

3.5

4.5

80%

65%

50%

5.8

6.5

7.0

10%

INTERIOR

25%

15%

REFLECTIVITY

1° DIFFERENCE DIAGONAL BIAS

HUE SELECTION

numbers refer to components of CMYK values

24'

BUILDING HEIGHT K-VALUE

17.5'

14’ 40

16’ 20

18’ 15

20’ 10

22’ 8.5

24’ 5

26’+ 0

C-VALUE >

19˚

22˚

25˚

12’ 60

< Y-VALUE

4˚ 1˚-

AVG TEMP. -

7˚

10˚

13˚

16˚

INTERIOR

AVG TEMP +.

10’ 80

2° DIFFERENCE DIAGONAL BIAS, DIM. DIFF. 12' 13' 17.5'

INTERIOR

3° DIFFERENCE DIAGONAL BIAS, DIM. DIFF. DIM. DIFF. SHIFT

EXPERIENTIAL CONTINUITY

12' 13' 12.5' 17.5'

INTERIOR

STOCKHOLM

Irr: 2.5 KwH/m^2Day Irr: 104 W/m^2 ExIll: 10.4 kLux InIll: 2.15 kLux %Covr: 13.5%

130K FT^2 60˚ N. LAT. 15˚ ROTATION

%Refl: 80% 0,0,5,9

INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE

20’ BLDG. HT

NEW JERSEY

Irr: 4.5 kwH/m^2-day Irr: 188 W/m^2 ExIll: 18.7 kLux InIll: 2.15 kLux %Covr: 7.5%

160K FT^2 40˚ N. LAT. 0˚ ROTATION

%Refl: 20% 0,0,0,5

INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE

22’ BLDG. HT

CAIRO

Irr: 7 KwH/m^2Day Irr: 292 W/m^2 ExIll: 29.1 kLux InIll: 2.15 kLux %Covr: 4.8%

60K FT^2 30˚ N. LAT. 90˚ ROTATION

%Refl: 0% 15, 0, 0, 40

INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE

16’ BLDG. HT

RIO DE JANEIRO

Irr: 5.25 KwH/m^2Day Irr: 219 W/m^2 ExIll: 21.8 kLux InIll: 2.15 kLux %Covr: 6.2%

200K FT^2 20˚ N. LAT. 30˚ ROTATION

%Refl: 10% 2,0,0,5

INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE

24’ BLDG. HT

Appendix: Walmart USA Within the canon of FH buildings, the big box store, and Walmart in particular, stands out as the most appropriate candidate for analysis and prototype development for several reasons. First, the scope of Walmart’s retail operations means that the effects brought about by changes to its prototypical model would be maximized. In this sense, Walmart serves as the most potent vehicle for addressing many problems and opportunies endemic to the FH building type as a whole, while the fact that it already exists as a prototype establishes a framework within which our job as architects becomes one of adjustment, not reinvention. Second, Walmart’s relentless frugality provides a unique challenge, as it would help in generating solutions that could then be translated to other kinds of buildings within the FH type. Third, Walmart’s corporate narrative has recently entered a critical stage in which rebranding efforts have begun to effect envelope design in a more direct way than ever before, opening it up as a field for architectural innovation that could ostensibly have reciprocal effects in the construction of Walmart’s brand identity. Simply stated, Walmart’s economic challenge can be described as that of growth within a stagnant market. Within this contemporary cultural and economic climate,

however, growth cannot manifest itself in the traditional form of identical new stores in new markets. This fact does not, though, preclude the construction of new stores, as the excitement generated by new facilities is an integral part of the success of Walmart’s business model. Rather, it suggests that a reevaluation of Walmart’s goals for new stores be undertaken, and that a new set of directives be established. It is our view that in its quest for continued “growth”, there are four distinct (though often mutually reinforcing) tactics that Walmart must pursue in order to leverage its current position into future successes. The first of these is “growth” through diversification of services and a concomitant increase in store size. This would, in one sense, only continue Walmart’s own corporate narrative in mimicking the transition from the Discount Center to the Supercenter. In another sense, though, a store model with more robust and diverse service offerings, i.e. the “Dupercenter”, would leverage Walmart’s dominance in the retail sector into an increased presence in the offering of services, which would in turn have the potential, given Walmart’s size, to become a more accessible and financially viable point of contact for families seeking basic services such as health

care or adult education. While other tactics would ostensibly be implemented immediately, this tactic would be implemented instead in a series of incremental increases in services offered and store and lot size over the next 50 years. The second tactic is to move from the mere utilization of building lots to their improvement. As the construction of new stores will no longer be synonymous with the opening up of a new market, Walmart needs to outline both entry and exit strategies for the acquisition and sale of properties, and to consider site improvements as an investment , with dividends payable upon the inevitable sale of the property. The third tactic to be undertaken in increasing the efficacy of Walmart stores, which would be brought about by way of a combination of cost reduction through environmental performance optimization and a profit increase through market diversification (above) and a redefinition of the patronage experience aimed at increasing sales and time spent on site. This tactic could otherwise be described as an attempt to minimize operating costs while increasing store profitability.

Walmart Local Domestic Location Planning | Major Walmart Ports Seattle/ Tacoma 2.2

NY/NJ 3.9

LA/LB 10.3

Savannah/ Charleston 3.4 Houston/ Galveston 2.0

Seatt Taco le/ 2.2 ma

LA/L B 10.3 NY/N 3.9 J

Hous Galv ton/ 2.0 eston

Sava Char nnah/ 3.4 leston

Walmart Local Domestic Location Planning | Houston + Seattle

W W W

W W

W W D

W W W W

W W

W W W W

W W

D W

W W

W W W W W W W

W W

* W

W W

W W W

W W

W W WW

W W

W *

W W

01 28 Houston Seattle

Walmart Local Domestic Location Planning | Phoenix+NYC

W W

W W W W

W W

W W W

W W

W W W* W

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Houston Seattle

Walmart USA New Jersey | View From Highway

M. Stopic

ght Grau, M. Raman, M. Simmons

Walmart USA New Jersey | Roof Section Detail

sive Green Roof Subsoil Composite nal Grass Planting by Location um Flashing Batten d Board Insul. sul. auge Framing w Head Assembly By Others w Sill Assembly

10A_2” Drainage Pipe 10B_4” Steel C-Section 11A_Intensive Green Roof Composite 11B_Web Stiffener 12_5’ Open Web Joist @ 5’ OC 13_PV Array 14_Custom Welded Steel Rack 15_PV Installation/Repair Specialist 16_PV Mounting Hardware

17_Adjustable Rack Connection 18_4” Steel T-Section 19_2” Rigid Board Insul. 20_Seasonal Flowering Plantings by Region 21_1’ x 2” Stone Paver 22_Aluminum Flashing / Cladding 23_2” Steel L-Section 24_.5” Steel Plate 25_.25” Steel Plate

C. Oliver, J. Rose, M. Stopic

Walmart is Almost Alright with A. Zaera-Polo, U. Grau, M. Raman, M. Simmons May 08, 2009

1_ Extensive Green Roof Subsoil Composite 2_Seasonal Grass Planting by Location 3_Aluminum Flashing 4_1” sq. Batten 5_1” Rigid Board Insul. 6_Batt Insul. 7_Light Gauge Framing 8_Window Head Assembly By Others 9_Window Sill Assembly

C3 Unit Roof Detail Section 3” = 1’