Espacios Publicos y Cohesion Social

=KH9;AGK Hè:DA;GK Q ;G@=KAåF KG;A9D Afl]j[YeZag \] ]ph]ja]f[aYk q gja]flY[agf]k hYjY dY Y[[a f

BmYf ;Yjdgk Jmar q =d]fY ;Yjda$ ]\algj]k

=klY hmZda[Y[a f ^gjeY hYjl] \]d Hjgq][lg É=khY[agk H Zda[gk q ;g`]ka f Kg[aYdÊ$ \aja_a\g q [ggj\afY\g hgj dY Emfa[ahYda\Y\ \] H] Ydgd f& =d [gfl]fa\g \] ]kl] \g[me]flg k] `Y dg_jY\g _jY[aYk Yd ljYZYbg \] dYk [am\Y\]k kg[aYk q \] dY kakl]eYlarY[a f q ]dYZgjY[a f j]YdarY\Y hgj dYk ]fla\Y\]k Y[Y\ ea[Yk im] ^m]jgf hYjl] \] ]kl] hjgq][lg$ Mfan]jka\Y\ 9dZ]jlg @mjlY\g \] ;`ad] q dY 9kg[aY[a f 9eYhgdY \] AlYdaY& DY ]\a[a f ]klmng Y [Yj_g \] dY Mfan]jka\Y\ 9dZ]jlg @mjlY\g& =kl] \g[me]flg k] `Y j]YdarY\g [gf dY Yqm\Y ÕfYf[a]jY \] dY ;gemfa\Y\ =mjgh]Y Y ljYn k \]d Hjg_jYeY MjZ%9d q ]f eg\g Yd_mfg \]Z] [gfka\]jYjk] im] j]Ö]bY dY hgka[a f \] dY Mfa f =mjgh]Y& 9_jY\][]egk Y lg\gk dgk hYjla[ahYfl]k \] dgk k]eafYjagk j]YdarY\gk ]f :Y\YdgfY q H] Ydgd f2 Bgk]h ;YmZ]l$ NYdl]j ;YnYddYjg$ Ja[Yj\g ;g^j $ EYjakY ;gjl]k]$ ;Y[ad\Y <] E]f]r]k$ ;gfjY\g >]jfYf\]r$ ?jY[a]dY ?Yj[ Y$ AjaY ?Yj[ Y$ Angff ?jadda$ ;YlYdafY ?mre~f$ Bgk]h DY`gkY$ FYlYdaY DarYfY$ =\mYj\g D h]r$ Bgj_] D h]r$ D]gfYj\g 9jY[]fY$ FgjeY EYjYq$ 9da Emfan]$ ;dYm\ag Gjj]_g$ BgYimae Gjladd]k$ EYjafY H]dÕfa$ Bgk]h H]jY$ DYm\][afY H]j]ajY$ AkYZ]d Hd~$ HYgdY JYe]ddg$ 9f\j k JYegk$ BmYf ;Yjdgk Jmar$ DafY KY m\g$ J]_afY K]jjYfg$ Ja[Yj\g K[Y^^$ EYj[g Kgjj]flafg$ ;jaklaYf Kgllgda[`ag$ GknYd\g Lgjj]k$ >jYfr NYf\]jk[`m]j]f$ Bg`ffq N~kim]r$ ;YjgdafY N]jfYd$ KgfaY NaddYfm]nY q 9dZY Na\Yd& =\algj]k2 BmYf ;Yjdgk Jmar

=d]fY ;Yjda 9kakl]fl] \] =\a[a f2 NYd]jaY A[Yj\a 9mlgj]k2 JgZ]jlg 9jfYm\g$ NYdl]j ;YnYddYjg$ ÞdnYjg =khafgrY$ ;gfjY\g >]jf~f\]r$ FYlYdaY DarYfY$ EYjafY H]dÕfa$ BmYf ;Yjdgk Jmar$ EYjl f Lgjj]k$ >jYfr NYf\]jk[`m]j]f q =dcaf N]d~kim]r& LjY\m[lgjYk2 HYgdY JYe]ddg q NYd]ja A[Yj\a& =\a[a f \] ]kladg2 EYj Y =m_]faY E]rY <ak] g q \aY_jYeY[a f2 EYj[]dY N]Yk Aehj]ka f2 ?j~Õ[Y >mffq Lg\gk dgk \]j][`gk j]k]jnY\gk& Faf_mfY hYjl] \] ]klY hmZda[Y[a f \]Z] k]j j]hjg\m[a\Y$ YdeY[]fY\Y ]f Yd_ f kakl]eY \] j][mh]jY[a f \] \Ylgk g ljYfkeala\Y ]f [mYdima]j ^gjeY g e]\aYfl] [mYdima]j e]\ag ]d [lja[g$ e][~fa[g$ ^glg[ghaY$ _jYZY[a f m gljgk e]\agk$ kaf ]d h]jeakg ]k[jalg hj]nag \] dgk ]\algj]k& J]_akljg \] Hjgha]\Y\ Afl]d][lmYd )0(.-+ AK:F2 1/0%1-.%0,*)%*,%+ Hjae]jY ]\a[a f2 KYflaY_g$ Bmfag \] *((1

AF<A;= ;gdYZgjY[a f hYjY j][mh]jYj ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Hj]k]flY[a f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & / Afljg\m[[a f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 1 ·;m~d ]khY[ag h Zda[g hYjY [m~d [am\Y\7 & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & )+ EYjafY H]dÕfa )&) HYjY mfY \]Õfa[a f \] ]khY[ag h Zda[g & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ))&* DY [am\Y\ [gfl]ehgj~f]Y2 [m~d ]khY[ag g^j][]$ [m~d ]khY[ag ha\] & & & & & )/ Dm_Yj]k [gfl]f\a\gk$ YZYjjglY\gk$ YZYf\gfY\gk2 ]d [gfÖa[lg ljYfk^gjeY ]d ]khY[ag \] dY [am\Y\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & +BmYf ;Yjdgk Jmar *&) =klY\g \] kalmY[a f& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & +/ *&* Dgk [gfÖa[lgk e~k ^j][m]fl]k & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & +0 *&+ Lahgk \] hjgq][lgk afl]jn]f[agf]k! & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & -( ·Afl]jn]faj ]d ]khY[ag mjZYfg hYjY eYf]bYj dgk [gfÖa[lgk kg[aYd]k q hj]n]faj ]d \]dalg7 & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & -=dcaf N]d~kim]r E& +&) <] dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ kg[aYd ]f dY [am\Y\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & -/ +&* <] dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k ]f ]d ]flgjfg mjZYfg$ ]f Z kim]\Y \] eYf]bYj [gfÖa[lana\Y\]k kg[aYd]k q hj]n]faj dY \]daf[m]f[aY & & & & & & & & & & & .1 +&+ ·Afl]jn]faj ]d ]khY[ag mjZYfg hYjY eYf]bYj dgk [gfÖa[lgk q hj]n]faj ]d \]dalg7 & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & /. ·Ima f [gfkljmq] ]khY[ag h Zda[g7 & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & /1 FYlYdaY DarYfY$ EYjl f Lgjj]k$ >jYfr NYf\]jk[`m]j]f q ;gfjY\g >]jf~f\]r ,&)& Dgk emfa[ahagk & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 0) ,&* DY hgda[ Y & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 1( ,&+ DYk gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 1/ ,&, =d hYjl]fYjaY\g & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ))) HYjY mfY kmkl]flYZada\Y\ \] dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g & & & & & & & & & & & )*EYjafY H]dÕfa$ NYdl]j ;YnYddYjg q JgZ]jlg 9jfYm\g -&) GZb]lang2 kmkl]flYZada\Y\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & )*1 -&* Kmkl]flYZada\Y\ kg[aYd q ][gf ea[Y ]f dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & )+) -&+ ;gfkljmaj ]khY[ag h Zda[g kmkl]flYZd]2 km_]j]f[aYk hYjY Y\eafakljY\gj]k q [am\Y\Yfgk & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & )+0

+

Egfalgj]g q ]nYdmY[a f [geg `]jjYea]flYk \] Yhgqg Y dY _]kla f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ),/ ÞdnYjg =khafgrY .&) Egfalgj]g q ]nYdmY[a f [geg `]jjYea]flYk \] Yhgqg Y dY _]kla f & & & & ),1 .&* DY ]nYdmY[a f \] afa[aYlanYk \] afl]jn]f[a f ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g & & & & )-+ .&+ HYjla[ahY[a f \] dY [gemfa\Y\ ]f ]d egfalgj]g q ]nYdmY[a f & & & & & & & & & )-. ;gf[dmkagf]k & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ).+

,

;GD9:GJ9;AåF H9J9 J=;MH=J9J =D =KH9;AG Hè:DA;G =k em[`g e~k dg im] fgk mf] im] Yim]ddg im] fgk k]hYjY& =kY ]k mfY \] dYk hjaf[ahY% d]k [gf[dmkagf]k im] hg\]egk ]pljY]j \]d afl]j[YeZag ]flj] _gZa]jfgk dg[Yd]k ] afkla% lm[agf]k im] fgk ]f^j]flYegk \aYjaYe]fl] Yd lj]e]f\g \]kY^ g \] `Y[]j \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g mf dm_Yj \] [g`]ka f kg[aYd$ lYflg ]f 9e ja[Y DYlafY [geg ]f =mjghY& =kl] \g[me]flg ]k ]d j]kmdlY\g \] mf ^jm[l ^]jg afl]j[YeZag q \] mf ]k^m]jrg hgj dY kakl]eYlarY[a f \] ]ph]ja]f[aYk im] [j]]egk hm]\]f k]j j]hda[Y\Yk$ ]f kmk [ge% hgf]fl]k ^mf\Ye]flYd]k$ ]f \aklaflgk dm_Yj]k \]d emf\g& ?jY[aYk Y [gehYjlaj ]d ljYZYbg j]YdarY\g ]f dm_Yj]k lYf \aklYfl]k [geg H] Ydgd f$ ]f ;`ad]3 KYdlg$ ]f Mjm_mYq3 J eY[ q 9l]$ ]f H]j 3 E]\]dd f q :g_gl~$ ]f ;gdgeZaY3 J][a^]$ ]f :jYkad3 :Y\YdgfY q :Yj[]dgfY$ ]f =khY Y g Lgjafg$ ]f AlYdaY$ `]egk hg\a\g \ak[mlaj Y[]j[Y \]d jgd im] d] [gjj]khgf\] bm_Yj Y dgk _gZa]jfgk dg[Yd]k ]f dY lYj]Y \] Y\eafakljYj dgk ]khY[agk$ fg kgdYe]fl] [geg ]fl]k fgjeYlangk kafg \afYearY% \gj]k$ d \]j]k$ e]\aY\gj]k q$ kgZj] lg\g$ aehmdkgj]k \]d ljYZYbg hYjla[ahYlang& =f dY [gemfY \] H] Ydgd f$ ]f KYflaY_g \] ;`ad]$ `]egk hjgegna\g [gf ^m]jrY ]d hjaf[ahag \] [gjj]khgfkYZada\Y\ ]f dY [gfkljm[[a f \] ZYjjagk e~k k]_mjgk q YeY% Zd]k& 9k $ hm\aegk [gfÕjeYj im] dY hYjla[ahY[a f ]k mf ]kdYZ f af\akh]fkYZd] hYjY hYkYj$ \]ÕfalanYe]fl]$ \]k\] ]d [gfÖa[lg Y dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd ]f ]khY[agk h Zda[gk im] hj]k]flYf l]fkagf]k q hjgZd]e~la[Yk \] lahg \]da[lmYd$ jY[aYd$ afl]j_]f]jY[ag% fYd g YeZa]flYd& ?]f]jYj ]kljYl]_aYk im] af[]flan]f dY hYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY q hgl]f[aYj ]d ljY% ZYbg ]f j]\]k YhYj][] `gq [geg mfY j]khgfkYZada\Y\ afkgkdYqYZd] hYjY dYk Ymlgja% \Y\]k dg[Yd]k& ·; eg `Y[]jdg7 =kY ]k mfY \] dYk hj]_mflYk im] afl]flY j]khgf\]j ]kl] ljYZYbg [gfbmflg& DY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ ]d \]kYjjgddg \] hjg% q][lgk hYjla[ahYlangk$ dY YfaeY[a f kg[aYd$ dY e]\aY[a f [gemfalYjaY$ dY afn]jka f ]f af^jY]kljm[lmjY q dY hj]n]f[a f kg[aYd kgf Yd_mfYk \] dYk hgkaZd]k j]khm]klYk$ j]nakY\Yk Yim hgj e]\ag \] ]b]ehdgk [gf[j]lgk& Mfg \] dgk gZb]langk \]d hjg_jYeY MjZÇ9d ]k j]^gjrYj ]d \a~dg_g q dY [gdYZgjY[a f j][ hjg[Y ]flj] dYk [am\Y\]k kg[aYk$ ]f dY h]jkh][lanY \] \]kYjjgddYj n f[mdgk \aj][% lgk q \mjY\]jgk ]flj] ]fla\Y\]k dg[Yd]k ]mjgh]Yk q dYlafgYe]ja[YfYk& Hm]\g Yk]% _mjYj im] ]kl] gZb]lang k] `Y [mehda\g hd]fYe]fl]$ qY im] `]egk hjg^mf\arY\g [gf Yd_mfYk \] ]klYk [am\Y\]k q ]fla\Y\]k dYrgk \] [gdYZgjY[a f h]jeYf]fl] ]f kl] q gljgk ~eZalgk& Fg e] im]\Y e~k im] Y_jY\][]j Y dgk _gZa]jfgk ] afklalm[agf]k im] `a[a]jgf hgka% Zd] ]kl] ljYZYbg& Hjae]jg$ Y dY ;geaka f =mjgh]Y$ _jY[aYk Y km hjg_jYeY \] [ggh]jY%

-

[a f [gf 9e ja[Y DYlafY MjZÇ9d$ ima]f ÕfYf[a ]klY afa[aYlanY3 Y dYk [am\Y\]k kg[aYk3 Y dYk ]fla\Y\]k Y[Y\ ea[Yk im] hYjla[ahYjgf \] d ]$ a_mYde]fl]$ Y gljYk afklalm[ag% f]k im] Y dg dYj_g \]d hjg[]kg k] ^m]jgf kmeYf\g& ;geg YfÕljagf]k \] ]kl] YeZa[agkg hjgq][lg$ ]klYegk k]_mjgk \] im] hm]\] ]flj]_Yj dm[]k Y dY j]Ö]pa f kgZj] dY j][mh]jY[a f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ Yd \]kYjjg% ddg mjZYfg ]f dYk mjZ]k eg\]jfYk q Y dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd$ Yk [geg lYeZa f YhgjlYj d f]Yk \] Y[[a f [gf[j]lYk$ hjgZY\Yk ] aehd]e]flY\Yk \] eYf]jY ]palgkY ]f ]k[]% fYjagk \an]jkgk& ;dYm\ag Gjj]_g DYjjY f 9d[Yd\] \] H] Ydgd f

.

HJ=K=FL9;AåF 9 dg dYj_g \] dY `aklgjaY \] dYk [am\Y\]k$ ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g %hdYrYk$ ]klY\agk$ e]j[Y% \gk% `Y [mehda\g mf jgd []fljYd \] [g`]ka f kg[aYd$ hjgha[aYf\g dY afl]_jY[a f \] dYk h]jkgfYk \] mfY eakeY rgfY& Kaf ]eZYj_g$ ]f dYk dlaeYk \ [Y\Yk$ ]f =mjghY q 9e ja[Y DYlafY q [geg [gfk]% [m]f[aY \] dYk ljYfk^gjeY[agf]k ][gf ea[Yk q kg[aYd]k ]f dgk []fljgk mjZYfgk q kmk ^]f e]fgk \] ]ea_jY[a f q hjg[]kgk \] mjZYfarY[a f$ ]d jgd \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g `Y [YeZaY\g& =f d k] _]f]jYf [gfÖa[lgk kg[aYd]k ]f dgk im] em[`Yk n][]k im]\Y \] eYfaÕ]klg dY \ak[jaeafY[a f lfa[Y$ jY[aYd q dY ]kla_eYlarY[a f kg[aYd q'g ][gf % ea[Y$ im] fg d] h]jeal]f [mehdaj km ^mf[a f kg[aYd& K] hjg\m[]f dm[`Yk \] hg\]j hgj dY g[mhY[a f l]jjalgjaYd \] ]k] ]khY[ag$ dYk im] hm]\]f k]j dm[`Yk ]flj] hYj]k$ g hgj jYrgf]k ][gf ea[Yk$ jY[aYd]k ] afl]j_]f]jY[agfYd]k& Hgj ]klY jYr f `Y Yme]flY\g dY h]j[]h[a f \] im] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk q k]ea h Zda[gk kgf dm_Yj]k \] afk]_mja\Y\ q ]p[dmka f [am\Y\YfY& HYjY YnYfrYj ]f dY j][mh]jY[a f \] km k]_mja\Y\$ ]k ^mf\Ye]flYd j][gfg[]j im] klY ]k hjg\m[lg \] dYk h]jkgfYk q \]d mkg im] ]ddYk d] \Yf Yd ]khY[ag$ ka_faÕ[~f% \gdg hgkalanY g f]_YlanYe]fl]& Hgj ]ddg$ dgk _gZa]jfgk dg[Yd]k$ dYk hgda[ Yk$ dYk gj_Y% farY[agf]k [anad]k q [gemfalYjaYk$ kgf Y[lgj]k [dYn]k ]f dY lYj]Y \] _]f]jYj eYqg% j]k q e]bgj]k ]khY[agk h Zda[gk& K dg ]d ljYZYbg [gfbmflg \] lg\gk dgk afngdm[jY\gk h]jeal] [gfkljmaj$ j][mh]jYj q hjg^mf\arYj dgk ]khY[agk [gemf]k [geg ]d dm_Yj hj]^]j]fl] ]f \gf\] k] \]kYjjgddY q fmlj] ]d l]ba\g kg[aYd& =f ]klY h]jkh][lanY$ dY Emfa[ahYda\Y\ \] H] Ydgd f \] dY J]_a f E]ljghgdalYfY \] ;`ad] \][a\a hjgegn]j mf hjgq][lg \] afl]j[YeZag \] ]ph]ja]f[aYk ]flj] _gZa]j% fgk dg[Yd]k dYlafgYe]ja[Yfgk q ]mjgh]gk ]f ]d l]eY \] hgd la[Yk mjZYfYk q \] k]_m% ja\Y\$ [gf ]f^gim] ]f dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k []fljY\Yk kgZj] dY j]dY[a f ]flj] ]khY% [ag h Zda[g q [g`]ka f kg[aYd& Km gZb]lang ^m] nakaZadarYj afa[aYlanYk ]palgkYk Y fan]d dg[Yd$ [gf ^m]jl] aehY[lg kg[aYd& ·;m~d]k kgf dgk ]khY[agk im] `gq dY [gemfa\Y\ [gfka\]jY h Zda[gk$ [m~d]k kmk [gfÖa[lgk Ykg[aY\gk q im ]kljYl]_aYk `Yf aehd]% e]flY\g \an]jkgk _gZa]jfgk dg[Yd]k ]f [gfbmflg [gf dY [gemfa\Y\ hYjY kmh]jYj ]kgk [gfÖa[lgk7 =klYk ^m]jgf dYk hj]_mflYk im] fgk `a[aegk [am\Y\]k \] =mjghY q 9e ja[Y DYlafY bmflg Y ]fla\Y\]k Y[Y\ ea[Yk ]f ]d ]f[m]fljg \] dY J]\ ), \]d hjg_jYeY MjZÇ9d& 9hj]f\]j \] gljgk q [gf gljgk ka]ehj] ]k mfY ]ph]ja]f[aY hgkalanY& Q klY fg `Y ka\g dY ]p[]h[a f& 9_jY\]r[g Y [Y\Y mfg \] dgk kg[agk \] ]kl] hjgq][lg$ Y dYk [am\Y% \]k \] :Y\YdgfY q :Yj[]dgfY \] =khY Y$ Y Lgjafg \] AlYdaY$ J][a^] \] :jYkad$ E]\]dd f q :g_gl~ \] ;gdgeZaY$ =d KYdlg \] Mjm_mYq$ 9l] q JaeY[ \] H]j $ Y dY Mfan]jka\Y\

/

9dZ]jlg @mjlY\g \] ;`ad] q Y dY 9kg[aY[a f 9eYhgdY \] AlYdaY$ ima]f]k [gfÕYjgf ]f fgkgljgk [geg [ggj\afY\gj]k q \akhmka]jgf \] kmk e]bgj]k hjg^]kagfYd]k hYjY ]d palg \] ]kl] hjgq][lg& 9mfim] ]kl] ljYZYbg fg ]klmng ]p]flg \] dYk [gehd]ba\Y\]k hjghaYk \] dY `]l]jg% _]f]a\Y\ \] dgk hYjla[ahYfl]k$ d]k hj]k]flYegk ]kl] daZjg$ ^jmlg \] dY j][ghadY[a f ] afl]j[YeZag \] ]ph]ja]f[aYk q \] dY j]Ö]pa f \] hjg^]kagfYd]k gh]jYlangk q Y[Y% \ ea[gk \] dYk [am\Y\]k q ]fla\Y\]k kg[aYk& ;j]]egk `YZ]j dg_jY\g mf \g[me]flg n]jk~lad ] afl]j]kYfl]$ im] hg\j~ k]j mf aehgjlYfl] Yhgjl] Y dY j]Ö]pa f kgZj] ]d l]eY&

FgjeY EYjYq ;ggj\afY\gjY Hjgq][lg MjZÇ9d Emfa[ahYda\Y\ \] H] Ydgd f

0

AFLJG<M;;AåF =d hjgq][lg DY hj]k]fl] hmZda[Y[a f ]k ]d j]kmdlY\g \]d hjgq][lg MjZÇ9d É=khY[agk h Zda[gk q [g`]ka f kg[aYdÊ$ \] afl]j[YeZag \] ]ph]ja]f[aYk ]flj] dYk fm]n] [am\Y\]k kg[aYk2 H] Ydgd f$ ima]f [ggj\af ]d hjgq][lg3 9l]$ :Y\YdgfY$ :Yj[]dgfY$ =d KYdlg$ E]\]dd f$ J eY[ q Lgjafg& Bmflg [gf ]ddYk$ [geg ea]eZjgk Ykg[aY\gk Y [Yj_g \] dY [ggh]jY% [a f l [fa[Y$ hYjla[ahYjgf dY 9kg[aY[a f 9eYhgdY \] AlYdaY q dY Mfan]jka\Y\ 9dZ]jlg @mjlY\g$ \] ;`ad]& =d gZb]lang ^m] j]^gjrYj dYk [geh]l]f[aYk l [fa[Yk \] ^mf[agfYjagk Yk! \] dgk _gZa]j% fgk dg[Yd]k \] 9e ja[Y DYlafY q =mjghY$ hYjY Ç_jY[aYk Y km Y[[a f% [gfk]_maj im] ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g [mehdY [gf km jgd fYlmjYd \] [g`]ka f kg[aYd$ hgfa]f\g f^Ykak ]f j]nakYj q Y\YhlYj dYk hgd la[Yk mjZYfYk ]f ]d mkg q hYh]d \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ hYjY e]bgjYj dY [Yda\Y\ \] na\Y \] kmk `YZalYfl]k ]f [Y\Y [gemfa\Y\& HYjY ]ddg ^m] afl]f[agfY\g ]d afl]j[YeZag \] hj~[la[Yk q ]ph]ja]f[aYk dg[Yd]k \] [g`]ka f kg[aYd q \] j]kgdm[a f \] [gfÖa[lgk ]f dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk& A_mYde]fl] k] ljYZYb kgZj] dY a\]flaÕ[Y[a f \] dgk [gehgf]fl]k e~k afl]j]kYfl]k \] dYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk e]lg\gdg_ Y$ ]f^gim]k! ]f l jeafgk \] ]Õ[Y[aY$ affgnY[a f q j]hda[YZada\Y\& DYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk hm]klYk ]f [ge f [mZj]f mf YZYfa[g Yehdag \] j]khm]klYk Y hjg% Zd]eYk q f][]ka\Y\]k im] la]f]f ]f dY [j]Y[a f q j]%[j]Y[a f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g km hjaf[ahYd kYlak^Y[lgj& =d ]k[]fYjag \]d afl]j[YeZag `Y ka\g \an]jkg& =f hjae]j dm_Yj$ [Y\Y mfg \] dgk emfa[ahagk a\]flaÕ[ dgk hjgq][lgk q ]ph]ja]f[aYk ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g dd]nY\gk Y [YZg ]f dYk [am\Y\]k3 dm]_g$ ^m]jgf \]kYjjgddY\gk \gk ]f[m]fljgk afl]jfY[agfY% d]k$ ]f :Y\YdgfY fgna]eZj] \] *((/! q H] Ydgd f YZjad \] *((0!& Dgk hjglY_gfaklYk \] ]klYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk ^m]jgf j]hj]k]flYfl]k emfa[ahYd]k q$ hgj e]\ag \] ]ddgk$ dgk Y[lgj]k \] \][]fYk \] ]ph]ja]f[aYk ]f im] ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g `Y ka\g ]d \]fgeafY% \gj [ge f \] dgk j]dYlgk q Yf~dakak& Dgk afkljme]flgk hYjY ]d afl]j[YeZag ^m]jgf dYk Õ[`Yk \] afn]kla_Y[a f _]f]jYd$ dY hjg^mf\arY[a f _jY[aYk Y dgk e]\agk Ym\agna% kmYd]k q dgk j]dYlgk \] af^gjeYfl]k [YdaÕ[Y\gk& =d hjae]j k]eafYjag lmng [geg gZb]lang hjgegn]j ]d ]f[m]fljg q \ak[mka f ]flj] dgk kg[agk kgZj] dgk hjgZd]eYk \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk q [g`]ka f kg[aYd hj]k]fl]k ]f [Y\Y mfY \] dYk [am\Y\]k afl]_jYfl]k& ;geg \abaegk$ [Y\Y [am\Y\ kg[aY ljYZYb hj]naYe]fl] ]f dY ]phda[Y[a f \] \an]jkgk hjgq][lgk \] afl]jn]f[a f ]f ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ mladarYf\g dY >a[`Y \] Afn]kla_Y[a f ?]f]jYd q$ \mjYfl] ]d k]eafYjag$ [Y\Y kg[ag j]Ydar ]f hd]fYjag mfY hj]k]flY[a f _]f]jYd \] km [gfl]plg mjZYfg$ dgk \]kY% ^ gk hYjY dY _]kla f \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk q dYk hgd la[Yk \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk q 1

[g`]ka f kg[aYd$ h]jeala]f\g Y dgk \]e~k kg[agk mf hjae]j Y[]j[Yea]flg Y dY j]Yda% \Y\ \] dgk gljgk q mf ]khY[ag \] \a~dg_g& =d k]_mf\g k]eafYjag ]klmng gja]flY\g Y ^gjemdYj dYk d][[agf]k hYjY dY hjg^mf\a% rY[a f \] hjgq][lgk \] eg\g \] [gfljaZmaj Yd \ak] g \] hgd la[Yk h Zda[Yk dg[Yd]k hYjY dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ \]k\] ]d hmflg \] naklY \] dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd q ]d Yf~dakak \] dgk [gfl]plgk gj_YfarYlangk \]k\] \gf\] kgf j]YdarY\gk dgk ]k^m]jrgk ]f ]kl] ~eZalg& DY kakl]eYlarY[a f \] ]klYk afa[aYlanYk ^m] j]YdarY\Y ]ehd]Yf\g dgk na\]gk \] ]ph]ja]f[aYk k]d][[agfY\Yk q dYk >a[`Yk \] Afn]kla_Y[a f ?]f]jYd []fljY\Yk ]f dY \]k[jah[a f \]d [gfl]plg ^ ka[g$ kg[aYd q ][gf ea[g \]d ]khY[ag afl]jn]fa\g$ Yk [geg \] dY Y[[a f j]YdarY\Y& HYjY ]d hjae]j l]eY$ ]d ljYZYbg lmng [geg ZYk] dY j]naka f \] lg\gk dgk na\]gk im] em]kljYf dYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk \] dgk emfa[ahagk hYjla[ahYfl]k ]f ]d hjgq][lg& ;gf j]k% h][lg Yd k]_mf\g$ ]d ljYZYbg ^m] _jmhYd$ hYjY YZgj\Yj dYk ka_ma]fl]k l]e~la[Yk ]kh]% [ Õ[Yk2 hYjla[ahY[a f$ fgjeYlana\Y\ ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g q ljYZYbg [gdYZgjYlang \] dgk \aklaflgk \]hYjlYe]flgk Yd afl]jagj \]d _gZa]jfg dg[Yd&

·Hgj im ]k aehgjlYfl] afl]j[YeZaYj ]ph]ja]f[aYk7 =d afl]j[YeZag \] ]ph]ja]f[aYk ]kl~ ]f ]d []fljg \] dY aehd]e]flY[a f \]d hjgq][lg \] =khY[agk H Zda[gk q ;g`]ka f Kg[aYd& Dg im] k] `Y afl]j[YeZaY\g kgf dYk afa[aYla% nYk [gfka\]jY\Yk afl]j]kYfl]k hgj km fgn]\Y\$ h]jlaf]f[aY$ j]kmdlY\gk g ]f^gim]$ im] \aklaflgk emfa[ahagk g YqmflYea]flgk `Yf \]kYjjgddY\g hYjY dY [j]Y[a f g j]% [j]Y[a f j][mh]jY[a f! \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ [geg ^Y[lgj \] [g`]ka f kg[aYd q \] j]kgdm[a f \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk hjg\m[a\gk ]flj] ea]eZjgk \] dY [gemfa\Y\ g ]flj] klgk q ]d =klY\g& =klY \af~ea[Y ]flj] Y[lgj]k emfa[ahYd]k \] \aklaflYk [am\Y\]k g l]jjalgjagk g[mhY% \gk \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g ]k mf YlYbg hYjY ]f[gfljYj ^gjeYk affgnY\gjYk \] `Y[]j [am\Y\]k Yea_YZd]k$ [gf ]khY[agk h Zda[gk im] ^Yngj]r[Yf dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd3 Yk [geg \] j]kgdn]j [gfÖa[lgk \]kYjjgddY\gk ]f ]ddgk q \] af[gjhgjYj Y dY [gemfa\Y\ [geg mf Y[lgj ]f dY kgdm[a f \] kmk hjgZd]eYk& DYk [dYn]k hYjY ]d afl]j[YeZag \] ]ph]ja]f[aYk ]kl~f ]f dY Zm]fY \akhgka[a f \] dgk Yk! hYjla[ahYfl]k3 ]f dYk [gf\a[agf]k hYjY hjg\m[aj Yhj]f\arYb]3 ]f dY [Yda\Y\ \] dgk j]dYlgk q Yf~dakak \] dgk hjgZd]eYk g f][]ka\Y\]k im] [Y\Y [am\Y\ %g ZYjjag% la]f] ]f eYl]jaY \] ]khY[ag h Zda[g q \] dYk ]kljYl]_aYk \] afl]jn]f[a f q eg\]dgk \] _]kla f im] Y\ghlY hYjY j]kgdn]jdgk& =klYk [gf\a[agf]k kgf dYk im] `Yf ]klY\g hj]k]fl]k ]f dgk ]f[m]fljgk afl]jfY[agfYd]k gj_YfarY\gk hYjY ljYfk^]jaj ]ph]ja]f% [aYk ]f ]d eYj[g \]d hjgq][lg \] =khY[agk H Zda[gk q ;g`]ka f Kg[aYd& Dgk Z]f]Õ[agk \] ]kl] afl]j[YeZag nYf ]f mf \gZd] k]fla\g& Dgk Yk! hYjla[ahYfl]k \] dgk ]f[m]fljgk dg_jYjgf af[gjhgjYj fm]nYk ^gjeYk \] kYlak^Y[]j f][]ka\Y\]k

)(

Ykg[aY\Yk Yd ]khY[ag h Zda[g g \] kgdm[agfYj [gfÖa[lgk hjg\m[a\gk ]f d$ Y dY n]r im] lmna]jgf dY ghgjlmfa\Y\ \] Yhj]f\]j e~k \] kmk hjghaYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk& DY f][]% ka\Y\ \] kakl]eYlarYj q YfYdarYj dg j]YdarY\g Yfl]k \] ljYfk^]jajdg Y gljgk `arg ]na% \]fl] mf [gfbmflg \] Ykh][lgk im] h]jeYf][ Yf ]f ]d kad]f[ag&

KgZj] ]klY hmZda[Y[a f =d hj]k]fl] l]plg j][g_] dgk Yhj]f\arYb]k \]d hjgq][lg$ hjg\m[lg \]d afl]j[YeZag \] ]ph]ja]f[aYk \] dYk [am\Y\]k kg[aYk q YhmflY Y ljYfk^gjeYjk] ]f mf j]^]j]fl] hj~[la[g hYjY ]d \]kYjjgddg \] afa[aYlanYk ]f ]khY[agk h Zda[gk im] Zmkim]f dY [g`]% ka f kg[aYd& =kl~ ]kljm[lmjY\g ]f k]ak [Yh lmdgk im] af[dmq]f$ bmflg [gf dY \ak[mka f q hj]k]flY% [a f \] hjghm]klYk$ [mY\jgk j]kme]f \] Yd_mfgk \] dgk hjgq][lgk e~k j]d]nYfl]k afl]j[YeZaY\gk& DY lglYda\Y\ \] dYk hjghm]klYk j]nakY\Yk %]f n]jka f j]kmea\Y q [gehd]lY%$ Yk [geg ]d eYl]jaYd Ym\agnakmYd kgZj] dgk eakegk$ ]kl~ \akhgfaZd] ]f `llh2''ooo&mjZYd%]khY[agkhmZda[gk&[d'*((0'

=d ;Yh lmdg ) \ak[ml] mfY \]Õfa[a f \] dgk ]khY[agk ]f ]d [gfl]plg Y[lmYd \] dYk [am% \Y\]k g[[a\]flYd]k$ a\]flaÕ[Yf\g dgk jgd]k im] [mehd] hYjY dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd q kmk hjaf[ahYd]k \]kY^ gk3 ]d ;Yh lmdg * j]nakY Yd_mfgk \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk e~k j][mjj]fl]k ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g q dYk hjaf[ahYd]k ]kljYl]_aYk hYjY ]f^j]flYjdgk3 ]d ;Yh lmdg + hdYfl]Y dY ^gjeY \] j]kgdn]j dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ g[mjja\Y ]f dYk [gdgeZaYfYk [am\Y\]k \] :g_gl~ q E]\]dd f& Hgj km hYjl]$ ]d ;Yh lmdg , hj]k]flY dgk jgd]k \] dgk Y[lgj]k e~k j]d]nYfl]k ]f dY [gfk% ljm[[a f \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk [g`]kagfY\gj]k emfa[ahag$ hgda[ Y q [gemfa\Y\!3 ]d ;Yh lmdg - j][g_] dgk hjaf[ahYd]k Yhj]f\arYb]k ]f lgjfg Y dY kmkl]flYZada\Y\ \] dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g3 q ]d ;Yh lmdg . hjghgf] Yd_mfYk km_]j]f[aYk f][]kYjaYk hYjY ]d egfalgj]g q ]nYdmY[a f \] dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k& >afYde]fl]$ ]kl~f [gfka_fY\Yk dYk [gf[dmkagf]k YjjgbY\Yk hgj ]d hjg[]kg \] \ak[mka f ] afl]j[YeZag \] ]ph]ja]f[aYk \] MjZ Ç 9d É=khY[agk h Zda[gk q [g`]ka f kg[aYdÊ&

))

;9HALMDG

)

·;MÞD =KH9;AG Hè:DA;G H9J9 ;MÞD ;AM<9<7

EYjafY H]dÕfa 9jimal][lY 9kg[aY[a f 9eYhgdY Lgjafg$ AlYdaY )+

) ),

)&) H9J9 MF9 <=>AFA;AåF <= =KH9;AG Hè:DA;G =d ]khY[ag h Zda[g ]k$ ]f hjae]j dm_Yj$ ]d ]khY[ag \] dY [am\Y\$ \] dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] dY _]fl]$ dgk [am\Y\Yfgk q [am\Y\YfYk$ ]f dgk Ykmflgk [ na[gk& Dg h Zda[g ]f dY [am\Y\ ]k mfY Õ_mjY [gd][lanY$ ka]ehj] hj][YjaY q ]f [gfkljm[[a f$ Y[]j[Y \]d Za]f [ge f$ hgj [gfljYhgka[a f Yd ]khY[ag hjanY\g \] dgk afl]j]k]k hYjla[mdYj]k Af]jYjlq$ *((0!& ;geg ]ph]ja]f[aY$ dg h Zda[g ]kl~ j]dY[agfY\g [gf Yim]ddg YZa]jlg Y dY nakaZa% da\Y\ \] lg\gk Yk!$ Y Yim]ddg im] ]k \] Y[[]kg daZj]$ im] j]eal] q ]k [ge f Y lg\gk Yk! dgk Yk! afl]_jYfl]k \] mfY kg[a]\Y\& LYeZa f ]f mfY \ae]fka f hgd % la[Y2 ]k ]d [gfl]f]\gj \gf\] ]d hg\]j q dYk j]dY[agf]k kg[aYd]k k] gj_YfarYf Na[`]jYjl$ *((0!& =d ]khY[ag h Zda[g mjZYfg ]k$ a_mYde]fl]$ ]d ~eZalg hjagjalYjag \] dY [am\Y\ \gf\] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!$ af\ana\mYde]fl] g ]f _jmhg$ \]kYjjgddYf kmk Y[lana\Y\]k \] g[ag$ ]f[m]fljg$ j]dY[a f q \gf\] ]k ]na\]fl] [gf eYqgj [dYja\Y\ dY hdmjYda\Y\ \] ]phj]kagf]k [mdlmjYd]k$ j]da_agkYk$ daf_ kla[Yk$ ]l[&$ im] eYfaÕ]klYf dYk \a^]j]fl]k ^gjeYk q ]kladgk \] na\Y& =k ]d dm_Yj Z~ka[g \gf\] dY [gfnan]f[aY Y\ima]j] km e~paeY ]phj]ka f q \gf\]$ Y dY n]r$ k] eYfaÕ]klY \] ^gjeY e~k hYl]fl] ]d [gfÖa[lg q dY \a^]j]f[aY& =k mf ]k[]fYjag [gehd]bg$ \gf\] dYk afl]jY[[agf]k kg[aYd]k q dY ]phj]ka f \] dgk \an]jkgk afl]j]% k]k \] dYk h]jkgfYk q dgk _jmhgk ]klYZd][]f$ [gfkljmq]f$ eg\]dYf q ljYfk^gjeYf dY a\]fla\Y\ [alY\afY& =d ]khY[ag h Zda[g Yqm\Y \][akanYe]fl] Y [gf^gjeYj dg im] hm]\] \]fgeafYjk] Ë[mdlmjY mjZYfYÌ g$ dg im] ]k dg eakeg$ ]d [gfbmflg \] [YjY[l]j]k j]Yd]k q Y n][]k aeY_afY\gk g \a^mkgk im] glgj_Yf Y dY [am\Y\ mfY a\]fla\Y\ hjghaY& DY a\]fla\Y\ mjZYfY ^Yngj][] dY kg[aYdarY[a f q ]d k]fla\g \] h]jl]f]f[aY$ hm]klg im] \]Õf] Y dY [am\Y\ [geg mfY ]fla\Y\ ]f k eakeY$ im] dY \a^]j]f[aY \] gljYk& Dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk Ykme]f \aklaflgk jgd]k hYjY [gfljaZmaj Y dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd2

=khY[agk j][gfg[a\gk2 kgf dgk dm_Yj]k ]f dgk [mYd]k dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! k] j][g% fg[]f [geg ea]eZjgk \] mfY [gemfa\Y\$ [j]Yf\g km `aklgjaY [gd][lanY q Y\]% [m~f\gk] Y dgk [YeZagk q Y dY affgnY[a f \]d l]ba\g mjZYfg& Kafl]larYf dY `aklgjaY \] dgk [gfl]plgk \gf\] ]kl~f dg[YdarY\gk q hm]\]f k]j k eZgdg \] mfY rgfY g \] lg\Y dY [am\Y\& =khY[agk \] [gfnan]f[aY2 hdYrYk$ hYjim]k q e]j[Y\gk$ im] \]k]eh] Yf mf jgd []f% ljYd \] [g`]ka f kg[aYd$ ^ge]flYf\g dY afl]_jY[a f \] dgk Yk! `YZalYfl]k \] mfY

)-

eakeY rgfY& Kgf %\] `][`g% ]d dm_Yj hjanad]_aY\g \] mfY [am\Y\$ ]f ]d [mYd k] ]klY% Zd][]f q [gfnan]f j]dY[agf]k$ k] [gfkljmq]f q ]flj]dYrYf dYk a\]fla\Y\]k$ dgk afl]% j]k]k q dYk ljYq][lgjaYk af\ana\mYd]k& =khY[agk [gehd]e]flYjagk2 dY [Ydd] q dY hdYrY `Yf ka\g ka]ehj] dY hjgdgf_Y[a f \] dY nana]f\Y$ hjaf[ahYde]fl] ]f \gf\] ]klYk [m]flYf [gf mf ]khY[ag j]\m[a\g$ dg im] _]f]jYde]fl] g[mjj] Y ^YeadaYk \] ZYbgk af_j]kgk ][gf ea[gk& 9 dY [Ydd] q dY hdYrY lg\gk Yk! la]f]f Y[[]kg q \]j][`g$ q g^j][]f dY hgkaZada\Y\ \] [j]Yj Y[lana% \Y\]k hYjY dYk [mYd]k fg `Yq mf dm_Yj Y\][mY\g ]f dgk ]khY[agk hjanY\gk& =f ]klgk l jeafgk hm]\] k]j mladarY\g [geg mf afkljme]flg \] j]%]imadaZjag ]f dYk \]ka_mYd% \Y\]k kg[aYd]k& HYjY hjg^mf\arYj mfY \]Õfa[a f \] dg im] ]k hgkaZd] ]fl]f\]j hgj ]khY[ag h Zda[g afl]j]kY ÕbYjk] ]f ]d mkg im] k] `Y[] \] d$ e~k Ydd~ \] dY ghgka[a f h Zda[g%hjanY\g$ Y[lmYde]fl] e~k \a^mkY im] ]f gljgk ege]flgk `akl ja[gk& Dg Yfl]jagj k] \]Z]$ hgj mfY hYjl]$ Y dY [j][a]fl] l]f\]f[aY Y dY hjanYlarY[a f \] dg h Zda[g q$ hgj gljY$ Yd [Yj~[l]j h Zda[g im] Y\ima]j]f \]l]jeafY\gk ]khY[agk mjZYfgk [geg$ hgj ]b]e% hdg$ dgk []fljgk q dm_Yj]k [ge]j[aYd]k& 9\]e~k$ ]f dgk ]khY[agk \]Z] hjg\m[ajk] mfY afl]jY[[a f ka_faÕ[YlanY ]flj] h]j% kgfYk q _jmhgk q \] ]ddgk \]Z] `Y[]jk] mf mkg [mYflalYlanY q [mYdalYlanYe]fl] ka_% faÕ[Ylang& ;geg YehdaYj~ ]d ;Yhalmdg *$ ]klY afl]jY[[a f fg k] eYfaÕ]klY ka]ehj] _jY[aYk Y j]dY[agf]k hgkalanYk2 lYd n]r hjg\m[] [gfÖa[lgk e~k g e]fgk dYl]fl]k$ [gf][lY\gk Y dgk \aklaflgk mkgk \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g q'g Y dY hj]k]f[aY \] _jmhgk kg[aYd]k eYj_afYd]k& Bmj \a[Ye]fl]$ ]kl] lahg \] ]khY[agk kgf hjgha]\Y\ \] dY Y\eafakljY[a f h Zda[Y$ im] la]f] km \geafag$ dY hgl]klY\ \] j]_mdYj km mkg q \]Õfaj dYk Y[lana\Y\]k im] hm]\]f j]YdarYjk] ]f [Y\Y mfg \] ]ddgk q$ Y dY n]r$ dY gZda_Y[a f \] Yk]_mjYj km ^mf% [agfYda\Y\ q eYfl]faea]flg Yk [geg \] km mkg mfan]jkYd q daZj] hYjY lg\gk Yk! dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk q [am\Y\YfYk& =f dY [am\Y\ Y[lmYd$ ]f em[`gk [Ykgk ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g `Y h]j\a\g ]d [Yj~[l]j YZa]jlg$ `]l]jg_ f]g q Y[[]kaZd] \] gljgk la]ehgk$ [mYf\g dY k]_j]_Y[a f ]jY e]fgj q dY [Ydd] ]jY mf ]khY[ag emdla^mf[agfYd q j][gfg[a\g \gf\] ]jYf ]klYZd][a% \gk$ [gf fYlmjYda\Y\$ ]f[m]fljgk q j]dY[agf]k kg[aYd]k& DY [am\Y\ ]k [Y\Y n]r e]fgk mf ]khY[ag YeYZd]$ q$ ]f em[`Yk g[Ykagf]k$ kmk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk `Yf dd]_Y\g Y k]j dm_Yj]k \] hYkg \gf\] ]k \a^ [ad dY [gemfa[Y[a f q dY afl]jY[[a f& ·;m~d]k kgf dYk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk im] h]jeal]f Yd ]khY[ag h Zda[g Ykmeaj km ^mf[a f ]f dY [gfkljm[[a f \] a\]fla\Y\ mjZYfY q [g`]ka f kg[aYd7

).

)&* D9 ;AM<9< ;GFL=EHGJÞF=92 ;MÞD =KH9;AG G>J=;=$ ;MÞD =KH9;AG HA<= ·Im `Y[] \] mfY hdYrY$ mfY [Ydd]$ mf hYjim]$ mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g hgZdY\g$ mf dm_Yj \] afl]jY[[a f q \] afl]_jY[a f [gemfalYjaY7 Kaf \m\Y$ mf [gfbmflg \] [YjY[l]j kla[Yk& MfYk da_Y\Yk Yd ]khY[ag ^ ka[g q gljYk Y dYk [gf\a[agf]k kg[aYd]k q Y dYk j]dY[agf]k im] ]f Yim]d ]khY[ag k] [j]Yf3 [YjY[% l]j kla[Yk j]dY[agfY\Yk q im] k] afÖm]f[aYf j][ hjg[Ye]fl]& Kaf hj]l]f\]j `Y[]j mfY daklY ]p`YmklanY \] ]klYk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk$ q [gfka\]jYf\g im] [Y\Y af\ana\mg hm]\] l]f]j mfY h]j[]h[a f \aklaflY \] mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g kgZj] dY ZYk] \] ]\Y\ q _ f]jg$ ]flj] gljgk ^Y[lgj]k$ ]k hgkaZd] \]Õfaj [geg ]khY[ag h Zda[g Yim]d im] dY [gemfa\Y\ \] j]^]j]f[aY [gfka\]jY2

Hjghag2 ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g la]f] im] k]j h]j[aZa\g [geg mf Za]f [ge f$ `Y[aY ]d [mYd l]f]j mfY Y[lalm\ \] j]khgfkYZada\Y\ q [ma\Y\g& 9[[]kaZd] q \an]jkaÕ[Y\g2 lg\Yk dYk h]jkgfYk$ dgk _jmhgk q [gd][langk$ la]f]f im] k]flajk] ]f \]j][`g \] Y[[]\]j Yd ]khY[ag q mladarYjdg \] ^gjeYk \a^]j]f% l]k& =d ]khY[ag \]Z] ^Yngj][]j dYk hgkaZada\Y\]k \] ]phj]ka f q \] a\]flaÕ[Y% [a f$ hYjY hjgha[aYj dYk j]dY[agf]k kg[aYd]k$ ]d [gfg[aea]flg q dY afl]j[gem% fa[Y[a f& ;gf ]d la]ehg$ ]d ]khY[ag f][]kalY Y\YhlYjk] Y kalmY[agf]k fm]nYk q \a^]j]fl]k$ [gf ]d kmÕ[a]fl] \afYeakeg hYjY Y[g_]j fm]nYk k]fkaZada\Y\]k q gh[agf]k& K]_mjg2 dYk h]jkgfYk la]f]f im] k]flajk] daZj]k \] ^j][m]flYjdg kaf ja]k_gk hYjY km afl]_ja\Y\ q kaf h]j[aZaj afk]_mja\Y\ ]f dgk \a^]j]fl]k `gjYjagk \]d \ Y& >mf[agfYd q Y[g_]\gj2 \]k\] ]d hmflg \] naklY \] dYk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk ^ ka[Yk$ \]Z] k]j Y\][mY\g Y dgk mkgk3 ]klYj Za]f afl]_jY\g ]f ]d ]flgjfg mjZYfg q$ kgZj] lg\g$ `YZ]j ka\g h]fkY\g [gf mf [jal]jag \] ^mf[agfYda\Y\$ Y\]e~k \] l]f]j mfY [Yda\Y\ kmÕ[a]fl] hYjY im] dYk h]jkgfYk dg [gfka\]j]f Y[g_]\gj q j][gfgr[Yf ]f d mfY a\]fla\Y\ hjghaY& Hgj Õf$ ]k lad im] k]Y [gf][lY\g [gf gljgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ kaf j]klja[[agf]k ^ ka[Yk$ d]_Yd]k g l]ehgjYd]k&

DY eYqgj hYjl] \]d la]ehg$ dYk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk e]f[agfY\Yk ]kl~f j]dY[agfY\Yk q k] kgZj]hgf]f mfYk [gf gljYk hgj ]b]ehdg$ mf ]khY[ag \]Z] k]j k]_mjg hYjY k]j [gfka\]jY\g Y[[]kaZd]$ g fg hm]\] k]j nana\g [geg hjghag ka fg ]k [gfka\]jY\g Y[g% _]\gj!& <]Za\g Y ]ddg YfYdarYj]egk [Y\Y l]eY ]f \]lYdd]&

=khY[agk j][gfg[a\gk2 k]fla\g \] h]jl]f]f[aY q YhjghaY[a f ;mYflg e~k mf ~j]Y mjZYfY k] g^j][] [geg mf ~j]Y nalYd$ ja[Y \] j]dY[agf]k kg[aY% d]k$ q \] j]\]k \] [ggh]jY[a f q [gfljgd af^gjeYd Y ima]f dY mladarY g dY `YZalY$ lYflg e~k Yim]ddY ~j]Y k]j~ h]j[aZa\Y [geg mf dm_Yj \gf\] k]flajk] daZj] \] egn]jk] g im]\Yjk]$ Y dY n]r im] l]f]jd] [gfÕYfrY q \]k]gk \] [ma\Yjdg&

)/

Mfg \] dgk ^Y[lgj]k [gfka\]jY\g ^mf\Ye]flYd ]f ]d \]kYjjgddg \] mfY [gemfa\Y\ ]k ]d [YhalYd kg[aYd$ [gf[]hlg emdla\ae]fkagfYd q \af~ea[g j]^]ja\g Y dY ]kljm[% lmjY \] mfY [gd][lana\Y\$ q Y dY [gfkljm[[a f \] j]\]k kg[aYd]k \] [gfÕYfrY im] h]jealYf dY nYdgjarY[a f \]d [gfl]plg q ]d [YhalYd `meYfg& JgZ]jl HmlfYe \]Õf] ]d [YhalYd kg[aYd [geg dY [gfÕYfrY$ dYk fgjeYk [gehYjla\Yk q dY hYjla[ahY[a f Y dY na\Y hmZda[Y3 lg\gk ]d]e]flgk im] [YjY[l]jarYf Y dY [gemfa\Y\ [ na[Y im] hj]% k]flY mfY gj_YfarY[a f kg[aYd e~k ]Õ[a]fl]$ Y \a^]j]f[aY \] dY e]fgk [ na[Y$ \gf\] `Yq \]k[gfÕYfrY$ eYqgj ja]k_g q dYk d]q]k aehm]klYk \]k\] YjjaZY kgf ^~[ade]fl] ljYfk_j]\a\Yk& =d k]fla\g \] Y\`]ka f$ q \] j]khgfkYZada\Y\$ \] dgk `YZalYfl]k hgj dgk dm_Yj]k ]f im] nan]f$ `Y[]f im] ]f ]d nanaj dY [gla\aYfa\Y\ dY [gemfa\Y\ [gfkljmqY mf jgd kg[aYd& =d hjae]jg [gfkakl] ]f dY h]j[]h[a f im] ]d af\ana\mg la]f] \] dYk j]dY[agf]k \]kYjjgddY\Yk Yd afl]jagj \] mf [gfl]plg2 mf ]khY[ag ^ ka[g fg Ykme] dYk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk \] mf l]jjalgjag ka fg `Yf ka\g [j]Y\Yk j]\]k kg[aYd]k$ [gk% lmeZj]k$ jalgk im] \]l]jeafYf [gf ]d ]khY[ag mfY j]dY[a f ][gf ea[Y$ kg[aYd g Y^][lanY& Lg\g ]klg h]jeal] Y dYk h]jkgfYk k]flajk] hYjl]$ hYjla[ahYj \] [ma\Yj$ q j][gfg[]jk] ]f ]d ]khY[ag& Mf l]jjalgjag \gf\]$ Y\]e~k \] mf [gfl]plg ^ ka[g \] [Yda\Y\$ k] \]kYjjgddYf j]\]k kg[aYd]k Y[lanYk q [Yeafgk \] [g`]ka f$ [gemfa[Y Y ima]f dg `YZalY q Y ima]f dg ljYfkalY mfY eYqgj h]j[]h[a f \] k]_mja\Y\ q \]l]jeafY mf [aj[mdg najlmgkg$ Yk im] dY [gemfa\Y\ afÖmq] hgkalanYe]fl] kgZj] dgk af\ana\mgk$ q dgk af\ana\mgk afÖmq]f kgZj] dY [gemfa\Y\ ]f mf hjg[]kg afl]jfg \] \]kYjjgddg& >j]fl] Y dYk [gfljY\a[[agf]k ka]ehj] e~k ]na\]fl]k ]f dYk \a^]j]fl]k j]Yda\Y\]k dg[Yd]k$ q \] mfY eYqgj [gehd]ba\Y\ \] dY na\Y kg[aYd$ ·im hgd la[Yk q Y[[agf]k hm]\]f hjgegn]j ]d \]kYjjgddg \] ]klgk hjg[]kgk \] afl]_jY[a f$ YhjghaY[a f q h]j% l]f]f[aY im] Y[gehY Yf dY ljYfk^gjeY[a f ^ ka[Y q e]bgjYf dY [Yda\Y\ \] na\Y7 HdYfaÕ[Y[a f \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk \]klafY\gk Yd mkg kg[aYd& Em[`Yk n][]k$ dgk hjgZd]eYk fY[]f ]f dY Ymk]f[aY \] ]khY[agk ]f dY [gemfa\Y\ g \] dY afY\][mY\Y [Yda\Y\ \] dgk eakegk2 hdYrYk$ hYjim]k$ hYlagk im] k]Yf h]jla% f]fl]k hYjY Y[g_]j Y[[agf]k [gd][lanYk q hj~[la[Yk af\ana\mYd]k& Km hdYfaÕ[Y[a f q gj_YfarY[a f \]Z] [gfka\]jYj dgk \a^]j]fl]k mkgk q dYk f][]ka\Y\]k \] _jmhgk \aklaflgk b n]f]k$ ^YeaddYk$ Yf[aYfgk!$ ]eh]rYf\g hgj mf Yf~dakak [gf[j]lg \] dgk la]ehgk \] mladarY[a f& =d gZb]lang la]f] im] k]j hdYfaÕ[Yj dYk \a^]j]fl]k ^mf[agf]k \] mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ gj_YfarY\g hYjY k]j mf dm_Yj [YhYr \] ]klaemdYj ]d aeY_afYjag q dY afl]jY[lana\Y\ \] kmk mkmYjagk Yk! q$ ]f hYjYd]dg$ YhYj][]j [geg mf ]khY[ag \] e]\aY[a f hYjY dgk [gfÖa[lgk j]dY[agfY\gk Y km mkg&

)0

Hjgq][lgk hYjla[ahYlangk& =d [gf[]hlg \] hYjla[ahY[a f ]k mladarY\g [Y\Y n]r e~k ^j][m]fl]e]fl]$ q k] ^mf\Y ]f ]d \]j][`g \] dYk h]jkgfYk Y k]j hYjl] \] dYk \][akagf]k im]$ \aj][lY g af\aj][lY% e]fl]$ d]k YlY ]f& DYk eg\Yda\Y\]k hYjla[ahYlanYk la]f]f [geg gZb]lang \]kYjjg% ddYj fm]ngk e lg\gk \] j]dY[a f ]flj] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! q dY Y\eafakljY[a f h Zda[Y& 9d eakeg la]ehg$ ]k mfY g[Yka f hYjY ]ph]jae]flYj [gf]pagf]k \aklaflYk$ _jY[aYk Y dY \a^]j]f[aY[a f \] afl]j]k]k$ f][]ka\Y\]k$ nYdgj]k q `aklgjaYk \] na\Y$ Zmk[Yf\g mf k]fla\g \] Y\`]ka f Y dY [gd][lana\Y\ q [mdlanYf\g j]dY[agf]k ka_faÕ% [YlanYk$ ]f [gfl]plgk im] h]jeal]f ]ph]jae]flYj ]d k]fla\g \] [gemfa\Y\& =f dYk \a^]j]fl]k ]lYhYk \] dY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f %\]k\] ]d Yf~dakak `YklY dYk ]d][[agf]k ]kljYl _a[Yk%$ dgk hjg[]kgk hYjla[ahYlangk _YjYflarYf dY hgkaZada\Y\ \] j][g_]j dYk j]Yd]k f][]ka\Y\]k \]d ]flgjfg Y hYjlaj \] dY h]j[]h[a f q [gf[a]f[aY \] dgk \a^]j]fl]k _jmhgk \] Y[lgj]k dg[Yd]k& Af^gjeY[agf]k$ f][]ka\Y\]k$ nakagf]k$ [gfg% [aea]flgk aehd [algk q ]phd [algk hm]\]f ljYfk^gjeYjk] ]f mf hYljaegfag [ge f$ ÕfYdarY\Y dY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f& =pakl]f em[`Yk hj~[la[Yk im] afl]flYf afngdm[jYj Y dgk [am\Y\Yfgk kgZj] l]eYk [geg dY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f YeZa]flYd q Yjimal][l fa[Y& Hgj ]b]ehdg$ [geg dg em]kljYf dYk \aklaflYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk im] em]kljY dY hj]k]fl] hmZda[Y[a f$ ]k hgkaZd] dd]_Yj Y j]kmdlY\gk emq afl]j]kYfl]k _jY[aYk Y dY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f \] mf hYjim] [gf dgk Yk! fa gk Yk! \]d ZYjjag n]j ;Yh lmdg +!3 fm]nYk admeafY[agf]k hdYfaÕ[Y\Yk [gf dY [gdY% ZgjY[a f \] dgk Yk! j]ka\]fl]k n]j ;Yh lmdg *!$ g Y mfY hdYrY [j]Y\Y [gf dY [gdYZgjY% [a f \] dgk Yk! `YZalYfl]k \]d k][lgj n]j a_mYde]fl] ;Yh lmdg *!& 9\]e~k \] hgl]f[aYj ]d k]fla\g \] j]khgfkYZada\Y\ \] [Y\Y mfg Y!$ ]f j]dY[a f Y dgk ]khY[agk im] `Y [gfljaZma\g Y hdYfa^a[Yj$ dgk hjg_jYeYk \] hdYfa^a[Y[a f h]j% eal]f mf É]^][lg eYfml]f[a fÊ$ hgj ]d [mYd dY [gemfa\Y\ [ma\Y dg im] `Y [j]Y\g q k] hj]g[mhY hYjY im] lYeZa f gljgk Yk! mkmYjagk Yk! mlada[]f dgk ]khY[agk \] eYf]jY [gjj][lY&

J][mY\jg ) H] Ydgd f$ ;`ad] J][mh]jY[a f \] dY ;mjnY Gja]flYd q [gf^gjeY[a f \] HdYrY NaddY Dg 9jja]lY& DY hYjla[ahY[a f hYjY [j]Yj ]khY[agk h Zda[gk kmkl]flYZd]k& =d fa[g ]khY[ag h Zda[g \]d ZYjjag ]jY mf ZYkmjYd& Dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! k] gj_YfarYjgf ]f [gfbmflg [gf ]d Emfa[ahag$ hYjY \ak] Yjdg$ [gfkljmajdg q hdYflYj Ögj]k2 ]d ZYkmjYd k] ljYfk^gjeY ]f mf dm_Yj ka_faÕ[Ylang$ mlada% rY\g hgj lg\Yk q lg\gk&

)1

Dm_Yj Y afl]jn]faj q gZb]lang =khY[ag h Zda[g mladarY\g [geg ea[jg%ZYkmjYd$ \gf\] kgf [gfkmea\Yk \jg_Yk q Yd[g`gd q `Yf g[mjja\g \]dalgk [gfljY dYk h]jkgfYk& =f ]d ]flgjfg \]d dm_Yj j]ka\]f e~k \] )*(( h]jkgfYk& =d gZb]lang hjaf[ahYd \] ]kl] hjg_jYeY ^m] afngdm[jYj Y dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! ]f lg\Yk dYk ]lYhYk \] dY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f$ \]k\] ]d \ak] g `YklY dY [gfkljm[[a f \aj][lY \]d ]khY[ag Y j][mh]jYj&

E]lg\gdg_ Y \] ljYZYbg K] j]YdarYjgf j]mfagf]k ]flj] dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! q ]d emfa[ahag$ hYjY \ak[mlaj ]d \ak] g \]d ]khY[ag3 Yk [geg j][gjja\gk \amjfgk q fg[lmjfgk hYjY a\]flaÕ[Yj dY mladarY[a f \]d ]khY[ag hgj dY [gemfa\Y\ q dgk j]im]jaea]flgk \] admeafY[a f& =f dY [gfkljm[[a f \] dYk gZjYk ljYZYbYjgf \mjYfl] \gk e]k]k %dgk \ Yk k~ZY\g q \geaf_g% YhjgpaeY\Ye]fl] -( n][afgk Yk!$ e]\aYfl] mf kakl]eY \] lmjfgk$ ea]fljYk im] \mjYfl] dY k]eYfY dgk ]f[Yj_Y\gk emfa[ahYd]k [gflafmYjgf [gf dYk Y[lana\Y\]k&

AehY[lg ' =^][lg dg_jY\g DY j][mh]jY[a f \]d ]khY[ag %j]YdarY\Y ]f [ggj\afY[a f ]flj] ]d emfa[ahag q dY [gemfa\Y\% dg_j _]f]jYj mf e]bgjYea]flg [gf[j]lg \] mf ]khY[ag im] hYk Y k]j ka_faÕ[Ylang q hjgq][lY mfY eYqgj kmkl]flYZada\Y\ \]d ljYZYbg j]YdarY\g& =d ea[jg%ZYkmjYd ^m] ljYfk^gjeY\g ]f mfY hdYrY ËYZa]jlY Y dY [gemfa\Y\Ì [gf ]imahYea]flgk af^Yflad]k q mf ]k[]fYjag Yd k]jna[ag \] dgk \aklaflgk _jmhgk im] [gfnan]f ]f ]d k][lgj& =f ]klY ]ph]ja]f[aY$ dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! kgf kmb]lgk Y[langk im] ljYZYbYf hYjY dY [gemfa\Y\$ dY [mYd k] n] ^gjlYd][a\Y hgj ]d \]kYjjgddg \] mf hjgq][lg [gf[j]lg&

9faeY[a f kg[aYd& @Y[]f hYjl] \] ]klY [Yl]_gj Y lg\Yk dYk Y[[agf]k im] afl]flYf af\ana\mYdarYj q hjg% egn]j fm]nYk \af~ea[Yk \] \]kYjjgddg q \] Y\`]ka f Y fan]d dg[Yd2 \]k\] dgk ]n]f% lgk [mdlmjYd]k q \]hgjlangk$ `YklY dgk ^]klanYd]k q dYk bgjfY\Yk l]e~la[Yk& Kgf Y[[ag% f]k hdYfl]Y\Yk kgZj] mfY a\]Y \] \]kYjjgddg dg[Yd$ [gf][lY\Yk Y dYk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk

*(

\] dgk \an]jkgk [gfl]plgk l]jjalgjaYd]k im]$ ]f \a^]j]fl]k ]lYhYk$ ]phj]kYf \aklaflYk f][]ka\Y\]k& Km Õf ]k [j]Yj dY [gfÕYfrY f][]kYjaY hYjY im] dgk _jmhgk \] afl]j]k]k hj]k]fl]k ]f ]d l]jjalgjag %[gemfa\Y\]k dg[Yd]k$ afklalm[agf]k hgd la[Yk q hjanY\Yk% [gdYZgj]f ]f ]d hjg[]kg \] km \]kYjjgddg YeZa]flYd$ kg[aYd g ][gf ea[g&

=khY[agk [gf Y[[]kg lgd]jYfl] q \an]jkaÕ[Y[a f DY Y[[]kaZada\Y\ q dY \an]jka\Y\ \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g kgf ]d]e]flgk [YjY[l]j kla[gk \] dYk [am\Y\]k g[[a\]flYd]k& DY ]kljYlaÕ[Y[a f q dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k hjg\m[a\Yk [gf dY dd]_Y\Y Y dY [am\Y\ \] _jmhgk q hgZdY[agf]k \a^]j]fl]k `Yf \]l]jeafY\g mf mkg \an]jkaÕ[Y\g \] dgk ]khY[agk YZa]jlgk& DY [am\Y\ jY[agfYdaklY$ \] dY im] kgegk `abgk Yk!$ `Y afl]flY\g hgf]j gj\]f Y dY [gf% ^mka f$ q dY l]f\]f[aY `Y ka\g dY j]klja[[a f \] dgk ]khY[agk \] mkg [gd][lang$ dY daea% lY[a f \] dYk ^mf[agf]k$ dY j]\m[[a f \] dgk ]khY[agk \] kg[aYdarY[a f ]khgfl~f]Y$ ]d ea]\g Yd nY[ g q Y dY af\]l]jeafY[a f$ h]j[aZa\gk [geg h]da_jg g YZYf\gfg& Hgj ]klg$ ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g k] `Y ljYfk^gjeY\g ]f mf dm_Yj [Y\Y n]r e~k \]^]f\a\g q [gfljgdY\g$ g `Y ka\g g[mhY\g hgj gljgk Y[lgj]k e~k ^m]jl]k$ [geg dgk Ymlgk q dY gj_YfarY[a f \] ]n]flgk lmj kla[gÇ[mdlmjYd]k& =f em[`gk [Ykgk$ ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g \gf\] e~k k] eYfaÕ]klY dY \an]jka\Y\ ]k$ ]f j]Yda\Y\$ Yim]d g[mhY\g hgj mkgk hj]% \geafYfl]k$ [geg hgj ]b]ehdg dY [aj[mdY[a f naYjaY& =klY Y[lalm\ \a^ [ade]fl] \]bY dm_Yj ]f ]kl] ]khY[ag Yd \a~dg_g ]flj] \aklaflgk Y[lg% j]k q Y dY afl]jY[[a f hgkalanY im] hm]\] fY[]j \]k\] dY \an]jka\Y\& Q$ hgj dg eakeg$ fg hm]\] k]j dY rgfY \gf\] ]d emlmg [gfg[aea]flg$ ]d ]f[m]fljg q dY j]dY[a f afl]j% h]jkgfYd q _jmhYd `YZj Yf \] Y[lmYj [geg \]kealaÕ[Y\gj]k \] j]Yda\Y\]k aeY_afY% \Yk q [geg ~j]Yk \] [gfnan]f[aY$ \] daZ]jlY\ q \] [gfkljm[[a f \] [am\Y\Yf Y& Hgj ]d [gfljYjag$ em[`Yk n][]k ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g hYkY Y k]j ]d dm_Yj \gf\] k] [gf[j]larYf dgk ea]\gk q k] eYfaÕ]klYf dgk [gfÖa[lgk n]j ;Yh lmdg *! eglanYf\g Y YZYf\gfYjdg Y ima]f]k la]f]f hgkaZada\Y\]k \] mladarYjdg$ hj]k[af\a]f\g \] dg [gd][lang q hYkYf\g \]d hYjim] Yd bYj\ f hjanY\g$ \] dY hdYrY Yd []fljg [ge]j[aYd g \]d ZYjjag Y dY mjZYfarY[a f$ \gf\] ]d af\ana\mYdakeg [Yeh]Y Y kmk Yf[`Yk& ;mYf\g ]klg km[]\]$ ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g im]\Y [geg mf dm_Yj j]ka\mYd ] af\]% k]YZd]$ j]\m[lg \] Yim]ddgk im] fg la]f]f gljYk hgkaZada\Y\]k$ hgjim] ]pakl] mf ^]f e]fg \] j]g[mhY[a f \] ]ddgk hgj hYjl] \] fm]ngk _jmhgk kg[aYd]k& =f Yd_mfgk [Ykgk$ ]klY j]g[mhY[a f \]d ]khY[ag YZYf\gfY\g hgj dgk Yk! Ëna]bgk Yk!Ì [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! hjgng[Y lYeZa f hjg[]kgk hgkalangk$ \] YfaeY[a f q \] j]nalYda% rY[a f$ hgjim] dY hj]k]f[aY \] fm]ngk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!$ hgjlY\gj]k \] [mdlmjYk q ljY\a[agf]k ]f im] hm]\] ]paklaj mfY \a^]j]fl] h]j[]h[a f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g q \] kmk ^mf[agf]k$ emdlahda[Y dYk eg\Yda\Y\]k \] mladarY[a f \] dgk hYjim]k q hdYrYk$ Y dY n]r im] _]f]jY fm]ngk ka_fa^a[Y\gk ]f dY YljaZm[a f \] dYk ^mf[agf]k

*)

\]d ]khY[ag eakeg& Kaf ]eZYj_g$ ]f gljgk [Ykgk ]klY j]g[mhY[a f hj]g[mhY Y dgk `YZalYfl]k []j[Yfgk$ im] n]f dgk ]khY[agk mladarY\gk hgj \a^]j]fl]k eYf]jYk \] afl]jY[[a f n]j ;Yh lmdg *!& Dgk afea_jYfl]k fg kgf dgk fa[gk Y[lgj]k [gf mf jgd YeZanYd]fl] ]f j]dY[a f Yd ]khY[ag h Zda[g& LYeZa f dgk b n]f]k g[mhYf mfY hgka[a f kaeadYj2 ]ddgk kgf$ hgj mf dY\g$ ËY_]fl]k \] nalYda\Y\Ì$ ka]f\g dgk eYqgj]k mladarY\gj]k \] [Ydd]k$ hdYrYk q hYj% im]k3 h]jg$ hgj gljg dY\g$ lYeZa f kgf dgk Yk! Y[lgj]k \]d [gfÖa[lg$ ^j][m]fl]e]fl] h]j[aZa\gk [geg hjaf[ahYd]k j]khgfkYZd]k \] Y[[agf]k af[anad]k q \]kgj\]f& L]jjalgjag [gfl]f\a\g$ ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g k] kgZj]hgf]f dYk ng[]k \] Yim]ddgk Yk! im] hjY[la[Yf mkgk \a^]j]fl]k3 h]jg lYeZa f \] dYk h]jkgfYk im] mladarYf hdYrYk q [Ydd] n]jkmk Yim]ddgk Yk! im] hj]Õ]j]f fg `Y[]jdg$ [gf dY afl]f[a f \] ]nalYj mkgk aehjghagk g kalmY[agf]k \] [gfÖa[lg$ im] _]f]jYf ea]\gk ] afima]lm\ kgZj]lg\g ]f Yd_mfgk _jmhgk \] dY hgZdY[a f [geg$ hgj ]b]ehdg$ dgk Yf[aYfgk!& DY [gfÕYfrY Y dY im] `gq kgf ddYeY\Yk dYk [gemfa\Y\]k q dgk ]fl]k h Zda[gk ]k Y dY [YhY[a\Y\ \] j]YhjghaYjk] \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ j][gfimakl~f\gdgk hYjY mfY mladarY[a f \a^]j]f[aY\Y$ [YhYr \] \a^]j]fl]k kmZb]lana\Y\]k$ \] `Y[]j [gfnanaj dgk \a^]j]fl]k lahgk \] mladarY[a f q \] [j]Yj mf YeZa]fl] Y_jY\YZd] q k]_mjg hYjY \a^]j]fl]k _jmhgk \] dY hgZdY[a f %na]bY q fm]nY%$ im] dgk nan]f q dgk [jmrYf& <]k\] ]kl] hmflg \] naklY$ ]d [gfÖa[lg fg hm]\] k]j naklg [geg mf ^Y[lgj kg[aYd Y k]j ]daeafY\g$ kafg ]fl]f\a\g [geg mf ]d]e]flg aehgjlYfl] q hgl]f[aYde]fl] hgkalang ]f dgk hjg[]kgk \] afl]jY[[a f& =k f][]kYjag h]fkYj hgd la[Yk h Zda[Yk im] k]hYf _]klagfYj dgk [gfÖa[lgk ]khY[aYd]k$ YljaZmq]f\g nYdgj hdYfaÕ[Y\gj Y dYk hj~[% la[Yk ]khgfl~f]Yk \] mkg q ^jma[a f \] dgk ]khY[agk$ e]bgjYf\g dY af[dmka f kg[aYd q [mdlmjYd& E]\aY[a f [gemfalYjaY MfY `]jjYea]flY hgkaZd] \] mkYj ]k dY e]\aY[a f [gemfalYjaY$ e][Yfakeg Ydl]j% fYlang \] j]kgdm[a f \] [gfÖa[lgk$ [YjY[l]jarY\Y hgjim] dY aehd]e]flYf Y_]fl]k [gemfalYjagk& =k mfY Ydl]jfYlanY Y dY \]eYf\Y kg[aYd hgj mfY Y\eafakljY[a f \] bmkla[aY e~k ]Õ[Yr$ lYflg ]f l jeafgk \] Y_ada\Y\$ ][gfge Y q []j[Yf Y Y dYk h]j% kgfYk$ [geg ]f [mYflg Y Yd[Yf[] l]jjalgjaYd$ hm]k ]k kmk[]hlaZd] \] k]j Yhda[Y\Y ]f \a^]j]fl]k [gfl]plgk kg[ag][gf ea[gk q [mdlmjYd]k& Hgj ]ddg$ ]k kmeYe]fl] afl]j]kYfl] \]k\] ]d hmflg \] naklY \] km Yhda[Y[a f ]f [gfl]plgk kg[aYd]k \gf\] ]d Y[[]kg \a_fg Y dY bmkla[aY ]k hjgZd]e~la[g \]Za\g Y dYk hg[Yk hgkaZada\Y\]k \] kgkl]f]j ][gf ea[Ye]fl] hjg[]kgk bm\a[aYd]k im]$ ]f [a]jlgk [Ykgk$ kgf hjgdgf_Y\gk q \]k_YklYfl]k!$ hm]k h]jeal]$ ]f dgk [Ykgk \gf\] fg ]pakl] mf Y^~f f]lYe]fl] j]anaf\a[Ylang ]f dY h]jkgfY \]d Y^][lY\g$ dd]_Yj Y mfY j]kgdm[a f [YhYr \] kYlak^Y[]j Y dYk hYjl]k& **

9kaeakeg$ dY e]\aY[a f [gemfalYjaY j]khgf\] Y dY f][]ka\Y\ \] \glYj Y dY [gemfa% \Y\ \] afkljme]flgk im] d]k h]jealYf j]kgdn]j kmk hjghagk [gfÖa[lgk$ \] lYd eg\g im] hm]\Y k]j hj]n]fa\g mf hgkaZd] ^g[g \] [gfÖa[lg \] [gfk][m]f[aYk eYqgj]k& =f k][lgj]k nmdf]jYZd]k$ dY e]\aY[a f [gemfalYjaY la]f] hgj gZb]lang j]kgdn]j Yim]% ddgk [gfÖa[lgk hjghagk \] dY na\Y [gla\aYfY hgj dY n Y \] dY Yjla[mdY[a f \] e]\aY% \gj]k j][gfg[a\gk q nYda\Y\gk hgj dY [gemfa\Y\ [geg Y_]fl]k kg[aYd]k$ dgk [mYd]k la]f]f ^m]jl]k f]pgk kg[aYd]k ]f dY [gemfa\Y\$ ]f l jeafgk \] j]\]k \] Yhgqg& Hgj dlaeg$ Yqm\Y Y dY ^gjeY[a f \] mfY [gemfa\Y\ e~k Yml fgeY$ im] hgj k eakeY j]km]dn] hYjl] \] kmk [gfÖa[lgk n][afYd]k$ kaf dY f][]ka\Y\ \] mladarYj dY j]\ afklalm[agfYd ]pakl]fl]& ;gf ]ddg$ dY [gemfa\Y\ hYkY Y l]f]j mf jgd ka_faÕ[Ylang ]f km \]n]faj$ [geg Y[lgj ]ehg\]jY\g q j]khgfkYZd]&

J][mY\jg * Hjgq][lg HYjim] \] dY H]dd]jafY$ Lgjafg$ AlYdaY E]\aY[a f [gemfalYjaY hYjY \Yj Y[[]kg Yd ]khY[ag h Zda[g Y [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! afea_jYfl]k DYk Õ]klYk h]jmYfYk ]f ]d hYjim] egd]klYZYf Y dgk `YZalYfl]k \]d ZYjjag& Dgk e]\aY\gj]k Y[gehY Yjgf Y dgk Yk! afea_jYfl]k h]jmYfgk Yk! ]f km gj_Y% farY[a f ^gjeYd2 k] [gfka_ma e]fgk jma\gk$ e]fgk ZYkmjY$ e~k lgd]jYf[aY& =d hjg[]kg \] afl]_jY[a f hm]\] ]eh]rYj& Dm_Yj Y afl]jn]faj q gZb]lang K] ljYlY \] mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g \] _jYf\]k \ae]fkagf]k$ ]f mf k][lgj \gf\] j]ka\]f []j[Y \] )*(&((( h]jkgfYk& =k mladarY\g hgj mfY \an]jka\Y\ \] _jmhgk$ ka]f\g mfg \] ]ddgk \] afea_jYfl]k h]jmYfgk$ im] \]kYjjgddYf Y[lana\Y\]k j][j]YlanYk q \]hgjlanYk _]f]jYf\g jma\gk egd]klgk q ZYkmjY& =d gZb]lang hjaf[ahYd \] ]klY afl]jn]f[a f ^m] _]f]jYj afklYf[aYk \] e]\aY[a f$ dYk [mYd]k h]jeala]jYf j]kgdn]j dgk [gfÖa[lgk \] eYf]jY hY[ Õ[Y$ lgeYf\g mf jgd Y[lang q \] j][gfg[aea]flg ]flj] dYk hYjl]k afngdm[jY\Yk&

E]lg\gdg_ Y \] ljYZYbg =f hjae]j dm_Yj$ ^m]jgf \Y\Yk Y [gfg[]j dYk \]eYf\Yk \] lg\gk dgk _jmhgk j]d]nYfl]k \] n][afgk Yk!& >m]jgf hdYfl]Y\gk dgk [gfÖa[lgk [gf[j]lgk$ q lYeZa f dYk f][]ka\Y\]k q [gf\a[agf]k \] [Y\Y _jmhg& K] afnal Y dYk hYjl]k ]f l]fka f Y j][gfg[]jk] [geg kmb]lgk g _jmhgk ]f a_mYd\Y\ q Y h]fkYj [ eg hm]\]f j]kgdn]j dgk hjgZd]eYk \] eYf]jY kYlak^Y[lgjaY hYjY YeZYk hYjl]k q lYeZa f hYjY lg\Y dY [gemfa\Y\& =f ]klY ]ph]ja]f[aY ]d emfa[ahag hYjla[ah [geg _YjYfl] \] dgk Y[m]j\gk q ^Y[adalY\gj \] j][mjkgk q k]jna[agk f][]kYjagk hYjY `Y[]jdgk kmkl]flYZd]k&

AehY[lg ' =^][lg \]k]Y\g ?jY[aYk Y dY e]\aY[a f$ ]d _jmhg \] h]jmYfgk im] gj_YfarYZY dgk ege]flgk \] ^]klana\Y\$ j]mfa f q \] kmeafakljg \] [gea\Y$ ^gje mfY Ykg[aY[a f& DYk

*+

Y[lana\Y\]k ]khgfl~f]Yk `Yf ka\g ^gjeYdarY\Yk ]f mfY eYfa^]klY[a f \] [Yj~[l]j kg[ag%[mdlmjYd q j]_dYe]flY\Yk [gf \ Yk$ `gjYjagk$ eg\gk!& DY emfa[ahYda\Y\ `Y Y\YhlY\g ]d ~j]Y hYjY hg\]j Y[g_]jdYk [gf ]khY[agk hYjY ]klgk _jmhgk q k]jna[agk `a_a fa[gk ]f f e]jg kmÕ[a]fl]& <]k\] ]flgf[]k [Y\Y n]jYfg k] dd]nYf Y [YZg Y[lana\Y\]k \] ]f[m]fljg kg[agÇ[mdlmjYd q dgk fan]d]k \] [gfÖa[lgk `Yf ZYbY\g&

=khY[agk k]_mjgk =k f][]kYjag hdYfl]Yjk]$ ]f hjae]j dm_Yj$ dY \ak[mka f kgZj] dY k]_mja\Y\ ]f [mYd% ima]jY \] dYk \ae]fkagf]k ]f Zg_Y ]f ]d dlaeg la]ehg2 h Zda[Y$ `meYfY$ mjZYfY$ [am\Y\YfY$ hjanY\Y& 9[lmYde]fl]$ dYk a\]Yk e~k [gemf]k kgZj] dY k]_mja\Y\ ]kl~f j]dY[agfY\Yk [gf ]d j]kh]lg Y dY afl]_ja\Y\ ^ ka[Y q Yd l]egj Y im] ]ddY k]Y nagd]flY\Y3 kaf ]eZYj_g$ dY k]_mja\Y\ fg ]k dY e]jY Ymk]f[aY \] Y_j]ka f g l]egj$ qY im] ]d nYdgj \] dY k]_mja% \Y\ YhmflY Y dY []jl]rY \] im] Yd af\ana\mg d] k]j~ j]kh]lY\Y dY afl]_ja\Y\ ^ ka[Y$ hka% [gd _a[Y q kg[aYd& =d ]f^gim] \] dY k]_mja\Y\ hjghm]klg Yim nY e~k Ydd~ \] dYk e dla% hd]k ^gjeYk \] nagd]f[aY q \]daf[m]f[aY$ hm]klg im] ]f dY k]_mja\Y\ k] bm]_Y fg k dg dY na\Y \] dY h]jkgfY af\ana\mYd$ kafg a_mYde]fl] dY \] dY kg[a]\Y\ q \] dY [am\Y\& DY k]_mja\Y\ lYeZa f ]k mf \]j][`g `meYfg$ \] dgk ddYeY\gk \] Ë[mYjlY _]f]jY% [a fÌ3 h]jl]f][] lYflg Y dgk af\ana\mgk$ [geg Y dYk [gemfa\Y\]k q d]k h]jeal] Yd[Yf% rYj mfY [Yda\Y\ \] na\Y Y[gj\] Y dY \a_fa\Y\ \] [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!& =f ]kl] k]fla\g$ fg ]k k dg mf nYdgj bmj \a[g$ fgjeYlang g hgd la[g$ kafg lYeZa f kg[aYd$ hm]k ]k dY ZYk] \]d Za]f [ge f \] dYk kg[a]\Y\]k hYjY km [g`]ka f& =k mfg \] dgk hadYj]k \]d Zm]f _gZa]jfg q ]kl~ ]f dY ZYk] \] dY daZ]jlY\ q \] dY a_mYd\Y\ hYjY ]d \]kYjjgddg hd]fg q ]imalYlang \] dYk h]jkgfYk Jmar q NYf\]jk[`m]j]f$ *((0!& DY hgkaZada\Y\ \] im] ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g \]kYjjgdd] km jgd hgd la[g q [g`]kagfY\gj ]kl~ da_Y\Y Y kmk [gf\a[agf]k \] k]_mja\Y\2 mf ]khY[ag afk]_mjg$ g h]j[aZa\g Yk $ \a^ [ade]fl] hg\j~ l]f]j Yim]ddYk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk \] ^j][m]flY[a f q YfaeY[a f im] ]kl~f ]f dY ZYk]$ hgjim] Yim]ddY hdYrY g [Ydd] la]f]f mf jgd \] j]^]j]f[aY hYjY dY [gemfa\Y\ q kgf dm_Yj]k \] [gfkljm[[a f \] dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd&

*,

Dg im] \]l]jeafY kmk [gf\a[agf]k \] afk]_mja\Y\ fg kgf k dg dgk ]hakg\agk [jaea% fYd]k %jgZgk$ YkYdlgk [gfljY dY h]jkgfY q ]d hYljaegfag% kafg im] ]fljYf ]f bm]_g lYeZa f kmk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk j]dYlanYk Y dY \]_jY\Y[a f YeZa]flYd q kg[aYd& Mf ]khY% [ag \]k[ma\Y\g$ jg\]Y\g hgj ]\aÕ[agk \]hj][aY\gk q km[ag3 Yim]d \gf\] g[mjj]f ^]f e]fgk \] ad]_Yda\Y\ g [gf[alY dY hj]k]f[aY \] kmb]lgk im] fg d] \Yf mf mkg YhjghaY\g$ ]k af]nalYZd]e]fl] h]j[aZa\g [geg mf ]khY[ag afk]_mjg& =klg dd]nY Y h]fkYj im] dY \]eYf\Y \] k]_mja\Y\ \] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! fg ]k lYf k dg eglanY\Y hgj mfY ËafnYka fÌ \aj][lY \] dY [jaeafYda\Y\$ kafg ]phj]ka f \] mfY k]fkY[a f hjg\m[lg \]d [Ygk \] dY na\Y mjZYfY q \] dYk [gf\m[lYk \]knaY\Yk$ Y_j]kanYk$ k]ead]_Yd]k$ im] dY [YjY[l]jarYf ]f _jYf e]\a\Y q im] ]f[m]fljYf km e~paeY nakaZada\Y\ ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g& >j]fl] Y [gfl]plgk afk]_mjgk$ dYk h]jkgfYk j]Y[[agfYf k]_ f \aklaflYk eg\Yda\Y% \]k2 eg\aÕ[Yf\g kmk [gf\m[lYk$ \]bYf\g \] [mehdaj Yd_mfYk Y[lana\Y\]k j]l]f% [a f! g Zmk[Yf\g e]\agk \] \]^]fkY g \akmYka f hjgl][[a f!& =k hgkaZd] ]f[gfljYj [gf\m[lYk ]dmkanYk [geg ]nalYj ]f[gfljYjk] kgdgk ]f Yd_mfYk ~j]Yk g ]f \]l]jea% fY\gk ege]flgk \]d \ Y3 g Y[[agf]k \] Ymlgj][dmka f hgj ea]\g Y egn]jk] q kYdaj kaf [gehY Y& =d h]kg im] ]klYk [gf\m[lYk hm]\]f Ykmeaj ]f mf Yf~dakak kgZj] dY [Yda\Y\ \] na\Y \] dYk h]jkgfYk q ]f dgk mkgk \] dY [am\Y\ ]f \]l]jeafY\Yk ~j]Yk h]jeal] im]$ emq ^~[ade]fl]$ ]klgk l]eYk ]kl f Yd []fljg \]d \]ZYl] hgd la[g q e]\a~la[g kgZj] dY k]_mja\Y\ mjZYfY& 9k $ hjgZd]eYk \] eYfl]f[a f ^ ka[Y$ \] [gfnan]f[aY ]flj] _jmhgk q dY ]k[YkY %g ]p[]kanY% ^j][m]flY[a f \] dgk ]khY[agk$ l]jeafYf hYjY k]j [gdg[Y\gk ]f mf ~eZalg \] ]e]j_]f[aY \] k]_mja\Y\$ \]Õfa\gk [geg lYd]k q Y^jgflY\gk [gf dgk afkljme]f% lgk l ha[gk \] dYk hgd la[Yk \] [gfljgd q j]hj]ka f& =d hjgZd]eY \] dY k]_mja\Y\ ]f ]d ]khY[ag mjZYfg ]k ]f^j]flY\g ]f dY [am\Y\ [gf% l]ehgj~f]Y [gf dYk `]jjYea]flYk \]d [gfljgd ^gjeYd \] dY hgda[ Y q [gf afl]jn]f% [agf]k \] hj]n]f[a f kalmY[agfYd Y[lmY\gk hgj e]\ag \] dY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f \]d ]khY% [ag mjZYfg$ \] dY j]_dYe]flY[a f \] dgk mkgk q \]d [gfljgd l][fgd _a[g \] dg im] hYkY ]f d& =kl] lahg \] ]f^gim]$ ]fl]f\a\g ]f l jeafgk \] [gfljgd ^gjeYd q [geg j]khm]klY fgjeYlanY q l][fgd _a[Y Y dY \]eYf\Y kg[aYd \] k]_mja\Y\ q Y dYk eYfa^]klY[ag% f]k hgd la[Yk q e]\a~la[Yk \] YdYje] kg[aYd$ ]k mf ]f^gim] im] afl]flY afnYda\Yj Yd_mfYk \] dYk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk hjghaYk \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ q Yd_mfYk \] dYk hj]jjg% _YlanYk ^mf\Ye]flYd]k \] dY [am\Y\2 ]d k]fla\g \] daZ]jlY\ af\ana\mYd$ dY Y[g_a\Y \]d \aklaflg$ dY e]r[dY `]l]jg_ f]Y& 9d j]\m[aj dgk fan]d]k \] Y[g_a\Y \] dY [am\Y\$ ]klYk hgd la[Yk la]f]f [geg [gfk][m]f[aY `Y[]jdY e]fgk mjZYfY q e]fgk ljYfima%

*-

darY\gjY$ hgjim] la]f\]f Y nY[aYjdY \] kmk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk ^mf\Ye]flYd]k \] hdmjY% da\Y\$ Yh]jlmjY q Y[[]kaZada\Y\$ hjg\m[a]f\g ^jY_e]flY[a f$ k]hYjY[a f q ljYrY\g \]^]fkang \] dgk [gfÕf]k& MfY hgd la[Y kgZj] ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g im] YkmeY mfY j]khm]klY ÇlYeZa f% Y dYk YfkaYk kgZj] dY k]_mja\Y\& hj][akY l]f]j \gk \]Z]j]k ^mf\Ye]flYd]k2 YÕjeYj im] Y dY \]eYf\Y \] k]_mja\Y\ fg `Yq j]khm]klYk \]ÕfalanYk3 im] fg ]k hgkaZd] ]daea% fYj ]d ja]k_g fa kY[jaÕ[Yj dY daZ]jlY\ \] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! ]f km fgeZj]3 q ]d \]Z]j \] Zmk[Yj [Yeafgk Ydl]jfYlangk im] \]f j]khm]klYk [gf[j]lYk hgj dY n Y \] \a^]j]fl]k e lg\gk2 ljYfk^gjeYf\g dgk mkgk \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk ]f Yd_g e~k \]fkg q [mdlmjYde]fl] ja[g$ ] aeY_afYf\g ^gjeYk \] [gfljgd kg[aYd fg j]hj]kang fa ]p[dmkanYe]fl] hgda[aYd& DY hj]n]f[a f kg[aYd ]k ]d [gfbmflg \] dgk e]\agk hYjY ]daeafYj$ g j]\m[aj$ dgk ^Y[% lgj]k \] [jaeafYda\Y\ Y[lmYf\g kgZj] kmk [YmkYk kg[aYd]k3 k] j]YdarY hgj e]\ag \] afl]jn]f[agf]k ]f Yd_mfYk ~j]Yk ZYjjagk g [am\Y\]k ]fl]jYk! hYjY ^Yngj][]j ]d \]kYjjgddg kg[ag ][gf ea[g q e]bgjYj dYk [gf\a[agf]k \] [gfnan]f[aY& Dgk hjg_jY% eYk \] hj]n]f[a f [gemfalYjaY hm]\]f j]^]jajk] Y dY gj_YfarY[a f q dY \]^]fkY \] dY [gemfa\Y\$ j][gfkljmq]f\g ]d [gfljgd kg[aYd af^gjeYd _jY[aYk Y dY egnadarY[a f \] dgk Yk! j]ka\]fl]k$ ]d \]kYjjgddg \] dY [gemfa\Y\ q dY \ae]fka f [gemfalYjaY$ Yk [geg Yd e]bgjYea]flg \] dYk [gf\a[agf]k \] nana]f\Yk q k]jna[agk&

=khY[agk \] [Yda\Y\2 \ak] g mjZYfg$ ^gjeY q ^mf[agfYda\Y\ ·;m~d ]k dY j]dY[a f ]flj] hdYfaÕ[Y[a f mjZYfY q Yjimal][l fa[Y \] mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g q ]d jgd im] ]kl] ]khY[ag Ykmeaj~ ]f dY na\Y \] dY [gemfa\Y\ dg[Yd7 ·; eg hm]\] dY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f q hjgq][[a f e]bgjYj dYk [gf\a[agf]k \] ^j][m]flY[a f$ Yfa% eY[a f g k]_mja\Y\ \] mf dm_Yj7 ·;m~d ]k dY j]khgfkYZada\Y\ \] emjgk$ ]\aÕ[agk$ [Ydd]k$ \] dYk h]jkgfYk im] dgk `Yf [gfkljma\gk$ q \] ima]f]k nan]f Ydd 7 DYk j]dY[agf]k ]flj] ]d YeZa]fl] mjZYfg q kmk mkgk `Yf ka\g gZb]lg \] Yf~dakak q ]klm\agk$ kgZj]lg\g \]k\] ]d hjaf[ahag \] dgk Y gk .(& Hm]\] k]j lad j][gjj]j kaf% l la[Ye]fl] dY `aklgjaY \]d ]f^gim] YeZa]flYd \] dY k]_mja\Y\ mjZYfY2 ka Za]f Yd_mfYk \] dYk j]khm]klYk g^j][a\Yk hgj dgk Yk! ]ph]jlgk Yk! `Yf ]klY\g \]eYkaY\g []j[Y \] mf \]l]jeafakeg Yjimal][l fa[g'mjZYf kla[g)$ ]klgk ]klm\agk `Yf ^gjbY\g `]jjYea]flYk lad]k ]f dY [gehj]fka f \]d \]kYjjgddg \] dYk \af~ea[Yk ]f dgk mkgk \] dgk ]khY[agk mjZYfgk& <]d eakeg eg\g$ `Yf `][`g ]na\]fl] [ eg mfY Zm]fY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f$ ]f dYk ^gjeYk$ eYl]jaYd]k q ^mf[agf]k hj]naklYk hYjY mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ hm]\] k]j aehgjlYfl] Yd ege]flg \] hgl]f[aYj dY ^j][m]f[aY \] mkg q dgk mkgk hgkalangk$ ]d]e]flgk aehgjlYfl]k hYjY hjgegn]j dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd&

)

;geg hdYfaÕ[Yj q [gfkljmaj mf ]khY[ag Y hjm]ZY \]d [jae]f& J]kmdlY \a^ [ad []jlaÕ[Yj mf ]khY[ag ]f ]kl] k]fla\g$ Y \a^]j]f[aY \] dg im] hm]\] `Y[]jk] ]f j]dY[a f Y dY k]_mja\Y\ Yfla af[]f\agk&

*.

=d hjae]j _jmhg \] ]klm\agk kgZj] dgk Ykh][lgk YeZa]flYd]k \] dY k]_mja\Y\ mjZYfY ]kl~ [gf[]fljY\g ]f dY gZjY \] dY Yfljgh dg_Y ]klY\gmfa\]fk] BYf] BY[gZk& =f Na\Y q Em]jl] ]f dYk ?jYf\]k ;am\Y\]k =klY\gmfa\]fk]k )1.)! _jY[aYk Y mfY Yl]flY gZk]jnY[a f \]d k][lgj \] Fm]nY Qgjc ]f ]d im] nan Y$ af\ana\mYdarY Yd_mfYk [YjY[l]% j kla[Yk YeZa]flYd]k im] `Y[]f mf ZYjjag k]_mjg& 9fYdarY dYk j]dY[agf]k ]flj] dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk!$ dg [gehY[lg \]d l]balg kg[aYd$ dYk ^mf[agf]k q lahgdg_ Yk \] dgk ]\aÕ[agk& Kmk j]kmdlY\gk hm]\]f k]j j]kmea\gk ]f lj]k ]d]e]flgk ^mf\Ye]flYd]k2

Mf ZYjjag ]k lYflg e~k k]_mjg [mYf\g ]f d k] \]kYjjgddYf \an]jkYk Y[lana\Y\]k& Mf ZYjjag ]k lYflg e~k k]_mjg [mYf\g ]pakl] mfY \]daealY[a f [dYjY$ ]na% lYf\g dY ^gjeY[a f \] Ëla]jjYk \] fY\a]Ì& Mf ZYjjag ]k lYflg e~k k]_mjg [mYf\g dgk `YZalYfl]k hm]\]f ]b]j[alYj$ \] eYf]jY ]khgfl~f]Y$ mf [gfljgd kgZj] d& <] Yim dY ]pa_]f[aY \] hjgq][lYj ]\aÕ[agk q ]khY[agk \] eYf]jY im] k]Y hgkaZd] Ë]d gbg kgZj] dY [Ydd]Ì& Dgk ]b]ehdgk [d~ka[gk kgf2 hjgq][lYj n]flYfYk YkgeY\Yk `Y[aY dY [Ydd]$ ]daea% fYj gZkl~[mdgk$ YjZmklgk$ g gljgk ]d]e]flgk im] hm]\Yf daealYj dY naklY \] dY [Ydd]!&

=f dgk Y gk k]l]flY$ ]d Yjimal][lg Gk[Yj F]oeYf `arg mf hjg_jYeY \] j]\m[[a f q hj]n]f[a f \]d [jae]f ZYkY\g kgZj] ]d [gf[]hlg \] Ë]khY[ag \]^]f\aZd]Ì& Km gZb]% lang ^m] ljYfk^gjeYj ]d ljYZYbg \] BYf] BY[gZk ]f [jal]jagk gh]jYlangk hYjY mfY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f \gf\] dYk hYdYZjYk [dYn] kgf l]jjalgjaYda\Y\ q na_adYf[aY ]khgfl~f]Y& HYjY F]oeYf$ dgk ]\aÕ[agk emdlahdYfgk$ mfY ^m]jl] \anaka f \] dY ^mf[agf]k$ q mfY _jYf [Yfla\Y\ \] ]khY[agk k]eah Zda[gk j]hj]k]flYf mf gZkl~[mdg Y dY [j]Y[a f \]d ]khY[ag \]^]f\aZd]& =kl] \aY_f kla[g dg dd]n Y hjghgf]j fm]ngk lahgk \] ZYjjagk$ ]f dgk [mYd]k dgk ]khY% [agk YZa]jlgk ]kl~f [dYjYe]fl] \ana\a\gk ]flj] hjanY\gk q h Zda[gk$ q dgk ]\aÕ[agk la]f]f mfY egj^gdg_ Y im] ^Yngj][] lg\g dg hgkaZd] dY na_adYf[aY af^gjeYd& Gljgk ]klm\agk YfYdarYf dY Ë_]g_jY^ Y \]d [jae]fÌ lgeYf\g ]f [m]flY dYk j]dY[agf]k [gf ]d YeZa]fl] [gfkljma\g hgj gljgk hmflgk \] naklY$ hgj ]b]ehdg dY Y[[]kaZada\Y\ \]d ~j]Y& DYk lYkYk \] [j e]f]k \] jYha Y q `mjlgk ]kl~f emq [gf\a[agfY\Yk hgj dY ^Y[ada\Y\ \] Y[[]kg Y mfY rgfY$ hgj dg im] ]kY nYjaYZd] ^m] Y[]flmY\Y hgj dYk l]gj Yk kgZj] dY ghgjlmfa\Y\ \] Y[[]kaZada\Y\ q dY hj]k]f[aY \] n Yk \] ]k[Yh]& =kYk [gf[dmkagf]k kgf [gfÕjeY\Yk hgj ]klm\agk j]YdarY\gk kgZj] dgk \Ylgk \] dYk ]flj]% naklYk [gf dgk ljYfk_j]kgj]k& Hgj km hYjl]$ dY eYfl]f[a f ]k ]d []fljg \] dYk Yj_me]flY[agf]k \] ;Yl`]jaf] ;gd]k q ?]gj_] C]ddaf_$ [jaeaf dg_gk ]klY\gmfa\]fk]k im] ]dYZgjYjgf dYk ]kljYl]_aYk im] ]kl~f ]f dY ZYk] \] dYk hgd la[Yk kgZj] dY k]_mja\Y\ ]f dY [am\Y\ \] Fm]nY Qgjc ]f dgk dlaegk Y gk& =f >apaf_ :jgc]f Oaf\gok )11.! \]Õf]f mf hjg[]kg hgj ]d [mYd$

*/

hYjla]f\g \]d hg[g eYfl]faea]flg$ \]k\] ]d kaehd] \]kgj\]f$ dY kalmY[a f \] mf ~j]Y hm]\] _jY\mYde]fl] Y_jYnYjk] dd]nYf\g Y mf ]klY\g \] _jYf afk]_mja\Y\& DY fgn]\Y\ \] ]kl] h]fkYea]flg j]ka\] ]f im] kgkla]f]f dY ]pakl]f[aY \] mfY j]dY% [a f ]flj] h]im] Y q _jYf [jaeafYda\Y\ q im]$ hgj ]kg$ Y[lmYj kgZj] dY hjae]jY hm]\] hj]n]faj q [gfl]f]j dY k]_mf\Y& =klY j]dY[a f lg\Yn Y fg `Y ka\g \]egkljY\Y q k] `Yf Ydl]jfY\g$ \]k\] dgk Ë1( `YklY `gq$ ]klm\agk im] dY `Yf [gfÕjeY\g [gf gljgk im] dY hgf]f ]f \m\Y& <] lg\Yk ^gjeYk$ ]d egfalgj]g \] ]klYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk `Y j]d]% nY\g mfY j]dY[a f ]flj] ]d \]kgj\]f mjZYfg q dY h]j[]h[a f \] k]_mja\Y\ \] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!$ dg im] kgkla]f] dY ]d][[a f \] Y\eafakljY[agf]k h Zda[Yk im] hjgem]% n]f Y[[agf]k hYjY dY Ë]daeafY[a f \]d \]kgj\]fÌ ]f dYk hgd la[Yk \] k]_mja\Y\ mjZYfY& DY `aklgjaY j][a]fl] \] dYk [am\Y\]k `Y hm]klg ]f ]na\]f[aY [ eg mfY eYdY hdY% faÕ[Y[a f q mf ]k[Ykg g Ymk]fl] eYfl]faea]flg \] mf ]khY[ag mjZYfg hm]\]f [gfljaZmaj Yd hjg[]kg \] \]_jY\Y[a f ^ ka[Y q kg[aYd \] mf ~j]Y& Dgk ]hakg\agk e~k [gfg[a\gk$ Y n][]k hj][akYe]fl] hgjim] aehda[YZYf dY \]egda[a f \] ]\aÕ[agk g ZYjjagk ]fl]jgk$ em]kljYf \] im eYf]jY Yd dd]_Yj Y kalmY[agf]k [jala[Yk \] afnakaZa% da\Y\ kmeY\Yk Y ]jjgj]k \] hdYfaÕ[Y[a f mjZYf kla[Y q Yjimal][l fa[Y k] `Y _]f]% jY\g mfY \]_jY\Y[a f \]d l]ba\g kg[aYd& Dg eakeg km[]\] [mYf\g k] ]da_]$ \] eg\g j][mjj]fl]$ \]klafYj hgj[agf]k \] [am\Y\ fa[Ye]fl] Y mfY hYjl] \] dY hgZdY[a f ]plj]eYe]fl] \]k^Yngj][a\Y$ dg im] ]k ja]k_gkg \]k\] ]d hmflg \] naklY kg[aYd& =f Yd_mfgk [Ykgk ]f dYk [am\Y\]k dYlafgYe]ja[YfYk fg `Y `YZa\g ]d][[agf]k ]ima% ng[Y\Yk kafg Ymk]f[aY \] hdYfaÕ[Y[a f& Hgj ]ddg kmj_]f ]khgfl~f]Ye]fl] fm]ngk ZYjjagk q mjZYfarY[agf]k$ kaf k]jna[agk fa ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ g ]f \gf\] klgk ]e]j% _]f ]khgfl~f]Ye]fl] ]f dgk ]khY[agk nY[ gk \]bY\gk hgj dYk rgfYk [gfljY \Yk& =klYk Y[[agf]k hjgng[Yf hjg[]kgk hjg_j]kangk \] \]_jY\Y[a f YeZa]flYd q kg[aYd$ ka]f\g ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ ]f hjae]j dm_Yj$ \gf\] ]klgk ^]f e]fgk k] `Y[]f nakaZd]k& =d ]klY\g \] \]k[ma\g q ]d YZYf\gfg \] dgk ]khY[agk q \] dYk ]kljm[lmjYk$ dgk jma\gk egd]klgk q dY ZYkmjY3 q dY \]_jY\Y[a f kg[aYd im] hm]\] [gehj]f\]j ]hakg\agk j]dY% [agfY\gk [gf ]d [gfkmeg q ]d lj~Õ[g \] \jg_Y$ dY hjgklalm[a f$ ]d nY_YZmf\Yb]$ dY e]f\a[a\Y\$ ]d [ge]j[ag afbmklg$ dgk _jmhgk YZmkangk \] h]jkgfYk q dgk Y[lgk nYf% \~da[gk kgf af\a[Y\gj]k [dYjgk \] \][dafY[a f YeZa]flYd ]f mf ZYjjag& Dgk \gk ^]f e]fgk hm]\]f l]f]j mf ]kh][ljg emq Yehdag hYjY aeh]\aj im] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk hm]\Yf \]kYjjgddYj km hjghaY ^mf[a f \] j]^]j]fl] hYjY dY [gem% fa\Y\& =k emq \a^ [ad im] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk \gf\] `Yq mfY \]_jY\Y[a f YeZa]f% lYd g kg[aYd hm]\Yf k]j dm_Yj]k \] ]f[m]fljg g afl]_jY[a f& Hgj ]d [gfljYjag$ hg\j~f ]b]j[alYj mf jgd Y[lang ]f Ydae]flYj ]d ea]\g \] dgk `YZalYfl]k2 ]\aÕ[agk YZYf\g% fY\gk g \]k[ma\Y\gk$ jYqY\gk ]f dgk emjgk$ ^Yjgd]k jglgk$ [Ydd]k km[aYk hg\j~f k]j d] \gk hgj dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! j]ka\]fl]k$ g k dg \] hYkYb]$ [geg k] Yd]k \] YdYjeY hgj [mYljg eglanY[agf]k2

*0

DY hj]k]f[aY ]f Yim]ddY ~j]Y \] kmb]lgk Ëh]da_jgkgkÌ$ im] `Yf hjg\m[a\g ]kYk k] Yd]k& DY ^YdlY \] [gfljgd hgj hYjl] \] dYk ^m]jrYk \] gj\]f$ lYflg im] dgk Yk! j]k% hgfkYZd]k `Yf hg\a\g Y[lmYj kaf hjgZd]eYk& 9ZYf\gfg hgj hYjl] \] dYk afklalm[agf]k$ im] fg k] `Y[]f [Yj_g \] dY kgdm% [a f \]d hjgZd]eY& DY \]Zada\Y\ \] dY [gemfa\Y\ dg[Yd$ im] fg ]k [YhYr \] [j]Yj mf YeZa]fl] gj\]fY\g q hjgZYZd]e]fl] Ë`gkh]\YÌ Y dgk ]d]e]flgk h]da_jgkgk&

9 dY afn]jkY$ ]khY[agk Za]f eYfl]fa\gk q [ma\Y\gk$ ljYfkeal]f Y dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!$ j]ka\]fl]k q fg j]ka\]fl]k$ mf k]fla\g \] Y[g_a\Y q dY hj]k]f[aY \] mfY [gemfa\Y\ [g`]kagfY\Y q [YhYr \] ]b]j[alYj mf [gfljgd kgZj] km l]jjalgjag& 9d hdYfaÕ[Yj mfY afl]jn]f[a f \] j][YdaÕ[Y[a f \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk g \] ~j]Yk e~k nYklYk ]f kalmY[a f \] \]_jY\Y[a f$ g Yd hdYfaÕ[Yj dY j]YdarY[a f \] ]khY[agk \] fm]nY ]\aÕ[Y[a f$ ]k f][]kYjag ^Yngj][]j mfY afl]jY[[a f [YhYr \] j]khgf\]j Y dYk ]pa_]f[aYk \] dY [gemfa\Y\& =khY[agk h]fkY\gk hYjY kYlak^Y[]j dYk f][]ka\Y\]k q dYk YkhajY[agf]k \] dYk h]jkgfYk im] dgk nanaj~f$ ^~[ade]fl] Y[[]kaZd]k$ ^mf[agfYd]k hYjY \a^]j]fl]k mkgk hgj hYjl] \] \aklaflgk _jmhgk ]lYjagk g \] \a^]j]fl]k _jmhgk$ l]f\j~f mfY eYqgj hjgZYZada\Y\ \] dd]_Yj Y k]j dm_Yj]k \] [gf_j]_Y[a f q hmflgk \] j]^]j]f[aY hYjY dY [gemfa\Y\ dg[Yd& 9\]e~k$ ]k aehgjlYfl] \ak] Yj ]khY[agk Ö]paZd]k$ ^mf[agfYd]k Y dgk mkgk hj]Õ_m% jY\gk3 h]jg fg j _a\gk$ qY im] ^~[ade]fl] mkgk q Y[lana\Y\]k ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g hm]\]f eg\aÕ[Yjk] ]f ]d la]ehg& =f dlaeY afklYf[aY$ lYeZa f k]j Y lad ]f[gfljYj dY eYf]jY \] \]bYj ]khY[ag Y dg fg hdYfaÕ[Y\g$ ka ]d ]imadaZjag ]flj] dYk ]pa_]f[aYk \] hdYfaÕ[Y[a f q dYk \] \]bYj mfY hYjl] \] ]khY[ag Y \akhgka[a f \] dY aehj]nakaZa% da\Y\ kgf ]d hmflg \] dd]_Y\Y e~k \a^ [ad \] Yd[YfrYj& =k hgkaZd] gZk]jnYj [ eg ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g k] _]f]jYf ^]f e]fgk ]khgfl~f]gk2 ]d bYj\ f im] dd]_Y Y k]j ~j]Y \] \]k[Yfkg$ ]d YhYj[Yea]flg im] hgj dY fg[`] ]k mfY haklY \] hYlafYb]$ ]d jaf[ f \] dY hdYrY im] k] ljYfk^gjeY ]f mfY haklY \] ZYad]À DY af^gjeYda\Y\ \]d mkg \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g ]k af\a[Y\gj \] nalYda\Y\ q \afYeakeg kg[aYd&

J][mY\jg + E]ljghd k E]\]dd f$ ;gdgeZaY! E]ljghd k ]k ]d kakl]eY afl]_jY\g \] ljYfkhgjl] eYkang \] e]\aYfY [YhY[a\Y\ im] e]bgj dY egnada\Y\ naYd ]f dY [am\Y\ q ]d NYdd] \] 9Zmjj~$ Yjla[mdYf\g ]f ^gjeY ^ ka[Y q lYja^YjaY ]d E]ljg$ E]ljg[YZd] q dYk jmlYk \] Zmk]k Ydae]flY\gj]k& =d kakl]eY fg ]kl~ ^mf[agfYf\g Y f ]f mf [a]f hgj [a]flg& DY Ljgf[Yd nY \]k\] dY Mfan]jka\Y\ \] E]\]dd f$ hgj dY [Ydd] +( `YklY dY 9n]fa\Y \]d >]jjg[Yjjad$ \gf\] [gflaf Y `Y[aY ]d fgjl] `YklY dY [Ydd] ./ :YjjYfimaddY!$ hYjY

*1

kmZaj hgj ]klY n Y `YklY ]d kalag HYdgk N]j\]k$ _ajYj `Y[aY ]d fgjl] hgj dY [Yjj]jY ,- `YklY dd]_Yj Y dY [Ydd] 1+ q ZYbYj Yd g[[a\]fl] hgj ]klY [Ydd] `YklY dd]_Yj Yd HYjim] \] 9jYfbm]r& =d kakl]eY la]f] ]klY[agf]k dg[YdarY\Yk [Y\Y -(( e]ljgk [gf hYjY\Yk ÕbYk$ dg im] h]jeal] dY ]fljY\Y q kYda\Y ~_ad q gj_YfarY\Y \] dgk Yk! hYkYb]jgk& Kmk eg\]jfgk Zmk]k fg hm]\]f ]p[]\]j dgk d eal]k h]jeala\gk \] n]dg[a\Y\ q [m]flYf [gf dY dlaeY l][fgdg_ Y \] ]eaka f \] _Yk]k$ ^j]fY\g q kmkh]fka f$ ]flj] gljgk& 9d egnadarYjk] hgj n Yk ]f \gf\] fg l]f\j~f im] [geh]laj hgj ]d ]khY[ag [gf gljgk n]` [mdgk$ ZYbYj~f dgk la]ehgk \] j][gjja\g& =d j][Ym\g ]k hgj e]\ag \] mfY lYjb]lY afl]da_]fl]$ afl]_jY\Y [gf ]d E]ljg&

N]Yegk e~k ]f \]lYdd] [ eg dgk \a^]j]fl]k ]d]e]flgk \] dY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f$ dY \]Õ% fa[a f \] dgk Y\gjfgk q \] dgk eYl]jaYd]k$ dYk ]d][[agf]k \] dgk [Yeafgk hm]\]f afÖmaj kgZj] ]d [Yj~[l]j im] dgk dm_Yj]k Ykme]f q kgZj] ]d mkg im] `Y[]f \] ]ddgk dYk h]jkgfYk& <][gjY\g mjZYfg ] admeafY[a f& =d eg\g ]f im] mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g k] hj]k]flY$ km ^gjeY$ dgk eYl]jaYd]k \gea% fYfl]k$ [ eg ]kl~ admeafY\g$ kgf \][akangk hYjY \]l]jeafYj km ^j][m]flY[a f$ ]f l jeafgk \] [Yfla\Y\ q lahgdg_ Y \] h]jkgfYk& =d]e]flgk [geg ]d \][gjY\g$ dYk hYnae]flY[agf]k$ dY admeafY[a f$ dd]_Yf Y k]j afkljme]flgk ]k]f[aYd]k \] ]kljYl]_aYk hYjY hjgegn]j mf mkg Yehdag q \an]jka^a[Y\g \] mfY hdYrY$ mfY [Ydd] g mf hYjim]& =f dgk dlaegk Y gk$ dY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f `Y ka\g mladarY\Y em[`Yk n][]k hYjY Yk]_mjYj [gf\a[agf]k \] k]_mja\Y\ ]f dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ ka_ma]f\g mfY \] dYk jmlYk hgka% Zd]k2 hgf]j ]d Y[]flg eYqgje]fl] ]f YljY]j ËZm]fY ^j][m]flY[a fÌ g YfaeY[a f$ g ]f j][`YrYj Y h]jkgfYk Ëaf\]k]Y\YkÌ g Ëh]da_jgkYkÌ& DY hjae]jY d f]Y \] Y[[a f afl]flY

+(

[j]Yj ]khY[agk Y[g_]\gj]k$ Y_jY\YZd]k$ ja[gk ]f g^]jlYk& DY k]_mf\Y$ [gf^ Y ]f ]d]% e]flgk \akmYkangk$ im] \]kYfaeYf Y dgk Yk! ^j][m]flY\gj]k Yk! fg \]k]Y\gk Yk!& H]jg em[`gk \] ]klgk dlaegk kakl]eYk l]jeafYf hgj \]kYfaeYj fg kgdYe]fl] Y dgk Ëaf\]k]Y\gkÊ kafg Y [mYdima]j ^j][m]flY\gj& Hgj ]b]ehdg ]f dYk hYjY\Yk g ]klY% [agf]k dgk Yka]flgk kgf hg[gk$ em[`Yk n][]k ]kl~f ]k[gf\a\gk q _]f]jYde]fl] kgf af[ eg\gk& <]Za\g Y ]ddg$ k] h]j[aZ] mf k]fla\g \] j][`Yrg$ \] `gklada\Y\ hgj hYjl] \]d dm_Yj g \] ima]f dg `Y a\]Y\g& 9 dg e]bgj$ ]k Y[gfk]bYZd] hYjlaj \]k\] dYk Y[[agf]k ]f hgkalang$ \] ËYljY[[a fÌ \]d eYqgj f e]jg q nYja]\Y\ \] h]jkgfYk$ [gflYf\g [gf ]d ]^][lg \] k]_mja\Y\ \]d dm_Yj _YjYflarY\g hgj dY YfaeY[a f& =k hgkaZd] `Y[]j \] \a^]j]fl]k eYf]jYk$ Y n][]k kaehd]e]fl] mf [YeZag \] hYnae]flY[a f hm]\] ljYfk^gjeYj jY\a[Yd% e]fl] mf dm_Yj& DY k]fkY[a f \] Y[g_a\Y Y\n]jla\Y ]f mf YeZa]fl] ]kl~ emq [gf\a[agfY\Y hgj ]d \geafag nakang \]d ]khY[ag [aj[mfklYfl] q hgj dY _]f]jYd ^YeadaYja\Y\ [gf ]d kalag& =d hjae]j ^Y[lgj \]h]f\] \aj][lYe]fl] \] dY admeafY[a f3 h]jg Ymf ]d k]_mf\g hm]\] k]j [gf\a[agfY\g& =k ^mf\Ye]flYd g^j][]j dY hgkaZada\Y\ \] n]j q j][gfg[]j mf dm_Yj& K][mf\YjaYe]fl]$ dY admeafY[a f afÖm]f[aY em[`g dY hgkaZada\Y\ \] ^j][m]f% lYj dgk dm_Yj]k ]f j]dY[a f Y dgk `gjYjagk \]d \ Y2 mf ]khY[ag Za]f admeafY\g h]jeal] ]d \]kYjjgddg \] Y[lana\Y\]k \mjYfl] dYk `gjYk \] lYj\] q fg[`]$ hjgdgf_Yf\g ]f ]d la]ehg km ^mf[a f [geg dm_Yj \] [gf_j]_Y[a f& DY admeafY[a f hm]\] \]l]jea% fYj dY h]j[]h[a f \] mf ]khY[ag mjZYfg [geg Y[g_]\gj$ q fg k dg hgj e]\ag \] dY Y[[a f ^ ka[Y %[gfkafla]f\g n]j%$ kafg lYeZa f hgj e]\ag \] mfY Y[[a f af\aj][lY$ qY im] ljYkeal] mfY aeY_]f h]j[aZa\Y [geg hgkalanY \]d dm_Yj& Mf kakl]eY \] admeafY[a f \] YdlY [Yda\Y\$ g j]YdarY\g hYjY nYdgjarYj ]kl la[Ye]fl] ]d [gfl]plg$ hm]\] eg\aÕ[Yj k]f[addYe]fl] dY aeY_]f q dY Yle k^]jY \] mf ]khY[ag& LjYfkhgjl]k$ lj~Õ[g$ YhYj[Yea]flgk& DY [aj[mdY[a f naYjaY ]k mfg \] dgk ]d]e]flgk im] [jmrY q [gfljaZmq] Y \ak] Yj ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g q im] afÖmq] kgZj] km [Yj~[l]j& Fg ka]ehj] ]k [gfka\]jY\g ]d hgl]f% [aYd im] dY j]dY[a f ]flj] ]khY[ag h Zda[g q [aj[mdY[a f naYjaY YhgjlY hYjY [gfkljmaj mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g e~k g e]fgk YfaeY\g$ e~k g e]fgk k]_mjg& DY dg[YdarY[a f \] dY hYjY\Y \] mf YmlgZ k$ Yfl]k im] ]d hYkYb] n]`a[mdYj$ hm]\] k]j mf ]d]e]flg Y hgf]j ]f bm]_g hYjY [gfljaZmaj Y dY ^j][m]flY[a f q YfaeY[a f \] dgk dm_Yj]k& =d ege]flg ]f im] ]k [j]Y\g mf hdYf \] lj~Õ[g g hjgq][lY\Yk ljYfk^gjeY[agf]k hYjY dY naYZada\Y\$ ]k dY ghgjlmfa\Y\ hYjY Yd[YfrYj gZb]langk kgZj] dY nanaZada\Y\ \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g& =pakl]f Ykh][lgk l [fa[gk da_Y\gk Y dY gj_YfarY[a f \] dYk af^jY]k% ljm[lmjYk hgj ]b]ehdg$ dY [YhY[a\Y\ \] kYlak^Y[]j dY \]eYf\Y \] egnada\Y\!$ Ykh][% lgk [mdlmjYd]k [gf][lY\gk Y dgk [gehgjlYea]flgk \] dgk mkmYjagk dgk Yk! b n]f]k ]k mfg \] dgk [Ykgk! q Ykh][lgk gj_YfarYlangk da_Y\gk Y j]hj]ka f$ [gfljgd q na_adYf[aY&

+)

Hgj dg lYflg$ ]k f][]kYjag hj]n]j Y[[agf]k afl]_jY\Yk gZjYf\g$ hgj mf dY\g$ kgZj] dgk Ykh][lgk YeZa]flYd]k q ^ ka[gk Ç]flj] ]ddgk$ dY mZa[Y[a f \] dYk hYjY\Yk$ ]d lahg \] [gZ]jlarg q \] nY_gf]k g e]\agk mladarY\gk%$ q kg[aYd]k$ [gfÕYf\g ]f dYk j]dY% [agf]k ]flj] dYk h]jkgfYk hYkYb]jgk$ [gfljgdY\gj$ YfaeY\gj kg[aYdÀ! hYjY afl]flYj ]daeafYj ]d [daeY \] YakdYea]flg g l]fka f im] hm]\] _]f]jYj dY h]j[]h[a f \] afk]_mja\Y\ g dY afk]_mja\Y\ j]Yd& =f hYjla[mdYj$ `Yq lj]k Ykh][lgk kgZj] dgk [mYd]k afl]jn]faj2 =f hjae]j dm_Yj$ dY gj_YfarY[a f \]d Ömbg \]d lj~Õ[g2 dY hgkaZada\Y\ \] Y[[]\]j Y mfY [Ydd] q dY n]dg[a\Y\ [gf dY im] k] naYbY hm]\]f l]f]j em[`Yk [gfk][m]f[aYk kgZj] dY k]_mja\Y\ \] ima]f]k naYbYf ]f n]` [mdgk eglgjarY\gk Yk [geg \] dgk h]Ylgf]k& A_mYde]fl] afÖmq]f ]f dY emdla^mf[agfYda\Y\ \] Yim]d ]khY[ag3 ]k \][aj$ kgZj] dY hgkaZada\Y\ \] im] k]Y mladarY\g hgj \aklaflgk lahgk \] mkmYjagk Yk!& =f k]_mf\g dm_Yj$ dgk YhYj[Yea]flgk hm]\]f k]j h]fkY\gk hYjY e]bgjYj dY [aj[mdY% [a f q dY nanaZada\Y\ \] dgk ]khY[agk& >afYde]fl]$ hgj dg im] [gf[a]jf] Y dY k]_mja\Y\ ]f dgk ljYfkhgjl]k h Zda[gk q hja% nY\gk ]k hj][akg afl]jn]faj [gf e]\a\Yk \] hj]n]f[a f q j]khgfkYZadarY[a f \] [gf\m[lgj]k q hYkYb]jgk& Hgj gljg dY\g$ ]k f][]kYjag _YjYflarYj dY Y[g_a\Y \] dgk dm_Yj]k \] ]kh]jY2 \]k\] `Y[] Y gk Yd_mfgk ]klm\agkgk afkakl]f kgZj] dY f][]ka\Y\ \] hdYfaÕ[Yj dYk hYjY\Yk \] dgk YmlgZmk]k hYjY _YjYflarYj dY e~paeY nakaZada\Y\$ admeafY[a f q km [gfkljm[[a f ]f ~j]Yk fg YakdY\Yk \] dY [am\Y\ Hgdal][fa[g *((/!& Hgj dg lYflg$ fgk hYj][] aehgjlYfl] ngdn]j Y kmZjYqYj im] mfY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f Yl]flY Yd mkg q Y dY nanaZada\Y\ \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk \]Z] hgf]j ]f j]dY[a f dYk afl]j% n]f[agf]k [gf ]d [gfl]plg mjZYfg %afl]flYf\g Yk]_mjYj mf ËeapÌ kg[aYd q mfY emd% la^mf[agfYda\Y\ \] dgk ]khY[agk% q ZYkYjk] ]f ]d [gf[]hlg \] Ëna_adYf[aY fYlmjYdÌ$ ]k \][aj mladarYf\g lg\gk dgk afkljme]flgk Y \akhgka[a f h]jkgfYk$ Ymlge nad]k$ e]\agk \] ljYfkhgjl]k h Zda[gk!&

+*

:A:DAG?J9>A9 ;gd]k ;&$ C]ddaf_ ?&$ >apaf_ Zjgc]f oaf\gok$ >j]] Hj]kk& Fm]nY Qgjc$ )11.& Aff]jYjalq$ <&$ =d fm]ng ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ =khYkY ;Ydh]& EY\ja\$ *((.& BY[gZk B&$ <]Yl` Yf\ da^] g^ _j]Yl Ye]ja[Yf [ala]k$ NaflY_] :ggck& Fm]nY Qgjc$ )1.)& F]oeYf G&$ <]^]fkaZd] khY[]$ EY[EaddYf& F]o Qgjc$ )1/*& Hgdal][fa[g \a EadYfg Ç <aYh ] AYm$ Y [mjY \a$ HaYfaÕ[Yragf]$ \ak]_fg mjZYfg$ _]klagf] \]_da khYra h]j dY ka[mj]rrY& EYfmYd]$ 9_ak Ç 9[lagf KY^]hgdak& Ead~f$ *((. Ç *((/& HmlfYe J&$ DY ljY\aragf] [ana[Y f]dd] j]_agfa alYdaYf]$ Egf\Y\gja& Ead~f$ )11+& Jmar$ B& ;& q NYf\]jk[`m]j]f$ >&$ :Yk] [gf[]hlmYd \] dY k]_mja\Y\ ]f2 9jfYm\g$ J& q EYjlaf$ D& =\k&! ;gfkgda\Y[a f \] dgk _gZa]jfgk dg[Yd]k ]f k]_mja\Y\ [am\Y\YfY$ J]\ ), ' MjZ Ç 9d$ J]_a f Lgk[YfY$ h& )(%+,$ *((/& Na[`]jYl$ <&$ ·Im la]f]f ]f [ge f dY a\]fla\Y\$ ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g q dY \]eg[jY[aY7 9d_mfYk j]Ö]pagf]k kgZj] dgk [gf[]hlgk$ ]f K]_gnaY$ G& =\&! =khY[agk H Zda[gk q ;gfkljm[[a f Kg[aYd$ =\a[agf]k Kmj& KYflaY_g \] ;`ad]$ *((0&

++

;9HALMDG

*

DM?9J=K ;GFL=F<A<GK$ 9:9JJGL9<GK$ 9:9F<GF9<GK2 =D ;GF>DA;LG LJ9FK>GJE9 =D =KH9;AG <= D9 ;AM<9<

BmYf ;Yjdgk Jmar Kg[a dg_g Hjg_jYeY \] K]_mja\Y\ MjZYfY$ Mfan]jka\Y\ 9dZ]jlg @mjlY\g KYflaY_g$ ;`ad] +-

* +.

*&) =KL9<G <= KALM9;AåF ;geg j]kmdlY\g \] mfY k]ja] \] ^]f e]fgk ][gf ea[gk$ kg[aYd]k$ [mdlmjYd]k q l][% fgd _a[gk$ ]f dYk dlaeYk \ [Y\Yk k] `Y hjg\m[a\g mfY ljYfk^gjeY[a f _jY\mYd \] dYk [am\Y\]k q \] dgk ]khY[agk \] dY [gla\aYfa\Y\ K]_gnaY$ *((0!& LYd]k [YeZagk ka]f% lYf dYk ZYk]k \] mfY fm]nY ^gjeY \] gj_YfarY[a f kg[aYd q \] mf fm]ng eg\]dg [mdlmjYd& =f dY [am\Y\ Y[lmYd$ ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g `Y h]j\a\g %]f em[`gk [Ykgk% ]d [Yj~[l]j YZa]jlg$ `]l]jg_ f]g q Y[[]kaZd] \] gljgk la]ehgk$ [mYf\g dY k]_j]_Y[a f ]jY e]fgj3 q dY [Ydd]$ mf ]khY[ag emdla^mf[agfYd q j][gfg[a\g \gf\] k] ]klYZd][ Yf [gf fYlmjYda\Y\ ]f[m]fljgk q j]dY[agf]k kg[aYd]k& =e]j_] dY k]fkY[a f \] im] dY [am\Y\ ]k [Y\Y n]r e]fgk YeYZd] q kmk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk dd]_Yf Y k]j ]f g[Ykagf]k dm_Yj]k \] hYkg \gf\] ]k \a^ [ad dY [gemfa[Y[a f q dY afl]jY[[a f& DYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk ]mjgh]Yk q dYlafgYe]ja[YfYk j]nakY\Yk Y dg dYj_g \]d hjgq][lg em]kljYf im] dgk Ykh][lgk \] [gfÖa[lana\Y\ Ykg[aY\gk Y dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk kgf \an]jkgk& Hjaf[ahYde]fl] ]kl~f j]dY[agfY\gk [gf hjg[]kgk \] ]p[dmka f \] _jmhgk kg[aYd]k$ hjgZd]eYk \] [gfnan]f[aY Y jY r \] [`gim]k [mdlmjYd]k ] a\]flalYjagk$ ]^][% lgk \] mfY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f mjZYfY afY\][mY\Y g af[gehd]lY$ Y\]e~k \] ^]f e]fgk \] [jaeafYda\Y\ bmn]fad$ lj~Õ[g \] \jg_Yk q l]egj& =klgk [gfÖa[lgk `Yf _]f]jY\g mf Yme]flg [gfka\]jYZd] \] dY h]j[]h[a f \] afk]% _mja\Y\ \] dgk Yk! `YZalYfl]k \] dYk [am\Y\]k$ ]f mfY hjghgj[a f im] fg f][]kYjaY% e]fl] k] [gf\a[] k dg [gf ]d fan]d gZb]lang \] g[mjj]f[aY \] \]dalgk& Mf ]d]e]flg []fljYd ]f dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk mjZYfgk ]k dY j]dY[a f ]flj] dY [j][a]fl] k]fkY[a f \] afk]_mja\Y\ \a^mkY q ]p[dmka f kg[aYd bmn]fad$ hgj mf dY\g$ q dY \][j][a]fl] [YhY[a\Y\ \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g \] [mehdaj mf jgd \] [g`]ka f kg[aYd q [am\Y\Yf Y$ hgj gljg& <]Za\g Y ]ddg$ hYjY ]d Zm]f \]kYjjgddg \] dY [am\Y\ ]k f][]kYjag [gfka\]jYj lYflg km [g`]ka f kg[aYd [geg km \ak] g mjZYfg :gjbY$ *((+!& =f ]d [Ykg \] dgk hY k]k dYlafgYe]ja[Yfgk$ ]pakl] mfY k]ja] \] hjg[]kgk \] \]l]jagjg ]f ]kl] k]fla\g& 9d_mfgk \] ]ddgk kgf dY afkmÕ[a]f[aY \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk Y\]% [mY\gk$ ]f l jeafgk ^ ka[gk q YeZa]flYd]k3 ]d ja]k_g e]\agYeZa]flYd \] em[`gk Yk]flYea]flgk mjZYfgk hj][Yjagk$ dY ]p[dmka f kg[aYd q dYZgjYd \] \an]jkYk [gem% fa\Y\]k$ mfa\Y Y dY ^YdlY \] \aYdg_g \] dY kg[a]\Y\ [anad [gf ]d =klY\g$ Ydd \gf\] k ]pakl]f ]khY[agk h Zda[gk Y\][mY\gk& Lg\gk ]klgk ]d]e]flgk j]hj]k]flYf mf gZkl~[mdg aehgjlYfl] hYjY mfY Zm]fY [g`]ka f kg[aYd q mfY e]bgj [gfnan]f[aY \] dYk h]jkgfYk q [gemfa\Y\]k& 9d eakeg la]ehg$ lYd]k [Yj]f[aYk hjanYf Y dY kg[a]\Y\ \] mfg \] dgk [Yeafgk hgkaZd]k hYjY hj]k]jnYj q ^gjlYd][]j ]d hYljaegfag q [YhalYd kg[aYd$ hYjY _]f]jYj [am\Y\Yf Y q È]f dlaeg l jeafgÈ[gfkljmaj mfY \]eg[jY[aY e~k hjg^mf\Y q ]^][lanY K]_gnaY$ *((/!& 9 km n]r$ ]f dgk hY k]k ]mjgh]gk `Yq mf \]k[gfg[aea]flg [j][a]fl] ]f j]dY[a f Yd ËgljgÌ$ Y ima]f k] n] \aklaflg hgj mf kaehd] e][Yfakeg \] \]^]fkY Yfl] mf hgl]f[aYd

+/

ja]k_g3 dgk mkgk \an]jkgk \]d ]khY[ag hgj h]jkgfYk q _jmhgk \a^]j]fl]k _]f]jYf mfY \]k[gfÕYfrY afklaflanY$ ZYkY\Y dY eYqgj Y \] dYk n][]k ]f hj]bma[agk& 9d Y Y\aj Y dY \an]jka\Y\ ^Y[lgj]k [geg dYk kalmY[agf]k \] \]ka_mYd\Y\ kg[aYd$ \] _ f]jg g \] [md% lmjY$ dYk hgkaZada\Y\]k \] [gfÖa[lg k] emdlahda[Yf ]phgf]f[aYde]fl]& =f ]kl] [gf% l]plg$ dYk ea_jY[agf]k$ [geg ]^][lg af]nalYZd] \] dY _dgZYdarY[a f$ \]k]kljm[lmjYf dgk eg\]dgk kg[aYd]k ] afljg\m[]f fm]ngk ]d]e]flgk \] l]fka f ]f dgk e][Yfakegk j]_mdYlgjagk \] dYk j]dY[agf]k kg[aYd]k& 9k $ ]f Yd_mfYk kalmY[agf]k dY afea_jY[a f ]k Ykg[aY\Y [gf dY nagd]f[aY$ dY eYqgj Y \] dYk n][]k kaf ^mf\Ye]flgk gZb]langk& >j]fl] Y ]klYk \an]jkYk kalmY[agf]k$ q [gfka\]jYf\g dY ^mf[a f im] [mehd]f dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk [geg e][Yfakegk ^mf\Ye]flYd]k \] kg[aYdarY[a f \] dY na\Y mjZYfY$ kmj_] mfY hj]ka f [gfklYfl] kgZj] dYk Ymlgja\Y\]k \] dYk [am\Y\]k hYjY im] \]f j]khm]klYk e~k ]Õ[a]fl]k q ]Õ[Y[]k Y dYk \]eYf\Yk \] k]_mja\Y\ q Za]f% ]klYj \] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! q \] dgk l]jjalgjagk ZYbg km Y\eafakljY[a f MF% @YZalYl$ *((*2 *!& ÉKm \akljaZm[a f e~k g e]fgk \]ka_mYd$ km [gf[]h[a f Yjla[mdY\gjY g ^jY_e]f% lY\gjY \]d l]ba\g mjZYfg$ km Y[[]kaZada\Y\ q km hgl]f[aYd \] []fljYda\Y\$ km nYdgj kaeZ da[g$ km hgdanYd]f[aY$ dY afl]fka\Y\ \] km mkg kg[aYd$ km [YhY[a\Y\ hYjY [j]Yj g[mhY[a f$ km [YhY[a\Y\ hYjY ^ge]flYj fm]ngk Ëh Zda[gkÌ$ dY Ymlg]klaeY q ]d j][g% fg[aea]flg kg[aYd$ km [gfljaZm[a f hYjY \Yj Ëk]fla\gÌ Y dY na\Y mjZYfY$ kgf ka]ehj] ghgjlmfa\Y\]k im] fmf[Y `YZj Yf \] \]kYhjgn][`Yjk] hYjY hjgegn]j dgk \]j][`gk q gZda_Y[agf]k hgd la[Yk$ kg[aYd]k q [ na[Yk [gfklalmlanYk \] dY [am\Y\Yf YÊ :gjbY$ *((+2 *+%*,!&

*&* DGK ;GF>DA;LGK EÞK >J=;M=FL=K =f dY hg[Y \] dY _dgZYdarY[a f$ dY [am\Y\ ]k ]d l]jjalgjag Z~ka[g \] dY \an]jka\Y\& =k ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g \gf\] klY e]bgj k] hgf] ]f bm]_g$ qY im] hgj \]Õfa[a f ]k ]d dm_Yj \gf\] ]d emlmg [gfg[aea]flg$ ]d ]f[m]fljg q dY j]dY[a f afl]jh]jkgfYd q _jmhYd \]Z]j Yf Y[lmYj [geg \]kealaÕ[Y\gj]k \] j]Yda\Y\]k aeY_afY\Yk q [geg ]khY[agk \] [gfnan]f[aY$ daZ]jlY\ q [gfkljm[[a f \] [am\Y\Yf Y& Kaf ]eZYj_g$ em[`Yk n][]k k] hjg\m[] ]d ]^][lg [gfljYjag$ q dgk im] la]f]f hgkaZada\Y\]k \] `Y[]jdg YZYf\gfYf ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g q hj]k[af\]f \] dg [gd][lang$ hYkYf\g \]d hYjim] Yd bYj\ f hjanY\g$ \] dY hdYrY Yd []fljg [ge]j[aYd g \]d ZYjjag Y dYk [gemfa% \Y\]k []jjY\Yk$ im]\Yf\g ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g [geg mf dm_Yj \] [gfÖa[lg$ j]ka\mYd ] af\]k]YZd]$ j]\m[lg \] Yim]ddgk im] fg la]f]f gljYk hgkaZada\Y\]k& =d [gf^da[lg ]kl~ \]l]jeafY\g hgj dY [mdlmjY \] dYk hYjl]k$ ]fl]f\a\Y [geg ]d [gfbmflg \] ]ph]ja]f[aYk q nYdgj]k im] dYk h]jkgfYk Y[memdYf Y dg dYj_g \] km na\Y q im] [gf^gjeYf km eYf]jY \] k]flaj$ h]fkYj q Y[lmYj q$ ]f dlaeY afk% +0

lYf[aY$ km naka f \] dY j]Yda\Y\& JYrY$ j]da_a f k]pg$ g[mhY[a f$ hY k g rgfY _]g% _j~^a[Y$ kalmY[a f kg[ag ][gf ea[Y$ ]l[&$& kgf ^Y[lgj]k im] \]l]jeafYf dY Y\k% [jah[a f Y mfY [mdlmjY [gf[j]lY$ q$ \]fljg \] ]ddY$ Y mfY kmZ[mdlmjY ]kh][ ^a[Y& =na\]fl]e]fl]$ ]klgk fg kgf [gf[]hlgk ]kl~la[gk$ kafg h]je]YZd]k Y e dlahd]k af^dm]f[aYk q eg\a^a[YZd]k&

=f l jeafgk kg[aYd]k$ dY l]fka f hm]\] hjg\m[ajk] Y fan]d afl]jh]jkgfYd$ afl]j g afljY_jmhYd q kmk eglanY[agf]k hm]\]f k]j h]jkgfYd]k$ j]dY[agfYd]k g \] [gemfa% [Y[a f$ q ]kljm[lmjYd]k& HYjY im] kmjbY \]Z] `YZ]j [geh]l]f[aY hgj j][mjkgk eYl]% jaYd]k g kaeZ da[gk q k] \]Õf] fg k dg hgj ]d eglang im] dg hjgng[Y$ kafg lYeZa f hgj dY h]j[]h[a f im] la]f]f dYk hYjl]k im] afl]jY[l Yf& =k f][]kYjag im] km k!

[YmkY k! k]Y f! h]j[aZa\Y k! q k]fla\Y k! hgj mfY g \gk \] dYk hYjl]k [geg mfY kalmY% [a f im] kmhgf] mfY Ye]fYrY hYjY kmk afl]j]k]k g f][]ka\Y\]k& =kl] k]flaea]flg hm]\] gZ]\][]j Y jYrgf]k gZb]lanYk q j]Yd]k$ g \]Z]jk] Y h]j[]h[agf]k h]jkgfYd]k f]_YlanYk$ Y hj]bma[agk im] hj]\akhgf]f Y mfY Y[lalm\ \]^]fkanY q Y mf k]flaea]flg \] ja]k_g hgl]f[aYd im] ^Yngj][]f ]d \]k]f[Y\]fYea]flg \]d [gfÖa[lg& Hg\j Y `YZdYjk]$ ]f ]kgk [Ykgk$ \] [gfÖa[lgk aeY_afYjagk$ ]f dY e]\a\Y im] fg ]pakl]f dYk [YmkYk gZb]lanYZd]k im] dgk bmklaÕim]f& =k f][]kYjag [gfka\]jYj Yd [gfÖa[lg [geg Yd_g af`]j]fl] Y lg\Y kg[a]\Y\$ fYlmjYd ] af]nalYZd]$ ]phj]ka f \] dY \an]jka\Y\$ eglgj \] [YeZag q \] e]bgj Y ]f kalmY[ag% f]k afY\][mY\Yk g im] fg ]kl~f kmÕ[a]fl]e]fl] j]km]dlYk3 ]k f][]kYjag hYjY ]d \]kYjjgddg \] [mYdima]j [gd][lana\Y\$ im] hjg_j]kY$ [YeZaY q YnYfrY [mYf\g Zmk[Y q ]f[m]fljY kgdm[agf]k Y kmk hjgZd]eYk& Hgj dg eakeg$ fg ]k hgkalang fa f]_Ylang q k mf ]d]e]flg ]kljm[lmjYd q ]kljm[lmjY\gj \] dY na\Y ]f [gemfa\Y\ q [mYf\g la]f] kgdm[a f hm]\] \Yj j]kmdlY\gk Z]f]Õ[agkgk& Hgj dg lYflg$ dY ^gjeY \] _]klagfYjdg ]k dY ZYk] hYjY Yk]_mjYj j]kmdlY\gk hgkalangk g f]_Ylangk& èfa[Ye]fl] Ykmea]f\g ]klg$ afl]flYf\g ]fl]f\]jdg q YfYdar~f\gdg ]k hgkaZd] g^j][]j mfY Ydl]jfYlanY im] h]jealY kmh]jYjdg q _]f]jYj dY f][]kYjaY kYlak^Y[[a f \] dgk afl]j]k]k q f][]ka\Y% \]k \] dYk hYjl]k& DY \ae]fka f q [gf[]h[a f [gemfalYjaY \]d [gf^da[lg$ ]kh][aYde]fl] \] Yim]d im] YhYj][] ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g mjZYfg$ YhmflY \aj][lYe]fl] Y dY _]kla f Ydl]jfYlanY q dg ]fla]f\] [geg mf hjg[]kg afl]jY[lang j]_mdY\gj \] dYk j]dY[ag% f]k kg[aYd]k$ [gf mfY ^mf[a f kg[aYd hgkalanY$ ]phj]ka f \] dY \an]jka\Y\ ^j]fl] Y mfY \]l]jeafY\Y kalmY[a f \] [Yj]f[aY g \] [gf^da[lg \] afl]j]k]k& K]_ f [ eg dY [gemfa\Y\ _]klagf] kmk [gf^da[lgk gZl]f\j~f j]kmdlY\gk hgkalangk g f]_Yla% ngk im] j]^gjrYj~f g \a^a[mdlYj~f dY [gfnan]f[aY q Yqm\Yj~f g fg Y dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd& 9 [gflafmY[a f$ ]phda[Yegk Zj]n]e]fl] dgk lahgk \] [gfÖa[lgk \aY_fgkla[Y\gk q dYk ^gjeYk \] afl]jn]fajdgk& +1

<]l]jagjg mjZYfg DY j~ha\Y ]phYfka f \] dYk [am\Y\]k$ dY [j][a]fl] mjZYfarY[a f$ q dY [gf[]fljY[a f \] dY hgZdY[a f q Y[lana\Y\]k ]f dgk f [d]gk mjZYfgk []fljYd]k$ hjg\m[]f dY \]kYjla% [mdY[a f ]f dY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f$ mkg q eYfl]faea]flg \] dgk ]khY[agk ]pl]jagj]k& =klgk `][`gk kgf Yd_mfYk eYfa^]klY[agf]k [mdlmjYd]k j]kmdlYfl]k \] mf hjg[]kg \] ljYfk% ^gjeY[a f ][gf ea[Y q l]jjalgjaYd Ykg[aY\Yk Y dY _dgZYdarY[a f >]jf~f\]r$ )11+!& =kl] [gfÖa[lg ]kl~ j]^]ja\g Yd YZYf\gfg ^ ka[g \] k][lgj]k g ZYjjagk \] dY [am\Y\ hgj ]fn]b][aea]flg \] dY hgZdY[a f$ \]l]jagjg \] dY ]\aÕ[Y[a f$ af^jYnana]f\Y$ \]Õ% [a]fl] af^jY]kljm[lmjY mjZYfY$ Ymk]f[aY \] k]jna[agk q eYj_afYda\Y\$ ]d im] hm]\] dd]_Yj Y \]k]eZg[Yj ]f dY \]kljm[[a f ^ ka[Y \] dgk ]\aÕ[agk$ \]d ]khY[ag mjZYfg q ]d \]l]jagjg \] dY [gfnan]f[aY kg[aYd Jge]jg$ *(()!& =klY kalmY[a f ]kl~ YZgj\Y\Y ]f dgk [Ykgk \] :Yj[]dgfY$ \gf\] k] Yhda[ dY D]q \] E]bgjY \] :Yjjagk n]j j][mY\jg ka_ma]fl]!&

J][mY\jg , :Yj[]dgfY$ =khY Y D]q \] E]bgjY \] :Yjjagk q Hm]Zdgk MfY afl]jn]f[a f afl]_jYd hYjY ]f^j]flYj ]d \]l]jagjg mjZYfg >j]fl] Yd \]l]jagjg kg[aYd q ][gf ea[g$ ]d 9qmflYea]flg hjghmkg mf hdYf ljYfkn]jkYd \] j][mh]jY[a f& K] ljYZYbY lYflg kgZj] ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g [geg kgZj] dYk nana]f\Yk$ ]f dY j][mh]jY[a f ][gf ea[Y q dY hjgeg[a f kg[aYd& Dm_Yj Y afl]jn]faj q gZb]lang :Yjjag Hm]Zdg K][g$ \gf\] j]ka\]f []j[Y \] ,(&((( h]jkgfYk& <] ]ddYk$ Ydj]\]\gj \] )(&((( hjgna]f]f \] hY k]k ]pljY%[gemfalYjagk \]Za\g$ hjaf[ahYde]fl]$ Y dY \akhgfaZada\Y\ q ZYbg hj][ag \] nana]f\Yk nana]f\Yk nY[ Yk$ \]l]jagjY\Yk q [gf mfY hgZdY[a f Yml [lgfY ]fn]b][a\Y!& =kl] ZYjjag k] [YjY[l]jarY hgj mfY YdlY \]fka\Y\ \]eg_j~Õ[Y q \]Õ[a]fl]k ]khY[agk h Zda[gk& =d gZb]lang hjaf[ahYd ^m] j]YdarYj mfY afl]jn]f[a f h Zda[Y \] _jYf\]k \ae]fkagf]k$ ]f \an]jkYk ~j]Yk \]d ZYjjag2 Y[[]kg Y nana]f\Yk \] eYqgj [Yda\Y\3 e]bgjYea]flg$ [ma\Y\g q YehdaY[a f \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk3 af[]flang Y dY _]f]jY[a f \] k]jna[agk& Lg\g ]ddg [gf ]d Õf \] _]f]jYj mfY j][mh]jY[a f ][gf ea[Y q kg[aYd \]d ZYjjag&

E]lg\gdg_ Y \] ljYZYbg =d 9qmflYea]flg \]kYjjgdd mf hdYf \] ljYZYbg Y _jYf ]k[YdY ]f ]d ZYjjag$ dYk nana]f\Yk$ dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ dgk k]jna[agk ka]f\g dgk hjaf[ahYd]k dgk kYfalYjagk$ ]\m[Ylangk$ [ge]j[aYd]k$ _mZ]jfYe]flYd]k q \] kYdm\!& =f _]f]jYd$ ^m] mfY j][mh]jY[a f af^jY]kljm[lmjYd \]d ZYjjag$ _]f]jY\Y \]k\] dY Ymlgja\Y\ dg[Yd&

,(

AehY[lg ' =^][lg \]k]Y\g ?jY[aYk Y dY D]q \] E]bgjY \] :Yjjagk q Hm]Zdgk im] j]ima]j]f mfY Yl]f[a f ]kh][aYd$ ]d 9qmflYea]flg \] :Yj[]dgfY q ]d <]hYjlYe]flg \] Hgd la[Y L]jjalgjaYd q GZjYk H Zda[Yk \] dY ?]f]jYdalYl \] ;YlYdmfqY `Yf \glY\g Yd ZYjjag \] Hm]Zdg K][g \] mfY afl]jn]f[a f []fljY\Y ]f dgk ka_ma]fl]k [Yehgk2

E]bgjY \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g q \glY[a f \] ]khY[agk n]j\]k& J]`YZadalY[a f \] dgk ]d]e]flgk [gemf]k \] dgk ]\aÕ[agk& Hjgnaka f \] ]imahYea]flgk hYjY ]d mkg [gd][lang& >ge]flg \] dY kgkl]faZada\Y\ \]d \]kYjjgddg Af[gjhgjY[a f \] dYk l][fgdg_ Yk \] dY af^gjeY[a f ]f dgk ]\aÕ[agk hYjY h]jealaj dY afklYdY[a f \] [YZd]Y\g m gljgk kakl]eYk&

9[[]kaZada\Y\ q kmhj]ka f \] ZYjj]jYk Yjimal][l fa[Yk& =d \]l]jagjg ]kl~ j]dY[agfY\g [gf dgk ka_ma]fl]k hYljgf]k \] gZkgd]k[]f[aY mjZYfY JgbYk ]l& Yd&$ *((,!2

GZkgd]f[aY ^mf[agfYd2 S\] ]\aÕ[agk q ]khY[agk h Zda[gkU kmj_] [mYf\g mfY ]kljm[lmjY qY fg [mehd] dYk ^mf[agf]k hYjY dYk [mYd]k ^m] \ak] Y\Y& GZkgd]f[aY ^ ka[Y2 \]l]jagjg \] dY ]kljm[lmjY$ afklYdY[agf]k g l]jeafY[agf]k \] dgk ]\aÕ[agk Yd hmflg \] im] klgk qY fg la]f]f dY [YhY[a\Y\ \] Y[g_]j dYk ^mf[agf]k hYjY dYk [mYd]k ]kl~f \]klafY\gk& GZkgd]f[aY ][gf ea[Y2 k] hjg\m[] [mYf\g qY fg kgf j]flYZd]k dgk mkgk gja% _afYd]k \] mf ]\aÕ[ag \]Za\g Y dY \af~ea[Y \]d e]j[Y\g mjZYfg \] km]dg KYZYlafa$ *(((!&

=f ]d [Ykg \] dYk [am\Y\]k dYlafgYe]ja[YfYk$ em[`Yk n][]k km[]\]$ e~k im] mf \]l]jagjg mjZYfg$ mfY fgjeYda\Y\ \] dY hj][YjarY[a f \] dgk ]khY[agk af^gjeYd]k$ [gfklalmq f\gk] dYk kgdm[agf]k hYj[aYd]k ]f kgdm[agf]k \]ÕfalanYk$ Yfl] dg [mYd dY j][mh]jY[a f mjZYfY ]k e~k Za]f mfY [gfkljm[[a f ^gjeYd q Y\][mY\Y \] dgk ]khY% [agk mjZYfgk$ [geg dg em]kljY ]d [Ykg \] Fm]ng KYdlg Fm]ng$ ]f =d KYdlg$ Mjm_mYq n]j j][mY\jg ka_ma]fl]!&

,)

J][mY\jg KYdlg$ Mjm_mYq Hjgq][lg ËFm]ng KYdlg Fm]ngÌ J][mh]jY[a f hYjla[ahYlanY \] ]khY[ag h Zda[g ]f ]d ZYjjag KYdlg Fm]ng& 9fl] dY f][]ka\Y\ \] mfY h]jkh][lanY afl]_jYd \]d ZYjjag q \] km \]l]jagjg$ dgk n][afgk ^m]jgf afnalY\gk Y hYjla[ahYj \]d e]bgjYea]flg \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g& Dm_Yj Y afl]jn]faj q gZb]lang =f ]d ZYjjag KYdlg Fm]ng$ mfg \] dgk e~k hgZdY\gk \] dY [am\Y\ q \gf\] k] \]khdYrYf \a^]j]fl]k _jmhgk$ j]ka\]f Ydj]\]\gj \] )(&((( h]jkgfYk& <mjYfl] nYjagk Y gk$ ]d 9qmflYea]flg `Y j]YdarY\g ljYZYbgk hYj[aYd]k q ^g[YdarY\gk ]f k][lgj]k q hjgZd]e~la[Yk ]kh][ Õ[Yk$ h]jg fg mfY afl]jn]f[a f Y eYqgj ]k[YdY ] afl]_jYd& =d gZb]lang hjaf[ahYd ]k dY hjghm]klY \] mfY j]nYdgjarY[a f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g [geg ]d]e]flg _]f]jY\gj \] dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd \]d ZYjjag&

E]lg\gdg_ Y \] ljYZYbg >m] j]YdarY\g mf lahg \] afl]jn]f[a f im] Y^][l Y dY lglYda\Y\ \]d ZYjjag q Y dgk afl]j]k]k \] kmk \aklaflgk [gehgf]fl]k$ hgj dg im] ^m] \]kYjjgddY\Y \] eYf]jY [gfbmflY [gf dY hgZdY[a f& =k \][aj$ ]d dY! n][afg Y! lmng mf jgd Y[lang lYflg ]f dY \]Õfa[a f \] dYk e]bgjYk Yd ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ [geg ]f ]d ljYZYbg [gf[j]lg \] dY j][mh]jY[a f&

AehY[lg ' =^][lg \]k]Y\g Dgk ]^][lgk \] ]klY afl]jn]f[a f kgf \an]jkgk& =f hjae]j dm_Yj dgk ljYZYbgk e]bgjYjgf dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ q [geg dY [gemfa\Y\ bm_ mf jgd Y[lang q ]f dY lgeY \] \][akagf]k$ ]d n f[mdg ]flj] ]ddY q ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g k] hjg^mf\ar $ dg [mYd h]jeal] j]ka_faÕ[Yj Yd ]khY[ag q l]f]j eYqgj]k hjgZYZada\Y\]k \] kmkl]flYZada\Y\&

H]j[]h[a f \] afk]_mja\Y\$ [j e]f]k q \]dalgk DY afk]_mja\Y\ mjZYfY ]k mfY e]r[dY \] af]klYZada\Y\]k3 dYk h]jkgfYd]k [gehd]bgk$ Yfka]\Y\]k$ \m\Yk!$ dYk ]pl]jfYk ]ehd]gk hj][Yjagk$ ]p[dmka f$ eg\]dgk kg[aYd]k ZYkY% \gk ]f ]d [gfkmeg q ]f ]d e]j[Y\g [geg j]_mdY\gj \] dYk j]dY[agf]k kg[aYd]k! q dYk na[% laearY\gjYk k]j n [laeYk [gf[j]lYk \] jgZgk$ Ye]fYrYk m gljYk ^gjeYk \] nagd]f[aY!& @gq k] nan] mf hjg_j]kang k]flaea]flg \] afk]_mja\Y\ _]f]jYdarY\Y ]f dY [am\Y\$ dg im] aehY[lY \aj][lYe]fl] kgZj] dY [YhY[a\Y\ \] [g`]ka f \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda% [gk& <a[`Y k]fkY[a f k] hjg\m[] Y hYjlaj \] mf [a[dg f]_Ylang$ \gf\] dY nagd]f[aY

,*

q dY [jaeafYda\Y\ [j][a]fl] ]f ]klgk ]khY[agk la]f] [geg [gfk][m]f[aY dY Ylgea% rY[a f kg[aYd$ ]d \][dan] \] dY hYjla[ahY[a f$ ]d [gfka_ma]fl] YZYf\gfg \] \a[`gk dm_Yj]k q dY ZYbY [Yda\Y\ q Y[[]kg Y dgk k]jna[agk h Zda[gk mjZYfgk& DY nagd]f[aY q dY [jaeafYda\Y\ ]jgkagfY ]d [YhalYd kg[aYd q \adYha\Y dgk hg[gk j][mjkgk im] dgk Yk! `YZalYfl]k hgk]]f hYjY mfY e]bgj [Yda\Y\ \] na\Y& DY kg[a]\Y\ \]eYf\Y k]_mja\Y\3 h]jg dY \]daf[m]f[aY q ]d l]egj kg[YnYf ]d \]j]% [`g Z~ka[g \] dYk h]jkgfYk Y nanaj ]f hYr q _grYj hd]fYe]fl] \] mf `~ZalYl k]_mjg q kmkl]flYZd]& DY nagd]f[aY q dY afk]_mja\Y\ Ye]fYrYf \aj][lYe]fl] dY na\Y ]f kg[a]\Y\$ dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd q ]d \]kYjjgddg kmkl]flYZd] \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk NYf\]jk[`m]j]f ]l& Yd$ *((,!& Em[`Yk n][]k dY j]khm]klY Y ]klY \]eYf\Y ]k dY k]_j]% _Y[a f \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ dY \ak[jaeafY[a f q na[laearY[a f _dgZYd \] [gd][la% ngk q _jmhgk$ ]d ea]\g Y dY \a^]j]f[aY$ dY hjanYlarY[a f \] dYk Y[lana\Y\]k [gla\aYfYk q dY hjghaY [gfÕ_mjY[a f q ]kljm[lmjY \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g mjZYfg& =d ea]\g afÖmq] \aj][lYe]fl] ]f dY [gf^gjeY[a f q ]f ]d mkg ]khY[aYd$ q dY gZk]ka f hgj dY k]_mja% \Y\ h Zda[Y$ kaf [gfka\]jYj dY afl]_jYda\Y\ \]d ^]f e]fg$ af\m[] Y im] ]d [gfljgd kg[aYd q dY j]hj]ka f k]Yf dYk j]khm]klYk [j][a]fl]k Y dgk [gfÖa[lgk mjZYfgk& =f ]d [Ykg \] E]\]dd f$ \]k\] mf ]f^gim] \] j][mh]jY[a f afl]_jYd \] ZYjjag k] Zmk[ kmh]jYj ]d ea]\g ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g n]j j][mY\jg ka_ma]fl]!&

J][mY\jg .

E]\]dd f$ ;gdgeZaY Hjgq][lg Ë=d ;]fljg nan]Ì DY j][YdaÕ[Y[a f ^ ka[Y [geg hj]kmhm]klg hgj mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g Y[[]kaZd] q k]_mjg& =d []fljg \] E]\]dd f ]k mfg \] dgk ]khY[agk e~k \]fkgk Ç\] h]jkgfYk q \] hjgZd]eYkÇ \] dY [am\Y\2 `YZalYfl]k ]f kalmY[a f \] [Ydd]$ hjgklalm[a f$ [ge]j[aYfl]k af^gjeYd]k&&& É=d ;]fljg nan]Ê ]k mf afl]flg \] hgf]j ]f gj\]f ]kl] ]khY[ag [Y la[g ]eh]rYf\g hgj ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g& Dm_Yj Y afl]jn]faj q gZb]lang =d []fljg \] dY [am\Y\ \] E]\]dd f ]k mf ]khY[ag \gf\] e~k \] .&((( `YZalYfl]k ]f kalmY[a f \] [Ydd] nan]f q'g \]YeZmdYf hgj kmk n Yk$ e~k \] -&((( [ge]j[aYfl]k af^gjeYd]k g[mhYZYf af\]Za\Ye]fl] ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g q []j[Y \] +&((( h]jkgfYk ]klYZYf ]fnm]dlYk ]f kalmY[agf]k \] hjgklalm[a f g ]phdglY[a f k]pmYd af^Yflad& DY egnada\Y\ h]YlgfYd q dY k]_mja\Y\ naYd la]f]f ]f ]d []fljg mfg \] dgk hmflgk [j la[gk q ]k aff]_YZd] im] \mjYfl] Y gk `Y ka\g mfY [Y la[Y Ël]jeafYd \] ljYfkhgjl]Ì$ mfY \] dYk rgfYk \] dY [am\Y\ [gf eYqgj]k hjgZd]eYk e]\ag YeZa]flYd]k q \gf\] dY lYkY \] `gea[a\agk ]k dY e~k YdlY \] lg\Y dY [am\Y\&

,+

=d gZb]lang hjaf[ahYd ^m] ]d \]kYjjgddg \] aehgjlYfl]k gZjYk ^ ka[Yk2 ]d e]bgjYea]flg \] dY egnada\Y\ lYflg \] n]` [mdgk [geg \] h]Ylgf]k!$ dY [gfkgda\Y[a f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g [geg ]k[]fYjag hYjY ]d ]f[m]fljg q dY hjgl][[a f \]d e]\ag YeZa]fl] q lYeZa f dY eYfl]f[a f \] dgk ]imahYea]flgk q k]jna[agk h Zda[gk&

E]lg\gdg_ Y \] ljYZYbg DY ^gjeY \] hm]klY ]f hj~[la[Y \] ]klgk hjgq][lgk kmj_a \]k\] ]d _gZa]jfg \] E]\]dd f$ q ]klmng ZYkY\Y ]f ]d \]kYjjgddg \] \an]jkYk gZjYk ^ ka[Yk gja]flY\Yk Y \Yjd] e~k gj\]f Yd ^mf[agfYea]flg \] dY rgfY []fljg \] dY [am\Y\&

AehY[lg ' =^][lg \]k]Y\g =d hjg_jYeY Ë=d ;]fljg nan]Ì la]f] ]flj] gljYk e]lYk dY [gfkljm[[a f q [gfkgda\Y[a f \] dgk ka_ma]fl]k hYjim]k2 afl]jn]f[a f ^ ka[Y \]d HYjim] Fgjl]$ HYjim] BYj\ f :gl~fa[g$ HYjim] =phdgjY$ ;]fljg ; na[g KYf Dgj]frg q HdYrY \] ;akf]jgk3 dY ^gjemdY[a f \] mf hjgq][lg mjZYfg afl]_jYd im] hjgem]nY ]d \]kYjjgddg \] dgk ]b]k ;YjYZgZg q dY HdYqY q dY Y\][mY[a f q Yjla[mdY[a f \] [mYljg cad e]ljgk \] [Ydd]k$ Yf\]f]k q ]khY[agk h Zda[gk \] dgk [gjj]\gj]k mjZYfgk q hYjim]k ]f ]d [mYlja]fag& :mk[Y \]kYjjgddYj afa[aYlanYk im] [gf[a]jl]f dgk hmflgk e~k nalYd]k \]d []fljg$ hgj e]\ag \] Y[[agf]k ^ ka[Yk q \] _]kla f ]f[YeafY\Yk Y l]b]j ]kl] l]jjalgjag ] afl]_jYjdg \]k\] ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ dgk ]imahYea]flgk$ dY egnada\Y\$ dY [mdlmjY$ dY ]\m[Y[a f$ dY [a]f[aY$ dY l][fgdg_ Y q dY j][mh]jY[a f \] dY nana]f\Y ]f lg\gk fan]d]k kg[ag][gf ea[gk$ e]\aYfl] dY ^gjemdY[a f ] aehd]e]flY[a f \]d HdYf =kh][aYd \]d ;]fljg& Af[dmq] lYeZa f ]d e]bgjYea]flg q Y\][mY[a f \] [YdrY\Yk ]flj] KYf <a]_g q dgk hm]fl]k$ ]d Yjj]_dg \] Yf\]f]k q \]d k]hYjY\gj []fljYd$ ]flj] 9j_]flafY q 9eY\gj3 q dY j]hgka[a f \] j]\]k \] k]jna[ag2 \glY[a f \] egZadaYjag mjZYfg ] admeafY[a f h]YlgfYd$ hYkgk h]YlgfYd]k$ [gdg[Y[a f \] d f]Y l~[lad hYjY h]jkgfYk [gf egnada\Y\ q naka f j]\m[a\Yk q YjZgjarY[a f& LYeZa f ^m] j]YdarY\g ]d [YeZag \] dYk hdY[Yk \] [gf[j]lg \] dY n Y$ dY j]gj_YfarY[a f \] dgk Yf\]f]k Ydaf]Yf\g hYjY\]jgk$ e \mdgk \] n]flYk q ~jZgd]k$ \]kh]bYf\g dgk Yf\]f]k hYjY ]d Yhjgn][`Yea]flg \] ]kl] ]khY[ag hgj hYjl] \] dgk Yk! h]Ylgf]k Yk!& =f ]d k]hYjY\gj []fljYd ^m]jgf afklYdY\Yk ËegflY YkÌ \] [gdgj]k [gf ]d Õf \] aeh]\aj ]d hYkg \] dgk h]Ylgf]k hgj ]d e]\ag \] dY n Y q eglanYjdgk Y [jmrYj hgj dgk hYkgk h]YlgfYd]k q \akeafmaj Yk dY lYkY \] Y[[a\]fl]k ]f ]klY n Y&

;gflYeafY[a f ] afkYdmZja\Y\ =f lg\Yk dYk [am\Y\]k ]pakl]f hjgZd]eYk \] [gflYeafY[a f ] afkYdmZja\Y\3 hgj ]b]ehdg$ dY [gflYeafY[a f \]d Yaj] q ]d jma\g$ dgk ZYkmjYd]k \] \]kh]j\a[agk k da% \gk af[gfljgdY\gk g dY [gflYeafY[a f \] dgk [mjkgk \] Y_mY& <a[`gk ^]f e]fgk

,,

[gfklalmq]f mfY \a^a[mdlY\ ]f dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ hm]k la]f]f j]h]j[mkagf]k aehgjlYfl]k kgZj] dY kYdm\$ \a^ [ad]k \] \]l]jeafYj h]jg im] \]Z]f k]j lgeY\Yk ]f [m]flY& 9eZYk kalmY[agf]k mjZYfYk ]kl~f Ykg[aY\Yk Y [gfÖa[lgk ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g ]f dY e]\a\Y im] \]kY^ Yf dY kmkl]flYZada\Y\ YeZa]flYd q kg[aYd [alY\afY q j]kljaf_]f dYk [YhY[a\Y\]k \] \]kYjjgddg \] dgk Yk! `YZalYfl]k& =f ]kl] k]fla\g$ dY kmkl]flYZada\Y\ la]f] j]dY[a f [gf mfY eajY\Y kg[ag][gd _a[Y$ j]^]ja\Y lYflg Y dY eYfl]f[a f \] dY kg[a]\Y\ %[geg `][`g kg[aYd q `meYfg%$ [geg Yd kakl]eY ][gd _a[g g Zag^ ka[g$ q dYk j]dY[agf]k ]flj] YeZgk ?Yddghaf$ *((+!& 9 km n]r$ dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ mjZYfY \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk ]k ljYfkn]jkYd Y \an]jkYk \ae]fkagf]k$ ]f im] dY [gflYea% fY[a f ] afkYdmZja\Y\ YhYj][]f \]klY[Y\Yk& =f ]kl] k]fla\g$ Hgd k] q Klj]f *(((! hjghgf]f im] hYjY k]j YeZa]flYde]fl] kmkl]flYZd]k$ dYk [am\Y\]k q dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk lYeZa f \]Z]f k]jdg kg[aYde]fl]& <a[`Y kmkl]flYZada\Y\ kg[aYd ]kl~ \]Õ% fa\Y hgj mf \]kYjjgddg q [j][aea]flg [gehYlaZd] [gf dY ]ngdm[a f YjegfagkY \] dY kg[a]\Y\ [anad$ hjgegna]f\g mf e]\agYeZa]fl] im] [gfljaZmqY Y dY [g`YZalY[a f [mdlmjYd q kg[aYd \] \an]jkgk _jmhgk ea]fljYk im]$ Yd eakeg la]ehg$ ]k hjgegna\Y dY afl]_jY[a f kg[aYd$ e]bgjYf\g dY [Yda\Y\ \] na\Y \] dgk _jmhgk kg[aYd]k Hgd k] q Klj]f$ *(((2 )-%).!& DY kmkl]flYZada\Y\ kg[aYd hgf] f^Ykak ]f dY afl]_jY[a f \] dgk Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k$ q la]f] [geg eYqgj \]kY^ g kmh]jYj dgk hjg[]kgk \] ]p[dmka f kg[aYd& <]Za\g Y ]ddg$ kgf \]klY[YZd]k dgk ]k^m]jrgk \]kYjjgddY\gk ]f H] Ydgd f$ \gf\] hgj e]\ag \] dY j][mh]jY[a f hYjla[ahYlanY \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk ^m]jgf ]daeafY\gk ea[jgZYkmjYd]k n]j j][mY\jg ka_ma]fl]!&

J][mY\jg / H] Ydgd f$ ;`ad] HdYrY \] JYe f ;Yjfa[]j DY hYjla[ahY[a f hYjY [j]Yj ]khY[agk h Zda[gk kmkl]flYZd]k& =d fa[g ]khY[ag h Zda[g \]d ZYjjag ]jY mf ZYkmjYd& Dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! k] gj_YfarYjgf q$ ]f [gfbmflg [gf ]d Emfa[ahag$ dg \ak] Yf$ [gfkljmq]f q hdYflYf Ögj]k& >afYde]fl]$ ]d ZYkmjYd dd]_Y Y k]j mf dm_Yj ka_faÕ[Ylang q mladarY\g hgj lg\Yk q lg\gk& Dm_Yj Y afl]jn]faj q gZb]lang J][mh]jYj mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g mZa[Y\g ]f mf k][lgj \] e~k \] )*(( j]ka\]fl]k$ \gf\] ]pakl]f hgZdY[agf]k \] YdlY nmdf]jYZada\Y\ kg[aYd& =d dm_Yj ]jY mladarY\g [geg ea[jgZYkmjYd$ hgj dg im] k] `YZ Yf eYkaÕ[Y\g hdY_Yk \] jYlgf]k im] [gflYeafYjgf lg\g ]d k][lgj& 9kaeakeg$ dY gk[mja\Y\ \]d dm_Yj [gfÕ_mjYZY mf ]khY[ag [gf hg[Y na_adYf[aY im] ^Y[adal dY g[mjj]f[aY \] \]dalgk&

,-

=d gZb]lang hjaf[ahYd \] ]kl] hjg_jYeY ^m] afngdm[jYj Y dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! ]f lg\Yk dYk ]lYhYk \] dY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f$ \]k\] ]d \ak] g `YklY dY [gfkljm[[a f \aj][lY \]d ]khY[ag Y k]j j][mh]jY\g&

E]lg\gdg_ Y \] ljYZYbg =d Emfa[ahag ]flYZd [gfn]jkY[agf]k [gf dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! \]d k][lgj j]kh][lg \] dY hgkaZada\Y\ \] j][mh]jYj ]kl] ]khY[ag3 ] af\Y_ ]f dY \akhgka[a f q [YhY[a\Y\]k gj_YfarYlanYk ]pakl]fl]k ]f dY [gemfa\Y\ hYjY j]YdarYjdg \] ^gjeY [gfbmflY& =d hjgq][lg [ge]fr [gf dY j]YdarY[a f \] j]mfagf]k ]f dYk im] hYjla[ahYjgf dY BmflY \] N][afgk q dgk ]f[Yj_Y\gk emfa[ahYd]k \]d Hjg_jYeY \] J][mh]jY[a f \] =khY[agk H Zda[gk J=H!$ ]kh][ Õ[Ye]fl] \]d ~j]Y \] Gh]jY[agf]k& =d gZb]lang \] ]klYk j]mfagf]k [gfkakla ]f Y[gj\Yj ]d \ak] g \]d ]khY[ag$ ka]f\g dY a\]Y \] ZYk] im] ]kl] [gf[gj\YjY$ hgj mfY hYjl]$ [gf dYk f][]ka\Y\]k \] dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! q$ hgj gljY$ im] ^m]jY mf \ak] g Yje fa[g q Y\][mY\g Y dgk j][mjkgk \akhgfaZd]k ]f ]d Emfa[ahag& =f dY [gfkljm[[a f \] dYk gZjYk ljYZYbYjgf dgk \ Yk k~ZY\g q \geaf_g dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk!$ e]\aYfl] lmjfgk3 ea]fljYk im] \mjYfl] dY k]eYfY dgk ]f[Yj_Y\gk emfa[ahYd]k [gflafmYZYf dYk Y[lana\Y\]k&

AehY[lg ' =^][lg \]k]Y\g DY j][mh]jY[a f \]d ]khY[ag$ j]YdarY\Y ]f [ggj\afY[a f ]flj] ]d Emfa[ahag q dY [gemfa\Y\$ dg_j _]f]jYj mf e]bgjYea]flg [gf[j]lg \] mf ]khY[ag ljYfk^gje~f\gdg ]f ka_faÕ[Ylang$ dg im] hjgq][lY mfY eYqgj kmkl]flYZada\Y\ \]d ljYZYbg j]YdarY\g& ;geg j]kmdlY\g \] ]kl] hjg[]kg hYjla[ahYlang ^m] [gfkljma\Y mfY hdYrY [gf bm]_gk af^Yflad]k$ ]k[Y gk q dmeafYjaYk$ im] h]jeal]f ]d ]f[m]fljg \] lg\gk Yk! dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! \] dY rgfY j][mh]jY\Y& =f ]klY ]ph]ja]f[aY$ dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! ^m]jgf kmb]lgk Y[langk im] ljYZYbYjgf hYjY dY [gemfa\Y\$ dY [mYd k] nag ^gjlYd][a\Y hgj ]d \]kYjjgddg \] ]kl] ljYZYbg ]kh][ Õ[g&

Mkg \]d ]khY[ag [gemfalYjag [gfnan]f[aY! =d ]khY[ag h Zda[g ]k ]d dm_Yj \] ]f[m]fljg \] dYk h]jkgfYk$ im] hj]k]jnY$ hjg% em]n] q gj_YfarY dY [gemfa[Y[a f ]flj] _]fl] \a^]j]fl]$ h]jeala]f\g dY _]f]jY% [a f \] dgk n f[mdgk kg[aYd]k q \] [gfkljm[[a f \] dY a\]fla\Y\ K]_gnaY q Gna]\g$

,.

*(((!& DY ljYfk^gjeY[a f mjZYf kla[Y \] dgk dlaegk Y gk$ bmflg [gf dgk [YeZagk \]eg_j~Õ[gk q kg[aYd]k q dgk hjg[]kgk ea_jYlgjagk$ `Yf ^Yngj][a\g eg\aÕ[Y[agf]k ]kljm[lmjYd]k ]f dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk& @gq mfY _jYf \an]jka\Y\ \] h]jkgfYk [gfna% n]f ]f mfY eakeY [gemfa\Y\ \] n][afgk q n][afYk$ [gf [gklmeZj]k q eYf]jYk \] nanaj \a^]j]fl]k ]flj] k dg im]$ ]f g[Ykagf]k$ hm]\] _]f]jYj af[gehYlaZada\Y\]k g kalmY[agf]k \] [gfÖa[lg ]f dY [gfnan]f[aY n][afYd& HYjY dgk Yk! b n]f]k \] [gfl]plgk e~k [gfÖa[langk$ ]d ]khY[ag ]k ]d l]jjalgjag \] j]^]j]f[aY3 ]k \][aj$ ]d [gfbmflg \] dgk dm_Yj]k im] [gfklalmq]f ]d ~eZalg nalYd& DY ea[jg%[gemfa\Y\ hYkY Y k]j mf ^m]jl] \akhgkalang _]f]jY\gj \] a\]fla\Y\$ qY im] ]ddgk Yk! k] \]Õf]f ]f j]dY[a f q ghgka[a f Y gljgk _jmhgk q rgfYk \] dY [am\Y\$ kgZj] dY ZYk] \]d dm_Yj \] gja_]f$ ]f hYjla[mdYj Yd ZYjjag g [Ydd] Y im] h]jl]f][]f& HYjY dgk Yf[aYfgk$ hgj km hYjl]$ dY hYjla[ahY[a f ]f dY na\Y \]d ZYjjag g ]f dgk ]n]f% lmYd]k []fljgk \] Ykg[aY[a f ^Yngj][] dY hgkaZada\Y\ \] j]mfajk] q \] `YZdYj& Hgj ]ddg$ \gf\] ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g [Yj][] \] mfY Y\][mY\Y g^]jlY \] kg[aYdarY[a f$ dY [gfnan]f[aY ]kl~ daealY\Y q dgk ]khY[agk e]fgk [gehYjla\gk)& Mf [gfÖa[lg \] [gfnan]f[aY hm]\] \]Z]jk] Y dgk \an]jkgk lahgk \] mkg \] mf ]khY% [ag h Zda[g %hgj ]b]ehdg$ g[ag q j]ka\]f[aY% qY im] ]klg [gfljYhgf] Y dgk \aklaflgk Y[lgj]k ]d ]khY[ag$ Yd_mfgk j]ka\]fl]k$ gljgk mkmYjagk \] lj~fkalg& Mf k]_mf\g lahg \] [gfÖa[lg \] [gfnan]f[aY k] hjg\m[] hgj hYljgf]k [mdlmjYd]k \a^]j]fl]k im]$ ^j]fl] Y mf eakeg lahg \] mkg j]ka\]f[aY$ hgj fgeZjYj mfg!$ _]f]jY l]fkagf]k ]f ]d gj\]f kg[aYd \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g& =klY kalmY[a f k] hjg\m[] lYflg afl]j_]f]jY% [agfYde]fl] [gfÖa[lgk ]flj] b n]f]k q _]fl] Y\mdlY! [geg ]flj] `YZalYfl]k [gf \aklaflg gja_]f im] [g`YZalYf ]f mf eakeg ZYjjag&

J][mY\jg 0 :Yj[]dgfY$ =khY Y Hjgq][lg BYj\af]k \] E]\al]jj~f]Y Afl]jn]f[a f afl]_jYd hYjY ]d e]bgjYea]flg \] dY [gfnan]f[aY& ·Im] hYkY [mYf\g fa gk q fa Yk$ b n]f]k$ Y\mdlgk eYqgj]k$ emb]j]k$ ] afea% _jYfl]k ima]j]f mladarYj ]d eakeg bYj\ f7 Hgj e]\ag \] dY YfaeY[a f kg[aYd q [ggj\afYf\g \]k\] ]d ZYjj]f\]jg `YklY ]d _mYj\aY mjZYfg k] YhmflY Y mfY afl]jn]f[a f afl]_jYd im] dg `Y_Y mf ]khY[ag \] lg\gk q lg\Yk& Dm_Yj Y afl]jn]faj q gZb]lang =f ]kl] [Ykg k] ljYl \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk kalmY\gk ]f ]d afl]jagj \] nYjagk Zdgim]k \] ]\a^a[agk \] lalmdYja\Y\ hjanY\Y$ dgk im] `Y[]f \] hYflYddY& =kl~f ]feYj[Y\gk ]f mfY rgfY j]dY[agfY\Y [gf dY Y[lana\Y\ [ge]j[aYd2 e]j[Y\g emfa[ahYd \] dY EYjafY q [ge]j[agk \] dY [Ydd] EYj] \] <]m \]d Hgjl& =f ]kl] )

`llh2''ooo&[YkYd\]djYnYd&gj_'AFLA=khYfqgd&h\^

,/

k][lgj$ dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! h]j[aZ Yf dY ]pakl]f[aY \] ~j]Yk km[aYk q \]k[ma\Y\Yk$ lYflg ]f ]d afl]jagj \] dgk bYj\af]k [geg ]f dgk hYkaddgk \] [gf]pa f [gf ]d ]pl]jagj& 9\]e~k$ `YZ Y mfY ljYk_j]ka f h]jkakl]fl] \] dY fgjeYlanY hgj hYjl] \] dgk Yk! ]f[Yj_Y\gk Yk! \] dgk dg[Yd]k kalmY\gk ]f dY rgfY$ jma\gk q h]d]Yk ]flj] b n]f]k Y YdlYk `gjYk \] dY eY\jm_Y\Y$ im] ]jYf mfY egd]klaY [gfklYfl] hYjY dgk `YZalYfl]k \]d ZYjjag& =d gZb]lang hjaf[ahYd ]klmng gja]flY\g Y j]nakYj dgk \a^]j]fl]k mkgk \]d ]khY[ag$ hYjY ^Y[adalYj mfY Zm]fY [gfnan]f[aY ]flj] dgk Yk! mkmYjagk Yk!&

E]lg\gdg_ Y \] ljYZYbg =f ]klY ]ph]ja]f[aY$ dY Emfa[ahYda\Y\ afl]fl ^Y[adalYj dY Zm]fY [gfnan]f[aY Zmk[Yf\g dY [gehda[a\Y\ q ]d [gehjgeakg \]d n][af\Yjag hYjY ]d [gfljgd q Zm]f mkg \] ]kl] ]khY[ag& K] Zmk[ [ggj\afYj dYk \a^]j]fl]k Y[lmY[agf]k ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ j]nakYf\g dY ^j][m]f[aY \] hYkg$ dgk `gjYjagk q ]d lahg \] eYimafYjaY [gf dY im] k] `Y[]f dgk k]jna[agk \] daeha]rY$ hYjY Y[gj\Yj ]f im `gjYjagk ]jY e~k ]^][lanY q f][]kYjaY klY& >afYde]fl]$ ^m] j]nakY\Y dY rgfY %j]khgfkYZada\Y\ \] HYjim]k q BYj\af]k% hYjY YfYdarYj dgk mkgk \]l]jeafY\gk ]f ]ddY q Y[gj\Yj hgkaZd]k [YeZagk hYjY dY e]bgjY \]d ]khY[ag&

AehY[lg ' =^][lg \]k]Y\g =d hjgq][lg dg_j \afYearYj ]d mkg \]d ]khY[ag \] dgk bYj\af]k hgj e]\ag \] \an]jkgk af[]flangk$ hjaf[ahYde]fl]2 _jY[aYk Y dY hjg_jYeY[a f \] Y[lana\Y\]k ^YeadaYj]k ] af^Yflad]k q Y dY hjgeg[a f \] ]kl] ]khY[ag hYjY im] dYk ]fla\Y\]k \] dY rgfY k] aehdaim]f ]f \a[`Y hjg_jYeY[a f& HYjYd]dYe]fl]$ ^m] ^ge]flY\g ]d mkg ^YeadaYj \] ]klgk bYj\af]k dgk \geaf_gk hgj dY eY YfY$ \] eYf]jY \] [gfn]jlaj ]d ]khY[ag ]f mf dm_Yj \] ]f[m]fljg hYjY hY\j]k$ eY\j]k q fa gk Yk! \]d k][lgj& 9kaeakeg$ ^m] [jm[aYd ]f ]d \]kYjjgddg \] dY ]ph]ja]f[aY dY [ggj\afY[a f [gf gljgk k]jna[agk g \]hYjlYe]flgk q dY j]naka f \] \an]jkgk Ykh][lgk \] dgk bYj\af]k ]imahYea]flgk$ ]l[&!&

=p[dmka f \] _jmhgk \] afea_jYfl]k Dgk [j][a]fl]k Ömbgk ea_jYlgjagk$ [geg ]^][lg af]nalYZd] \] dY _dgZYdarY[a f$ j]]k% ljm[lmjYf dgk eg\]dgk kg[aYd]k ] afljg\m[]f fm]ngk ]d]e]flgk \] [gfÖa[lg ]f dgk e][Yfakegk \] j]_mdY[a f \] dYk j]dY[agf]k kg[aYd]k& =klY kalmY[a f ]k hYjla[mdYj%

,0

e]fl] Y_m\Y ]f dgk hY k]k ]mjgh]gk$ Ymf [mYf\g ]f DYlafgYe ja[Y dY ea_jY[a f afljY ] afl]jj]_agfYd %\]Za\g Y [gfÖa[lgk YjeY\gk q Z kim]\Y \] e]bgj]k ghgjlm% fa\Y\]k% lYeZa f ]k mf ^]f e]fg aehgjlYfl]& Kg[aYde]fl] k] hjg\m[] dY \a[glge Y \]$ hgj mfY hYjl]$ ]fl]f\]j ]d ^]f e]fg \] dY afea_jY[a f [geg [gfk][m]f[aY \]d kmZ\]kYjjgddg q dY hgZj]rY$ \] dY ^YdlY \] ]ph][lYlanYk ]f dgk hY k]k \] gja_]f q$ hgj gljY$ j]khgfkYZadarYj Y dgk Yk! afea_jYf% l]k %]kh][aYde]fl] Y dgk ajj]_mdYj]k%$ \] lg\g lahg \] eYd]k2 YZYjYlYj ]d ljYZYbg$ ima% l~jk]dg Y dY hgZdY[a f Yml [lgfY$ [ghYj dgk k]jna[agk kg[aYd]k$ k]j dgk [YmkYfl]k \]d Yme]flg \] dY \]daf[m]f[aY$ ]flj] gljgk hjgZd]eYk& =d Yk]flYea]flg \] [gemfa\Y\]k hjg[]\]fl]k \] 9e ja[Y$ 9kaY$ Þ^ja[Y g =mjghY \]d =kl] hjgng[Y ]f dY hgZdY[a f \] dYk [am\Y\]k ]mjgh]Yk mfY k]fkY[a f \] h j\a\Y \] a\]fla\Y\$ \] dgk nYdgj]k$ hj~[la[Yk q d]f_mY im] \YZYf [g`]j]f[aY Y km h]j[]h[a f \] dY j]Yda\Y\ q ^mf\Ye]flYZYf mf k]flaea]flg [gd][lang Z~ka[g \] k]_mja\Y\& @Y a\g _]f]j~f\gk] mfY naka f \] dY afea_jY[a f [geg mf ^]f e]fg ad]_Yd q eYkang$ im] Yl]flY [gfljY dY kg[a]\Y\ \]d Za]f]klYj$ im] hjgng[Y dY afk]_mja\Y\ [am\Y\YfY q [m]klagfY dY a\]fla\Y\& =klY eajY\Y ]kl]j]glahY\Y \]d ^]f e]fg ea_jYlgjag ]f[m]fljY ]phj]ka f e~k [dYjY ]f dgk l]jjalgjagk mjZYfgk \] eYqgj [gf[]fljY[a f \] afea_jYfl]k dgk im]$ _]f]jYde]fl]$ kgf Yim]ddgk \gf\] nan] dY hgZdY[a f Yml [lgfY [gf e]fgj fan]d kg[aYd$ [mdlmjYd q ][gf ea[g& Kmj_]f kalmY[agf]k Y n][]k [j la[Yk$ hgjim] dY ^jY[lmjY lfa[Y q [mdlmjYd im]\Y kmh]jhm]klY Y dY ^jY[lmjY kg[aYd hj]]pakl]fl]$ ka]f\g klY mfY kalmY[a f [ge f Y dYk [am\Y\]k ]mjgh]Yk q dYlafgYe]ja[YfYk& =k ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g \] ]klgk ZYjjagk$ Y e]fm\g ]f dYk h]ja^]jaYk mjZYfYk$ \gf\] YhYj][] mfY eYqgj k]_j]_Y[a f& =kl] ^]f e]fg ]k hjgng[Y\g hgj dY [j]% [a]fl] [gf[]fljY[a f \] _jmhgk \] afea_jYfl]k ]f ]khY[agk j]\m[a\gk [geg d _a[Y \] Ymlghjgl][[a f& ;geg [gfk][m]f[aY \] dY [gf[]fljY[a f ]khY[aYd \] afea_jYfl]k k] hjg\m[]$ hgj mf dY\g$ mfY eYqgj \]k[gf^aYfrY Yfl] ]d k]fla% ea]flg \] \]k]kljm[lmjY[a f q h j\a\Y \]d hjghag ]khY[ag q \] dY Yfla_mY a\]fla% \Y\ \]d ZYjjag [geg ]khY[ag hjghag q j][gfg[a\g hgj hYjl] \] dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! Yml [lgfgk Yk!& Hgj ]d gljg$ Yd dY! ]pljYfb]jg Y! d] [m]klY em[`g ]f[gfljYj g[Y% kagf]k q dm_Yj]k hYjY km Ymlg%j]hj]k]flY[a f [mdlmjYd$ [geg [gfk][m]f[aY \] dYk \a^a[mdlY\]k naf[mdY\Yk Yd j][gfg[aea]flg \]d h]jeakg \] ]klY\ Y q ljYZYbg q$ ]f _]f]jYd$ Yd ]klYlmk bmj \a[g&

=klYk kalmY[agf]k k] eYfa^a]klYf ]f \an]jkgk [gf^da[lgk hgj ]d ]khY[ag [geg$ hgj ]b]ehdg$ dgk hjglY_gfarY\gk hgj b n]f]k afea_jYfl]k ]f dY h]ja^]jaY \] :Y\YdgfY ;YlYdm Y$ =khY Y!& ;geg em]kljY ]d j][mY\jg ka_ma]fl]$ ^m] j]YdarY\g mf ljY% ZYbg [gf ]ddgk Yk! hYjY dY afl]_jY[a f q kg[aYdarY[a f Yd afl]jagj \] mf ZYjjag&

,1

J][mY\jg 1 :Y\YdgfY$ ;gemfa\Y\ 9ml fgeY \] ;YlYdm Y$ =khY Y Hjgq][lg ;YkYd \] B n]f]k \] KYflg ;jaklg 9faeY[a f \] b n]f]k hYjY kgdm[agfYj [gfÖa[lgk ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g =f mf ZYjjag hgZj]$ [gf hjgZd]eYk \] afl]_jY[a f q eYj_afYda\Y\$ k] Yhm]klY hgj ]d ^mlmjg& LjYZYbYf\g [gf fa gk$ fa Yk q b n]f]k ]k hjgegna\Y mfY mladarY[a f j]kh]lmgkY \]d ]khY[ag [ge f& Dm_Yj Y afl]jn]faj q gZb]lang =d ]khY[ag afl]jn]fa\g [gfkakl] ]f dY [j]Y[a f \] mfY [YkY \] b n]f]k$ mfY dm\gl][Y af^Yflad q mfgk ]khY[agk \] mkg [gd][lang ]f ]d ZYjjag& DYk h]jkgfYk im] Y[m\]f e~k ^j][m]fl]e]fl] Y ]ddgk kgf$ eYqgjalYjaYe]fl]$ fa gk Yk! q b n]f]k& LYeZa f hYjla[ahYf Yd_mfYk \] dYk ^YeadaYk \] dgk Yk! fa gk Yk!& =d `gjYjag hj]^]j]fl] ]k dY lYj\] g dY fg[`]$ ]f hYjla[mdYj \mjYfl] dgk Õf]k \] k]eYfY& ;gd][langk \] b n]f]k q Y\mdlgk mladarYf ]d [YkYd [geg dm_Yj [gemfalYjag \] ]f[m]fljg& =d gZb]lang hjaf[ahYd \]d hjgq][lg [gfkakla ]f dY \afYearY[a f \] ljYZYbgk afl]_jYd]k gja]flY\gk Y b n]f]k q fa gk Yk! \]d ZYjjag$ hYjY [j]Yj hjg[]kgk \] kg[aYdarY[a f q hYjla[ahY[a f \] ]ddgk Yk!&

E]lg\gdg_ Y \] ljYZYbg =d Emfa[ahag q dY ]fla\Y\ bmn]fad \ak] Yjgf [gfbmflYe]fl] ]d hjgq][lg& DYk Y[lana\Y\]k hjg_jYeY\Yk \] ^gjeY _]f ja[Y kgf2 kYda\Yk [mdlmjYd]k q ]p[mjkagf]k$ lYdd]j]k \] ^gjeY[a f$ lYdd]j]k \] k]fkaZadarY[a f$ kghgjl] Y hjgq][lgk hmflmYd]k \] [gd][langk \]d ZYjjag$ Y[lana\Y\]k d \a[Yk$ [mdlmjYd]k q \] g[ag& DYk Y[[agf]k aehda[Yf mfY afl]jn]f[a f afl]_jYd$ lYflg \]d af\ana\mg [geg \]d ZYjjag&

AehY[lg ' =^][lg \]k]Y\g =klY ]ph]ja]f[aY dg_j ljYZYbYj [gf b n]f]k q fa gk Yk!$ _jY[aYk Y \an]jkYk Y[lana\Y\]k j][j]Y[agfYd]k q [mdlmjYd]k$ hgl]f[aYf\g mf ]khY[ag \] kg[aYdarY[a f q hYjla[ahY[a f \]eg[j~la[Y&

*&+ LAHGK <= HJGQ=;LGK AFL=JN=F;AGF=K! ;geg qY `]egk admkljY\g [gf dY \]k[jah[a f \] \aklaflgk hjgq][lgk$ dgk [gfÖa[% lgk mjZYfgk kgf Ykmea\gk hgj dgk emfa[ahagk \] ^gjeY \aklaflY$ \] Y[m]j\g Y dYk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk \] dY [am\Y\$ dY _gn]jfYfrY* aeh]jYfl]$ dgk j][mjkgk \akhgfaZd]k q dY ]kh][aÕ[a\Y\ \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk& =k hgkaZd]$ ]f lg\g [Ykg$ [Yl]_gjarYj dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k ]f [af[g l]eYk \aklaflgk2 *

=kl] ]k mf [gf[]hlg \] j][a]fl] \a^mka f im] \]ka_fYj dY ]Õ[Y[aY$ [Yda\Y\ q Zm]fY gja]flY[a f \] dY afl]jn]f[a f \]d =klY\g& LYeZa f k] mladarY ]d l jeafg _gZa]jfg j]dY[agfYd3 q ]f em[`Yk g[Ykag% f]k$ dY hYdYZjY _gZ]jfYf[aY&

-(

J][gfn]jka f q \afYearY[a f mjZYfY2 dY [gehd]ba\Y\ \]d \]l]jagjg mjZYfg \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk aehda[Y \ae]fkagf]k lYflg kg[aYd]k ]ehgZj][aea]flg!$ ][g% f ea[Yk hj][YjarY[a f \]d ]ehd]g!$ `akl ja[Yk ^gjeYk \] hgZdYea]flg! q ^ ka[Yk gZkgd]k[]f[aY ^mf[agfYd!& <]Za\g Y ]ddg$ ]k mf ^Y[lgj [ge f Y \an]jkgk hjgq][lgk ]d hjghgf]j e]\a\Yk afl]_jYd]k$ im] af[dmqYf bmflg [gf ]d e]bgjYea]flg ^ ka[g$ km j]Y[lanY[a f ]f \aklaflgk ~eZalgk$ lYd]k [geg ]d hgl]f[aYd ][gf ea[g$ [ge]j[aYd$ g dYZgjYd3 ]\m[Ylang$ dY [Yda\Y\ \] dYk nana]f\Yk q dY afl]_jY[a f kg[aYd$ _jY[aYk Y e]\a\Yk kmkl]flYZd]k \]k\] dY h]jkh][lanY e]\agYeZa]flYd& Af^jY]kljm[lmjY2 \]Za\g Y dgk _jYn]k hjgZd]eYk \] \]ka_mYd\Y\ kg[ag][gf ea[Y q \ Õ[al \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk ]f em[`Yk [am\Y\]k$ kgf hjghm]klYk e]\a\Yk hYjY e]bgjYj dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd hgj e]\ag \] dY [gfkljm[[a f \] _jYf\]k gZjYk \] af^jY% ]kljm[lmjY$ im] e]bgj]f dgk k]jna[agk mjZYfgk lYd]k [geg [gf][lana\Y\ q k]jna[agk h Zda[gk$ ]flj] gljgk& <a[`gk hjgq][lgk nYf \aja_a\gk Y rgfYk hgZj]k$ g \]hjaea\Yk ][gf ea[Ye]fl]$ \] dY [am\Y\ q ]kl~f gja]flY\gk Y hjg\m[aj mf `~ZalYl mjZYfg im] h]jealY e]bgj afl]_jY[a f q eYqgj k]_mja\Y\& K] ljYZYbY \]k\] mfY \ae]fka f ^ ka[Y \] dY af^jY]kljm[lmjY$ kaf Yhj][aYjk] Y[lana\Y\]k kg[aYd]k g [gemfalYjaYk Ykg% [aY\Yk& Kgf j]YdarY\Yk afl]jn]f[agf]k im]$ ]f ]d [Ykg \] dYk [am\Y\]k dYlafgYe]ja% [YfYk$ YhmflYf Y kmh]jYj ]d \ Õ[al ^ ka[g q [mYflalYlang \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g& J]nalYdarY[a f \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk2 lg\gk dgk hjgq][lgk ljYZYbYf ]f ]d e]bgjY% ea]flg mjZYfg \] dm_Yj]k im] `Yf h]j\a\g [YhY[a\Y\ \] g^j][]j [g`]ka f kg[aYd$ \]k\] mfY ]k[YdY ZYjjaYd Y ]p[]h[a f \] dgk hjgq][lgk \] dY [am\Y\ \] E]\]dd f!& ?jY[aYk Y dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] n][afgk q n][afYk j]ka\]fl]k Ydj]\]\gj \]d ]khY[ag$ k] mladarY dY ^mf[agfYda\Y\ \]d dm_Yj hYjY hgl]f[aYj ]d ]f[m]fljg q dY Zm]fY [gf% nan]f[aY ]flj] ]ddgk& E]\a\Yk \] hj]n]f[a f kalmY[agfYd$ e]bgjYea]flg mjZYfg q hj]n]f[a f kg[aYd [gemfalYjaY h]jeal]f dY j][mh]jY[a f \] ]khY[agk afk]_mjgk$ j]Y[lanYf\g dYk [YhY[a\Y\]k [am\Y\YfYk hYjY dg_jYj im] k] Yhjgha]f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g& <a[`Yk [YhY[a\Y\]k k] ljYZYbYf \]k\] ]d afngdm[jYea]flg \] n][afgk q n][afYk j]ka\]fl]k Ydj]\]\gj \] dgk ]khY[agk$ af[dmq]f\g Y dgk Yk! fa gk Yk!& E]\aY[a f \] [gfÖa[lgk2 ]f =mjghY q ^j]fl] Y hjgZd]eYk \] [gfnan]f[aY ]f ]khY% [agk h Zda[gk ]flj] hgZdY[a f Yml [lgfY q dY afea_jYfl]$ kgf Y\ghlY\Yk e]\a\Yk \] hj]n]f[a f [gemfalYjaY& =f Yd_mfgk [Ykgk$ ]klYk e]\a\Yk ]kl~f Ykg[aY\Yk Y mfY fm]nY ^gjeY \] [gf[]Zaj dY j]dY[a f hgda[ Y%`YZalYfl]k _jY[aYk Y dY hgda[ Y \] Ëhjgpaea\Y\ ]kljYl _a[YÌ+$ [geg ]f :Y\YdgfY$ q ]f gljgk Y dY hj]n]f[a f kalmY[ag% fYd q'g e]bgjYea]flg mjZYfg& @Yf ka\g dg_jY\gk \aklaflgk fan]d]k \] YhjgpaeY[a f afl]j[mdlmjYd$ e]\aYfl] ]kljYl]_aYk \] f]_g[aY[a f q Y[m]j\g \] fgjeYk \] [gfna% n]f[aY ]flj] dgk _jmhgk& =pakl]f [Ykgk ]f :Y\YdgfY q Lgjafg \gf\] k] `Y ljYZYbY\g \aj][lYe]fl] [gf _jmhgk \] afea_jYfl]k ]f l]eYk \] nana]f\Y q ljYZYbg$ Ykg[aY\gk Y dgk [gfÖa[lgk ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g& =f ]d ~eZalg \] nana]f\Y `Y ka\g j]YdarY\g +

=d ;Yhalmdg ,$ ]f km hmflg ,&*$ hjg^mf\arY ]kl] l]eY&

-)

mf [gfljgd \] hakgk \]hYjlYe]flgk! ]ehY\jgfY\gk q Y[[agf]k hYjY \akeafmaj dY kgZj]g[mhY[a f \] klgk$ e]\aYfl] Y[m]j\gk [gf dY hgZdY[a f afea_jYfl]3 ]f dg dYZgjYd k] `Y afl]flY\g hjgegn]j ]d hgl]f[aYd ][gf ea[g \] [a]jlYk Y[lana\Y\]k af^gjeYd]k hgj e]\ag \]d afngdm[jYea]flg \aj][lg \] dgk _jmhgk afea_jYfl]k im] dYk dd]nYf Y [YZg& Hj]n]f[a f kg[aYd2 YhYj][]f ]kljYl]_aYk \] hj]n]f[a f [gemfalYjaY [geg ^g[g \] dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k hYjY ]f^j]flYj \an]jkgk [gfÖa[lgk ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g& MfY d f]Y \] hj]n]f[a f im] e]j][] k]j \]klY[Y\Y ]k dY ]kljYl]_aY hYjY hj]n]faj q \ak% eafmaj ]d [gfkmeg \] \jg_Yk q dY hjgda^]jY[a f \] hYf\addYk [Ydd]b]jYk hgj dY n Y \]d ^gjlYd][aea]flg \] dY hYjla[ahY[a f bmn]fad& 9 km n]r$ dgk [gfÖa[lgk \] [gfnan]f% [aY ]flj] _jmhgk \] \aklaflYk fY[agfYda\Y\]k$ hjaf[ahYde]fl] dg_jYf ]f^j]flYjk] e]\aYfl] dY mladarY[a f \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk \]d k][lgj& Hgj ]b]ehdg$ e]\aYfl] dY ^gjeY[a f \] mfY [geaka f \] \afYearY[a f \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk hYjY j]YdarYj Y[lana\Y\]k j][j]YlanYk$ \]hgjlanYk q [mdlmjYd]k [gf b n]f]k q Y\mdlgk Yk! \]d ZYjjag$ g _jY[aYk Yd ljYZYbg \] Y_]fl]k ]\m[Y\gj]k Yk! im] gj_YfarYf kYda\Yk [mdlmjYd]k q ]p[mjkagf]k$ lYdd]j]k \] ^gjeY[a f q k]fkaZadarY[a f$ Y[lana\Y\]k d \a[Yk$ [mdlmjYd]k q \] g[ag& 9 [gflafmY[a f$ hj]k]flYegk mfY eYljar im] em]kljY dYk \ae]fkagf]k \]d [gfÖa[lg ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g& =kl~ ]dYZgjY\Y [geg k fl]kak \] dYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk j]YdarY\Yk ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g hgj hYjl] \] dYk fm]n] [am\Y\]k kg[aYk \]d hjgq][lg =khY[agk H Zda[gk q ;g`]ka f Kg[aYd,& =f ]d ]b] n]jla[Yd YhYj][]f dgk \aklaflgk lahgk \] [gfÖa[lgk Ykg[aY\gk Y dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk im] ^m]jgf \]k[jalgk hgj dYk [am\Y\]k kg[aYk$ [gjj]khgf\a]fl]k Y \]l]% jagjg q \][dan] mjZYfg3 [j e]f]k$ \]dalgk q h]j[]h[a f \] afk]_mja\Y\3 [gflYeafY% [a f ] afkYdmZja\Y\3 [gfnan]f[aY q$ hgj dlaeg$ afea_jY[a f& =f ]d ]b] `gjargflYd$ dYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk ]kl~f [dYkaÕ[Y\Yk k]_ f lahgdg_ Yk \] hjgq][% lgk3 ]k \][aj$ Y hYjlaj \]d ]d]e]flg []fljYd im] hj]l]f\a]jgf afl]jn]faj ]f [Y\Y mfY \] ]ddYk& =f ]kl] [Ykg$ dgk hjgq][lgk nYj Yf ]flj] afa[aYlanYk \] j][gfn]jka f q \afY% earY[a f mjZYfY$ gZjYk \] af^jY]kljm[lmjY$ hjg[]kgk \] j]nalYdarY[a f \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ \] e]\aY[a f \] [gfÖa[lgk q \] hj]n]f[a f kg[aYd&

,

;geg qY `]egk \a[`g$ dY daklY lglYd \] hjgq][lgk$ km \]k[jah[a f _]f]jYd q j]kmea\Y$ ] af^gjeY[a f Ym\agnakmYd ]f ]d [Ykg \] dgk hjgq][lgk e~k ]eZd]e~la[gk$ hm]\] k]j ]f[gfljY\Y ]f `llh2''ooo& mjZYd%]khY[agkh Zda[gk&[d'*((0'

-*

EYljar <ae]fkagf]k \]d [gfÖa[lg ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g Lahg \] hjgq][lg Lahg \] [gfÖa[lg

J][gfn]jka f q \afYearY[a f mjZYfY KYdlg :Yjjag KYdlg Fm]ng

<]l]jagjg mjZYfg

J][a^] Hjgb]lg ?]kl g ] >gjeY g hYjY me 9eZa]fl] KYm\~n]d ] K]_mjg

Af^jY]kljm[lmjY

E]\]dd f =d ;]fljg Nan] HYjim] BmYf]k E]ljghdmk HMA ;gemfY )+ HMA Fgjgja]flYd

:Yj[]dgfY D]q \] :Yjjagk

J]nalYdarY[a f \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk

E]\aY[a f \] [gfÖa[lgk

:Yj[]dgfY :Yjja =\m[Y\gj @gjlk \] Kl& HYm

:Yj[]dgfY :Yjja =\m[Y\gj :]kgk$ \aY_f kla[g hYjla[ahYlang JaeY[ >ge]flg lmjakeg ]f dY 9dYe]\Y q 9dj]\]\gj]k$ [gf j]h& [mdlmjYd]k

Lgjafg ;Yk[afY Jg[[Y^jYf[Y HYjim] 9jjangj] E]\]dd f HYjim] =phdgjY HYjim]k :aZdagl][Y

Lgjafg :Ykk] \a KlmjY

Hj]n]f[a f kg[aYd

JaeY[ <]khj][YjarY[a f

H]j[]h[a f \] Afk]_mja\Y\$ [j e]f]k q \]dalgk

9l] HYnae]flY[a f \] [Ydd] Dgk ;dYn]d]k MjZYfarY[a f KYflY JgkalY H] Ydgd f KYda\Y E]ljg DYk Lgjj]k

9l] HYjim] Dgk DYmj]d]k

9l] LYdd]j]k hjg\m[la% ngk hYjY b n]f]k \] Ydlg ja]k_g kg[aYd

:Yj[]dgfY =khY[ag ]eZd]e~% la[g HYkY_] LjafalYl N]ddY

JaeY[ L]Yljg [geg ]kljY% l]_aY \] hj]n]f[a f \] dY nagd]f[aY

Lgjafg HYjim] NYd]flafg

E]\]dd f HYjim]k Daf]Yd]k HdYf \]d HgZdY\g :Yj[]dgfY =khY[ag ]eZd]e~% la[g KgdYj ;' 9ddgrY H] Ydgd f HdYrY ;gd]_ag DY Hm]jlY HdYrY JYe f ;Yjfa[]j ;Yf[`Y lj]k HdYrY Dgk EYj]k ;mjnY Gja]flYd

;gflYeafY[a f ] AfkYdmZja\Y\

Mkg \]d ]khY[ag [gemfalYjag ;gfnan]f[aY!

9l] ;gfkljm[[a f \] haklYk q Yk^YdlY\g \] [Ydd]k ;gfkljm[[a f \] mf Zgmd]nYj\ 9k^YdlY\g \] mfY Yn]fa\Y

:Yj[]dgfY H] Ydgd f BYj\af]k \] dY >]jaY \] 9jja]lY E]\al]jjYf]Y Afl]jagj \] eYfrYfY BYj\af]k \] =je]kk]f\Y \] ;Yj[YkkgfY HdY Y \]d <aYeYfl

9l] LYdd]j \] [gf^][% [a f NY[Y E][~fa[Y :Y\YdgfY ;Yf JaZ

Lgjafg HdYrY 9amgdY <gfYl]ddg :Yj[]dgfY HdYrY Gk[Y =p[dmka f \] _jmhgk \] Afea_jYfl]k

:Y\YdgfY HdYrY 9flgfag EY[`Y\g E]\aY[a f KYf Jgim] :Yj[]dgfY =d ;Yehaddg \] dY Naj_]f Lgjafg HYjim] H]dd]jafY HgjlY HYdYrrg

-+

:Y\YdgfY HaklY hgda\]hgjlanY ;YkYd B n]f]k KYflg ;jaklg

:A:DAG?J9>á9 :gjbY$ B& DY [am\Y\ [gfimaklY\Y$ 9daYfrY =fkYqg& EY\ja\$ *((+& <Yna\$ E&$ ;gfljgd MjZYfg& DY =[gdg_ Y \]d Ea]\g$ Najmk& :Yj[]dgfY$ *(()& >]jf~f\]r$ 9&$ <] K[`add]j K& Na]flg ]f =khY[agk MjZYfgk& :m]fgk 9aj]k2 KA;qL% >9<M M:9$ )11+& ?Yddghaf$ ?&$ Kgkl]faZada\Y\ q <]kYjjgddg Kgkl]faZd]$ mf ]f^gim] kakl ea[g& KYflaY_g$ ;]hYd& K]ja] E]\ag 9eZa]fl] q <]kYjjgddg F³ .,$ *((+& =f `llh2''ooo&][dY[& [d'[_a%Zaf'_]lHjg\&Ykh7ped5'hmZda[Y[agf]k'ped'.'),*-.'H),*-.&ped pkd5' \eYY`'lhd'h1^&pkd ZYk]5']kYd['lhd'lgh%Zgllge&pkdl @Yjn]q$ <&$ =khY[agk \] ]kh]jYfrY$ =\a[agf]k 9cYd& EY\ja\$ *((+& DY`gkY$ B& E&$ =khYa mjZ~ a k]_mj]lYl& MfY YhjgpaeY[a \]k \] dÌ=fim]klY \] Na[laearY[a \] :Yj[]dgfY$ GZk]jnYlgja :Yj[]dgfY2 J]naklY :Yj[]dgfY' Kg[a]\Y\ f³ ))& 9qmflYea]flg \] :Yj[]dgfY$ *((,& Gj\]fYfrY \] e]\a\Yk hYjY ^ge]flYj q _YjYflarYj dY [gfnan]f[aY [am\Y\YfY ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g \] :Yj[]dgfY& 9qmflYea]flg \] :Yj[]dgfY$ *((.& Hgd k]$ E& q Kl]jf$ J&$ Mf\]jklYf_af_ l`] F]o Kg[ag[mdlmjYd <qfYea[k g^ ;ala]k2 [gehYjYlan] mjZYf hgda[q af Y _dgZYd [gfl]pl& =f Hgd k]$ E& q Kl]jf$ J& L`] kg[aYd kmklYafYZadalq g^ [ala]k& Mfan]jkalq g^ Lgjgflg Hj]kk& hh + Ç +0& Lgjgflg$ *(((& JgbYk$ =&$ Jg\j _m]r NaddY]k[mkY$ =& q O]_]daf$ =& [gdYZgjY\gj]k!$ Ngdn]j Yd []fljg& DY j][mh]jY[a f \] ~j]Yk mjZYfYk []fljYd]k$ =\algjaYd 9d^Yge]_Y$ ?jmhg =\algj& :Yf[g Afl]jYe]ja[Yfg \] <]kYjjgddg$ :A<$ E pa[g$ *((,& Jge]jg EgjY_Yk$ ;&$ ;am\Y\$ ;mdlmjY q Lmjakeg2 ;Yda\Y\ q 9ml]fla[a\Y\& =f A9H@& :gd]l f \]d Afklalmlg 9f\Ydmr \]d HYljaegfag @akl ja[g& <gkka]j2 Lmjakeg ]f ;am\Y\]k @akl ja[Yk& F³ +.$ K]naddY$ hh& )((%)(1$ *(()& K]_gnaY$ G& q Gna]\g$ =& =khY[agk h Zda[gk ]f dY [am\Y\ q ]d ZYjjag& =f K]_gnaY$ G&3 <Yk[Yd$ ?& ]\algj]k!& =khY[ag h Zda[g$ hYjla[ahY[a f q [am\Y\Yf Y& ;gd][[a f =klm\agk Kg[aYd]k$ =\a[agf]k Kmj& KYflaY_g \] ;`ad]$ *(((& NYf\]jk[`m]j]f$ >&$ Dmf][c]$ 9&$ EYj[mk$ E& q :m^^Yl$ B& H&$ Hgd la[Yk \] K]_mja\Y\ ;am\Y\YfY ]f =mjghY q 9e ja[Y DYlafY& Mfan]jka\Y\ 9dZ]jlg @mjlY\g$ <anaka f \] K]_mja\Y\ ;am\Y\YfY& KYflaY_g \] ;`ad]$ *((,& NYjagk Ymlgj]k& DY ;am\Y\ q ]d Ea]\g$ NAA ;gdgimag \] ?]g_jY^ Y MjZYfY& Mfan]jka\Y\ \] ?ajgfY& ?ajgfY$ =khY Y$ *((-&

-,

+

;9HALMDG

·AFL=JN=FAJ =D =KH9;AG MJ:9FG H9J9 E9F=B9J DGK ;GF>DA;LGK KG;A9D=K Q HJ=N=FAJ =D <=DALG7

=dcaf N]d~kim]r E& Afn]kla_Y\gj ;A<K%;]fljg \] Afn]kla_Y[agf]k kgZj] <af~ea[Y Kg[aYd Mfan]jka\Y\ =pl]jfY\g \] ;gdgeZaY --

+ -.

DY _gZ]jfYfrY mjZYfY `Y ]fljY\g Y ^gjeYj hYjl] \]d d]f_mYb] \] dgk [a]fl Õ[gk q \] dgk j]khgfkYZd]k \] dY [am\Y\& MfY hjae]jY YhjgpaeY[a f \]d l jeafg afkaf Y dY a\]Y \] [gfka\]jYjdY [geg afn]jkYe]fl] hjghgj[agfYd Y dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ mjZYfY& 9\]e~k$ ]f Zm]fY hYjl]$ dYk [gfÖa[lana\Y\]k mjZYfYk k] [gfkljmq]f ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ ]f ]d ]khY[ag \] dg [gd][lang$ ]f dY [am\Y\$ im] [gaf[a\] ]f em[`g [gf ]d ]flgjfg \] dY af^jY]kljm[lmjY mjZYfY ljYfkhgjl]$ hYjim]k$ ]\aÕ[agk h Zda[gk$ ]l[&!& Ka dg Yfl]jagj ]k [a]jlg$ [gfkljmaj _gZ]jfYfrY mjZYfY q eYf]bYj dYk [gfÖa[lana\Y% \]k kg[aYd]k ]f dY [am\Y\ lYeZa f hYkY hgj afl]jn]faj YhjghaY\Ye]fl] ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ ka dY e]lY ]k e~k YhjghaY[a f \] d hgj dgk Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k q \] [gfk]_maj mfY eYqgj [g`]ka f kg[aYd& =f mfY Z kim]\Y afa[aYd \] \a~dg_g ]flj] \a[`Yk YhjgpaeY[agf]k$ Y hYjlaj \] Yd_mfYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk \] [am\Y\]k Yf\afYk ]kl] \g[me]flg hjghgf] mfY \ak[mka f kgZj] dYk [gfÖa[lana\Y\]k ]f dY [am\Y\ q kgZj] dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g q ]d ]flgjfg mjZYfg im] `Yf a\g ljYk km YhjghaY[a f [am\Y\YfY q ]d e]bgjYea]flg \] dYk [gf\a[agf]k \] k]_mja\Y\ [am\Y\YfY q [gfnan]f[aY$ [gf dg_jgk q hjgZd]eYk Y f hgj ]nYdmYj \] eYf]jY \]ÕfalanY& Hgkl]jagje]fl] YZgj\Y ]d l]eY \] dY afl]jn]f% [a f ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g kgZj] dY ZYk] \] dY ]ph]ja]f[aY [gdgeZaYfY&

+&) <= D9 ;GF>DA;LANA<9< KG;A9D =F D9 ;AM<9< :j]n] afljg\m[[a f Yd [gf[]hlg \] [gfÖa[lg kg[aYd =d [gf[]hlg \] [gfÖa[lg kg[aYd$ [mYdima]jY k]Y km fYlmjYd]rY$ ljY\a[agfYde]fl] hgk]] mfY [gffglY[a f f]_YlanY g hYlgd _a[Y K[`]ddaf_$ )1.(!& =k [gfka\]jY\g Ëaf\]k]YZd]Ì g ]phj]ka f \] dg ËYf ea[gÌ$ ]f l jeafgk ^mf[agfYd]k& Kaf ]eZYj_g$ e dlahd]k j]Ö]pagf]k l] ja[Yk ] afn]kla_Y[agf]k ]f [a]f[aYk kg[aYd]k `Yf egkljY\g im] ]k mf ]d]e]flg kaf]imYfgf \] dYk \af~ea[Yk kg[aYd]k$ af`]j]fl] Y dY ]kljm[lm% jY[a f \] dYk kg[a]\Y\]k q Yd_mfYk n][]k lad hYjY km Zm]f ^mf[agfYea]flg ;gk]j$ )1-.3 >j]mf\$ )10+!& Hgj gljY hYjl]$ Yk [geg hm]\] k]j \]kljm[lgj$ gljYk n][]k ]k [gfkljm[lang <]mlk[`$ )11,!& Kaf \]bYj \] dY\g ]d afl]j k ]f dgk ]^][lgk g dYk [gffg% lY[agf]k \]d [gfÖa[lg ]f l jeafgk \] \Y gk$ \ak^mf[agf]k g h]jbma[agk$ ]d [gfÖa[lg \]Z] k]j YZgj\Y\g [geg hYjl] ]kljm[lmjYd$ \af~ea[Y ] afl]_jYfl] \] dY gj_YfarY% [a f kg[aYd& DYk [a]f[aYk kg[aYd]k ^g[YdarYf ]d [gfÖa[lg kg[aYd ]f l jeafgk \]d hYh]d im] bm]_Y ]f Ykh][lgk [geg dY ^gjeY[a f \] [dYk]k kg[aYd]k$ dY ]kljm[lmjY[a f kg[ag%]khY% [aYd$ dY gj_YfarY[a f kg[aYd$ ]d j _ae]f hgd la[g g dY ]kljm[lmjY[a f ][gf ea[Y& Q ]f lgjfg Yd [gfÖa[lg k] afl]j]kYf ]f kmk \a^]j]fl]k \ae]fkagf]k q ]k[YdYk$ \]k\] dY dg[Yd `YklY dY afl]jfY[agfYd$ ]f dYk ^m]jrYk ]f [gfÖa[lg q dgk ^Y[lgj]k im] [gfljaZm% -/

q]f Yd eakeg$ q ]f dY ]ngdm[a f \]d lg\g q \] kmk hYjl]k& =f ]d YZgj\Yb] \]d [gfÖa[lg kg[aYd$ mfY \] dYk \ae]fkagf]k im] e~k afl]j k \]kha]jlY kgf dYk eYfa^]klY[agf]k \] nagd]f[aY& Afl]j]kYj~ lYeZa f dg [gf[]jfa]fl] Y dYk j]khm]klYk im] [gfl]plgk kg[ag[mdlmjYd]k \an]jkgk \Yf Y dYk \a^]j]fl]k ^gjeYk \] [gfÖa[lg kg[aYd& Hgj ]ddg ]pakl]f fme]jgkgk ljYZYbgk kgZj] ^gjeYk \] eYf]bYj ]d [gfÖa[lg lYd]k [geg dY e]\aY[a f$ dY j]kgdm% [a f l]ehjYfY q dY f]_g[aY[a f& A_mYde]fl] kmj_aj~ ]d afl]j k hgj dY emdlahda[a\Y\ \] [gfÖa[lgk2 YeZa]flYd]k$ \]d ~eZalg hjanY\g$ da_Y\gk Yd [YhalYdakeg$ Yd gj\]fY% ea]flg l]jjalgjaYd$ Y dY hjg\m[[a f \] ]khY[ag$ Y dY _]kla f \] dgk l]jjalgjagk$ ]l[& J]^]jajk] Yd [gfÖa[lg kg[aYd ]k `YZdYj \] mf Ykh][lg []fljYd$ Yehdag q [gehd]bg \] dY gj_YfarY[a f kg[aYd q h]jeal] e dlahd]k n]flYfYk \] ]fljY\Y$ fg k dg \]k\] mfY lahgdg_ Y \] [gfÖa[lgk kafg \]k\] dY Yhj]`]fka f \] kmk \a^]j]fl]k Ykh][lgk [gf \a^]j]fl]k ZYk]k \ak[ahdafYjaYk& =kl] \g[me]flg YZgj\Yj~ Yd_mfgk \] ]klgk Ykh][% lgk$ kgZj] lg\g dgk da_Y\gk Yd l]jjalgjag q Y dY [am\Y\$ q im] hm]\]f ]klYj j]dY[agfY% \gk [gf dgk l]eYk \] dY _gZ]jfYfrY \] dY k]_mja\Y\ [am\Y\YfY&

;am\Y\ q [gfÖa[lg ;am\Y\ q [gfÖa[lg nYf \] dY eYfg& ;geg \a[] Ka_fYj]dda )111!$ dYk [am\Y\]k ]kl~f d]bgk \] k]j Ékakl]eYk ]imadaZjY\gk \] j]dY[agf]k `meYfYk afl]_jY\Yk q k]j]fYk2 Yd [gfljYjag$ dYk [am\Y\]k `Yf ka\g ka]ehj] ]d hmflg \] e~paeY l]fka f \] lg\g kak% l]eY kg[aYd$ Y [YmkY \] dY eYj[Y\Y \]Õfa[a f \]d ljYZYbg im] dYk [YjY[l]jarY$ \] dY afl]j\]h]f\]f[aY \] dYk ^mf[agf]k q \]d YflY_gfakeg \] dgk afl]j]k]k im] \] ]ddYk \]janYfÊ& Dg [a]jlg ]k im]$ [gf hg[Yk ]p[]h[agf]k$ dY [am\Y\ la]f\] Y k]j ]nYdmY\Y [Yka ka]e% hj] \] eYf]jY f]_YlanY hgj dY _jYf [Yfla\Y\ \] hjgZd]eYk im] YdZ]j_Y2 \]k\] dYk \aÕ[mdlY\]k \] kmk kakl]eYk ^mf[agfYd]k hjghagk egnada\Y\$ Ömbgk \] af^gjeY[a f$ ]l[&!$ hYkYf\g hgj dYk \aÕ[mdlY\]k ]f dY hjgnaka f \] Za]f]k q k]jna[agk h Zda[gk kYdm\$ ]\m[Y[a f$ nana]f\Y$ k]jna[agk h Zda[gk \gea[adaYjagk! q dgk YeZa]flYd]k$ `YklY dd]_Yj Y Yim]ddgk j]dY[agfY\gk [gf dY [gfnan]f[aY q dY afk]_mja\Y\& 9 lg\g dg Yfl]jagj$ `Yq im] kmeYj mfY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ kg[aYd af`]j]fl] Y dY gj_Yfa% rY[a f kg[aYd$ [geg qY \abaegk$ im] ]f dY [am\Y\ Yd[YfrY fan]d]k afkgkh][`Y\gk ]f [Yfla\Y\$ \an]jka\Y\ q [gehd]ba\Y\ q im] afÖmq] ]f dgk hjgZd]eYk e]f[agfY\gk& Dgk hka[ dg_gk lYeZa f e]f[agfYf ]d ]klj k Ykg[aY\g Y mf Y[]d]jY\g jaleg \] na\Y$ dY \]hj]ka f$ ]d YakdYea]flg q dY h j\a\Y \] a\]fla\Y\ [geg [gehda[Y[agf]k hjg% haYk \] dY na\Y [alY\afY& Lg\g ]klg [gfklalmq] dg im] Yd_mfgk Ymlgj]k \]fgeafYf ÉhYlgdg_ Y kg[aYd mjZYfYÊ& HYjY ?gg\q )100$ [alY\g ]f Ka_fYj]dda$ )111!$ dY [am\Y\ fmf[Y ]k a_mYd hYjY lg\gk Yk! kmk `YZalYfl]k& Hgj ]ddg$ dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ kg[aYd ]k kmk[]hlaZd] \] Ykae]lj Yk q `]l]%

-0

jg_]f]a\Y\]k& =k e~k$ ]f dY [am\Y\ Y[lmYd dYk ghgjlmfa\Y\]k \] mfgk Yk! hm]\]f ka_faÕ[Yj dYk [gfÖa[lana\Y\]k \] gljgk Yk!& HYjY :gjbY *((+!$ dY j]dY[a f ]flj] [gf% Öa[lg q [am\Y\ ]k [dYjY q hYjY YZgj\YjdY j]lgeYj~ lj]k _jYf\]k d f]Yk \] Yf~da% kak \] dY fm]nY j]Yda\Y\ mjZYfY2 dY ^jY_e]flY[a f ]khY[aYd$ dY \]k]kljm[lmjY[a f kg[aYd q ]d \]ZadalYea]flg \]d hYh]d \]d =klY\g& DYk [alYk ka_ma]fl]k ]phgf]f \a[`gk hdYfl]Yea]flgk2 Lj]k d f]Yk \] Yf~dakak \] dYk fm]nYk j]Yda\Y\]k mjZYfYk k]_ f :gjbY *((+! É À! fg `Yq mfY [am\Y\ Ë]e]j_]fl]Ì \a^mkY q \ak[gflafmY [geg fa[Y j]Yda\Y\& K im] `Yq mfY l]f\]f[aY Y dY ^jY_e]flY[a f \]d l]jjalgjag$ [gf rgfYk emq Yjla[mdY\Yk q gljYk eYj_afY\Yk$ [gf ~j]Yk \]fkYk q hgdanYd]fl]k q gljYk \] ZYbY \]fka\Y\ q YdlY `geg_]f]a\Y\$ [gf dm_Yj]k ^m]jl]k q gljgk \ Zad]k& =k \][aj$ dY [am\Y\%j]_a f mjZYfY ]k emq [gehd]bY q ]kl~ kge]la\Y$ [geg qY k] \abg$ Y \af~ea[Yk [gfljY\a[lgjaYk& DY j]nYdgjarY[a f \] dY [am\Y\ Ë\]fkYÌ$ \]d e]\ag YeZa]fl] mjZYfg$ \] dY eaplmjY kg[aYd q ^mf[agfYd$ \] dY afl]j[mdlmjYda\Y\ À! ]k dY gljY [YjY \] dY [am\Y\ \akh]jkY q k]_e]flY\Y& ÉLYehg[g nYd] dY [gf^mka f ]flj] dYk emq j]Yd]k \af~ea[Yk \] k]_j]_Y[a f kg[aYd ]f ]d ]khY[ag$ \] \]k]kljm[lmjY[a f \] j]dY[agf]k kg[aYd]k [gfkljma\Yk ]f dY [am\Y\ eg\]jfY$ [gf dY l]kak \] dY af]nalYZd] \mYdarY[a f \] dY [am\Y\ =mjghY q e~k Y f ]f =klY\gk Mfa\gk q 9e ja[Y DYlafY \] mf Yme]flg \] dY \]ka_mYd\Y\ kg[aYd$ mf ]ehgZj][aea]flg \] hYjl] \] dgk k][lgj]k e]\agk q mf Yme]flg \] dgk _jmhgk \] e~k Ydlgk q e~k ZYbgk af_j]kgk À!& ÉQ hgj dlaeg$ kgZj] ]d \]ZadalYea]flg \] dY afl]jn]f[a f \]d =klY\g$ fgk hYj][] im] fg \]Z] ]fl]f\]jk] [geg mf YZYf\gfg \] dY [am\Y\ Yd daZj] e]j[Y\g kaf e~k& =k [a]jlg im] dY l]f\]f[aY \geafYfl] ]f em[`gk [Ykgk ]k aehmdkYj ËdY [am\Y\ \] dgk hjgeglgj]kÌ q im] dY [ggh]jY[a f Ëh Zda[g%hjanY\YÌ `Y k]jna\g ]f \]eYkaY\Yk g[Ykagf]k hYjY ^Yngj][]j afl]j]k]k e~k hjanY\gk im] h Zda[gk& =d \]ZadalYea]flg \]d =klY\g la]f] kaf ]eZYj_g eYfa^]klY[agf]k \an]jkYk& Hgj mfY hYjl] ]d hdYf]Yea]flg ljY\a[agfYd$ e~k fgjeYlang h]jg e]fgk gh]jYlang$ `Y ka\g kmklalma\g Y n][]k hgj ]d dYpakeg$ Ymfim] ]f gljYk g[Ykagf]k k] `Yf ]f[gfljY\g ^ jemdYk afl]j]kYfl]k Ymfim] Y f hg[g \]kYjjgddY\Yk$ [geg ]d hdYf]Yea]flg ]kljYl _a[g$ ]d hdYf%hjg_jYeY%hjgq][lg$ ]l[& Hgj gljY hYjl]$ dY hjanYlarY[a f \] em[`gk k]jna[agk h Zda[gk q \] hjg_jYeYk \] nana]f\Y kg[aYd fg ka]ehj] k] `Y naf[mdY\g fa em[`g e]fgk Y [gf\a[agf]k \] j]n]jkaZada\Y\ q \] [gfljgd im] _YjYflarYk]f km mfan]jkYda\Y\ q ]d [mehdaea]flg \] dgk gZb]langk \] afl]j k _]f]jYd& Dg [mYd fg ]k f][]kYjaYe]fl] af`]j]fl] Y dY [gf[]ka f \] dY _]kla f \] [a]jlgk k]jna[agk g hjg_jYeYk Yd k][lgj hjanY\g g Yd l]j[]j k][lgj& Fg gdna\]egk Y\]e~k im] hYjY ]d -( hgj [a]flg YhjgpaeY\Ye]fl] \] dY hgZdY[a f emf\aYd dY nana]f\Y q dgk k]jna[agk Z~ka[gk fg dgk g^j][]f fa ]d =klY\g fa ]d e]j[Y\g [YhalYdaklY$ kafg im] kgf j]kmdlY\g \] mf hjg[]kg \] Ymlghjg\m[[a fÊ&

-1

DY [am\Y\ YdZ]j_Y mfY k]ja] \] [gfljYhgka[agf]k q \aYd [la[Yk& Hgj ]b]ehdg$ dY im] ]pakl] [gfklYfl]e]fl] ]flj] dYk ]k^]jYk h Zda[Y q hjanY\Y3 q Yim]ddY ]flj] [dYk]k kg[aYd]k \a^]j]fl]k& HYjY Ka_fYj]dda )111! dYk [am\Y\]k q dYk e]lj hgdak ka_m]f ka]f\g dgk ]khY[agk [gd][langk \akhgfaZd]k hYjY dYk [dYk]k kmZYdl]jfYk3 ]k \][aj$ dgk fa[gk \gf\] ]k hgkaZd] `Y[]j [aj[mdYj dY af^gjeY[a f q [gfkljmaj kakl]eYk kg[aY% d]k \] j]d]nYf[aY fme ja[Y& :gjbY nY e~k Ydd~$ q ]phda[Y im] dYk \aYd [la[Yk mjZYfYk k] \]kYjjgddYf hgj e]\ag \] mfY [gf^jgflY[a f \] nYdgj]k$ ngdmflY\]k hgd la[Yk$ afl]j]k]k ][gf ea[gk q \]eYf\Yk kg[aYd]k& =ddg h]jeal] Yn]flmjYjk] Y [gfka\]% jYj im] dY [am\Y\$ hgj fYlmjYd]rY$ ]k ]k]f[aYde]fl] \aYd [la[Y& Q$ ]f dgk l jeafgk \]d eakeg :gjbY$ k] ljYlY e]fgk \]d [gfÖa[lg kg[aYd kae lja[g q ]kljm[lmjYd hjghag \] dY kg[a]\Y\ af\mkljaYd$ im] \] [gfljY\a[[agf]k ljYfkn]jkYd]k Yd [gfbmflg \] dgk _jmhgk kg[aYd]k n]j [alY ka_ma]fl]!& <aYd [la[Yk mjZYfYk k]_ f :gjbY *((+! ÉDYk \aYd [la[Yk mjZYfYk k] \]kYjjgddYf Y ljYn k \] mfY [gf^jgflY[a f \] nYdgj]k$ ngdmflY\]k hgd la[Yk$ afl]j]k]k ][gf ea[gk q \]eYf\Yk kg[aYd]k& Fm]kljYk [gf[dmkagf]k k] \a^]j]f[aYf \] dYk \] gljgk Ymlgj]k [gf dgk im] [gehYjlaegk _jYf hYjl] \] kmk Yf~dakak$ [geg 9k[`]j$ ;Ykl]ddk$ F]d%dg$ Af\gnafY$ @Yjn]q$ ?g\Yj\$ Eal[`]dd$ ]l[& im] lYehg[g [gaf[a\]f lg\gk ]flj] ]ddgk!$ ]f im] ]f^YlarYegk e~k$ fgk hYj][]$ dYk \ae]fkagf]k [gfljY\a[lgjaYk \] dgk Y[lmYd]k hjg[]kgk mjZYfgk$ e]lYhgdalYfgk$ [geg \aj Y 9k[`]j& =k [a]jlg im] ]f em[`gk [Ykgk hYj][] \geafYj dY l]f\]f[aY Y dY [am\Y\ \a^mkY$ Yd \]kYjjgddg mjZYfg e]\aYfl] dgk hjg\m[lgk im] k]d][[agfY ]d e]j[Y\g$ Y dY Y[]flmY[a f \] dY \]ka_mYd\Y\ kg[aYd$ Yd YZYf\gfg \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ Y dY [gfn]jka f \]d [am\Y\Yfg ]f [da]fl] [gehjY\gj \] Za]f]k g \] k]jna[agk! À! H]jg fg k dg kYZ]egk im] l]f\]f[aY fg ]k \]klafg$ im] fg `Yq mfY ^YlYda\Y\ mfa\aj][[agfYd afeYf]fl] Y dY ]ngdm[a f kg[aYd$ kafg im] Y\]e~k hg\]egk gZk]jnYj ]d [Yj~[l]j [gfljY\a[lgjag gZb]lanYe]fl]$ [gfÖa[lang kmZb]lanYe]fl]$ \] dgk hjg[]kgk mjZYfgk ]f [mjkg& Fg k] ljYlY lYflg \]d [gfÖa[lg kg[aYd kae lja[g q ]kljm[lmjYd hjghag \] dY kg[a]\Y\ af\mkljaYd$ [geg \] [gfljY\a[[agf]k ljYfkn]jkYd]k Yd [gfbmflg \] dgk _jmhgk kg[aYd]k$ Ymfim] dgk nYdgj]k ] afl]j]k]k hm]\]f l]f]j h]kg j]dYlanYe]fl] \aklaflg ]f [Y\Y mfg \] ]ddgk& DYk hgd la[Yk mjZYfYk \geafYfl]k hm]\]f ^Yngj][]j dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd q dY afl]_jY[a f [mdlmjYd$ h]jg em[`Yk n][]k$ hgj km \]Zada\Y\ g km naf[mdY[a f Y dgk Y_]fl]k ][gf ea[gk [YhalYdaklYk q Y dgk _jmhgk kg[aYd]k hjanad]_aY\gk$ ^Y[adalYf dYk \af~ea[Yk \mYdarY\gjYk& =f ]kl] [Ykg ]d l]jjalgjag YhYj][] [geg ]d ]khY[ag \] dY Ëdm[`Y \] [dYk]kÌ \]d ka_dg PPAÊ&

=f dY [am\Y\ [gfl]ehgj~f]Y :gjbY *((+! gZk]jnY im] ÉdYk af[]jla\meZj]k Ykg% [aY\Yk Yd ]ehd]g$ dY egnada\Y\ kg[aYd g dY Y[lana\Y\ ][gf ea[Y$ dYk \a^a[mdlY\]k hYjY Y[]hlYj q [gfnanaj [gf [gd][langk afea_jY\gk [mdlmjYde]fl] \aklaflgk q im] ]fljYf ]f [geh]l]f[aYk ]f ]d l]jjalgjag q ]d ljYZYbg$ dY afk]_mja\Y\À$ dYk \][akag%

.(

f]k hgd la[Yk q ][gf ea[Yk im] Y^][lYf dY na\Y \] dgk [am\Y\YfgkÀÊ kgf ^]f e]% fgk [gf[j]lgk im] Y^][lYf$ \] eYf]jY \aklaflY Y dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! \Yf\g ha] Y [gf^da[lgk kg[aYd]k& =f lg\g [Ykg$ k] ljYlY \] mfY [gf^da[lana\Y\ mjZYfY [gehd]bY$ [gf nakgk \] YeZanYd]f[aY& K]_ f :gjbY$ ]f dYk \]eYf\Yk hm]\]f l]f]j ]phj]ka f j]anaf\a[Y[agf]k kg[aYd]k d]_ laeYk$ h]jg lYeZa f Y[lalm\]k [gf% k]jnY\gjYk$ \]^]fkgjYk \] hjanad]_agk& MfY _jYf hYjl] \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk [alY\afgk ]kl~ flaeYe]fl] Ykg[aY\Y Y dgk [gehgj% lYea]flgk kg[aYd]k mjZYfgk$ im] la]f]f dm_Yj ]f mfY [am\Y\ \gf\]$ k]_ f 9k[`]j *(()! Ék] emdlahda[Yf dYk hgkaZada\Y\]k \] ]d][[a f ]f lg\gk dgk Ykh][lgk \] dY na\Y mjZYfY$ ]f dY dg[YdarY[a f \] Y[lana\Y\]k q \] ljYZYbgk$ ]f dYk j]dY[agf]k h]jkgfYd]k q ]f ]d dm_Yj \] j]ka\]f[aY$ g[ag q ]f dY na\Y Ykg[aYlanY g hgd la[YÊ& =klY emdlahda[Y% [a f \] hgkaZada\Y\]k hYjY em[`gk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk k! lYeZa f YehdaÕ[Y dYk hgkaZada% \Y\]k \] afl]jY[[a f ]flj] af\ana\mgk q _jmhgk ]f dY [am\Y\$ g [geg hg\j Y \][ajk]$ ]flj] l]jjalgjaYda\Y\]k& Q lg\g ]ddg ljY] [gfka_g dY ]n]flmYda\Y\ \] mf Yme]flg \] dYk j]dY[agf]k [gfÖa[lanYk& @YZj Y im] l]f]j ]f [m]flY Yd_mfYk j][a]fl]k ^gjeYk \] afl]jY[[a f ]flj] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g \] dY [am\Y\$ Yjla[mdY\Yk Y mfY k]ja] \] Ykh][% lgk \] dY kg[a]\Y\ [gfl]ehgj~f]Y q im] kgf ^m]fl] \] [gfÖa[lana\Y\ kg[aYd2

?]f]jYdarY[a f \] fm]ngk e]\agk q ^gjeYk \] [gemfa[Y[a f q [gfkmeg$ im] la]f\]f Y [gfkgda\Yj dY Ymlgfge Y af\ana\mYd& 9llYda *((.! [gehd]% e]flY ]klY a\]Y [gf ]d hdYfl]Yea]flg \] dgk \]kYjjgddgk l][fgd _a[gk im]$ ]f _]f]jYd$ `Yf Zmk[Y\g dY Ymlgfge Y af\ana\mYd& Q :gjbY ]k[jaZ] *((+!2 ÉLg\g ]ddg daZ]jY hgl]f[aYde]fl] Yd af\ana\mg \]d _jmhg ^YeadaYj$ n][afYd$ kg[aYd À! \] mf la]ehg j _a\g q j]h]lalang$ h]jg Y[]fl Y dYk \]ka_mYd\Y\]k kg[aYd]k$ l]jjalgjaYd]k ] af\ana\mYd]kÊ& ;YeZagk ][gf ea[gk q kmk ]^][lgk kg[aYd]k kgZj] ]d ljYZYbg q dY ^gjeY ]f im] ]kl~ [gehm]klY dY hgZdY[a f Y[lanY& =klgk `Yf [gfljaZma\g Y [j]Yj mfY kg[a]\Y\ af\ana\mYdarY\Y q ^jY_e]flY\Y$ ]f dY [mYd kgf fgjeYd]k ^]f e]fgk \] hj][YjarY[a f dYZgjYd3 _jYf\]k Ömbgk ea_jYlgjagk$ [gf dgk hjgZd]eYk YhY% j]bY\gk \]d hjg[]kg \] afea_jY[a f q Y\YhlY[a f \] dYk kg[a]\Y\]k j][]hlg% jYk \] dgk Ömbgk3 \]kdg[YdarY[a f af\mkljaYd$ mfa\Y Y dY h j\a\Y \] \af~ea[Yk ][gf ea[Yk ]f Yd_mfgk kalagk [gfkgda\Y\gk3 emdlahda[Y[a f \] ^gjeYk \] ]p[dmka f kg[aYd$ ]l[& Eg\aÕ[Y[agf]k ]f dYk ]kljm[lmjYk kg[aYd]k ljY\a[agfYd]k [geg dY ^YeadaY& DYk fm]nYk ^gjeYk \] gj_YfarY[a f ^YeadaYj ]f dY [am\Y\ %[geg dY ^YeadaY egfghYj]flYd$ dYk hYj]bYk \]d eakeg k]pg g af[dmkg ]d `g_Yj \] mfY kgdY h]jkgfY% ]fljYf ]f [gfÖa[lg [gf dYk ^gjeYk ljY\a[agfYd]k \] dY ^YeadaY ZahYj]flYd& Egnada\Y\ ]f dY [am\Y\ [geg ^m]fl] \] ]klj k q \] [gfÖa[lgk ]f dY na\Y [gla% \aYfY& DY [am\Y\ _dgZYd \]k[jalY hgj KYkk]f *(()! aehda[Y mfY _jYf \af~ea[Y

.)

afl]jfY ]f l jeafgk \] egnada\Y\& H]jg dgk j]im]jaea]flgk \] dY [am\Y\ fg nYf ka]ehj] Y[gehYkY\gk [gf dYk Y\][mY[agf]k ]f l jeafgk \] af^jY]kljm[% lmjY g \] hgd la[Yk \]d la]ehg im] j]_md]f$ hYjY \akeafmaj g `Y[]j e~k ^~[a% d]k$ dgk \]khdYrYea]flgk [gla\aYfgk& DY hgZdY[a f Y[lanY la]f] mfY egnada\Y\ \an]jkaÕ[Y\Y im] _]f]jY fm]nYk \]eYf\Yk hgj dg im] ]kl] ^Y[lgj ]k ^m]fl] \] fm]nYk k]_j]_Y[agf]k kg[aYd]k$ af]ima\Y\]k$ YeZa]fl] \] ]klj k q [gflY% eafY[a f Ykg[aY\Y Y dgk [geZmklaZd]k ^ kad]k im] Y f ka_m]f hjaeYf\g ]f _jYf [Yfla\Y\ \] mjZ]k&

H]fkYf\g ]f dY [am\Y\ \] hY k]k \]kYjjgddY\gk$ :gjbY *((+! j]kme] dY kalmY% [a f \] dY ka_ma]fl] eYf]jY2 É À!]klY l] ja[Y emdlahda[a\Y\ \] egnada\Y\]k$ \] ]khY[agk q \] la]ehgk \] dY [am\Y\Yf Y ]k lYflg mf ^Y[lgj \] \]eg[jYla% rY[a f \] dY na\Y mjZYfY hYjY mfY hYjl] \] dY hgZdY[a f [geg mfY [YmkY \] fm]nYk \]ka_mYd\Y\]k& =f dY Y[lmYd kg[a]\Y\ mjZYfY k] ]phj]kYf \]ka_mYd% \Y\]k l]jjalgjaYd]k$ kg[aYd]k q [mdlmjYd]k im] [geZafY\Yk jgeh]f [gf ]d ealg \] dY afl]_jY[a f [am\Y\YfY À!& 9hYj][] mf fm]ng hjgd]lYjaY\g mjZYfg `]l]jg_ f]g$ hj][YjarY\g$ eYd hY_Y\g$ ]b j[alg \] j]k]jnY$ Y n][]k ad]_Yd afea_jYfl]k$ dgk kaf hYh]d]k!$ gljYk n][]k ^jmkljY\g ]f kmk ]ph][lYlanYk dgk b n]f]k Ë[mYdaÕ[Y\gkÌ im] fg hm]\]f Y[[]\]j Yd fan]d \] na\Y \] kmk hY\j]k!& =f dY [am\Y\ ghmd]flY dY g^]jlY \] [gfkmeg ]k afY[[]kaZd] Y afea_jYfl]k q Y bmZadY\gk$ Y b n]f]k q Y \]kg[mhY\gk& :gdkYk \] hgZj]rY q \] afea_jY[a f [g]pakl]f [gf Ë~j]Yk _dgZYdarY\Yk gkl]flgkYkÌÊ&

MfY h]jkh][lanY \] dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ mjZYfY ]f dYk [am\Y\]k Yf\afYk2 mf [Ykg ][mYlgjaYfg Mf\Y *((,! YZgj\Y É]d jgkljg Y[lmYd \] dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ mjZYfYÊ ]f =[mY\gj l]fa]f\g ]f [m]flY [mYljg ]d]e]flgk ^mf\Ye]flYd]k2

]d lahg \] [gfÖa[lgk dY j]dY[a f [gf dgk YflY_gfakegk _]f]jYd]k \] dY kg[a]\Y\ dY hj]k]f[aY \] Y[lgj]k [Yeh]kafg%af\ _]fYk ]d [Yj~[l]j \] dgk kmb]lgk im] k] [gf^gjeYf Yd [Ydgj \] ]klgk [gfÖa[lgk mjZYfgk&

;geg k] `Y naklg e~k YjjaZY$ dgk [gfÖa[lgk kg[aYd]k ]f dY [am\Y\ hm]\]f gZ]\][]j Y \af~ea[Yk ZYklYfl] \a^]j]fl]k& Mf\Y *((,! j][gfg[] lj]k lahgk hjaf[ahYd]k ]f =[mY\gj& Hjae]jg$ dgk É[gfÖa[lgk mjZYfgk dg[YdarY\gkÊ$ ]k \][aj$ Yim]ddgk j]dY[agfY% \gk [gf dY na\Y ]f dY [am\Y\ q [gf ]d eYf]bg dg[Yd \] \a[`Y j]Yda\Y\& K]_mf\g$ dgk [gfÖa[lgk naf[mdY\gk [gf ]b]k \] [gf^jgflY[a f _]f]jYd]k \] dY kg[a]\Y\ [geg mf lg\g$ ]f dgk [mYd]k dgk Y[lgj]k mjZYfgk ]kl~f afngdm[jY\gk& Dgk egnaea]flgk kg[aY% d]k [Yeh]kafgk g af\ _]fYk la]f]f Y dY [am\Y\ [geg mf kalag \] [gfÖm]f[aY hYjY kmk Y[[agf]k [gd][lanYk q Yd_mfgk Y[lgj]k mjZYfgk hYjla[ahYf \] \a[`gk ]khY[agk$ [geg hYjl] \]d egnaea]flg kg[aYd& Q$ l]j[]jg$ dgk [gfÖa[lgk im] fg f][]kYjaYe]fl]

.*

la]f]f im] n]j [gf dYk [am\Y\]k g [gf dgk Y[lgj]k \] dY na\Y mjZYfY$ hYjY dgk im] dY [am\Y\ ]k ]khY[ag \] eYfa^]klY[a f q YehdaÕ[Y[a f& =klg `Y[] im] gljYk j]Yda\Y\]k q hjgZd]eYk k] nYqYf [gfnajla]f\g ]f hYjl] \] dY na\Y [gla\aYfY \] dYk [am\Y\]k& KgZj] dY j]dY[a f ]flj] dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ mjZYfY [gf dgk YflY_gfakegk _]f]jYd]k \] dY kg[a]\Y\$ Mf\Y *((,! em]kljY im] dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ fY[agfYd ]f =[mY\gj la]f] mf h]kg aehgjlYfl] ]f dgk [gfÖa[lgk mjZYfgk lYflg ]f l jeafgk [mYflalYlangk [geg ]f j]^]j]f[aY Y dY nYja]\Y\ \] afngdm[jY\gk q \]d aehY[lg kgZj] dY na\Y [gla% \aYfY mjZYfY& Dgk Y[lgj]k mjZYfgk af\ _]fYk$ ljYZYbY\gj]k$ ]klm\aYfl]k$ eY]kljgk$ emb]j]k$ YeZa]flYdaklYk$ [jaklaYfgk$ ]l[&! lgeYf hYjla\g ]f lgjfg Y dgk ]b]k g Y dYk hgka[agf]k \]d YflY_gfakeg kg[aYd \] [Yj~[l]j _]f]jYd g fY[agfYd q$ hgj ]kY eakeY n Y$ k] [gfna]jl]f ]f Y[lgj]k fY[agfYd]k& DYk hgdYjarY[agf]k$ dgk [gfÖa[lgk q dYk _jYf\]k \ak[mkagf]k \]d hY k ]f eYl]jaY hgd % la[Y$ ][gf ea[Y g kg[aYd eg\aÕ[Yf dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ mjZYfY$ [geg af\a[Y Mf\Y2 ÉY lYd hmflg ]k dY []fljYda\Y\ \] ]klgk ]b]k \] [gfÖa[lg$ im] af[dmkg dYk l]e~la[Yk e~k ËljY\a[agfYd]kÌ g Ëdg[Yd]kÌ k]jna[agk$ hgj ]b]ehdg! k] n]f YljYn]kY\Yk q j][gfklalma% \Yk hgj ]ddgkÊ& KgZj] dY hj]k]f[aY \] Y[lgj]k [Yeh]kafg%af\ _]fYk ]f dY l]fka f eYfaÕ]klY ]f dY mjZ]$ ]k f][]kYjag [gfklYlYj dY j]dY[a f$ g ]d nYkg [gf\m[lgj$ ]flj] dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ mjZYfY q dgk [gfÖa[lgk ]f dYk rgfYk jmjYd]k)3 im] hgf] \] eYfaÕ]klg ]d `][`g \] im] dYk \af~ea[Yk q [gfÖa[lana\Y\]k mjZYfYk ka_m]f$ \] mfY m gljY ^gjeY$ ]f j]dY% [a f Y n][]k \aj][lY [gf Yim]ddYk \]d emf\g jmjYd& <a[`g \] gljY eYf]jY$ hYjY ]fl]f\]j Yd_mfYk [gfÖa[lana\Y\]k ]f dY [am\Y\ em[`Yk n][]k `Yq im] gja]flYj ]d Yf~dakak `Y[aY ]d emf\g jmjYd$ [Yeh]kafg g af\ _]fY& Ka$ hgj mf dY\g$ ]klY h]jkh][lanY \] dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ ]f dY mjZ] la]f] \aÕ[mdlY\]k fYlm% jYd]k hYjY ]d eYf]bg \] [gfÖa[lgk mjZYfgk$ \Y\Y dY [geh]l]f[aY [aj[mfk[jalY \] dYk Ymlgja\Y\]k mjZYfYk Yd l]jjalgjag afl]jfg \] dY [am\Y\$ hgj gljY hYjl] h]jeal] dY [gfkgda\Y[a f \]d kmb]lg fY[agfYd g kmhjYl]jjalgjaYd$ e~k Ydd~ \] dY É[am\Y\ YemjY% ddY\YÊ q h]jeal] dY [gfkgda\Y[a f \] mfY mfa\Y\ hgd la[Y ]flj] mjZYfgk k! q jmjYd]k& HYjY Mf\Y *((,!$ É[mYf\g dY [am\Y\ k] [gfna]jl] ]f ]k[]fYjag \] dY Y[[a f \] Y[lg% j]k q kmb]lgk fg mjZYfgk$ k] nm]dn] e~k ^Y[laZd] ]d Y[]j[Yea]flg ]khajalmYd ]flj] dgk Y[lgj]k gja_afYjagk \] dY [am\Y\ q Yim]ddgk gljgk im] lgeYf dY [am\Y\ [geg mf ]k[]fYjag \] kmk Y[[agf]k2 dY []j[Yf Y ^ ka[Y Y[]j[Y lYeZa f dYk afima]lm\]k q dYk hjghm]klYk$ q hm]\]f hjg\m[ajk] Y[]j[Yea]flgk \] kmk j]kh][lanYk ]kh]jYfrYk À!Ê KgZj] ]d [Yj~[l]j \] dgk kmb]lgk [gf^gjeY\gk Yd [Ydgj \] ]klgk [gfÖa[lgk mjZYfgk$ Mf\Y *((,! j][gfg[] lj]k lahgk \] Y[lgj]k im] [gfkljmq]f l]jjalgjaYda\Y\]k \a^]j]fl]k2 )

J]nakl] ]klg eYqgj afl]j k Yd j][gj\Yj im] mfY \] dYk \]Õfa[agf]k \] dg mjZYfg k] \]kYjjgddY ]f [gfljYhgka[a f \] dg jmjYd&

.+

Mf hjae]j _jmhg ]f lgjfg Y [gfÖa[lgk dg[Yd]k$ [gf Y[[agf]k dg[YdarY\Yk q `gjargfl]k daealY\gk Y kmk ]khY[agk afe]\aYlgk \] Y[lmY[a f q \] \]eYf\Y& =f _]f]jYd$ fg kgZj]hYkYf dgk eYj[gk ]klYZd][a\gk \] [gf\m[lY kg[aYd q k] \]k]fnm]dn]f \]fljg \] dg h]jeala\g g dg af\m[a\g3 kmk ^gjeYk \] [gfl]klY% [a f g dY [j]Ylana\Y\ kg[aYd$ [gf hg[Yk ]p[]h[agf]k$ ]kl~f [aj[mfk[jalYk Y dg ]klja[lYe]fl] f][]kYjag& 9d_mfgk hm]\]f naf[mdYjk] Y dYk Y[[agf]k [gd][la% nYk _]f]jYd]k \] dgk ]b]k []fljYd]k \] [gfÖa[lana\Y\ fY[agfYd$ [geg hYjl] \] dYk egnadarY[agf]k hghmdYj]k YehdaYk& Mf k]_mf\g _jmhg la]f] mfY j]^]j]f[aY fY[agfYd g _]f]jYd& Kgf _jmhgk h]im] gk ^g[YdarY\gk$ hgj ]b]ehdg$ ]f hjgl]klYk [gfljY \] dY GE; g ]d 9d[Y$ Yk [geg Y ^Yngj \] [YmkYk YeZa]flYd]k& Em[`Yk n][]k ljYZYbYf \]k\] mfY _]f]jYda\Y\ a\]gd _a[Y$ fg f][]kYjaYe]fl] Yjla[mdY\Y [gf f][]ka\Y\]k q YkhajY[agf]k afe]\aYlYk \] dY na\Y [gla\aYfY& =f ]d l]j[]j _jmhg ]kl~f Yim]ddgk Y[lgj]k im] Ykme]f \gZd]k j]^]j]f[aYk2 dg dg[Yd q dg fY[agfYd$ dg hYjla[mdYj q dg _]f]jYd$ dY ][gfge Y q dY hgd la[Y& =klgk Y[lgj]k [gf\m[]f Y[[agf]k j]dY[agfY\Yk [gf \]eYf\Yk hYjla[mdYj]k3 h]jg Yjla[mdY\Yk Y kalmY[agf]k q [gf\a[agf]k _]f]jYd]k im] Y^][lYf Y mfY eYqg% j Y& =fdYrYf dgk [gfÖa[lgk hYjla[mdYj]k [gf dgk []fljYd]k& =f =[mY\gj$ k]_ f Mf\Y *((,!$ Éna]f]f \]k\] Y^m]jY \] dYk [am\Y\]k2 k] ljYlY \]d egnaea]flg af\ _]fY im] À! k] [gfna]jl] ]f hmflg \] j]^]j]f[aY$ ]f afnalY[a f Y dY [j]Y% lana\Y\ q Y dY Ymlgfge Y hYjY dgk Y[lgj]k mjZYfgk$ im] ]f ]klgk ege]flgk k] hj]k]flYf e~k Za]f \akh]jkgk q YakdY\gkÊ&

DY d][lmjY \]d [gfÖa[lg kg[aYd \]k\] dY h]jkh][lanY l]jjalgjaYd =d Yf~dakak \]d [gfÖa[lg kg[aYd l]jjalgjaYde]fl] dg[YdarY\g ]kl~ flaeYe]fl] j]dY% [agfY\g [gf dY fg[a f \] hjgpaea\Y\*& 9fYdarYj dgk [gfÖa[lgk \]k\] ]k] ~f_mdg h]j% eal] mZa[Yj dY \ae]fka f _]g_j~Õ[Y ]f ]d []fljg \] dY j]Ö]pa f& <]k\] mfY h]jkh][lanY kakl ea[Y$ mf [gfÖa[lg fg YhYj][] hgj mfY fa[Y [YmkY& K]_ f Egfjgq >gmjfa]j )11/!$ ]f _]f]jYd ]pakl] k mf ]n]flg \]k]f[Y\]fYfl] im] afl]jna]f] ]f mf ege]flg ]f ]d [mYd `Yq mf kakl]eY ]f [m]klagfYea]flg q mf kakl]eY ]e]j_a]f\g& Ka ]klg ]k [a]jlg$ [gfg[]j ]d ^]f e]fg \]k]f[Y\]fYfl] hm]\] dd]nYj Y \]k[mZjaj dYk [YmkYk \]d [gfÖa[lg& Hgj gljY hYjl]$ mf [a]jlg lahg \] ]n]flg fg f][]kYjaYe]fl] nY Y \]k]f[Y\]fYj kakl]e~la[Ye]fl] mf [gfÖa[lg$ fa ]d eakeg lahg \] [gfÖa[lg& Km ]^][lg \]h]f\] \]d dm_Yj q \]d afklYfl]& =f l jeafgk l]jjalgjaY% d]k$ ]klg ka_faÕ[Y im] ]d ]klY\g hj]nag \] mf kakl]eY af[a\] ]f dY ]e]j_]f[aY g fg \]d eakeg& =fl]f\]j mf [gfÖa[lg aehda[Y dY [gehj]fka f \]d ]klY\g \]d kakl]eY ]f im] YhYj][] g$ [geg hdYfl]Yf D][gmjl& :Ym\]dd] *((,!$ dgk YljaZmlgk \]d kakl]eY im] YdZ]j_Y \a[`g [gfÖa[lg ]f mf l]jjalgjag&

*

Hjgpaea\Y\ ka_faÕ[Y n][af\Y\ ]f ]d ]khY[ag&

.,

Dgk ]n]flgk ]khY[aYd]k+ hm]\]f ]klYj ]f ]d gja_]f \] mfY l]fka f q dY [Yl]_gj Y j]kmdlY YhjghaY\Y hYjY YfYdarYj dgk \]l]jeafYfl]k l]jjalgjaYd]k \] mf [gfÖa[lg kg[aYd dg[YdarY\g& =d ]n]flg ]khY[aYd kmj_] ]f mf l]jjalgjag \]daealY\g ] afljg\m[] mf fm]ng ]d]e]flg$ im] eg\aÕ[Y dY gj_Yfa% rY[a f q ]d ]imadaZjag \]d kakl]eY l]jjalgjaYd& Hm]\] k]j mf hjgq][lg ]kh][ Õ[g$ mf aeY% _afYjag$ mf \ak[mjkg$ dY Y[[a f \] mf Y[lgj ]kh][ Õ[g$ mf [YeZag ]f Yd_mfY nYjaYZd] ][gf ea[Y g kg[aYd$ g dY ]ngdm[a f \] mf hjg[]kg kg[ag%[mdlmjYd& Q k]j~ dY hjgpaea% \Y\ Y Y[lgj]k ]kh][ Õ[gk \]d kakl]eY dY im] \]l]jeafYj~$ ]f em[`gk [Ykgk$ ]d \]k]f[Y% \]fYea]flg \]d [gfÖa[lg& ·; eg afÖm]f[aY ]d kakl]eY l]jjalgjaYd ]d \]kYjjgddg \] mf [gfÖa[lg7 K]_ f D][gmjl :Ym\]dd] *((,! dY YhYja[a f \] mf [gfÖa[lg q km afl]fka\Y\ \]h]f\]f \] dYk hjgha]\Y\]k l]jjalgjaYd]k \]d kakl]eY ]f ]d im] k] \]kY% jjgddY& =f [gfÖa[lgk kg[aYd]k \] mf l]jjalgjag \]l]jeafY\g$ im] ]f^j]flYf mfY [gemfa% \Y\ ^j]fl] Y ^]f e]fgk ]pl]jagj]k$ ]k hgka% Zd] \]l]jeafYj dY [YhY[a\Y\ \] afngdm[jYea]flg g \] j]Y[[a f \] mfY [gemfa\Y\ ]f ^mf[a f \] [mYljg af\a[Y\gj]k2 j]\]k \] kg[aYdarY[a f$ h]jÕd kg[ag%][gf ea[g \] dgk Yk! `YZalYfl]k$ YhjghaY[a f l]jjalgjaYd ] a\]fla\Y\ [mdlmjYd&

MfY [Yl]_gjarY[a f \] [gfÖa[lgk ]f ]d l]jjalgjag =f ]d l]jjalgjag q ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g dgk [gfÖa[lgk kg[aYd]k hm]\]f j]khgf\]j Y \a^]j]fl]k jYrgf]k q \af~ea[Yk& 9 hYjlaj \] mfY k fl]kak \] dgk ljYZYbgk \] dY >mf\Y[a f :m]f ?gZa]jfg q dY =k[m]dY Kmh]jagj \] 9\eafakljY[a f H Zda[Y =kYh *((,!$ [geg \]d Kakl]eY MfaÕ[Y\g \] Af^gjeY[a f ]f Nagd]f[aY q <]daf[m]f[aY \] dY KmZk][j]lYjaY \] ?gZa]jfg \] :g_gl~ KMAN< *((/! mfY [dYkaÕ[Y[a f \] [Yj~[% l]j gh]jYlang hYjY a\]flaÕ[Yj dgk [gfÖa[lgk ]f ]d l]jjalgjag q ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g hm]\] af[dmaj dYk ka_ma]fl]k [Yl]_gj Yk2 )&

+

;gfÖa[lgk ]f dYk j]dY[agf]k afljY]klYlYd]k2 Zm]fY hYjl] \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk ]f dY [am\Y\ kmj_] ]f ]d ~eZalg \] dYk eakeYk afklalm[agf]k& =f _]f]jYd$ YhY% j][]f hgj [`gim]k ]flj] fan]d]k g Y_]f[aYk \]d _gZa]jfg3 hgj [gdakagf]k \] [geh]l]f[aYk ]flj] hg\]j]k$ k][lgj]k q Y_]f[aYk ]klYlYd]k q hgj dY Yhda[Y% [a f \] afkljme]flgk \] afl]jn]f[a f [geg dgk Y[lgj]k bm\a[aYd]k$ dY hdYf]Y% [a f q dY Yka_fY[a f \] j][mjkgk& Mf ]n]flg ]khY[aYd ]k mfY h]jlmjZY[a f \] dY gj_YfarY[a f \] mf kakl]eY l]jjalgjaYd =H==K$ *(((!& Mf kakl]eY l]jjalgjaYd$ Y km n]r af[dmq] afhmlk$ gmlhmlk$ gZb]langk q mfY k]ja] \] hjg[]kgk&

.-

*&

+&

,&

,

;gfÖa[lgk ]f dYk j]dY[agf]k =klY\g%kg[a]\Y\2 ]e]j_]f ]f dY afl]jY[[a f ]flj] [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! q gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k [gf dY afklalm[agfYda\Y\ ]klY% lYd& =klY ]k mfY j]Yda\Y\ \] kmqg [gfÖa[lanY$ hm]k ka]ehj] `Yq mfY kalmY[a f \] j][dYeg q hj]ka f \]k\] dY kg[a]\Y\ kgZj] ]d =klY\g& DY eY_falm\$ na_]f% [aY q lahg \] [gfÖa[lgk _]f]jY\gk ]f ]d eYj[g =klY\g%kg[a]\Y\$ ]kl~f j]dY% [agfY\gk [gf dY [YhY[a\Y\ im] l]f_Y ]d =klY\g \] _YjYflarYj dgk \]j][`gk im] g^j][] Y lg\gk Yk! dgk Yk! afl]_jYfl]k \] dY kg[a]\Y\ q Y dY [YhY[a\Y\ \] af[dmaj afl]j]k]k ]kh][ Õ[gk \] dgk [gd][langk kg[aYd]k ]f dY Y_]f\Y h Zda[Y& Dgk [gfÖa[lgk \] ]klY [Yl]_gj Y kmj_]f Ydj]\]\gj \] lj]k n f[mdgk [gfklalm% langk \] dY j]dY[a f2 ]d n f[mdg ^mf[agfYd %im `Y[] ]d =klY\g q im `Y[] dY kg[a]\Y\ dgk hYjla[mdYj]k!%$ ]k \][aj$ dY Ë\anaka f \]d ljYZYbgÌ ]flj] =klY\g q kg[a]\Y\3 ]d n f[mdg eYl]jaYd$ ]k \][aj$ dY \akljaZm[a f \]d ]p[]\]fl] kg[aYd ]flj] ]d =klY\g q dY kg[a]\Y\$ [ eg k] j]hYjl] dY jaim]rY q ima f YhgjlY im j][mjkgk ]flj] dgk \aklaflgk fan]d]k \] _gZa]jfg$ dYk \aklaflYk dg[Yda\Y\]k g hYjl]k \]d l]jjalgjag mjZYfg q dYk \an]jkYk [dYk]k kg[aYd]k3 q ]d n f[mdg \] dY Ymlgja\Y\ q ]d hg\]j2 dY \akljaZm[a f \] hg\]j ]flj] ]d =klY\g q dY kg[a]\Y\$ dg im] ]imanYd] Y im eYf\Y q im [gfljgdY ]d =klY\g q kgZj] im eYf\Y q im [gfljgdY dY kg[a]\Y\& ;gfÖa[lgk ]f dYk Ydl]jY[agf]k im] _]f]jY dY hYjYafklalm[agfYda\Y\2 k] \Yf ]f ]d Y[[agfYj \] gj_YfarY[agf]k ad]_Yd]k im] Y[l Yf ]f [gfljY g hYjYd]dYe]fl] Yd =klY\g hYjY \akhmlYjd] q kmhdYflYj km hg\]j ]f ]d l]jjalgjag& 9\]e~k \] dYk hgkaZd]k \]janY[agf]k g eYfa^]klY[agf]k \] nagd]f[aY im] hm]\Y aehda[Yj$ k] ljYlY \] mf hjg[]kg \] YhjghaY[a f q ]b]j[a[ag \]d hg\]j3 mfY ^gjeY \] \gea% fY[a f g hg\]j YZkgdmlg kghgjlY\Y q j]hjg\m[a\Y _jY[aYk Y dYk ÕkmjYk im] \]bY ]d =klY\g ]f km Y[[a f kgZj] ]d l]jjalgjag& Em[`gk \] ]kgk j]kima[agk YhYj][]f Ykg[aY\gk Y dY af]ima\Y\ q Yd \]kgj\]f \]d \]kYjjgddg ][gf ea[g ]f ]d l]jjalgjag& =klgk [gfÖa[lgk aehY[lYf q \aklgjkagfYf& ]f eYqgj g e]fgj hjghgj[a f& ]d kakl]eY hgd la[g$ dY Y\eafakljY[a f \]d =klY\g$ dY gj_YfarY[a f kg[aYd q ]d \]kYjjgddg ][gf ea[g& DYk eYÕYk g _jmhgk \] [jaeafYda\Y\ gj_Y% farY\Y Y n][]k Y[l Yf ]f ]kl] ~eZalg& ;gfÖa[lgk ]f dYk j]dY[agf]k ]flj] _jmhgk q Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k2 YhYj][]f ]f dYk j]dY[agf]k ]flj] \a^]j]fl]k _jmhgk \] Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k& =flj] ]ddgk$ ]k hgkaZd] a\]flaÕ[Yj [gfÖa[lana\Y\]k n][afYd]k g [gemfalYjaYk hYf\addY$ ZYjjYk ZjYnYk$ hjgZd]eYk afljY^YeadaYj]k g ]f ]d ]flgjfg ]k[gdYj!$ [gfÖa[la% na\Y\]k Ykg[aY\Yk Y ljYfkY[[agf]k q lj~Õ[gk ]f lgjfg Yd ]ph]f\ag \] da[gj q g \] \jg_Yk$ Yd [ge]j[ag \] h]jkgfYk$ \] YjeYk$ \] [gfljYZYf\g!3 [gfÖa[la% na\Y\]k Ykg[aY\Yk Y kalagk \] [gf[]fljY[a f \] Y[lana\Y\ [ge]j[aYd ]plgj% kagf]k$ Y_aglakegk$ \]daf[m]f[aY [ge f$ jma\gk$ hjgZd]eYk [gf n]f\]\gj]k YeZmdYfl]k$ ]f lgjfg Y hdYrYk \] e]j[Y\g!3 [gfÖa[lana\Y\]k Ykg[aY\Yk Y dY ]p[dmka f kg[aYd q dY aflgd]jYf[aY hjgZd]eYk lfa[gk$ afea_jY[agf]k$ fa gk ]f dY [Ydd]$ h]jkgfYk kaf \gea[adag Õbg$ aflgd]jYf[aY ^j]fl] Yd k][lgj D?:L, g ^j]fl] Y b n]f]k!& D]kZaYfYk$ _Yqk$ Zak]pmYd]k q ljYfk_]f]jaklYk

..

=d]e]flgk hYjY ]d Yf~dakak \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk l]jjalgjaYd]k <]l]jeafYj mfY hjgZd]e~la[Y ]f l jeafgk \] [gfÖa[lana\Y\ aehda[Y j][gfg[]j dgk [gfÖa[lgk ]pakl]fl]k ]f dY j]dY[a f ^gjeYd g af^gjeYd \] Y[lgj]k& =k f][]kYjag j][g% fg[]j dYk [gf\a[agf]k gZb]lanYk g kmZb]lanYk im] \]Õf]f ]d [gfÖa[lg$ dY j]dY[a f fg Yje fa[Y$ dY \ak^mf[a f g dY [gfljY\a[[a f& DY =kYh q dY >mf\Y[a f :m]f ?gZa]jfg *((,! hjghgf]f mf _jmhg \] [gf\a[agf]k hYjY j][gfg[]jdY n]j ;mY\jg )!&

;mY\jg ) ;gf\a[agf]k hYjY j][gfg[]j dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\;gf\a[agf]k gZb]lanYk

;gf\a[agf]k kmZb]lanYk

;gfg[aea]flg [gfk[a]fl] \] dgk gljgk Y[lgj]k ]kljYl _a[gk&

H]j[]h[a f \]d ËgljgÌ g \] dgk ËgljgkÌ [geg [gf% ljYjagk g [gfljYhYjl]k&

GZb]lgk im] afl]j]kYf Y dgk \a^]j]fl]k Y[lgj]k&

H]j[]h[a f \] gZb]lgk \] afl]j k [ge f [geg af\anakaZd]k g \] Y[[]kg ]p[dmq]fl]&

EgnadarY[a f kaemdl~f]Y ]f ]d la]ehg! q kgZj] ]d eakeg ]khY[ag kg[aYd$ `Y[aY dgk gZb]lgk \] afl]j k&

H]j[]h[a f \] egnadarY[a f \] dY hYjl] [gfljYjaY `Y[aY ]d gZb]lang \] afl]j k [ge f [geg Ye]fY% rYk Y hjghaYk hj]l]fkagf]k&

=ehj]f\aea]flg \] Y[[agf]k l]f\a]fl]k Y daea% lYj$ f]mljYdarYj g ]daeafYj gh[agf]k \] Y[[]kg \]d ËgljgÌ `Y[aY gZb]lgk \] afl]j k [ge f&

<]k[gfÕYfrY ]f _]klgk g hjghm]klYk \]d ËgljgÌ&

=f^j]flYea]flg q j]khm]klY [gf[j]lY Y Y[[agf]k ]ehj]f\a\Yk hgj gljg Y[lgj hYjY daealYj$ f]mljY% darYj g ]daeafYj kmk gh[agf]k \] Y[[]kg Yd gZb]lg \] afl]j k&

K]flaea]flg \] `gklada\Y\ g e]fgkhj][ag `Y[aY Y[[a f \] gljgk Y[lgj]k&

Eg\aÕ[Y[agf]k [gf[j]lYk \] dYk [aj[mfklYf[aYk afa[aYd]k [geg [gfk][m]fl] \] Y[[agf]k \]d ËgljgÌ&

K]flaea]flg \] Y^][lY[a f hgj dYk Y[[agf]k \]d ËgljgÌ

Eg\aÕ[Y[a f \] dYk [aj[mfklYf[aYk afa[aYd]k \]d ËgljgÌ hgj e]\ag \] Y[[agf]k hjghaYk&

=kl emdg _jY[aYk Y dgk ËhjgZd]eYkÌ [YmkY\gk Yd ËgljgÌ&

Mf hjg[]\aea]flg hYjY j][gfg[]j dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ hm]\] hYjlaj \] [jal]jagk [geg dgk \]d [mY\jg Yfl]jagj3 kaf ]eZYj_g$ gljgk lj]k ]d]e]flgk j]kmdlYf aehgjlYfl]k hYjY dY [YjY[l]jarY[a f \]d [gfÖa[lg2 km ]phj]ka f l]jjalgjaYd$ [ eg Y^][lY Y dgk Ömbgk q \af~ea[Yk kg[aYd]k q dY Y^][lY[a f Y dgk hjg[]kgk \] lgeY \] \][akagf]k& Hgj ]ddg$ mfY n]r a\]flaÕ[Y\gk dgk [gfÖa[lgk ]k hj][akg [YjY[l]jarYjdgk& =d ljYZYbg j]Yda% rY\g hgj =kYh q dY >mf\Y[a f :m]f ?gZa]jfg *((,! hjghgf] mfY k]ja] \] nYjaYZd]k n]j ;mY\jg *! hYjY Yl]f\]j ]f dY [YjY[l]jarY[a f \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk \] \a^]j]fl]k lahgk im] hm]\]f Y^][lYj ]d l]jjalgjag q ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g&

-

)(

9\YhlY\g \] =kYh >mf\Y[a f :m]f ?gZa]jfg$ *((,&

./

;mY\jg * =d]e]flgk \] dY eYljar hYjY dY [YjY[l]jarY[a f \] [gfÖa[lgk q \] kmk ^Y[lgj]k \] eYf]bg .

.

=d]e]flgk

<]Õfa[a f

<ae]fka f

Af\a[Y im ^m]fl] \] [gfÖa[lana\Y\ ]k YZYj[Y\Y ]f ]d Yf~dakak&

HdYfgk \] j]dY[a f

Em]kljYf ]f j]dY[a f Y im [Yehgk _jm]kgk \] hjgZd]e~% la[Y k]j~f kmk[jalYk dYk [gfÖa[lana\Y\]k im] YZYj[Yj~ [Y\Y \ae]fka f&

>Y[lgj]k \] hjgZd]e~la[Y

<]kY_j]_Yf ] a\]flaÕ[Yf dgk hmflgk fg\Yd]k im] \Yf gja_]f Y dYk Ë~j]Yk \] hjgZd]e~la[YÌ ]f [Y\Y \ae]fka f&

Þj]Yk \] hjgZd]e~la[Y

=kl~f j]^]ja\Yk Y eYj[gk$ ]f dgk im] km[]\]f dYk kalmY[agf]k \] hjgZd]e~la[Y \] [Y\Y \ae]fka f&

KalmY[agf]k hjgZd]e~la[Yk

K] YdYf e][Yfakegk$ j]\]k$ kakl]eYk$ [gf\a[agf]k$ fan]d]k $ [aj[mfklYf[aYk g hYljgf]k im] _]f]jYf dYk [gfÖa[lana\Y\]k Y k]j ljYlY\Yk ]f [Y\Y \ae]fka f&

HjgZd]eYk [gf[j]lgk

=kh][aÕ[Yf q daklYf dgk `][`gk Yf eYdgk$ \ak^mf[agfYd]k q [gf% ljY\a[lgjagk im] kmj_]f \] dYk kalmY[agf]k hjgZd]e~la[Yk&

9_]fl]k q Y_]f[aYk Y^][lY\gk

A\]flaÕ[Yf dgk Y[lgj]k g kmb]lgk kg[aYd]k$ ][gf ea[gk g afkla% lm[agfYd]k! afngdm[jY\gk ]f [Y\Y hjgZd]eY$ qY [gf[j]lYe]fl] \]Õfa\g&

;gfÖa[lgk \]Õfa\gk

Kgf Yim]ddYk kalmY[agf]k hgkaZd]k \] Ykmeaj [geg [gfÖa[lgk$ dYk im] k] kmkljY]f \]d mfan]jkg \] ËhjgZd]eYk [gf[j]lgkÌ&

;YjY[l]jarY[a f \] [gfÖa[lgk

Gj_YfarYf dgk [gfÖa[lgk hgj h]j g\gk `akl ja[gk YhjghaY\gk hYjY ]d Yf~dakak3 ]klYZd][]f q [YdaÕ[Yf ^j][m]f[aY YakdY\g$ ]khgj~\a[g$ j][mjj]fl]$ h]jeYf]fl]!3 dg[YdarY[a f ^g[Yd$ dg[Yd$ j]_agfYd$ fY[agfYd!3 e]\agk \] ]phj]ka f nagd]f[aY ^ ka[Y$ Y[[agf]k \] hj]% ka f kaf ^m]jrY ^ ka[Y$ e]\aY[a f afklalm[agfYd$ eaplgk!3 f^Ykak \] aehY[lg ][gf ea[g$ kg[aYd$ hgd la[g$ \] k]_mja\Y\ [am\Y\YfY$ k]_mja\Y\ fY[agfYd q'g \]^]fkY$ eaplg! [gZ]jlmjY \]d aehY[lg l]jjalgjaYd dg[Yd$ \akljalYd$ j]_agfYd q fY[agfYd!] afl]fka\Y\ ZYbY$ e]\aY ZYbY$ e]\aY$ e]\aY YdlY$ YdlY!\] [Y\Y [gfÖa[lg& H]jeal]f gZk]jnYj ]ngdm[a f q l]f\]f[aY&

>Y[lgj]k \] eYf]bg

J][gfg[]f dgk ]d]e]flgk \] dgk [mYd]k \]h]f\] ]d eYf]bg \] [Y\Y mfg \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk a\]flaÕ[Y\gk \]fljg \] [Y\Y \ae]fka f&

9[[]kg Y dgk ^Y[lgj]k \] eYf]bg

;YdaÕ[Yf dY [YhY[a\Y\ \] Y[[]kg \] [Y\Y afklYf[aY l]jjalgjaYd Y dgk ^Y[lgj]k \]l]jeafYfl]k hYjY ]d eYf]bg \] [Y\Y [gfÖa[lg& =kl] l]e [gfka\]jY dgk fan]d]k emfa[ahYd$ \akljalYd$ \]hYjlYe]f% lYd q fY[agfYd$ Yk [geg lj]k _jY\gk2 ZYbg$ e]\aYfg$ Ydlg&

MladarY\gk hgj =kYh >mf\Y[a f :m]f ?gZa]jfg *((,! ]f Yf~dakak \] [gfÖa[lana\Y\ l]jjalgjaYd ]f ;gdgeZaY&

.0

HYjY [YjY[l]jarYj dgk [gfÖa[lgk kg[aYd]k ]f dY [am\Y\ hjghaYe]fl] \a[`Y$ lYeZa f k]j~ lad l]f]j ]f [m]flY dgk hdYfl]Yea]flgk \] Mf\Y *((,! ima]f afkakl] ]f im] hm]\]f j]khgf\]j Y \a^]j]fl]k l]jjalgjaYda\Y\]k$ \]k\] dg[Yd]k `YklY _dgZYd]k& MfY eajY\Y _]f]jYd Y ]ddgk h]jeal] a\]flaÕ[Yj \an]jkgk lahgk \] Y[lgj]k hj]k]fl]k ]f dgk [gfÖa[lgk2

9[lgj]k mjZYfgk dg[Yd]k! ]f [gfÖa[lgk dg[Yd]k mjZYfgk!& 9[lgj]k mjZYfgk ]f [gfÖa[lgk fY[agfYd]k& 9[lgj]k fg mjZYfgk ]f [gfÖa[lgk fY[agfYd]k$ \]fljg \] ]k[]fYjagk mjZYfgk& ;gfÖm]f[aY \] Y[lgj]k mjZYfgk q fg mjZYfgk ]f [gfÖa[lgk fY[agfYd]k \]fljg \] ]k[]fYjagk mjZYfgk& 9[lgj]k fg mjZYfgk ]f ]k[]fYjagk mjZYfgk$ [gf j]dY[a f Y [gfÖa[lgk im] fg la]f]f gja_]f ]f dYk [am\Y\]k&

9 ]klY lahgdg_ Y l]flYlanY ]k hgkaZd] Y_j]_Yj dY [Yl]_gj Y \] ËY[lgj]k fg mjZYfgk ]f [gfÖa[lgk dg[Yd]kÌ$ Yk [geg dY [geZafY[a f \] Yd_mfYk \] ]ddYk&

+&* <= D9K AFL=JN=F;AGF=K =F =D =FLGJFG MJ:9FG$ =F :èKIM=<9 <= E9F=B9J ;GF>DA;LANA<9<=K KG;A9D=K Q HJ=N=FAJ D9 <=DAF;M=F;A9 DY afl]jn]f[a f ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g hYjY eYf]bYj [gfÖa[lana\Y\]k kg[aYd]k q hj]n]faj dY afk]_mja\Y\ km]d] kmkl]flYjk] ]f dYk l]gj Yk \] dY \][aka f jY[agfYd q \] dYk Y[lana\Y\]k jmlafYjaYk& Dgk ljYZYbgk \] dY hj]n]f[a f kalmY[agfYd q \] ;jae] Hj]n]flagf Ljgm_` =fnajgfe]flYd <]ka_f ;HL=<! ]f 9e ja[Y DYlafY$ aehmdkY\gk hgj ]d ;HL=<%J]_a f \] ;`ad]/$ q dgk ljYZYbgk \] EY[Yj]fY JYm *((,! afljg\m[]f ]d]% e]flgk l] ja[gk ]f ]klY h]jkh][lanY& Hgj gljY hYjl]$ dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k [gfg[a\Yk ]f [am\Y\]k [geg :g_gl~ q E]\]dd f$ aehda[Yf ]na\]f[aY im] h]jeal] ]klYZd][]j YnYf[]k q j]lgk ]f \a[`Yk j]dY[agf]k& K]_ f ;jYo^gj\ )110!$ dY l]gj Y \] dY \][aka f jY[agfYd Yhda[Y\Y Yd Yf~dakak \] dY afk]_mja\Y\ q ]d [jae]f kmhgf] YZgj\Yjdgk [geg hjg[]kgk ngdmflYjagk$ kmkl]f% lY\gk ]f mfY \][aka f jY[agfYd hgj hYjl] \] dgk g^]fkgj]k& =f _]f]jYd$ [gfka\]jY im] dYk \][akagf]k kgf lgeY\Yk ljYk `Y[]j mf ZYdYf[] [gklg%Z]f]Õ[ag$ q mf [~d[mdg \]d ja]k_g hgj hYjl] \]d \][akgj$ k]_ f k]Yf kmk gZb]langk q _YfYf[aYk ]kh]jY\Yk$ q l]fa]f\g ]f [m]flY ]d ]k^m]jrg j]im]ja\g& <] ]klY eYf]jY$ ka `mZa]jY Y[lgj]k jY[agfYd]k ]f mf [gfÖa[lg kg[aYd g ]f mf \]dalg$ afl]jn]faj ]f ]d ]flgjfg \] \a[`g [gfÖa[lg kg[aYd g \] \a[`g hjg[]kg \]da[lang hg\j Y af[a\aj ]f \akmY\aj ]d [gehgjlY% ea]flg [gfÖa[lang q \]da[lang \]d Y[lgj&

/

N]j ooo&[hl]\&[d&

.1

<]k\] dY h]jkh][lanY \] dY l]gj Y \] Y[lana\Y\]k jmlafYjaYk$ ]d ]khY[ag mjZYfg YhYj][] [geg ]d l]d f \] ^gf\g$ kmeY\Y dY ^YdlY \] na_adYf[aY$ Yd im] [gf[mjj]f n [laeYk q Y_j]kgj]k hgl]f[aYd]k \akhm]klgk Y [ge]l]j mf \]dalg& Ka dY jmlafY ]f mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g af[gjhgjY dY hj]k]f[aY [gfklYfl] \] [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!$ ]klg [gfklalmq] mf ]d]e]flg \] Ëna_adYf[aY fYlmjYdÌ [geg dY \]fgeafYf dgk ]ph]jlgk \] dY l]gj Y \]d ;HL=<& F]dkgf$ hgj ]b]ehdg$ )10.$ )11-! hjghgf] dY fg[a f \] Ë_mYj\a~fÌ g Ëna_ YÌ im] hm]\]$ [gf km kgdY hj]k]f[aY$ af`aZaj dY g[mjj]f[aY \]d [jae]f& LjYZYbgk [geg dgk \] :Ydcaf @gmd\]f )10+! km_a]j]f im] dY hj]k]f[aY \] ^mf[agfYjagk mfa^gjeY\gk ]f dY [Ydd] af`aZ] ]d \]dalg q$ Y\a[agfYde]fl]$ ]nalY dY h]j[]h[a f \] afk]_mja\Y\& =f ]kl] [Ykg$ dY l]gj Y \] dYk Y[lana\Y\]k jmlafYjaYk hm]\] k]jnaj [geg ]phda[Y[a f [gehd]e]flYjaY& GljYk h]jkh][lanYk hj]^a]j]f `YZdYj \] dY YhjghaY[a f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g hgj hYjl] \] dY [am\Y\Yf Y [geg ]d]e]flg \akmYkang \] \]dalgk q [gf^da[lana\Y\]k kg[aYd]k& Hgj ]b]ehdg$ ]f dY hjaf[ahYd n Y [ge]j[aYd \] :g_gl~$ %dY ;Yjj]jY K hlaeY% `Y ka\g \]kYjjgddY\g É]d k]hlaeYrgÊ$ im] [gfkakl] ]f im] dY [Ydd] ]k []jjY\Y Y dY [aj[mdY[a f \] Ymlge nad]k q ]d [ge]j[ag h]jeYf][] YZa]jlg `YklY lYj\] ]f dY fg[`]& DY [Ydd] ]k$ dal]jYde]fl]$ ËlgeY\YÌ hgj ead]k \] [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! dgk im] kgf ]flj]l]fa\gk$ Y\]e~k$ hgj dY afl]jn]f[a f \] YjlaklYk& DY ]na\]f[aY `Y egkljY\g im]$ h]k] Y dY _jYf [gf[mjj]f[aY \] h]jkgfYk$ \mjYfl] dgk Ék]hlaeYrgkÊ \akeafmq] ^m]jl]e]fl] ]d h]im] g jgZg [Ydd]b]jg$ ]f mfY rgfY j]hmlY\Y hgj ]kl] \]dalg& MfY eglanY[a f hgkaZd] hYjY \]kYjjgddYj ]klY Y[lana% \Y\ `Y ka\g ^Y[adalYj ] af\m[aj dY lgeY \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g hgj hYjl] \] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!& =f dY d _a[Y \] >]dkgf$ hg\j Y ka_fa^a[Yj mf Yme]flg \] dY na_a% dYf[aY [am\Y\YfY kgZj] ]kl] ]khY[ag q dY \akmYka f kgZj] hgkaZd]k Y_j]kgj]k& =f gljY d _a[Y$ dg im] k] ]klYj Y \]kYjjgddYf\g ]k mf ]kim]eY \] [gfnan]f[aY q [md% lmjY [am\Y\YfY im] \akmY\] Y dgk Yk! \]daf[m]fl]k& ;mYf\g dY l]gj Y \] dYk Y[lana\Y\]k jmlafYjaYk YZgj\Y ]d ]flgjfg g ]d kalag \] g[mjj]f[aY \]d \]dalg [geg mfY \] dYk nYjaYZd]k ^mf\Ye]flYd]k$ lYeZa f afljg\m[] eYqgj afl]j k hgj dgk YljaZmlgk ]khY[aYd]k q kalmY[agfYd]k \]d \]dalg& <] Y` im] nYjagk Ymlgj]k `YqYf hjghm]klg n f[mdgk ]flj] dY l]gj Y \] \][aka f jY[agfYd q dY \] Y[lana\Y\]k jmlafYjaYk& 9 hYjlaj \] ]klg$ dY j]dY[a f ]flj] ]khY[agk$ \ak] g$ Yjimal][lmjY$ mjZYfakeg$ e]\ag YeZa]fl] q \]dalg YhYj][] [geg mf l]eY \] afl]j k&

/(

DYk \gk l]gj Yk YfYdarY\Yk [gf[aZ]f Yd \]dalg [geg mf Ykh][lg ËfgjeYdÌ$ im] ^gjeY hYjl] \] dYk jmlafYk \] dY na\Y kg[aYd [gfl]ehgj~f]Y& Hgj ]ddg ?YjdYf\ )11.! n] ]d [jae]f [geg mf ja]k_g im] hm]\] k]j [Yd[mdY\g$ hj]n]fa\g g [gfljgdY\g q fg [geg mfY hYlgdg_ Y egjYd& =klY YhjgpaeY[a f fg ]kl~ Yd]bY\Y \] e dlahd]k j]Ö]pagf]k l] ja[Yk ] afn]kla_Y[agf]k ]f [a]f[aYk kg[aYd]k im] YZgj\Yf dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ kg[aYd [geg mf ]d]e]flg kaf]imYfgf \] dYk \af~ea[Yk kg[aYd]k$ af`]j]fl] Y dY ]kljm[lm% jY[a f \] dYk kg[a]\Y\]k ;gk]j$ )1-.3 >j]mf\$ )10+!& =klY h]jkh][lanY `Y[] hgkaZd] [jmrYj [dYjYe]fl] ]d Yf~dakak \]d \]dalg [gf ]d \] dYk [gfÖa[lana\Y\]k kg[aYd]k$ [geg afl]flY ]kl] l]plg&

Dgk hjgZd]eYk \]d \]khdYrYea]flg \] [gfÖa[lgk q \]dalgk DYk afl]jn]f[agf]k ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g hYjY eYf]bYj [gfÖa[lgk kg[aYd]k g hj]% n]faj \]dalgk$ hm]\]f Y\gd][]j \] mf ]^][lg \] \]khdYrYea]flg& Kgf ^]f e]fgk ]khY[ag%l]ehgjYd]k im] k] hm]\]f hj]k]flYj Yd afl]jn]faj mf kalag ]f dY Z kim]\Y \] \akeafmaj dY ghgjlmfa\Y\ \] g[mjj]f[aY \]da[lanY& =f ]kl] [Ykg$ ]k af`aZa\g mf \]l]jeafY\g \]dalg$ h]jg ]d ^]f e]fg k] \]khdYrY Y mf [gfl]plg e~k ^YngjYZd]& <] `][`g$ ]klY ]k mfY \] dYk [j la[Yk e~k ^j][m]fl]k Y dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k \] dY hj]n]f% [a f kalmY[agfYd \]d [jae]f& =d ]^][lg \] \]khdYrYea]flg hm]\] lgeYj \a^]j]fl]k ^gjeYk$ af[dmkg Y n][]k \] eYf]jY kaemdl~f]Y2

=khY[aYd2 dgk eakegk [gfÖa[lgk g \]dalgk g[mjj]f ]f kalagk \a^]j]fl]k dm]_g \] dY afl]jn]f[a f& L]ehgjYd2 dgk eakegk [gfÖa[lgk g \]dalgk Y^][lYf Y dYk eakeYk h]jkgfYk g dYk eakeYk n [laeYk Y gljY `gjY& L~[la[g2 [YeZaY ]d eg\mk gh]jYf\a \]d \]dalg g dY \af~ea[Y \]d [gfÖa[lg& K dg `Yq emlY[a f& ;YeZag \] ZdYf[g2 ]f ]d [Ykg \] \]dalgk$ ]d eakeg ^]f e]fg k] ljYkdY\Y Y gljg ZdYf[g& Lahg \] [jae]f2 dgk eakegk g^]fkgj]k j]YdarYf [YeZagk ]f dY fYlmjYd]rY \] dY Y[lana\Y\ \]da[lanY0&

=d Yf~dakak ]khY[aYd \] Yd_mfgk \]dalgk \] YdlY g[mjj]f[aY ]f :g_gl~ `Y \]egkljY\g Yd_mfgk \] ]klgk ^]f e]fgk \] \]khdYrYea]flg& =d ljYZYbg \] Egj]fg *((-! kgZj] ]d aehY[lg \]d LjYfkead]fag1 ]f dY kalmY[a f [jaeafYd \] dY 9n]fa\Y ;YjY[Yk q kmk n][af\Y\]k em]kljY im]$ ]f ]d h]j g\g )111%*((*$ `mZg [YeZagk ka_faÕ[Ylangk ]f ]d [gehgjlYea]flg \] \]dalgk [geg ]d YljY[g Y ]klYZd][aea]flgk [ge]j[aYd]k %/0$* !$ YljY[g Y h]jkgfYk %1($, !$ `gea[a\agk %1-$* !$ `mjlg \] n]` [mdgk %0/$) !$ jgZg Y ]klYZd][aea]flgk [ge]j[aYd]k %0-$+ !$ jgZg Y h]jkgfYk %0/$1 !$ jgZg Y j]ka\]f[aYk %0*$- ! q ]f ]d [jae]f Y_j]_Y\g %0.$+ !& Ka Za]f ]klY afl]jn]f[a f mjZYf kla[Y h]j% 0 1

;Yl]_gj Yk afkhajY\Yk ]f J]hh]lg )1/.! q @Ycae J]f_]jl )10)!& Kakl]eY \] Zmk]k Yjla[mdY\gk \] :g_gl~&

/)

eala ]kl] j]kmdlY\g kgZj] ]klY Yn]fa\Y$ dYk [a^jYk \] dgk eakegk \]dalgk egkljYjgf Yme]flgk ka_faÕ[Ylangk hYjY ]d eakeg h]j g\g YfYdarY\g ]f dY ;Yjj]jY )+$ n Y hYjY% d]dY Y dY afl]jn]fa\Y& Gljg \] dgk `algk mjZYf kla[gk \] :g_gl~ `Y ka\g dY [gfkljm[[a f \]d hYjim] L]j[]j Ead]fag ]f ]d []fljg \] dY [am\Y\ n]j ^glg_jY^ Yk!$ rgfY mjZYf kla[Ye]fl] emq \]l]% jagjY\Y ]f dY [mYd k] `YZ Yf [gf[]fljY\g ]ph]f\agk \] ]klmh]^Y[a]fl]k q mfY _jYf [Yfla\Y\ \] Y[lana\Y\]k \]da[lanYk$ af[dma\g ]d `gea[a\ag& =d Yf~dakak \] dY [gf[]f% ljY[a f \]d `gea[a\ag Yfl]k q \]khm k km_a]j] mf ]^][lg \] \]khdYrYea]flg \] ]klY Y[lana\Y\ \]da[lanY `Y[aY gljgk kalagk Ydj]\]\gj \] ]klY rgfY$ Yfla_mYe]fl] \]fg% eafY\Y =d ;Yjlm[`g n]j eYhYk Yfl]k q \]khm k!& Hgj dg \]e~k$ ]d hYjim] L]j[]j Ead]fag Y f \aklY em[`g ]f *((0! \] `YZ]j ka\g YhjghaY\g hgj dY [am\Y\Yf Y q \] ]klYj Y[gehY Y\g \] mf hjg[]kg \] [gfnan]f[aY q [mdlmjY [am\Y\YfY&

)

*

+

,

K][m]f[aY l]ehgjYd \] afl]jn]f[agf]k \] dY gh]jY[a f HYjim] L]j[]j Ead]fag *((+%*((-!& 9d[Yd\ Y EYqgj \] :g_gl~!

/*

EYhY ) ;gf[]fljY[a f \] `gea[a\agk ]f rgfYk \]d []fljg \] :g_gl~ Yfl]k q \]khm k \] dY gh]jY[a f mjZYf kla[Y HYjim] L]j[]j Ead]fag

KALAG H9JIM= L=J;=J EAD=FAG

@GEA;A<AGK =F DG;9DA<9<=K <=D ;=FLJG ;GF;=FLJ9;AåF HGJ <=FKA<9< )111

@GEA;A<AGK =F DG;9DA<9<=K <=D ;=FLJG ;GF;=FLJ9;AåF HGJ <=FKA<9< *((-

>m]fl]2 KMAN<%Kakl]eY MfaÕ[Y\g \] Af^gjeY[a f kgZj] Nagd]f[aYk q <]daf[m]f[aYk \] :g_gl~&

=f [mYflg Y dgk \]khdYrYea]flgk \] lahg l~[la[g g [jaeafYd$ ]f :g_gl~ ]d `mjlg Y ZYf[gk hj~[la[Ye]fl] `Y \]kYhYj][a\g& Kaf ]eZYj_g$ q ^j]fl] Yd Yme]flg \] dY k]_mja\Y\ \] dYk ]fla\Y\]k ZYf[YjaYk$ dgk _jmhgk \]da[lmYd]k im] Yfl]k k] \]\a% [YZYf Y ]klY hj~[la[Y gja]flYjgf km Y[[a f `Y[aY dYk h]jkgfYk im] j]lajYf \af]jg ]f dgk ZYf[gk$ `Y[a]f\g k]_maea]flgk Y kmk n [laeYk$ ]f dg im] ]f ;gdgeZaY k] `Y \]fgeafY\g af^gjeYde]fl] ËÖ]l]gÌ&

=khY[agk mjZYfgk YhjghaY\gk nk ]khY[agk mjZYfgk YakdY\gk Dgk ljYZYbgk \] BY[gZk )1.*! qY `YZ Yf egkljY\g [ eg ]f ]d mjZYfakeg ]klY\g% mfa\]fk] \] dgk Y gk k]k]flY Yd_mfgk hjgq][lgk hj]k]flYZYf hjgZd]eYk [geg ]d YakdYea]flg$ im] hg\ Yf dd]_Yj Y _]f]jYj l]egj& 9 hYjlaj \] kmk Yf~dakak ]eh ja[gk ]klY YmlgjY `Y hjghm]klg im]$ Y e~k [geZafY[a f \] mkgk \]d km]dg im] afljg\mr% [Yf mfY [a]jlY \af~ea[Y ]f ]d l]jjalgjag mjZYfg$ e~k ^~[ade]fl] dgk Yk! j]ka\]fl]k hg\j~f gZk]jnYj dg im] hYkY ]f km ]flgjfg ] afl]_jYjk] Yd eakeg$ l]fa]f\g ]f [m]flY lj]k a\]Yk2

MfY [dYjY \]eYj[Y[a f ]flj] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk q hjanY\gk& DY ]pakl]f[aY \] Ëgbgk ]f dY [Ydd]Ì im] eaj]f dg im] g[mjj] q im] h]jl]f]r[Yf Y dgk Yk! hjgha]lYjagk Yk! fYlmjYd]k \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g& Mf mkg q YhjghaY[a f [gfklYfl] \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g&

BY[gZk YhmflY Yd \]kYjjgddg \] mfY YhjghaY[a f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g [geg$ ]f dlaeY afklYf[aY$ dY ZYk] \] dY [gfnan]f[aY kg[aYd2 ÉMfY Zm]fY [gemfa\Y\ ]f dYk [Ydd]k

/+

eYf]bY mf eYjYnaddgkg ZYdYf[] ]flj] dY \]l]jeafY[a f \] dYk h]jkgfYk \] l]f]j hja% nY[a\Y\ ]k]f[aYd q kmk \]k]gk kaemdl~f]gk \] \a^]j]fl]k _jY\gk \] [gflY[lg& =kl] ZYdYf[] k] \Y hgj h]im] gk \]lYdd]k ^ ka[gk eYf]bY\gk k]fkaZd]e]fl]$ hjY[la[Y\gk q Y[]hlY\gk lYf fgjeYde]fl] im] k] \Yf hgj _YjYflarY\gkÊ& BY[gZk$ )1.*!& =d ]b]e% hdg \]d Ék]hlaeYrgÊ ]f :g_gl~ lYeZa f kajn] hYjY admkljYj ]klY h]jkh][lanY& 9`gjY Za]f$ ]k [a]jlg im] ]d e][Yfakeg \] na_adYf[aY fYlmjYd kgdg fg ZYklY hYjY `Y[]j k]_mjgk dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk [geg dg km_a]j]f Daf\]f )11/! q JYek]q )10*!& Kaf ]eZYj_g$ dY ]na\]f[aY em]kljY im] dY ^YdlY \] ]kl] ]d]e]flg ]f ]d \ak] g mjZYf kla[g q Yjimal][l fa[g k hm]\] [gfljaZmaj Y kalmY[agf]k \] af[anada\Y\$ [geg g[mjj] ]f dYk kgdm[agf]k \] nana]f\Y \] afl]j k kg[aYd ^jYf[]kYk Ë[al kÌ! \gf\]$ Y\]e~k \] gljgk hjg% Zd]eYk \] f\gd] kg[aYd q \] afl]_jY[a f \] [gemfa\Y\]k hjaf[ahYde]fl] \] ]ea_jYf% l]k$ `Yf g[mjja\g ]f ^]f e]fgk [j la[gk \] nagd]f[aY mjZYfY dgk dlaegk Y gk&

Afl]jn]f[a f ]f ]d ]khY[ag mjZYfg hYjY e]bgjYj dY [gfnan]f[aY q \akeafmaj dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ kg[aYd =d dY! [am\Y\Yfg Y! YhjghaY\g Y! \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g \]kYjjgddY mfY hjgh]fka f Y dY [gfnan]f[aY q Yd eYf]bg \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk kg[aYd]k& DY ]na\]f[aY ]f E]\]dd f Yk dg \]bY ]flj]n]j& <]k\] *((,$ ]klY [am\Y\ [gdgeZaYfY `Y ka\g gZb]lg \] _jYf\]k afl]j% n]f[agf]k mjZYf kla[Yk ]f rgfYk eYj_afYd]k$ im] af[dmq]f af^jY]kljm[lmjY h Zda[Y eg\]jfY q ]kl la[Ye]fl] \] _jYf ^Y[lmjY$ im] `Yf ka\g hYjl] \] dgk Hjgq][lgk MjZYfgk Afl]_jYd]k HMA! q im] `Yf [gfljaZma\g Y [gfkljmaj fm]nYk [gf\a[agf]k \] [gfnan]f[aY q \] Ymlg]klaeY ]f [gemfa\Y\]k im]$ `akl ja[Ye]fl]$ `YZ Yf ka\g \]bY\Yk \] dY\g \]d \]kYjjgddg \] dY [am\Y\& =f ]kYk rgfYk afl]jn]fa\Yk$ dYk [a^jYk \] dY nagd]f[aY `YZ Yf [gfljaZma\g Y gk Ylj~k Y `Y[]j \] klY mfY \] dYk [am\Y\]k e~k nagd]flYk \]d emf\g& =f ]kl] h]j g\g$ q ]f dY [gemfY fgjgja]flYd \] E]\]dd f$ `Yf ka\g \]kYjjgddY\Yk _jYf\]k afl]jn]f[agf]k mjZYf kla[Yk$ im] af[dmq]f mf kakl]eY \] ljYfkhgjl] h Zda[g hgj [YZd]$ Yk [geg mfY _jYf ZaZdagl][Y \ak] Y\Y hgj mf Y^Y% eY\g Yjimal][lg afl]jfY[agfYd q fme]jgkgk hYk]gk h]YlgfYd]k q hYjim]k n]j ^glgk!&

HYjim] \] dY HYr q dY ;mdlmjY$ [gfla_mg Y dY ]klY[a f 9f\Ydm[ Y \]d E]ljg[YZd]& 9kk]ke]fl g^ KY^]lq Yf\ K][mjalq Akkm]k af Kdme Mh_jY\af_ AfalaYlan]k$ E]\]ddaf% ;Yk] Klm\q&

)(

=klYk afl]jn]f[agf]k mjZYfYk q \] j][mh]% jY[a f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g kgf ha]rYk [dYn] \] mf _jYf hjgq][lg mjZYf kla[g afl]_jYd im] `Y [gfljaZma\g$ ]f [gfbmflg [gf mfY k]ja] \] Y[[agf]k kg[aYd]k q ][gf ea[Yk$ Y e]bgjYj dY [Yda\Y\ \] na\Y \] dgk Yk! `YZa% lYfl]k hgZj]k \] dY rgfY$ Yme]flYj dgk fan]d]k \] h]jl]f]f[aY q [gfnan]f[aY q \ak% eafmaj dY nagd]f[aY)(&

N]j `llh2''ooo&]\m&_gn&[g'eY[jg&h`h7[g\5+

/,

J][mh]jY[a f mjZYf kla[Y \]d [gjj]\gj \] lgjj]k \]d E]ljg[YZd]2 hYk]g mjZYfg 9f\Ydm[ Y [Ydd] )(/& 9kk]ke]fl g^ KY^]lq Yf\ K][mjalq Akkm]k af Kdme Mh_jY\af_ AfalaYlan]k$ E]\]ddaf%;Yk] Klm\q&

J][mh]jY[a f mjZYf kla[Y HYk]g [Ydd] )(.& 9kk]ke]fl g^ KY^]lq Yf\ K][mjalq Akkm]k af Kdme Mh_jY\af_ AfalaYlan]k$ E]\]ddaf%;Yk] Klm\q&

=f dY eakeY rgfY fgjgja]flYd \] E]\]dd f$ dY ]ph]ja]f[aY \] [gfkgda\Y[a f `YZalY% [agfYd ]f BmYf :gZg)) n]j ^glg! [gfkakla ]f mf hjg_jYeY \] e]bgjYea]flg afl]_jYd im] [gfka\]j Y[lana\Y\]k \] ]klYZadarY[a f q j][mh]jY[a f YeZa]flYd \] dY ea[jg% [m]f[Y$ j]hgka[a f \] j]\]k \] k]jna[agk h Zda[gk$ Y\][mY[a f \] ]khY[agk h Zda% [gk$ ]imahYea]flg [gemfalYjag$ j]Yk]flYea]flg ]f nana]f\Yk fm]nYk ]f ]d eakeg kalag q d]_YdarY[a f \] nana]f\Yk& =f km ^gjemdY[a f$ ]kl] hjgq][lg hYjla \] mf ]b]j[a[ag \] hdYf]Y[a f hYjla[ahY% lanY [gf dY [gemfa\Y\ n]j ^glg!$ ]f im] ^m]jgf a\]flaÕ[Y\gk [jal]jagk \] \ak] g ]khY[aYd im] [gfljaZmq]jgf Y af[dmaj dY hj]n]f[a f \]d \]dalg& Hgj ]b]ehdg$ dY [gemfa\Y\ hdYfl] im] lg\Y [Ydd] \]Z Y l]f]j ]fljY\Y q kYda\Y hm]k dgk [Ydd]bg% f]k kaf kYda\Y ^Y[adalYf dY [gf[]fljY[a f \] Y[lana\Y\]k \] [gfkmeg \] \jg_Y q _]f]jYf l]egj ]flj] dgk Yk! `YZalYfl]k& Hjgq][lg \] [gfkgda\Y[a f `YZalY[agfYd k][lgj BmYf :gZg$ A_mYde]fl]$ dgk `YZalYfl]k \]d k][lgj ;gemfY Fgjgja]flYd \] E]\]dd f& 9kk]ke]fl g^ KY^]lq Yf\ j][ge]f\Yjgf im] dYk ^Y[`Y\Yk \] dYk K][mjalq Akkm]k af Kdme Mh_jY\af_ AfalaYlan]k$ E]\]ddaf%;Yk] Klm\q& nana]f\Yk j][mh]jY\Yk \]Z Yf k]j [gfla% fmYk$ q ]nalYj ]khY[agk q j]kima[agk ]flj] dYk [YkYk& ;gf ]klg ^m]jgf ]nalY\Yk dYk ]kimafYk g dm_Yj]k im] af\mb]jYf Y ljYfk] fl]k af[anad]k Y mladarYj ]kgk ]khY[agk [geg ZY gk h Zda[gk$ kalmY[a f im] _]f]jY af[geg\a\Y\$ eYdgk gdgj]k$ fg ^Y[adalY dY YhjghaY[a f \]d kalag hgj hYjl] \] dgk Yk! `YZalYfl]k q [mYf\g `YZ Yf g[mjja\g [gfljaZm Yf Y im] ]f ]klY [gemfa\Y\ Yme]flYjY dY h]j[]h[a f \] afk]_mja\Y\& ))

H]im] g ZYjjag eYj_afYd ] ad]_Yd \] ]kl] k][lgj&

/-

HYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY ]f dY hdYf]Y[a f \]d hjgq][lg \] [gfkgda\Y[a f `YZalY[agfYd \]d k][lgj \] BmYf :gZg2 Y dY arima]j\Y$ YkYeZd]Y [gemfalYjaY q Y dY \]j][`Y$ LYdd]j \] ËAeY_afYjagkÌ ^glg \] ooo&]\m&_gn&[g!&

+&+ ·AFL=JN=FAJ =D =KH9;AG MJ:9FG H9J9 E9F=B9J DGK ;GF>DA;LGK Q HJ=N=FAJ =D <=DALG7 ·Afl]jn]faj ]d ]khY[ag mjZYfg hYjY eYf]bYj dgk [gfÖa[lgk q hj]n]faj ]d \]dalg7 DY j]khm]klY ]k k & H]jg [gf eYla[]k& DY l]gj Y q dY ]na\]f[aY em]kljYf im] `Yq hgkaZada\Y\ \] gZl]f]j Zm]fgk j]kmdlY% \gk3 kaf ]eZYj_g$ dY l]gj Y fg ]phda[Y lg\g [gehd]lYe]fl]& Dgk [gfÖa[lgk kg[aYd]k ]f dY [am\Y\ fg k] \]Z]f ]p[dmkanYe]fl] Yd ]flgjfg mjZYfg& G[mjj]f ]f d& =flgf[]k$ `YZj Y im] eYlarYj2 [mYf\g dYk [gfÖa[lana\Y\]k kg[aYd]k q dgk \]dalgk fg k dg g[mjj]f ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g kafg im] k] \]Z]f$ ]f Zm]fY hYjl]$ Y dYk [YjY[% l]j kla[Yk g Yd \ak] g g Yd ]^][lg \]d eakeg$ dY afl]jn]f[a f \Yj~ j]kmdlY\g& =f [Ykg [gfljYjag$ fg g[mjjaj~ Yk & Q \Y\g im] dYk [gfÖa[lana\Y\]k kg[aYd]k ]f dY [am\Y\ j]k% hgf\]f Y \a^]j]fl]k lahgdg_ Yk q Y \aklaflgk gj _]f]k$ af[dmkg ]pljY%mjZYfgk$ `YZj~ im] l]f]j [ma\Y\g \] fg hj]l]f\]j kgdm[agfYj mf [gfÖa[lg eY[jg [gf dY [gfkljm[% [a f \] mfY ZaZdagl][Y g \] mf hm]fl]$ hgj ]b]ehdg& 9\]e~k$ dY ]na\]f[aY em]kljY im] fg ZYklY [gf l]f]j dY Zm]fY a\]Y \] afl]jn]faj ]d ]khY[ag mjZYfg& @Yq im] `Y[]jdg \] eg\g ^ ka[g$ h]jg lYeZa f kg[aYde]fl]& Q \] eYf]jY afl]_jY\Y$ [geg ]f ]d [Ykg \] dgk Hjgq][lgk MjZYfgk Afl]_jYd]k \] E]\]dd f& =f [Ykg [gfljYjag$ dg im] hm]\] _]f]jYjk] ]k mf ]^][lg \] \]khdYrYea]flg$ [geg \]em]kljYf dgk \gk [Ykgk e]f[agfY\gk \] :g_gl~& LYeZa f dY ]na\]f[aY ]phj]kY im] ]k hgkaZd] hYkYj \] dY l]gj Y Y dY hj~[la[Y ]f eYl]% jaY \] hYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY$ [geg ]f ]d [Ykg \] BmYf :gZg& ;mYf\g `Yq hYjla% [ahY[a f ]f dgk hjgq][lgk \] YhjghaY[a f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ lYeZa f `Yq e~k hgkaZada\Y\]k \] [gfkljmaj mf k]fla\g \] YhjghaY[a f& Af[dmkg kaf em[`gk j][mjkgk q [gf Zm]fY aeY_afY[a f$ [geg ]f ]d [Ykg \]d Ék]hlaeYrgÊ ]f :g_gl~& /.

Mf [ge]flYjag ÕfYd2 dgk ]b]ehdgk \ak[mla\gk \] eYf]jY kge]jY h]jeal]f hj]k]f% lYj dY Yjla[mdY[a f ]flj] afl]jn]f[a f ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g q eYf]bg \] dYk [gf% Öa[lana\Y\]k kg[aYd]k q hj]n]f[a f \] dY afk]_mja\Y\ ]f dYk [am\Y\]k \] :g_gl~ q E]\]dd f& <] lg\Yk ^gjeYk `Yq im] \][aj im] Y f ]k f][]kYjag j][mjjaj Y ]nYdmY% [agf]k hjg^mf\Yk im] h]jealYf a\]flaÕ[Yj e]bgj dgk e][Yfakegk im] ]phda[Yf \a[`Yk j]dY[agf]k q ]d n]j\Y\]jg h]kg \] dYk eakeYk ]f dgk j]kmdlY\gk gZl]fa\gk& G$ af[dmkg$ [gehj]f\]j hgj im fg `Yf ^mf[agfY\g Za]f g `Yf l]fa\g ]^][lgk af]kh]% jY\gk$ [mYf\g Yk `YqY g[mjja\g&

:A:DAG?J9>A9 9k[`]j$ >&$ D]k fgmn]Ymp hjaf[ah]k \] dXmjZYfake]& DX9mZ]$ HYjak& 9llYda$ B&$ Mf] Zj n] `aklgaj] \] dXYn]faj& >YqYj\$ h~_& ,*+& HYjak$ *((.& :Ydcaf$ K& @gmd\]f$ H&$ J]\m[af_ ^]Yj g^ [jae] l`jgm_` g[[mhYlagfYd hj]k]f[]& ;jaeafYd Bmkla[] Yf\ :]`Ynagj$ ngd& )($ Fg& )$ )+%++$ )10+& :gjbY$ B&$ DY [am\Y\ [gfimaklY\Y& 9daYfrY =\algjaYd$ h~_& *0+& EY\ja\$ *((+& ;gk]j$ D&9&$ D]k ^gf[lagfk \m [gfÖal kg[aYd$ HM>$ h~_& )0+& LjY\m[[a f \] L`] ^mf[lagfk g^ kg[aYd [gfÖa[l$ )1-.!& HYjak$ )10*& ;jYo^gj\$ 9&$ ;jae] hj]n]flagf Yf\ [geemfalq kY^]lq$ hgdala[k$ hgda[a]k hjY[la[]k$ Dgf_eYf ;jaeafgdg_q K]ja]k& Dgf\j]k$ )110& ;mjZ]l$ B&$ ;gfÖa[lgk _dgZYd]k$ nagd]f[aYk dg[Yd]k& ;Yh lmdg )& DY jY r \]d [gfÖa[lg$ h~_k& *)%.(& *((/& <]mlk[`$ E&$ ;gfkljm[lan] [gfÖa[l j]kgdmlagf2 Hjaf[ahd]k$ ljYafaf_$ Yf\ j]k]Yj[`& BgmjfYd g^ Kg[aYd Akkm]k$ ngd -($ f )$ h~_k& )+%+*& )11,& =H==K =[gd] <g[lgjYd] Kljm[lmj]k ]l <qfYeaim]k KhYlaYd]k!$ =n f]e]fl khYlaYd& DÌ=khY[] ? g_jYh`aim]$ f +$ hh& )1+%)11& *(((& =K9H >mf\Y[a f :m]f ?gZa]jfg$ ;gfÖa[lana\Y\ l]jjalgjaYd ]f ;gdgeZaY$ h~_& ,,.& :g_gl~$ *((,& >]dkgf$ E&$ Dafcaf_ [jaeafYd [`ga[]k$ jgmlaf] Y[lanala]k$ af^gjeYd [gfljgd$ Yf\ [jaeafYd gml[ge]k& =f ;gjfak`$ <&:&$ ;dYjc]$ J&N& =\k!$L`] J]Ykgfaf_ [jaeafYd2 JYlagfYd [`ga[] h]jkh][lan]k gf g^^]f\af_& Khjaf_]j%N]jdY_$ h~_k& ))1%)*0 Fm]nY Qgjc$ )10.& WWWWW $ L`gk] o`g \ak[gmjY_] [jae]& =f =[c$ B& O]ak\mj\$ <& ]\k&!& ;jae] Yf\ hdY[]& Egfk]q$ FQ2 ;jaeafYd Bmkla[] Hj]kk& Fm]nY Qgjc$ )11-& >j]mf\$ B& Kg[agdg_a] \m [gfÖal$ HM>$ h~_& +/1& HYjak$ )10+& ?YjdYf\$ <&$ L`] daealk g^ l`] kgn]j]a_f klYl]2 kljYl]_a]k g^ [jae] [gfljgd af [gfl]ehgjYjq kg[a]lq& :jalak` BgmjfYd g^ ;jaeafgdg_q +. ,!$ h~_k& ,,-%/)& )11.&

//

BY[gZk$ B&$ <]Yl` g^ da^] g^ _j]Yl Ye]ja[Yf [ala]k$ NaflY_] :ggck& Fm]nY Qgjc$ )1.*& D][gmjl$ 9& :Ym\]dd]$ ?&$ ;gfÖalk \ÌYe fY_]e]fl ]l hjgpaeal kg[aYd]2 mf] j nYdmYlagf& Afl]jfYlagfYd BgmjfYd g^ KmklYafYZd] <]n]dghe]fl& *((,& Daf\]f$ J&$ :mad\af_ Y kY^]j kg[a]lq2 [jae] hj]n]flagf af j]ka\]flaYd ]fnajgfe]flk& ;YfY\Y Egjl_Y_] Yf\ @gmkaf_ ;gjhgjYlagf ;E@;!& GllYoY$ )11/& E]d]$ H&$ ;gfÖalk ]l [gfljgn]jk]k2 \] fgmn]dd]k k[ f]k \] hjg\m[lagf l]jjalgjaYd]7 ;gddgim] =khY[]k ]l kg[a l k Ymbgmj\Ì`ma& DY _ g_jYh`a] kg[aYd] \Yfk d]k k[a]f[]k kg[aYd]k ]l \Yfk dÌY[lagf& J]ff]k$ *((,& Egfjgq$ E& >gmjfa]j$ 9&$ >a_mj]k \m [gfÖal& Mf] YfYdqk] kqkl eaim] \]k kalmYlagfk [gfÖa[lm]dd]k$ HM>$ h~_& **) HYjak$ )11/& Egj]fg$ 9&B&$ AehY[lg \] LjYfkead]fag ]f ]d [jae]f \] dY 9n]fa\Y ;YjY[Yk q kmk n][af\Y\]k& <g[me]flgk \]d ;]\]$ Mfan]jka\Y\ \] dgk 9f\]k& :g_gl~& *((-& JYek]q$ E&$ ;alq%[]flj] [jae]2 l`] k[gh] ^gj kalmYlagfYd hj]n]flagf& HYh]j )($ @ge] G^Õ[]$ J]k]Yj[` Yf\ HdYffaf_ Mfal& Dgf\j]k$ )10*& JYm$ E& K]_mja\Y\ [am\Y\YfY q ]khY[ag mjZYfg j]ka\]f[aYd2 na_adYf[aY fYlmjYd ]f d eal]k \] YhjghaY[a f [gemfalYjaY& =\a[a f Afl]jfY& KYflaY_g \] ;`ad]$ *((,& KYkk]f$ K&$& L`] _dgZYd [alq& F]o Qgjc$ Dgf\gf$ Lgcqg& Hjaf[]lgf$ Hjaf[]lgf Mfan]jkalq Hj]kk& Hjaf[]lgf$ =klY\gk Mfa\gk$ *(()& K[`]ddaf_ L ;&$ L`] kljYl]_q g^ [gfÖa[l& ;YeZja\_]$ E92 @YjnYj\ Mfan]jkalq Hj]kk& @YjnYj\$ =klY\gk Mfa\gk$ )1.(& Ka_fgj]dda$ 9&$ 9fljghgdg_ Y MjZYfY& 9fljghgk%M& 9ml fgeY E]ljghgdalYfY$ h~_& *-*& E pa[g$ )111& KMAN<$ @gea[a\agk ]f dg[Yda\Y\]k \]d ;]fljg& ;gf[]fljY[a f hgj \]fka\Y\ )111 q *((-& EYhY KMAN<%Kakl]eY mfaÕ[Y\g \] af^gjeY[a f kgZj] nagd]f[aYk q \]daf[m]f[aYk \] :g_gl~& KYflY >] \] :g_gl~$ *((-& WWWWW $ ;gfÖa[lana\Y\]k kg[aYd]k ljYZYbY\Yk hgj ]d KMAN<& =f `llh2''ooo&[]Y[k[& _gn&[g KYflY >] \] :g_gl~$ *((/& Mf\Y$ E&$ =d fm]ng jgkljg \] dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ mjZYfY ]f ]d =[mY\gj& =f Lgjj]k JaZ]ajg$ 9&$ =d jgkljg mjZYfg \] 9e ja[Y DYlafY& G jgkljg mjZYfg \Y 9e ja[Y DYlafY& ;dY[kg$ ;gfk]bg DYlafgYe]ja[Yfg \] ;a]f[aYk Kg[aYd]k& 9[[]kg Yd l]plg [gehd]lg2 `llh2''ZaZdagl][YnajlmYd&[dY[kg&gj_&Yj'Yj'daZjgk'jmjYd)'jmjYd)&`le& ;am\Y\ 9ml fgeY \] :m]fgk 9aj]k$ 9j_]flafY$ *((,& H~_afYk o]Z [gfkmdlY\Yk2 `llh2''ooo&[hl]\&[d `llh2''ooo&]\m&_gn&[g `llh2''ooo&[]Y[k[&_gn&[g `llh2''ZaZdagl][YnajlmYd&[dY[kg&gj_&Yj

/0

,

;9HALMDG

·IMAzF ;GFKLJMQ= =KH9;AG Hè:DA;G7

FYlYdaY DarYfY EYjl f Lgjj]k >jYfr NYf\]jk[`m]j]f ;gfjY\g >]jf~f\]r /1

, 0(

,&) DGK EMFA;AHAGK FYlYdaY DarYfY LjYZYbY\gjY Kg[aYd Hjg_jYeY \] K]_mja\Y\ MjZYfY Mfan]jka\Y\ 9dZ]jlg @mjlY\g KYflaY_g \] ;`ad] 9 hYjlaj \] dgk [YeZagk ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g ]f dYk [am\Y\]k [gfl]ehgj~f]Yk$ k] nm]dn] j]d]nYfl] j]Ö]pagfYj kgZj] [m~d ]k ]d jgd \]d =klY\g ]f _]f]jYd q \]d emfa% [ahag$ ]f hYjla[mdYj$ ]f dY hm]klY ]f eYj[`Y \] mfY hgd la[Y mjZYfY ]f^g[Y\Y ]f dY [gfkljm[[a f \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk [g`]kagfY\gj]k& HYjY ]ddg ]k f][]kYjag [gfka\]% jYj \aklaflgk ]d]e]flgk2 ]d \]kYjjgddg \] hjg[]kgk \] _]kla f mjZYfY dg[Yd$ \] hYj% la[ahY[a f \] dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q \] dY [gemfa\Y\ fg gj_YfarY\Y$ bmflg [gf ]d ]ehg\]jYea]flg \] dgk \aklaflgk Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k q dY gZl]f[a f \] hj~[la% [Yk kmkl]flYZd]k ] afklalm[agfYdarY\Yk&

=d emfa[ahag q km jgd ]f dY _]kla f \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk <]k\] dY hgka[a f \]d =klY\g ^j]fl] Y dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk ]k Y\][mY\g \]Õfajk] [gf mfY gja]flY[a f dg[Yd$ qY im] dYk afklalm[agf]k dg[Yd]k hgk]]f mfY eYqgj naf[mdY[a f [gf dgk `YZalYfl]k q gj_YfarY[agf]k \] mf l]jjalgjag \]l]jeafY\g& =f ]kl] k]fla\g$ ]d emfa[ahag ]k dY afklYf[aY \] _gZa]jfg im] hm]\] dg_jYj mfY [gemfa[Y[a f e~k \aj][lY q Öma\Y [gf dY [gemfa\Y\$ h]jeala]f\g dY _]f]jY[a f \] [gfÕYfrY q hgkaZadalYf\g km af[gjhgjY[a f ]f dY j]kgdm[a f \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk Gna]\g q 9Zg_YZaj$ *(((!& <] ]klY ^gjeY$ dYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk afl]jfY[agfYd]k ZYkY\Yk ]f dY hj]n]f[a f [gemfa% lYjaY q dY hYjla[ahY[a f %]f [mYflg ]kljYl]_aYk hYjY ]f^j]flYj dgk [gfÖa[lgk mjZYfgk% `Yf gZl]fa\g ]palgkgk j]kmdlY\gk MF%@YZalYl$ *((*!& <a[`g palg ]kl~ naf[mdY\g q k] ^mf\Ye]flY$ ]f _jYf e]\a\Y$ hgj km aehd]e]flY[a f Y fan]d dg[Yd$ [gfka\]jYf\g [geg ZYk] Yd_mfYk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk e faeYk$ [geg ljYfkhYj]f[aY$ j]khgfkYZada\Y\ q ]Õ[a]f[aY& Kaf \a[`gk ]kl~f\Yj]k e faegk$ k] n]f [gehjge]la\Yk dYk [gf\a[agf]k \] h]j\mjYZada\Y\ \] dYk hgd la[Yk \] hj]n]f[a f& <]fljg \] dYk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk [gemf]k \] ]klYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk ]k hgkaZd] e]f[agfYj dgk ka_ma]fl]k ]d]e]flgk [dYn]k& =f hjae]j dm_Yj$ im] dYk Ymlgja\Y\]k dg[Yd]k YkmeYf mf jgd \] da\]jYr_g$ [gf dY [YhY% [a\Y\ \] \a^mf\aj h]\Y_ _a[Ye]fl] mfY naka f hgd la[Y im] [gf\mr[Y ]d hjg[]kg \] afl]jn]f[a f ]d [mYd$ hYjY k]j ]^][lang$ \]Z] ]klYj ZYkY\g ]f mf \aY_f kla[g hYjla[ahY% lang \] dYk f][]ka\Y\]k dg[Yd]k& =f ]kl] k]fla\g$ `Yq mfY [dYjY \anaka f \]d ljYZYbg [gf ]d _gZa]jfg fY[agfYd$ im] aehda[Y Ymlgfge Y h]jg im] fg ]p[dmq] dY [gdYZgjY[a f& Dm]_g$ \]k\] dY hj]n]f[a f [gemfalYjaY$ k] ]f^YlarY ]d jgd q dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] dgk Y[lgj]k \] dY [gemfa\Y\ dg[Yd ]f ]d \ak] g$ aehd]e]flY[a f q ]nYdmY[a f \] dY hgd la[Y mjZYfY& <]fljg \] ]kl] ]f^gim]$ dgk \aklaflgk Y[lgj]k hgd la[gk$ kg[aYd]k q 0)

][gf ea[gk kgf naklgk [geg [ghjg\m[lgj]k \] k]_mja\Y\$ dg im] aehda[Y j][gfg[]j$ aehd [alYe]fl]$ im] ]d =klY\g fg ]k ]d fa[g ]f dY \]Õfa[a f ] aehd]e]flY[a f \] dYk hgd la[Yk$ qY im] dY [gfkljm[[a f \] k]_mja\Y\ ]k j]khgfkYZada\Y\ \] lg\gk dgk Y_]f% l]k \]d =klY\g$ af[dma\g ]d fan]d dg[Yd q lYeZa f \] dYk afklalm[agf]k \] dY kg[a]\Y\ [anad q ]d k][lgj hjanY\g$ bmflg [gf dgk `YZalYfl]k afngdm[jY\gk& 9\]e~k ]k hj][akg dY ]pakl]f[aY \] mfY fgjeYlanY Ö]paZd] q gja]flY\gjY$ hYjY im] k]Y mf afkljme]flg Y\YhlYZd] Y dgk [gfl]plgk ]kh][ Õ[gk$ qY k]Y \] fan]d ea[jg g eY[jgkg[aYd$ q im] [gfljaZmqY Y gj_YfarYj dY dYZgj dg[Yd$ ]f n]r \] gZklY[mdarYjdY& Gljg Ykh][lg j]d]nYfl] [gfkakl] ]f ]d [Yj~[l]j [gemfa[Ylang \] dY hgd la[Y$ im] \]Z] YhmflYj Y \gk ^g[gk hjaf[ahYd]k2 hgj mf dY\g ]kl~ dY [gemfa[Y[a f h]\Y_ _a[Y$ \aja% _a\Y Y dY [gemfa\Y\ afl]jfY$ \aj][lYe]fl] Z]f]Õ[aY\Y hgj ]d hjg[]kg \] afl]jn]f% [a f mjZYfY q$ hgj gljg$ dY [gemfa[Y[a f Yd j]klg \] dY kg[a]\Y\$ im] Zmk[Y afÖmaj ]f dY hgd la[Y h Zda[Y q kmk ]f^gim]k& Hgj dlaeg$ dYk afa[aYlanYk \]Z]f k]j emdlak][lgjaYd]k$ dg im] af[dmq] dY [ggj\afY[a f q \akhgka[a f Y [ggh]jYj \] dgk \aklaflgk k]jna[agk dg[Yd]k$ hYjY _]f]jYj j]kmdlY\gk kaf j_a[gk im] ]f^j]fl]f dY [gehd]ba\Y\ \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk mjZYfgk q im] h]j\mj]f& Dd]nYf\g Y [YZg afa[aYlanYk dg[Yd]k im] [mehdYf [gf dYk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk e]f[agfY\Yk k]j~ hgkaZd] _YjYflarYj dgk \]j][`gk Y dY [am\Y\ q Y dY k]_mja\Y\& =d hjae]jg [gfka\]jY dY YhjghaY[a f \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk hgj lg\gk Yk!3 q ]d \]j][`g Y dY k]_mja\Y\ hj]% kmhgf] dY Y[]hlY[a f \] dY \an]jka\Y\$ \] dY Ydl]ja\Y\$ q ]pa_] mf hjg[]kg h]\Y_ _a[g hYjY dg_jYj dY Y[]hlY[a f \] dYk \a^]j]f[aYk _]f]jY[agfYd]k$ \] _ f]jg$ lfa[Yk$ \] [gehgjlYea]flg k]pmYd g j]da_agkg q$ Yd eakeg la]ehg$ eg\Yda\Y\]k \] j]kgdm[a f \] hgkaZd]k [gfÖa[lgk ]f ]kl] ]khY[ag& Dg Yfl]jagj kmhgf] _]f]jYj dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk \] ]f[m]fljg Y\][mY\gk Y dYk f][]ka\Y\]k d]_ laeYk \] dgk \aklaflgk _jmhgk im] [gehgf]f dY [am\Y\$ q ]klYZd][]j [a]jlYk [gf\a[agf]k \] hjgl][[a f im] h]jealYf j]dY[agf]k [anadarY\Yk& =ddg j]ima]j] [gfkljmaj q Y[gj\Yj ^gjeYk \] j]kgdm[a f \] [gfÖa[lgk Y\][mY\Yk Y dYk \]eYf\Yk q f][]ka\Y\]k \] dgk _jmhgk$ Y dY n]r im] Ö]paZd]k hYjY Y\YhlYjk] Y dgk [YeZagk im] g[mjj]f h]jeYf]fl]e]fl] ]f dY \af~ea[Y [alY\afY& =d \]j][`g Y dY k]_mja\Y\ aehda[Y dY [YhY[a\Y\ \] nanaj ]f mf YeZa]fl] \gf\] dgk \]j]% [`gk `meYfgk kgf j]kh]lY\gk& Hgj ]b]ehdg$ ]d \]j][`g \] dgk Yk! b n]f]k Y l]f]j ]khY% [agk q hg\]j eYfa^]klYjk] \] ^gjeYk hjghaYk g ]d \]j][`g \] eafgj Yk j]da_agkYk$ lfa[Yk g k]pmYd]k Y l]f]j dm_Yj]k \] j]mfa f$ \] [gfe]egjY[a f g \] Õ]klY hjghagk& Dg \a[`g fg ka_faÕ[Y dY Ymk]f[aY \] [gfÖa[lgk$ Y n][]k nagd]flgk$ kafg e~k Za]f dY [YhY[a\Y\ \] j]_mdYjdgk hgj e]\ag \] mfY ]\m[Y[a f [gd][lanY h]jeYf]fl]$ \] [gfljgd kg[aYd$ q kgZj] lg\g$ _jY[aYk Y ^gjeYk \] hj]n]f[a f im] h]jealYf j]\m[aj dYk [YmkYk \] dY nagd]f[aY q j]]\m[Yj Y ima]f ]kl~ ]f kalmY[a f \] nmdf]jYZada\Y\ Jmar q NYf\]jk[`m]j]f$ *((/!&

0*

Mf ]b]ehdg \] afa[aYlanY afl]j]kYfl] ]k dY dd]nY\Y Y [YZg hgj ]d Emfa[ahag \] JaeY[$ ]f DaeY$ H]j & =f ]ddY$ ljYZYbYf\g [gf _jmhgk q [gehY Yk \] l]Yljg ]pakl]fl]k ]f ]d ZYjjag q hgj e]\ag \] dY ^gjeY[a f \] egfalgj]k Yk! \] l]Yljg ^m] hjgha[aY\Y dY hj]n]f[a f ]f b n]f]k \] dY nagd]f[aY [Ydd]b]jY n]j j][mY\jg ka_ma]fl]!&

J][mY\jg )( J eY[ % H]j L]Yljg ]f ;]fljg @akl ja[g \] JaeY[ Hj]n]f[a f [gemfalYjaY [gfljY ]d hYf\addYb] =f mf []fljg `akl ja[g emq \]l]jagjY\g hjgda^]jYf dYk hYf\addYk ·hm]\] ]d l]Yljg Yqm\Yj Y dgk Yk! b n]f]k Y mladarYj \] eYf]jY e]bgj ]d hjghag la]ehg q ]d hjghag ]khY[ag7 Dm_Yj Y afl]jn]faj q gZb]lang =k mf []fljg `akl ja[g YdlYe]fl] \]l]jagjY\g& =f kmk Ydj]\]\gj]k j]ka\]f []j[Y \] ,-(( `YZalYfl]k q Y[m\]f lmjaklYk$ hjaf[ahYde]fl] ]f dYk `gjYk \] dmr fYlmjYd& <]Za\g Y km [gf\a[a f \] <akljalg 9fla_mg im] fg `Y ka\g j]fgnY\g mjZYfYe]fl]$ ]d J eY[ ]f^j]flY$ \]k\] la]ehg Ylj~k$ _jYn]k hjg[]kgk \] `Y[afYea]flg$ lm_mjarY[a f$ \]l]jagjg `YZalY[agfYd$ q \]d e]\ag YeZa]fl] ]f _]f]jYd$ kgZj] lg\g ]f dY rgfY \]fgeafY\Y ;]fljg @akl ja[g$ ka]f\g dgk e~k Y^][lY\gk dgk Yk! fa gk Yk!$ Y\gd]k[]fl]k q b n]f]k& Dgk hjaf[ahYd]k hjgZd]eYk kg[aYd]k kgf ]d Yme]flg \]d [gfkmeg q ea[jg%[ge]j[aYdarY[a f \] \jg_Yk q dY hjgda^]jY[a f \] hYf\addYk& =d gZb]lang hjaf[ahYd ^m] ^gjlYd][]j dY hYjla[ahY[a f bmn]fad ]f ]khY[agk im] hjgem]n]f dY hj]n]f[a f \] dY nagd]f[aY q ]d ^ge]flg \] dY [mdlmjY \] hYr ]f ]d \akljalg&

E]lg\gdg_ Y \] ljYZYbg Hgj e]\ag \] Y[lana\Y\]k l]YljYd]k k]j~ ^Yngj][a\g ]d \]kYjjgddg \] [YhY[a\Y\]k ]f ]klY hgZdY[a f ]f ]d mkg hjg\m[lang \] km la]ehg q dY hYjla[ahY[a f Y[lanY ]f dgk ]khY[agk im] dY Emfa[ahYda\Y\ q gljYk afklalm[agf]k d]k g^j][]f& HYjY dg_jYjdg ^m] ^gjeY\g mf ]d]f[g Yjl kla[g \] Y\gd]k[]fl]k q b n]f]k [geg hjgeglgj]k \] dY hYr& 9\]e~k dgk hY\j]k \] ^YeadaY ^m]jgf k]fkaZadarY\gk kgZj] dY hj]n]f[a f \] dY nagd]f[aY bmn]fad$ hjgha[aYf\g im] afngdm[jYjYf Y kmk `abgk Yk! ]f dgk \a^]j]fl]k ]khY[agk bmn]fad]k&

AehY[lg ' =^][lg \]k]Y\g DY hjgeg[a f \]d Yjl] q dY [mdlmjY kgf Ydl]jfYlanYk \] hYjla[ahY[a f q kg[aYdarY[a f \] fa gk Yk!$ Y\gd]k[]fl]k q b n]f]k$ im] ^ge]flYj~f ]d \]kYjjgddg bmn]fad& =d ]^][lg \]k]Y\g ]k hj]n]faj hjgZd]eYk$ ]f ]kh][aYd dY af[gjhgjY[a f \] Y\gd]k[]fl]k q b n]f]k Y dYk hYf\addYk&

0+

Ka Za]f ]k hgkaZd] a\]flaÕ[Yj ]f dYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk kgZj] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk Yd_mfgk ]d]e]flgk [dYn]k im] \Yf [m]flY \] dgk hjg[]kgk im] h]jeal]f _]f]jYj [g`]ka f kg[aYd$ lYeZa f ]k aehgjlYfl] l]f]j ]f [m]flY [a]jlgk ]d]e]flgk gZklY[mdarY\gj]k& <a[`Yk kalmY[agf]k kgf [gemf]k ]f dgk [Ykgk ]klm\aY\gk q \]Z]f k]j kgjl]Y\Yk hYjY gZl]f]j afa[aYlanYk hYjla[ahYlanYk q ]Õ[Y[]k& =flj] ]ddgk `Yq im] [gfka\]jYj dYk daealY[agf]k \] dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k \] dY Y\eafak% ljY[a f dg[Yd dYk im]$ ^j][m]fl]e]fl]$ kgf j]YdarY\Yk [gf mfY h]jkh][lanY k][lgjaY% daklY g YakdY\Y$ \] Y[m]j\g Y dYk e]lYk \] [Y\Y k][lgj'\]hYjlYe]flg$ q kaf l]f\]j `Y[aY dY [gehd]e]flYja]\Y\ ] afl]jk][lgjaYda\Y\$ dg im] j]\m[] ]d aehY[lg \] dYk Y[[agf]k dg[Yd]k Yd fg YZYj[Yj dY [gehd]ba\Y\ \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk mjZYfgk& =klg _]f]jY \]k[ggj\afY[agf]k ]f dY aehd]e]flY[a f \] afa[aYlanYk ]f dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk \]k\] dgk eakegk \]hYjlYe]flgk \]d _gZa]jfg dg[Yd$ hjg\m[lg \] j]klja[% [agf]k hgd la[g%Y\eafakljYlanYk$ ^jY_e]flY[a f \] dY ]kljm[lmjY gj_YfarYlanY$ ^YdlY \] da\]jYr_g q Ymk]f[aY \] mfY naka f ]kljYl _a[Y im] fg h]jeal] dY ljYfkn]jkYda\Y\ \] dY Y[[a f emfa[ahYd& =klg ]k Y[]flmY\g hgj dY ^YdlY \] ]imahgk [gf ^gjeY[a f l [fa[Y Y\][mY\Y$ af]klYZada\Y\ ]f km afl]jagj \]Za\g Y [YeZagk h]jeYf]fl]k$ YeZa_ ]\Y\ q [gf^mka f ]f dgk jgd]k q ^mf[agf]k \] [Y\Y gj_Yfakeg$ im] hj]k]f% lYf mfY ^m]jl] \]h]f\]f[aY hgd la[Y \]d fan]d fY[agfYd& =f l jeafgk \] dY ]kljm[lmjY emfa[ahYd$ YhYj][] mf eg\]dg Zmjg[j~la[g ]p[]kanY% e]fl] gja]flY\g ]f dgk hjg[]\aea]flgk$ im] fg [gfka\]jY dY j]d]nYf[aY \] dgk hjg% \m[lgk ]f l jeafgk \] _]kla f& 9 km n]r ]k fglgjaY mfY h]jkh][lanY Ë_YjYflaklYÌ \] dY Y\eafakljY[a f h Zda[Y$ im] Yka_fY mf jgd hjglY_ fa[g Yd =klY\g$ \]bYf\g Yd dY! [am\Y\Yfg Y! ]f mf k]_mf\g fan]d& Hgj gljY hYjl]$ dY ^Yk] \] ]nYdmY[a f \] hgd la[Yk ]f dY Y_]f\Y dg[Yd la]f\] Y k]j [gf% ^mkY q YeZanYd]fl]& =klg ]kl~ naf[mdY\g Yd `][`g \] im] ]d _gZa]jfg dg[Yd km]d] Ykg% [aYj \]eYkaY\g ]d _jY\g \] kYlak^Y[[a f \] dY [am\Y\Yf Y ]f j]dY[a f Y mfY hgd la[Y h Zda[Y [gf ]d j]kmdlY\g ]^][lang im] k] gZla]f]& ÉDY []j[Yf Y _gZa]jfg%[am\Y\Yfgk [j]Y \aÕ[mdlY\]k hYjY \a^]j]f[aYj dY YhjgZY[a f [am\Y\YfY q ]d aehY[lg \] mf hjg% _jYeY emfa[ahYdÊ ;YZj]jg$ *((+ ]f <] dY EYrY$ >]jf~f\]r q FYnYjjg$ *((,$ h& /0!& 9k $ ]k hgkaZd] dd]nYj Y [YZg mfY hgd la[Y mjZYfY Y[lanY q hYjla[ahYlanY$ ]f dY e]\a\Y im] ]paklY ngdmflY\ hgd la[Y hYjY j][gfg[]j dgk ]d]e]flgk gZklY[mdarY\gj]k Yfl]k e]f[agfY\gk q hYjY ljYZYbYj ]f [gfbmflg hYjY kmZkYfYjdgk$ lYflg Yd afl]jagj \]d emfa[ahag [geg [gf ]d j]klg \] dYk afklalm[agf]k q gj_YfarY[agf]k dg[Yd]k&

Emfa[ahag q f][]ka\Y\ \] mfY hgd la[Y hYjla[ahYlanY <]k\] ]d ]f^gim] \] [ghjg\m[[a f \] k]_mja\Y\$ mfY hgd la[Y mjZYfY \]Z]j Y af[]flanYj q ^ge]flYj dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] dY [gemfa\Y\ gj_YfarY\Y q fg gj_Yfa% rY\Y$ [gfka\]j~f\gdYk [geg Y[lgj]k ^mf\Ye]flYd]k \]d hjg[]kg \] \aY_f kla[g 0,

\] dgk [gfÖa[lgk ]f dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk q hdYfaÕ[Y[a f ] aehd]e]flY[a f \] dYk ]kljYl]_aYk hYjY ]f^j]flYjdgk& =kh][aYde]fl] ]f ]d [Ykg \] dgk k][lgj]k ]p[dma\gk$ dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! Éj]ima]% j]f \] ]khY[agk im] hgkaZadal]f km afl]_jY[a f$ ]f[m]fljg ] afl]jj]dY[a f kg[aYd$ q la]f]f \]j][`g Y hYjla[ahYj Y[lanYe]fl] ]f dYk \][akagf]k im] Y^][lYf dY gj_YfarY% [a f \] km `~ZalYl q dY [Yda\Y\ \] kmk ]khY[agk h Zda[gkÊ K]_gnaY$ G& *((/$ h& )()!& 9 hYjlaj \] ]kl] ljYZYbg [gfbmflg k] YnYfrY ]f dY [gfkljm[[a f \] [gfÕYfrY ]f dY [am\Y\Yf Y hgj e]\ag \] hjg[]kgk im] [j]Yf kaf]j_aYk q j]kgfYf[aYk ]f ]ddY& ÉDgk [am\Y\Yfgk YhgqYf hgd la[Yk h Zda[Yk fg lYflg hgjim] kYlak^Y_Yf kmk afl]j]k]k$ kafg hgj jYrgf]k q ]eg[agf]k& DYk YhgqYf kaehd]e]fl] hgjim] dYk `Yf ]fl]f\a\g& Q ]fl]f\]j \Y e~k \]j][`g Y na_adYj q j][dYeYjÊ Eg[cmk 9& *((/$ h& )*(!& DYk kaf]j_aYk j]^]ja\Yk k] ljY\m[]f ]f ]d ^gjlYd][aea]flg \]d da\]jYr_g q dY [YhY[a% \Y\ \] Y[[a f \] dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k3 ]d j]^gjrYea]flg \] dY [gfnan]f[aY ]flj] dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk!3 Yme]flg \] dY [YhY[a\Y\ \] dg_jYj Y[m]j\gk ]flj] Y[lgj]k dg[Yd]k q eYqgj Ymlgfge Y \] dY [gemfa\Y\ ]f dY _]kla f \] kmk hjgZd]eYk& HYjY im] lYd]k ]^][lgk l]f_Yf dm_Yj$ ]k f][]kYjag im] dgk Y_]fl]k aehda[Y\gk h]jeYf]r% [Yf q [mehdYf [gf dgk [gehjgeakgk Y\imaja\gk K]_gnaY$ G& *((/$ h& )(*!& Dg Yfl]jagj$ ]f l jeafgk [gf[j]lgk$ j]ima]j] \] afkljme]flgk fgjeYlangk$ af^gjeY% langk q \] [ggh]jY[a f im] h]jealYf q hjgem]nYf ]d hjg[]kg hYjla[ahYlang$ lYd]k [geg [gfk]bgk q j]_dYe]flgk \] hYjla[ahY[a f$ q hj]kmhm]klgk hYjla[ahYlangk$ ]flj] gljgk :gjbY$ *((+!& =f ]d [Ykg \]d \aY_f kla[g hYjla[ahYlang$ ]kl] \]Z] ]klYj da\]jY\g hgj mf ]imahg l [% fa[g hjgY[lang$ im] [gfka\]j] ]d afngdm[jYea]flg q ljYZYbg eYf[gemfY\g ]flj] hYjla[ahYfl]k dg[Yd]k$ hYjY egnadarYj Y dgk Y[lgj]k mjZYfgk q [gfkljmaj [gemfa\Y\$ gj_Yfar~f\gdY$ _]f]jYf\g Yk [YhY[a\Y\]k q ]ehg\]jYea]flg& <] ]klY ^gjeY k]j~ hgkaZd] ]klYZd][]j mf [gfk]fkg af[dmkang kgZj] dYk f][]ka\Y\]k q hjagja\Y\]k \] dY [gemfa\Y\ \] afl]j k$ dgk ]imahgk \]d _gZa]jfg dg[Yd q dgk hjghagk n][afgk& 9k $ dYk hjghm]klYk ]dYZgjY\Yk ]klYj~f ]f kaflgf Y kg[ag][gf ea[Y q [mdlmjYd [gf ]d [gfl]plg dg[Yd$ Yd [gfka\]jYj dY a\]flaÕ[Y[a f \] dgk j][mjkgk dg[Yd]k ][gf ea% [gk$ kg[aYd]k q kaeZ da[gk$ j]kh]lYf\g dY fgjeYlana\Y\ q ]feYj[~f\gk] ]f dYk hjag% ja\Y\]k hYjY hdYfaÕ[Yj Y[[agf]k afe]\aYlYk q \] e]\aYfg q dYj_g hdYrg& <]k\] ]d [jal]jag \] kmkl]flYZada\Y\ \] mfY hgd la[Y mjZYfY hYjla[ahYlanY k] j]ima]j]$ ]f ]k] gj\]f2 É>gjlYd][]j dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk [geg ]k[]fYjagk hYjY ]d ]f[m]fljg q dY afl]jY[[a f YfaeY[a f \]d dm_Yj!3 [gehjge]l]j Y dY [am\Y\Yf Y ]f km _]kla f hYjY Yk]_mjYj km mkg [YhY[alY[a f \] dY [gemfa\Y\!3 q Yjla[mdYj Y Y[lgj]k$ Y[[agf]k q j][mjkgk hYjY ghlaearYj dY _]kla f À!Ê K]_gnaY$ G& *((/$ h& )(*!& 0-

=f kmeY$ e]\aYfl] ]d ]ehg\]jYea]flg$ dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk bmflg [gf dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! fg gj_YfarY\gk k] [gfklalmq]f ]f YdaY\gk \]d _gZa]jfg dg[Yd$ ]f Y[lgj]k YhjghaY\gk \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk q$ hgj ]f\]$ j]khgfkYZd]k \] km k]_mja\Y\& MfY afa[aYlanY im] YhmflY ]f ]d k]fla\g hdYfl]Y\g ]k dY \]kYjjgddY\Y ]f J][a^]$ :jYkad& K]_ f ]k hgkaZd] Yhj][aYj ]f ]d na\]g \] hjg^mf\arY[a f \]d hjgq][lg `llh2'' ooo&mjZYd%]khY[agkh Zda[gk&[d'*((0'!$ hYjl] \] dY ^gjeY[a f q [YhY[alY[a f Y b n]% f]k %af[dma\gk Yk! Yim]ddgk Yk! ]f kalmY[a f \] [Ydd]% aehda[Y ]d \aY_f kla[g q j]\a% k] g \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ hYjY j]]nYdmYj ]d mkg \]d l]jjalgjag \] eg\g e~k Y^ f Y kmk f][]ka\Y\]k&

Dgk \]kY^ gk \] mf ]f^gim] \] [g`]ka f kg[aYd \]k\] ]d emfa[ahag 9Zgj\Yj]egk dgk jgd]k ]kh][ Õ[gk im] \]Z]j Y [mehdaj ]kl] gj_Yfakeg$ q dgk hjaf% [ahYd]k \]kY^ gk im] \]Z] ljYZYbYj hYjY \a[`g hjgh kalg$ l]fa]f\g hj]k]fl] dgk ]d]e]flgk [dYn]k \] dYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk ]klm\aY\Yk q dYk \aÕ[mdlY\]k im] hj]k]flY dY _]kla f emfa[ahYd %[geg _YjYfl] \]d \]j][`g Y dY k]_mja\Y\ ]f dY [am\Y\% hYjY ]f^j]flYj Y\][mY\Ye]fl] dY [gehd]ba\Y\ \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk mjZYfgk& =f hjae]j dm_Yj$ aehda[Y ]d \]kYjjgddg \] [YhY[a\Y\]k \] _gZ]jfYfrY$ [gfka\]jYf\g dYk ^gjeYk \] j]dY[agfYjk]$ [gfk]fkmYj$ dd]_Yj Y Y[m]j\gk ] af[gjhgjYj dY eYqgj [Yfla\Y\ q Y dgk e~k aehgjlYfl]k Y[lgj]k im] \]f kmkl]flYZada\Y\$ j]khYd\g q eYkY [j la[Y Y mfY hgd la[Y N]d~kim]r$ *((.!& =kl] hjg[]kg ]k [jm[aYd hYjY im] dYk afa[aYla% nYk dg_j]f dgk j]kmdlY\gk ]kh]jY\gk q h]jeYf]r[Yf& 9 km n]r$ la]f]f mf [Yj~[l]j \af~ea[g$ \gf\] dYk [geh]l]f[aYk q j]khgfkYZada\Y\]k \] dYk Ymlgja\Y\]k dg[Yd]k q \] kmk Ykg[aY\gk ]f dY _]kla f mjZYfY k] \]Z]f ljYfk% ^gjeYj hYjY Y\YhlYjk] Y dgk [YeZagk \] dgk [gfl]plgk dg[Yd]k MF%@YZalYl$ *((*!$ dg im] h]jeal] dY [gfkgda\Y[a f \] hj~[la[Yk \]eg[j~la[Yk q dY [gfkljm[[a f \] mfY _gZ]jfYfrY ]klYZd] ]f \a[`gk ]khY[agk ;YZj]jg$ *((+ ]f <] dY EYrY$ >]jf~f\]r q FYnYjjg$ *((,$ h& .)!& ;geg eglgj \] dY ]kljYl]_aY dg[Yd$ ]d jgd ^mf\Ye]flYd \]d emfa[ahag ]k l]f]j dY j]khgfkYZada\Y\ \] hjgq][lYj mfY hgd la[Y im] [gfklalmqY mf Yhgjl] Y dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd q Y dY [Yda\Y\ \] na\Y$ bmflg [gf dY [YhY[a\Y\ \] Yjla[mdYj \a[`Y hgd la[Y [gf ]d [gfbmflg \]d hjgq][lg emfa[ahYd& <]Z] hjgegn]j mfY Y[[a f afl]jk][lgjaYd$ im] ]f^j]fl] dY [gehd]ba\Y\ \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk mjZYfgk [gf afa[aYlanYk afl]_jYd]k dd]nY% \Yk Y [YZg hgj ]imahgk emdla\ak[ahdafYjagk$ q [gf dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] mfY \an]jka\Y\ \] Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k q hgd la[gk& Hgj gljY hYjl]$ dY [gemfa[Y[a f \] dgk j]kmdlY\gk \] dYk afa[aYlanYk mjZYfYk j]Yda% rY\Yk ]k [dYn] hYjY afÖmaj ]f dYk h]j[]h[agf]k \] dgk Yk! `YZalYfl]k \] dY [am\Y\$ j]kh][lg \] dY k]_mja\Y\ ]f dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk& ÉDg im] ha]fkYf dYk h]jkgfYk q 0.

km Y[lalm\ `Y[aY ]ddY ]kl~f egd\]Y\gk ]f ]d la]ehg hgj dY af^gjeY[a f im] [gjj] \] Zg[Y ]f Zg[Y q dgk j]hgjlYb]k \] dgk e]\agk \] [gemfa[Y[a f$ ]flj] gljgk ^Y[lgj]k& ;YeZaYj ]klYk Y[lalm\]k q h]j[]h[agf]k ]k mf hjg[]kg im] j]ima]j] mfY ]kljYl]_aY \] [gemfa[Y[agf]k im] Yhgq] dgk [YeZagk q dgk kmkl]fl] ]f ]d la]ehgÊ EYfmYd @YZalYl$ h& )(.!& Q ]k j]khgfkYZada\Y\ \]d emfa[ahag nakaZadarYj dgk j]kmdlY\gk \] km _]kla f hYjY hgl]f[aYj ]d aehY[lg \] dgk dg_jgk Yd[YfrY\gk& =d jgd \]d emfa[ahag \]Z] Y\][mYjk] Y dYk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk ]kh][ Õ[Yk \] dYk j]Yda% \Y\]k im] k] \]kYjjgdd]f ]f dgk \aklaflgk [gfl]plgk mjZYfgk& =f ]kl] k]fla\g$ fg ]pakl]f e lg\gk mf ng[gk hYjY ]f^j]flYj dgk [gfÖa[lgk mjZYfgk& =f ]d [Ykg \] dY eYqgj Y \] dYk _jYf\]k [am\Y\]k ]mjgh]Yk$ dYk l]fkagf]k _]f]jY\Yk hgj dY [gfnan]f[aY ]flj] \aklaflYk [mdlmjYk ]kl~f hj]k]fl]k& É=d \ak[mjkg kgZj] ]d \]j][`g Y dY \a^]j]f[aY q ]d nYdgj \] dY lgd]jYf[aY ]k hg[g ]Õ[Yr [mYf\g dY [gfna% n]f[aY [gla\aYfY ]f ]d l]jjalgjag ]d ZYjjag$ dY [Ydd]$ dY ]fljY\Y \] dY ]k[Yd]jY! \]na]f] mfY [gf^jgflY[a f \] afl]j]k]k q [gehgjlYea]flgk im] YhYj][]f [geg af[gehY% laZd]kÊ :gjbY$ B&$ *((+!& =f ]klgk ]khY[agk ^j][m]fl]e]fl] kmj_]f [gfÖa[lgk hgj ]d ]f^j]flYea]flg [mdlmjYd ]flj] dY hgZdY[a f Yml [lgfY$ im] \]Õ]f\] kmk \]j][`gk [geg [am\Y\Yfgk fY[agfYd]k q im] fg Y[]hlY dYk \a^]j]f[aYk [mdlmjYd]k q \] afl]j]% k]k [gf dY hgZdY[a f afea_jYfl]& HYjY ]d emfa[ahag ]k mf \]kY^ g ljYZYbYj kgZj] hjgZd]eYk \] [gfnan]f[aY ]flj] _jmhgk [mdlmjYd]k emq \aklaflgk3 kaf ]eZYj_g$ e]\aYfl] dY hYjla[ahY[a f [geg e][Yfakeg ^mf\Ye]flYd ]k hgkaZd] dd]_Yj Y Y[m]j\gk kgZj] fgjeYk Z~ka[Yk \] j]k% h]lg$ lgd]jYf[aY q mkg [gehYjla\g \]d ]khY[ag$ d]_alaeYf\g dYk f][]ka\Y\]k ] afl]% j]k]k \] [Y\Y _jmhg& Dg j]d]nYfl] ]k ]klm\aYj dY [gehd]ba\Y\ ]f [Y\Y [Ykg$ ] a\]f% laÕ[Yj ]d [`gim] \] afl]j]k]k \] dgk _jmhgk$ hYjY hjghgf]j j]khm]klYk im] dg_j]f [gf[adaYj dYk \a^]j]f[aYk [mdlmjYd]k ]pakl]fl]k q l]f\]j `Y[aY mfY [gfnan]f[aY Yje % fa[Y q hY[ Õ[Y im] k]Y j]kmdlY\g \] mf ljYZYbg \aYd _a[g q ]\m[Ylang& =f ]d [Ykg ]kh][ Õ[g \] dgk hjgZd]eYk \] [gfnan]f[aY Y jY r \] [gfÖa[lgk [mdlmjY% d]k ] a\]flalYjagk$ ]d _gZa]jfg dg[Yd hgk]] dY j]khgfkYZada\Y\ \] É À! `Y[]j ]^][lang ]d \]j][`g Y dY k]_mja\Y\ ]f dY [am\Y\$ ]k \][aj$ ]d \]j][`g Y dgk ]khY[agk h Zda% [gk hjgl][lgj]k& H]jg hYjY lg\gk& Kaf ]p[dmkagf]kÊ :gjbY$ B&$ *((+2 *0!& =ddg aehda[Y hj]klYj k]jna[agk \] [Yj~[l]j kg[aYd$ kYfalYjag q ]\m[Ylang Y dY hgZdY[a f afea% _jYfl] ]f ]d eYj[g \] mfY hgd la[Y [dYjY q _]f]jgkY \] [mglYk3 \] [geZYl] Y dYk eYÕYk im] ljYÕ[Yf [gf dYk h]jkgfYk3 \] j]Y_jmhYea]flg ^YeadaYj q \] Y[g_a\Y \] j]^m_aY\gk Yk! q YkadY\gk Yk!3 \] j][dmlYea]flg \] ^mf[agfYjagk q Y_]fl]k h Zda[gk \] gja_]f afea_jY\g q$ hjaf[ahYde]fl]$ \] j]_mdY[a f Ö]paZd] \] dgk Yk! j]ka\]fl]k& =klg k] gZk]jnY ]f ]d [Ykg \] dY Mfa\Y\ \] ;gfnan]f[aY \] dY ?mYj\aY MjZYfY \] :Y\YdgfY$ im] e]\aYfl] Y[[agf]k \aYd _a[Yk q ]\m[YlanYk ]f^j]flY dgk [gfÖa[lgk _]f]jY\gk ]f dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk ]flj] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! Yml [lgfgk q dYk [gemfa\Y\]k afea_jYfl]k& 0/

Hgj dlaeg$ ]k f][]kYjag a\]flaÕ[Yj \]l]jeafY\gk \]kY^ gk$ hj]k]fl]k ]f dYk ]ph]% ja]f[aYk j]YdarY\Yk q hjagjalYjagk \] YZgj\Yj2

;ggh]jY[a f ]flj] dgk \aklaflgk \]hYjlYe]flgk emfa[ahYd]k q dY hdmjYda\Y\ \] Y[lgj]k \] dY kg[a]\Y\ [anad$ \]d k][lgj ][gf ea[g q \]d e]j[Y\g$ Yk [geg \]d fan]d fY[agfYd$ hYjY ^Y[adalYj q [gf\m[aj hjg[]kgk mjZYfgk af[dmkangk$ im] \]l]jeaf]f [ eg k]j~f lgeY\Yk dYk \][akagf]k hgd la[Yk q ]dYZgjY\Yk dYk fgjeYk kg[aYd]k \] [gfnan]f[aY \]eg[j~la[Y& =klYZd][aea]flg \] j]\]k `gjargflYd]k q [gfkljm[[a f \] [gfk]fkg j]kh][lg \] nakagf]k [gehYjla\Yk kgZj] hjgZd]eYk$ hjagja\Y\]k q ]kljYl]_aYk Y aehd]% e]flYj hYjY ]f^j]flYjdgk& =klgk Y[m]j\gk \]Z]f k]j Ykmea\gk fg k dg hgj ]d dY! d \]j ]kY! dg[Yd q km ]imahg l [fa[g$ kafg lYeZa f hgj dgk Yk! kg[agk Yk! im] l]f\j~f mf jgd [dYn] ]f dY ]kljYl]_aY$ af[dma\gk Yk! dgk Yk!`YZalYfl]k \] dY [gemfa\Y\& J][gfg[aea]flg \] dY afl]j\]h]f\]f[aY ]flj] dgk \aklaflgk Y[lgj]k afngdm% [jY\gk q im] _]f]j]f [gehjgeakgk ]flj] dY [gemfa\Y\$ ]d _gZa]jfg dg[Yd q fY[agfYd$ hYjY im] dYk afa[aYlanYk h]j\mj]f& >mf[agfYj ZYbg dY d _a[Y \] [gehd]e]flYja]\Y\ ]flj] dgk \aklaflgk k]jna[agk dg[Yd]k& DY hgd la[Y \] hj]n]f[a f j]ima]j] mf ]f^gim] [gehYjla\g q [g`]% j]fl] [gf dYk \]e~k hgd la[Yk kg[aYd]k$ hYjY YZgj\Yj dY emdla[YmkYda\Y\ \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk mjZYfgk ] af[gjhgjYj Y\][mY\Ye]fl] Y dgk \aklaflgk _jmhgk afl]j]kY\gk& Kgkl]faZada\Y\ ÕfYf[a]jY& DY ]ph]ja]f[aY afl]jfY[agfYd `Y egkljY\g im] mfg \] dgk ja]k_gk eYqgj]k \] dYk Zm]fYk hj~[la[Yk ]k km YZYf\gfg hgj ^YdlY \] j][mjkgk ÕfYf[a]jgk ]f la]ehgk j]Yd]k& Dgk j][mjkgk `meYfgk q ][gf ea% [gk dg[Yd]k km]d]f k]j afkmÕ[a]fl]k$ hgj dg im] ]k j][ge]f\YZd] [gfk]_maj ]d Yhgqg \]d _gZa]jfg []fljYd q \]d k][lgj hjanY\g$ Yk]_mjYf\g dY ]pakl]f[aY \] ÕfYf[aYea]flg hYjY lg\Yk dYk ^Yk]k \] aehd]e]flY[a f \] dYk afa[aYlanYk q$ _jY[aYk Yd [gÕfYf[aYea]flg$ Yme]flYj ]d fan]d \] [gehjgeakg$ \] afl]j\]% h]f\]f[aY q e]bgjYj ]d [gfljgd \] dgk _Yklgk& Afklalm[agfYdarY[a f \] dY hYjla[ahY[a f q dY hj]n]f[a f [geg d _a[Yk \] dY _]kla f dg[Yd& =k f][]kYjag af[gjhgjYj j]^gjeYk afklalm[agfYd]k$ hgd la[Yk q d]_Yd]k Y dYk [YhY[a\Y\]k q j][mjkgk dg[Yd]k$ Y\]e~k \] h]jeYf]fl] [YhY% [alY[a f$ Y[lmYdarY[a f$ kakl]eYlarY[a f q ]nYdmY[a f \] dYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk j]YdarY\Yk&

J]kh][lg \]d dlaeg hmflg$ [YZ] j][Yd[Yj im] lg\gk dgk ]k^m]jrgk j]YdarY\gk k dg la]f]f k]fla\g ka kmk aehY[lgk kgf \mjY\]jgk q k] dg_jYf afklYdYj ]f dY [gla\aYf]a% \Y\& èfa[Ye]fl] Yk hg\]egk Yk]_mjYj im] klgk k]j~f [YhY[]k \] _]f]jYj [Ye% Zagk q im] dgk hjg_jYeYk Yhda[Y\gk nYf Y k]j ]palgkgk& É À! =f dY hj~[la[Y k] ljYlY \] im] lYflg ]f ]d Y[lmYj \] dY [gemfa\Y\ [geg ]f ]d \] dgk _gZa]jfgk dg[Yd]k dgk l]eYk k] af[gjhgj]f [geg hjagja\Y\]k ]f kmk ]b]k \] Y[[a f$ ]kim]eYk q hj~[la[Yk gj_YfarY[agfYd]kÊ EYfmYd \] @~ZalYl$ h& )(*!& ;mYf\g dgk ]f^gim]k hYjla[ahYlangk

00

hYkYf \]d fan]d \] dgk hjgq][lgk Yd \] dYk hgd la[Yk$ k] lgeY [gf[a]f[aY \] im] ÉdY hYjla[ahY[a f k dg hm]\] k]j ]^][lanY ka af[a\] ]f ]d [YeZag afklalm[agfYdÊ ?Yn]flY$ *((+ ]f <] dY EYrY$ >]jf~f\]r q FYnYjjg$ *((,$ h& 1(!& DY afklalm[agfYdarY[a f ]k mf hjg[]kg hjg_j]kang$ im] k] \]kYjjgddY \mjYfl] lg\Yk dYk ]lYhYk \] dY hgd la[Y$ q [mqg gZb]lang ]k ^gjeYj mf ]imahg d]_alaeY\g& [YhYr \] egfalgj]Yj lg\g ]d hjg[]kg$ lYflg Y fan]d hgd la[g [geg l [fa[g& =f ]d hdYfg hgd la[g ]k j]d]nYfl] ]d Yhgqg \] ima]f]k lgeYf \][akagf]k Y mf Ydlg fan]d \] dgk kg[agk [dYn]k$ hYjY dY afk]j[a f \] dY hgd la[Y mjZYfY \]fljg \]d emfa[ahag& 9 km n]r$ ]d ]imahg l [fa[g \]Z] ajk] [gfkljmq]f\g ]f mf hjg[]kg im] aehda[Y ^mf\Ye]flYd% e]fl] dY ^gjeY[a f kakl]e~la[Y$ ]d [gfg[aea]flg \] dY j]Yda\Y\ dg[Yd q ]d Yhj]f\a% rYb] kgZj] dgk j]kmdlY\gk \] dYk hgd la[Yk aehd]e]flY\Yk EYfmYd @YZalYl$ h& ++!& =f ]d hjg[]kg \]k[jalg ]k ^mf\Ye]flYd dY naka f \] dYk Ymlgja\Y\]k q km jgd ]f dY [ggj\afY[a f \] dgk Y[lgj]k$ q km j]kmdlY\g ]k _]f]jYj mfY eYqgj YhjghaY[a f [gd][lanY \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g \] dgk ZYjjagk$ \gf\] ÉYeZgk k] ^gjlYd][]f q YhgqYf emlmYe]fl] Ç[am\Y\Yfgk ^m]jl]k$ [gf[a]fl]k$ j]khgfkYZd]k$ Y[langk q [gehjge]% la\gk$ bmflg [gf _gZa]jfgk \]eg[j~la[gk ^m]jl]k$ af[dmq]fl]k$ YZa]jlgk$ Yl]flgk$ [YhY[]k \] ]k[m[`Yj q \Yj j]khm]klYkÊ ?Yn]flY$ *((+ ]f <] dY EYrY$ >]jf~f\]r q FYnYjjg$ *((,2 1)!& 9 km n]r$ dg Yfl]jagj Yme]flY dY k]_mja\Y\ \] dgk Yk! `YZalYfl]k& =f dY e]\a\Y ]f im] dYk Ymlgja\Y\]k dg[Yd]k$ ]f [gfbmflg [gf dY [gemfa\Y\$ kgf YdaY\gk q ljYZYbYf [ggj\afY\Ye]fl] j]kh][lg \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk [gla\aYfgk$ k] hgl]f[aYf dYk [YhY[a\Y% \]k \] YeZgk hYjY e]bgjYj ]d lahg \] mkg q dY [gfnan]f[aY ]f dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk& =klg _]f]jY mf [ j[mdg najlmgkg \gf\] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk k] hgka[agfYf [geg afklYf[aYk e~k af[dmkanYk q \]eg[j~la[Yk&

01

,&* D9 HGDA;á9 ;gfjY\g BgYim f >]jf~f\]r Bmkl]k Kmh]jafl]f\]fl] B]^] \] dY Hgda[ Y Dg[Yd%?mYj\aY MjZYfY \] :Y\YdgfY ;YlYdm Y% =khY Y

Mf fm]ng ]f^gim] hYjY mfY fm]nY kg[a]\Y\2 dY hjgpaea\Y\ ]kljYl _a[Y DY hgda[ Y ]k mfg \] dgk Y[lgj]k \]klY[Y\gk ]f ]d ]k[]fYjag \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda% [gk q km j]dY[a f [gf dY k]_mja\Y\ q$ ]f dY Y[lmYda\Y\$ dgk [YeZagk Y[Y][a\gk ]f ]d mkg \] ]kgk ]khY[agk hgj fm]kljYk kg[a]\Y\]k ]kl~f hdYfl]Yf\g gljgk j]lgk hYjY km \]k]eh] g hjg^]kagfYd& @Yf kmj_a\g fm]nYk \]eYf\Yk q fm]ngk \]kY^ gk im] d] gZda_Yf Y j]nakYj km hYh]d [geg afklalm[a f q d] [gf\m[]f Y \aklaflYk hjghgka[ag% f]k gj_YfarYlanYk$ Y Õf \] fg im]\Yj gZkgd]lY q hg\]j g^j][]j mf k]jna[ag lad Y mfY [am\Y\Yf Y e~k ]pa_]fl] q ja_mjgkY [gf dYk afklalm[agf]k \]eg[j~la[Yk& DYk ^gjeYk hgda[aYd]k [d~ka[Yk \] YZgj\Yj ]d ljYZYbg ]f ]d l]jjalgjag q ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g `Yf ]klY\g ZYkY\Yk ]f \gk d f]Yk \] Y[[a f2 mf ljYlYea]flg hmjYe]fl] j]Y[lang$ kghgjlY\g hgj mfa\Y\]k hgda[aYd]k [YhY[]k \] afl]jn]faj j~ha\Ye]fl] Yfl] mf [gfÖa[lg q$ ]f ]d e]bgj \] dgk [Ykgk$ mf [gehd]e]flg \] hjgpaea\Y\$ [gf mfY ZYk] \] \]khda]_m] ]p[dmkanYe]fl] [gemfalYjag$ g Ëhgda[ Y [gemfalYjaYÌ$ lYd [geg k] l]gjarYZY ]f dgk Y gk 0( LjgbYfgoa[r$ J& q :m[im]jgmp$ : 3 )&11(!& H]jg$ ]kg fg ]k kmÕ[a]fl] hYjY \Yj j]khm]klY Y dYk f][]ka\Y\]k Y[lmYd]k& DY eaka f kg[aYd \] dY hgda[ Y hm]\] k]_maj ka]f\g dY eakeY im] `Y[] Yd_mfgk Y gk %ÉYd[YfrYj ]d eYqgj _jY\g \] [g`]ka f \] dY hgZdY[a f hYjY gZl]f]j mf fan]d hlaeg \] [Yda% \Y\ \] na\YÊ%$ kaf ]eZYj_g dYk [gflaf_]f[aYk$ q ]flj] ]ddYk ]kh][ Õ[Ye]fl] dY [YjY[% l]jarY[a f \]d ]flgjfg$ `Yf [YeZaY\g$ hgj dg im] k] j]ima]j]f fm]nYk ^ jemdYk \] gh]jYlanarY[a f hgda[aYd >]jf~f\]r$ ;&B& 3 *&((0!& DYk nYjaYZd]k \] [gflaf_]f[aY kgf ^Y[lgj]k ]pl]jfgk im] afÖmq]f \] eYf]jY \aj][lY kgZj] dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k q [gf\a[agfYf km ^gjeY \] ljYZYbYj& K]_ f km aehgjlYf[aY$ hm]% \]f l]jeafYj af[a\a]f\g ]f ]d \ak] g \] dYk ]kljm[lmjYk im] dYk [gfÕ_mjYf EaflrZ]j_$ @3 )&10/!& 9d_mfYk \] ]klYk nYjaYZd]k bm_Yj~f mf hYh]d aehgjlYfl] ]f dY [j]Y[a f q [YjY[l]jarY[a f \] dYk mfa\Y\]k [gf im] dY hgda[ Y k] ]kljm[lmjY ]f [Y\Y hg[Y& <] eg\g ]kh][aYd$ hYjY dY hgda[ Y j]kmdlYf [gflaf_]fl]k Yd_mfYk [aj[mfklYf[aYk ]pl]jfYk Y dY hjghaY ^m]jrY$ lYd]k [geg dY \akhgka[a f ][gf ea[Y \] dY Y\eafakljY% [a f h Zda[Y im] \]Z] kgkl]f]jdY3 dY ]\Y\ \] dY gj_YfarY[a f q \] kmk afl]_jYfl]k3 ]d kakl]eY l [fa[g [gf im] ljYZYbY3 dY d]_akdY[a f3 ]d lYeY g \] dY gj_YfarY[a f q$ \] eYf]jY \]l]jeafYfl]$ ]d ]flgjfg \gf\] \]kYjjgddY km hjaf[ahYd Y[lana\Y\ \] ^gjeY hj]n]flanY2 ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g&

1(

=klYk nYjaYZd]k k]j~f \][akanYk ]f ]d \ak] g q dY [gfkljm[[a f \] kmk ]kljm[lmjYk$ ka ]k im] dY hgda[ Y \]k]Y ]klYj Ydaf]Y\Y [gf dY \]eYf\Y q dY j]Yda\Y\ \] dY kg[a]\Y\& Ka ]kh]jYf Yd[YfrYj mf Ydlg j]f\aea]flg$ dgk [m]jhgk hgda[aYd]k \]Z]f ]f[gfljYj mfY [gfkakl]f[aY ]flj] ]ddYk q dY ]kljm[lmjY im] k] [gfÕ_mjY [gf dYk \a^]j]fl]k mfa% \Y\]k hgda[aYd]k >]jf~f\]r$ ;&B& 3 *&(()!& 9 dYk nYjaYZd]k qY e]f[agfY\Yk$ `Yq im] Y Y\aj gljY [aj[mfklYf[aY \] [Yj~[l]j ]k]f% [aYd2 dY n]dg[a\Y\ [gf dY im] k] hjg\m[]f dgk [YeZagk Y fan]d kg[aYd ]f dYk dlaeYk \ [Y\Yk& =kl] ^]f e]fg [gf\a[agfY Y lg\Yk dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k$ lYflg h Zda[Yk [geg hjanY\Yk$ dYk im] ]f lg\g ege]flg \]Z]f k]j [gfk][m]fl]k [gf dY j]Yda\Y\ q fg eYfl]f]j ^gjemdY[agf]k im] `YqYf im]\Y\g gZkgd]lYk& <] dg [gfljYjag$ mfYk hm]\]f h]j\]j km mlada\Y\ kg[aYd3 q gljYk$ \]kYhYj][]j \]d e]j[Y\g& Hg\]egk [gf% [dmaj im] ]f dgk YdZgj]k \]d ka_dg PPA$ ]khY[ag h Zda[g q n]dg[a\Y\ \] [YeZag kg[aYd kgf \]l]jeafYfl]k hYjY [gfkljmaj [gf Y[a]jlg lYeZa f dYk ]kljm[lmjYk \] dgk [m]j% hgk hgda[aYd]k& DYk hgda[ Yk k] ]f[m]fljYf [gf j]Yda\Y\]k emq \af~ea[Yk q [gf mf ]flgjfg l]jjalg% jaYd im] km]d] k]j [gehd]bg q emq \an]jkaÕ[Y\g lYflg ]f j]dY[a f Y kmk [YjY[l]j k% la[Yk [geg Y dgk hjgZd]eYk im] ]f d kmj_]f& HYjY \Yj j]khm]klY Y lg\Yk ]kYk [aj% [mfklYf[aYk$ \]Z]f [j]Yj ]kljm[lmjYk gj_~fa[Yk afl]_jY\Yk hgj em[`Yk mfa\Y\]k$ \]k[]fljYdarYj dgk k]jna[agk q$ ]kh][aYde]fl]$ ]klm\aYj ]d [jal]jag [gf ]d [mYd k] `Yf \] [j]Yj ]klYk mfa\Y\]k& Hgj [gfka_ma]fl]$ ]kl~ gZda_Y\Y Y j]hdYfl]Yj km hgka[agfY% ea]flg l]jjalgjaYd& DY \akqmflanY [d~ka[Y ]jY ]flj] ]d [gfljgd \]d l]jjalgjag g ]d [gfljgd \] dY hgZdY[a f3 ]k \][aj$ ka [gf dY ]kh]jYfrY \] _YjYflarYj dY k]_mja\Y\ ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g `YZ Y im] \ana\aj ]d l]jjalgjag ]f k]_e]flgk q Yka_fYjd]k hgda[ Yk g \]l]jeafYj hgZdY[ag% f]k \] ja]k_g Y dYk im] ]jY f][]kYjag [gfljgdYj& DY h]jkh][lanY Y[lmYd$ ZYkY\Y ]f ]d eg\]dg \] Ëhjgpaea\Y\ ]kljYl _a[YÌ$ afljg\m[] mfY fm]nY naka f$ kmkl]flY\Y ]f dYk f][]ka\Y\]k \]d [am\Y\Yfg%[da]fl] q ]f dgk hjgZd]eYk im] d] Y^][lYf Ydd \gf\] k] ]f[m]fljY$ q k]_ f [Y\Y jgd g hYh]d im] \]Z] ]b][mlYj ]f [Y\Y ege]flg& Mf ]b]e% hdg \] ]klg ]k dY afl]jn]f[a f \] dY Mfa\Y\ \] ;gfnan]f[aY MjZYfY \] :Y\YdgfY ]f dY HdYrY 9flgfag EY[`Y\g$ [geg em]kljY ]d ka_ma]fl] j][mY\jg&

J][mY\jg )) :Y\YdgfY$ =khY Y Hjgq][lg HdYrY 9flgfag EY[`Y\g DY e]\aY[a f [gemfalYjaY q ]d jgd \] dY hgda[ Y \] hjgpaea\Y\ ?alYfgk$ afea_jYfl]k q Yfla_mgk `YZalYfl]k nan]f [g\g Y [g\g ]f mf ZYjjag h]ja^ ja[g emq \]fkg q dY hdYrY k] ljYfk^gjeY ]f ]d ^g[g \] [gfÖa[lg2 ·hm]\] dY ?mYj\aY MjZYfY k]j dY e]\aY\gjY7

1)

Dm_Yj Y afl]jn]faj q gZb]lang AehgjlYfl] ]khY[ag h Zda[g mZa[Y\g ]flj] \gk ZYjjagk hjaf[ahYd]k ZYjjagk \] dY KYdml a Dd]Õ $ [gf Ydj]\]\gj \] .,&-(( `YZalYfl]k!$ Y d Y[m\]f h]jkgfYk \] gja_]f jmeYfg%_alYfg$ im] `Yf [gfn]jla\g ]klY hdYrY ]f km dm_Yj \] [gf[]fljY[a f$ \gf\] kYZ]f im] `YZalmYde]fl] `Yq gljgk [gehYljaglYk& <]d eakeg eg\g$ mf _jmhg j]\m[a\g \] b n]f]k \]k]ehd]Y\gk$ \] gja_]f fY[agfYd$ `Y mZa[Y\g ]f ]klY hdYrY km dm_Yj \] ]f[m]fljg& <]Za\g Y dY hj]k]f[aY \] ]klgk fm]ngk kmb]lgk$ `Y `YZa\g mf YZYf\gfg \]d dm_Yj hgj hYjl] \] dYk h]jkgfYk bmZadY\Yk Yml [lgfYk$ im] na]jgf [ eg dY hdYrY É\] lg\Y dY na\YÊ ]jY g[mhY\Y hgj ]pljYfb]jgk im] fg k]_m Yf dYk eakeYk ÉhYmlYk [mdlmjYd]kÉ& DY ^YdlY \] [gemfa[Y[a f$ g Za]f dY f][]ka\Y\ \] afl]je]\aY[a f ]f dY j]kgdm[a f \]d hjgZd]eY$ dd]n Y dY [gfng[YlgjaY \] eYfa^]klY[agf]k hghmdYj]k hgj dY \akhmlY \]d l]jj]fg h Zda[g& =flj] dgk _jmhgk \] b n]f]k lYeZa f k] `Yf hjg\m[a\g ]f[gfljgfYrgk hgj dY \akhmlY \]d mkg q g[mhY[a f \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ qY k]Yf \] [Yj~[l]j YZa]jlg %[geg dYk hdYrYk%$ g Za]f []jjY\g$ [geg ]d []fljg bmn]fad \]d ZYjjag$ g dYk eakeYk ]fla\Y\]k [ na[Yk im] g^j][]f ]khY[agk \] hjgeg[a f ]f kmk afklYdY[agf]k& =d hjaf[ahYd gZb]lang ]kl~ gja]flY\g Y dY j]kgdm[a f hY[aÕ[Y \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk ]flj] dY hgZdY[a f Yml [lgfY q dY afea_jYfl]&

E]lg\gdg_ Y \] ljYZYbg =f mfY hjae]jY ^Yk]$ q hYjY [YdeYj dgk ~faegk$ ^m] ghgjlmfY dY hj]k]f[aY \] h]jkgfYd \] dY ?mYj\aY MjZYfY mfa^gjeY\Y& DY hjgZd]e~la[Y ]klYZY []fljYZY ]f dY ]pakl]f[aY \] h]jkgfYk \] gja_]f jmeYfg$ \] ]lfaY _alYfY$ [gf aehgjlYfl]k daealY[agf]k ][gf ea[Yk q \] [gemfa[Y[a f n]jZYd& 9d nanaj hj paegk$ []fljYjgf km hmflg \] j]mfa f ]f dY hdYrY 9flgfag EY[`Y\g$ \Y\g im] dY [gfÕ_mjY[a f \]d l]jjalgjag fg h]jeal] gljg dm_Yj& =f mfY k]_mf\Y ^Yk]$ k] gZk]jn im] ]d ^g[g \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk k] gja_afYZY ]f dYk nana]f\Yk \] dYk h]jkgfYk ]pljYfb]jYk& >m] ]^][lmY\g mf ljYZYbg ]f ]ddYk j]kh][lg Y [anakeg$ `a_a]f] q kYfa\Y\$ Yk [geg Y fgjeYk Z~ka[Yk \] [gehgjlYea]flg$ dYk im] \a]jgf ^jmlg&

1*

DY l]j[]jY ^Yk] h]jeala im] dgk j]ka\]fl]k dg[Yd]k ngdna]jYf Y dY hdYrY q ]fl]f\a]jYf im] \]Z]f [gehYjlajdY [gf dgk Yk! afea_jYfl]k&

AehY[lg ' =^][lg \]k]Y\g =kl] hjgq][lg afl]flY$ ]f hjae]j dm_Yj$ ]klYZd][]j mfY ^gjeY \] j]kgdm[a f hY[aÕ[Y \] [gfÖa[lgk [gemfalYjagk ]flj] dY hgZdY[a f Yml [lgfY q dY afea_jYfl]& =f ]k] hjg[]kg$ ]d gZb]lang ]k im] YeZYk hYjl]k k] j][gfgr[Yf [geg n][afgk g _jmhgk im] \]Z]f [gfnanaj Yje fa[Ye]fl]$ [gf \]j][`gk q j]khgfkYZada\Y\]k ]f dYk Y[[agf]k q [gf\m[lYk im] \]kYjjgdd]f& =f ]kl] k]fla\g$ k] `Y afl]flY\g jgeh]j [gf Yim]ddYk ZYjj]jYk im] fg h]jeal]f `Y[]j mfY [gemfa\Y\ \] lg\gk Yk!$ [YjY[l]jarY\Y hgj km [g`]ka f kg[aYd&

LjY\a[agfYde]fl]$ dY ]kljm[lmjY \] dgk [m]jhgk hgda[aYd]k k] Y_jmhYZY kgZj] dY ZYk] \] dYk `YZada\Y\]k l [fa[Yk hgda[aYd]k q$ ]f g[Ykagf]k$ ]f lgjfg Y dgk hjg[]kgk afl]jfgk& LYeZa f ]jYf k]_ma\gk [jal]jagk _]g_j~Õ[gk$ \] la]ehg g \] dm_Yj$ ka]f\g ]klgk dlaegk dgk mladarY\gk hjaf[ahYde]fl] ]f ]d \]khda]_m] l]jjalgjaYd& =d hjgZd]eY ^m] ]f^g[Y\g$ lYeZa f$ h]fkYf\g ]f dgk af\ana\mgk im] g[mhYZYf ]d ]khY[ag& =f Fm]nY Qgjc$ ]klY \akljaZm[a f ^m] hjghm]klY [geg mfY ]kljm[lmjY[a f hjY_e~la[Y$ im] Zmk[YZY aj \aj][lYe]fl] Yd f [d]g \]d hjgZd]eY$ q \gf\] dg []fljYd fg ]jY mfY Yka_fY[a f \] l]jjalgjag$ kafg mfY Yka_fY[a f \] hgZdY[a f egd]klY im] `YZ Y im] \]kl]jjYj& =d j]kmdlY\g ^m] e~k Za]f hg[g Y[]jlY\g$ \ak[jaeafYlgjag$ q YhYjlY\g \] dY j]kgdm[a f \]d Yml fla[g hjgZd]eY& Hgj dg \]e~k$ dg im] k] h]jka_m] fg ]k dY ]p[dmka f$ ka fg dY af[dmka f& Hgj ]ddg$ ]f eg\g Yd_mfg hg\]egk [gf[dmaj im] ]kYk hjghm]klYk [gfljaZmq]jYf Yd n]j\Y\]jg gZb]lang \] dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd& 9d h]fkYj Y`gjY ]f l jeafgk \] [da]fl] q ]f ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ ka ima]j] k]j ]Õ[a]fl] dY hgda[ Y \]Z] Ydl]jYj ]klgk [jal]jagk q h]fkYj ]f ]kljm[lmjYk [YhY[]k \] j]khgf% \]j Y dgk hjgZd]eYk im] ]klgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! nYf Y ]f[gfljYj ]f ]k] ]khY[ag h Zda[g ?gd\kl]af$ @& )&11(!$ l]fa]f\g ]f [m]flY im] dY emlY[a f \] dgk hjgZd]eYk k] hjg\m[aj~ [gf _jYf n]dg[a\Y\& J]kmdlY mfY Zm]fY ]kljYl]_aY ]klYZd][]j mfa\Y\]k Z~ka[Yk im] Yla]f\]f hjgZd]eYk [gf[j]lgk g hjg_jYeYk \] ljYZYbg \]l]jeafY\gk hYjY$ Yfl] hjgZd]eYk [gf[j]lgk q []j[Yfgk$ [gfk]_maj j]Y[[agf]k e~k j~ha\Yk$ e~k jaim]rY \] j]khm]klY q mf eYqgj ]kl emdg hjg^]kagfYd$ qY im] h]jeal]f dY af[gj% hgjY[a f \] e~k []j]Zjgk ]f dY lgeY \] \][akagf]k q ^Yngj][]f dY [j]Ylana\Y\ q ]d \]kYjjgddg \] dYk h]jkgfYk e~k afl]da_]fl]k q [j]YlanYk \] dY gj_YfarY[a f& =f mf [gfl]plg hjg^]kagfYdarY\g$ hgkaZadalY Y dgk Y_]fl]k hgf]j ]f ^mf[agfYea]flg$ \] eYf]jY eglanY\gjY$ kmk `YZada\Y\]k q [YhY[a\Y\]k hjg^]kagfYd]k& @gq [mYf\g$ hgj ]d [gfljYjag$ k] afkakl] ]f eYfl]f]j mf \]khda]_m] l]jjalgjaYd ]p[dm% kanYe]fl] [gf mfa\Y\]k \ana\a\Yk ]f \a^]j]fl]k rgfYk$ dgk j]kmdlY\gk ]kl~f ka]f\g e~k hgZj]k im] ]f gljgk ege]flgk$ hgj \a^]j]fl]k [aj[mfklYf[aYk q hgj dYk nYjaY% Zd]k \] [gflaf_]f[aY Yfl]jagje]fl] e]f[agfY\Yk$ im] YhYj][]f [geg ^Y[lgj]k

1+

\]l]jeafYfl]k \] ]klY \akeafm[a f \] dY ]Õ[a]f[aY hgda[aYd& <] ]ddYk$ q \] eYf]jY ]kh][aYd$ `Yq im] \]klY[Yj \gk2 dYk \aÕ[mdlY\]k ][gf ea[Yk \] dY Y\eafakljY[a f h Zda[Y hYjY eYfl]f]j mf f e]jg \] ]^][langk hgda[aYd]k kmÕ[a]fl]$ Y Õf \] kgkl]% f]j ]d \]khda]_m] l]jjalgjaYd f][]kYjag [gf Yim]d \ak] g$ q ]f k]_mf\g dm_Yj mf mkg \a^]j]fl] \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ im] Y`gjY fg ^Y[adalY [geg Yfl]k dY hjgpaea\Y\ \] dgk Yk! Y_]fl]k hgda[aYd]k [gf dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! q fg _YjYflarY im] dgk Yk! Y_]f% l]k ]kl f ka]ehj] \gf\] \] n]j\Y\ ]d [am\Y\Yfg Y! ka]fl] im] dgk Yk! f][]kalY& Mf ]b]ehdg \] Y\YhlY[a f Y ]klY fm]nY h]jkh][lanY ]k dY hgda[ Y dg[Yd Ç ?mYj\aY MjZYfY \] dY [am\Y\ [YlYdYfY \] :Y\YdgfY& KgZj] dY ZYk] \] mf eg\]dg gj_YfarY% lang \]fgeafY\g hgj ]klY gj_YfarY[a f [geg Ëhjgpaea\Y\ ]kljYl _a[YÌ$ ]kl] [m]jhg hgda[aYd k] ]kljm[lmjY \] ^gjeY \a^]j]fl] Y dY [d~ka[Y$ \] eYf]jY Ö]paZd] q Y\YhlY% lanY ]f ]d l]jjalgjag& 9\]e~k \] eYfl]f]j Yd_mfYk \] dYk mfa\Y\]k ljY\a[agfYd]k$ im] hYljmddYf dgk ZYjjagk ]f Ymlge nad]k$ dY hgda[ Y dg[Yd \] :Y\YdgfY j]afl]jhj]lY km hj]k]f[aY hYjY ]d ljYZYbg ]f ]d l]jjalgjag q hdYfl]Y mfY ]kljYl]_aY [gfkakl]fl] ]f [gfÕ_mjYj dYk mfa\Y\]k ]f j]dY[a f [gf dgk hjgZd]eYk im] ]f [Y\Y [Ykg kgf \]l][lY\gk& DYk fm]nYk mfa\Y\]k j]YdarYf mf ljYZYbg \]fgeafY\g \] Ëea[jg]kh]% [aYda\Y\Ì kgZj] dY ZYk] \]d [gfg[aea]flg hjg^]kagfYd q dY af\Y_Y[a f af_]fagkY \] kgdm[agf]k hYjY [Y\Y hjgZd]eY hdYfl]Y\g$ Zmk[Yf\g [Yda\Y\ q Zm]fYk hj~[la[Yk >]jf~f\]r$ ;&B&3 *&((0!& Ka ]d fa[g [YeZag gh]jY\g ^m]jY dY ^gjeY \] ]kljm[lmjY[a f$ hg\ Yegk im]\Yjfgk [gf mfY naka f ]klj][`Y hYjY Y^jgflYj dYk kgdm[agf]k \]k]Y\Yk& DY fm]nY ]kljm[% lmjY `Y \] ^Y[adalYj dY gja]flY[a f \]d ljYZYbg g k]jna[ag hj]klY\g `Y[aY ]d hjgZd]eY ]kh][ Õ[g3 h]jg hgj k kgdY ]k afkmÕ[a]fl]& <]Z]$ hgj lYflg$ af[gjhgjYj mfY naka f ]kljYl _a[Y q mf ljYZYbg l~[la[g hYjY YZgj\Yj km Y[[a f& ;geg ]d gZb]lang hgda[aYd ]k j]kgdn]j \] eYf]jY ]Õ[a]fl] ]d hjgZd]eY$ \]Z] `Y[]j mf k]_maea]flg \] d$ `YklY im] km eafgjY[a f g ÕfYdarY[a f h]jealYf \][aj im] dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd q dY [Yda\Y\ \] na\Y ]kl~f _YjYflarY\Yk ]f mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g im]$ Yfl]k \] dY afl]jn]f[a f$ ]klYZY \]l]jagjY\g& =k ]d e lg\g \] ljYZYbg \] dYk mfa\Y\]k dg im] \a^]j]f[aY dYk j]khm]klYk ÕfYd]k \] dgk j]kmdlY\gk [d~ka[gk& =d ^mf% \Ye]flg \]d j]kmdlY\g ÕfYd jY\a[Y ]f dY af[gjhgjY[a f \] hj]kmhm]klgk l~[la[gk q \] ]kljYl]_aYk Y e]\ag hdYrg \] j]kgdm[a f \] hjgZd]eYk$ hdYfl]Y\Yk Yd afl]jagj \] dYk mfa\Y\]k& Dgk Yk! Y_]fl]k ka_m]f mfY k][m]f[aY gh]jYlanY ZYkY\Y ]f \a^]% j]fl]k ^Yk]k2 \]l][[a f \]d hjgZd]eY q \]l]jeafY[a f \] km eY_falm\$ ]klaeY[a f \] j][mjkgk f][]kYjagk hYjY Y^jgflYjdg q$ ÕfYde]fl]$ \]l]jeafY[a f ]kljYl _a[Y q l~[la[Yk hYjY ]f[gfljYj mfY kgdm[a f& =d j]kmdlY\g ]kh]jY\g \]Z] k]j ka]ehj] dY ÕfYdarY[a f \]d hjgZd]eY q fg ]kl~ [gf% l]ehdY\g [geg j]kmdlY\g ÕfYd km ljYkhYkg Y gljg k]jna[ag$ afklalm[a f g \]hYjlY% e]flg& K] ]pa_] Yk mf k]_maea]flg \]l]jeafYfl]$ im] \]Z] [gehj]f\]j mfY kalmY% [a f afa[aYd q mfY kalmY[a f ÕfYd j]kmdlYfl]& Dgk hgda[ Yk fg la]f]f$ f][]kYjaYe]fl]$

1,

kgdm[agf]k g [geh]l]f[aYk hYjY dY [gehd]ba\Y\ \] dYk kalmY[agf]k im] hjg\m[] ]d hjgZd]eY$ q k] km]d] \][aj im] dY hgda[ Y fg ]k ka]ehj] mfY afklalm[a f ÕfYdaklY$ ka fg mfY \]janY\gjY3 h]jg `Yf \] k]j [YhY[]k \] \afYearYj$ g Yjla[mdYj$ dY aehda% [Y[a f \] dgk im] k dYk la]f]f$ Y Õf \] Yd[YfrYj ]d j]kmdlY\g ÕfYd& DY Yh]jlmjY Y dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] dgk aehda[Y\gk q \] gljgk hgkaZd]k Y[lgj]k ]k \]l]jeafYfl]& Dgk hjaf[ahagk \] ljYfkhYj]f[aY$ hj]n]f[a f q hjgY[lana\Y\ kgf [gfl]ehdY\gk [geg ]d]e]flgk Z~ka[gk \] dY afl]jn]f[a f& Dgk Yk! hgda[ Yk \]Z]f ^Y[adalYj kgdm[agf]k$ Zmk[Yj Yjj]_dgk$ Y[m]j\gk g YhjgpaeY[agf]k im] hm]\Yf Y[]hlYj dYk hYjl]k aehda% [Y\Yk q$ ]f dlaeY afklYf[aY$ afl]jn]faj [gY[lanYe]fl] ka dY kalmY[a f dg j]ima]j]& =f g[Ykagf]k$ dgk e][Yfakegk im] h]jeal]f dY kgdm[a f k] [gfka_m]f hgj e]\ag \]d ËhYjl]fYjaY\gÌ n]j YhYjlY\g kmZ ka_ma]fl]! \aja_a\g3 ]f gljYk$ hjg[]\]f Y[[ag% f]k af^gjeYlanYk ] af[dmkg ^gjeYlanYk g ]\m[YlanYk& =d YZYfa[g \] kgdm[agf]k im] hm]\]f Y\eafakljYj ]k Yehdag$ lYflg [geg ]d \] dgk j][mjkgk hgkaZd]k \] gZl]f]j \] km hjghaY Y[[a f g \] dY afl]jn]f[a f \] gljYk afklalm[agf]k& =f \]ÕfalanY$ k] ljYlY \] af[gjhgjYj lg\g lahg \] ^ jemdYk n~da\Yk hYjY ^Y[adalYj dY j]kgdm[a f \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk q j]klYZd][]j dY [g`]ka f ]f dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ dY [gfnan]f[aY q dY ljYfimada\Y\ n][afYd& Mf ]b]ehdg \]d ljYZYbg \] dY ?mYj\aY MjZYfY \] :Y\YdgfY ZYkY\g ]f ]kl] eg\]dg \] afl]jn]f[a f$ ]k ]d e]f[agfY\g \] dY HdYrY \] 9flgfag EY[`Y\g$ kalmY\Y ]f ]d ZYjjag \] dY KYdm\& J]eg\]dY\Y q e]bgjY\Y kmZklYf[aYde]fl]$ ]kl] dm_Yj Y[YZ _]f]jYf\g mf hjgZd]eY \] _jYf j]d]nYf[aY kg[aYd hgj dY YhYja[a f \] gljg fm]ng ^]f e]fg$ ]d \] dY ea_jY[a f& DY hYjY\gbY [gfkakl] ]f im] mfY hdYrY j]eg\]dY\Y q j][mh]jY\Y fg Y[YZY hjg\m[a]f\g dY [Yda\Y\ \] na\Y ]kh]jY\Y hgj dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! \]Za\g Y im]$ h]k] Y eYfl]f]j mfY k]fkY[a f \] hjgha]\Y\ kgZj] \a[`g ]khY[ag$ dg `Yf YZYf\gfY\g& Dgk Yk! j][a f dd]_Y\gk Yk!$ hgj km hYjl]$ f][]kalYf mladarYjdg hYjY `maj \]d `Y[afYea]flg ]f im] k] `YddYf ]f kmk nana]f\Yk& DY [gfnan]f[aY j]kmdlY [gehda[Y\Y Yd [gfljYhgf]jk] eg\gk \] na\Y q [gklmeZj]k \a^]j]fl]k q$ j~ha\Ye]fl]$ k] hjg\m[] mf j][`Yrg kg[aYd `Y[aY dgk Yk! fm]ngk Yk! mkmYjagk Yk! im] k] eYfaÕ]klY ]f ^gjeY \] \]eYf\Y Y dY hgda[ Y \] dY im] k] j]ima]j] im] Y[l ] \] eYf]jY YmlgjalYjaY q Ë[gflmf\]fl]Ì [gfljY ]ddgk& Dg im] dgk n][afgk e~k Yfla_mgk ha\]f ]k im] dY hgda[ Y k] mfY [gf ]ddgk$ [geg hYjl] j]im]% ja]fl]$ ]f [gfljY \] dgk fm]ngk& DY hgda[ Y \]l][lY im] dg im] g[mjj] ]f dY hdYrY ]k j]Ö]bg \] dg im] km[]\] ]f ]d k]fg \] dYk [gemfa\Y\]k n][afYd]k$ hgj dg im] ]k f][]kYjag mf ljYlYea]flg afl]_jYd \]d hjgZd]eY& =f mf kakl]eY \]eg[j~la[g [d~ka[g$ dY hgda[ Y `YZj Y eYfa^]klY\g km af[YhY[a\Y\ \] \Yj j]khm]klY Yd hjgZd]eY$ g `YZj Y k] YdY\g km ^YdlY \] [geh]l]f[aYk hYjY j]YdarYj mfY afl]jn]f[a f$ Yd fg ]f[gfljYjk] ^j]fl] Y ad [algk h]fYd]k m gljg lahg \] af^jY[[agf]k& Dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! \]eYf\Yfl]k `YZj Yf afl]jhj]lY\g im] dY hgda[ Y d]k YZYf\gfYZY g fg d]k ]k[m[`YZY& Dgk j]khgfkYZd]k hgd la[gk \] dY hgda%

1-

[ Y `YZj Yf km^ja\g$ ]f hjae]j dm_Yj$ dY hj]ka f \] ]kgk [am\Y\Yfgk ]f lgjfg Y mfY \]eYf\Y \] k]jna[ag hgda[aYd q$ \]khm k$ km af[gehj]fka f hgjim] dgk n][afgk k] `YZj Yf k]fla\g eYd Yl]f\a\gk g [gfka\]jYj Yf im] km Y[lmY[a f hYjY ]f[gfljYj mfY kgdm[a f ]jY mf Yml fla[g ^jY[Ykg& =f :Y\YdgfY$ hgj ]d [gfljYjag$ kgZj] dY ZYk] \] ]kl] [gf[]hlg \] hgda[ Y \] Ëhjgpa% ea\Y\ ]kljYl _a[YÌ q \]k\] ]d \]khda]_m] l]jjalgjaYd$ ^m] [j]Y\Y dY Mfa\Y\ \] ;gfnan]f[aY M;G! hYjY ljYlYj ]kh][ Õ[Ye]fl] ]d hjgZd]eY q Zmk[Yj dYk hgkaZd]k kgdm[agf]k& DY mfa\Y\ ZYkY km Y[lmY[a f ]f dY afl]jY[[a f [gf dYk hYjl]k aehda[Y\Yk ]f ]d hjgZd]eY q km gZb]lang ]k \Yj mfY j]khm]klY ÕfYd q fg \]janYj& HYjY [mehdajdg$ Yjla[md \a^]j]fl]k ]kljYl]_aYk$ ka]f\g dY hjaf[ahYd ]d af^gjeYj Y dYk hYjl]k q `Y[]j im] k]Y hgkaZd] [gfbm_Yj dgk Ykh][lgk [mdlmjYd]k [gf dY j]Yda\Y\ ]f dY fm]nY mZa[Y[a f \] dgk j][a f dd]_Y\gk& K] ljYl \] im] lg\gk Yk! Y\ima]jYf dY [gf\a[a f \] n][afgk Yk!$ q k]Yf j][gfg[a\gk hgj ]d gljg& DY af^gjeY[a f q dY ]fk]% YfrY kgf dY ZYk] hjaf[ahYd \] dY ]kljYl]_aY$ Ymfim] fg ]kl~f \]k[YjlY\Yk l~[la[Yk \] [gjj][[a f \] af^jY[[agf]k q \] [gf\m[lYk ljYfk_j]kgjYk$ ka k] hjg\m[]f& =d hYh]d \]d hgda[ Y ka_m] ka]f\g [dYjYe]fl] ]d \] Y_]fl] \] dY Ymlgja\Y\ q ]k j][gfg[a\g [geg lYd3 h]jg$ Y\]e~k$ ]k ]d j]^]j]fl] \] dY [gemfa\Y\ hYjY [gfk]_maj kgdm[agf]k Yfl] kmk hjgZd]eYk \] [gfnan]f[aY& Dgk Yk! Y_]fl]k hm]\]f _]klagfYj hjgZd]eYk \] ]k[gdYjarY[a f$ af^gjeY[a f q Y[[]kg Y k]jna[agk3 h]jg lYeZa f ]pa_]f j]khm]klYk Y dYk hYjl]k$ ]kh][aYde]fl] \] hYjla[ahY[a f ]f dY kmh]jY[a f \] dYk \aÕ[mdlY\]k q dgk hjgZd]eYk& <]khm k \] \gk Y gk \] afl]jn]f[a f \] dY M;G ]f dY hdYrY \] 9flgfag EY[`Y\g$ q [Ydd]k Y\qY[]f% l]k \]d ZYjjag \] dY KYdm\ \] :Y\YdgfY$ \]d lglYd \] )/. nana]f\Yk [YmkYfl]k \] hjg% Zd]eYk$ \aY_fgkla[Y\Yk Y hjaf[ahagk \] *((.$ Y afa[agk \] *((0 lYf k dg k] j]_akljY% ZYf k]ak ]f dYk im] k] k]_m Yf hjg\m[a]f\g kalmY[agf]k \] ^YdlY \] [gfnan]f[aY [gf ]d j]klg \] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!& =f dY Y[lmYda\Y\$ dY Mfa\Y\ ka_m] ljYlYf\g dgk hjgZd]eYk \] [gfnan]f[aY ]f gljgk ZYjjagk \] dY [am\Y\$ [gfÖa[lgk ]f _]f]jYd hjg\m[a\gk hgj [YmkYk \a^]j]fl]k Y dYk Yim e]f[agfY\Yk3 kaf ]eZYj_g$ dY e]lg\gdg_ Y \] ljYZYbg ka_m] ka]f\g dY eakeY& DY Hgda[ Y Dg[Yd \] :Y\YdgfY [m]flY$ Y\]e~k$ [gf gljYk mfa\Y\]k l]jjalgjaYd]k \]\a% [Y\Yk Yd ljYlYea]flg ]kh][ Õ[g \] hjgZd]eYk$ [geg dY Mfa\Y\ \]d ;anakeg M;A!$ dY Mfa\Y\ \] E]j[Y\gk q RgfYk ;ge]j[aYd]k ME=! q \]kYjjgddY hjg_jYeYk [gf dY eakeY e]lg\gdg_ Y \aja_a\gk `Y[aY \a^]j]fl]k hjgZd]eYk [geg ~eZalg ]k[gdYj$ nagd]f[aY \ge kla[Y$ af\ak[ahdafY naYjaY q hjgZd]eYk \] dY l]j[]jY ]\Y\$ ]flj] gljYk l]e~la[Yk&

1.

,&+ D9K GJ?9FAR9;AGF=K KG;A9D=K Q ;GEMFAL9JA9K EYjl f Lgjj]k Kg[a dg_g Hjg_jYeY \] K]_mja\Y\ MjZYfY Mfan]jka\Y\ 9dZ]jlg @mjlY\g KYflaY_g \] ;`ad] DY afl]jY[[a f hjg\m[a\Y ]flj] dgk \aklaflgk Y[lgj]k \] dY [am\Y\ [YjY[l]jarY dYk ^gjeYk \] [g`]ka f kg[aYd im] ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g ]k [YhYr \] hjg\m[aj& =f ]kl] hjg% []kg$ dY [gemfa\Y\ %j]hj]k]flY\Y hgj dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk% bm]_Y mf jgd ^mf\Ye]flYd& <a[`g jgd k] `Y ljYfk^gjeY\g Y dg dYj_g \]d la]ehg& =f [gehYjY[a f [gf gljgk ege]flgk `akl ja[gk$ ]f dY Y[lmYda\Y\ ]pakl]f j]dY[agf]k kg[aYd]k \an]jkaÕ[Y\Yk q YehdaYk ]f ]d k]fg [gemfalYjag$ dg [mYd e]jeY dY hjg^mf\a\Y\ q j]kakl]f[aY \] ]kgk f]pgk& Kaf ]eZYj_g$ ]kY eakeY \an]jka\Y\ _]f]jY fm]ngk ]khY[agk \] gj_YfarY[a f kg[aYd$ dgk [mYd]k \]Z]f k]j [gfka\]jY\gk hYjY dY \]Õfa[a f \]d jgd \] dY [gemfa\Y\ ]f dY [gfkljm[[a f \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk gja]flY\gk Y hgl]f[aYj dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd& DY gj_YfarY[a f kg[aYd q [gemfalYjaY q ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g `Yf \]Za\g ]f^j]flYj \an]jkYk ljYfk^gjeY[agf]k$ lYflg Y fan]d \] k]fla\g [geg \]k\] ]d jgd im] d]k `Y ka\g glgj_Y\g ]& af[dmkg$ \] dY ^gjeY ]f im] k] eYl]jaYdarYf ]f dY j]Yda\Y\& DY jY\a[YdarY% [a f \] dgk hjg[]kgk \] af\ana\mYdarY[a f [gfl]ehgj~f]gk$ hgj gljY hYjl]$ `Y e]j% eY\g dY hgl]f[aY q ka_faÕ[Y[a f \] dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k [gemfalYjaYk ]f _]f]jYd& 9\]e~k$ É]d egnaea]flg eg\]jfg ]f dY hjae]jY ealY\ \]d ka_dg q dYk hgd la[Yk h Zda[Yk ]f dY k]_mf\Y ealY\ `Yf [gf^a_mjY\g mf mjZYfakeg im] k] `Y [gf^mf% \a\g [gf dY nana]f\Y q [gf dYk gZjYk h Zda[Yk n Yk$ hm]fl]k$ Y[[]kgk3 ]k \][aj$ [gemfa[Y[agf]k!& =d `Y[]j [am\Y\ [geg hjg\m[lg afl]_jYd ] afl]_jY\gj im]\ gdna\Y\g q [gf ]ddg ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g& G hgj dg e]fgk j]d]_Y\g Y mf jgd k][mf\Y% jagÊ :gjbY$ )1102 )-!& =k \][aj$ ima]f]k hgkaZadalYf dY _]f]jY[a f \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk lYflg ]d =klY\g [geg dgk gj_Yfakegk hjanY\gk! dg `Y[]f \] eYf]jY eYj_afYd %g [gdYl]jYd% Y dY [gfkljm[[a f \] \a^]j]fl]k gZjYk h Zda[Yk g hjanY\Yk& =ddg hj][YjarY$ Ymf e~k$ dY j]dY[a f hgkaZd] ]flj] dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk q ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g& =f ]klY eakeY \aj][[a f$ dY gj_YfarY[a f kg[aYd q [gemfalYjaY Y[lmYd ]kl~ [gehm]klY hgj j]dY[agf]k kg[aYd]k e dlahd]k q YehdaYk$ dg [mYd hjgng[Y mf \]ZadalYea]flg \] ]ddYk eakeYk& =k hgj ]klg im] [gf[]hlgk [geg Ëjgehaea]flg \]d l]ba\g kg[aYdÌ g Ë[jakak \] dY [g`]ka f kg[aYdÌ$ `Yf lgeY\g ^m]jrY ]f ]d dlaeg la]ehg :gjbY$ *((+!& Kaf ]eZYj_g$ ]k f][]kYjag gZk]jnYj ]klY [jakak \] dY kg[a]\Y\ mjZYfY [geg mfY ghgjlmfa\Y\$ dg im] h]jealaj Y [gfka\]jYj ]kl] hjg[]kg [geg mfY afklYf[aY \] [gf% kgda\Y[a f \] mfY fm]nY ^gjeY \] \]kYjjgddYj dYk j]dY[agf]k kg[aYd]k& =f ]kl] k]f%

1/

la\g$ ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g kmj_] [geg Yim]d dm_Yj [ge f$ \] lg\Yk dYk h]jkgfYk$ ]f \gf\] [j][] q k] fmlj] dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd& DY j]nYdgjarY[a f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g jY\a[Y$ hj][akYe]fl]$ ]f kgdm[agfYj ]klY ^jY% _ada\Y\ \]d l]ba\g kg[aYd2 É=d ]khY[ag h Zda[g lYeZa f la]f] mfY \ae]fka f kg[ag% [mdlmjYd& =k mf dm_Yj \] j]dY[a f q \] a\]flaÕ[Y[a f$ \] [gflY[lg ]flj] dYk _]fl]k$ \] YfaeY[a f mjZYfY$ Y n][]k \] ]phj]ka f [gemfalYjaY& DY \af~ea[Y hjghaY \] dY [am\Y\ q dgk [gehgjlYea]flgk \] kmk _]fl]k hm]\]f [j]Yj ]khY[agk h Zda[gk im] bmj \a[Ye]fl] fg dg kgf$ g im] fg ]klYZYf hj]naklgk [geg lYd]k$ YZa]jlgk g []jjY% \gk$ \] hYkg g Y dgk im] `Yq im] ajÊ :gjbY$ )1102 )-!& DYk h]jkgfYk$ dgk n][afgk q n][afYk ]f mf \]l]jeafY\g l]jjalgjag$ `Y[]f [gemfa\Y\ \] mfY ^gjeY g \] gljY$ mkYf dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk \akhgfaZd]k q ]k f][]kYjag im] ]paklYf dYk afklYf[aYk g eYj[gk ]f \gf\] dY hYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY k] \]kYjjgdd] q kmkl]fl]&

HYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY DY hYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY \]Z] k]j af[]flanY\Y ]f kmk e~k YehdaYk ^gjemdY[ag% f]k$ af[dmq]f\g Y _jmhgk im] ljY\a[agfYde]fl] `Yf ]klY\g ^m]jY \]d ~eZalg \] ljY% ZYbg [gemfalYjag& =f ]kl] k]fla\g$ dY \an]jka\Y\ \] _jmhgk g ea[jg%[gemfa\Y\]k \]fljg \] mfY [gemfa\Y\ \]Z] k]j hgl]f[aY\Y q hYjY ]ddg ]k f][]kYjag af[dmajdgk ]f ]d ljYZYbg [gemfalYjag [gla\aYfg& =k [dYn] _]f]jYj ]kljYl]_aYk im] h]jealYf dY [YhY[alY[a f fg k dg \] d \]j]k [gemfalYjagk kafg lYeZa f \] n][afgk q n][afYk im] fgjeYde]fl] ]kl~f ^m]jY \]d ~eZalg \aja_]f[aYd3 Yk [ge]frYj~ Y k]j \]kYjjg% ddY\Y mfY [gemfa\Y\ ]ehg\]jY\Y q$ [gf ]ddg$ ]kl] ljYZYbg \]bY \] k]j Ykakl]f[aY% daklY2 dY [gemfa\Y\ ]ehg\]jY\Y k] [gfna]jl] ]f mf Y[lgj af^gjeY\g$ hjgY[lang q j]khgfkYZd] \]d ljYZYbg hgkaZd] \] j]YdarYj& HjgZYZd]e]fl]$ ]f ]d ljYZYbg \aj][lg [gf gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk kmj_aj~f a\]Yk q k]flaea]flgk \] YflY g$ \] [mYf\g dY gj_YfarY[a f kg[aYd q [gem% falYjaY ]jY hgl]fl] q ]klYZY da_Y\Y ]klj][`Ye]fl] Y mfY \g[ljafY g Y mf hYjla\g hgd la[g& ;YjY[l]jarY\Yk hgj k]j YdlYe]fl] j]hj]k]flYlanYk \] dY hgZdY[a f$ ]f mf \]l]jeafY\g l]jjalgjag$ kmk gZb]langk ^mf\Ye]flYd]k ^m]jgf dd]_Yj Y k]j gj_Yfak% egk ^gjeY\gj]k \] [am\Y\Yfgk$ Y\]e~k \] j]hj]k]flYj kmk \]eYf\Yk [gd][lanYk& 9kaeakeg$ Ydd dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] dY [gemfa\Y\ ]jY [gla\aYfY$ hgj dg [mYd dYk Y[lmY% d]k hjgZd]e~la[Yk kgZj] dY [gfng[YlgjaY q hYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY fg ]pakl Yf [geg mf \]kY^ g ]f k eakeg& <] ]klY gj_YfarY[a f kg[aYd q [gemfalYjaY \] YflY g kmj_]f \an]jkgk ealgk im] afÖmq]f ]f dY ^gjeY ]f im] dYk afklalm[agf]k m gj_Yfakegk h Zda[gk k] j]dY[agfYf [gf dY gj_YfarY[a f kg[aYd q [gemfalYjaY Y[lmYd& Hgj ]ddg$ ]f hjae]j dm_Yj$ \]Z]egk jgeh]j [gf ]klY ealaÕ[Y[a f \] dY gj_YfarY[a f kg[aYd q [gemfalYjaY$ hYjY hg\]j gZk]jnYjdY ]f ]d [gfl]plg q [gf dYk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk im] dY \]Õf]f `gq& =f ]kl] k]f% la\g q hYjY Yd_mfgk afn]kla_Y\gj]k$ \]k\] Õf]k \] dgk ¢/( ]kl~ ]f [mjkg mf egna% ea]flg kg[aYd im] hj]k]flY mfY fm]nY ^gjeY \] \]kYjjgddYj gj_YfarY[agf]k q \]

10

_]f]jYj hYjla[ahY[a f$ dY im] \]fgeafYf ËYkg[aYlanakegÌ& =kl] egnaea]flg Éima]% ZjY [gf dYk ljY\a[agfYd]k ^gjeYk \] dY gj_YfarY[a f q hYjla[ahY[a f kg[aYd na_]f% l]k `YklY dY \ [Y\Yk \] dgk ¢/(2 Yim]ddYk ZYkY\Yk ]f afklalm[agf]k b]jYjimarY\Yk q ]kljm[lmjY\Yk ]f lgjfg Y gZb]langk _]f]jYde]fl] emq Yehdagk$ [gf jalmYd]k ]klja[% lgk \] af[gjhgjY[a f q j][`Yrg& DY fm]nY ^gjeY \] gj_YfarY[a f$ hgj ]d [gfljYjag hjgem]n] j]dY[agf]k `gjargflYd]k$ Ö]paZd]k$ ]flj] h]jkgfYk im] ha]fkYf _dgZYd% e]fl] q im] Y[lmYf \] eYf]jY [gd][lanY ]f ]d ~eZalg dg[Yd À!Ê Gna]\g q 9Zg_YZaj$ *(((2 *(!& DY hYjla[ahY[a f \] dYk \an]jkYk gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk hm]\] k]j \]d e~k Yehdag lahg$ hgj dg [mYd ]k hj][akg _]f]jYj e]lg\gdg_ Yk \] ljYZYbg [gf% bmflYk$ nYda\Y\Yk q d]_alaeY\Yk hgj dY [gemfa\Y\& ;mYf\g ]d ljYZYbg ljYlY kgZj] mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ ]d afngdm[jYea]flg \] dY [gemfa\Y\ %]f kmk \a^]j]fl]k ]phj]% kagf]k2 hYjla[ahY[a f \aj][lY$ [gjj]khgfkYZada\Y\$ Õk[YdarY[a f q egfalgj]g ]f dYk \a^]j]fl]k ]lYhYk \]d hjgq][lg g afl]jn]f[a f% _]f]jY mf k]flaea]flg \] h]jl]f]f% [aY [gf ]d ]khY[ag$ im] h]jeal] eYqgj kmkl]flYZada\Y\ Y km Zm]f mkg& ;YZ] \]klY[Yj im] ]d [gf[]hlg \] [am\Y\Yf Y k] `Y eg\aÕ[Y\g Y ljYn k \] dgk Y gk$ q im] dgk \]j][`gk [gfklalm[agfYd]k q [am\Y\Yfgk qY `Yf ka\g ^mf\Ye]flY\gk$ Ymfim] kaf ]eZYj_g `gq dY hj]g[mhY[a f [dYn] \]Z] k]j _YjYflarYjdgk$ hYjY im] k] ljY\mr[Yf ]f hj~[la[Yk [am\Y\YfYk im] h]jealYf hgl]f[aYj hjaf[ahYde]fl] ]d \]kYjjgddg dg[Yd K]jjYfg$ )11/!&

·; eg hg\]egk af[]flanYj dY hYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY7 HYjY dg_jYj ]kl] gZb]lang ]k f][]kYjag$ hjae]jg$ [gflYj [gf dY \akhgka[a f ] afl]j k \]d _gZa]jfg dg[Yd emfa[ahag$ YqmflYea]flg$ Yd[Yd\ Y! hgjim] ÉdY hYjla[ahY[a f [am% \Y\YfY \]h]f\] ]f _jYf e]\a\Y \] dY ngdmflY\ hgd la[Y \]d _gZa]jfg dg[Yd$ \] km ]kladg \] j]dY[a f [gf dY hgZdY[a f$ \] dgk afkljme]flgk fgjeYlangk$ af^gjeYlangk q \] [ggh]jY[a f À!&Ê :gjbY$ *((+2 +*,! q$ k]_mf\g$ ]k [dYn] \]kYjjgddYj ]kljYl]_aYk im] _]f]j]f dgk eYj[gk q e][Yfakegk h]jlaf]fl]k Y ]kl] gZb]lang& =kljYl]_aYk im] h]jeal]f ] af[]flanYf dY hYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY)

)

J]_dYe]flgk \] hYjla[ahY[a f$ gÕ[afYk \] af^gjeY[a f$ jY\ag q l]d]naka f dg[Yd]k& 9hgqg Y dYk Ykg[aY[agf]k [am\Y\YfYk q hYjl]fYjaY\gk& ;gfk]bgk \] hYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY& HdYf]k g hjg_jYeYk q hj]kmhm]klgk& Afkljme]flgk \] \]eg[jY[aY \aj][lY& Afkljme]flgk \] hYjla[ahY[a f af\ana\mYd& E]\aY[a f q hj]k]f[aY \] mf geZm\keYf \]^]fkgj \]d hm]Zdg!&

>m]fl]2 :gjbY$ *((+2 +*,%+*.

11

HYjY ]d =klY\g$ dY hYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY ]k ^mf\Ye]flYd$ qY im] ]k mfY n Y `Y[aY ]d \]kYjjgddg kg[aYd2 ]k mf eglgj im] h]jeal] ]d \]kYjjgddg kg[aYd$ _]f]jYf\g ]khY% [agk g afklYf[aYk \] [ggh]jY[a f ]flj] [am\Y\Yf Y q =klY\g$ eglanY Y dYk h]jkgfYk$ dYk ka_faÕ[Y [geg Y_]fl]k j]d]nYfl]k q _]f]jY [YhY[a\Y\ hj~[la[Y ]f dY kgdm[a f \] hjgZd]eYk [gf[j]lgk q [gehd]bgk im] hm]\Yf hj]k]flYjk] ]f mf \]l]jeafY\g l]jjalgjag @ajk[`eYf$ )10.!& =k aehgjlYfl] im] dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk hYjla[ah]f Y[la% nYe]fl] ]f dgk \an]jkgk hjg[]kgk im] hm]\Yf \]kYjjgddYjk] ]f mf l]jjalgjag& HjgY[lana\Y\ Kaf ]eZYj_g$ ]kY hYjla[ahY[a f %lYf Af[dmka f j]im]ja\Y hgj ]d =klY\g%$ \]Z] ]klYj J]khgfkYZada\Y\ hj]naYe]fl] \]Õfa\Y hgj dYk hjghaYk >d]paZada\Y\ gj_YfarY[agf]k& HYjY ]ddg$ ]k hj][akg H]jlaf]f[aY im] dYk hjghaYk gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k LjYfkhYj]f[aY q [gemfalYjaYk k] h]j[aZYf [geg Y[lg% Ghgjlmfa\Y\ j]k j]d]nYfl]k$ [gf mf jgd []fljYd ]f dY aehd]e]flY[a f \] hgd la[Yk g hjgq][% lgk& =klY \]Õfa[a f$ aehgjlY lYflg hgj [ eg \]kYjjgddYj~f km hYjla[ahY[a f ]f mf \]l]jeafY\g hjgq][lg g hgd la[Y$ [geg hgjim] [gfka\]jY dY `aklgjaY im] Yfl][]\] Y dY gj_YfarY[a f$ Yk [geg hgj km hjgq][[a f Y ^mlmjg& 9k hm]\]f afl]jh]dYj Y dgk gj_Yfakegk h Zda[gk q hjanY\gk \] eYf]jY e~k hgl]fl]$ Yqm\Yf\g Y \akeafmaj dY Ykae]lj Y \] hg\]j ]pakl]fl] ]f dY j]dY[a f ]flj] [gemfa\Y\$ =klY\g q gj_Yfakegk hjanY\gk& Hjaf[ahagk \] dY hYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY*2

; eg Y[]j[Yjk] Y dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk DYk \a^]j]fl]k ]kljYl]_aYk \] Y[]j[Yea]flg `Y[aY dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk ]kl~f gja]flY\Yk `Y[aY ]d ljYZYbg dg[Yd3 ]k \][aj$ kmhgf]f mfY dYZgj dg[YdarY\Y ]f mf l]jjalgjag \]l]jeafY\g& =f ]klY d _a[Y \] af[]flang \] dY hYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY ]k f][]kYjag nakmYdarYj im gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk ]pakl]f ]f mf l]jjalgjag& =f ]kl] hmflg ]k [dYn] gZk]jnYjdYk \]k\] h]jkh][lanYk \an]jkYk& 9d ege]flg \] ljYZYbYj [gf ]ddYk$ ]k hgkaZd] \]l][lYj \a^]j]f[aYk j]d]nYfl]k ]f dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk$ dYk im] ]pa_]f mf Y[]j[Yea]flg q mf \]kYjjgddg \] ljYZYbg \an]jka^a[Y\g hgj hYjl] \] dgk gj_Yfakegk h Zda[gk& =f ]kl] k]fla\g$ ]k ^Y[laZd] ]f[gfljYj \aklaflgk [jal]jagk im] h]jealYf a\]fla^a[Yj dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k q _jmhgk ]pakl]fl]k ]f mf l]jjalgjag$ qY k]Y k]_ f ]d gZb]% lang im] h]jka_m]f j][j]Ylang$ [mdlmjYd$ \]hgjlang$ hgd la[g$ ]l[&!$ km [gehgka[a f `geZj]k emb]j]k$ Yf[aYfgk$ b n]f]k$ ]l[&! g km ]kljm[lmjY n]jla[Yd$ `gjargflYd!$ ]flj] gljgk [jal]jagk& *

>m]fl]2 Gna]\g q 9Zg_YZaj$ *(((2 +)%+*

)((

=klYk \a^]j]f[aY[agf]k kgf aehgjlYfl]k$ qY im] h]jeal]f Y dgk gj_Yfakegk h Zda% [gk \]kYjjgddYj ]f^gim]k q ]kljYl]_aYk \] ljYZYbg \aklaflYk k]_ f ]d lahg \] gj_Y% farY[a f g _jmhg& MkmYde]fl] Yim]ddYk gj_YfarY[agf]k g _jmhgk e~k Yd]bY\gk \]d ~eZalg ljY\a[agfYd \] j]hj]k]flY[a f [gemfalYjaY la]f]f mfY eYqgj \aÕ[mdlY\ hYjY j]dY[agfYjk] [gf ]d _gZa]jfg dg[Yd q []fljYd ]$ af[dmkg$ [gf gljYk gj_YfarY[ag% f]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk e~k ^gjeYd]k& Hgj ]b]ehdg$ _]f]jYde]fl] dgk _jmhgk bmn]fad]k kgf \] [Yj~[l]j e~k `gjargflYd$ q fg la]f]f mf hj]ka\]fl] g mf k][j]lYjag q ka gZk]jnYegk Y dgk Yk! fa gk Yk! ]k hg[g hjgZYZd] n]j im] ]ddgk ]kl f Ëgj_YfarY\gk Yk!Ì& 9fl] ]ddg ]k f][]kYjag im] dgk gj_Y% fakegk h Zda[gk Ö]paZada[]f kmk ^gjeYk \] j]dY[agfYea]flg q [gfng[YlgjaY Y dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k g _jmhgk ]pakl]fl]k ]f mf l]jjalgjag& Af\]h]f\a]fl]e]fl] \] kmk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk$ km ]pakl]f[aY h]jeal] hgl]f[aYj \an]j% kYk ^gjeYk \] [YhalYd kg[aYd& Q$ ea]fljYk ]klYk gj_YfarY[agf]k g _jmhgk k]Yf e~k \]fkgk$ ]k e~k hjgZYZd] im] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! ]kl f \akhm]klgk ] afl]j]kY\gk ]f ljYZYbYj hgj ]d Za]f [ge f&

<aklaflgk hY k]k$ dm_Yj]k \aklaflgk2 gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk \an]jkYk =d [gfl]plg$ dY `aklgjaY q dYk [gf\a[agf]k Y[lmYd]k kgf \a^]j]fl]k ]f [Y\Y j]_a f$ hY k g [am\Y\$ q dYk hYjla[mdYja\Y\]k \] mf l]jjalgjag kgf dYk nYjaYZd]k im] \]Õf]f dY ]pakl]f[aY \] dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk q ]d \]kYjjgddg q mkg im] k] \Y Yd ]khY[ag h Zda[g& 9fl] ]ddg ]k f][]kYjag \a^]j]f[aYj Y dY gj_YfarY[a f [gemfalYjaY ]mjgh]Y \] dY dYlafgYe]ja[YfY& =f ]d [Ykg ]mjgh]g$ dY gj_YfarY[a f kg[aYd q [gemfalYjaY la]f] mf jgd hjglY_ fa[g ]f ]d \]kYjjgddg \] dYk \a^]j]fl]k hgd la[Yk q ]kljYl]_aYk hjgn]fa]fl]k lYflg \]d =klY\g [geg \]d ~eZalg hjanY\g& DY kg[a]\Y\ [anad [m]flY [gf ]d \]kYjjgddg \] mfY [mdlmjY [am\Y\YfY e~k hjg^mf\Y$ im] d] h]jeal] hgka[agfYjk] [geg Y_]fl] [dYn] [gf eYqgj ^Y[ada\Y\& LYflg dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k h Zda[Yk [geg dYk hjanY\Yk dg_jYf \]kYjjgddYj e]lg\gdg_ Yk \] ljYZYbg e~k ]klYZd]k q ^jm[l ^]jYk [gf dY [gemfa\Y\3 ]k \][aj$ ]pakl] mfY eYqgj Ë[gklmeZj]Ì ]f dY j]dY[a f im] ]flYZdYf dYk \a^]j]fl]k gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk [gf dgk \an]jkgk gj_Yfakegk h Zda[gk q hjanY\gk& Dgk Y[lgj]k Y[l Yf [geg [gd][lgj]k \] afklYf[aYk \]d l]jjalgjag$ \]kYjjgddYf\g dY [YhY[a\Y\ \] egnadarYj dY Yl]f[a f h Zda[Y q \] hjgegn]j ]d afl]j k \] dgk ]fl]k h Zda[gk kgZj] dYk ljYfk^gjeY[agf]k \]d l]jjalgjag& @gq dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aY% d]k \aja_]f eYqgj Yl]f[a f Y dYk l]e~la[Yk af`]j]fl]k Yd Za]f]klYj q Y dY [Yda\Y\ \] na\Y \] dYk [am\Y\]k q$ \]k\] ]kl] hmflg \] naklY$ afl]j[]hlYf mf afl]j k \] dYk [gemfa\Y\]k hYjY ]d \]kYjjgddg dg[Yd \] dgk l]jjalgjagk q \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk EY_fY_`a$ *(((!&

)()

H]jg ]pakl]f Yd_mfYk [jala[a\Y\]k& Kaf Za]f mfY \] kmk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk ]k dY [YhY% [a\Y\ \] afngdm[jYj Yehdagk ]kljYlgk \] hgZdY[a f$ kgZj]lg\g ]f ege]flgk [j % la[gk q kgZj] Yd_mfYk l]e~la[Yk emq k]fla\Yk ]f dY ghafa f hmZda[Y3 Yd eakeg la]ehg [`g[Yf [gf dY \a^a[mdlY\ \] \]kYjjgddYj mfY hYjla[ahY[a f e~k [gflafmY2 em[`Yk n][]k `Yq \a^a[mdlY\]k ]f afngdm[jYj \] eYf]jY ]klYZd] Y dgk \a^]j]f% l]k kmb]lgk$ ]f hYjla[mdYj Yim]ddgk \] dgk ]kljYlgk e]\ag%ZYbgk \] dY hgZdY[a f& DY Y\`]ka f q hYjla[ahY[a f ]f dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k ]kl~ daealY\Y Y mfY eafgj Y \] kmb]lgk h]jl]f][a]fl]k Y _jmhgk kg[aYd]k `geg_ f]gk& =f ]d [gfl]plg dYlafgYe]ja[Yfg$ dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk kgf \af~ea[Yk$ h]jg e]fgk ]ph]jae]flY\Yk im] dYk ]mjgh]Yk& DY ]e]j_]f[aY \] dgk j]_ e]f]k eadalYj]k ]f \an]jkgk hY k]k \] DYlafgYe ja[Y \ [Y\Y \] dgk ¢/(!$ ka_fa^a[ mfY kakl]e~la[Y \]kYhYja[a f \] dY kg[a]\Y\ [anad$ ]phj]kY\Y Yfl]k ]f mfY \an]jka\Y\ \] gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk& =d hjg^mf\g kad]f[aY% ea]flg \] dY [am\Y\Yf Y dYlafgYe]ja[YfY ka_fa^a[ mfY h j\a\Y \] dY [mdlmjY [am% \Y\YfY q$ hgj ]f\]$ ]d jgd \] dY [gemfa\Y\ im]\ j]\m[a\g& =f ]klYk [gf\a[agf]k e~k hj][YjaYk ]f[gfljYegk mf ~eZalg \gf\] dY [gemfa\Y\ gj_YfarY\Y dgk Ëkaf nana]f\YÌ$ Ëkaf ]\m[Y[a fÌ$ ]l[&! hm\g k]_maj$ h]k] Yd [gfl]plg _]f]jY\g hgj dYk \a[lY\mjYk& Hj][akYe]fl] ]d YZYf\gfg$ g dY Ymk]f[aY$ \]d =klY\g ]f hjgZd]e~la[Yk kg[aYd]k \] kmZkakl]f[aY$ `arg f][]kYjag im] dY [gemfa\Y\ k] gj_YfarYjY$ g [gflafmYjY gj_YfarY\Y$ hYjY dg_jYj kYlak^Y[]j ]f dY e]\a\Y \] dg hgkaZd]! Yd_mfYk f][]ka\Y% \]k eYl]jaYd]k Z~ka[Yk ]f dY hgZdY[a f Ydae]flY[a f2 gddYk [gemf]k3 nana]f\Y2 lgeYk \] l]jj]fgk$ ]flj] gljgk!& =klY gja]flY[a f hm]\] k]j gZk]jnY\Y ]f \a^]% j]fl]k h]jag\gk ]$ af[dmkg$ ]f ]d hj]k]fl] qY im] j]kakl]f gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aY% d]k \] ]kl] lahg& =kl] eakeg [Yj~[l]j hj][Yjag \] dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k ]pakl]fl]k Çq$ hgj dg eakeg$ \]d l]jjalgjag% hj]k]flY gljg hjgZd]eY2 ]d [da]fl]dakeg ]flj] _gZa]jfgk dg[Yd]k g []fljYd]k q dY [gemfa\Y\$ im] aehda[Y mf af[]flang h]jn]jkg Yd \]kYjjgddg kg[aYd \] dY [gemfa\Y\& <]kYjjgddY\g hj]^]j]fl]e]fl] ]f dg[Yda\Y\]k emq hgZj]k$ hj]% [YjarY Y dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk& Af[dmkg dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k g ljYZYbgk im] hj]k]flYf [YjY[l]j kla[Yk \] Ykakl]f[aYdakeg$ hm]\]f aj kg[YnYf\g dY [gf^aYfrY q ]d \afYeakeg \] dY [gemfa\Y\ ]f mf \]l]jeafY\g l]jjalgjag& =f ]klgk [Ykgk$ ]d \]kY^ g \] dY [gemfa\Y\ hm]\] k]j `Y[]j ^j]fl] Y ]klgk af[]f% langk h]jn]jkgk$ ^gjlYd][a]f\g ]d [Yj~[l]j [gemfalYjag q gj_YfarY\g E]jcd]f$ )11/!& DY a\]fla\Y\$ dY [gf^aYfrY q ]d [gehjgeakg [gemfalYjagk kgf ]k]f[aYd]k ]f dY j]kakl]f[aY \] dYk [gemfa\Y\]k ËhgZj]kÌ$ Yfl] dY eYfahmdY[a f q dY [gghlY% [a f \] dgk _gZa]jfgk m gj_Yfakegk$ lYflg \]d k][lgj h Zda[g [geg \]d hjanY\g&

)(*

;gf[]hlgk [dYn]k$ e]bgj]k ]kljYl]_aYk$ ]ph]ja]f[aYk j]d]nYfl]k =d \]kYjjgddg \] hjgq][lgk g hgd la[Yk \] [Yj~[l]j mjZYfg ]f dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk \] mf \]l]jeafY\g l]jjalgjag$ ]pa_] dY [j]Y[a f q Yhda[Y[a f \] fm]ngk [gf[]hlgk$ im] h]jealYf [gf[j]larYj dgk gZb]langk ] afl]f[agf]k ]f ]kljYl]_aYk q Y[[agf]k& Mfg \] ]kgk [gf[]hlgk [dYn]k ]k ]d ]ehg\]jYea]flg \] dY [gemfa\Y\& HdYfl]Y dY f][]ka\Y\ \] j]nYdgjarYj ]d jgd \]d Y_]fl] [gemfalYjag [geg ^mf\Ye]flYd ]f lg\Yk dYk ]lYhYk Y \]kYjjgddYj ]f dY aehd]e]flY[a f \] mfY \]l]jeafY\Y hgd la[Y$ hjg% _jYeY$ hdYf g ]kljYl]_aY& <]k\] dY a\]flaÕ[Y[a f \] dY hjgZd]e~la[Y$ hYkYf\g hgj ]d \aY_f kla[g$ dY k]d][[a f \] dY ]kljYl]_aY q km aehd]e]flY[a f$ `YklY dY ]nYdmY[a f q ]d k]_maea]flg& HYjY dg_jYj im] dY [gemfa\Y\ ]kl hj]k]fl] ]f lg\Yk ]klYk ]lYhYk [geg mf Y[lgj j]d]nYfl] im] \][a\] q im] lYeZa f ]k j]khgfkYZd]$ ]k f][]kYjag [YhY[alYjdY q glgj_Yjd] eYqgj Ymlgfge Y& =f ]kl] k]fla\g$ ]d ]ehg\]jYea]flg ]k mf [gf[]hlg im] YhmflY Y ^gjeYj mfY [gemfa\Y\ af^gjeY\Y$ j]khgfkYZd]$ [gf eYqgj]k j][mjkgk `meYfgk q ][gf ea[gk! q$ hgj dg eakeg$ e~k Yml fgeY& Mf Zm]fY ]ph]ja]f[aY kgZj] [ eg ]d _gZa]jfg dg[Yd nY afklYdYf\g [geh]l]f[aYk ]f dY [gemfa\Y\$ [gf ]d gZb]lang \] im] klY k]Y hYjl [ah] \] dgk hjg[]kgk \]kYjjgddY% \gk ]f km l]jjalgjag$ ]k dY \]kYjjgddY\Y ]f J][a^]$ :jYkad n]j j][mY\jg ka_ma]fl]!& 9dd ]kl~ ]f [mjkg dY afa[aYlanY ?]kla f \] Hjgq][lgk q ;YhY[alY[a f hYjY mf 9eZa]fl] K]_mjg q KYdm\YZd]$ [gfkakl]fl] ]f _]f]jYj Y[[agf]k \] Yjla[mdY[a f$ ^gjeY[a f q [YhY[alY[a f \] n][afgk q n][afYk$ hYjY im] k] ljYfk^gje]f ]f Y_]fl]k kg[aYd]k& :mk[Y \]kYjjgddYj mf e]bgjYea]flg \]d ]khY[ag mjZYfg [gf dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] dY [gemfa\Y\$ dg im] dY af[]flanY Y dY YhjghaY[a f \]d ]khY[ag q d] \Y mfY eYqgj kmk% l]flYZada\Y\ Yd hjgq][lg&

J][mY\jg )* J][a^]$ :jYkad Hjgq][lg ]f ]d :Yjjag ;YfYd BY[Yj]raf`g ?]kla f q ^gjeY[a f \] b n]f]k hYjY mf YeZa]fl] kYdm\YZd] q k]_mjg >j]fl] Y dYk [gf\a[agf]k kg[aYd]k q YeZa]flYd]k Y\n]jkYk2 ·^gjeYj Y dgk Yk! b n]f]k [geg Y_]fl]k kg[aYd]k [YeZaYj~ ]d ^mlmjg \]d ZYjjag7 Dm_Yj Y afl]jn]faj q gZb]lang =d ZYjjag \]d ;YfYd BY[Yj]raf`g ]kl~ ]f dY [m]f[Y \]d Jag :]Z]jaZ] ]f dY J]_a f E]ljghgdalYfY \] J][a^]& DY _jYf eYqgj Y \] kmk `YZalYfl]k ljYZYbY ]f ]ehd]gk af^gjeYd]k$ hj][Yjagk q \] ZYbY [YdaÕ[Y[a f$ qY k]Y [geg ljYZYbY\gjYk \ge kla[Yk m gZj]jgk \] dY [gfkljm[[a f& A_mYde]fl] ]pakl] mf Ydlg fme]jg \] \]k]ehd]Y\gk Yk!$ mf ZYbg fan]d ]\m[Y[agfYd +- \] dgk Yk! b]^]k Yk! \] `g_Yj hgk]]f k dg lj]k Y gk \] ]klm\agk!& =k mf ~j]Y \] YdlY ]p[dmka f kg[aYd$ h]jkakl]f[aY [j fa[Y \] [gf\a[agf]k \] hgZj]rY q ZYbYk hgkaZada\Y\]k \] afk]j[a f ]f dY [am\Y\ ^gjeYd&

)(+

=d hjaf[ahYd gZb]lang \] ]kl] hjgq][lg ^m] hj]n]faj dY nagd]f[aY ]f ]d ZYjjag$ Ykg[aY\Y Y dY ]p[dmka f q Y dY \]ka_mYd\Y\ kg[aYd$ _jY[aYk Y dY [gfkljm[[a f \] mf ]khY[ag ^ ka[g gj_YfarY\g q kmkl]flYZd] \]k\] ]d hmflg \] naklY kg[aYd q YeZa]flYd&

E]lg\gdg_ Y \] ljYZYbg =d hjgq][lg Yhmfl Y hgl]f[aYj Y[[agf]k \] Yjla[mdY[a f$ ^gjeY[a f q [YhY[alY[a f \] Y_]fl]k q Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k im] Y[l Yf ]f ]d ZYjjag& Hjghmkg \Yj mfY naka f afl]_jYd q ljYfkn]jkYd im] Y[l ] ljYfk^gjeYf\g ]d ]khY[ag mjZYfg$ qY k]Y e]bgjYf\g km af^jY]kljm[lmjY g ]f ljYZYbgk kg[aYd]k \] hjgeg[a f q YhjghaY[a f \] ]kl] ]khY[ag mjZYfg hgj hYjl] \] dY hgZdY[a f&

AehY[lg ' =^][lg \]k]Y\g ;geg [gfk][m]f[aY \] ]kl] hjg[]kg k] ]kh]jY _YjYflarYj ]d ljYZYbg$ dY ]\m[Y[a f$ ]d \]hgjl]$ dY hj]k]jnY[a f YeZa]flYd$ dY hjgeg[a f \] kYdm\ q dY [gf[a]f[aY [am\Y\YfY \] mfY _]kla f hYjla[ahYlanY&

Mf k]_mf\g [gf[]hlg im] `Y lgeY\g ^m]jrY ]f dYk dlaeYk \ [Y\Yk ]k dY af[dmka f \] fm]ngk _jmhgk kg[aYd]k& J]^]j]fl] Y dgk Y[lgj]k \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ afl]_jYj Y fm]ngk _jmhgk$ [gd][lana\Y\]k q gj_YfarY[agf]k hj]k]fl]k ]f mf \]l]jeafY\g l]jjalgjag ]k ]k]f[aYd& =klgk _jmhgk Ëfm]ngkÌ %emb]j]k$ fa gk Yk!$ Yf[aYfgk Yk!$ afea_jYfl]k$ eYj_afYd]k% ]jYf afnakaZd]k hYjY ]d =klY\g q ]d e]j[Y\g q$ ]f \a^]j]fl]k ~eZalgk q ^Y[]lYk$ fg ]jYf lgeY\gk ]f [m]flY [geg Y[lgj]k j]d]nYfl]k$ [gf `aklgjaY$ nakagf]k ] afl]j]k]k \aklaflgk& Lg\Yk dYk h]jkgfYk im] `YZalYf ]f mf \]l]jeafY\g l]jjalgjag q lYeZa f Yim]ddYk im] fg f][]kYjaYe]fl] j]ka\]f ]f d!$ dg [gfkljmq]f q d] YljaZmq]f ka_faÕ% [Y\gk& Dgk _jmhgk g [gd][lana\Y\]k ^gjeY\Yk q ljYfk^gjeY\Yk ]f ]k] l]jjalgjag kgf Y[lgj]k j]d]nYfl]k$ qY im] nYf [gfkljmq]f\g q ka_faÕ[Yf\g ]k] dm_Yj im] hm]\] k]j mf ZYjjag$ mfY [mY\jY$ mf hYjim]$ ]l[& ;geg ^m] \a[`g$ dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd k] \]kYjjgddY hj]^]j]fl]e]fl] ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ hgj dg im] j]k[YlYj dYk nakagf]k$ f][]ka\Y\]k ] afl]j]k]k \] ËgljgkÌ _jmhgk

)(,

]pakl]fl]k ]f mf \]l]jeafY\g l]jjalgjag Yqm\Y Y j][gehgf]j g ^gjlYd][]j ]d l]ba\g kg[aYd& =k [dYn] af[dmaj fg k dg Yd _jmhg \aja_]f[aYd hj]k]fl] ]f mf \]l]jeafY\g l]jjalgjag$ kafg [gfng[Yj Y gljgk Y_]fl]k im] j]hjg\mr[Yf dgk [gfg[aea]flgk ]f k][lgj]k e~k Yd]bY\gk \]d _jmhg \] \aja_]fl]k kg[aYd]k& =d \]kY^ g ]k dY af[dmka f \] _jmhgk im] ljY\a[agfYde]fl] fg `Yf ka\g [gfka\]jY\gk b n]f]k$ Y\mdlgk eYqgj]k$ fa gk$ afea_jYfl]k!& Em[`gk \] ]ddgk fg ]kl~f gj_YfarY\gk \] ^gjeY ljY\a[agfYd$ hgj dg im] ]pakl]f \aÕ[mdlY\]k hYjY ]flYZdYj j]dY[a f ]flj] ]d YhYjYlg h Zda[g q ]klgk fm]ngk _jmhgk m gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk& Af[dmkg hg\]egk [gfka\]jYj im] dY hjghaY ]pakl]f[aY \] _jmhgk gj_YfarY\gk ]k mf gZkl~[mdg hYjY hg\]j af[dmaj$ hgj ]b]ehdg Y dgk Yk! fa gk Yk! im] fg dg ]kl~f& =f ]k] [Ykg$ dYk afkla% lm[agf]k h Zda[Yk \]Z]f Ö]paZadarYj q Y\YhlYj kmk [YfYd]k \] [gemfa[Y[a f hYjY [gfng[Yj q [gfka\]jYj dYk nakagf]k$ j]Ö]pagf]k q ka_faÕ[Y\gk im] mf \]l]jeafY\g _jmhg hm]\Y hj]k]flYj& =f j]dY[a f Y dY af[dmka f \] dgk Yk! fa gk Yk! ]f hjgq][lgk \] e]bgjYea]flg mjZYfg hg\]egk e]f[agfYj ]d hjgq][lg \] j][mh]jY[a f mjZYfY \]d HYjim] \]d NYd]flafg$ \] Lgjafg$ AlYdaY n]j j][mY\jg ka_ma]fl]!& =f ]kl] [Ykg$ ]d 9qmflYea]flg \][a\a \]kYjjgddYj ]d hdYf \] j][mh]jY[a f \]d hYjim] af[dmq]f\g Y dY [gemfa\Y\$ ]kh][aYde]fl] Y dgk Yk! fa gk Yk! \] ]k] k][lgj$ ima]f]k ]flj]_Yjgf a\]Yk [gf[j]lYk q hjgq][lYjgf [ eg \]Z Y e]bgjYjk] ]kl] aehgjlYfl] ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ _jY[aYk Y mf afl]fkg ljYZYbg [gfbmflg [gf dgk Yk! Yjimal][lgk j]k% hgfkYZd]k \]d hjgq][lg&

J][mY\jg )+ Lgjafg$ AlYdaY Hjgq][lg \] mf 9j]Y \] Bm]_gk ]f ]d HYjim] \]d NYd]flafg HdYfaÕ[Y[a f hYjla[ahYlanY [gf dgk Yk! fa gk Yk! hYjY hjgegn]j dY afl]_jY[a f ;gf dgk Yk! fa gk Yk! dgk Yk! Yjimal][lgk Yk! \ak] Yf ]khY[agk e~k [j]Yla% ngk$ gja_afYd]k q Y\YhlY\gk Y dYk ]pa_]f[aYk \] h]im] gk Yk! q Y\mdlgk Yk!& =d hjgq][lg \] mf ~j]Y \] bm]_gk ]f mf hYjim] `akl ja[g hm]\] \]n]faj ]f eglgj \] dY afl]_jY[a f q j]_]f]jY[a f& Dm_Yj Y afl]jn]faj q gZb]lang =d ~j]Y \] afl]j k \]d hjgq][lg ]k hYjl] \]d hYjim] h Zda[g \]d NYd]flafg& =f dY rgfY j]ka\]f$ g \]kYjjgddYf kmk Y[lana\Y\]k$ e~k \] +/&((( `YZalYfl]k& DYk h]jkgfYk im] mladarYf ]d HYjim] \]d NYd]flafg h]jl]f][]f Y _jmhgk \aklaflgk$ \]h]f\a]f\g \] dYk `gjYk \]d \ Y2 hgj dY eY YfY q dY lYj\] kgZj] lg\g `Yq fa gk Yk!$ b n]f]k$ Yf[aYfgk Yk! q ]klm\aYfl]k mfan]jkalYjagk Yk!3 \mjYfl] dYk `gjYk fg[lmjfYk kgf dgk Yk! mkmYjagk Yk! \] dgk \aklaflgk dg[Yd]k YZa]jlgk ]f dY rgfY& <Y\g ]d ]d]nY\g f e]jg \] mkmYjagk Yk!$ ]d ~j]Y j]kmdlY k]j eYd ]imahY\Y q$ Y\]e~k$ Y e]fm\g ]k gZb]lg \] Y[lgk nYf\~da[gk$ da_Y\gk Y dY hj]k]f[aY \] ^]f e]fgk \] ea[jg

)(-

[jaeafYda\Y\ q Y dY n]flY \] \jg_Yk ]f dYk `gjYk fg[lmjfYk& =d gZb]lang hjaf[ahYd \] ]kl] hjgq][lg YhmflY Y im] dgk Yk! fa gk Yk! hYjla[ah]f ]f dY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f q \ak] g \]d hYjim]$ [gf ]d Õf \] hjgegn]j dY afl]_jY[a f kg[aYd&

E]lg\gdg_ Y \] ljYZYbg =f mf ljYZYbg ]f [gfbmflg ^m]jgf \]kYjjgddY\gk lYdd]j]k \] hdYfaÕ[Y[a f hYjla[ahYlanY ]flj] dgk Yk! Yjimal][lgk Yk! emfa[ahYd]k q dgk Yk! b n]f]k q fa gk Yk! \]d ZYjjag& DY ]dYZgjY[a f l [fa[Y \]d hjgq][lg j]kh]l kmk a\]Yk q fg ^m] Ydl]jY\g ]d [gfl]plg \] j]^]j]f[aY$ kafg ]pYdlY\Yk kmk hgl]f[aYda\Y\]k fYlmjYd]k$ ]f Z kim]\Y \] mf ]imadaZjag ]flj] ^YflYk Y q j]Yda\Y\$ ]flj] \]k]gk q n f[mdgk \] ^Y[laZada\Y\& DY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f \]d ]khY[ag d \a[g `Y ka\g j]YdarY\Y [gf dY [gf[a]f[aY \] im] k] ]klYZY ljYZYbYf\g kgZj] mf dm_Yj ]kh][aYd q im]ja\g hgj dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!& ;gf ]d gZb]lang \] \ak^jmlYj \]d e]\ag YeZa]fl]$ ^m] [j]Y\g mf hjgq][lg [gf ]khY[agk hYjY ]d bm]_g daZj]$ im] ]klaemd]f dgk k]fla\gk q dY h]j[]h[a f l~[lad q im] ^Yngj]r[Yf ]d bm]_g [j]Ylang$ ]d egnaea]flg q dY Ymlgfge Y& 9fl]k \] [ge]frYj dY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f ]b][mlanY dgk j]kmdlY\gk \]d hjgq][lg ^m]jgf hj]k]flY\gk Y fa gk Yk! q b n]f]k q$ e~k lYj\]$ `mZg mfY hj]k]flY[a f h Zda[Y \]d hjgq][lg&

AehY[lg ' =^][lg \]k]Y\g DY af[dmka f \] dgk Yk! fa gk Yk! ]f ]d \ak] g q hdYfaÕ[Y[a f \] dY j][mh]jY[a f \] ]kl] ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ \ag [YZa\Y Y a\]Yk fgn]\gkYk$ [j]YlanYk$ dYk [mYd]k k] ljYfk^gjeYjgf ]f dgk ]imahYea]flgk im] ]ddgk Yk! eakegk mkYj~f& =k mfY hjghm]klY \]klafY\Y Y im] dY [gemfa\Y\ mk] q [ma\] ]d hYjim]$ hgj dg im] [gfka\]jYj Y dgk Yk! fa gk Yk! h]jeal] hjgq][lYj Yd hYjim] Y ^mlmjg$ hgjim] dY hj paeY hgZdY[a f Y\mdlY ]klYj~ da_Y\Y Yd ]khY[ag ] afl]_jY\Y kg[aYde]fl]&

Mf l]j[]j [gf[]hlg [dYn] ]k dY [gjj]khgfkYZada\Y\& MfY [gemfa\Y\ ]ehg\]jY\Y$ im] [gfka\]jY Y dY eYqgj [Yfla\Y\ \] _jmhgk$ [gd][lana\Y\]k m gj_YfarY[agf]k ]pakl]fl]k$ ]k [YhYr \] [gehj]f\]j dY f][]ka\Y\ \] ljYZYbYj [gfbmflYe]fl]

)(.

q \] [gehYjlaj j]khgfkYZada\Y\]k q ja]k_gk$ ]f hgk \] mf gZb]lang ]f [ge f$ [gf dYk \]e~k afklalm[agf]k q gj_YfarY[agf]k h Zda[Yk q kg[aYd]k& =kY ]k dY [gjj]khgfkYZada\Y\& =k \][aj$ dY [gemfa\Y\ q$ hgj ]f\]$ dgk \an]jkgk _jmhgk im] dY [gehgf]f lgeYf mf jgd Y[lang ]f ]d \]kYjjgddg \] mf hjgq][lg$ \gf\] k] Ykme] im] dY hjgZd]e~% la[Y Y j]kgdn]j ]k lYj]Y \] lg\gk& =f ]d [Ykg \] dY k]_mja\Y\ [am\Y\YfY$ ]d ljYZYbg [gfbmflg ]flj] hgda[ Yk$ _gZa]jfg emfa[ahagk! q [gemfa\Y\ ]k ^mf\Ye]flYd ]f dY aehd]e]flY[a f \] hdYf]k g ]kljYl]_aYk dg[YdarY\Yk ]f mf \]l]jeafY\g l]jjalgjag& MfY ]ph]ja]f[aY j]d]nYfl] ]f l]eYk \] [gjj]khgfkYZada\Y\ q \] af[dmka f \] fm]ngk _jmhgk kg[aYd]k ]k ]d hjgq][lg :Yjja =\m[Y\gj ]f dgk BYj\af]k @gjlk Kl HYmd$ :Yj[]dgfY$ =khY Y n]j j][mY\jg ka_ma]fl]!& =f ]klY ]ph]ja]f[aY mf _jmhg \] afea% _jYfl]k ][mYlgjaYfgk `Y[ Yf eYd mkg \] mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g \] [Yj~[l]j Zgk[gkg kalmY\g ]f dYk []j[Yf Yk \] mf ZYjjag ;am\Y\ E]ja\aYfY!& 9dd dd]nYZYf Y [YZg Y[lana% \Y\]k j][j]YlanYk fg[anYk af_]klY YZmkanY \] Z]Za\Yk Yd[g` da[Yk$ Yhm]klYk ad]_Y% d]k$ n]flY q [gfkmeg \] [gea\Y fg YmlgjarY\Y$ j]YdarY[a f \] ^g_YlYk q [gflYeafY% [a f \]d ]khY[ag hjg\m[lg \] dY ZYkmjY _]f]jY\Y!& J]khgf\a]f\g Y mfY \]eYf\Y \] \an]jkgk Y[lgj]k j]d]nYfl]k \] dY dg[Yda\Y\$ ]d 9qmflYea]flg \][a\a \]kYjjgddYj \an]jkYk ]kljYl]_aYk \] af^gjeY[a f$ af[]flang \]d Zm]f mkg \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g ^YeadaYj$ \]hgjlang!$ k]_maea]flg q na_adYf[aY Yd [gd][lang im] mladarYZY dY rgfY& =kl] ljYZYbg [gf dY [gemfa\Y\ dg_j \Yjd] mf mkg Y\][mY\g Yd ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ fg aehgfa]f\g mfY gj\]f Yd _jmhg afea_jYfl]$ kafg ]klYZd][a]f\g Y[m]j\gk [gfk]fkmY\gk [gf ]k] [gd][lang q ]f \gf\] ]d ]khY[ag im]\ lglYde]fl] \akhgfaZd] hYjY k]j mladarY\g \] mfY Zm]fY eYf]jY& =klY ]ph]% ja]f[aY dg_j \Yj j]d]nYf[aY Yd _jmhg afea_jYfl]$ _]f]jYj [gjj]khgfkYZada\Y\ \]d eakeg q YhjghaY[a f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g Yd im] lg\gk Yk! \a]jgf Zm]f mkg$ hgj dg [mYd dY hjgZYZada\Y\ \] kmkl]flYZada\Y\ \] dY afa[aYlanY ]k e~k YdlY&

J=;M9<JG ), :Yj[]dgfY$ =khY Y Hjgq][lg :Yjja =\m[Y\gj ]f dgk BYj\af]k @gjlk Kl& HYmd HYjla[ahY[a f q YfaeY[a f hYjY e]bgjYj dY [gfnan]f[aY =d h]im] g hYjim] \]d ZYjjag ]jY ]d dm_Yj \] ]f[m]fljg hYjY kmb]lgk eYj% _afYd]k& DY Emfa[ahYda\Y\$ [gdYZgjYf\g [gf mfY Ykg[aY[a f im] ljYZYbY [gf fa gk q b n]f]k$ afl]fl j]klalmajdg Y n][afgk Yk!& Fa gk Yk! q Y\mdlgk Yk! hdYfaÕ[Yjgf mfY ~j]Y \] bm]_gk$ mf ]khY[ag hYjY dgk h]jjgk$ `m]jlgk [ma\Y\gk hgj dgk Yk! Yf[aYfgk Yk$ ]khY[agk eYk ^mf[agfYd]k q Y[g_]\gj]k&

)(/

Dm_Yj Y afl]jn]faj q gZb]lang Dgk bYj\af]k ]kl~f ]f ]d [ flja[g ZYjjag \]d JYnYd$ [Yj]fl] \] ]khY[ag n]j\]& ;gf mfY kmh]j^a[a] \] )$(1 Ce&$ ]k mfg \] dgk ZYjjagk e~k hgZdY\gk \] :Yj[]dgfY$ [gf []j[Y \] -(&((( `YZalYfl]k$ q dm_Yj \] Y[g_a\Y \] dYk \aklaflYk gdYk ea_jYlgjaYk& Dgk hakgk kgf e~k h]im] gk q ]kl~f e~k kgZj]g[mhY\gk im] dY e]\aY \] dY [am\Y\ q dY \jg_Y lmng Ydd mfY _jYf j]h]j[mka f$ dg im] Y[j][]fl dYk kalmY[agf]k \] eYj_afYda\Y\ \] km hgZdY[a f& Kaf \m\Y ]klgk ]d]e]flgk j]ljgYdae]flYf ]d eYd ]klY\g \]d hYjim] q km \ak^mf[agfYda\Y\$ dg im] kmeY\g Y dYk kalmY[agf]k \] eYj_afYda\Y\ hj]k]fl]k ]f ]d ZYjjag \jg_Y\a[[a f$ h]jkgfYk kaf l][`g$ afea_jYfl]k af\g[me]flY\gk Yk!$ e]fgj]k afea_jYfl]k fg Y[gehY Y\gk Yk!$ ]l[&! Y^][lYZY ka_fa^a[YlanYe]fl] km \af~ea[Y& =d hjaf[ahYd hjgZd]eY ]k im] dgk bYj\af]k fg j]hj]k]flYZYf mf ]khY[ag \] dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! q fg g^j][ Yf mf mkg kg[aYd& =d hjaf[ahYd gZb]lang \] ]kl] hjgq][lg ^m] j][mh]jYj mf hYjim]$ hgj e]\ag \] dY hYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY q \] dY _]f]jY[a f \] afklYf[aYk af[dmkanYk \] dgk \a^]j]fl]k _jmhgk hj]k]fl]k ]f ]d k][lgj$ [gf ]d Õf \] e]bgjYj dY [gfnan]f[aY&

E]lg\gdg_ Y \] ljYZYbg =d hjgq][lg kmj_a \]d Emfa[ahag ] afl]fl j][mh]jYj mf h]im] g hYjim]$ _jY[aYk Y dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] dY [gemfa\Y\& ;gf km \]kYjjgddg$ dY hYjla[ahY[a f k] YZja Y fm]ngk _jmhgk dgk [mYd]k hYkYjgf Y k]j kmb]lgk af[dma\gk ]f dY [gemfa\Y\&

AehY[lg ' =^][lg \]k]Y\g =d hjgq][lg :Yjja =\m[Y\gj ljYZYbY hYjY dY e]bgjY \] dY [gfnan]f[aY ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g& Hjgem]n] mf mkg kg[aYd q [gemfalYjag \] dYk hdYrYk \]d ZYjjag$ [gfkljmq]f\g mfY a\]fla\Y\ hgkalanY %ZYkY\Y ]f dY \an]jka\Y\%$ q mkY dY [Ydd] [geg ]khY[ag \] ]f[m]fljg$ j]dY[a f q g[mhY[a f ]flj] n][afgk Yk!& LjYZYbY ]f hjg[]kgk \] hYjla[ahY[a f hYjY dY e]bgjY \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk [gf[j]lgk$ ]f dgk [mYd]k mf \aY_f kla[g hYjla[ahYlang kajn] \] ZYk] hYjY hjgegn]j dY aehda[Y[a f ]f ]d hjg[]kg3 ] mladarY dY gZk]jnY[a f \mjYfl] lg\g ]d hjg[]kg$ hYjY `Y[]j k]_maea]flg \] dgk [YeZagk$ \af~ea[Yk \] mkg q j]dY[agf]k im] Y[gfl][]f ]f ]d ]khY[ag& MfY

)(0

[geaka f `Y k]_ma\g dYk e]bgjYk ]f af^jY]kljm[lmjYk$ eYfl]faea]flg q daeha]rY& <]klY[Yegk dY hjgl][[a f q [a]jj] \] Y[[]kgk$ dY [gfkljm[[a f \] mfY lYjaeY h]jeYf]fl]$ dY Yh]jlmjY \] mfY l]jjYrY \] ZYj$ dY YehdaY[a f \] dY admeafY[a f$ [gdg[Y[a f \] ZYjYf\addYk \] k]_mja\Y\$ [gfkljm[[a f \] mfY ~j]Y hYjY h]jjgk$ dY YehdaY[a f \]d f e]jg \] hYh]d]jYk q \] dYk dYZgj]k \] daeha]rY&

;gf j]dY[a f Y l]eYk \] [gfÖa[lg n][afYd$ Yd_mfgk emfa[ahagk [`ad]fgk `Yf j]Y% darY\g ]ph]ja]f[aYk \] e]\aY[a f [gemfalYjaY$ [geg ]kljYl]_aY \] hj]n]f[a f \] \]dalgk$ ]f dYk [mYd]k `Y ka\g hgkaZd] gZk]jnYj mf _jYf afngdm[jYea]flg \] dY [gemfa\Y\ ]f dY j]kgdm[a f Ydl]jfYlanY \] [gfÖa[lgk n][afYd]k$ Zmk[Yf\g im] k]Yf j]km]dlgk hgj dY [gemfa\Y\$ Yfl]k \] im] Y\ima]jYf eYqgj _jYn]\Y\& DY j]kgdm[a f l]ehjYfY \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk h]jeal]$ hgj mfY hYjl]$ \]k[gf_]klagfYj dY j]\ afklalm% [agfYd q kg[aYd ljaZmfYd]k$ hgda[ Y$ emfa[ahagk! q$ hgj gljY $hgl]f[aYj Y dY [gemfa\Y\ [geg mfY ]fla\Y\ e~k Yml fgeY& =k f][]kYjag e]f[agfYj im] ]klYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk kgf j][a]fl]k q `Yf \]Za\g kmh]% jYj \an]jkgk \]kY^ gk& Mfg ]k dg_jYj afklYdYj ]d [gf[]hlg \] e]\aY[a f [gemfalYjaY [geg mfY Ydl]jfYlanY nYda\Y\Y q d]_alaeY\Y hYjY dg im] ]k ^mf\Ye]flYd ]d Yhgqg \] dY Ymlgja\Y\ Yd[Yd\] Y!$ [geakYjag! q ]d ]klYj nakaZadarY\gk ]f dY j]\ afklalm[agfYd q kg[aYd k]j [gfg[a\Y hgj dYk \]e~k afklalm[agf]k q h]jkgfYk im] ]pakl]f ]f mf \]l]jeafY\g l]jjalgjag!& Mf [mYjlg [gf[]hlg j]d]nYfl] ]f dY hm]klY ]f hj~[la[Y \] hjgq][lgk mjZYfgk ]f ]khY[agk h Zda[gk ]k dY YhjghaY[a f& =d jgd Y[lang \] dYk h]jkgfYk g [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! ]f km \]kYjjgddg glgj_Y mfY eYqgj []j[Yf Y \] dY [gemfa\Y\ [gf ]d gZb]lang Zmk% [Y\g$ dg im] im]\Y [dYjg ]f Yim]ddgk hjgq][lgk \] j][mh]jY[a f q'g e]bgjYea]flg \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk& =f ]kgk [Ykgk$ ]klY Y[lmY[a f _jmhYd _]f]jY mf k]flaea]flg \] YhjghaY[a f [gf ]d ]khY[ag e]bgjY\g g j][mh]jY\g hgj dg im] hYkY Y k]j ka_faÕ% [Ylang hYjY ima]f]k `Yf hYjla[ahY\g& =k _]f]jY\g mf k]flaea]flg \] h]jl]f]f[aY [gf ]d ]khY[ag$ ]d [mYd ]kl~ \glY\g \] ka_faÕ[Y[agf]k q nYdgjY[agf]k hgj hYjl] \] n][afgk q n][afYk& LYd [geg dg `]egk gZk]jnY\g ]f dYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk hj]k]flY\Yk$ ]d afngdm[jYea]flg \] dY [gemfa\Y\ [gf dY _]f]jY[a f g j][mh]jY[a f \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk ]k [dYn]$ qY im] dY [ge% hjge]l] Y \Yjd] mf Zm]f mkg& =k e~k$ ]klY naf[mdY[a f af[]flanY g Yqm\Y Y dY a\]fla% \Y\ \] dY [gemfa\Y\$ hjg^mf\arY dgk f]pgk$ \afYearY dYk j]dY[agf]k kg[aYd]k \] dYk h]jkgfYk q$ hgj dg lYflg$ fmlj] Yd l]ba\g kg[aYd& Mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g ka_faÕ[Ylang$ [gf ]d [mYd dgk n][afgk q n][afYk k] a\]flaÕ[Yf$ [j]Y [gemfa\Y\& Mf imaflg [gf[]hlg [dYn] ]f ]d \]kYjjgddg \] hjgq][lgk g hgd la[Yk mjZYfYk ]f ]khY% [agk h Zda[gk$ ]k [gfk][m]f[aY \]d \]kYjjgddg \] dgk Yfl]jagj]k2 dY kmkl]flYZada\Y\& MfY [gemfa\Y\ ]ehg\]jY\Y$ [gf j]hj]k]flY[a f \] mfY \an]jka\Y\ \] _jmhgk g )(1

[gd][lana\Y\]k ]k \][aj$ \] h]jkgfYk \aklaflYk!$ im] Ykme] mfY j]khgfkYZada\Y\ [gfbmflY ]f dY j]kgdm[a f \] \an]jkYk hjgZd]e~la[Yk$ im] dg_jY YhjghaYjk] \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk hgj e]\ag \] ]kljYl]_aYk hYjla[ahYlanYk$ _]f]jY mfY eYqgj kmk% l]flYZada\Y\ Yd hjgq][lg g hjgq][lgk im] k]Yf j]YdarY\gk ]f mfY dg[Yda\Y\& =d [gklg \] kmkl]flYj hjgq][lgk Y dgk [mYd]k dY [gemfa\Y\ fg `Y ]klY\g naf[mdY\Y ]k emq Ydlg& =f [YeZag$ dY kmkl]flYZada\Y\ j]khYd\Y\Y ]f dY [gemfa\Y\ \akeafmq] dgk [gklgk q \Y e~k ]Õ[Y[aY Y dgk gZb]langk dg_jY\gk& =f ]kl] hmflg$ ea]fljYk e~k afngdm[jY\Y ] a\]flaÕ[Y\Y ]kl dY [gemfa\Y\$ ]f j]dY[a f Y mf \]l]jeafY\g ]khY% [ag h Zda[g$ eYqgj k]j~ dY hjgZYZada\Y\ \] kmkl]flYZada\Y\ \] dgk hjgq][lgk im] Y` k]Yf ]b][mlY\gk&

))(

,&, =D H9JL=F9JA9<G >jYfr NYf\]jk[`m]j]f <aj][lgj Hjg_jYeY \] K]_mja\Y\ MjZYfY Mfan]jka\Y\ 9dZ]jlg @mjlY\g KYflaY_g \] ;`ad] Dgk Y[lgj]k im] [gfkljmq]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g %YqmflYea]flg$ hgda[ Y$ _gZa]jfg []f% ljYd$ _jmhgk \] [ge]j[aYfl]k$ dY [gemfa\Y\ _jmhgk bmn]fad]k$ \] emb]j]k$ ]l[&$!% kgf dgk ddYeY\gk Y Ykg[aYjk]$ Y [ggj\afYj kmk Y[[agf]k ]f lgjfg Y gZb]langk Zmk[Y\gk$ Y ]klYZd][]j dYk YdaYfrYk im] _]f]j]f e]bgj]k [gf\a[agf]k hYjY ]d ]fjaim][aea]flg \]d l]ba\g kg[aYd& DYk YdaYfrYk _]f]jY\Yk ]flj] ]klgk kg[agk [gehd]e]flYjagk kgf Yim]ddYk im] h]jeal]f dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g3 h]jg em[`Yk n][]k g[mjj]f \] eYf]jY YakdY\Y q$ hgj ]ddg$ af]Õ[a]fl]& =f eYl]jaYk \] hj]n]f[a f$ `gq \gk `][`gk fm]ngk k] `Yf aehm]klg hjg_j]kanY% e]fl] ]f Yim]ddgk hY k]k ]f \gf\] dY hj]n]f[a f [gfklalmq] mfY hgd la[Y ]^][lanY& Hgj mfY hYjl]$ k] hYk \] mfY hj]n]f[a f hj]\geafYfl]e]fl] h]fYd Y mfY e~k kg[aYd q kalmY[agfYd$ ]f dY [mYd dY k]_mja\Y\ \] dYk [gd][lana\Y\]k ]k [gfka\]jY\Y mf Za]f [ge f& =f ]klY h]jkh][lanY$ ]d =klY\g %im] eYfla]f] mf jgd ^mf\Ye]flYd% fg ]k e~k ]d fa[g im] afl]jna]f] ]f dY ^gjemdY[a f fa ]f dY aehd]e]flY[a f \] dYk hgd la[Yk \] hj]n]f[a f& <an]jkgk Y[lgj]k \] dY kg[a]\Y\ [anad `Yf dd]_Y\g Y k]j [ghjg\m[lgj]k \] k]_mja\Y\ Yd dY\g \]d =klY\g& =d ]b]ehdg e~k ]na\]fl] \] ]klg ]k ]d Yme]flg ]kh][lY[mdYj \]d kakl]eY \] k]_mja\Y\ hjanY\g$ im] Y[l Y hYjYd]dY% e]fl] Y dYk hgda[ Yk q$ Y n][]k$ dYk kmZklalmq]& H]jg lYeZa f dg ]k dgk hjg_jYeYk \] hj]n]f[a f ]palgkgk \] hY k]k [geg 9mkljYdaY$ :jYkad$ ;YfY\~$ ;gdgeZaY$ ==MM q dY Mfa f =mjgh]Y$ \gf\] dY kg[a]\Y\ [anad bm]_Y mf hYh]d ]k]f[aYd& Hgj gljY hYjl]$ `gq ]k Y[]hlY\Y dY a\]Y \] im] dY [jaeafYda\Y\$ dYk af[anada\Y\]k g dgk YZmkgk ]f dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk kgf ^]f e]fgk emdla[YmkYd]k$ \]janY\gk \] dY hj]k]f[aY \] e dlahd]k ^Y[lgj]k \] ja]k_g [mqgk aehY[lgk k] ]flj]dYrYf& DY j]k% hm]klY Y ]klY kalmY[a f$ im] jaf\] [gehd]bY dY Y[[a f hj]n]flanY$ ]k ]d YZgj\Yb] \]d [gfbmflg \] ^Y[lgj]k \] ja]k_g$ dg im] aehda[Y mf ljYlYea]flg emdlak][lgjaYd& =d fg mkg \]eg[j~la[g Çhgj lg\gk q lg\Yk q ]f k]_mja\Y\% \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ \]janY lYflg \] Y[[agf]k ]kh][mdYlanYk$ \] [gehgjlYea]flgk bmn]fad]k \] hYf\addYk im] afl]flYf YhjghaYjk] mf ]khY[ag$ \] dY n]flY \] \jg_Yk$ \] dY eYdY [gfkljm[% [a f g \]d eYd eYfl]faea]flg \] ]klgk ]khY[agk$ \] dY hjanYlarY[a f \] Yd_mfgk \] ]ddgk$ \] dY af]Õ[a]f[aY \] dgk k]jna[agk emfa[ahYd]k g hgda[aYd]k$ \] dY aflgd]jYf[aY ^j]fl] Y _jmhgk lfa[gk g eafgj Yk$ ]l[& 9Zgj\Yj ]kl] [gfbmflg \] ^Y[lgj]k \] ja]k% _gk aehda[Y mf ]f^gim] emdlak][lgjaYd [YhYr \] ]f^j]flYj ]klY emdla[YmkYda\Y\& DaealYjk] Y ]eZ]dd][]j ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ kaf hj]g[mhYjk] \] ima]f dgk mkY$ l]f\j~

)))

hg[g ]^][lg3 q hgf]j admeafY[a f Ydd \gf\] ]d ]khY[ag ]k gk[mjg kajn] k dg ka `Yq mf afngdm[jYea]flg [gemfalYjag q'g hgda[aYd hYjY hj]k]jnYj dY k]_mja\Y\& Hgjim] mf ]khY[ag j]fgnY\g g admeafY\g hm]\] k]jnaj lYflg Y ima]f n]f\] \jg_Yk [geg Y ima]f ima]j] hYk]Yjk] g bm_Yj Ydd & =d ]f^gim] \] [ghjg\m[[a f \] dY k]_mja\Y\ j]khgf\] Y ]klYk \gk l]f\]f[aYk [gf% l]ehgj~f]Yk& Ka_faÕ[Y im] mfY k]ja] \] Y[lgj]k \] dY kg[a]\Y\ [anad afl]jna]f]f q Y\ghlYf mf YZgj\Yb] \] dgk hjgZd]eYk ]f ^gjeY emdlak][lgjaYd& 9\]e~k$ \gf\] ]d ]kim]eY \] [ghjg\m[[a f ^mf[agfY$ ]klgk Y[lgj]k Y[]hlYf im] [Y\Y afklalm[a f g kg[ag [ghjg\m[lgj [gfka\]j] im] km hjghag Y[lmYj ]k hYjl] lYflg \]d hjgZd]eY [geg \] dY kgdm[a f2 hgj ]b]ehdg$ mfY eYdY hgd la[Y emfa[ahYd `Y[ Y dgk hYf\addYk hm]\] [gf\m[aj Y im] ]klYk ljYfk^gje]f Yd_mfgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk ]f l]jj]fgk \] [geZYl] nagd]flgk& =f mf ]f^gim] im] Ykme] dY [ghjg\m[[a f [geg j]khm]klY af]dm\aZd] Y dY emd% la[YmkYda\Y\ \] dY [jaeafYda\Y\$ mfg \] dgk afkljme]flgk ]Õ[Y[]k \] ljYZYbg %fg ka]ehj] Yd[YfrYZd]% ]k dY Ykg[aY[a f ZYbg dY ^gjeY \] hYjl]fYjaY\g hYjlf]jk`ah!& =klY ]k mfY ^gjeY \] YdaYfrY ]flj] kg[agk [gehd]e]flYjagk im] Zmk[Yf mf gZb]% lang [ge f$ ]f ]kl] [Ykg$ dY hj]n]f[a f&

·Ima]f]k kgf dgk kg[agk fYlmjYd]k \] ]kl] hYjl]fYjaY\g7 =pakl]f \gk lahgk \] hYjl]fYjaY\g& =f ]d [gfl]plg \] hj]n]f[a f dg[Yd YfaeY\Y hgj dY emfa[ahYda\Y\$ mfg \] ]ddgk j] f] Y dgk hjaf[ahYd]k Y[lgj]k \] dY hj]n]f% [a f Ydj]\]\gj \]d emfa[ahag3 ]kl~ [gfklalma\g hjaf[ahYde]fl] hgj dYk Ë[gemfa% \Y\]k \] afl]j]k]kÌ \] dY emfa[ahYda\Y\ g \] dgk gj_Yfakegk im] ljYZYbYf ]f ]ddY& Hgj [gemfa\Y\]k \] afl]j k ]fl]f\]egk Édgk _jmhgk \] h]jkgfYk im] [ge% hYjl]f mf afl]j k g mfY [YjY[l]j kla[Y im] d]k [gf^a]j] mfY ghafa f hYjla[mdYj ]f eYl]jaY \] [jaeafYda\Y\ g \] km hj]n]f[a fÉ >]km$ *((0$ +(!& =klg k] Yhda[Y lYflg Y h]jkgfYk im] kgf n [laeYk \] dY [jaeafYda\Y\ [ge]j[aYfl]k g egjY\gj]k \] ~j]Yk [gf lYkY \] \]daf[m]f[aY YdlY!$ Y _jmhgk im] kgf n [laeYk q na[laeY% jagk %b n]f]k% h]jg im] eYfa^a]klYf mf afl]j k ]f [gehjge]l]jk] ]f hj]n]faj dY \]daf[m]f[aY$ Y _jmhgk \] emb]j]k im] Zmk[Yf hj]n]faj dY nagd]f[aY \ge] kla[Y NA>!$ Y _jmhgk eafgjalYjagk im] dm[`Yf hgj km af[dmka f kg[aYd$ Y hgda[ Yk im] ]kl~f ]f[Yj_Y\gk \] dY k]_mja\Y\$ ]l[& FgjeYde]fl]$ mfY emfa[ahYda\Y\ im] [gf\m[] mf hjg[]kg \] ]dYZgjY[a f ] aehd]% e]flY[a f \] mfY ]kljYl]_aY hj]n]flanY k] `Y[] Y[gehY Yj hgj [gYda[agf]k \] kg[agk \] ]kl] lahg$ im] hYjla[ahYf \]k\] ]d \aY_f kla[g afa[aYd `YklY dY aehd]e]f% lY[a f q ]nYdmY[a f \] dY ]kljYl]_aY dg[Yd& =d k]_mf\g lahg \] hYjl]fYjaY\g ]k Yim]d j]^]ja\g Y dY Ykg[aY[a f Ydj]\]\gj \] mf hjgZd]eY \] k]_mja\Y\ hj][akg q [aj[mfk[jalg& MfY ]ph]ja]f[aY Y [gfka\]jYj ]f j]dY[a f Y ]kl] lahg ]k ]d hjgq][lg >]jaY Eg\]dg \] 9jja]lY$ \]kYjjgddY\g ]f

))*

dY [gemfY \] H] Ydgd f$ J]_a f E]ljghgdalYfY \] ;`ad]& =f ]kl] hjgq][lg$ dY Ykg[aY[a f ]flj] ]d Emfa[ahag q ]d _jmhg \] [ge]j[aYfl]k \] dY ^]jaY h]jeala e]bgjYj ]d ^mf[agfYea]flg \] klY$ lYflg Y fan]d gj_YfarYlang [geg af^jY]kljm[% lmjYd& ;gf ]ddg k] dg_j eafaearYj dYk ]pl]jfYda\Y\]k f]_YlanYk im] hjgng[YZY km ^mf[agfYea]flg$ ^m]jgf j]_mdYjarY\gk dgk h]jeakgk Y [ge]j[aYfl]k ] af[]flan ]d da\]jYr_g hgkalang Yd afl]jagj \]d _jmhg eakeg& 9kaeakeg$ ^m]jgf _]f]jY\Yk Y[[agf]k hj]n]flanYk ]f lgjfg Yd ]klYZd][aea]flg \] dg[YlYjagk ad]_Yd]k q Y dY hajYl]j Y&

J][mY\jg )H] Ydgd f$ ;`ad] Hjgq][lg >]jaY Eg\]dg \] 9jja]lY Mkg \]d ]khY[ag [gemfalYjag [gfnan]f[aY!& E]\aY[a f \] [gfÖa[lgk =d emfa[ahag q dgk [ge]j[aYfl]k Ykg[aY\gk ]f dY >]jaY \] 9jja]lY ljYZYbYjgf [gfbmflYe]fl] [gf ]d gZb]lang \] e]bgjYj q hgl]f[aYj ]d ^mf[agfYea]flg \] dY ^]jaY& Fg k dg e]bgj]k [gf\a[agf]k hYjY dgk [ge]j[aYfl]k$ kafg lYe% Za f hYjY dY hgZdY[a f j]ka\]fl] q dgk [da]fl]k& Dm_Yj Y afl]jn]faj q gZb]lang DY hgZdY[a f j]ka\]fl] ]f dYk Mfa\Y\]k N][afYd]k F³ )* q F³ )+ ]f dYk [mYd]k ]kl~ mZa[Y\Y dY ^]jaY Yd[YfrY Y dgk )(&.), `YZalYfl]k& Q dYk nana]f\Yk \] dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! im]$ ]kh][ Õ[Ye]fl]$ jg\]Yf dY ^]jaY Zgj\]Yf dYk 0&(((& =f ]d k][lgj k] afklYdYZYf lj]k lahgk \] ^]jaYk$ dYk im] aehda[YZYf YhjgpaeY\Ye]fl] Y )&0(( [ge]j[aYfl]k2 mfY Ë^]jaY daZj]Ì+ ^gjeY\Y hgj [ge]j[aYfl]k \] ^jmlYk$ n]j\mjYk q h]k[Y\gk3 mfY Ë^]jaY h]jkYÌ,$ [gehm]klY hgj [ge]j[aYfl]k \] Yjl [mdgk \] YZYjjgl]k$ hYim]l]j Y q jghY3 q mfY Ë^]jaY \] [Y[`mj]gkÌ-\] [ge]j[aYfl]k im] n]f\]f \an]jkgk Yjl [mdgk ]f \]kmkg g \] k]_mf\Y eYfg& 9\]e~k$ `Yq mfY ^]jaY fg YmlgjarY\Y$ im] [gjj]khgf\] Y dgk hm]klgk [dYf\]klafgk$ \] h]jkgfYk im] fg hgk]]f hYl]fl] fa hY\j f& <mjYfl] dY k]eYfY$ Y ]ddY Y[m\]f \m] Yk \] [YkY q$ ]d Õf \] k]eYfY$ dgk Yk! mkmYjagk Yk! Yme]flYf [gf Y\mdlgk eYqgj]k$ `geZj]k q emb]j]k im] ljYZYbYf$ b n]f]k q fa gk Yk!& =d gZb]lang hjaf[ahYd ^m] [j]Yj mf ]khY[ag mjZYfg hgda^mf[agfYd im] k]Y mf Yhgjl] \] nYdgj mjZYfg Yd ZYjjag fg k dg \mjYfl] dgk \ Yk \] ^]jaY$ kafg im] lYeZa f lg\Y dY k]eYfY&

+

,

-

K]_ f dYk gj\]fYfrYk emfa[ahYd]k$ ]f ;`ad] k] ddYeY Ë^]jaY daZj]Ì Yd dm_Yj \]klafY\g ]f dgk \ Yk q `gjYk im] \]l]jeaf] ]d emfa[ahag$ hYjY ]d ]b]j[a[ag \]d [ge]j[ag \] hjg\m[lgk Y_j [gdYk q Yjl [m% dgk \] \an]jkg gja_]f im] j]Yda[]f dgk ^]jaYfl]k& =f ;`ad] k] ddYeY Ë^]jaY h]jkYÌ Y lg\Y Yim]ddY n]flY h Zda[Y q [Ydd]b]jY \gf\] hm]\Yf k]j ]f[gfljY% \gk dgk e~k \an]jkgk gZb]lgk& Km a\]Y$ e~k im] km fgeZj]$ ]kl~ afkhajY\Y ]f dgk e]j[Y\gk kg[gk! ~jYZ]k& GZb]lgk \]k][`Y\gk hgj mfYk h]jkgfYk$ im] hm]\]f k]j lad]k hYjY gljYk&

))+

E]lg\gdg_ Y \] ljYZYbg =d <]hYjlYe]flg \] Afkh][[a f q ]d <]hYjlYe]flg =[gf ea[g \]d Emfa[ahag dd]nYjgf Y [YZg dY ]kljYl]_aY \] ljYZYbYj ]f [gfbmflg [gf dgk [ge]j[aYfl]k \] dY >]jaY \] 9jja]lY hYjY Y[lmYdarYj dY Gj\]fYfrY Emfa[ahYd \] >]jaYk DaZj] q H]jkY$ _]f]jYf\g dYk [gf\a[agf]k hYjY [gf^gjeYj mfY É^]jaY eg\]dgÊ$ ]khY[ag hYjY lg\gk Yk! dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! q [ge]j[aYfl]k$ im] h]jealY e]bgjYj dY aeY_]f mjZYfY \] dY [gemfY q Yme]flYj dY hdmknYd Y \]d k][lgj& =f [mYflg Y dYk Y[lana\Y\]k j]YdarY\Yk$ dY hjae]jY [gfkakla ]f ]d ]ehY\jgfYea]flg \] dgk hm]klgk \] dgk [ge]j[aYfl]k q ]f dY j]_mdYjarY[a f \] dYk hYl]fl]k \] dgk Yk! [ge]j[aYfl]k ^Ydd][a\gk Yk!& =f eYjrg \] *((/ k] hmkg ]f eYj[`Y dY e]lg\gdg_ Y \] e]kYk \] ljYZYbg [gf dgk Yk! \]d]_Y\gk Yk!$ Yd eakeg la]ehg im] ]d ;]fljg Qmfmk$ \]d <]hYjlYe]flg \] <]kYjjgddg =[gf ea[g Emfa[ahYd$ \]kYjjgdd lYdd]j]k \] [YhY[alY[a f Y dgk Yk! fm]ngk Yk! [ge]j[aYfl]k YmlgjarY\gk Y afklYdYjk] ]f dY ^]jaY& LYeZa f ^m] j]YdarY\Y dY bgjfY\Y \] [YhY[alY[a f É>gjlYd][a]f\g da\]jYr_gkÊ q$ hgj dlaeg$ ]d hjae]j ;YZad\g 9Za]jlg$ [gf dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] lg\gk Yk! dgk Yk! [ge]j[aYfl]k \] dY ^]jaY hYjY nYda\Yj ]d ljYZYbg dd]nY\g Y [YZg j]kh][lg \] dY gj\]fYfrY&

AehY[lg ' =^][lg \]k]Y\g ;j]Yj mf ]khY[ag mjZYfg hgda^mf[agfYd im] k]Y mf Yhgjl] \] nYdgj Yd ZYjjag fg k dg \mjYfl] dgk \ Yk \] ^]jaY$ kafg im] lYeZa f lg\Y dY k]eYfY& ;gfkljmaj mf \ak] g im] h]jealY [gfn]jlaj Y dY ^]jaY ]f mf dm_Yj im] hgl]f[a] dYk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk \]d ZYjjag$ q j]kh]l] q [gfkljmqY fm]ngk dm_Yj]k \] h]jeYf]f[aY hYjY dYk rgfYk j]ka\]f[aYd]k [gdaf\Yfl]k& >abYj mf gj\]fYea]flg h]jeYf]fl] im] hm]\Y ]^][lanarYj dgk Ykh][lgk \] afklYdY[a f q g[mhY[a f \] [Y\Y mfg \] dgk hm]klgk q ]f km [gfbmflg&

=f YeZgk lahgk$ ]d hYjl]fYjaY\g k] \a^]j]f[aY \] mfY [gdYZgjY[a f hmflmYd %[geg Y[]hlYj hYjla[ahYj ]f mfY eYj[`Y ]phdgjYlgjaY kaf Ykmeaj gljg [gehjg% eakg% q \] mfY [gf[]jlY[a f im] aehda[Y f]_g[aYj Yd_mfgk Y[m]j\gk$ ]f im] km ^afYda\Y\ nY e~k Ydd~$ Yd Zmk[Yj ]d gZb]lang \] k]_mja\Y\ [gehYjla\g& =f ]d [Ykg \]d hYjl]fYjaY\g \] dYk [gemfa\Y\]k \] afl]j k emfa[ahYd]k dY aehd]e]flY[a f \] mfY ]kljYl]_aY q km [gfkgda\Y[a f3 q ]f ]d [Ykg \]d ]khY[ag [gflYeafY\g hgj n]jl]\]jgk ad]_Yd]k$ [gfk]_maj ]khY[agk k]_mjgk Y[[]kaZd]k Y lg\gk q j]YhjghaY% \gk hgj dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk!&

;YjY[l]j kla[Yk \]d hYjl]fYjaY\g HYjY ^mf[agfYj q k]j ]^a[Yr$ ]d hYjl]fYjaY\g f][]kalY [gYda[agf]k \] kg[agk [ge% hd]e]flYjagk q ]nalYj lYflg ]d [mgl]g kg[aYd g hgd la[g \akljaZm[a f \] j][mjkgk$ [Yj_gk$ hjgq][lgk ]f jYr f \] afl]j]k]k h]jkgfYd]k g hgd la[gk! [geg dY j]h]% la[a f \] kg[agk im] la]f]f dYk eakeYk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk$ hgjim] hj][akYe]fl]

)),

]f dY [gehd]e]flYja]\Y\ jY\a[Y mfY \] kmk ^m]jrYk Yd h]jealaj im] _jmhgk [gf afl]j]k]k \an]jkgk k] mfYf Ydj]\]\gj \] mf gZb]lang [ge f$ YhgjlYf\g kmk ]ph]% ja]f[aYk hjghaYk& Af[dmkg [mYf\g lg\gk dgk k][lgj]k afngdm[jY\gk d] glgj_m]f Y \]l]jeafY\g ]khY[ag mf ka_fa^a[Y\g \aklaflg$ ]k e~k ]^a[Yr mfaj mfY Ykg[aY[a f bmn]fad$ ]d emfa[ahag$ dY hgda[ Y$ ]d k][lgj hjanY\g \] [ge]j[aYfl]k$ k][lgj]k \] naf[mdY\gk Y dYk a_d]kaYk q dgk Yk! egjY\gj]k Yk! \]d dm_Yj ]f lgjfg Yd mkg \]eg% [j~la[g \] mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g& DY [gehd]e]flYja]\Y\ h]jeal] mfY Y[[a f \] dYj_g hdYrg$ ]f dY [mYd k] j]khgfkYZadarY lYflg Y dY kg[a]\Y\ [anad [geg Yd =klY\g []fljYd g dg[Yd& =klY [gehd]e]flYja]\Y\ h]jeal] ljYZYbYj ]f j]\]k2 [Y\Y kg[ag la]f] kmk hjghagk [gflY[lgk q j]\]k$ hgj dg lYflg hm]\] YhgjlYjdgk Y dY [gYda[a f qY k]Y ]f l jea% fgk \] [geh]l]f[aY g j]kh][lg \] dgk Y[m]j\gk lgeY\gk& MfY Ykg[aY[a f bmn]fad hm]\] [gfljgdYj hgkaZd]k \aklmjZagk \] hYjl] \] dgk _jmhgk bmn]fad]k dd]_Yf\g Y Y[m]j\gk im] dY hgda[ Y g ]d emfa[ahag fg hg\j Yf gZl]f]j$ [geg fg haflYj fm]ngk _jY^^alak ]f ]d ]khY[ag j]k[YlY\g$ Y e]fgk \] [gflYj [gf ]d Y[m]j\g q [gfk]fkg \] dgk Yk! egjY\gj]k Yk! q Y [YeZag \]d mkg \] mfY k]\]$ hgj ]b]ehdg& DY [gehd]e]flYja]\Y\ lYeZa f ]k aehgjlYfl] ]f ^mf[a f \] dgk [gf^da[lgk ]pakl]fl]k ]f dY rgfY& =b]ehdgk \] nYda\]r ] aehY[lg \] ]kgk hYjl]fYjaY\gk kgf dYk [gYda[agf]k b n]f]k q Y\mdlgk ljYZYbYf\g hgj dY j][mh]jY[a f q Yd ]eZ]dd]% [aea]flg \] mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g im] kajn] Y YeZgk _jmhgk3 Yim]ddYk ]f im] Ykg% [aY[agf]k \] emb]j]k q \] `geZj]k ljYZYbYf ]f dY dm[`Y [gfljY dY NA>3 g ]flj] _jmhgk kg[aYd]k \] [dYk]k \an]jkYk hYjY dY j][mh]jY[a f \] mf ]khY[ag \]klafY\g Y dYk ^YeadaYk& HYjY ^mf[agfYj$ ]k hj][akg im] ]klgk Y[m]j\gk l]f_Yf mf e faeg \] ^gjeYda\Y\ q \] \a^mka f2 mf Y[m]j\g ^ajeY\g [gf j]khgfkYZada\Y\]k hj][akYk ]k e]bgj im] mfg n]jZYd ka]ehj] kmb]lg Y afl]jhj]lY[a f q e~k []j[Yfg Y dY kaehd] [gf[]j% lY[a f& H]jg$ mf Y[m]j\g ^ajeY\g ]f h Zda[g [gehjge]l] em[`g e~k im] mfg ^ajeY\g ]f mfY g^a[afY emfa[ahYd& =klgk Y[m]j\gk \]Z]f ]phda[alYj dgk [gehjg% eakgk j]khgfkYZada\Y\]k$ ^afYf[aYea]flg$ [Yd]f\Yjag! \] [Y\Y kg[ag q dYk eg\Y% da\Y\]k \] n]ja^a[Yjdgk& MfY ]ph]ja]f[aY \gf\] k]Y hgkaZd] gZk]jnYj [ eg dgk Y[m]j\gk [gfljY \gk hgj lg\Yk dYk hYjl]k kgf j]kh]lY\gk Yk]_mjY mf Y\][mY\g fan]d \] [gehjgeakg& =kl] ]k ]d [Ykg \]d hjgq][lg ÉDY [am\Y\ \m]je] fg dY \]k% ha]jl]kÊ$ \]kYjjgddY\g ]f :Y\YdgfY$ =khY Y& =f ]kl] [Ykg$ ]d 9qmflYea]flg j]Y% dar Y[[agf]k ]f lgjfg Y \akeafmaj Yd_mfYk [gf\m[lYk \] ja]k_g ]f dY hgZdY[a f bmn]fad$ ]f mf l]jjalgjag \]\a[Y\g Y dY j][j]Y[a f q ]d g[ag fg[lmjfg ZYj]k$ \ak% [gl][Yk$ ]l[&!

))-

J][mY\jg ). :Y\YdgfY$ =khY Y Hjgq][lg DY ;am\Y\ <m]je] fg dY <]kha]jl]k Hj]n]f[a f hYjY b n]f]k q mkg [gfk[a]fl] \] km la]ehg \] g[ag =d 9qmflYea]flg _]f]j Y[[agf]k \] [Yj~[l]j hj]n]flang hYjY \akeafmaj [gf\m[lYk \] ja]k_g ]f b n]f]k ]f mf l]jjalgjag \]\a[Y\g Yd g[ag& Dgk b n]% f]k$ [gfka\]jY\gk [geg kg[agk ]f ]kl] hjgq][lg$ k] j]khgfkYZadarYf \] kmk Y[[agf]k q [gf ]ddg hj]na]f]f [gf\m[lYk \] ja]k_g& Dm_Yj Y afl]jn]faj q gZb]lang RgfY af\mkljaYd$ \]klafY\Y Yd g[ag$ [gf hg[Y `YZalYZada\Y\$ Ymfim] bmflg Y ]ddY ]pakl]f ZYjjagk [gf *+&*(( `YZalYfl]k$ YhjgpaeY\Ye]fl]& DYk hjaf[ahYd]k Y[lana\Y\]k [ge]j[aYd]k q k]jna[agk hj]k]fl]k ]f dY rgfY \] g[ag$ q \mjYfl] dgk `gjYjagk fg[lmjfgk$ kgf \ak[gl][Yk q ZYj]k emka[Yd]k& DY rgfY ]k \] [Yj~[l]j ]klja[lYe]fl] af\mkljaYd$ h]jg jg\]Y\Y \] \a^]j]fl]k f [d]gk \] nana]f\Yk& DYk h]jkgfYk im] Y[m\]f e~k ^j][m]fl]e]fl] Y ]kl] ]khY[ag kgf b n]f]k$ \] ]flj] )0 Y *- Y gk eYqgjalYjaYe]fl]& =d gZb]lang hjaf[ahYd ]klmng gja]flY\g Y \akeafmaj dYk [gf\m[lYk \] ja]k_g ]flj] ]ddgk&

E]lg\gdg_ Y \] ljYZYbg =d hjgq][lg [ge]fr [gf mf ]klm\ag \] dYk hjgZd]e~la[Yk$ \]l]jeaf~f\gk] im] ]d [gfÖa[lg fa[g ]jY ]d nYf\Ydakeg ]f dYk `gjYk \] kYda\Y \] dgk dg[Yd]k \] g[ag& =f hjae]j dm_Yj$ hYjY e]bgjYj dY h]j[]h[a f \] afk]_mja\Y\ \] dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! ^m] Yme]flY\Y dY hj]k]f[aY hgda[aYd$ q hgl]f[aY\Y dY admeafY[a f YjlaÕ[aYd \mjYfl] dY fg[`] q dY daeha]rY ]f ]d ]flgjfg& =f k]_mf\g dm_Yj$ k] ljYZYb ]f dY [gf[a]f[aY[a f \] dgk b n]f]k$ [gf nakalYk q [`YjdYk ]f dgk afklalmlgk$ [YehY Yk af^gjeYlanYk ]f \aYjagk$ jY\ag q l]d]naka f3 q nakalYk Y []fljgk \] j]`YZadalY[a f \] h]jkgfYk [gf eafmknYd Yk ^ ka[Yk Y

)).

[gfk][m]f[aY \] Y[[a\]fl]k \] lj~Õ[g hgj [gfkmeg \] Yd[g`gd& =f dY rgfY \] g[ag lYeZa f ^m]jgf ]^][lmY\Yk j]hj]k]flY[agf]k \] Y[[a\]fl]k$ [gf dY Y[lmY[a f \] dgk k]jna[agk \] ]e]j_]f[aY$ q [gfk][m]f[aYk \] klgk& =f l]j[]j dm_Yj$ ^m]jgf afklYdY\gk [gfljgd]k hgda[aYd]k ]f dYk n Yk \] Y[[]kg Y dY rgfY \] g[ag$ Yk [geg k] j]^gjr dY hj]k]f[aY hgda[aYd ]f ]d [gdaf\Yfl] ZYjjag \] ;YfqY\ $ im] km^j Y dgk Y[lgk nYf\~da[gk&

AehY[lg ' =^][lg \]k]Y\g E]bgjYj dY h]j[]h[a f \] dY k]_mja\Y\ \] dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk!3 af^gjeYj Y b n]f]k q ]flj]_Yj hjghm]klYk ]\m[YlanYk ]f [gd]_agk q \akeafmaj \]d ja]k_g hYjY dgk Yk! hjghagk Yk! b n]f]k&

9mfim] fg dY kmklalmq]$ ]d hYjl]fYjaY\g ^Y[adalY dY hYjla[ahY[a f q j]khgfkYZadarY[a f [am\Y\YfY& =k af lad ljYlYj \] j][j]Yj dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] lg\gk dgk Yk! egjY\gj]k Yk! ]f rgfYk \gf\] dY [gfÕYfrY fg ]k ]^][lanY ]flj] `YZalYfl]k dg im] ]k [ge f ]f em[`gk ZYjjagk \] mfY [am\Y\ ^jY_e]flY\Y! q \gf\] dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k ZYjjaYd]k g dg[Yd]k kgf hg[g j]hj]k]flYlanYk \] lg\Y dY [gemfa\Y\& 9 hYjlaj \] dYk [gYda[agf]k k] _]f]jY mfY aeY_]f \] k]ja]\Y\$ im] j][gfkljmq] dY [gfÕYfrY egkljYf\g im] dY Ykg[aY[a f ^gjlYd][] Y dgk Yk! egjY\gj]k Yk!& <]k\] ]klY Y[[a f [gd][lanY ]k hgkaZd] ]kh]jYj im] dgk `YZalYfl]k ]eha][]f Y j][mh]jYj dY [gf^aYfrY q hYjla[ah]f ]f dY lgeY \] \][aka f& @Yq im] afkaklaj ]f ]kl] Ykh][lg2 e~k im] dY kaehd] YhjgZY[a f g afngdm[jYea]flg ]f dY lgeY \] \][akagf]k$ dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] dYk [gemfa\Y\]k dg[Yd]k ]f eYl]jaY \] k]_mja\Y\ ka_fa^a[Y$ Yfl] lg\g$ km j]khgfkYZadarY[a f& @Yq ]f ]kl] Ykh][lg mf aehgjlYfl] [YeZag [mYdalYlang& =d hYjl]fYjaY\g h]jeal] mf ]^][lg emdlahda[Y\gj \]d aehY[lg \] km hgd la[Y Y mfY Ykg[aY[a f g afklalm[a f im] fg k]j Y hgkaZd] \] Yd[YfrYj ka ljYZYbYjY kgdY& Mf ]b]ehdg j]d]nYfl] ]f dY Ykg[aY[a f \] \gk gj_Yfakegk gja]flY\gk `Y[aY mf ^af [ge f ]k mfY ]ph]ja]f[aY \]kYjjgddY\Y ]f Lgjafg$ AlYdaY& =f ]klY [am\Y\ ^m] j]Yda% rY\g ]d hjgq][lg ;Yk[afY Jg[[Y >jYf[Y \gf\] ]d 9qmflYea]flg k] Ykg[a [gf mf _jmhg \] [ge]j[aYfl]k \] dY rgfY& =f ]kl] hjgq][lg ^m] j][mh]jY\Y ] afl]_jY\Y Yd ]khY[ag mjZYfg \]d ZYjjag mfY Yfla_mY _jYfbY YZYf\gfY\Y$ dY im] ^m] [gfn]j% la\Y ]f mf []fljg [mdlmjYd q j][j]Y[agfYd im] \afYear Yd ZYjjag$ ]flj]_Yf\g mf dm_Yj \] ]khYj[aea]flg Y dgk Yk! j]ka\]fl]k$ Y\mdlgk Yk! eYqgj]k ]f km eYqgj Y& 9\]e~k$ [gf dY hYjla[ahY[a f \]d _jmhg \] [ge]j[aYfl]k k] ]kljm[lmj mfY afk% lYf[aY im] _]f]jY j][mjkgk im] hm]\]f h]jealaj mfY eYqgj kmkl]flYZada\Y\ \]d ]khY[ag&

))/

J][mY\jg )/ Lgjafg$ AlYdaY Hjgq][lg J][YdaÕ[Y[a f \] dY ;Yk[afY Jg[[Y Hjg[]kgk e~k ]Õ[Y[]k q j]kmdlY\gk \] e~k aehY[lg LjYZYbYj [ggj\afY\Y q Ykg[aY\Ye]fl] ]flj] \gk g e~k gj_Yfakegk hgl]f[aY dY dYZgj Y j]YdarYj$ _]f]jY hjg[]kgk e~k ]Õ[Y[]k q mf ]^][lg emdlahda[Y\gj \]d aehY[lg im] dg_jY Yd_mfY afl]jn]f[a f g ljYZYbg& ;Y\Y afklalm[a f g _jmhg afngdm[jY\g \]kYjjgddY dYk lYj]Yk hYjY dYk [mYd]k ]kl~ e~k [YhY[a% lY\Y q eglanY\Y& Dm_Yj Y afl]jn]faj q gZb]lang =f ]klY rgfY j]ka\]f []j[Y \] *-&((( h]jkgfYk$ hjaf[ahYde]fl] Y\mdlgk Yk! eYqgj]k$ q ]f ]ddY ]pakl]f h]im] gk [ge]j[agk q Yd_mfgk hm]klgk \] Yjl]kYf Yk3 q ]f dYk Y^m]jYk$ mf ~j]Y af\mkljaYd& =d hjgq][lg \] dY _jYfbY$ ]f ^mf[agfYea]flg \]k\] *((/$ ]kl~ gja]flY\g Y dY ^YeadaY q Y dgk Yk! Y\mdlgk Yk! eYqgj]k j]ka\]fl]k& Km `gjYjag nY \]k\] dYk 0&(( `YklY dYk *,&(( `gjYk$ \] dmf]k Y k~ZY\g& Dgk \geaf_g YZj] k dg ]f ]p[]h[agf]k& Dgk hjgZd]eYk e~k aehgjlYfl]k \]d ~j]Y hm]\]f k]j j]kmea\gk ]f mfY k]fkY[a f \] YakdYea]flg \]d ZYjjag [gf j]kh][lg Y dY [am\Y\3 dY ]d]nY\Y hj]k]f[aY \] Yf[aYfgk Yk!$ dY eYqgj Y kgdgk Yk! [gf \ Zad]k f]pgk kg[aYd]k q [gf mfY j]flY emq ZYbY3 dY \]_jY\Y[a f ^ ka[Y \] dgk hakgk hghmdYj]k q \] Yd_mfYk ~j]Yk hmZda[Yk3 e~k dY hj]k]f[aY \] lj~Õ[g \] \jg_Yk ]f Yd_mfgk dm_Yj]k& =d gZb]lang hjaf[ahYd ^m] j][YdaÕ[Yj dY Yfla_mY _jYfbY mZa[Y\Y ]f ]klY rgfY YdlYe]fl] \]l]jagjY\Y$ ]f \gf\] j]ka\] mfY hgZdY[a f ]fn]b][a\Y&

E]lg\gdg_ Y \] ljYZYbg =d hjgq][lg MjZYf j][Yda^a[Y[a f _dgZYd \]d ~j]Y \] EajY^agja Fgj\! `Y \]l]jeafY\g dYk [gf\a[agf]k hYjY ngdn]j Y hgf]j ]f eYj[`Y dY na\Y kg[aYd \]d ZYjjag q hYjY mf afngdm[jYea]flg Y[lang \] dYk Ykg[aY[agf]k hj]k]fl]k& DY ;Yk[afY Jg[[Y^jYf[Y$ q km eg\]dg \] _]kla f hmZda[g'hjanY\g$ `Yf j]hj]k]flY\g mf aehgjlYfl] ]b]ehdg ]f [mYflg kmb]lg [YhYr \] \Yj [gflafma\Y\ Yd \]kYjjgddg dg[Yd \]d ZYjjag ]f mfY \ae]fka f im] fg `Y ka_fa^a[Y\g afl]jn]f[agf]k ]pljYgj\afYjaYk&

))0

AehY[lg ' =^][lg \]k]Y\g DY ;Yk[afY Jg[[Y ^jYf[Y ]k mf fm]ng []fljg [mdlmjYd q j][j]Ylang3 mf ]khY[ag \gf\] nanaj \] eYf]jY Y[lanY ]d ZYjjag$ mf dm_Yj Y[g_]\gj \gf\] ]f[gfljYjk]$ hYkYj ]d la]ehg daZj] q [mdlanYj kmk hjghagk afl]j]k]k& Mf []fljg [ na[g affgnY\gj im] fg la]f] gljgk ]b]ehdgk ]f dY [am\Y\$ mf dm_Yj h]fkY\g hYjY im] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! k]Yf hjglY_gfaklYk$ \gf\] dgk nYdgj]k eYk aehgjlYfl]k k]Yf dY hYjla[ahY[a f q dY Y[g_a\Y q dY `gkhalYda\Y\& =flj] dYk e dlahd]k Y[lana\Y\]k im] k] dd]nYf Y [YZg ]f dY _jYfbY$ `Yq afa[aYlanYk \] dYk la]f\Yk l]e~la[Yk la]f\Y [ge]j[ag bmklg$ ]khY[ag emb]j]k$ la]f\Y \]d Za]f]klYj$ la]f\Y ^YeadaYk!3 mf af[mZY\gj \] a\]Yk q hjgq][lgk3 [mjkgk \] \aklaflgk lahgk3 ]khY[agk \]\a[Y\gk Y dYk Ykg[aY[agf]k q Y dgk _jmhgk af^gjeYd]k& =d Ykh][lg e~k affgnY\gj ]k ]d `][`g \] im] dd]nY dY _]kla f mfY >mf\Y[a f ]f HYjla[ahY[a f [gfklalma\Y hgj dY ;am\Y\ ]d 9qmflYea]flg! q dY Y_jmhY[a f \] Ykg[aY[agf]k dg[Yd]k& =d eg\]dg \] _]kla f hmZda[g'hjanY\g ]kl~ ZYkY\Y ]f mfY \an]jka\Y\ \] Y[lana\Y\]k dm[jYlanYk \] lahg [ge]j[aYd$ [gf dYk im] ]kh]jYf [gfk]_maj ]d kmkl]flg ][gf ea[g \] dY ^mf\Y[a f&

=d hYjl]fYjaY\g hm]\] _]f]jYj mfY fm]nY [mdlmjY \] [gdYZgjY[a f& >j]fl] Y dY ^jmk% ljY[a f im] [YmkY dY Ymk]f[aY \] gj_YfarY[agf]k \] ZYk] hg\]jgkYk$ Yd YZYf\gfg \] k][lgj]k hghmdYj]k hgj hYjl] \] afklalm[agf]k afl]je]\aYk %[geg dgk hYjla\gk hgd la[gk g dgk k][lgj]k \] a_d]kaYk kg[aYde]fl] [gehjge]la\gk% fm]nYk hj~[la[Yk \] Ykg[aY[a f im] hYjl]f \] dYk [gemfa\Y\]k \] afl]j k hm]\]f j]_]f]jYj eg\Y% da\Y\]k \an]jkYk \] [ggh]jY[a f q [j]Yj [gfÕYfrY& Dgk Yf~dakak \] ;jYo^gj\ kgZj] dY kalmY[a f af_d]kY ]f ]d h]j g\g \] Lgfq :dYaj q$ ]f hYjla[mdYj$ km afkakl]f[aY ]f dY afmlada\Y\ \] afl]flYj \] j][gfkljmaj dgk dYrgk ljY\a[agfYd]k gj_YfarYlangk \] dY [dYk] gZj]jY$ `Yf ]na\]f[aY\g ]kl] Ykh][lg&

=pa_]f[aYk q \aÕ[mdlY\]k \]d hYjl]fYjaY\g =d hYjl]fYjaY\g ]k hYjl] \] dY [mdlmjY \] dY f]_g[aY[a f3 ]k \][aj$ \] dgk [gehjgea% kgk ]flj] Y[lgj]k& Hgj ]f\]$ kmhgf] mfY ngdmflY\ \] dd]_Yj Y Y[m]j\gk kmh]jYf\g dgk ]_g kegk afklalm[agfYd]k HYimaf$ *((-! dg im] aehda[Y lYeZa f mf [YeZag [md% lmjYd$ ]k \][aj$ dY Yh]jlmjY Y mfY ^gjeY \] [gdYZgjY[a f ]f dY [mYd ]d da\]jYr_g ]k [gehYjla\g$ kaf im] ]klg ka_faÕim] YljaZmaj Y dgk gljgk kg[agk dY j]khgfkYZada\Y\ \] dgk ^jY[Ykgk& =k aehgjlYfl] dY [gflafma\Y\ \] dgk Yk! j]hj]k]flYfl]k \] dYk \an]jkYk afklalm[ag% f]k q dY hm]klY ]f ]na\]f[aY \] \] dgk Y[m]j\gk q Z]f]Õ[agk hYjY lg\gk Yk!$ e~k im] \] dgk ^jY[Ykgk& =d hYjl]fYjaY\g fg ka_faÕ[Y Ymk]f[aY \] da\]jYr_g [dYjg hYjY [a]jlYk Y[lana\Y\]k %Ymfim] ]k \]k]YZd] im] Yk k]Y% qY im] ]k Y[]hlY\g im] dY afk% lalm[a f ]f e]bgj]k [gf\a[agf]k \] da\]jYj mf hjg_jYeY g mf hjgq][lg YkmeY ]klY [gf\a[a f$ kaf im] ]klg ka_faÕim] hYjY dgk \]e~k mfY h j\a\Y \] hjglY_gfakeg& =f ]klg jY\a[Y km eYqgj \aÕ[mdlY\&

))1

9 hYjlaj \] km ]klm\ag ]f ;YfY\~$ \gf\] em[`gk hYjl]fYjaY\gk `Yf l]fa\g palg$ K& HYimaf `Y a\]flaÕ[Y\g gZkl~[mdgk [geg dY [Yj]f[aY \] Ö]paZada\Y\ q dgk da\]jYr_gk afnYkgj]k \] Yd_mfYk gj_YfarY[agf]k q kmk \]d]_Y\gk Yk!& =klY kalmY[a f kmj_]$ Y e]fm\g$ ]f dYk YdaYfrYk ]flj] ]d k][lgj h Zda[g q gj_YfarY[agf]k \] dY kg[a]\Y\ [anad& DYk ]pa_]f[aYk \] j]kmdlY\gk hgj hYjl] \]d =klY\g$ km hg\]j ÕfYf[a]jg q kg[ag% hgd la[g ]ehmbYf Y e]fm\g Yd da\]jYr_g afnYkang&

Dgk ]f^gim]k ghm]klgk Y j][gf[adaYj [gfklalmq]f lYeZa f mf hjgZd]eY hYjla[mdYj% e]fl] Y_m\g& Mf ]b]ehdg \] j]dY[agf]k [gehda[Y\Yk YhYj][] ]f dY [gdYZgjY[a f ]flj] hgda[ Yk q kg[a]\Y\ [anad$ hgj ]d `][`g \] im] dY hgda[ Y \]Z]$ Y e]fm\g$ Y[lmYj ]f kalmY[a f \] mj_]f[aY$ ea]fljYk dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k \] dY kg[a]\Y\ [anad ljYZYbYf ]f mfY h]jkh][lanY \] eYqgj hdYrg& DYk [mdlmjYk hgda[aYd]k q Yim]ddYk \] dY kg[a]\Y\ [anad kgf \aklYfl]k q [Yj][]f \] ]khY[ag \] ]f[m]fljg \gf\] k]Y hgkaZd] \aYdg_Yj& GljYk \aÕ[mdlY\]k [gemf]k kgf ]d la]ehg \]\a[Y\g Yd hYjl]fYjaY\g$ dY hj~[la[Y gja]flY\Y Y Zmk[Yj kgdm[a f \] dgk hjgZd]eYk$ dY hj][Yja]\Y\ ÕfYf[a]jY q dgk [Ye% Zagk ]f dYk ]kljm[lmjYk& =k ]na\]fl] im] dgk hYjl]fYjaY\gk mf]f Y _jmhgk q Y[lgj]k im] fg la]f]f mf [Yha% lYd \] hg\]j kaeadYj& K] `Y \a[`g im] ]d =klY\g ]k e~k hgl]fl] im] lg\gk dgk gljgk Y[lgj]k3 kaf ]eZYj_g$ ]f mfY h]jkh][lanY \] [gehd]e]flYja]\Y\ ]k aehgjlYfl] nYdgjarYj dgk \an]jkgk hg\]j]k im] [Y\Y kg[ag hgk]]&

;gf[dmkagf]k =d ]khY[ag h Zda[g dg hjg\m[]f dYk h]jkgfYk q ]d mkg im] klYk d] \]f dg ka_faÕ[Y [geg k]_mjg g afk]_mjg$ af[dmkang g ]p[dmq]fl]$ afl]_jY\gj g k]_j]_Y\gj& Dgk _gZa]j% fgk dg[Yd]k$ dYk hgda[ Yk$ dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k kg[aYd]k q [gemfalYjaYk dY [gemfa\Y\! kgf dgk Y[lgj]k [dYn]k ]f dY lYj]Y \] _]f]jYj eYqgj]k q e]bgj]k ]khY[agk h Zda[gk& K dg ]d ljYZYbg [gfbmflg \] lg\gk dgk Yk! afngdm[jY\gk Yk! h]jeal] [gfkljmaj$ j][m% h]jYj q hjg^mf\arYj dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk [geg ]d dm_Yj hj]^]j]fl] \gf\] k] \]kY% jjgddY q fmlj] ]d l]ba\g kg[aYd& Hgj ]ddg ]ph]ja]f[aYk [geg dYk e]f[agfY\Yk ]f ]d hj]k]fl] l]plg$ dd]nY\Yk Y [YZg ]f \a^]j]fl]k [am\Y\]k \]d emf\g$ kgf mf ]b]ehdg Y k]_maj ]f hjgZd]e~la[Yk mjZYfYk im] kgf _dgZYd]k& =k hj][akg [gehj]f\]j dYk ]kljYl]_aYk q e]lg\gdg_ Yk qY hm]klYk ]f hj~[la[Y ]f gljYk [am\Y\]k q dg[Yda\Y\]k q [gfl]plmYdarYjdYk Y dYk hYjla[mdYja\Y\]k \] [Y\Y l]jjalgjag& 9k k]j~ hgkaZd] _]f]jYj ]khY[agk h Zda[gk k]_mjgk$ af[dmkangk ] afl]_jY% \gj]k$ \gf\] dYk h]jkgfYk hm]\Yf `Y[]j [gemfa\Y\& =d hYjl]fYjaY\g hm]\] k]j mf afkljme]flg hgl]fl]$ im] _]f]j] mfY [mdlmjY \an]jkY \] dY k]_mja\Y\ ^ge]flYf\g km [ghjg\m[[a f& Kmhgf] dY Y[]hlY[a f hjg_j]kanY \] dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] Y[lgj]k \] dY kg[a]\Y\ [anad$ [gf kmk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk hjghaYk$ ]f dYk hgd la[Yk \] k]_mja\Y\ ]f ^gjeY \] [gYda[agf]k [gf dgk emfa[ahagk q dgk =klY\gk&

)*(

=klY [mdlmjY ]k \a^ [ad q d]flY \] afklYdYj$ h]jg ^Y[adalY dY j]khgfkYZadarY[a f \] dgk kg[agk q dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!$ gZda_Y Y kmh]jYj ]_g kegk afklalm[agfYd]k q ^Y[adalY dY ljYfkhYj]f[aY3 Y dY n]r im] h]jeal] j]Y\][mYj hgd la[Yk afklalm[agfYd]k [gfka\]% jY\Yk [geg aflg[YZd]k& Dgk hYjl]fYjaY\gk hm]\]f [gfljaZmaj Y \]kYjjgddYj ]d [Yha% lYd \] _gZ]jfYfrY \] dgk kg[agk dg[Yd]k$ Yme]flYf\g km d]_alaea\Y\ q km Y[[]kg Y j][mjkgk q [gfg[aea]flgk& <& KYfk >Y gf$ *((-!

Mfg \] dgk afkljme]flgk e~k ]^][langk hYjY dg_jYj ]klgk hYjl]fYjaY\gk kgf dgk Y[m]j\gk kgZj] dY ZYk] \] \aY_f kla[gk \] kalmY[agf]k im] j]ima]j]f la]ehg$ h]jg im] _]f]jYf [gfk]fkgk3 q$ hgj gljY hYjl]$ dgk da\]jYr_gk dg[Yd]k [YhY[]k \] aehgf]j mfY ]^][lanY [gdYZgjY[a f Ydj]\]\gj \] mfY naka f [ge f&

:A:DAG?J9>á9 :gjbY$ Bgj\a$ DY ;am\Y\ ;gfimaklY\Y$ 9daYfrY =\algjaYd& EY\ja\$ *((+& WWWWW $ ;am\Y\Yf Y q =khY[ag H Zda[g$ J]naklY 9eZa]fl] q <]kYjjgddg& Ngd& PAN F e]jg +$ hh& )+%**&$ )110 GZl]fa\g \]k\] `llh2''ooo&[aheY&[d'J9<')110'+W :gjbY&h\^ ;YZj]jg$ =fjaim]$ Dgk [YeZagk ]f dY Y_]f\Y \] hgd la[Yk h Zda[Yk ]f ]d ~eZalg emfa[ahYd2 mfY naka f afljg\m[lgjaY& =f2 <] dY EYrY$ ?gfrYdg3 >]jf~f\]r$ EYj_YjalY3 FYnYjjg$ An~f [gehadY\gj]k!& AffgnY[a f q [am\Y\Yf Y ]f dY _]kla f l]jjalgjaYd2 ]d jgd \] dgk emfa[ahagk& J]kmdlY\gk \]d K]eafYjag j]YdarY\g ]f Hmq]`m] q Gkgjfg Ç ;`ad]$ \a[a]eZj] *((+& HmZda[Y\g hgj ]d Hjg_jYeY ;am\Y\Yf Y q ?]kla f Dg[Yd& >mf\Y[a f hYjY dY Kmh]jY[a f \] dY HgZj]rY& KYflaY_g \] ;`ad]$ eYqg \] *((,& ;jYo^gj\ 9\Ye$ L`] Dg[Yd ?gn]jfYf[] g^ ;jae] 9hh]Ydk lg ;geemfalq Yf\ HYjlf]jk`ahk$ ;dYj]flgf Hj]kk& Gp^gj\$ )11/ <mjklgf$ Bg`f$ ;YhalYd Kg[aYd Ç HYjl] \]d HjgZd]eY$ HYjl] \] dY Kgdm[a f& Km hYh]d ]f dY h]jkakl]f[aY q ]f dY kmh]jY[a f \] dY hgZj]rY ]f 9e ja[Y DYlafY q ]d ;YjaZ]$ ;]hYd& KYflaY_g \] ;`ad]$ *(()& =[c$ Bg`f q Kh]deYf$ OaddaYe )&10/! HjgZd]e Kgdnaf_2 HjgZd]e%Gja]fl]\ hgda[af_ af F]ohgjl F]ok$ Hgda[] J]k]Yj[` >gjme >]jf~f\]r$ ;gfjY\g B&$ DY hgda[ Y$ dY kg[a]\Y\ q ]d ^mlmjg& :gd]l f E&=&H&$ ngd ) f³ - $ Mfan]jka\Y\ \] :Yj[]dgfY& :Yj[]dgfY$ )11,& WWWWW $ =d hg\]j ]f dY Hgda[ Y L]kak \g[lgjYd!$ Mfan]jka\Y\ \] :Yj[]dgfY$ *(()& WWWWW $ =d eg\]dg \] hjgpaea\Y\ ]kljYl _a[Y2 ?]kla f ]kljYl _a[Y hYjY mfY hgda[ Y gja]flY\Y Y dY [gfnan]f[aY& =f =d hYh]d \] dY hgda[ Y ]f dY [gfnan]f[aY$ [gehadY\g hgj ?Yjjgk A& ] Q a_m]r$ 9& ;]flj] \] J][]j[Y L`geYk :][c]l$ Mfan]jka\Y\ 9ZY\ GdaZY Ç ;=M& :Yj[]dgfY$ *((0&

)*)

WWWWW $?]kla f ]kljYl _a[Y \] dY hgda[ Y2 dY hjgpaea\Y\ ]kljYl _a[Y& =f Hj]n]f[a f q eg\]dg hgda[aYd =\& E& EYjl f& :Yj[]dgfY$ *((0& >]dkgf$ EYj[mk q ;dYj[c$ JgfYd\$ :mkaf]k Yf\ [jae] hj]n]flagf$ ;jaeafYd Bmkla[] Hj]kk$ Egfk]q& Fm]nY Qgjc$ )11/& >gjg =mjgh]g hYjY dY K]_mja\Y\ MjZYfY$ ?m Y kgZj] dYk Ym\algjaYk dg[Yd]k \] k]_mja\Y\$ K [mjal hmZdaim]& ;YfY\~$ *((0& ?YjdYf\ <Yna\$ L`] Daealk g^ l`] Kgn]j]a_f KlYl]& :jalak` BgmjfYd g^ ;jaeafgdg_q$ +.2 hh& ,,-%,/)$ )11.& ?Yn]flY$ Bg`f$ @Y[aY mfY _]kla f hYjla[ahYlanY \] dgk Ykmflgk h Zda[gk dg[Yd]k2 k]ak hjghm]klYk hYjY dY \ak[mka f& =f2 <] dY EYrY$ ?gfrYdg3 >]jf~f\]r$ EYj_YjalY3 FYnYjjg$ An~f [gehadY\gj]k!& AffgnY[a f q [am\Y\Yf Y ]f dY _]kla f l]jjalgjaYd2 ]d jgd \] dgk emfa[ahagk& J]kmdlY\gk \]d K]eafYjag j]YdarY\g ]f Hmq]`m] q Gkgjfg Ç ;`ad]$ \a[a]eZj] *((+& HmZda[Y\g hgj ]d Hjg_jYeY ;am\Y\Yf Y q ?]kla f Dg[Yd& >mf\Y[a f hYjY dY Kmh]jY[a f \] dY HgZj]rY& KYflaY_g \] ;`ad]$ eYqg \] *((,& ?gd\kl]af$ @]jeYf$ HjgZd]e Gja]fl]\ Hgda[af_$ E[ ?jYo @add& Fm]nY Qgjc$ )11(& @ajk[`eYf$ 9dZ]jl G&$ =d 9nYf[] ]f ;gd][lana\Y\& =ph]jae]flgk hghmdYj]k ]f 9e ja[Y DYlafY$ >gf\g \] ;mdlmjY =[gf ea[Y& E pa[g$ )11+& EY_fY_`a$ 9dZ]jlg& Ad hjg_]llg dg[Yd]$ :gddYla :gjaf_`a]ja& Lgjafg$ AlYdaY$ *(((& EYjlaf$ EYfm]d$ DY hjg^]ka f \] hgda[ Y$ ;=AK k PPA& EY\ja\$ )11(& E]jcd]f$ <]fak$ Gj_YfarY[a f [gemfalYjaY q hj~[la[Y hgd la[Y& DYk g[mhY[agf]k \] la]jjYk ]f ]d [gfmjZYfg \] :m]fgk 9aj]k& Fm]nY Kg[a]\Y\ Fjg& ),1 EYqg%Bmfag )11/$ hh& ).*%)//)11/& GZl]fa\g \]k\]2 `llh2''ooo&fmkg& gj_'mhdgY\'Yjla[mdgk'*-11W)&h\^ EaflrZ]j_$ @]fjq$ DY ]kljm[lmjY[a f \] dYk gj_YfarY[agf]k$ 9ja]d& :Yj[]dgfY$ )10/& Gna]\g$ =fjaim]3 9Zg_YZaj$ Pae]fY$ HYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY q ]khY[ag h Zda[g ;Yh lmdg A!Ê& S9jl [mdgU& =f K]_gnaY$ Gd_Y3 <Yk[Yd$ ?madd]jeg ]\algj]k!& =khY[ag h Zda[g$ hYjla[ahY[a f q [am\Y\Yf Y$ =\a[agf]k Kmj$ )² ]\a[a f& KYflaY_g \] ;`ad]$ *(((& GZl]fa\g \]k\]2 `llh2''ooo&kalagkmj&[d'j&h`h7a\5*1.& HYimaf Kgh`a]$ D] hYjl]fYjaYl \Yfk dY hj]n]flagf \m [jae] ]f eada]m mjZYaf2 d]k \ Õk \¢mf] [mdlmj] [gfkgda\]j& ;YfY\aYf BgmjfYd g^ ;jaeafgdg_q Yf\ ;jaeafYd Bmkla[]$ ngd ,/$ fg * hh&+)/%++-$ *((-& Hjg_jYeY \] dYk FY[agf]k Mfa\Yk hYjY dgk 9k]flYea]flgk @meYfgk& @]jjYea]flYk hYjY mfY _]kla f mjZYfY hYjla[ahYlanY& SDaZjgU& ;gd][[a f EYfmYd]k&2 =\a[agf]k Kmj$ )² ]\a[a f& KYflaY_g \] ;`ad]$ *((*3 GZl]fa\g \]k\]2 `llh2''ooo&kalagkmj& [d'j&h`h7a\50-& S;gfkmdlY\g ]f2 )1%)*%*((0U& Jmar$ B& ;& q NYf\]jk[`m]j]f$ >&& :Yk] [gf[]hlmYd \] dY k]_mja\Y\& =f2 9jfYm\g$ J& q EYjlaf$ D& =\k&! ;gfkgda\Y[a f \] dgk _gZa]jfgk dg[Yd]k ]f k]_mja\Y\ [am\Y\YfY& J]\ ), ' MjZ Ç 9d$ J]_a f Lgk[YfY$ h& )(%+,&$ *((/& KYfk >Y gf <Yfa]d$ <] dY hj n]flagf ]l \] dY k [mjal 2 j Ö]pagfk kmj dY _gmn]jfYf[]

)**

\mjYZd] \] dY k [mjal \]k [gdd][lanal k& =f ;YfY\aYf BgmjfYd g^ ;jaeafgdgq Yf\ ;jaeafYd Bmkla[]$ ngd ,/$ fg * hh&,.+%,/1$ *((-& K]_gnaY$ Gd_Y ]\algjY!& =khY[agk h Zda[gk q [gfkljm[[a f kg[aYd& @Y[aY mf ]b]j[a[ag \] [am\Y\Yf Y& SDaZjgU& =\a[agf]k Kmj$ )² ]\a[a f& KYflaY_g \] ;`ad]$ *((/& GZl]fa\g \]k\]2 `llh2''ooo&kalagkmj&[d'j&h`h7a\501*& S;gfkmdlY\g ]f2 *.%)*%*((0U& K]jjYfg$ ;dYm\aY$ HYjla[ahY[a f kg[aYd q [am\Y\YfY& Mf \]ZYl] \]d ;`ad] [gfl]ehgj~f]g$ Ea\]hdYf& KYflaY_g \] ;`ad]$ )110& LjgbYfgoa[r$ JgZ]jl q :m[im]jgmp$ :gffa]$ ;geemfalq Hgda[af_$ 9 [gfl]ehgjYjq H]jkh][lan]$ 9f\j]kgf HmZdak`af_& ;af[affYla$ )11(&

)*+

-

;9HALMDG

H9J9 MF9 KMKL=FL9:ADA<9< <= D9K AFL=JN=F;AGF=K =F =D =KH9;AG Hè:DA;G

EYjafY H]dÕfa NYdl]j ;YnYddYjg JgZ]jlg 9jfYm\g )*-

- )*.

=f mf [Yh lmdg im] dd]nY [geg l lmdg É[gf\a[agf]k \] kmkl]flYZada\Y\Ê$ nYegk Y ]eh]rYj [gf afljg\m[aj ]d l jeafg kmkl]flYZada\Y\$ hm]klg im] ]k \a^ [ad ]f[gfljYj mfY \]Õfa[a f im] l]f_Y mf [gfk]fkg j][gfg[a\g& =d l jeafg k] gja_afY ]f ]d ~eZalg \] dY ][gdg_ Y$ \gf\] ]kl~ j]^]ja\g Yd ]imadaZjag \] mfY ]kh][a] [gf dgk j][mjkgk \] km ]flgjfg& HYjY im] mf hjg[]kg k]Y kmkl]flY% Zd] \]Z] mladarYj dgk j][mjkgk fYlmjYd]k Y mf jaleg im] h]jealY km j]_]f]jY[a f \] ^gjeY fYlmjYd& =f dgk Y gk .( q Ë/($ ^m] \a^mf\a\g ]d [gf[]hlg$ [mYf\g k] hmkg ]f j]dY[a f ]d eg\]dg \] \]kYjjgddg \] dY kg[a]\Y\ [YhalYdaklY g[[a\]flYd [gf ]d e]\ag YeZa]fl] Af^gje] kgZj] dgk d eal]k \]d \]kYjjgddg$ ;dmZ \a JgeY$ )1/*!& DY \]Õfa[a f e~k \a^mf\a\Y %j]^]ja\Y Yd [gf[]hlg \] \]kYjjgddg kmkl]flYZd] % ]k dY hjghm]klY hgj ]d Af^gje] :jmfl\dYf\ ]f )10/& HdYfl]Y im] É]d \]kYjjgddg kgkl]faZd] ]k Yim]d im] kYlak^Y[] dYk f][]ka\Y\]k \]d hj]k]fl]$ kaf [gehjge]l]j dY [YhY[a% \Y\ \] im] dYk ^mlmjYk _]f]jY[agf]k hm]\Yf kYlak^Y[]j kmk hjghaYk f][]ka\Y\]kÊ ;geaka f Emf\aYd \]d E]\ag 9eZa]fl] q \]d <]kYjjgddg$ )100!& =k \a^ [ad ]f[gfljYj mfY Y[]h[a f \] kakl]eY kmkl]flYZd] mfan]jkYde]fl] [gehYj% la\Y$ hgjim] ]k mf [gf[]hlg hgda^Y[ la[g$ im] af[dmq] dY lglYda\Y\ \] dYk Y[lana\Y% \]k `meYfYk q hm]\]$ hgj dg lYflg$ k]j \]Õfa\g k dg ]f mfY h]jkh][lanY \] \a~dg_g ]flj] nYdgj]k& Hgj ]b]ehdg$ Yhda[Y\g Y mf kakl]eY [gehd]bg [geg ]d mjZYfg$ l]f\j~ im] ^mf\Yjk] ]f mfY naka f ljYfkn]jkYd im] af[dmqY dYk lj]k \ae]fkagf]k2 kg[aYd$ ][gf ea[Y q ][gd _a[Y& DY [am\Y\ kmkl]flYZd] ]klYj Y \]Õfa\Y [geg ]d hgdg mjZYfg É\gf\] dgk dg_jgk Yd[YfrY\gk ]f ]d \]kYjjgddg kg[aYd$ ][gf ea[g q ^ ka[g kgf h]j\mjYZd]k& MfY [am\Y\ kmkl]flYZd] hgk]] mfY g^]jlY [gflafmY \] dgk j][mjkgk fYlmjYd]k ]f dgk im] ZYkY km \]kYjjgddg q dgk mladarY Y mf fan]d \] kmkl]flYZada\Y\!& MfY [am\Y\ kmkl]flYZd] eYfla]f] mfY k]_mja\Y\ h]jeYf]fl] ^j]fl] Y dgk ja]k_gk YeZa]flYd]k im] hm]\]f Ye]fYrYj km \]kYjjgddg h]jeala]f\g k dg fan]d]k \] ja]k_gk Y[]hlYZd]k&Ê FY[agf]k Mfa\Yk % @YZalYl$ *(((2 *!& =k e~k ^j][m]fl] im] dYk [am\Y\]k [gfl]ehgj~f]Yk fg k]Yf kmkl]flYZd]k& G$ e~k Za]f$ ]k hgkaZd] \][aj im] ka Za]f dY Y[lmYd [jakak \] kmkl]flYZada\Y\ ]k _]f]jY\Y hgj ]d eg\]dg \] Y[memdY[a f Yk]flY\g hjaf[ahYde]fl] ]f dYk [am\Y\]k B]fck$E&$ :mjlgf$ =&$ q OaddaYfk$ C&$ )11.!& =f ]ddYk lYeZa f k] _]klYf dY \ae]fka f gh]jYlanY hYjY ]d e]bg% jYea]flg \] dY [Yda\Y\ \] na\Y Bgj\~f$ *((+! q dYk e]bgj]k hj~[la[Yk hYjY mf \]kYjjgddg kgkl]faZd]$ j]kmdlY\g \] dY Ykg[aY[a f ]^][lanY ]flj] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!$ ]d hg\]j hgd la[g%afklalm[agfYd$ q dgk Y_]fl]k hjanY\gk FY[agf]k Mfa\Yk Ç @YZalYl $ *((,!& BmklYe]fl] [gf ]kl] ]f^gim]$ dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g hm]\]f ]fl]f\]jk] [geg ]ph]jae]flY[agf]k \] ]kY \ae]fka f gh]jYlanY q lYdd]j]k \] Zm]fYk hj~[la[Yk&

)*/

<]fljg \]d hj]k]fl] Hjgq][lg MjZÇ9d im]\Y [dYjg ]d ]d]e]flg \] dY kmkl]flYZada% \Y\ [geg mf l]eY ljYfkn]jkYd q [ge f& <a[`Y kalmY[a f ]k ]na\]fl] Yd j]nakYj dYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk hj]k]flY\Yk hgj dYk [am\Y\]k kg[aYk$ Ymf j]Õja f\gk] Y [gfl]plgk [gf [YjY[l]j kla[Yk ^ ka[Yk$ kg[aYd]k q j]dY[agfYd]k \a^]j]fl]k ]flj] ]ddYk&

=f mfgk hg[gk [Ykgk$ dYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk hj]k]flY\Yk la]f]f j]dY[a f \aj][lY [gf ]d kYf]Yea]flg YeZa]flYd2 hdYf]k \] kYf]Yea]flg \]d l]jj]fg ]f mf ~j]Y af\mkljaYd g Yjj]_dg \] dY jaZ]jY \] mf j g& =klgk hjgq][lgk `Y[]f ]na\]fl] dY ^m]jl] j]dY[a f ]flj] kmkl]flYZada\Y\ YeZa]flYd q kg[aYd [mYf\g `Yq im] afl]jn]faj ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g2 mfY k] ]flj]dYrY [gf dY gljY$ q hm]\] k]j mf e]\ag hYjY Yd[YfrYj dY gljY& Hgj ]b]ehdg$ hYjla[ahYf\g ]f ljYZYbgk \] kYf]Yea]flg \] km hjghag l]jjalgjag % dY ]daeafY[a f \] mf ea[jg%ZYkmjYd hYjY \]ngdn]j mfY hdYrY Yd ZYjjag Ç mfY [gemfa% \Y\ hm]\] ]klYZd][]j j]dY[agf]k$ \]k]f[Y\]fYj hjg[]kgk \] af[dmka f$ \Yj ^gjeY Y kmk ]pa_]f[aYk3 ]f [gf[dmka f$ dg_jYj aehgjlYfl]k j]kmdlY\gk lYeZa f ]f l jeafgk \] kmkl]flYZada\Y\ kg[aYd n]j J][mY\jgk )$ / q'g )* !& @Yq mfY k]_mf\Y lahgdg_ Y \] ]ph]ja]f[aY$ \gf\] dY afl]jn]f[a f ]kl~ [gf[]fljY\Y Ç hjaf[ahYde]fl]% ]f dYk \af~ea[Yk kg[aYd]k q \] [gemfa\Y\3 h]jg af[dmq] lYeZa f Y[[agf]k \] ljYfk^gjeY[a f ^ ka[Y \] dgk dm_Yj]k q hm]\] Ykmeaj mfY [gffglY[a f \] j][YdaÕ[Y[a f YeZa]flYd \]d ]khY[ag hgj ]b]ehdg dY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f \] mf ~j]Y \] bm]_g ]f mf hYjim]$ [geg dg em]kljYf dgk [Ykgk egkljY\gk ]f dgk J][mY\jgk ,$ . q'g )+!& Hgj dlaeg$ `Yq mfY lahgdg_ Y \] ]ph]ja]f[aYk im] hj]n f afl]jn]f[agf]k \] lahg kg[aYd$ [gf ]d gZb]lang \] j]\m[aj ]d fan]d \] [gf^da[lg \]fljg \] mf \]l]jeafY\g ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ g ]f mfY hYjl] \] d& =f dY [Yka lglYda\Y\ \] dgk [Ykgk$ ]klgk hjgq][lgk `Yf ka\g dd]nY\gk Y [YZg [gf dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] dgk Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k j]dY[agfY\gk [gf ]k] [gfl]plg& =f ]klgk [Ykgk ]d gZb]lang hjaf[ahYd ]k dY kmkl]f% lYZada\Y\ kg[aYd& =f ]klYk h~_afYk ]phdgjYj]egk e~k ]f hjg^mf\a\Y\ ]d jgd \] dY kmkl]flYZada\Y\ ]f dYk hgd la[Yk hYjY ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ [gf Yl]f[a f ]kh][ Õ[Y ]f dY \ae]fka f kg[aYd$ im] Ykme] mf jgd YZkgdmlYe]fl] []fljYd ]f dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k im] YhmflYf Y e]bgjYj dY [g`]ka f \] dY [gemfa\Y\&

)*0

-&) G:B=LANG2 KMKL=FL9:ADA<9< EYjafY H]dÕfa 9jimal][lY 9kg[aY[a f 9eYhgdY DY j]dY[a f ]flj] ]khY[ag h Zda[g q hgd la[Yk \] hdYfaÕ[Y[a f [gffglY ljY\a[ag% fYde]fl] ]d _gZa]jfg \] dY [am\Y\$ ]fl]f\a f\gdg [geg Y[lana\Y\ \] j]_mdY[a f$ f]_g[aY[a f q hjg\m[[a f \] Za]f]k q ]khY[agk h Zda[gk& Kaf ]eZYj_g$ `gq ]d [gf% l]plg kg[aYd `Y [YeZaY\g q ]klYegk \]kgja]flY\gk ^j]fl] Y mfgk mkgk \]d ]khY[ag \a^]j]fl]k q [gfljY\a[lgjagk& Kgf ]klYZd][a\gk fm]ngk ^]f e]fgk$ j]kmdlY\g \] mfY [j][a]fl] \an]jka\Y\2 [Ye% ZaYf dgk ]kladgk \] na\Y q \] ljYZYbg$ dYk ^gjeYk \] mladarYj q [gfkmeaj dYk [am\Y\]k$ Yk [geg dY gj_YfarY[a f \]d la]ehg q dYk j]dY[agf]k ]flj] dgk _jmhgk q dgk af\ana% \mgk& =d kakl]eY \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk ]k kge]la\g Y mfY ]na\]fl] j][gfÕ_mjY% [a f$ ljYfk^gje~f\gdg ]f dm_Yj \] \akhmlY$ gZb]lg \] YljaZm[a f \] nYdgj]k q ka_fa% Õ[Y[agf]k \aklaflgk& >j]fl] Y ]klYk ljYfk^gjeY[agf]k$ ]e]j_] dY f][]ka\Y\ \] mf h]fkYea]flg mjZYfg im] hjg\mr[Y e lg\gk q `]jjYea]flYk hYjY dYk hgd la[Yk h Zda[Yk& =k hj][akg Y[la% nYj hjgq][lgk hYjY ]d l]jjalgjag$ hjg[]kgk \] j]_]f]jY[a f kaf _]fljaÕ[Y[a f YZmj% _m]kYea]flg!$ hj~[la[Yk \] hYjla[ahY[a f q f]_g[aY[a f kgZj] dgk mkgk \]d ]khY[ag q \] \a~dg_g ]flj] dgk af\ana\mgk& DY Yjla[mdY[a f q dY \an]jkaÕ[Y[a f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g `Y ka\g ]d []fljg nalYd \] dY [am\Y\ g[[a\]flYd& =d ]khY[ag h Zda[g `Y ka\g nana\g [geg mfY hjgdgf_Y[a f j]dY[agfYd$ ]pl]jagj q [gehd]e]flYjaY \]d ]khY[ag hjanY\g& DY [am\Y\ ]mjgh]Y `Y ka\g \]Õfa\Y [geg dm_Yj \] Y[g_a\Y \] hgZdY[agf]k \an]jkYk hgj `aklgjaY q [mdlmjY& ?jmhgk q h]jkgfYk \aklaflYk g[mhYZYf ~j]Yk \]l]jeafY\Yk \] dY [am\Y\ q [gehYj% l Yf dgk ]khY[agk YZa]jlgk$ kgZj] lg\g ]f g[Yka f \] Õ]klYk q e]j[Y\gk& LYeZa f dgk ]khY[agk mjZYfgk [gfl]ehgj~f]gk ka_m]f ka]f\g [YlYdarY\gj]k q$ Yd eakeg la]ehg$ e]\agk hYjY dY ]phj]ka f q dY kmZb]lana\Y\ kg[aYd$ dm_Yj]k \gf\] dYk a\]fla\Y\]k k] ]f[m]fljYf q k] ]f^j]flYf$ nakaZd]k ]f mf ]k[]fYjag \gf\] dgk [ge% hgjlYea]flgk kg[aYd]k fg ka]ehj] kgf hj]\]l]jeafYZd]k& =f ]kl] k]fla\g$ ]d ]khY[ag \]na]f] h Zda[g hgj dY j]_dYe]flY[a f \] dY hdmjYda\Y\ \] dgk mkgk q \] dYk afl]jY[[agf]k e~k im] hgj dYk fgjeYk im] ]klYZd][]f [ eg ]kl] \]Z] k]j mladarY\g& DY \ae]fka f h Zda[Y k] eYfaÕ]klY [geg j]kmdlY\g af[dm% kang \] hjg[]kgk \] f]_g[aY[a f& Mf dm_Yj ]k h Zda[g [mYf\g dgk im] k] j]dY[agfYf `Y[]f ]ph]ja]f[aY \] dY [ghj]k]f[aY q \] dY [gfnan]f[aY& =d [gfÖa[lg Ç ]flj] _jmhgk

)*1

kg[aYd]k g [gf dY Ymlgja\Y\ h Zda[Y Ç fg ]k$ hgj dg lYflg$ mf ]d]e]flg kg[aYd im] ^gjrgkYe]fl] \]Z] k]j ]daeafY\g$ kafg mf ]d]e]flg aehgjlYfl] q [gf mf hgl]f[aYd hgkalang ]f dgk hjg[]kgk \] afl]jY[[a f& =k f][]kYjag hdYfl]Yj hgd la[Yk h Zda[Yk im] k]hYf eYf]bYj dgk [gfÖa[lgk ]f ]d ]khY[ag2 hYjY ]klg ]k f][]kYjag YljaZmaj mfY ^mf[a f Y dYk hj~[la[Yk ]khgfl~f]Yk \] mkg q g[mhY[a f \] dgk ]khY[agk$ Yk [geg ^Yngj][]j ^gjeYk \] hYjla[ahY[a f ]^][% lanYk ] af[dmkanYk$ hYjY `Y[]j kmkl]flYZd]k dgk ]^][lgk im] dYk ljYfk^gjeY[agf]k \] dY [am\Y\ [gfl]ehgj~f]Y la]f]f kgZj] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk& @YZj Y lYeZa f im] hj]_mflYjk] \] ima f ]k j]Yde]fl] ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ q \] ima]f \]Z]j Y k]j3 ka ]pakl]f$ Ymfim] \] ^gjeY dYl]fl]$ ]pa_]f[aYk \] mkgk \aklaflgk3 ka `Yq$ Ymfim] \] ^gjeY af]phj]kY\Y$ f][]ka\Y\]k \a^mkYk \] mkgk \a^]j]fl]k q [md% lmjYde]fl] \]fkgk$ Y dgk im] k]Y hgkaZd] YljaZmaj nYdgj j]dY[agfYd q \] ea[jgkg[aYda% \Y\3 q ka ]k hgkaZd] [gfkljmaj eYhYk im] j][gfgr[Yf g YljaZmqYf Yd ]khY[ag h Zda[g mfY \an]jkaÕ[Y[a f hgj fan]d]k$ \gf\] dgk mkgk \a^]j]fl]k fg k]Yf e]jYe]fl] ^mf% [agfYd]k g \] [gfkmeg q fg k]Yf ^gjeYdarY\gk \] eYf]jY j _a\Y& Mf ]f^gim] \] ]kl] lahg$ im] YhmflY Y dY kmkl]flYZada\Y\ kg[aYd \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ la]f] im] hjghgf]jk] dgk ka_ma]fl]k gZb]langk2

ljYZYbYj kgZj] dY j]n]jkaZada\Y\ \] dYk Y[[agf]k$ \] eYf]jY im] fm]ngk mkgk \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g fg daeal]f hgkaZd]k hjg[]kgk \] j][gfn]jka f$ [gf YZ]j% lmjY `Y[aY ]d ^mlmjg& <]kj]_dYe]flYj ]d mkg \] dgk ]khY[agk$ dg_jYf\g j]kgdn]j dgk [gfÖa[lgk q `Y[a]f\g im] ]klgk k]Yf [gehj]fkaZd]k q Y[g_]\gj]k& Afn]flYj fm]ngk mkgk \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ ]klaemdYf\g dY aeY_afY[a f \] dYk h]jkgfYk$ j]khgf\a]f\g Y kmk f][]ka\Y\]k af]phj]kY\Yk q ]fk] ~f\g% d]k hgkaZada\Y\]k af]kh]jY\Yk& AeY_afYj e][Yfakegk \] j]_mdY[a f im] daeal]f ]d ]khY[ag hjanYlarY\g \] dgk Ymlge nad]k& AehmdkYj hjg[]kgk \] hYjla[ahY[a f ] af[dmka f& 9[lanYj afl]jn]f[agf]k im] j][gfgr[Yf$ YZa]jlYe]fl]$ dY \an]jkaÕ[Y[a f \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk q km ]kh][aÕ[a\Y\ hgj e]\ag \] afkljme]flgk im] hjg% hgf_Yf mfY j]_dYe]flY[a f Y\eafakljYlanY Ö]paZd]& =klaemdYj mf mkg \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g im] eYfaÕ]kl] jaim]rY [mdlmjYd q mfY mladarY[a f hd]fY ]f lg\Yk dYk `gjYk \]d \ Y& J]klalmaj Yd mkg h Zda[g lg\gk dgk ]khY[agk [gemf]k q dgk ]khY[agk af\]Õfa\gk&

)+(

-&* KMKL=FL9:ADA<9< KG;A9D Q =;GFåEA;9 =F D9K AFL=JN=F;AGF=K =F =D =KH9;AG Hè:DA;G NYdl]j ;YnYddYjg 9jimal][lg 9qmflYea]flg \] Lgjafg$ AlYdaY =d [gf[]hlg \] kmkl]flYZada\Y\ km]d] mladarYjk] em[`g [gf j]^]j]f[aY Y dYk hgd la[Yk h Zda[Yk q$ ]f hYjla[mdYj$ Y dYk hgd la[Yk \] j]_]f]jY[a f mjZYfY q \] afl]jn]f[a f ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g& =f kmk \aklaflgk ka_faÕ[Y\gk$ kaf ]eZYj_g$ km \a^mka f la]f] \a^]j]f[aYk& Ka Y dYk hYdYZjYk [dYn] Ë]khY[ag h Zda[gÌ$ k] d]k Ykg[aY ]d Y\b]lang Ëkg[aYdÌ$ dY Z kim]\Y ]f Afl]jf]l hjg\m[] +&+,( j]kmdlY\gk ]f d]f_mY alYdaYfY$ ),&,(( ]f af_d k q 1+0&((( ]f [Ykl]ddYfg3 Yd Ykg[aYjd] Yd Y\b]lang Ë][gf ea[gÌ$ YhYj][]f -&,0( j]kmdlY\gk ]f alY% daYfg$ ).&,(( ]f af_d k q +--&((($ ]f [Ykl]ddYfg& =f [YeZag$ Yd mladarYj ]d Y\b]lang ËYeZa]flYdÌ$ l]f]egk j]kh][lanYe]fl] *+-&((($ 00&)(( q *01&((( j]kmdlY\gk& =k mf \]k]imadaZjag fglYZd]& =k hgkaZd] ]eh]rYj hgj \][aj im] dgk \aklaflgk fan]d]k \] kmkl]flYZada\Y\ kg[aYd q ][gf ea[Y ]f dY gj_YfarY[a f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g ]kl~f j]dY[agfY\gk [gf dY [gf[]h[a f \] dgk \aklaflgk eg\]dgk \] \]kYjjgddg mjZYfg ]mjgh]g$ ]klY\gmfa% \]fk] q ]d \] dYk _jYf\]k e]lj hgdak \] 9e ja[Y DYlafY$ Þ^ja[Y q Gja]fl]!& =f ]klgk eg\]dgk ]pakl]f \aklaflgk ]imadaZjagk ]f dY j]dY[a f ]flj] nYdgj kg[aYd \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g [geg dm_Yj hgkaZd] \] j]dY[a f ]flj] dgk `YZalYfl]k!$ nYdgj ]kl la[g [Yda% \Y\ \]d hYakYb] mjZYfg! q nYdgj ][gf ea[g$ ]f dg j]^]ja\g Y _Yklgk hYjY! ]b][m[a f q eYfl]faea]flg& <]l]jeafYj ]d aehY[lg ]f dgk \a^]j]fl]k l jeafgk ]k$ ]flgf[]k$ mfY [m]kla f ZYk% lYfl] [gehd]bY$ im] fg hm]\] k]j _]f]jYdarY\Y fa kaima]jY Y fan]d \] [Y\Y [am\Y\2 ZYkl] [gf h]fkYj Y im hm]\]f k]j YljaZma\gk \aklaflgk nYdgj]k ]f \a[`gk lj]k ~eZa% lgk ]flj] ~j]Yk ]f ]d []fljg \] dY [am\Y\ q gljYk e]fgk [ flja[Yk g$ e]bgj$ ]flj] ~j]Yk [gf ^m]jl] YljY[lang lmj kla[g q gljYk \]klafY\Yk Y ^mf[agf]k \a^]j]fl]k& @Y[a]f\g j]^]j]f[aY ]kh][aYde]fl] Y dgk fan]d]k [mYdalYlangk ]kl la[g q kg[aYd!$ dY ]nYdmY[a f \] dY kmkl]flYZada\Y\ Y\ima]j] ^m]jl]k [gffglY[agf]k \] kmZb]lana% \Y\& Hgj ]b]ehdg$ ka daealYegk ]d ]khY[ag \] Yf~dakak Y dY [Yda\Y\ ^ ka[Y \]d hYakYb] mjZYfg$ q lgeYf\g [geg fa[g [jal]jag ]d j]kh][lg \]d _]famk dg[a$ k]_mjYe]fl] ]k hgkaZd] ]f[gfljYj e dlahd]k [gf[]h[agf]k \] ËZYbg aehY[lgÌ2 `Yq ima]f a\]YdarY dY eae]larY[a f \] dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k q ima]f$ hgj dg [gfljYjag$ YdYZY dY f][]ka\Y\ \] ]na\]f[aYj lg\Y afl]jn]f[a f im] fg k]Y \] dY eakeY hg[Y&

)+)

<]k\] ]d hmflg \] naklY \] dY kmkl]flYZada\Y\ kg[aYd$ af[dmkg [mYf\g dY ljYfk^gjeY% [a f j]kmdlY k]j mf bm]_g \] kmeY hgkalanY$ Y e]fm\g k] ljYlY \] mfY gh]jY[a f \gf\] lYeZa f `Yq [gehgf]fl]k f]_Ylangk& =klg hgjim]$ \] eYf]jY [Yka _]f]jYd$ fg hg\]egk YÕjeYj im] \] ]paklaj mf \]l]jeafY\g klYlmk img ]kl] hgj$ \]Õfa[a f$ k]Y hlaeg)& =d \]khdYrYea]flg `Y[aY mf ]imadaZjag \a^]j]fl]$ hYjY mf Y[lgj im] ]kl~ Y[gklmeZjY\g Y gljg ]imadaZjag Yfl]jagj$ l]f\j~ ka]ehj] mf aehY[lg f]_Ylang q dY afl]jn]f[a f k]j~ ]nYdmY\Y [geg fg kgkl]faZd]& LgeYf\g ]klYk fglYk hj]daeafYj]k [geg hmflgk \] hYjla\Y$ YfYdarYj]egk im ka_faÕ[Y\gk hm]\] Ykmeaj ]d l jeafg kmkl]flYZada\Y\ q \]Õfaj]egk ]d jgd \] dgk \aklaflgk Y[lgj]k ]f dY h]j[]h[a f \] dgk nYdgj]k j]dYlangk \] ]ddY$ \] eYf]jY im] ]d hjg[]kg \] ljYfk^gjeY[a f k]Y kmkl]flYZd] \] eYf]jY kakl ea[Y3 ]k \][aj$ hYjY dY j]\ \] j]dY[agf]k ]flj] e dlahd]k Y[lgj]k$ q fg k dg ]f j]dY[a f Y kmk \a^]j]fl]k [YhY[a\Y\]k j]anaf\a[YlanYk&

Hgj ]klY jYr f$ lYeZa f$ ]f l jeafgk _]f]jYd]k fg hYj][] l]f]j em[`g k]fla\g k]hYjYj dY kmkl]flYZada\Y\ kg[aYd \] dY ][gf ea[Y Y\]e~k$ ·[ eg hm]\]f k]j e]\a\gk dgk [gkl]k ][gf ea[gk \] mfY ]k[YkY kmkl]flYZada\Y\ kg[aYd7!& HYj][]j Y e~k [gjj][lg `YZdYj \] kmkl]flYZada\Y\ kg[aYd \gf\]$ bmklYe]fl]$ \]Z]f j]n]dYjk] dgk \aklaflgk ka_faÕ[Y\gk hgkalangk q f]_Ylangk im] dYk h]jkgfYk YljaZmq]f Y dYk ljYfk^gjeY[agf]k! q \] mfY naYZada\Y\ ÕfYf[a]jY$ ]k \][aj$ \] [ eg dgk hjgq][lgk \] ljYfk^gjeY[a f hm]\]f ]f[gfljYj dgk j][mjkgk ÕfYf[a]jgk f][]kYjagk hYjY km j]Y% darY[a f& <] gljY hYjl]$ ghgjlmfgk e][Yfakegk \] ÕfYf[aYea]flg hm]\]f e]bgjYj ]d fan]d \] kmkl]flYZada\Y\& Ka dY kmkl]flYZada\Y\ kg[aYd \]janY$ \aj][lYe]fl]$ \] dgk ka_faÕ[Y\gk im] kgf YljaZmaZd]k Y dYk ljYfk^gjeY[agf]k$ fg [YZ] \m\Y im] dYk \ak% laflYk ^gjeYk \] ÕfYf[aY[a f [gfljaZmq]f Y dY [gfkljm[[a f \] ]klgk ka_faÕ[Y\gk& =eha]rY Y eYfa^]klYjk] dY Yj_me]flY[a f []fljYd \] ]kl] [Yh lmdg$ im] dd]nY Y [gf% ka\]jYj ]d [gf[]hlg \] kmkl]flYZada\Y\ [gf j]^]j]f[aY Yd Éhjg\m[lg \] [gehd]bgk hjg[]kgk \] ]kljYlaÕ[Y[a f im] la]f]f im] n]j lYflg [gf dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k ]f dY egj^gdg_ Y ^ ka[Y \] dgk dm_Yj]k$ [geg [gf dY YljaZm[a f Y klYk \] ka_faÕ[Y\gk ^mf% [agfYd]k q kaeZ da[gkÊ E]dY$ *((.!& =klgk e dlahd]k ka_faÕ[Y\gk \Yf gja_]f Y [gfÖa[lgk im] [gfklalmq]f mfY hj]ka f `Y[aY dY _]f]jY[a f \] hjg[]kgk ljYfk^gjeYlangk \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g& =d [gfÖa[lg ]k ]d af\a[Y\gj \] dY hj]k]f[aY \] mfY j]\ \]fkY$ im] ]k mf nYdgj hYjY [mYdima]j gj_YfarY[a f hgj [gfk][m]f[aY$ hYjY [mYdima]j kg[a]\Y\! q j]hj]k]flY$ k]_mjY% e]fl]$ mfY ghgjlmfa\Y\&

)

=d [gf[]hlg ^m] km_]ja\g hgj mfY [`YjdY \]d hka[gl]jYh]mlY JgZ]jlg E]jdg \mjYfl] mf k]eafYjag gj_YfarY\g ]f F~hgd]k hgj dY K[gjkg ;ggh]jYlanY <]\Ydmk& =klY YÕjeY[a f j]kmdlY n~da\Y ]f mf [gfl]plg \] [gehd]ba\Y\$ hgj dg [mYd k] kmhgf] f][]kYjaYe]fl] im] [Y\Y kmhm]klg ]k ]phj]kY\g hgj mf gZk]jnY\gj im] j]hj]k]flY mf hmflg \] naklY ]kh][ Õ[g&

)+*

;dYkaÕ[Yj]egk dYk \aklaflYk ]kljm[lmjYk hgkaZd]k \] dgk kakl]eYk$ hgfa]f\g ]f j]dY% [a f dgk Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k ]f mf _j~Õ[g [gf \gk ]b]k$ \gf\] ]f dYk gj\]fY\Yk ]kl~ j]hj]k]flY\Y dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd \ Zad%\]fkY! q ]f dYk YZk[akYk dY hjgh]fka f Y Y[la% nYj j]dY[agf]k \] lahg fg [gdYZgjYlang%[gdYZgjYlang ]flj] dgk Y[lgj]k \]d kakl]eY& =d ]kim]eY ]k ]d ka_ma]fl]2 J]\]k <]fkYk

;gfÖa[lg

;ggh]jY[a f

Ghgka[a f

;gdYZgjY[a f

EYj_afY[a f

;gfljYlg J]\]k < Zad]k

DY kalmY[a f e~k ^YngjYZd] hYjY \]k]f[Y\]fYj hjg[]kgk \] ljYfk^gjeY[a f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g [gf hjgZYZada\Y\ \] palg ]k Yim]ddY \gf\] hj]nYd][]f hjg[]kgk \] l]jjalgjaYdarY[a f JY^^]kl]af$ )10,!$ q$ hgj dg lYflg$ dY ^gjeY[a f \] j]\]k kg[aY% d]k \]fkYk [gf hjgh]fka f Y YjjYa_Yjk] ]f ]d l]jjalgjag*& DY eglanY[a f Yd [YeZag q Y dY ljYfk^gjeY[a f kmj_] \] YljaZmaj ka_faÕ[Y\gk \a^]j]fl]k ghgka[a f! hgj hYjl] \] \aklaflgk Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k$ dg im] dd]nY Y dY hj]k]f[aY \] [gfÖa[lgk$ dgk im] hm]\]f k]j [gfka\]jY\gk [geg mfY ghgjlmfa\Y\ e~k im] [geg mfY Ye]fYrY& Em[`g e~k k]jaY$ q [gf ja]k_g \] j]kmdlYj afkgkl]faZd]$ ]k dY kalmY[a f \gf\] hj]% nYd][]f hjg[]kgk \] \]kl]jjalgjaYdarY[a f \] j]\]k \]fkYk Y j]\]k \ Zad]k!& =k mf ^]f e]fg im] dd]nY Y dY k]hYjY[a f [dYjY q ^ ka[Y! \]d ]khY[ag hjanY\g \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g h]fkYegk ]f dYk emjYddYk Ydj]\]\gj \] dYk [YkYk \] Dgk Þf_]d]k Za]f \]k% [jalYk hgj <Ynak ]f )11+!2 ]f ]d hjae]jg k] ]klYZd][]f dYk j]dY[agf]k$ ea]fljYk im] ]d k]_mf\g ]k Yim]d \]klafY\g Y dgk eYj_afY\gk$ \gf\] ]k hj][akg im]\Yjk] ]d e]fgj la]ehg hgkaZd] gljY n]r l]f]egk ae~_]f]k \] =klY\gk Mfa\gk$ \] dgk kaf l][`g \] EYf`YllYf!& Dgk hjg[]kgk \] \]kl]jjalgjaYdarY[a f `Y[]f im] k]Y [Y\Y n]r e~k *

=k hgkaZd] `YZdYj \] l]jjalgjag$ e~k Za]f im] \] la]jjY$ k dg ]f hj]k]f[aY \] j]\]k kg[aYd]k YjjYa% _Y\Yk& DY hjae]jY Y[[a f im] ^gjeY mfY j]\ kg[aYd ]k dY \]fgeafY[a f \] mf dm_Yj Lmj[g$ )100!$ `][`g im] h]jeal] dY [gemfa[Y[a f ]flj] k]j]k \a^]j]fl]k [gf mfY j]^]j]f[aY \] lahg ]khY[aYd&

)++

aehjgZYZd] dY afl]jhj]lY[a f q dY Yhj][aY[a f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g [geg Édm_Yj ]f [ge fÊ <Yfk]jg *((*!& <] lg\Yk eYf]jYk$ q \] Y[m]j\g [gf JY^^]kl]af )10,! hg\]egk \][aj im] ]d hjg[]kg \] \]kl]jjalgjaYdarY[a f fg ]k ajj]n]jkaZd]$ kafg e~k Za]f mfY ^Yk] \] mfY \af~ea[Y [aj[mdYj im] Ydl]jfY ]kl] lahg \] hjg[]kgk [gf Yim]ddgk \] j]l]jjalgjaYdarY[a f& KgZj] lg\g hgj ]kl] eglang j]kmdlY f][]kYjag q hgkaZd] afl]jn]faj ]d hjgq][lg$ h]jg k dg ka ]kl] ]k j]kmdlY\g \] mfY afl]fkY kaf]j_ Y ]flj] \aklaflgk lahgk \] [gfg[aea]flgk q \]bY YZa]jlY dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] dgk Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k ]f dY ]k[]fY mjZYfY& =f ]d ]kim]eY \] YjjaZY$ dYk \af~ea[Yk \] \]kl]jjalgjaYdarY[a f q l]jjalgjaYdarY[a f hm]\]f n]jk] [geg ]khajYd]k im] hYkYf \] mf k]eahdYfg Y gljg& =f hYjla[mdYj$ ]k hgkaZd] d]]j dgk hjg[]kgk \] \]kl]jjalgjaYdarY[a f [geg mfY \akh]jka f \] dYk j]\]k kg[aYd]k$ Y [gfk][m]f[aY \] [gfÖa[lgk fg j]km]dlgk& =d [a[dg la]f] mf egnaea]flg [gfljYjag Y dgk hmfl]jgk \]d j]dgb& Kaf ]eZYj_g$ dY [YhY[a\Y\ \] _]klagfYj dgk [gf% Öa[lgk hm]\] eg\aÕ[Yj ]klY \aj][[a f$ \] eYf]jY im] dY j]kgdm[a f \]d [gfÖa[lg hm]\Y \Yjk] ]f ]d k]eahdYfg im] j]hj]k]flY \af~ea[Yk \] lahg [gdYZgjYlang& H]jg ]k f][]kYjag im] ]klg g[mjjY ]f mf [gfl]plg [gfklalma\g hgj Y[[agf]k YjjYa_Y\Yk ]f ]d l]jjalgjag& Hgj ]klY jYr f$ ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g la]f] mf jgd ^mf\Ye]flYd ]f dY [gfkljm[[a f \] mf k]fla\g [ge f eYcaf_ [geegf k]fk] lg_]l`]j!& J]\]k <]fkYk

;ggh]jY[a f nY jjalgjaYda r kl]

Y d a r Y [ a f a f

gja

Ghgka[a f

] fl

p a f ] [dmq] Y[

[dm

ka

;gfÖa[lg

;gdYZgjY[a f

]

al jj

<]

L

EYj_afY[a f

;gfljYlg J]\]k < Zad]k

=f ]kl] dlaeg hjg[]kg$ ]f \aj][[a f `gjYjaY$ ]d Y[lgj kg[aYd$ ]f kmk emdlahd]k ^gjeYk \] k]j É\] Yd_mfY eYf]jY q ]f Yd_ f ege]flg2 Y! hjg\m[] l]jjalgjag3 Z! mkY l]jjalg% jag3 [! Y[lanY$ \]kYjjgddY q l]jeafY j]dY[agf]k [gf gljgk Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k Y ljYn k \]d l]jjalgjagÊ Lmj[g$ )100!&

)+,

<]d jYrgfYea]flg \]kYjjgddY\g `YklY Yim $ k] \]janY im] dY kmkl]flYZada\Y\ kg[aYd \] dYk ljYfk^gjeY[agf]k \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g fg \]Z] k]j ]nYdmY\Y ]f l jeafgk kgdg l [fa[gk$ kafg e~k Za]f hgj e]\ag \]d \]kYjjgddg \] dYk j]dY[agf]k ]flj] Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k q \]d hjg[]kg \] [j]Y[a f \] mf k]fla\g [ge f& LYeZa f dYk ^gjeYk \] hdY% faÕ[Y[a f hYjla[ahYlanYk$ im] Y e]fm\g j]hj]k]flYf hdYfl]Yea]flgk hmjYe]fl] \]eY_ _a[gk$ \]Z]f k]j Y[lanY\Yk k dg hgj ]klY jYr f q [gf ]kl] gZb]lang2 dY Z k% im]\Y q dY [gfkljm[[a f \] Ëdm_Yj]k [gemf]kÌ$ \] ka_faÕ[Y\gk \]d l]jjalgjag q \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g im] k]Yf [gehYjla\gk$ e~k im] hgj dY ]b][m[a f \] mf hjgq][lg \] Yjimal][lmjY mjZYfY Za]f `][`g& DY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f hYjla[ahYlanY h]jeal] im] im]\]f [dYjgk dgk jgd]k \] dgk \aklaflgk Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k$ jgd]k im] \]Z]f im]\Yj k]hYjY% \gk \] dYk [geh]l]f[aYk l [fa[Yk af\ana\mY[a f \] daealY[agf]k$ Z kim]\Y \] dYk kgdm[agf]k!& <] ]kY eYf]jY$ dY k]hYjY[a f \] dY ]k^]jY hjanY\Y ]f hYjla[mdYj$ dY nana]f\Y q ]d ]\a% Õ[ag \gf\] k] j]ka\]$ h]jg fg fa[Ye]fl]! \] dY ]k^]jY h Zda[Y ]d ]khY[ag YZa]jlg Y \akhgka[a f! h]jg$ e~k ]f _]f]jYd$ dY k]hYjY[a f ]flj] dgk \aklaflgk mkgk \]d l]jja% lgjag \gf\] nanaj$ hjg\m[aj$ `Y[]j [ge]j[ag$ ljYfkhgjlYjk]! ]k mf _jYf gZkl~[mdg Y dY ljYfk^gjeY[a f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g ]f l jeafgk Ékmkl]flYZd]kÊ NaddYkYfl] ] LYeYjal$ )10*!& Fg [YZ] \m\Y \] im] dY [gfkljm[[a f \] mfY j]bY ]f dgk bYj\af]k \]d ZYjjag ]nalY ]d [gfÖa[lg ]flj] h]jjgk q fa gk$ h]jg aeha\] dY Y[lanY[a f \] j]dY[ag% f]k$ dY [gfkljm[[a f \] mf k]fla\g [ge f hgj ]d [mYd dgk Yegk ka]flYf [geg \]Z]j fYlmjYd j][g_]j dgk ]p[j]e]flgk \] kmk h]jjgk q dgk fa gk Yhj]f\Yf Y fg l]f]j ea]\g \] ]klgk YfaeYd]k q Y fg egd]klYjdgk laj~f\gd]k ]d jYZg& LYflg ]f dYk [am\Y\]k ]klY\gmfa\]fk]k [geg ]f dYk ]mjgh]Yk `Yq mfY Z kim]\Y \]d k]fla\g \] k]_mja\Y\ _jY[aYk Y e][Yfakegk \] j][ hjg[Y ]p[dmka f \] dgk \a^]% j]fl]k mkgk \]d l]jjalgjag$ \] lYd ^gjeY im]$ Y e]fm\g$ k] \]kYlYf ^]f e]fgk \] Ymlg]p[dmka f E]dY$ *((+!2 lYeZa f Yd_mfgk ]khY[agk l ha[gk \] dY ]k^]jY h Zda[Y kgf j]_mdY\gk [gf ]fljY\Yk j]k]jnY\Yk hgj e]\ag \]d j][gfg[aea]flg af\ana\mYd& La]f] hYjla[mdYj ka_faÕ[Y\g ]d [Ykg \] Yd_mfgk []fljgk `akl ja[gk im]$ [geg ka ^m]jYf mfY [am\Y\ Yfla_mY$ la]f]f emjYddYk ]d][lj fa[Yk im] j]_mdYf ]d Y[[]kg \] dgk [g[`]k k]_ f dYk `gjYk$ q [Y\Y n]r e~k ]kl~f \ana\a\gk ]f ~j]Yk l]e~la[Yk2 dYk [Ydd]k [ge]j[aYd]k$ ]d ~j]Y \] dYk ÕfYfrYk q \] dYk gÕ[afYk$ ]d []fljg [mdlmjYd q lmj kla[g& ;Y\Y ~j]Y Y\ima]j] dY [YjY[l]j kla[Y \] rgfY k]hYjY\Y \]d j]klg$ im] nan] k]_ f \]l]jeafY\gk [a[dgk \] la]ehg q im]\Y Yb]fY Yd [gfl]plg& =f [gf[dmka f$ dYk Y[[agf]k \] ljYfk^gjeY[a f \] ]khY[ag h Zda[g im] hm]\]f [me% hdaj [gf Y\][mY\gk fan]d]k \] kmkl]flYZada\Y\ kgf Yim]ddYk [YhY[]k \] \]kYlYj hjg[]% kgk \] l]jjalgjaYdarY[a f af[dmq]fl]$ \] ^Yngj][]j hjg[]kgk \] ËYhjghaY[a fÌ+[gd][lanY hgj hYjl] \] dgk Yk! `YZalYfl]k q \] [gfkljmaj j]dY[agf]k afl]j^mf[agfYd]k& +

LYd n]r k]Y kmh]jÖmg j][gj\Yj im] ]d l jeafg YhjghaY[a f k] mkY Yim [gf ]d ka_faÕ[Y\g \] Ék]flaj [geg hjghagÊ$ q fg [geg hgk]ka f ^ ka[Y&

)+-

DY ]k[YdY \] ]klYk afl]jn]f[agf]k ]k$ Y e]fm\g$ dY ea[jgmjZYfY hgjim] ]k dY a\ f]Y hYjY j]hj]k]flYj \] eYf]jY e~k ]na\]fl] dYk j]dY[agf]k ]flj] dgk \aklaflgk Y[lgj]k& =klg fg ]p[dmq] dY f][]ka\Y\ \] hjgegn]j lYeZa f gh]jY[agf]k Y _jYf ]k[YdY$ h]jg ]klYk kgf [Yka hgj \]Õfa[a f Ëfg kgkl]faZd]kÌ$ qY im] j]hj]k]flYf _jYf\]k affgnY% [agf]k \] dYk ]kljm[lmjYk mjZYfg%kg[aYd]k& DY ]k[YdY ea[jgmjZYfY$ hgj dg [gfljYjag$ hm]\] É[j]Yj mfY j]dY[a f affgnYlanY ]flj] ]d ]khY[ag mjZYfg q dY Y[[a f ]f im] k] \]kYjjgddY ]f ]ddg$ kaf ZgjjYj lg\Yk dYk `m]ddYk \] dYk j]dY[agf]k Yfl]jagj]kÊ E]dY$ *((.! ]f mf hjg[]kg \] \][YflYea]flg \]d Ëk]fla\g [ge fÌ& 9\]e~k$ af[dmkg \]k\] ]d hmflg \] naklY \] dY kmkl]flYZada\Y\ ^afYf[a]jY$ Y ]klY ]k[YdY j]kmdlY e~k k]f[addg ]f[gfljYj j][mjkgk hYjY ]ehj]f\]j hjg[]kgk ka_fa% ^a[Ylangk& LYeZa f hm]\] k]j ka_fa^a[YlanY$ ka ]k hYjl] \] dgk hjg[]kgk \]k[jalgk YjjaZY$ mfY h]im] Y afl]jn]f[a f \] j][Yda^a[Y[a f \]d ]khY[ag$ im] fg f][]kal] j][mjkgk ]p[]kangk& =f dYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk ljY\a[agfYd]k$ dYk ljYfk^gjeY[agf]k \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g kgf ^afYf[aY\Yk [gf Yhgjl]k h Zda[gk3 h]jg ]kl] [YfYd fg ^Yng% j][] hj~[la[Yk \] YhjghaY[a f hgj hYjl] \] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!& =klg hYj][] Y f e~k ]na\]fl] [mYf\g dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k kgf dd]nY\Yk Y [YZg \aj][lYe]fl] hgj dYk ]ehj]kYk im] [gfkljmq]f dgk ]\a^a[agk ]f AlYdaY hgj dY n Y \] aehm]k% HYjl]fYjaY\g h Zda[g%hjanY\g2 mf eg\]dg lgk \] [gfkljm[[a f!& DY Z kim]\Y \] emq afl]j]kYfl] ]k ]d mladarY\g ]f dgk hY k]k [YfYd]k \] ^afYf[aYea]flg \aj][lg Yf_dgkYbgf]k2 ]d ;geemfalq Aehjgn]e]fl hm]\] h]jealaj mf [gfljgd eYqgj q hgj <aklja[l ;A<!$ [mqY n]jka f [ge]j[aYd dg lYflg ]k e~k ^~[ad im] k] \]f [Ykgk :mkaf]kk Aehjgn]e]fl <aklja[l$ :A<! `Y \] l]jjalgjaYdarY[a f! hgj hYjl] \] dgk l]fa\g ]kh][aYd palg& Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k kgZj] dYk afn]jkagf]k K] ljYlY \] mf hYjl]fYjaY\g h Zda[g% ]f dY [Yda\Y\ mjZYfY& hjanY\g im]$ ]f mf ~j]Y \]l]jeafY\Y$ ]klYZd][] afljg\m[aj mf aehm]klg im] YhmflY Yd e]bgjYea]flg \] dY [Yda\Y\ YeZa]flYd& Dgk [gfljaZmq]fl]k kgf dgk Yk! hjgha]lYjagk Yk! \] dgk afem]Zd]k& =kl~ [dYjg im] mfY afa[aYlanY lYd \]Z] ]klYj j][gfg[a\Y hgj dY Ymlgja\Y\ Y\eafakljYlanY$ qY im] kmk ~eZalgk \] afl]jn]f[a f la]f]f j]dY[a f [gf ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g& Fm]nY Qgjc la]f] .( \] ]klgk gj_Yfakegk Y[langk$ [gf hj]kmhm]klgk im] nYf \]k\] -+&((( \ dYj]k `YklY \][]fYk \] eaddgf]k&

MfY j][a]fl] fgjeY \]d =klY\g alY% daYfg fgna]eZj] *((0! `Y afljg\m[a\g dY hgkaZada\Y\ \] im] dgk Y[lgj]k kg[aY% d]k hm]\Yf hjghgf]j q [gkl]Yj hjgq][% lgk \] j][mh]jY[a f mjZYfY& DY fgjeY hj]n im] ÉhYjY dY j]YdarY[a f \] gZjYk \] afl]j k dg[Yd$ _jmhgk \] [am\Y\Yfgk gj_YfarY\gk hm]\]f hj]k]flYj Y dY ]fla\Y\ l]jjalgjaYd [geh]l]fl] hjg% hm]klYk gh]jYlanYk j]YdarYZd]k Y [gjlg hdYrg$ af\a[Yf\g [gkl]k q e]\agk \] ^afYf[aY[a f$ kaf [gklg hYjY ]d ]fl] h Zda[gÊ&

>j]fl] Y k]e]bYfl] [gehjgeakgk ]k hgkaZd] glgj_Yj Z]f]Õ[agk Õk[Yd]k& Kaf ]eZYj_g$ ]klY fgjeY ]k lg\Yn Y emq _]f ja[Y q k]j~ f][]kYjag \Yj mdl]jagj]k hgj%

)+.

e]fgjarY[agf]k, ]f dgk j]_dYe]flgk im] dYk [am\Y\]k hm]\]f \a[lYj& QY `Y `YZa\g Yd_mfYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk2 k] `Yf Y[lanY\gk hYljg[afagk$ kgZj] lg\g ]f j]dY[a f [gf gZjYk \] eYfl]faea]flg& =d eYfl]faea]flg \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g hm]\] j]hj]k]flYj mf aehgjlYfl] ]d]e]flg ]f dY ^gjeY[a f \] hjg[]kgk \] l]jjalgjaYdarY[a f& DYk hj~[la[Yk \] hdYfaÕ[Y[a f hYjla[ahY\Y im] `Yf l]fa\g e~k palg kgf dYk im] hj]n f `YklY dY Ymlg[gfkljm[% [a f \] dgk ]\aÕ[agk& Kaf ]eZYj_g$ kgZj] lg\g ]f dgk hY k]k [gf ][gfge Y e~k \]kY% jjgddY\Y$ dYk fgjeYk \] k]_mja\Y\ ]f ]d ljYZYbg `Y[]f im] dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! ]f dYk gZjYk eakeYk k]Y \a^ [ad& =d ljYZYbg \] eYfl]faea]flg hgj hYjl] \] Ykg[aY[agf]k \] n][afgk Yk! hm]\] [gfljaZmaj Y dY ^gjeY[a f \] mf k]fla\g \] h]jl]f]f[aY& ;geg [gf[dmkagf]k \] ]kl] Y[~hal]$ hg\]egk \][aj im] ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g ]k mf ]d]e]flg []fljYd \] dY gj_YfarY[a f mjZYfY$ kge]la\g Y [gflafmgk [YeZagk$ \] fYlmjYd]rY ^ ka[Y fm]ngk hjgq][lgk$ eYfl]faea]flgk!$ q j]dYlangk Y dgk \aklaflgk ka_faÕ[Y\gk im] Y\ima]j]$ Y hYjlaj \] dgk hmflgk \] naklY \] dgk \an]jkgk Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k im] dg nan]f& =klYk ljYfk^gjeY[agf]k kgf af\a[Y\gj]k hjanad]_aY\gk \] dYk Y[lalm\]k \] dgk Y[lgj]k$ dYk im] hm]\]f k]j [dYkaÕ[Y\Yk [geg Y[[agf]k im] Ëhjg% \m[]f l]jjalgjagÌ q Y[[agf]k im] Ëfa]_Yf l]jjalgjagÌ& =klYk dlaeYk la]f\]f Y k]hYjYj \] ^gjeY ZjmlY emjYddYk$ j]bYk$ ZYjj]jYk Yjimal][lgfa[Yk$ lgjfaim]l]k! ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g \]d hjanY\g$ kgf mladarY\Yk hjaf[ahYde]fl] hgj ]d k]_mf\g q la]f] j]\m[]f Yd e faeg dYk j]dY[agf]k kg[aYd]k& Hgj ]kg [gfka\]jYegk im] mfY Y[[a f ]k kmkl]f% lYZd] [mYf\g$ af[dmkg hjgnafa]f\g \] kalmY[agf]k \] [gfÖa[lg$ fg daealY dY afl]% jY[[a f kafg hjg\m[] ^]f e]fgk \] l]jjalgjaYdarY[a f$ e]\aYfl] dY [gfkljm[[a f \] ka_faÕ[Y\gk [gehYjla\gk& ;gf ]kl] ]f^gim]$ dY Z kim]\Y \] dY kmkl]flYZada\Y\ ÕfYf[a]jY \] dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k ÕfYf[aYea]flg [gehYjla\g$ hYjla[ahY[a f \aj][lY Y dY [gfkljm[[a f q Yd eYfl]faea]flg \] dYk gZjYk! hm]\] k]j lYeZa f \][akanY hYjY Yd[YfrYj ]d gZb]lang&

,

L]fa]f\g [ma\Y\g \] im] Y[[agf]k \] ]kl] lahg fg \]k]f[Y\]f]f ^]f e]fgk \] hjanYlarY[a f q ]kh][lY[mdYjarY[a f Y fan]d mjZYfg&

)+/

-&+ ;GFKLJMAJ =KH9;AG Hè:DA;G KMKL=FL9:D=2 KM?=J=F;A9K H9J9 9<EAFAKLJ9<GJ=K Q ;AM<9<9FGK JgZ]jlg 9jfYm\g Kg[a dg_g 9kg[aY[a f 9eYhgdY$ AlYdaY DY [gfkljm[[a f hYjla[ahYlanY \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g Ç]fl]f\a f\gdY [geg mf hjg[]kg f][]kYjag \] f]_g[aY[a f ]flj] afl]j]k]k$ f][]ka\Y\]k q mkgk \a^]j]fl]k% j]kmdlY k]j mf afkljme]flg hgj e]\ag \]d [mYd ]k hgkaZd] `Y[]j im] ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g k]Y kg[aYd q ][gf ea[Ye]fl] kmkl]flYZd]& Kaf ]eZYj_g$ dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] dY [gem% fa\Y\ ]f dY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g ]k$ Y e]fm\g$ mf hjg[]kg dYj_g$ [ge% hd]bg q Y_glY\gj& KgZj] lg\g$ ]k mf hjg[]kg im] fg hm]\] j]\m[ajk] Y ^gjeYk ]^ e]% jYk \] afngdm[jYea]flg \] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! ]f dY [gfkljm[[a f \] [gfk]fkg ]f lgjfg Y \][akagf]k fg \]d lg\g ljYfkhYj]fl]k& 9 dg dYj_g \] dgk Y gk `Y im]\Y\g ]f ]na\]f[aY [ eg ]d ^]f e]fg hYjla[ahYlang la]f] mfY j]dY[a f YeZanYd]fl] [gf ]d hg\]j q [gf ]d [YeZag q im]$ \] hgj k $ fg ka]ehj] ]k mf hjg[]kg hgkalang q \] ]eYf[ahY[a f& MfY eajY\Y [j la[Y `Y[aY dgk hjg[]kgk hYjla[ahYlangk fg hm]\] ]nalYj \]klY[Yj [ eg Y n][]k ]klgk kgf mladarY\gk hYjY [j]Yj [gfk]fkg q j]\m[aj dY [gfÖa[lana\Y\ kg[aYd& Hgj gljY hYjl]$ ]f dg im] [gf[a]jf] Y dgk eg\gk \] hYjla[ahY[a f \] dgk [am\Y\Y% fgk$ k] fglY [ eg ]f dYk ^gjeYk \] Y_j]_Y[a f \] dYk ZYk]k S_jYkkjgglkU Ç[geg$ hgj ]b]ehdg$ dgk [geal k ]khgfl~f]gk% \]Za\g Yd ZYbg fan]d \] ]kljm[lmjY[a f q Yd Zm]f YjjYa_Yea]flg dg[Yd$ `Yq mfY ^m]jl] l]flY[a f Y [gfka\]jYjk] [geg j]hj]k]flYfl]k fYlmjYd]k \] dYk afklYf[aYk \]d l]jjalgjag$ [geg ka dY j]hj]k]flY% lana\Y\ ^m]jY mfY hjgha]\Y\ af`]j]fl] \] dY h]jl]f]f[aY Y mf dm_Yj& =f j]Yda\Y\$ dY j]hj]k]flYlana\Y\ fg ]k fmf[Y mf ]d]e]flg afe]\aYlg$ kafg ka]ehj] mf j]kmd% lY\g e]\aY\g \] hjg[]kgk ^gjeYd]k d]_ laegk$ q im] la]f] [Yj~[l]j hjgnakagfYd q emlYZd]& DY hYjla[ahY[a f fg f][]kalY k dg eglanY[agf]k$ afl]j]k]k q ngdmf% lYjakeg kafg lYeZa f$ q kgZj] lg\g$ \akhgkalangk hYjla[ahYlangk fg daealY\gk Y _jmhgk \] afl]j k emq ]kljm[lmjY\gk& 9 ]kl] hmflg$ ]k ]na\]fl] im]$ \] dYk ^gjeYk ]f im] k] \]kYjjgddY dY j]dY[a f ]flj] Y\eafakljY[agf]k h Zda[Yk q Y[lgj]k dg[Yd]k$ \]h]f\]f em[`Yk \] dYk hgkaZada\Y% \]k \] palg \] dgk hjg[]kgk hYjla[ahYlangk q \] dYk ljYfk^gjeY[agf]k \] mf dm_Yj j][gfg[a\g q nana\g ]f [mYflg h Zda[g& @Yq$ hgj dg lYflg$ Yd_mfgk ]d]e]flgk im] \]Z]j Yf gja]flYj dY Y[[a f \] ]klgk \gk Y[lgj]k `Y[aY ]d gZb]lang [ge f \] dY ljYfk^gjeY[a f hgkalanY \] dgk l]jjalgjagk& =klgk ]d]e]flgk kgf2

)+0

;gfg[]j dgk dm_Yj]k2 [gehYjY[a f ]flj] \Ylgk q h]j[]h[agf]k DY [gfkljm[[a f \] mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g hgf] [geg [gf\a[a f hj]naY ]d [gfg[a% ea]flg \]d l]jjalgjag \gf\] ]kl] k] kal Y& =k f][]kYjag [gfg[]jdg ]f kmk ]d]e]f% lgk ^ ka[gk$ kg[aYd]k q ][gf ea[gk$ Yk [geg km ]ngdm[a f `akl ja[Y [ eg k] `Y a\g [gfkljmq]f\g Y dg dYj_g \]d la]ehg$ ]f dg j]^]ja\g Y dYk ]\aÕ[Y[agf]k q Y dY [gemfa% \Y\$ im hjg[]kgk q \af~ea[Yk k] `Yf \]kYjjgddY\g!& =k aehgjlYfl] j][gfkljmaj [gf [dYja\Y\ dYk hgd la[Yk h Zda[Yk im] la]f]f dm_Yj ]f d q [gehj]f\]j ]d ka_faÕ[Y\g \] dYk ljYfk^gjeY[agf]k im] `Yf g[mjja\g$ mladarYf\g `]jjYea]flYk ]Õ[Y[]k q Yjla[m% dY\Yk \] gZk]jnY[a f& =k f][]kYjag$ kgZj] lg\g$ im] ]d [gfg[aea]flg \] dm_Yj]k q hjgZd]eYk k]Y ]d j]kmd% lY\g \] hjg[]kgk \] afl]j[YeZag ]f dgk im] [gfÖmqYf dY kmhm]klY g j]Yd gZb]la% na\Y\ \]d Ë\YlgÌ$ hj]k]flY\Y hgj dY Y\eafakljY[a f h Zda[Y$ [gf dY ]ph]ja]f[aY kmb]lanY$ ]k \][aj$ [gf dY aeY_]f im] \] ^gjeY \a^mkY ]pakl] \]d l]jjalgjag& =klYk$ Y e]fm\g$ k] ]f[m]fljYf Y jY r \] dYk h]la[agf]k \] hjgl]klY q hYjla[ahY[a f \] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!$ ima]f]k hm]\]f eYfa^]klYj$ af[dmkg$ [a]jlY Y_j]kana\Y\& ;gfkljmaj mf hjgq][lg2 afl]_jY[a f \] dYk hgd la[Yk ] afl]jY[[a f afklalm[agfYd 9^jgflYj dY [gfkljm[[a f \] mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g ka_faÕ[Y \]Õfaj mf hjgq][lg \] e]\aYfg Y dYj_g hdYrg& KgZj] lg\g ]f ]d ege]flg ]f ]d im] fgk ]f[gfljYegk [gf mf ]khY[ag [j la[g g [gfÖa[lang$ ]k aehgjlYfl] hdYfaÕ[Yj mfY ]kljYl]_aY ]f dY [mYd k] \]kYjjgddYjYf dYk hgd la[Yk h Zda[Yk& <] gljY eYf]jY$ ]pakl] ]d ja]k_g \] im] dYk Y[[agf]k ]ehj]f\a\Yk im]\]f ]f afl]jn]f[agf]k hmflmYd]k q fg k]Y hgkaZd] kmeYj dgk j]kmdlY\gk hjg\m[a\gk& DY f][]ka\Y\ \] [gfkljmaj mf hjgq][lg hdYfl]Y dY []fljYda\Y\ \] dY afl]_jY[a f ]flj] dYk hgd la[Yk h Zda[Yk q dY afl]jY[[a f ]kljYl _a[Y ]flj] dgk \aklaflgk k][lgj]k q Y_]f[aYk im] la]f]f hg\]j \] afl]jn]f[a f kgZj] dgk dm_Yj]k& Ka fg `Yq ^gjeY \] gZl]f]j mfY afl]jY[[a f ]flj] dgk kmb]lgk q k][lgj]k im] la]f]f [geh]l]f[aY afk% lalm[agfYd$ ]k \a^ [ad im] k]Y hgkaZd] dg_jYj hjg[]kgk \] afngdm[jYea]flg q hYjla[a% hY[a f \] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! im] hm]\Yf k]j afl]jhj]lY\Yk [geg ]ph]ja]f[aYk hgkalanYk \] afl]j[YeZag q f]_g[aY[a f& LjYfkhYj]flYj dY [gemfa[Y[a f ]flj] Ymlgja\Y\ q [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! =f dY j]dY[a f ]flj] Ymlgja\Y\ h Zda[Y q [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!$ `Yq im] ]d]_aj dY ljYfkhY% j]f[aY& Dgk hjgZd]eYk j]dY[agfY\gk [gf ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g kgf Y e]fm\gk [gehd]% bgk2 ]kY [gehd]ba\Y\ la]f] im] k]j \][dYjY\Y YZa]jlYe]fl] q [gehYjla\Y$ lgeYf\g ]f [m]flY im] dYk h]j[]h[agf]k \] dgk Y[lgj]k dg[Yd]k kgf hYjl] \]d hjgZd]eY q'g \] km hgkaZd] kgdm[a f& Hgj ]kg ]k f][]kYjag im] dY Ymlgja\Y\ h Zda[Y [gemfaim] km hjgpaea\Y\ Y dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!$ j][gfg[a]f\g dgk hjgZd]eYk q eYfa^]klYf\g im] k] `Y[] [Yj_g \] ]ddgk& 9d eakeg la]ehg$ ]k f][]kYjag hj]k]flYj dgk ^]f e]fgk ]f km bmklY hjghgj[a f q dd]nYj Y dY [gemfa\Y\ Y dY [gehj]fka f q Y[]hlY[a f \] dgk [YeZagk&

)+1

Dgk hjgZd]eYk q dYk hgkaZd]k afl]jn]f[agf]k \]Z]f k]j hj]k]flY\Yk q \]ZYla\Yk kaf kaehdaÕ[YjdYk$ kaf \]bYj \] af[dmaj ]d]e]flgk [j la[gk$ daealY[agf]k$ n f[mdgk q la]ehgk \] ]b][m[a f& K dg \] ]klY eYf]jY dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! nYf Y k]flaj im] j]Yde]fl] kgf hYjl] \] dY Z kim]\Y \] kgdm[agf]k2 ]d Y\eafakljY\gj h Zda[g qY fg ]k eajY\g [geg Yd_ma]f im] fg g^j][] dYk j]khm]klYk h]\a\Yk$ kafg [geg mf afl]j% dg[mlgj im] Y^jgflY mf hjgZd]eY \a^ [ad$ im] lYd n]r fg hm]\Y kgdm[agfYjk] \]d lg\g$ q [mqY kgdm[a f ]kl~ [gf\a[agfY\Y hgj [gehd]bYk j]dY[agf]k ]flj] dgk j][mjkgk \ak% hgfaZd]k q dY hdmjYda\Y\ \] dYk [geh]l]f[aYk afklalm[agfYd]k& ;gfkljmaj mfY j]dY[a f ]kljm[lmjY\Y ]flj] Y[lgj]k dg[Yd]k ] afklalm[agf]k =d [am\Y\Yfg g [am\Y\YfY im] hjgem]n] g hYjla[ahY ]f afl]jn]f[agf]k ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g Zmk[Y mf afl]jdg[mlgj ^aYZd] ]f dY afklalm[a f$ Yd_ma]f \akhm]klg Y afngdm[jYjk] ]f dY Z kim]\Y \] mfY kgdm[a f \mjY\]jY& Ima]f]k \][a\]f [gehjge]l]jk] hYjY e]bgjYj ]d l]jjalgjag \gf\] nan]f$ [gfka\]jYf aehgjlYfl] ]f[gfljYj ]f dgk Y\eafakljY\gj]k h Zda[gk ]d eakeg [gehjgeakg$ eYfa^]klY\g ]f mfY hj]k]f[aY [gfklYfl]$ ]f dY [YhY[a\Y\ \] fg h]j\]jk] ]f dY km[]ka f \] dgk Y[gfl][aea]flgk$ ]f dY \akhgfaZada\Y\ Y [gemfa[Yj q$ ]f Yd_mfgk [Ykgk$ lYe% Za f Y [gehYjlaj dY hdYfa^a[Y[a f \] hjgq][lgk Y j]YdarYj& Dg [gfljYjag %mfY hj]% k]f[aY g[YkagfYd g \]k_YfY\Y [gf j]khm]klYk im] fg kgf [dYjYk% dd]nY Y dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! Y h]j\]j dY [gf^aYfrY q Y lgeYj ]d [Yeafg \] dY af\a^]j]f[aY g \] dY hjgl]klY Y lg\Y [gklY& 9kmeaj j]khgfkYZada\Y\ Fg k] ha\] Ykmf[a f \] j]khgfkYZada\Y\ fa[Ye]fl] Y dgk Yk! Y\eafakljY\gj]k Yk! h Zda[gk Yk!$ kafg lYeZa f Y dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!& DY ngr \] dgk Yk! `YZalYfl]k \] mf ~j]Y hjgZd]e~la[Y$ Yd [gea]frg _]f]jYde]fl] k] eYfaÕ]klY \] ^gjeY j]anaf% \a[YlanY2 k] j][dYeY mf ]khY[ag [geg hjghag ]f ]d ege]flg ]f ]d im] qY fg ]kl~ \akhgfaZd] hgjim] gljYk h]jkgfYk g [gkYk dg `Yf a\g g[mhYf\g& HYjY im]$ Y hYjlaj \] dY j]anaf\a[Y[a f$ k] \]k]f[Y\]f] mf hjg[]kg \] ljYfk^gjeY[a f$ ]k f][]kYjag hYkYj hgj mfY Ykmf[a f \] j]khgfkYZada\Y\2 ka fgk a\]flaÕ[Yegk ]f mf dm_Yj$ `Yq im] ]klYj \akhm]klgk Y `Y[]jk] [Yj_g \] km [gehd]ba\Y\& Kmkl]flYj dY jY[agfYda\Y\ kaf f]_Yj dY ]eg[a f >j]fl] Y mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g im] hj]k]flY mfY kalmY[a f [j la[Y$ ]d dY! [am\Y\Yfg Y! im] \][a\] afl]jn]faj hm]\] lgeYj \gk [Yeafgk2 d \] dY ËjY[agfYda\Y\Ì$ g ]d \] ËdYk ]eg[agf]kÌ& =d [Yeafg \] dYk ]eg[agf]k j]kmdlY e~k afe]\aYlg q ]khgfl~f]g$ kgZj] lg\g [mYf\g ]d l]jjalgjag \gf\] mfg nan] ]kl~ ]f [gf\a[agf]k \] ]e]j_]f[aY im] Y^][lYf Y dY na\Y h]jkgfYd$ k]_mja\Y\ g kYdm\$ q j]ima]j] afl]jn]f[agf]k jY\a[Yd]k im] fg ka]ehj] ]kl~f ]f dYk hgkaZada\Y\]k g ]f dYk afl]f[agf]k \] dYk afklalm[agf]k3 ]klY gja]flY[a f [gfdd]nY ]d ja]k_g \] im]$ \]b~f\gk] dd]nYj hgj dY gdY ]eg[agfYd$ k]Yf j][dYeY\Yk afl]jn]f[agf]k im]$ Ymfim] hYj]r[Yf ljY]j kgdm[agf]k \]Õfala% nYk$ la]f]f mf nYdgj e]jYe]fl] kaeZ da[g g [gfdd]nYf$ af[dmkg$ ]d h]da_jg \] kYdaj \] dgk d eal]k \] dY d]_Yda\Y\&

),(

=d [Yeafg jY[agfYd aehda[Y ]d]_aj mf hjg[]kg _jY\mYd q hjg_j]kang im] YhmflY Y Yd[YfrYj j]kmdlY\gk ]f ]d e]\aYfg q [gjlg hdYrg& Aehda[Y lYeZa f dY Y[lalm\ Y gZk]j% nYj ]d hjg[]kg ]f km [gfbmflg$ ]nYdmYf\g dgk j]kmdlY\gk q [gehYjYf\g ]d ËYfl]kÌ q ]d Ë\]khm kÌ$ kaf daealYjk] Y [gfka\]jYj dY kgdm[a f \]d hjgZd]eY ]f l jeafgk YZkgdm% lgk& Kaf ]eZYj_g$ dY jY[agfYda\Y\ fg hm]\] k]j aehm]klY$ dY Y\eafakljY[a f h Zda[Y fg hm]\] h]\ajdY [geg [gf\alag kaf] imY fgf$ q ]d hjg[]kg \] f]_g[aY[a f ]flj] Ymlgja\Y\ h Zda[Y q [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! la]f] im] lgeYj ]f [m]flY lYeZa f dY \ae]f% ka f ]eg[agfYd& ;gfkljmaj ]ph]ja]f[aYk [gd][lanYk Mf ]khY[ag hjgZd]e~la[g hj]k]flY Y e]fm\g mf [gfbmflg \] [gfÖa[lgk ]flj] Y[lg% j]k dg[Yd]k \an]jkgk q [gf dYk afklalm[agf]k& =d ]k[]fYjag Y n][]k ]k Zgjjgkg q j]kmdlY aehgjlYfl] \]Õfaj mf hjg[]\aea]flg ]kljm[lmjY\g$ im] afngdm[j] Y Y\eafakljY\g% j]k q Y[lgj]k dg[Yd]k [gf ^mf\Ye]flg ]f dY ljYfkhYj]f[aY j][ hjg[Y&

;Y\Y mfg la]f] kmk hjghaYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk3 h]jg ]k hgkaZd] afl]flYj [gehYjlaj Yim]ddYk \] [Yj~[l]j [gd][lang$ hjgegna]f\g q nYdgjYf\g ]d jgd \] dgk \aklaflgk Y[lgj]k afngdm[jY\gk$ Yk [geg a\]fla^a[Yf\g gZb]langk [gehYjla\gk& =f ]kl] hjg[]kg dgk d \]j]k af^gjeYd]k$ ]k \][aj dYk h]jkgfYk im] la]f]f e~k `]jjYea]f% lYk im] gljgk Yk! q Yim]ddYk [gf mfY hj]\akhgka[a f hYjla[mdYj Y [mdlanYj dYk j]dY% [agf]k$ hm]\]f k]j j][gfg[a\Yk [geg kmb]lgk hjanad]_aY\gk$ ]f dY e]\a\Y ]f im] ^Y[adal]f dgk hjg[]kgk \] \a~dg_g q fg ima]jYf Ykmeaj mf jgd \] j]hj]k]flYfl] ]p[dmkang \] dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk!& HYkYj ]d j]d]ng Dgk d \]j]k af^gjeYd]k$ egnadarY\gk \] ^gjeY ]khgfl~f]Y ^j]fl] Y mf hjgZd]eY$ hm]\]f [gfkgda\Yj km Y[[a f YehdaYf\g ]d _jmhg afngdm[jY\g ]f ]d hjg[]kg g [gehYjla]f\g km ]ph]ja]f[aY [gf gljYk h]jkgfYk im] hg\j~f kgkl]f]jd]k q kmZk% lalmajdgk [mYf\g k]Y f][]kYjag& =klg ]k Y f e~k ka_fa^a[Ylang Yd ljYlYjk] \] mf j]d]ng ]flj] h]jkgfYk im] la]f]f ]\Y\$ gja_]f q [mdlmjYk \a^]j]fl]k$ hgjim] ]na% \]f[aY ]d nYdgj \] dYk \a^]j]f[aYk hj]k]fl]k& =k aehgjlYfl] im] dYk ^gjeYk \] hYjla[ahY[a f im]\]f YZa]jlYk q fg k]Yf [gf^mf\a\Yk [gf ^gjeYk \] hYjla[ahY% [a f ]p[dmkanY& Af\ana\mYj dgk afl]jdg[mlgj]k Em[`Yk n][]k$ ]d dY! [am\Y\Yfg Y! im] \][a\] g[mhYjk] \] km l]jjalgjag$ `YklY ]k] ege]flg k] `Y \]\a[Y\g Y gljYk [gkYk ]k hjg^]kgj Y! ]ehd]Y\g Y!$ ]l[&!3 hgj dg lYflg \]Z] \]k[mZjaj [m~d]k kgf dgk [Yeafgk Y ]ehj]f\]j hYjY Yd[YfrYj km gZb]lang q [m~d]k kgf dYk h]jkgfYk Y ima]f \aja_ajk]3 Yk eakeg$ \]Z] Yhj]f\]j Y j][gfg[]j ka dYk j]khm]klYk j][aZa\Yk kgf n]j\Y\]jYk& L]f]j mf Y! afl]jdg[mlgj Y! ^aYZd] h]jeal] afn]jlaj ]f]j_ Yk q j][mjkgk ]f dY \]^afa[a f \] mf hdYfg'hjg% q][lg \] afl]jn]f[a f3 \] gljY eYf]jY$ ]klYk k]_maj~f hm]klYk ]f dY ^Yk] \] Z kim]\Y&

),)

=nalYj j]nakagfakegk q kmhj]kagf]k =f mfY kalmY[a f hjgZd]e~la[Y$ q Ymf e~k \] ]e]j_]f[aY$ hm]\] hYkYj im] k]Yf j]afl]jhj]lY\gk dgk hjg[]kgk \] eYf]jY ^mf[agfYd Yd gZb]lang \] [Y\Y mfg$ h]j% \a]f\g dY gZb]lana\Y\& Hm]\] km[]\]j$ hgj ]b]ehdg$ im] mf l]jjalgjag [gf mf [gf% ^da[lg k]Y \]k[jalg ^YdkYe]fl] [geg mf ~j]Y kaf hjgZd]eYk `YklY ]k] ege]flg$ kmhjaea]f\g hYjl]k \] km `aklgjaY hYkY\Y& Kaf ]eZYj_g$ ]k f][]kYjag j][mh]jYj Ë]d `adg \] dY e]egjaYÌ$ j][gj\Yj dY na\Y \] dgk l]jjalgjagk q dgk [YeZagk g[mjja% \gk& LYeZa f hm]\] km[]\]j im] ]f dY [gemfa[Y[a f [gf dYk afklalm[agf]k k]Yf lgeY\Yk ]f [m]flY k dg dYk j]khm]klYk im] [gjj]khgf\]f Y dYk ]ph][lYlanYk ] a_fgjY\Yk dYk daealY[agf]k g dgk la]ehgk l [fa[gk \] ]b][m[a f im] dY Y\eafak% ljY[a f hdYfl]Y& ;gfka\]jYj dY [gehd]ba\Y\ q dY h]jkh][lanY `akl ja[Y ]k af\akh]fkYZd] hYjY ]nYdmYj dgk j]kmdlY\gk \]d hjg[]kg ]f ]d im] k] ]kl~ lgeYf\g hYjl]& =nYdmYj ]d hjg[]kg Afl]jn]faj ]f mf ~j]Y hjgZd]e~la[Y fg ka]ehj] hm]\] l]f]j [geg gZb]lang dY kgdm[a f \]d hjgZd]eY& E~k Y e]fm\g k] ljYlY \] afl]flYj e]bgjYj dY kalmY[a f q ZYbYj ]d fan]d \] [gf^da[lg& 9\]e~k$ hm]\] `YZ]j [gfk][m]f[aYk af]kh]jY\Yk ] aehgjlYfl]k \] [gfka\]jYj2 mfY [gemfa\Y\ egnadarY\Y hYjY `Y[]jk] [Yj_g \] km hjghag l]jjalgjag l]f\j~ lYeZa f dY ghgjlmfa\Y\ \] [j]Yj g j]^gjrYj dYk j]dY% [agf]k$ \] dd]nYj Y [YZg mf hjg[]kg \] [am\Y\Yf Y$ im] nY Y k]j mf hYljaegfag [ge f$ q \] Y\imajaj [gfg[aea]flgk im] hm]\]f k]j j]afn]jla\gk ]f gljgk dm_Y% j]k m gljgk l]eYk& =k ^mf\Ye]flYd hgf]j \] j]da]n] lYeZa f ]klgk j]kmdlY\gk3 \] gljY eYf]jY$ `Yq ja]k_gk \] `Y[]j mf ZYdYf[] afbmklYe]fl] f]_Ylang \]d hjg% []kg dd]nY\g Y [YZg& =d k]fla\g dlaeg \] ]klYk [gfka\]jY[agf]k j]ka\] ]f j][gfg[]j [geg ^mf\Ye]f% lYd %]f mf ~j]Y \] \a~dg_g ]^][lang ]flj] [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! q Ymlgja\Y\]k dg[Yd]k% ]d afl]flg \] ljYfk^gjeYj dY d _a[Y \]d h]\aj$ \]d [gf^da[lg$ g \] dY Ë^YdkYÌ hYjla[ahY% [a f& =klg ima]j] \][aj im] ]k []fljYd ]d hjgh kalg \] egn]j ]d ]b] \] dY [m]kla f$ hYkYf\g \] mfY j]dY[a f \]eYf\Y%j]khm]klY Y mf \a~dg_g \gf\] dYk h]la[agf]k fg kgf kaehda^a[Y\Yk q dYk j]khm]klYk fg j]km]dn]f ]d hjgZd]eY& K] ljYlY \] [j]Yj mf \a~dg_g \gf\] dY hgd la[Y$ _jY[aYk Y dY f]_g[aY[a f$ afl]flY j]klalmaj dY [ge% hd]ba\Y\ \] dYk [aj[mfklYf[aYk Y dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!& =f mf [gfl]plg \gf\] k] ha]fkY im] hm]\Y `YZ]j kgdm[agf]k k]f[addYk$ ]k aehgjlYfl] ]na\]f[aYj q [ge% hYjlaj dY [gehd]ba\Y\& DY [gfkljm[[a f \] hjg[]kgk \gf\] k]f\Yk j]khgfkYZada% \Y\]k k] ^mf\Yf ]f dY ljYfkhYj]f[aY q ]f ]d j]kh]lg$ g^j][] Yd dY! [am\Y\Yfg Y! q Y dYk afklalm[agf]k mfY aehgjlYfl] ghgjlmfa\Y\ hYjY \Yj k]fla\g Y dY ]ph]ja]f[aY \] [am\Y\Yf Y& Mf ]b]ehdg afl]j]kYfl] \] [ eg hm]\]f [jaklYdarYj dYk \ae]fkagf]k k] YdY\Yk ]k dY ]ph]ja]f[aY \]d hjgq][lg 9j]fY$ ]f 9l]$ H]j $ \]k[jalg Y [gflafmY[a f&

),*

J][mY\jg )0 9l] Ç H]j Hjgq][lg 9j]fY mfY fm]nY kg[a]\Y\ Mf []fljg ]\m[Ylang q j]_dYk hYjY hj]n]faj hjgZd]eYk \] [gfnan]f[aY 9mlggj_YfarY[a f [gemfalYjaY hYjY mfY e]bgj [gfnan]f[aY q [ma\Y\g \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g2 \]k\] dY lgeY \] mf l]jj]fg fY[] mf fm]ng ZYjjag& HYjY hj]n]faj hjgZd]eYk \] [gfnan]f[aY q \]_jY\g dY [gemfa\Y\ k] gj_YfarY [gf j]_dYk q [gf dY [gfkljm[[a f \] mf []fljg ]\m[Ylang& Dm_Yj Y afl]jn]faj q gZb]lang =f dY K]eYfY KYflY \] *((+$ nYjagk ead]k \] hgZdY\gj]k Yk! ]ea_jY\gk Yk! \] dY ka]jjY$ \]Za\g Y dgk [gfÖa[lgk [gf ]d _jmhg _m]jjadd]jg K]f\]jg Dmeafgkg$ k] [gf_j]_Yjgf ]f dgk Ydj]\]\gj]k \] mf _jYf l]jj]fg im] h]jl]f][ Y Yd ;gmfljq ;dmZ& Dgk afl]flgk hYjY \]kYdgbYjdgk ^m]jgf af lad]k q dgk Yk! hgZdY\gj]k Yk! l]jeafYjgf im]\~f\gk] ]f ]kl] l]jj]fg im]$ hgkl]jagje]fl]$ d]k ^m] n]f\a\g ]f mf eadd f \] \ dYj]k$ im] hY_Yjgf \Yf\g M )&(-( hgj hgZdY\gj Y!& Hgj k]j mfY rgfY \] dY im] ]jY ]pljY \Y Yj]fY hYjY dY af\mkljaY \] [gfkljm[[a f$ ]d l]jj]fg ]klYZY lglYde]fl] \]kfan]dY\g& =d gZb]lang hjaf[ahYd \] ]kl] hjgq][lg [gfkakla ]f dY Ymlggj_YfarY[a f \] dY [gemfa\Y\$ ]f hgk \] mfY e]bgj [gfnan]f[aY q \] _]f]jYj ]khY[agk h Zda[gk Yd k]jna[ag \] lg\gk Yk!& =f ]klY ]ph]ja]f[aY k] \]kYjjgdd dY [gfkljm[[a f \] mfY ]k[m]dY$ ]f dY [mYd dY [gemfa\Y\ la]f] mf jgd ]k]f[aYd&

E]lg\gdg_ Y \] ljYZYbg DY [gemfa\Y\$ hgj e]\ag \] \an]jkgk e][Yfakegk \] hYjla[ahY[a f$ ]klYZd][a mf j]_dYe]flg \] [gfnan]f[aY im] \]Z] k]j j]kh]lY\g hgj lg\gk Yk! dgk Yk! j]ka\]fl]k \] 9j]fY3 km af[mehdaea]flg ]k [Ykla_Y\g& Q$ Yfl] dY hj][Yja]\Y\ \] k]jna[agk q ]imahYea]flgk$ dY [gemfa\Y\ k] gj_Yfar hYjY j]khgf\]j Y ]kYk f][]ka\Y\]k Z~ka[Yk l]fa]f\g lg\gk Yk! ]d \]Z]j \] ljYZYbYj hYjY ]d dg_jg \] dgk gZb]langk hjghm]klgk&

AehY[lg ' =^][lg \]k]Y\g ;j]Y[a f \] mf []fljg ]\m[Ylang2 \]k\] mf afa[ag 9j]fY \ag _jYf aehgjlYf[aY Y dY ]\m[Y[a f3 dY hjm]ZY e~k hYdhYZd] q [gf[j]lY \] ]ddg ]k im] Y f [mYf\g kmk hgZdY\gj]k Yk! ka_m]f nana]f\g ]f [`grYk \] eY\]jY$ [gf kmk ]k^m]jrgk q ]d Yhgqg \] dY emfa[ahYda\Y\ \] 9l]$ ]f lYd k dg [af[g Y gk \] ]pakl]f[aY `Yf dg_jY\g [gfkljmaj$ ]f eYl]jaYd k da\g$ mf []fljg ]\m[Ylang ^gjeY\g hgj \gk hYZ]ddgf]k \] lj]k hakgk \gf\] ^mf[agfY mfY ]k[m]dY im] hj]klY k]jna[agk \] ]\m[Y[a f HjaeYjaY q K][mf\YjaY& ?jY[aYk Yd fm]ng []fljg ]\m[Ylang$ dYk ^YeadaYk fg \]Za]jgf dd]nYj Y kmk `abgk Yk! ^m]jY \]d hgZdY\g$ [gf mf [gfkakl]fl] Y`gjjg \] la]ehg q \af]jg& 9\]e~k$ `Yf ]pl]f\a\g dY j]\ \] Z]f]Õ[aYjagk Yk!$ qY im] ]f

),+

]klYk YmdYk `Yf ka\g aehd]e]flY\Yk dYk \]fgeafY\Yk Ë=k[m]dYk hYjY HY\j]kÌ$ k] \a[lYf [`YjdYk hYjY dY bmn]flm\$ \] hjae]jgk Ympadagk q kgZj] kYdm\ hYjY emb]j]k q Y\mdlgk eYqgj]k& 9\gh[a f \] j]_dYk2 \]k\] ]d afa[ag ^m]jgf ]klYZd][a\Yk mfY k]ja] \] fgjeYk \] [gf\m[lYk emq ]klja[lYk$ im] `Yf e]bgjY\g fglYZd]e]fl] dY [gfnan]f[aY q dY [Yda\Y\ \] na\Y \] dgk Yk! hgZdY\gj]k Yk!& K] ljYlY \] mf lglYd \] lj][] j]_dYk hYjY [Y\Y k][lgj& Kaf ]klYj ]k[jalYk ]pakl]f gljYk j]_dYk im] ja_]f dY na\Y \aYjaY$ [geg dY \] fg hgf]j e ka[Y Y fan]d]k Ydlgk hYjY fg h]jbm\a[Yj ]d \]k[Yfkg \] dgk Y! n][afgk Yk!& MfY \] dYk e~k aehgjlYfl]k q hgd ea[Yk ]k dY hjg`aZa[a f \]d [gfkmeg \]d Yd[g`gd ]f lg\Y 9j]fY$ qY im] ]f H]j `Yq mf f\a[] \] h]jeakana\Y\ emq Ydlg [gf ]d Yd[g`gd ]d im]$ af[dmkg$ ]k hYjl] \] dgk e][Yfakegk kg[aYd]k \] kg[aYdarY[a f q []d]ZjY[a f& DY k]n]jY Yhda[Y[a f \] ]klY fgjeY `Y h]jeala\g j]\m[aj fglgjaYe]fl] dgk hjgZd]eYk \] nagd]f[aY \]janY\gk \]d Yd[g`gdakeg q$ [geg Yl]kla_mYf dYk emb]j]k$ gj\]fYj dYk ][gfge Yk ^YeadaYj]k& ;gf[a]fl]k \] im] Yd ]jjY\a[Yj ]d Yd[g`gd ]klYZYf kmhjaea]f\g mfY \] dYk n~dnmdYk \] ]k[Yh] \] mfY hgZdY[a f [gf em[`gk hjgZd]eYk$ dgk Yk! hgZdY\gj]k Yk! \a]jgf _jYf aehgjlYf[aY Y dYk hj~[la[Yk j][j]YlanYk2 lg\gk dgk \geaf_g$ \]khm k \] dY bgjfY\Y \] daeha]rY ]f dY im] hYjla[ahY lg\Y dY [gemfa\Y\$ ]eha]rYf dYk bgjfY\Yk \]hgjlanYk im] k] \]kYjjgddYf ]flj] dYk 1 \] dY eY YfY q dYk - \] dY lYj\]&

:A:DAG?J9>A9 <Yfk]jg =&$ A Édmg_`a [gemfaÊ \]a _jYf\a ]n]fla& 9dd]kl]f\g ad hYd[gk[]fa[g l]jjalgjaYd] h]j Lgjafg *((.$ af =& <Yfk]jg ] 9& K]_j] ]\algj]k!$ Ad l]jjalgjag \]a _jYf\a ]n]fla& JaÖ]kkagfa ] ja[]j[`] _mYj\Yf\g Y Lgjafg *((.$ f e]jg egfg_j~Õ[g \]d :gdd]llafg \]ddY Kg[a]l ?]g_jYÕ[Y AlYdaYfY$ k]ja] PAA$ NAA$ ,$ hh& 0.)%01,$ *((*

),,

<Ynak E&$ DY [all \a imYjrg& Af\Y_af] kmd ^mlmjg Y Dgk 9f_]d]k$ EYfa^]klg DaZja& JgeY$ )11+& E]dY 9&$ ?da khYra hmZZda[a2 dY k[]fY ] _da Yllgja$ af NaddYfla ?& ]\algj!$ ;all ] hjg_]llg& Hj]%l]kla \a mjZYfakla[Y jaÖ]kkanY$ hh& -1%.0$ =\alja[] ;gehgkalgja& :gdg_fY$ *((.& WWWWW ]\algj!$ DY [all Yfkag_]fY& D] [jgfY[`] ] a dmg_`a \]ddÌafka[mj]rrY mjZYfY Y Lgjafg$ Da_mgja$ FYhgda& *((+& JY^^]klaf ;&$ L]jjalgjaYdarrYragf]$ \]l]jjalgjaYdarrYragf]$ jal]jjalgjaYdarrYragf] ] af^gjeYragf]$ af 9& Lmj[g ]\algj!$ J]_agf] ] j]_agfYdarrYragf]$ hh& .1%0*&$ 9f_]da& EadYfg$ )10,& Lmj[g 9&$ N]jkg mf l]gjaY _]g_jYÕ[Y \]ddY [gehd]kkal $ Mfa[ghda& EadYfg$ )100& NaddYkYfl] L& ] LYeYjal D&?&$ @Y[aY mfY [am\Y\ `YZalYZd]$ EajY_mYfg& EY\ja\$ )10*&

),-

;9HALMDG

.

EGFALGJ=G Q =N9DM9;AåF ;GEG @=JJ9EA=FL9K <= 9HGQG 9 D9 ?=KLAåF

ÞdnYjg =khafgrY ;jaeaf dg_g Mfan]jka\Y\ 9dZ]jlg @mjlY\g ;`ad] ),/

. ),0

.&) EGFALGJ=G Q =N9DM9;AåF ;GEG @=JJ9EA=FL9K <= 9HGQG 9 D9 ?=KLAåF DY _]kla f \] mf hjg_jYeY$ hjgq][lg g$ e~k ]f _]f]jYd$ \] dYk hgd la[Yk \] mfY ]ehj]kY g _gZa]jfg$ la]f] ]f ]d egfalgj]g q dY ]nYdmY[a f Y \gk \] kmk hjaf[ahYd]k `]jjYea]flYk \] Yhgqg& =d egfalgj]g g k]_maea]flg [gfkakl] ]f ]d Yf~dakak h]ja \a[g \] dY ]b][m[a f \] mf hjgq][lg$ [gf ]d gZb]lg \] ]klYZd][]j ]d _jY\g ]f im] dYk lYj]Yk$ Y[lana\Y\]k$ [jgfg% _jYeY \] ljYZYbg$ hj]klY[agf]k q j]kmdlY\gk kgf [mehda\Yk \] Y[m]j\g Y dg hdYfaÕ% [Y\g Ka]ehjg$ )111!& DY j]Yda\Y\ kmh]jY YehdaYe]fl] dg im]$ Y hjagja$ ]k hgkaZd] hj]n]j ] af[gjhgjYj ]f dY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f q$ hgj dg lYflg$ ]k fgjeYd im] \mjYfl] dY ]b][m[a f \] mf hjgq][lg k]Y hj][akg `Y[]j Ybmkl]k Yd \ak] g gja_afYd q Yd [jgfg_jYeY \] ljYZYbg& ;YeZaYj Ykh][lgk \] dg hdYfaÕ[Y\g afa[aYde]fl] fg j]hj]k]flY mf hjgZd]eY3 dg hjgZd]e~% la[g ]k lgeYj \][akagf]k kaf dY af^gjeY[a f kmÕ[a]fl] g \] ^gjeY afghgjlmfY& =k Yim \gf\] ]d egfalgj]g ]k mfY `]jjYea]flY nalYd \] Yhgqg Y dY _]kla f$ Yd k]j km ^mf[a f ]d hjghgj[agfYj af^gjeY[a f [gfÕYZd]$ kmÕ[a]fl] q ghgjlmfY kgZj] ]d ^mf[agfYea]flg \] mf hjgq][lg$ hYjY \akeafmaj ]d ja]k_g \] lgeYj \][akagf]k ]imang[Y\Yk&

·Hgj im ]k f][]kYjag egfalgj]Yj mf hjgq][lg7 Hgjim]À

Hjghgj[agfY mfY ZYk] hYjY dY lgeY \] \][akagf]k kgZj] dYk eg\aÕ[Y[agf]k im] k]Y f][]kYjag `Y[]j Yd hjgq][lg$ qY k] ljYl] \] j]YbmklYj dY mladarY[a f \] j][mjkgk$ eg\aÕ[Yj dY ]k[YdY \] hjagja\Y\]k ] afljg\m[aj Y[lana\Y\]k fm]nYk& <Y eYqgj Ö]paZada\Y\ q Y_ada\Y\ Y km _]kla f& 9qm\Y Yd _]j]fl]$ g Yd Y\eafakljY\gj$ Y egkljYj j]kmdlY\gk& 9qm\Y Y [gehj]f\]j q ]phda[Yj Y dgk \]e~k dg im] km[]\] ]f ]d hjgq][lg q hgj im k] dg_jYf g fg dgk j]kmdlY\gk ]kh]jY\gk& 9qm\Y Y hj]k]flYj Yj_me]flgk ]f ^Yngj \] dgk [YeZagk f][]kYjagk& 9qm\Y Y ^ge]flYj dY [gfÕYfrY Y fan]d \] dY YdlY _]j]f[aY$ g \] dY YdlY \aj][[a f \]d gj_Yfakeg h Zda[g afngdm[jY\g$ q [gf dgk gj_Yfakegk \] ÕfYf[aY[a f Ykg[aY\gk& :jaf\Y eYqgj]k ghgjlmfa\Y\]k hYjY k]jnaj Za]f Y dY hgZdY[a f \]klafYlYjaY$ hgjim] ]d ]^][lg kgZj] dY eakeY ]k YfYdarY\g ]f ^gjeY j]al]jY\Y&

>m]fl]2 GHK$ )111&

),1

=d k]_maea]flg g egfalgj]g hm]\] k]j afl]jfg g ]pl]jfg& =k afl]jfg [mYf\g dg j]Y% darYf ima]f]k ]b][mlYf mf hjg_jYeY g hjgq][lg3 [geg [gfljYhYjla\Y$ ]k ]pl]jfg [mYf\g dg ]^][l Yf Y_]fl]k im] la]f]f j]khgfkYZada\Y\]k Y\eafakljYlanYk q'g ÕfYf[a]jYk kgZj] d$ Y f [mYf\g fg hYjla[ahYf \aj][lYe]fl] ]f km ]b][m[a f$ q ima]f]k la]f]f afl]j k ]f kmk j]kmdlY\gk q YhgjlYf nYdgj Y_j]_Y\g Y dgk hjg\m[% lgk& =flj] dgk hjae]jgk ]kl~f dgk eafakl]jagk q k]jna[agk h Zda[gk im] ]pl]jfYda% rYf dY ]b][m[a f \] kmk hjgq][lgk3 q$ ]flj] dgk k]_mf\gk$ km]d]f ]klYj _jmhgk \] [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! gj_YfarY\gk Yk!& MfY hjghm]klY Z~ka[Y q ljY\a[agfYd \] egfalgj]g \]Z] a\]flaÕ[Yj dgk hjaf[ahYd]k af\a[Y\gj]k Y fan]d \] gZb]langk$ hjg\m[lgk q Y[lana\Y\]k ]fmf[aY\gk ]f dY hdYfa% Õ[Y[a f& <] ]klY eYf]jY k]j~f [mZa]jlYk ~j]Yk ]kljYl _a[Yk \]d hjgq][lg [geg dY ÕfYf[a]jY$ dYk \] Za]f]k q k]jna[agk q [gZ]jlmjY& HYjY \]kYjjgddYj dgk [gehgf]fl]k Z~ka[gk \] dY hjghm]klY \] egfalgj]g ]k lad ]ehd]Yj mfY EYddY \] N]jaÕ[Y[a f3 ]k \][aj$ mfY hjghm]klY \] gj\]fYea]flg hYjY [gfka_fYj dYk ]kh][aÕ[Y[agf]k f][]kYjaYk hYjY dY n]jaÕ[Y[a f q mkg \] dgk af\a[Y\g% j]k k]d][[agfY\gk ]f ]d k]_maea]flg \] [Y\Y hjg_jYeY g hjgq][lg& Dgk [gf[]hlgk [gfl]fa\gk ]f dY EYddY \] N]jaÕ[Y[a f kgf Yim]ddgk im] hYj][]f []fljYd]k$ lYflg ]f dY \]Õfa[a f l [fa[Y \] dgk af\a[Y\gj]k [geg ]f dYk [YjY[l]% j kla[Yk \] dgk hjg_jYeYk g hjgq][lgk \] afn]jka f& DY k]d][[a f \]ÕfalanY \] dgk af\a[Y\gj]k [gjj]khgf\] Y dgk _]klgj]k \] [Y\Y hjgq][lg$ \] Y[m]j\g Y dYk hYjla[m% dYja\Y\]k im] hj]k]fl] ]f km gh]jY[a f g eg\g \] k]_maea]flg& Dgk Ykh][lgk im] \]Z]f k]j [gfka\]jY\gk ]f dY EYddY \] N]jaÕ[Y[a f \] af\a[Y\g% j]k kgf dgk ka_ma]fl]k2

Ege]flg \] n]jaÕ[Y[a f2 ]klYZd][] ]d ege]flg ]f im] ]k ]^][lmY\Y dY n]ja% Õ[Y[a f& Hm]\] ]klYj j]^]ja\Y Y ege]flgk ]kh][ Õ[gk \]d Y g$ g Y [mYdima]j mfa\Y\ l]ehgjYd Yhda[Y\Y Y\][mY\Ye]fl] q [g`]j]fl] [gf dY gh]jY[a f \]d hjg_jYeY g hjgq][lg k]e]klj]$ e]k$ k]eYfY$ ]l[&!& =k aehgjlYfl] im]$ Yd \]Õfaj ]d ege]flg$ k]Yf [gfka\]jY\Yk fg k dg dYk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk \]d af\a% [Y\gj$ kafg lYeZa f mf ^Y[lgj \] j]Ydakeg kaf em[`Y ]pa_]f[aY$ fa lYehg[g dYpg$ ka]ehj] `Yq im] ]klYZd][]j \]kY^ gk hgkaZd]k \] k]j Yd[YfrY\gk hgj dgk Yk! j]khgfkYZd]k!& H]jag\a[a\Y\2 aehda[Y \]l]jeafYj [Y\Y [m~flg la]ehg hYj][] h]jlaf]fl] q j]YdaklY j]h]laj dY n]jaÕ[Y[a f& <]l]jeafY ]d jYf_g \] la]ehg ]f ]d [mYd ]d af\a[Y\gj ]k j]hj]k]flYlang q$ Yd a_mYd im] ]f ]d Ykh][lg Yfl]jagj$ kl] \]Z] k]j ]klYZd][a\g \] eYf]jY j]YdaklY& >m]fl] \] n]jaÕ[Y[a f2 [gjj]khgf\] Y dY mfa\Y\$ h]jkgfY$ kalmY[a f g j]_ak% ljg im] \]Z] k]j gZk]jnY\Y hYjY n]jaÕ[Yj ]d af\a[Y\gj& =k dY ^m]fl] hjaeYjaY \] \gf\] gZl]f]j af^gjeY[a f&

)-(

J]khgfkYZd]2 af\a[Y ]d afl]_jYfl] \]d hjgq][lg im] la]f] dY j]khgfkYZada\Y\ \] im] dY n]jaÕ[Y[a f k]Y j]YdarY\Y ]f dgk ege]flgk q [gf dY h]jag\a[a\Y\ im] [gjj]khgf\Y& LYeZa f \]Za]jY Y\eafakljYj dY af^gjeY[a f j][gd][lY\Y j]_akljYjdY$ ]fnaYjdY$ af_j]kYjdY Y mf kakl]eY \] af^gjeY[a f$ ]l[&!& Hjg[]\aea]flg2 \]lYddY dY eg\Yda\Y\ \] gZk]jnY[a f hgj e]\ag \] dY [mYd k]j~ gZl]fa\Y q'g hjg[]kY\Y dY af^gjeY[a f& Kgf dYk l [fa[Yk \] gZl]f[a f \] af^gjeY[a f2 gZk]jnY[a f \aj][lY$ j]naka f \] eYl]jaYd ]k[jalg$ ]f[m]klY$ ]flj]naklY$ ]l[& ;gZ]jlmjY l]jjalgjaYd2 h]jeal] \]l]jeafYj [m~d ]k dY ZYk] l]jjalgjaYd im] k]j~ Ykmea\Y ]f ]d j]kh][lang af\a[Y\gj& LYeZa f hm]\] Yhda[Yjk] hYjY mfa\Y\]k hjg_jYe~la[Yk$ ka [gjj]khgf\]&

EYddY \] N]jaÕ[Y[a f \] Af\a[Y\gj]k Af\a[Y\gj]k

Ege]flg \] n]jaÕ[Y[a f

H]jag\a[a\Y\

>m]fl] \] n]jaÕ[Y[a f

;gZ]jlmjY l]jjalgjaYd

J]khgfkYZd]

Hjg[]\aea]flg

)& *& +& ,& -& .&

Hgj km hYjl]$ dY ]nYdmY[a f h]jeal] ^gjemdYj bma[agk \] nYdgj kgZj] dY ]Õ[a]f[aY q ]^][lana\Y\ hj]k]fl] g ^mlmjY \] mf hjg_jYeY g hjgq][lg$ kgZj] dY ZYk] \] af\a[Y\g% j]k im] ea\Yf ]d dg_jg \] kmk gZb]langk q im] `Yf ka\g \]l]jeafY\gk hj]naYe]fl]& =pakl]f \aklaflgk lahgk \] ]nYdmY[a f$ k]_ f ]d ege]flg ]f im] k]Y j]YdarY\Y klY q ima]f dY j]YdarY& DY ]nYdmY[a f hm]\] k]j ]p Yfl] g ]p hgkl$ k]_ f dY ]lYhY \]d [a[dg \] mf hjgq][lg Y dY [mYd ]kl~ Ykg[aY\Y3 ] afl]jfY g ]pl]jfY$ k]_ f ima]f dY j]YdarY& =f dY ]lYhY \] hj]afn]jka f$ ]k j]YdarY\Y dY ]nYdmY[a f ]p Yfl] \] mf hjgq][lg$ hYjY \]l]jeafYj ka kYlak^Y[] j]imakalgk \] j]flYZada\Y\ ^mlmjY$ [gklg'aehY[lg g \] ]kl~f\Yj]k ZYkY\gk ]f [jal]jagk \] h]jlaf]f[aY$ [g`]j]f[aY q kmkl]flYZada\Y\& Hgj dg lYflg$ kmk j]kmdlY\gk k]j~f mladarY\gk hYjY \][a\aj kgZj] dY e]bgj Ydl]jfYlanY \] afn]jka f ]flj] hjgq][lgk Ydl]jfYlangk& DY ]nYdmY[a f ]p Yfl] ]kl~ afl]_jY\Y Y dgk hjg[]kgk \] Yka_fY[a f \] j][mjkgk ]f dY eYqgj hYjl] \] dgk hY k]k dYlafgYe]ja[Yfgk q ]mjgh]gk$ ]kh][aYde]fl] ]f ]d [Ykg \] dgk hjgq][lgk \] afn]jka f ]f af^jY]kljm[lmjY$ [geg km]d]f k]j dYk afa[aYlanYk \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk& MfY ]ph]ja]f[aY affgnY\gjY ]f ]kl] k]fla\g ]k dY aehmdkY\Y hgj

)-)

]d ?gZa]jfg \] ;`ad]$ im] `Y af[gjhgjY\g dY hYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY Y kmk hjg[]kgk \] ]nYdmY[a f ]p Yfl] \] dgk hjgq][lgk \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk im] ^gjeYf hYjl] \]d Kakl]eY FY[agfYd \] Afn]jkagf]k& =f dY ]lYhY \] ]b][m[a f m gh]jY[a f la]f] dm_Yj dY ]nYdmY[a f ]p hgkl$ im] hm]\] j]YdarYjk] ]f [mYdima]j ege]flg$ \]k\] im] [gea]frY dY ]flj]_Y \] Za]f]k q k]j% na[agk Y dgk Yk! Z]f]Õ[aYjagk Yk! q fg k dg \]khm k \] im] `Y ÕfYdarY\g$ [geg km]d] h]fkYjk] ;g`]f q >jYf[g$ *((/!& Kmk j]kmdlY\gk hm]\]f hgf]j l jeafg Yfla[ahY\g Y mf hjgq][lg ]f ]b][m[a f$ \][a\aj kgZj] km [gflafma\Y\ g dY eg\aÕ[Y[a f \] Yd_m% fgk \] kmk [gehgf]fl]k& MfY \] dYk ]nYdmY[agf]k ]p hgkl e~k j]im]ja\Yk q$ Yd eakeg la]ehg$ e]fgk j]YdarY% \Yk \]Za\g Y km Ydlg [gklg q ]pa_]f[aY e]lg\gd _a[Y$ ]k dY ]nYdmY[a f \] aehY[lg& =ddY Zmk[Y e]\aj$ q ]ealaj mf bma[ag \] nYdgj$ ]d aehY[lg dg_jY\g hgj ]d hjgq][lg hgj e]\ag \] dY ]flj]_Y \] kmk hjg\m[lgk& =d aehY[lg [gjj]khgf\] Y dY eY_falm\ [mYflalYlanY \]d [YeZag im] ]ph]jae]flY ]d hjgZd]eY g f][]ka\Y\ afkYlak^][`Y \] dY hgZdY[a f$ gZb]lang YljaZmaZd] Yd hjgq][lg ;g`]f q >jYf[g$ *((/!& DYk [YjY[l]j k% la[Yk e~k ]kh][ Õ[Yk im] Y\imajaj~ dY ]nYdmY[a f \] aehY[lg hm]\]f k]j \]Õfa% \Yk \mjYfl] dY gh]jY[a f& Kaf ]eZYj_g$ ]k hgkaZd] %q [gfn]fa]fl]% \]Õfaj Y hjagja ]d ege]flg ]f im] k]j~ ]^][lmY\Y$ [gf ]d Õf \] hj]hYjYj dYk [gf\a[agf]k l [fa[Yk q ÕfYf[a]jYk hYjY km j]YdarY[a f& DY ]nYdmY[a f hm]\] k]j afl]jfY$ [mYf\g dY aehd]e]flYf kmk hjghagk ]b][mlgj]k3 q ]pl]jfY$ [mYf\g dY j]YdarYf Y_]fl]k im] fg hYjla[ahYf ]f km ]b][m[a f& =flj] dYk n]flYbYk \] dY ]nYdmY[a f afl]jfY ]kl~f dY jaim]rY \] af^gjeY[a f hYjY dY afl]jhj]% lY[a f \] dgk \Ylgk q dY hgkaZada\Y\ \] gja]flYj ]d hjgq][lg g hjg_jYeY `Y[aY Ykh][% lgk e~k k]fkaZd]k hYjY dgk ]b][mlgj]k \aj][lgk q mkmYjagk MF>H9$ *((,!& DY hjaf[ahYd n]flYbY \] dY ]nYdmY[a f ]pl]jfY jY\a[Y ]f im] k] d] YljaZmq] eYqgj gZb]lana\Y\ ]f dY afl]jhj]lY[a f \] dgk \Ylgk ] af\]h]f\]f[aY ]f dY ^gjemdY[a f \] [gf[dmkagf]k q j][ge]f\Y[agf]k& =d egfalgj]g q ]nYdmY[agf]k im] k] [gfl]ehdY j]YdarYj \mjYfl] ]d `gjargfl] \] aehd]e]flY[a f \]d hjgq][lg hm]\] k]j ]phj]kY\g ]f mfY d f]Y \] la]ehg \mjYfl] dY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f& =f ]ddY `Yq im] k] YdYj dgk ege]flgk ]f im] k]j~ j]YdarY\Y dY ]nY% dmY[a f& ;mYf\g fg k]Yf h]jeYf]fl]k$ [geg ]d egfalgj]g$ ]k f][]kYjag af\a[Yj mf ege]flg hmflmYd q fg hj]l]f\]j egkljYj ]d dYhkg \] la]ehg im] \mjYj~ ]d ]klm\ag& D f]Y \] la]ehg \] dY ]nYdmY[a f Egfalgj]g 9 gk (

)

*

=nYdmY[a f \] kYlak^Y[[a f

+ =nYdmY[a f \] aehY[lg

)-*

.&* D9 =N9DM9;AåF <= AFA;A9LAN9K <= AFL=JN=F;AåF =F =D =KH9;AG Hè:DA;G DYk hj~[la[Yk ]nYdmYlanYk DY hj~[la[Y ]nYdmYlanY \] hjgq][lgk g afa[aYlanYk \] afl]jn]f[a f \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g la]f] j]Yda\Y\]k \akhYj]k$ k]_ f ]d ege]flg ]f im] ]k j]YdarY\Y& =k [ge f im] dgk _gZa]jfgk fY[agfYd]k$ ^]\]jYd]k q dg[Yd]k `Y_Yf ]nYdmY[agf]k \] hjgq][lgk \] ]kl] lahg hYjY \][a\aj kgZj] dY Yka_fY[a f \] j][mjkgk hYjY km ]b][m[a f ]nYdmY[a f ]p Yfl]!& HYjY ]ddg$ [ge fe]fl] j][mjj]f Y e]lg\gdg_ Yk \] Yf~dakak [gklg%]Õ[a]f[aY q'g emdla[jal]jag ]klYZd][a\Yk q \a^mf\a\Yk [gf Yfl]jagja\Y\ Y dY ^gjemdY[a f \] dgk hjgq][lgk&

=d fan]d \] kgÕkla[Y[a f \] dgk hjg[]kgk \] Yka_fY[a f \] j][mjkgk q \]d Yf~dakak ]nYdmYlang hjghaYe]fl] lYd \]h]f\] ]f dg ^mf\Ye]flYd \] dY ]k[YdY \] afn]jka f afngdm[jY\Y ]f dgk hjgq][lgk q \] dY eYfl]f[a f \] dY g^]jlY hjg_jYe~la[Y ]f ]d la]ehg& =f ]d [Ykg \] hjgq][lgk \] Ydlg [gklg$ ]pakl]f kakl]eYk [gf e]lg\gdg_ Yk ZYklYfl] \]kYjjgddY\Yk im] ^gjeYf hYjl] \] d f]Yk \] afn]jka f$ eYfl]fa\Yk hgj em[`gk Y gk [geg hm]\]f k]j dY [gfkljm[[a f \] `gkhalYd]k$ ]k[m]dYk$ [Yjj]l]jYk g$ ]f ]d [Ykg \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ hYjim]k$ hdYrYk q hYk]gk h]YlgfYd]k& HYjY dgk hjgq][lgk \] ZYbg [gklg$ q im] Y\]e~k j]khgf\]f Y hgd la[Yk emq [YeZaYfl]k$ dYk e]lg\gdg_ Yk \] ]nYdmY[a f km]d]f k]j e~k kaehd]k& =d Kakl]eY FY[agfYd \] Afn]jkagf]k \] ;`ad] la]f] mfY dYj_Y ljY\a[a f ]f dY ]nYdmY% [a f ]p Yfl] \] hjgq][lgk \] afn]jka f ^ ka[Y im] hgklmdYf Y ÕfYf[aYea]flg h Zda[g& 9 d af_j]kYf hjgq][lgk fY[agfYd]k q dg[Yd]k ^gjemdY\gk q ]nYdmY\gk \] Y[m]j\g Y j]im]jaea]flgk l [fa[gk hj]]klYZd][a\gk& Dgk hjgq][lgk im] [mehd]f [gf ]ddgk kgf j][ge]f\Y\gk hYjY km ÕfYf[aYea]flg& Ka k] ljYlY \] dgk hjgq][lgk \] [gfk% ljm[[a f q j][mh]jY[a f \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ ]pakl] mfY _m Y [gf gja]flY[agf]k _]f]jYd]k hYjY km ^gjemdY[a f im] af[dmq] eYl]jaYk [geg2 [gf[]hlgk \] ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ ]khY[ag mjZYfg ]eZd]e~la[g$ hYkgk h]YlgfYd]k$ egfme]flgk h Zda[gk q gljgk3 a\]flaÕ[Y[a f \]d lahg \] hjgq][lgk af[dma\gk hYjY ]d k][lgj3 a\]flaÕ[Y[a f \] fgjeYlanYk ]kh][ Õ[Yk im] j]_mdYf Yd_mfYk d f]Yk \] ÕfYf[aYea]flg3 gZb]langk Y dgk [mYd]k \]Z]f ]klYj gja]flY\gk dgk hjgq][lgk3 q j]im]jaea]flgk \] af^gjeY[a f hYjY dY hj]k]flY[a f \] dgk hjgq][lgk k]_ f hgklmd]f Y dY ]lYhY \] \ak] g g ]b][m% [a f af[dma\Y dY ]nYdmY[a f!& =f ]d [Ykg ]kh][ Õ[g \] dgk hjgq][lgk hj]k]flY\gk Yd Hjg_jYeY \] =khY[agk H Zda[gk [gf[mjkYZd]! `Yf ka\g ]klYZd][a\gk hYj~e]ljgk \] [YdaÕ[Y[a f im] h]jeal]f hjagjarYj dgk hjgq][lgk im] [mehd]f [gf dgk j]imakalgk l [fa[gk kgda[alY\gk& Eafakl]jag \] HdYfaÕ[Y[a f ÇEa\]hdYf%& ;`ad]$ *((1!&

)-+

HYj~e]ljgk \] ;YdaÕ[Y[agf ]f Hjgq][lgk \] J][mh]jY[a f q E]bgjYea]flg \] =khY[agk H Zda[gk Hjg_jYeY \] =khY[agk h Zda[gk!

=ehdYrYea]flg lYeY g hgZdY[agfYd \] dY [gemfY!& Þj]Y \] afÖm]f[aY f e]jg \] `YZalYfl]k ]f ]d ~j]Y \] afÖm]f[aY! & Fan]d kg[ag][gf ea[g hgj[]flYb] \] hgZdY[a f hgZj] g af\a_]fl] ]f j]dY[a f Y dY j]_a f!& LYeY g kmh]jÕ[a] lglYd \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g Y afl]jn]faj!& <ak] g Y\YhlY[a f Yd ]flgfg kg[aYd$ l]jjalgjaYd$ e]\agYeZa]flYd q eYl]jaYda\Y\!& 9hgjl] \]d emfa[ahag k]_ f hgj[]flYb] kmh]jagj Yd e faeg ]pa_a\g!& 9fla_ ]\Y\ \] hgklmdY[a f f e]jg \] n][]k im] `Y ka\g hgklmdY\g!& =khY[agk h Zda[gk hYljaegfaYd]k ]ehdYrYea]flg ]f ~j]Yk mjZYfYk hYljaegfaYd]k!&

>m]fl]2 J]kgdm[a f =p]flY F³ *&)*0& Eafakl]jag \] Nana]f\Y q MjZYfakeg \] ;`ad]&

=f eYl]jaY \] ]nYdmY[a f ]p hgkl$ dY j]Yda\Y\ ]k lglYde]fl] \a^]j]fl]$ hgjim] ]k mfY hj~[la[Y hg[g `YZalmYd$ [Yka af]pakl]fl]& 9k im]\Y ]f ]na\]f[aY [mYf\g$ hgj ]b]ehdg$ dgk afl]_jYfl]k \] mf hYf]d \] ]nYdmY[a f \]d Hjg_jYeY \] J]`YZadalY[a f \] =khY[agk H Zda[gk ]b][mlY\g ]f ;`ad]$ kgkla]f]f im] fg ]pakl] af^gjeY[a f j]d]% nYfl] im] h]jealY ]nYdmYj ]d \]k]eh] g \]d hjg_jYeY$ \]Za\g Y im] fg ]pakl] mfY ^mf[a f \] k]_maea]flg q ]nYdmY[a f kakl]e~la[Y hgj hYjl] \] dY Mfa\Y\ J]khgfkYZd])& Kaf aj e~k d]bgk$ ]f ]d eYj[g \]d hjgq][lg im] \Y gja_]f Y ]kl] daZjg =khY[agk h Zda[gk q ;g`]ka f Kg[aYd! ^m]jgf [YlYkljY\Yk ,1 afa[aYlanYk aehmdkY% \Yk hgj fm]n] emfa[ahagk \] \aklaflgk hY k]k \] 9e ja[Y DYlafY$ =khY Y ] AlYdaY q dY afe]fkY eYqgj Y \] ]ddYk fg `Yf ka\g kge]la\Yk Y mfY ]nYdmY[a f ^gjeYd im] \]l]jeaf] [m~d]k `Yf ka\g kmk ]^][lgk$ ]d [YeZag ]f ]d hjgZd]eY g f][]ka\Y\ im] hj]l]f\ Y j]kgdn]j g eala_Yj$ ka `Yf ka\g [mehda\gk dgk gZb]langk hjghm]klgk q ]d fan]d \] kYlak^Y[[a f \] dgk mkmYjagk& =k \][aj$ k] \]k[gfg[] ]f im e]\a\Y dY HdYrY JYe f ;Yjfa[]j ]f H] Ydgd f ;`ad]! `Y \]bY\g \] k]j mf dm_Yj afk]_mjg q km[ag$ hYjY [gfn]jlajk] ]f mf ]khY[ag \] ]f[m]fljg \] dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk!3 [m~d ]k ]d aehY[lg q fan]d \] kYlak^Y[[a f \] ima]% f]k `Y[]f mkg \] dgk ]khY[agk afl]jn]fa\gk hgj e]\ag \]d hjg_jYeY =d ;]fljg Nan]$ ]f E]\]dd f ;gdgeZaY!3 ka `Y e]bgjY\g ]d [ma\Y\g \]d egZadaYjag mjZYfg$ dY `a_a]f] q dY [gfnan]f[aY ]f dY HdYrY 9flgfag EY[`Y\g ]f :Y\YdgfY =khY Y!3 g$ ]f _]f]jYd$ ka dYk hdYrYk$ hYjim]k q ]khY[agk mjZYfgk afl]jn]fa\gk kgf g[mhY\gk hYjY dgk Õf]k hjghm]klgk q ]f dY eY_falm\ \]k]Y\Y$ ka kgf mladarY\gk hgj \aklaflgk _jmhgk ]lY% )

K fl]kak ]b][mlanY \] dY =nYdmY[a f \]d Hjg_jYeY \] J]`YZadalY[a f \] =khY[agk H Zda[gk& <aj][[a f \] Hj]kmhm]klg$ <ahj]k!$ Eafakl]jag \] @Y[a]f\Y&;`ad]$ *((,&

)-,

jagk$ ka Yme]flY dY k]fkY[a f \] k]_mja\Y\$ ka k] j]YdarYf Y[lana\Y\]k im] ^Yngj]% []f dY [gfnan]f[aY$ ka dgk bm]_gk af^Yflad]k kgf k]_mjgk hYjY kmk mkmYjagk$ ka k] `Yf a\]flaÕ[Y\g dYk Zm]fYk hj~[la[Yk$ dYk eYdYk q dYk im] `Yq im] eg\aÕ[Yj$ ]f Õf$ ka dgk hjgq][lgk g Y[[agf]k la]f]f dY ]^][lana\Y\ Zmk[Y\Y hYjY im] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk k]Yf dgk Ëdm_Yj]kÌ im] \]Z]f k]j&

F][]ka\Y\ \] ]nYdmY[a f ]p hgkl ]f hjgq][lgk g Y[[agf]k im] afl]jna]f]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g L] ja[Ye]fl]$ dY ]nYdmY[a f ]p hgkl \]Za]jY k]j e]fgk f][]kYjaY ]f dY e]\a\Y im] kgf h]j^][[agfY\gk dgk kakl]eYk \] Yka_fY[a f \] j][mjkgk q$ ]f hYjla[mdYj$ dYk e]lg\gdg_ Yk \] ]nYdmY[a f ]p Yfl]& @YZj Y mfY l]f\]f[aY Y ]b][mlYj mf hgj[]f% lYb] [Y\Y n]r eYqgj \] hjgq][lgk ]palgkgk$ dg im] hjg_j]kanYe]fl] `Yj Y e]fgk f][]kYjaY dY ]nYdmY[a f \] kmk j]kmdlY\gk ] aehY[lgk$ qY im] ]klYj Yf _YjYflarY% \gk \] Yfl]eYfg& Kaf ]eZYj_g$ klY fg ]k f][]kYjaYe]fl] dY l]f\]f[aY Y[lmYd q$ Ymfim] dg ^m]jY$ dY h]j^][[a f ]f ]klY eYl]jaY fg ]k hgkaZd]$ hgj dg im] ka]ehj] `Yq ]khY[ag hYjY e]bgjYj dg `][`g& DYk j~ha\Yk ljYfk^gjeY[agf]k \]d ]khY[ag mjZYfg$ dY [gehd]ba\Y\ \] dY na\Y ]f dY [am\Y\$ dY eYj_afYda\Y\$ ]d \]l]jagjg \] dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd q dY ^YdlY \] j][mjkgk hgf]f gZkl~[mdgk \a^ [ad]k \] ÖYfim]Yj ]f dY lYj]Y \] [gfkljmaj ]khY[agk h Zda[gk h]jlaf]fl]k$ \] Zm]fY [Yda\Y\ q kmkl]flYZd]k hgj la]ehgk jYrgfYZd]k& Hgj ]klg fg ]k ]pljY Y dY hjgda^]jY[a f \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk YZYf\gfY\gk$ afk]_mjgk$ km[agk$ \]kljma\gk$ kmZmladarY\gk g hg[g Y[[]kaZd]k$ q dY [gflafmY f][]ka\Y\ \] ]b][mlYj hjgq][lgk hYjY j][mh]jYj ]klgk ]khY[agk& 9eZgk kgf af\a[agk \] im] `Yq [gkYk im] fg ]kl~f ka]f\g Za]f `][`Yk q [gfklalmq]f$ Y dY n]r$ mf ddYeY\g \] Yl]f[a f kgZj] dY f][]ka\Y\ \] ]nYdmYj dg `][`g ]f ]kl] ~eZalg& =f ]d [Ykg \] dgk hjgq][lgk j]_akljY\gk ]f ]d eYj[g \]d Hjgq][lg \] =khY[agk H Zda[gk q ;g`]ka f Kg[aYd$ hm]\] [gfklYlYjk] dY ]pakl]f[aY \] ]nYdmY[agf]k [gfkakl]fl]k ]f ]d [gfl]g \] Y[lana\Y\]k j]YdarY\Yk [geg Ë]d f e]jg \] afl]jn]f[agf]k \] dae% ha]rYÌ$ Ë]d f e]jg \] Y[[agf]k Yhda[Y\Yk hYjY im] ]d hYkY\arg fg k] nYf\Yda[]Ì$ q \] hjg\m[lgk dg_jY\gk [geg ]d f e]jg \] ~jZgd]k hdYflY\gk g \] e]ljgk [mY\jY\gk [gfkljma\gk& Kgf hg[gk dgk ]b][mlgj]k im] af^gjeYf dY ]pakl]f[aY \] ]kl] lahg \] ]nYdmY[agf]k3 Y f Yk kgf ZYklYfl] e~k im] Yim]ddYk []fljY\Yk ]f dY e]\a[a f \] dgk j]kmdlY\gk ] aehY[lgk& LYeZa f `Yq af^gjeY[a f kgZj] dY ]pakl]f[aY \] e]lg\g% dg_ Yk hYjla[ahYlanYk \] ]nYdmY[a f$ [geg dY ]pakl]f[aY \] ;geal k \] K]_maea]flg q =nYdmY[a f afl]_jY\gk hgj j]hj]k]flYfl]k n][afYd]k q \] gj_Yfakegk h Zda[gk& Kgf ]nYdmY[agf]k q e]lg\gdg_ Yk f][]kYjaYk3 h]jg Y dY n]r afkmÕ[a]fl]k [geg ]nYdmY% [a f ]p hgkl qY im] fg dg_jYf ]klYZd][]j dgk [YeZagk ]f dgk hjgZd]eYk g f][]ka\Y% \]k im] \a]jgf gja_]f Y dgk hjgq][lgk fa dY [Yda\Y\ \] dgk hjg[]kgk afngdm[jY\gk& <Y\gk ]klgk Yfl][]\]fl]k$ dY ]nYdmY[a f ]p hgkl k] aehgf] [geg mfY f][]ka\Y\ hYjY e]bgjYj dY [Yda\Y\ \] dgk hjgq][lgk \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ e]bgjYj kmk j]kmdlY%

)--

\gk ] Çaf\aj][lYe]fl]% hYjY h]j^][[agfYj dYk e]lg\gdg_ Yk \] ]nYdmY[a f ]p Yfl] Y dYk im] kgf kge]la\gk& ;geg [gfljYhYjla\Y$ km Ymk]f[aY ]d]nY ]d ja]k_g \] [gfk% ljmaj ]khY[agk h Zda[gk im] fg [mehd]f [gf dgk Õf]k hjghagk&

.&+ H9JLA;AH9;AåF <= D9 ;GEMFA<9< =F =D EGFALGJ=G Q =N9DM9;AåF Egfalgj]g q ]nYdmY[a f [geg ^gjeY \] hYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY ]f dYk hgd la[Yk hmZda[Yk DY hYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY ]f dYk hgd la[Yk h Zda[Yk q$ ]flj] ]ddYk$ ]f dYk im] [gfkla% lmq]f dY g^]jlY hjg_jYe~la[Y$ _]f]jY mf Yehdag [gfk]fkg l [fa[g%hgd la[g$ Ymfim] ]f dY hj~[la[Y kgf em[`gk dgk gZkl~[mdgk im] dY j]kljaf_]f& DY af^gjeY[a f `Y[aY dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! km]d] k]j [gfka\]jY\Y [geg mfY ^gjeY \] hYjla[ahY[a f$ Ymfim] fg aehda[Y f][]kYjaYe]fl] im] [mehdY mf j]imakalg ^mf\Ye]flYd \] ]ddY$ dY Ëafl]jn]f[a fÌ g Ëafngdm[jYea]flgÌ \]d dY! [am\Y\Yfg Y! ]f ]d \]kYjjgddg \] dY hgd la[Y& 9 f Yk $ dY af^gjeY[a f fg \]bY \] k]j mfY [gf\a[a f Z~ka[Y hYjY hgkaZadalYj dY hYjla[ahY[a f& DY ^gjeY ]f im] dgk Y! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! hm]\]f `Y[]j ]^][lanY km hYjla[ahY[a f ]k _jY[aYk Y dgk ka_ma]fl]k hjg[]kgk2 Y!

;gfkmdlang2 ]d dY! [am\Y\Yfg Y! Y[l Y [geg mf Y! af^gjeYfl] im] ]phj]kY kmk \]eYf\Yk$ f][]ka\Y\]k$ YkhajY[agf]k$ bma[agk m gljg lahg \] ghafagf]k fg naf[mdYfl]k [gf dY lgeY \] \][akagf]k& Dgk e][Yfakegk g afkljme]flgk im] [ge fe]fl] kgf mladarY\gk ]f ]kl] hjg[]kg kgf dgk ]klm\agk \] \aY_% f kla[g$ [gfkmdlYk [am\Y\YfYk q ]nYdmY[agf]k hYjla[ahYlanYk ]f im] Õ_mjYf [geg af^gjeYfl]k [YdaÕ[Y\gk&

Z!

;g_]kla f2 ]k mfY ^gjeY \] hYjla[ahY[a f ]f dY im] ]d dY! [am\Y\Yfg Y! gj_YfarY\g Y!$ bmflg [gf Y_]fl]k \]d =klY\g$ Ykme] j]khgfkYZada\Y\]k ]f dY ]b][m[a f \] hjgq][lgk$ qY k]Y Y[lmYf\g [geg Z]f]Õ[aYjagk%]b][mlgj]k Yk! g hYjla[ahYf\g ]f afklYf[aYk \] [ggj\afY[a f&

[!

J]kgdmlangk2 kmhgf] dY hYjla[ahY[a f \]d dY! [am\Y\Yfg Y! ]f dY lgeY \] \][a% kagf]k$ \mjYfl] dY ]lYhY \] ^gjemdY[a f \] dY hgd la[Y$ hjg_jYeY g hjgq][lg$ \mjYfl] km aehd]e]flY[a f g$ af[dmkg$ mfY n]r im] `Y [gf[dma\g& 9d_mfgk e][Yfakegk \] hYjla[ahY[a f j]kgdmlanY kgf dgk hd]Zak[algk$ dgk hj]kmhm]k% lgk hYjla[ahYlangk$ dYk e]kYk \] f]_g[aY[a f$ bgjfY\Yk \] hdYfaÕ[Y[a f$ [YZad\gk q \aj][lgjagk g [gfk]bgk afklalm[agfYd]k&

)-.

DY hYjla[ahY[a f \] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! [geg j][]hlgj]k \] af^gjeY[a f q ]f hjg[]kgk [gfkmdlangk [gfklalmq]f dYk ^gjeYk e~k [gemf]k \] afngdm[jYea]flg [am\Y\Yfg& =f [YeZag$ dY [g_]kla f q dY hYjla[ahY[a f ]f hjg[]kgk j]kgdmlangk kgf ^gjeYk em[`g e~k ]k[YkYk q \a^ [ad]k \] gh]jY[agfYdarYj& DY hYjla[ahY[a f [am\Y\YfY ]f dY ^gjemdY[a f ] aehd]e]flY[a f \] dYk hgd la[Yk h Zda[Yk ]k e~k ]Õ[Yr j][mjja]f\g Y afkljme]flgk [geg ]d egfalgj]g q ]nYdmY% [a f [gfbmflY& =d egfalgj]g hYjla[ahYlang ]kl~ afk]jlg ]f dgk hjg[]kgk \] [g_]kla f [geg mf afkljme]flg \] [gfljgd q Yhgqg Y dY ]b][m[a f \] hjg_jYeYk q hjgq][lgk im] ^gjeYf hYjl] \] dY g^]jlY h Zda[Y& =d egfalgj]g hm]\] k]j afl]jfg$ [mYf\g dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! kgf [g]b][mlgj]k Yk! \] dgk hjgq][lgk3 g ]pl]jfg$ [mYf\g fg hYjla[ahYf ]f km ]b][m[a f h]jg kgf mkmYjagk Yk! \aj][lgk Yk! \] kmk hjg\m[lgk3 g$ fg ka]f\g mkmYjagk$ \]kYjjgddYf j]dY% [agf]k \] [gfljgd \] dYk hgd la[Yk hmZda[Yk ]f _]f]jYd& =f eYl]jaY \] egfalgj]g ]pl]jfg$ mfY ]ph]ja]f[aY fgn]\gkY ]f DYlafgYe ja[Y ]k dY \]kYjjgddY\Y hgj ]d _gZa]jfg e]pa[Yfg$ im] `Y aehmdkY\g dY j]YdarY[a f \]d Egfalgj]g ;am\Y\Yfg [geg ^gjeY \] \Yj [mehdaea]flg Y dY D]q >]\]jYd \] LjYfkhYj]f[aY q 9[[]kg Y dY Af^gjeY[a f H Zda[Y ?mZ]jfYe]flYd& =kl] afkljme]flg h]jeal] im] gj_YfarY[agf]k \] dY kg[a]\Y\ [anad$ g _jmhgk \] [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!$ hm]\Yf %hgj afnalY[a f g afa[aYlanY hjghaY% j]YdarYj ]d egfalgj]g \] Yd_ f hjg_jYeY g hgd % la[Y h Zda[Y$ ]fl]f\a]f\g im] ]kl] [gfkakl] ]f dY Éj]YdarY[a f \] ]b]j[a[agk kakl]% e~la[gk$ af\]h]f\a]fl]k q hdYfaÕ[Y\gk hYjY gZk]jnYj$ \Yj k]_maea]flg q hjghgf]j e]bgjYk kgZj] Ykh][lgk [geg dY eYf]jY ]f im] dgk k]jna\gj]k h Zda[gk lgeYf \][a% kagf]k q mladarYf dgk j][mjkgk h Zda[gk3 [ eg k] _]f]jYf q [m~d]k kgf dgk j]kmdlY\gk \] dY _]kla f h Zda[Y$ km Yh]_g Yd eYj[g d]_Yd q ]d [mehdaea]flg \] e]lYk q hdYf]k ]kljYl _a[gk$ ]flj] gljgkÊ K>H$ *((-!&

·Hgj im j]YdarYj ]b]j[a[agk \] egfalgj]g [am\Y\Yfg7 Hgjim]À

>Y[adalYf dY j]f\a[a f \] [m]flYk q dY ljYfkhYj]f[aY ]f dY _]kla f h Zda[Y& H]jeal]f ]b]j[]j ]d \]j][`g Y dY af^gjeY[a f hYjY e]bgjYj ]d fan]d \] na\Y \] dY [am\Y\Yf Y& 9qm\Yf Y e]bgjYj dY [Yda\Y\ \] dgk k]jna[agk h Zda[gk& H]jeal]f [geZYlaj q \]fmf[aYj dY [gjjmh[a f& >Y[adalYf dY hYjla[ahY[a f ]f ]d \ak] g \] hgd la[Yk \] _gZa]jfg im] j]khgf\Yf Y dYk f][]ka\Y\]k j]Yd]k \] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!& H]jeal]f Y[lmYdarYjk] ]f l]eYk \] afl]j k&

>m]fl]2 K][j]lYjaY \] dY >mf[a f H Zda[Y$ *((-&

)-/

=k hgkaZd] afk]jlYj dY ]nYdmY[a f hYjla[ahYlanY lYflg ]f dgk hjg[]kgk [gfkmdla% ngk [geg ]f dgk \] [g_]kla f$ \]h]f\a]f\g \] dY ^mf[a f im] [mehdYf dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! ]f ]ddY& Ka Y[l Yf [geg af^gjeYfl]k$ km hYjla[ahY[a f k] afk]jlY ]f hjg[]kgk \] lahg [gfkmdlangk3 ]f [YeZag$ ka Y\]e~k \] YhgjlYj af^gjeY[a f hYjla% [ahYf ]f km Yf~dakak q `Y[]f mkg \] ]ddY$ km Y[lmY[a f ]kl~ kalmY\Y ]f ]d fan]d \] dY [g_]kla f& 9 km n]r$ YeZgk afkljme]flgk k] afk]jlYf ]f dgk hjg[]kgk j]kgdmlangk$ YhgjlYf\g afkmegk hYjY dY lgeY \] \][akagf]k& Egfalgj]g q ]nYdmY[a f hYjla[ahYlanY$ k]_ f hjg[]kgk \] hYjla[ahY[a f q [a[dg \] hjgq][lgk Hjg[]kg \] hYjla[a% hY[a f [am\Y\YfY

=lYhYk \]d [a[dg \] dgk hjgq][lgk

;gfkmdlang

=nYdmY[a f hYjla[ahYlanY ]p Yfl] [gf [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! [geg af^gjeYfl]k

Hj]afn]jka f

;g_]kla f

Gh]jY[a f

Egfalgj]g =nYdmY[a f hYjla[ahYlanY ]p hgkl [gf [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! [geg af^gjeYfl]k$ YfYdaklYk q mkmYjagk Yk! \] dY af^gjeY[a f&

J]kgdmlang

MladarY dgk j]kmdlY\gk \]d egfalgj]g q dY ]nYdmY[a f [geg afkmeg hYjY dY lgeY \] \][akagf]k

Af^gjeY[a f

E faeg ljYfkn]jkYd

Egfalgj]g q ]nYdmY[a f hYjla[ahYlanY ]f hjgq][lgk \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk ;mYf\g ]d egfalgj]g q dY ]nYdmY[a f afngdm[jYf Y dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!$ g Y dY [gemfa\Y\$ YhgjlYf mf \gZd] Z]f]Õ[ag2 ^Yngj][]f dY h]jlaf]f[aY$ [Yda\Y\ q kmkl]f% lYZada\Y\ \] dgk j]kmdlY\gk \] dgk hjg_jYeYk q hjgq][lgk3 q [gfljaZmq]f Yd ]ehg% \]jYea]flg \] dgk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!& =kl] lahg \] Z]f]Õ[agk ]k [ge f Y [mYdima]j lahg \] hjgq][lgk3 kaf ]eZYj_g$ ]f ]d [Ykg \] dYk afn]jkagf]k ]f gZjYk ^ ka[Yk$ [geg [ge fe]fl] g[mjj] ]f ]d [Ykg \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ ]d egfalgj]g q ]nYdmY[a f [gemfalYjaY la]f]f Yd_mfgk ]^][lgk hYjla[mdYje]fl] nYdagkgk& =f hjae]j dm_Yj$ dgk hjgq][lgk \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk _]f]jYde]fl] [gfkakl]f ]f mfY afn]jka f \] j][mjkgk im] gja_afY gZjYk ^ ka[Yk \] mkg h Zda[g& ;mYf\g ]f km [gfk% ljm[[a f fg `Y hYjla[ahY\g dY [gemfa\Y\$ Yme]flY ]d ja]k_g \] im] k]Yf naklYk [geg Yd_g ]pl]jfg$ \] ËgljgkÌ q fg \] ËfgkgljgkÌ3 im]\Yf\g$ hgj dg lYflg$ ^m]jY \] km ]k^]jY \] j]khgfkYZada\Y\$ q \]bYf\g ]d [ma\Y\g q eYfl]f[a f \] dY hdYrY$ ]d hYjim]$ dgk bYj\af]k$ dYk [Ydd]k$ ]d egZadaYjag mjZYfg g ]d ]imahYea]flg d \a[g ]f eYfgk \] dgk emfa[ahagk g \]d =klY\g$ qY im] ËhYjY ]kg hY_Yegk aehm]klgkÌ& =f k]_mf\g dm_Yj$ dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] dY [gemfa\Y\ ]f ]d egfalgj]g q dY ]nYdmY[a f [gfklalmq] mf hjg[]kg \] Yhj]f\arYb] af\ana\mYd q [gd][lang kgZj] dY j]dY[a f [gf

)-0

gljgk Y[lgj]k$ q e]\aYfl] ]d [mYd dYk h]jkgfYk gZla]f]f eYqgj [gf[a]f[aY \] kmk hmflgk ^m]jl]k q \ Zad]k$ \] kmk j]Yda\Y\]k kg[aYd]k e~k YehdaYk$ \] dgk Õf]k \]d hjgq][lg q \]d nYdgj ÕfYf[a]jg q kaeZ da[g \] kmk hjg\m[lgk MF>H9$ *((,!& =kl] hjg[]kg ]ehg\]jY Y dY [gemfa\Y\$ Y kmk gj_YfarY[agf]k q d \]j]k$ dg im] ^Yngj][] dYk j]dY[agf]k im]$ ]f mf eYj[g \]eg[j~la[g$ \]Z]f ]klYZd][]j [gf afklalm[agf]k h Zda[Yk \mjYfl] dY ]b][m[a f \]d hjgq][lg q$ [gf hgkl]jagja\Y\ Y d$ [mYf\g kmjbYf [gfÖa[lgk g k] ]b]jrYf \]eYf\Yk j]^]ja\Yk dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk \] km ]flgjfg& DYk ^gjeYk \] hYjla[ahY[a f \] dY [gemfa\Y\ ]f ]d egfalgj]g q dY ]nYdmY[a f hm]\]f nYjaYj k]_ f dY ]k[YdY \]d hjgq][lg q ]d lahg \] hYjla[ahY[a f im] ]f d la]f]& =d egfalgj]g \] mf hjgq][lg \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk [gf ^m]jl] afn]jka f ]f af^jY]k% ljm[lmjY$ [geg hm]\] k]j dY [gfkljm[[a f \] mf hYjim]$ ]k emq \aklaflg Yd egfa% lgj]g \] mfY afa[aYlanY \]klafY\Y Y j]nalYdarYj ]d mkg \] mf ]khY[ag h Zda[g hgj e]\ag \] dY j]YdarY[a f \] Y[lana\Y\]k ]f \a[`g ]khY[ag q \] dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] dY [gemfa\Y\& =d egfalgj]g \] dgk _jYf\]k hjgq][lgk \] afn]jka f ka_m] gja]flY[agf]k ZYklYfl] [d~ka[Yk& Dgk ]b][mlgj]k \] dYk gZjYk eYfla]f]f mf h]jeYf]fl] j]_akljg \] dYk Y[la% na\Y\]k im] j]YdarY\Yk q mf [gfljgd \]d [jgfg_jYeY \] ljYZYbg q \] dgk _Yklgk& Hgj km hYjl]$ ]d gj_Yfakeg im] ]flj]_Y ]d ÕfYf[aYea]flg k] g[mhY \] kmh]jnakYj ]d YnYf[] ]f dY ]b][m[a f \] dYk gZjYk q \] [gfljgdYj ]d [mehdaea]flg \] dYk ]kh][aÕ% [Y[agf]k l [fa[Yk& DY af[gjhgjY[a f \] dY [gemfa\Y\ ]f ]d egfalgj]g \] hjgq][lgk \] _jYf ]fn]j% _Y\mjY f][]kalY Ö]paZada\Y\ e]lg\gd _a[Y q ngdmflY\ \] f]_g[aY[a f$ qY im] \]Z] j]YdarYjk] ]f [ggj\afY[a f [gf dgk j]khgfkYZd]k q ]b][mlgj]k \]d hjgq][lg$ ka_ma]f\g hYj~e]ljgk \aklaflgk Y dgk ljY\a[agfYd]k q hm]\] \]janYj ]f j]im]jaea]f% lgk `Y[aY dY Ymlgja\Y\ im] Ye]jal]f mfY f]_g[aY[a f& =d egfalgj]g hYjla[ahYlang \] ]kl] lahg \] hjgq][lgk hm]\] j]YdarYjk] hgj hYjl] \] \aja_]fl]k n][afYd]k g da\]% j]k fYlmjYd]k Y[m\a]f\g h]ja \a[Ye]fl] Yd dm_Yj \] dYk gZjYk q []fljYf\g km Yl]f% [a f ]f Ykh][lgk [geg2 dY af[gjhgjY[a f \] dgk Yhgjl]k im] dY [gemfa\Y\ hm\a]jY `YZ]j `][`g ]f dY ]lYhY \] \ak] g3 dYk Zj][`Yk l]ehgjYd]k ]flj] ]d YnYf[] j]Yd \] dYk gZjYk q ]d hdYfaÕ[Y\g3 dgk hjgZd]eYk im] dgk ljYZYbgk ]kl~f hjg\m[a]f\g ]f dY na\Y [gla\aYfY \] dgk Yk! n][afgk Yk! q kmk hgkaZd]k kgdm[agf]k3 dY ]flj]_Y \] dY af^gjeY[a f j][g_a\Y Y kmk j]hj]k]flY\gk Yk! g n][afgk Yk! ]f _]f]jYd3 dY ]flj]_Y ^gjeYd \] kmk [gf[dmkagf]k Y dgk j]khgfkYZd]k \]d hjgq][lg3 q dY f]_g[aY[a f \] kmk j]im]jaea]flgk$ ka ^m]jY f][]kYjag& ;mYf\g k] ljYlY \] mf hjgq][lg h]im] g$ \gf\] dY afn]jka f ]k e]fgj ] afl]_jYf% l]k \] dY [gemfa\Y\ hYjla[ahYf ]f km ]b][m[a f$ ]d egfalgj]g [gemfalYjag la]f] [YjY[l]j kla[Yk \aklaflYk Yd Yfl]jagj& =f ]klgk [Ykgk$ \]Z] ]klYj Y\YhlY\g Y dY ]k[YdY

)-1

\]d hjgq][lg q Y dgk j][mjkgk ]pakl]fl]k2 [ge fe]fl] fg ]k hgkaZd] [gflYj [gf kg^l% oYj] hYjY YdeY[]fYj af^gjeY[a f$ afkljme]flgk \] j][gd][[a f \] af^gjeY[a f fa [gf [gfg[aea]flgk l [fa[gk \] egfalgj]g$ ]l[& HYjY ]kl] lahg \] afa[aYlanYk$ ]d egfalgj]g _]f]jYde]fl] [gfkakl] ]f dY j]YdarY[a f \] j]mfagf]k h]ja \a[Yk \gf\] j]hj]k]flYfl]k \] dgk ]imahgk \] ljYZYbg af^gjeYf kgZj] dYk Y[lana\Y\]k q _Yklgk j]YdarY\gk$ kgf [gehYjla\gk dgk hjgZd]eYk ]pakl]fl]k$ k] Zmk[Yf kgdm[agf]k Y dgk hjgZd]eYk q hdYfaÕ[Y ]d h]j g\g ka_ma]fl] \] Y[lana\Y\]k& =f dY ]nYdmY[a f hYjla[ahYlanY ]p hgkl$ dY [gemfa\Y\ q$ hYjla[mdYje]fl]$ dgk Yk! mkmYjagk Yk!$ hm]\]f Y[lmYj af^gjeYf\g kgZj] ]d fan]d \] kYlak^Y[[a f [gf ]d ]khY% [ag h Zda[g [gfkljma\g g e]bgjY\g q dYk hYjl]k im] dg [gehgf]f$ ]phj]kYj kmk ]ph][lYlanYk ^mlmjYk j]kh][lg \] \a[`g ]khY[ag$ af^gjeYj kgZj] d][[agf]k Yhj]f% \a\Yk ]f Yim]ddg im] d]k `Y [YZa\g hYjla[ahY[a f q nYdgjYj ]d ljYZYbg j]YdarY\g hgj \aklaflgk Y[lgj]k im] `Yf hYjla[ahY\g ]f ]d hjg[]kg& Mf fan]d kmh]jagj \] afl]jn]f[a f \] dY [gemfa\Y\ ]f ]d hjg[]kg ]nYdmYlang g[mjj] [mYf\g fg k dg ]flj]_Yf af^gjeY[a f hYjY im] gljgk `Y_Yf mkg \] ]ddY$ kafg im] YfYdarYf dY af^gjeY[a f q YhgjlYf bma[agk q j][ge]f\Y[agf]k kgZj] ]d hjgq][lg& =kl] lahg \] hYjla[ahY[a f hgj hYjl] \] dY [gemfa\Y\ \akeafmq] ]d ja]k_g \] afkYlak% ^Y[[a f q$ hgj dg lYflg$ Yme]flY dYk hgkaZada\Y\]k \] mkg \]d ]khY[ag q dY j]kgdm[a f \] [gfÖa[lgk&

N]flYbYk \] dY hYjla[ahY[a f [gemfalYjaY ]f dY hdYfaÕ[Y[a f q j]YdarY[a f \]d k]_maea]flg q dY ]nYdmY[a f

?YjYflarY im] dgk `YddYr_gk \]d k]_maea]flg q dY ]nYdmY[a f q km afl]jhj]lY[a f _mYj\]f j]dY[a f [gf dYk [gf\a[agf]k dg[Yd]k& ;j]Y ]f dgk afl]j]kY\gk mf k]fla\g \] hjgha]\Y\ j]kh][lg \] dgk j]kmdlY\gk \]d k]_maea]flg q dY ]nYdmY[a f$ [gf dg im] hjgem]n] km hYjla[ahY[a f ]f ]d hjg[]kg \] lgeY \] \][akagf]k& H]jeal] im] dgk afl]j]kY\gk [gehj]f\Yf e]bgj dYk ]kljYl]_aYk q hjg[]kgk \] ]b][m[a f \]d hjgq][lg$ dgk ]k^m]jrgk afngdm[jY\gk$ dYk hjgZd]eYk kmj_a\gk q dYk h]j[]h[agf]k im] \] ]ddgk la]f]f dYk hYjl]k3 im kmjl] ]^][lg q im fg$ q hgj im & ;gfljaZmq] Yd e]bgjYea]flg \] dY [gemfa[Y[a f q dY [gdYZgjY[a f ]flj] dgk Y_]fl]k im] ljYZYbYf ]f \a^]j]fl]k fan]d]k \] aehd]e]flY[a f \]d hjgq][lg&

>m]fl]2 9\YhlY\g \] MF>H9$ *((,&

).(

:A:DAG?J9>A9 9mZ]d$ Bm\q& EYfmYd \] ]nYdmY[a f hYjla[ahYlanY \]d hjg_jYeY& ;Yl`gda[ J]da]^ K]jna[]k q ;`ad\ KmjnanYd L][`fa[Yd Kmhhgjl& >]Zj]jg$ *(((& ;g`]f$ =& q >jYf[g$ J&$ ?]kla f kg[aYd2 [geg dg_jYj ]Õ[a]f[aY ] aehY[lg ]f dYk hgd la[Yk kg[aYd]k& Ka_dg PPA =\algj]k& E pa[g$ *((/& <aj][[a f \] Hj]kmhm]klg$ Eafakl]jag \] @Y[a]f\Y$ K fl]kak =b][mlanY \] dY =nYdmY[a f \]d Hjg_jYeY \] J]`YZadalY[a f \] =khY[agk H Zda[gk& ;`ad]$ *((,& Eafakl]jag \] HdYfaÕ[Y[a f$ FAH *()( Ç K][lgj emdlak][lgjaYd Ç <]kYjjgddg mjZYfg& Kakl]eY FY[agfYd \] Afn]jkagf]k& ;`ad]$ *((0& GHK$ EYfmYd \] egfalgj]g \] dY ]b][m[a f \] hjgq][lgk& 9Zjad$ )111& K][j]lYj Y \] dY >mf[a f H Zda[Y$ ?m Y hYjY ]d egfalgj]g [am\Y\Yfg& E pa[g$ *((-& Kakl]eY \] Af^gjeY[a f$ Egfalgj]g q =nYdmY[a f \] Hjg_jYeYk Kg[aYd]k Ka]ehjg!$ ?]kla f afl]_jYd \] hjg_jYeYk kg[aYd]k gja]flY\Y Y j]kmdlY\gk& >gf\g \] ;mdlmjY =[gf ea[Y& 9j_]flafY$ )111& MF>H9$ ;gfbmflg \] `]jjYea]flYk \] hdYfaÕ[Y[a f$ k]_maea]flg q ]nYdmY[a f \]d Y\eafakljY\gj \] hjg_jYeYk& 9_gklg$ *((,&

).)

/

;9HALMDG

;GF;DMKAGF=K

).+

/ ).,

;GF;DMKAGF=K Afl]j[YeZag \] ]ph]ja]f[aYk q Yhj]f\arYb]k DY j]Ö]pa f kgZj] ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g q dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd j]mfa\Y ]f ]kl] daZjg h]j% eal] hdYfl]Yj Yd_mfYk [gfklYlY[agf]k aehgjlYfl]k hYjY ]d \ak] g ] aehd]e]flY% [a f \] hgd la[Yk dg[Yd]k$ lYflg ]f ]d ~j]Y \] hj]n]f[a f$ \] hjgq][lgk q ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ [geg \] hgd la[Yk mjZYfYk$ ]f mf k]fla\g e~k Yehdag q _]f]jYd& =f hjae]j dm_Yj$ dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk ]kl~f ]f dY ]f[jm[abY\Y$ ]f mfY [am\Y\ q mf emf\g mjZYfg [YeZaYfl] q \af~ea[g& Dgk jgd]k \] afl]_jY[a f hgd la[Y q [g`]ka f kg[aYd im] d]k ^m]jgf YljaZma\gk [gf Yfl]jagja\Y\ kgf `gq e~k mf \]kY^ g im] mf `][`g j]Yd& <]Za\g Y ]ddg$ ]k hj][akg dg_jYj km []fljYda\Y\ ]f dYk hgd la[Yk mjZYfYk$ \]Za\g Y dY f][]ka\Y\ \] \glYjdg \] [gf\a[agf]k kg[aYd]k q ^ ka[Yk Y\][mY\Yk hYjY afl]_jYj Y dgk fm]ngk Yk! [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! fa gk$ fa Yk$ b n]f]k$ emb]j]k$ ea_jYfl]k$ hgZj]k mjZYfgk$ ]flj] gljgk!$ q \] [gfn]jlajdg ]f mf ]khY[ag [g`]kagfY\gj$ \gf\] ]d [gfÖa[lg \ hYkg Yd ]f[m]fljg [gf ]d gljg q Yd emlmg j][gfg[aea]flg$ hgj kgZj] dY k]hYjY[a f$ dY k]_j]_Y[a f q ]d ]kla_eY$ im] g[mjj]f ]f em[`gk \] dgk [Ykgk j]nakY\gk& Faf_ f [gfÖa[lg$ hgj _jYn] im] k]Y$ [gf\m[] Y kalmY[agf]k ajj]n]jkaZd]k$ [geg dg admkljYf \an]jkgk ]b]ehdgk ]f dYk [am\Y\]k ]mjgh]Yk q dYlafgYe]ja[YfYk& =klgk [gf% Öa[lgk ]kl~f [Yj_Y\gk \] ]eg[agfYda\Y\$ ^Y[lgj im] dgk j]khgfkYZd]k h Zda[gk q dYk [gemfa\Y\]k \]Z]f Ykmeaj [geg mf [gehgf]fl] \] dY _]kla f \] dY hgd la[Y \] ]khY[ag h Zda[g& =f ]kl] k]fla\g$ dY hgd la[Y j]ima]j] \] mf ]f^gim] afl]_jY\g q \] [geh]l]f[aYk emdla\ak[ahdafYjaYk$ \gf\] dY _]kla f \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk aehda% im] hjg[]kgk \] Yhj]f\arYb] [gd][lang$ \] j]kgdm[a f \] [gfÖa[lgk q \] YhjghaY% [a f \] dY [am\Y\ hgj kmk `YZalYfl]k& 9 km n]r$ ]klY _]kla f g^j][] ghgjlmfa\Y\]k \] affgnY[a f q \]kYjjgddg kg[aYd q mjZYfg$ Y\]e~k \] l]f]j mf nYdgj kaeZ da[g$ ]f l jeafgk \] a\]fla\Y\ [gemfalYjaY$ \] \a_faÕ[Y[a f \]d ]khY[ag q \] dY [am\Y\ q \] YnYf[] `Y[aY dY a_mYd\Y\ kg[aYd& =f k]_mf\g dm_Yj$ hYjY dg_jYj km gZb]lang \] [g`]ka f kg[aYd$ dY _]kla f \] dgk ]khY% [agk h Zda[gk \]Z] Ykmeaj dY hYjla[ahY[a f [geg [gehgf]fl] []fljYd& =klY mf] Y dY _]fl]$ dY j]khgfkYZadarY \] km hjghaY [am\Y\ q dY gZda_Y Y kalmYjk] ]f mf hjg% []kg \] \a~dg_g [gf dYk Ymlgja\Y\]k h Zda[Yk& J]nYdgjarY dY hgd la[Y q dY \ae]fka f \] _gZa]jfg \] dY [am\Y\ [geg e]\aY\gjY \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk lfa[gk$ \] _ f]jg ] afl]j_]f]jY[agfYd]k& Kaf ]eZYj_g$ hYjY im] dY hYjla[ahY[a f k]Y ]Õ[Yr$ [geg Õf g afkljme]flg \] mfY hgd la[Y h Zda[Y mjZYfY$ ]k ]k]f[aYd im] dYk Ymlgja\Y\]k q dYk [gemfa\Y\]k YkmeYf km \ae]fka f \] hjg[]kg q \] Yhj]f\arYb] \]d [YeZag h]jeYf]fl]& DY hYjla[ahY% [a f \]h]f\]$ ]f _jYf hYjl]$ \] dY [mdlmjY \]eg[j~la[Y hj]]pakl]fl] ]f dY [am\Y\ q ).-

]f dYk [gemfa\Y\]k im] dY [gehgf]f q la]f] [geg [gf\a[a f im] ima]f egfalgj]Y ]d hjg[]kg %k]Y mf Y_]fl] hgd la[g g l [fa[g% l]f_Y [dYja\Y\ kgZj] ]d [Yj~[l]j af[dm% kang ]p[dmq]fl] \] dgk [jal]jagk \] hYjla[ahY[a f$ Yk [geg \] dY j]d]nYf[aY \] ÕbYj j]_dYk hj][akYk$ im] Yhmfl]f Yd ]ehg\]jYea]flg \] dY [gemfa\Y\& Dgk [gfl]fa\gk \] dY hYjla[ahY[a f aehda[Yf ]d j][gfg[aea]flg \] afl]j]k]k \ak% laflgk q hgl]f[aYde]fl] [gfÖa[langk$ dg [mYd [gfdd]nY Y[]hlYj dY \an]j_]f[aY q ]d [gehjgeakg h]jeYf]fl]$ lgeYf\g [gf[a]f[aY \] dg im] k] hm]\] q k] ]kl~ \ak% hm]klg Y hY[lYj$ q l]fa]f\g [geg ]b] ]d Za]f [ge f& 9\]e~k$ mfY \] dYk ]pa_]f[aYk ^mf\Ye]flYd]k \] dY hYjla[ahY[a f ]k dY \a^mka f \] mfY af^gjeY[a f \] [Yda\Y\ q ljYfkhYj]fl]& =f l]j[]j dm_Yj$ `Yq im] l]f]j ]f [m]flY im] fg `Yq j][]lYk hYjY ]d ljYZYbg ]f dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk& Fg dYk `Yq hgjim] ]pakl]f [gfl]plgk dg[Yd]k$ [mdlmjYd]k ] `akl % ja[gk \an]jkgk& Af[dmkg ^]f e]fgk _]f ja[gk$ [geg dY ea_jY[a f$ Ykme]f ^gjeYk q ]phj]kagf]k \aklaflYk q la]f]f [YmkYk \aklaflYk2 ]f dYk [am\Y\]k ]mjgh]Yk$ ]k emdla[mdlmjYd q ]kl~ []fljY\Y ]f e]bgjYj dYk [gf\a[agf]k ][gf ea[Yk3 ea]fljYk im] dY ea_jY[a f j]_agfYd ]f DYlafgYe ja[Y em[`Yk n][]k ]k hjg\m[lg \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk hgd la[gk$ dY _m]jjaddY q ]d fYj[glj~Õ[g$ [gfnajla]f\g Y kmk hjglY_gfak% lYk e~k im] ea_jYfl]k$ ]f \]khdYrY\gk& =klYk \a^]j]f[aYk [gf\a[agfYf dYk ^gjeYk \] j]kgdn]j dY [g`]ka f kg[aYd$ hgjim] `Yq mfY eYljar [mdlmjYd q d]f_mY [ge f ]f DYlafgYe ja[Y$ kalmY[a f im] fg k] hjg\m[] ]f =mjghY$ dg im] \]l]jeafY dYk Y[[ag% f]k ]ehj]f\a\Yk& <] eg\g im] ]k dY [gfl]plmYdarY[a f kg[ag][gf ea[Y q [mdlmjYd dY im] \]l]jeafY dY ]kljYl]_aY$ dY fgjeYlana\Y\$ dYk eg\Yda\Y\]k \] Y[[a f afe]\aYlYk q \] dYj_g hdYrg$ ka]ehj] ]f ]d eYj[g \] mf eg\]dg \] \]eg[jY[aY af[dmkanY& ;geg [mYjlg ]d]e]flg$ j]eYj[Yf\g dY a\]Y \] im] fg `Yq j][]lYk$ ]k hj][akg k] Y% dYj dY ]pakl]f[aY \] ]d]e]flgk ]kljm[lmjYfl]k \] dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k& =flj] dgk e~k aehgjlYfl]k \]klY[Yf2

HjglY_gfakeg af\akh]fkYZd] \] dgk Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k 9mlgja\Y\ dg[Yd$ _jmhgk kg[aYd]k afngdm[jY\gk q Y f _jmhgk [gfÖa[langk& Fg `Yq \]eg[jY[aY kaf hjglY_gfakeg j]Yd& <]Za\g Y ]ddg ]k f][]kYjag j]eYj[Yj im] dY hYjla[ahY[a f \] dgk Y[lgj]k fmf[Y ]k mf Õf ]f k eakeg ]f ]d [gfÖa[lg im] \Y gja_]f Y dY afl]jn]f[a f& 9d [gfljYjag$ dY hYjla[ahY[a f ]f dY _]kla f \]d [gfÖa[lg ]k h]j[aZa\Y [geg mf e]\ag hYjY ]\m[Yj ]f dY hYjla[ahY[a f \]eg[j~la[Y im] ]k ]d hjglY_gfakeg \] mfY kg[a]\Y\ [anad ]ehg\]jY\Y& =f dYk j]Yda\Y\]k ]mjgh]Yk k] ljYlY \] ljYZYbYj lYeZa f hYjY dY af\ana\mY% [a f \] [YfYd]k q fm]nYk eg\Yda\Y\]k hYjY afngdm[jYj \a^]j]fl]k kmb]lgk \] dY kg[a]\Y\ [anad$ \Y\Y dY eYqgj \aÕ[mdlY\ ]f af[dmaj dYk [gemfa\Y\]k ]f dgk hjg[]kgk hYjla[ahYlangk&

)..

FgjeYlana\Y\ Ö]paZd] q gja]flY\gjY =k f][]kYjaY mfY fgjeYlana\Y\ im] Zmkim] Y\YhlYjk] Y dgk [gfl]plgk ea[jg g eY[jg& DY fgjeYlana\Y\ ]k h]j[aZa\Y [geg mf afkljme]flg q hYjY fY\Y [geg mf Õf ]f k eakeg& =f ]klY d f]Y$ dY kgZj]fgjeYlana\Y\ \] dgk ]khY[agk$ ]f Yd_mfgk [Ykgk ]mjgh]gk$ ]k h]j[aZa\Y [geg mf gZkl~[mdg e~k im] mf afk% ljme]flg Y\][mY\g hYjY dY _]kla f \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ qY im] em[`Yk n][]k af`aZ] dY ]khgflYf]a\Y\ \] dgk Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k& Hj]k]f[aY aehj]k[af\aZd] \] dY \ae]fka f [gemfa[YlanY =f lg\Yk dYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk `Yq mfY f][]ka\Y\ \] af^gjeYj$ lYflg Y dY [gemfa% \Y\ afl]jfY [gemfa[Y[a f h]\Y_ _a[Y Yd _jmhg Z]f]Õ[aY\g! [geg Yd j]klg \] dY kg[a]\Y\ [gemfa[Y[a f ]kljYl _a[Y! kgZj] dgk gZb]langk$ hjg[]kgk q j]kmdlY\gk \] dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g& ;gf ]ddg k] Zmk[Y afÖmaj kgZj] dYk gljYk hgd la[Yk h Zda[Yk q mjZYfYk q kmk ]f^gim]k$ hYjY ljYf% kalYj \]k\] mfY naka f hYl]jfYdaklY \] dgk Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k$ `Y[aY mf ]f^gim] ljYfkn]jkYd \] dY hYjla[ahY[a f$ ]d ]ehg\]jYea]flg q dY kmkl]flYZada\Y\& ;ghjg\m[[a f \] dY [am\Y\ Mfg \] dgk gZb]langk ]f lg\Yk dYk afl]jn]f[agf]k ]k j]![gfkljmaj mfY [am\Y\ \gf\] ]d Y[lgj kg[aYd \]ÕfY dgk hYj~e]ljgk \] hjg\m[[a f \] dY [am\Y\& HYjY ]ddg$ ]k ^mf\Ye]flYd dY [ghjg\m[[a f \] k]_mja\Y\ [geg ^gjeY \] [am\Y\Y% f Y hd]fY q daZj]$ im] aehda[Y fg k dg dY ljYfkn]jkYda\Y\ % jYjYk n][]k dg_jY\Y hd]fYe]fl]$ h]jg ka]ehj] Zmk[Y\Y g f]_g[aY\Y% kafg lYeZa f dY [YhY[a\Y\ \] eg\aÕ[Yj dY hjghaY ]kljm[lmjY afklalm[agfYd hYjY dg_jYj dgk gZb]langk Zmk[Y\gk& =f dgk [Ykgk YfYdarY\gk$ ]f dY Hgda[ Y \] :Y\YdgfY ^m] [j]Y\Y dY Mfa\Y\ \] ;gfnan]f[aY q$ ]f ]d JaeY[ mkYjgf mfY h]\Y_g_ Y \an]jkY \aja_a\Y Yd dY! bgn]f \] dY [Ydd]& ;am\Y\Yf Y lgd]jYfl] =d gZb]lang ]k]f[aYd q hjg_j]kang \] lg\gk dgk hjg[]kgk ]k dY Z kim]\Y \] mf Y! [am\Y\Yfg Y! j]khgfkYZd] q im] Y[]hl] dY \an]jka\Y\& =kl] ]k ]d gZb]lang \] dY afklYmjY[a f \] hjg[]kgk h]\Y_ _a[gk$ im] la]f\]f Y ]\m[Yj g j]]\m[Yj Y dgk Yk! hjglY_gfaklYk$ h]jeala]f\g im] [j]]f `YZada\Y\]k q gja]fl~f\gd]k& =d hjg[]kg ]\m[Ylang `Y[aY dY [am\Y\Yf Y lgd]jYfl] j]ima]j] \] [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! im] fg ]kl f Ykakla\gk fa ]f[]jjY\gk ]f mfY kmZ[mdlmjY g eYj_afYda\Y\& =d hjg[]kg \] af[dmka f ]k dg_jY\g _jY[aYk Y \a[`g hjglY_gfakeg q hgj ]ddg dgk [Ykgk \] hjglY_gfakeg \]k\] dY af^Yf[aY kgf mf ]b]ehdg fglYZd]& D]_alaeY[a f hjg_j]kanY \] dYk afklalm[agf]k =f dY e]\a\Y im] kgf [ghjg\m[lgjYk \] [am\Y\ q \] k]_mja\Y\$ dY emfa[ahY% da\Y\$ hgda[ Y g ^YeadaY k] d]_alaeYf ]f ]d hjg[]kg& =f ]d [gfl]plg ]mjgh]g$ mf ljYZYbg hYjla[ahYlang ]f dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk hm]\] h]jealaj j][mh]jYj dY j]dY[a f h Zda[g % [am\Y\Yfg im] k] `Y \]k\aZmbY\g [gf dgk Y gk& KgZj]lg\g

)./

dY ^YdlY \] g[Ykagf]k \] [gf^jgflg q dY \aklYf[aY ]flj] [am\Y\Yfgk Yk! q afkla% lm[agf]k `Y hjgng[Y\g mfY \]k[gfÕYfrY im] ]k f][]kYjag \]bYj Ylj~k& Hgj dlaeg$ dgk lahgk \] j]khm]klYk im] [Y\Y mfY \] dYk [am\Y\]k \]kYjjgddY ^j]fl] Y dgk \]kY^ gk \] [g`]ka f \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk j]khgf\]f Y h]jkh][lanYk [ge% hd]e]flYjaYk n]j lYZdY ÕfYd!& <] mf dY\g$ dY [am\Y\ dYlafgYe]ja[YfY \]Z] `Y[]j ^j]fl] Y dY [Yj]f[aY \] ]khY[agk h Zda[gk$ Y fan]d]k \] afkYdmZja\Y\ q \Y g YeZa]flYd q Y dY ^YdlY \] hj]k]f[aY \]d =klY\g ]f dgk ZYjjagk e~k hgZj]k \] dY [am\Y\& 9fl] ]klY kalmY[a f$ ]d ]f^gim] \] afl]jn]f[a f [YfYdarY dgk Ydlgk fan]d]k \] hYjla[ahY[a f kg[aYd Ç]f l jeafgk [gehY% jYlangk [gf dYk [am\Y\]k ]mjgh]YkÇ im]$ hgj gljY hYjl]$ kgf \][j][a]fl]k j]kh][lg \] \ [Y\Yk Yfl]jagj]k& 9 km n]r$ dY afl]jn]f[a f \] dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk ]f dYk [am% \Y\]k dYlafgYe]ja[YfYk [gfdd]nY ]d ËhY_g \] mfY \]m\Y h]f\a]fl]Ì3 dY af[dmka f \] lg\gk dgk k]_e]flgk kg[aYd]k ]f dY [am\Y\& <]Za\g Y ]ddg kgf f][]kYjaYk afn]jkag% f]k [mYflagkYk$ ]f^gim]k fgn]\gkgk \] ljYZYbg q$ hgj kgZj] lg\g$ []fljY\gk ]f dY af[dmka f kg[aYd& <]d gljg dY\g$ dYk [am\Y\]k ]mjgh]Yk \]Z]f `Y[]j ^j]fl] Yd \]l]jagjg mjZYfg$ dY gZkgd]k[]f[aY \] kmk []fljgk mjZYfgk g dY ^mf[agfYda\Y\ \] kmk h]ja^]jaYk& 9\]e~k$ la]f]f im] Y^jgflYj ]d hjgZd]eY \] mf mladarg emdlalYj_]l q emdla^mf[agfYd \]d ]khY% [ag h Zda[g im]$ Y n][]k$ ]k [jmrY\g g mkY\g hgj mf k dg _jmhg \] [am\Y\Yfgk Yk!$ h]j\a]f\g dY [YjY[l]j kla[Y \] ]khY[ag \] [gf^jgflg q ]f[m]fljg& Bmflg [gf ]ddg$ \]Z] `Y[]j ^j]fl] Y dY af[dmka f kg[aYd$ kgZj] lg\g [mdlmjYd q fgjeYlanY \] dgk ea_jYfl]k$ hgfa]f\g ]f hj~[la[Y dY emdla[mdlmjYda\Y\ q dY \an]jka\Y\& >j]fl] Y ]ddg$ dgk [gfÖa[lgk ]f dgk ]khY[agk h Zda[gk kgf dY ]phj]ka f \] mf ^]f e]fg eYqgj$ [geg eYqgj ]k lYeZa f dY ^gjeY ]f im] dgk [gfÖa[lgk k] j]km]dn]f ]f ]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g$ mfY k] Yd hYjY dY [am\Y\ ]f km [gfbmflg&

).0

LAHGK <= ;GF>DA;LG

LAHGK <= J=KHM=KL9K

;GFL=PLG

=khY[agk \]l]% jagjY\gk ^ ka[Y q kg[aYde]fl]

=ehg\]jYea]flg \] dY [gemfa\Y\ Õf \]d Ykakl]f[aYdakeg ] afa[ag \]d hjglY_gfakeg mjZYfg!

;YeZag [mdlmjYd hgj e]\ag \] dY [am% \Y\Yf Y j]khgfkYZd]$ \] dY af[dmka f \]$ q Y hYjlaj \]$ dgk _jmhgk e~k [gf% Öa[langk2 q fgjeYlana\Y\ ]\m[YlanY

EajY\Y ljYfkn]jkYd \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g \]k\] dY afn]jka f \]d _gZa]jfg dg[Yd

Afn]jkagf]k h Zda[Yk _YladdYf hjg% []kgk \] \afYearY[a f mjZYfY ]f [gfl]plgk \] [a[dgk ][gf ea[gk najlmgkgk&

Af[dmka f \]$ q Y hYjlaj \]$ dgk _jmhgk e~k [gfÖa[langk2 b n]f]k

J]\ak] g \]d ]khY[ag mjZYfg Y hYjlaj \] dgk b n]f]k [geg hjglY_gfaklYk

Af[dmka f Y hYjlaj \] dgk Yk! fa gk Yk! [geg ]pa_]f[aY \]eg[j~la[Y

;gfl]plg dg[Yd \] ljYfk^gjeY[a f \] dYk [YjY[l]j kla[Yk \] dY [am\Y\ hYkYb] \] [am\Y\ af\mkljaYd Y [am\Y\ \] k]jna[agk g hYkYb] \] [am\Y\ Y e]lj hgda!

Af[dmka f \]$ q Y hYjlaj \]$ dgk _jmhgk e~k [gfÖa[langk2 \] ZYjjagk eYj_afY\gk

;gfljgd$ j][gf[adaY[a f$ j]fgnY[a f q eg\]jfa\Y\ ^mf[agfYd

Kmkl]flYZada\Y\ YeZa]flYd q kg[aYd

LjYfkn]jkYda\Y\ ]f dY j]khm]klY q hjglY_gfakeg \] dY [gemfa\Y\ q$ ]f ]kh][aYd$ \] dgk b n]f]k

;j][aea]flg Y[]d]jY\g \] dY [am\Y\ kaf [gf\a[agf]k \] kmkl]flYZada\Y\& HYkg Y dY [am\Y\ af[dmkanY q kmkl]flYZd]

Mkg \]d ]khY[ag [gemfalYjag

Af[dmka f \] dgk Y[lgj]k Y hYjlaj \] dY e]\aY[a f [gemfalYjaY q \]d mkg afl]_jY\g \] dgk ]khY[agk

<]j][`g Y dY [am\Y\ [geg ZYk] \] dY j]kgdm[a f \] dgk [gfÖa[lgk ]flj] Y[lgj]k

=p[dmka f \] ea_jYfl]k

J]kh]lg ] af[dmka f \] dY \an]jka\Y\

J]^]j]f[aY [gfl]plmYd Yd eg\]dg afl]_jY\gj \] dY [am\Y\ ]mjgh]Y

FgjeYlana\Y\ Ö]paZd] q gja]flY\gjY

LjYfka[a f \] dY kgZj]fgjeYlana\Y\ Yd Y[m]j\g q ]d [gehjgeakg

Afklalm[agf]k Y\YhlY\Yk Y dgk fm]ngk hjgZd]eYk \]d ]khY[ag h Zda[g

>d]paZada\Y\ q [YeZag \] dY afl]jn]f% [a f h Zda[Y

H]j[]h[a f \] afk]% _mja\Y\$ [j e]f]k q \]dalgk hj]k]f% [aY \] hYf\addYb]$ ZYf\Yk$ ka[Yjagk!

).1