West shipyard final 3 13

Exploratory Archeological Investigations of the West Shipyard Lot Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Prepared For:

Delaware River Waterfront Corporation Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Prepared By:

John Milner Associates, Inc. West Chester, Pennsylvania

March 2013

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

FINAL

Prepared for: Delaware River Waterfront Corporation 121 North Columbus Boulevard Philadelphia, PA 19106

by Tim Mancl, RPA Joseph Balicki, RPA Rebecca Yamin, RPA

John Milner Associates, Inc. 535 North Church Street West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380 March 2013

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT JMA (John Milner Associates, Inc.) conducted exploratory archeological investigations in July 2012 at the former West Shipyard Lot, located within the present-day Vine Street Parking Lot, which is operated by the Delaware River Waterfront Corporation (DRWC). The entire lot is listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places as the “Penny Pot House Landing and West Shipyard.� Investigations were planned to determine the presence or absence of intact archeological deposits and/or features related to use of the lot as a shipyard by James West and his heirs during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and of remains of the Penny-Pot Landing.

Archeological deposits representing four periods of occupation were encountered on the West Shipyard Lot. The four periods are represented by deposits associated with 1) use of the lot after demolition of a nineteenth-century apartment block, 2) the apartment block remains, 3) mideighteenth to mid-nineteenth century occupation that followed episodes of wharf construction, and 4) use of the lot for shipbuilding by James and Charles West. Deposits related to mideighteenth to mid-nineteenth century occupation that followed episodes of wharf construction, and use of the lot for shipbuilding by James and Charles West are recommended as archeologically significant.

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Excavations at the West Shipyard Lot were made possible through the support of the Delaware River Waterfront Corporation (DRWC), who was assisted by grants from the William Penn Foundation and the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Sara Thorp, at the time Director of Planning at the DRWC, and current director Karen Thompson were generous with their time, as were the staff of the DRWC, ensuring that excavations could be conducted with minimal disruptions. JMA greatly appreciated the enthusiasm that the DRWC brought the project.

JMA would also like to thank everyone who visited the site. Over two hundred people visited during the two weeks excavations were conducted. We especially appreciated the support of the professional community, which included members of the Philadelphia Archaeological Forum, the Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia, the Association of Philadelphia Tour Guides, the Franklin Institute Discovery Camp, and a Drexel University history class.

Our thanks also go to Wagner LLC, who provided the expertise needed for machine excavation on this complex, deeply buried site. We could not have safely achieved the work without their skill and care.

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Acknowledgments List of Tables List of Figures List of Plates 1.0

Introduction .........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Environmental Setting............................................................................................1 1.2 Previous Archeological Investigations at the Vine Street Parking Lot ..................1

2.0

Historical Background of the West Shipyard Lot ...............................................................8

3.0

Methods.............................................................................................................................18 3.1 Research Design ...................................................................................................18 3.2 Historical Research...............................................................................................18 3.3 Archeological Investigations................................................................................18 3.4 Laboratory Procedures and Analysis....................................................................20

4.0

Results ...............................................................................................................................21 4.1 Trench 1................................................................................................................21 4.2 Trench 2................................................................................................................21 4.2.1 Post-Nineteenth Century Stratigraphy.....................................................26 4.2.2 The Nineteenth Century Apartment Block and Market Place.................26 4.2.3 The Eighteenth Century and Before: The West Family ..........................31 4.3 Trench 3................................................................................................................33

5.0

Interpretations and Recommendations ..............................................................................38 5.1 Interpretations.......................................................................................................38 5.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................39 5.2.1 Post-Apartment Block use of the lot .......................................................39 5.2.2 The Apartment Block ..............................................................................39 5.2.3 Mid-eighteenth to Mid-nineteenth century Post-wharf Construction and Occupation........................................................................................40 5.2.4 Use of the lost for Shipbuilding by James and Charles West..................40

Bibliography Appendix A. Appendix B.

Artifact Inventory Personnel Qualifications

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES Table 1.

Features located in Trench 2.

Table 2.

Features located in Trench 3.

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.

The West Shipyard Lot shown on a current aerial of the Vine Street Lot.

Figure 2.

Plan of trench locations for the 1987 Archeological Investigations.

Figure 3.

Late eighteenth-century (top) and nineteenth-century (bottom) wharf bulkheads uncovered in 1987, looking north (Weber 2006:Figure 37 and Figure 65).

Figure 4.

Early nineteenth-century slipway, looking toward the Delaware River (Weber 2006:Figure 45).

Figure 5.

Detail of the Peter Cooper painting of the Delaware River shoreline at Philadelphia, ca. 1720. The Penny Pot House is shown along the right margin of the image.

Figure 6.

Detail of the 1762 Clarkson and Biddle A Plan of the improved Part of the City of Philadelphia.

Figure 7.

Detail of the 1794 Folie Plan of the City and Suburbs of Philadelphia.

Figure 8.

Manuscript map showing the southern end of the West Shipyard Lot in 1800.

Figure 9.

Detail of the 1849 Sidney Map of the City of Philadelphia.

Figure 10.

Detail of the 1895 Baist Property Atlas of Philadelphia and Adjoining Districts.

Figure 11.

Detail of the 1886 Burk & McFetridge Perspective of Philadelphia. The apartment block and a portion of the market, which are circled, stood on the West Shipyard Lot.

Figure 12.

Detail of an aerial photograph ca. 1930, showing the Pennsylvania Railroad yard between Water Street and Delaware Avenue.

Figure 13.

Trench locations and their relation to the West Shipyard Lot and excavations conducted in 1987.

Figure 14.

Trench 1, profile and plan views.

Figure 15.

Trench 2, profile and plan views of the southern 35 feet.

Figure 16.

Trench 2, profile and plan views of the northern 37 feet.

Figure 17.

Trench 3, south profile.

Figure 18.

STU J1, profile.

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

LIST OF PLATES

LIST OF PLATES Plate 1.

Banner hung at the entrance of the parking lot to provide information on the excavation and dates and times for tours. A postcard was also distributed around the city to encourage visitation.

Plate 2.

The public and professional organizations visited throughout excavations to view the site, and to hear about what was being found. Shown here are members of the Philadelphia Archaeology Forum visiting the site.

Plate 3.

Trench 1, oblique view of the north profile and a plan of the trench at 6 feet below the surface of the parking lot.

Plate 4.

Trench 2, oblique view of southernmost 44 feet of the east profile and a plan of the trench at 5 feet below the surface of the parking lot, showing Feature 1.

Plate 5.

Feature 1, oblique view of the northern half of the feature.

Plate 6.

EU 1, view of the east profile at closing.

Plate 7.

Feature 2, view of the south profile.

Plate 8.

Feature 5, plan view. The wood-framed floor, partly shown in this plate, ran from the north side of Feature 1, shown toward the right side of the frame, to Feature 2.

Plate 9.

EU 2, oblique view of the south profile and plan at closing.

Plate 10.

Large, flat piece of schist laying on other large rocks. The rock is located below the nineteenth century floor (Feature 5) and above a set of large timbers (Feature 6).

Plate 11.

Rough-hewn timbers (Feature 6) located 6 feet below the surface of the parking lot.

Plate 12.

Layer of woodworking waste and hardware (Feature 7) north of Feature 3.

Plate 13.

Trench 3, south profile of the eastern half.

Plate 14.

Large rocks within Trench 3 beginning at a depth of 5 feet.

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION JMA (John Milner Associates, Inc.) conducted exploratory archeological investigations in July 2012 at the former West Shipyard Lot, located within the present-day Vine Street Parking Lot, which is operated by the Delaware River Waterfront Corporation (DRWC) (Figure 1). The project was supported by funding from the William Penn Foundation and the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC). The entire lot is listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places as the “Penny Pot House Landing and West Shipyard.”

Investigations were planned to determine the presence or absence of intact archeological deposits and/or features related to use of the southern portion of the lot as a shipyard by James West and his heirs during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and of remains of the Penny-Pot Landing. To this end, historical research was conducted to understand the use of the lot over time, and to determine locations most likely to contain remains of the shipyard. Following research, locations were targeted for a combination of machine and hand excavation of trenches.

Investigations also included re-opening an area where excavations in 1987 had uncovered an eighteenth century bulkhead to assess the condition of the archeological resources identified (see Weber 2006). The bulkhead was located on a property owned by William Taylor in the middle of the eighteenth century. In addition to West’s property, the Penny Pot House Landing and James West Shipyard Site includes seven lots owned by others.

A program of public outreach was undertaken concurrent with the archeological investigations (Plates 1 and 2). Public outreach consisted of public and private tours of the site, and blog entries chronicling the progress of excavations. At least 200 people visited the site over the two weeks of field work, including members of the Philadelphia Archaeological Forum, the Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia, the Association of Philadelphia Tour Guides, the Franklin Institute Discovery Camp, and a Drexel University history class. An average of roughly 80 people visited the blog page per day during the same period.

1.1

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

The West Shipyard Lot consists primarily of made-land. From nearly the time of European settlement, residents of Philadelphia shaped the Delaware River waterfront to make it more amenable to maritime commerce. Landings and wharves were constructed, with each subsequent building episode extending made-land eastward into the Delaware River. For the location of the Vine Street Lot, these activities meant the accumulation of fill over marine sediments and earlier filling episodes, except perhaps toward the western end of the lot, which might retain a portion of the pre- and early European settlement shoreline and upland.

1.2

PREVIOUS ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE VINE STREET PARKING LOT

Carmen Weber, the archeologist for the Philadelphia Historical Commission, conducted archeological investigations in the central part of the Vine Street Parking Lot in 1987 (Weber 2006; Figure 2). The investigations led to the discovery of eighteenth and nineteenth century wooden wharves and associated fill episodes, and a nineteenth century slipway. Evidence of later activity at the site was scant, consisting of a few building foundations on the western part of the lot, and displaced railroad ties (Weber 2006:12). The excavations did not include the West 1

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

West Shipyard Lot

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Figure 1. The West Shipyard Lot shown on a current aerial of the Vine Street Lot.

500ft 100m

West Shipyard Lot

1987 Trenches

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Figure 2. Plan of trench locations for the 1987 archeological investigations.

75ft 15m

Plate 1. Banner hung at the entrance of the parking lot to provide information on the excavation and dates and times for tours. A postcard was also distributed around the city to encourage visitation.

Plate 2. The public and professional organizations visited throughout excavations to view the site, and to hear about what was being found. Shown here are members of the Philadelphia Archaeological Forum visiting the site.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Shipyard Lot (our project area), which encompassed a 100-foot wide parcel at the southern end of the parking lot.

Weber determined that the form of wharf construction remained consistent over time, with both eighteenth and nineteenth century examples being crib construction filled with gravel, sand and silt. However, nineteenth-century fill episodes illustrated the use of raft-type construction, on top of which were placed dredged materials, wood and stones. A major variation was found in joinery techniques, wherein half-lap joints were found in the eighteenth-century wharves, and common scarf joints were found in the nineteenth-century wharves and the slipway (Figure 3). The use of half-lap joints had been reported for eighteenth-century wharves found elsewhere on the east coast. In contrast, it was surmised that use of the common scarf joint, also noted at the Fairmount Water Works, could be related to the shipbuilding trades. Dovetail-like joints were used in both periods for cross ties. Also noted were technological changes, particularly a shift from wooden to iron fasteners (Weber 2006:29).

The slipway consisted of two parallel sets of timbers set 8-to-9 feet apart between two bulkheads that sloped toward the river (Weber 2006; Figure 4). Eighty-three feet of the slipway was exposed, which included the western end. Each set of timbers consisted of a support timber or footway on to which the tracks were attached. The distance between the tracks was 2.4-to- 3.2 feet. The tracks supported a carriage or cradle that would have attached to the boat to move it into and out of the river. The distance between grooves in the tracks created by the carriage suggested it was used to move small vessels, such as sloops or small schooners (Weber 2006:18-19, 31).

Weber’s investigations documented and interpreted broad technological changes, as well as experimentation in waterfront construction. Broadly, changes in technology were evident in the shift from handmade fasteners and hand-cut logs, to machine-made fasteners and sawn timbers.

Weber wrote that experimentation was evident through the slipway, it being a less sophisticated version of period proposals for improvements for moving vessels in and out of the river, which included a variety of marine railways built of wood and using iron rails, or the construction of a dry dock. Open for additional research were questions of the chronology of wharf development in Philadelphia, the relation of joinery techniques to overall building practices, and the reasons for a variation in fill material in the city, as compared to New York and Baltimore (Weber 2006:3637).

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EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

Figure 3. Late eighteenth-century (top) and nineteenth-century (bottom) wharf bulkheads uncovered in 1987, looking north (Weber 2006:Figure 37 and Figure 65).

Figure 4. Early nineteenth-century slipway, looking toward the Delaware River (Weber 2006:Figure 45).

2.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE WEST SHIPYARD LOT

2.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE WEST SHIPYARD LOT The West Shipyard Lot was described in 1690, when James West submitted a request to add 40 feet to his holdings along the Delaware River. As recorded in the Minutes of the Board of Property for the Province of Pennsylvania, West requested: 40 foot of the Bank where the penny pot house stands as an addition to sixty foot formerly Layd out to him for a Conveniency to build ships and Vessels upon, he haveing bought the penny pott House of the Widdow; his request was granted he complying with his promise (viz): to make a Convenient Slipp with timber and fill it up with Earth and Pitch it with stone against the street which is to be left 100 foot wide (Pennsylvania Land Office 1893:29).

With the addition granted, West held a 100-foot wide lot along the Delaware River that ran eastward 250 feet into the river. However, a manuscript map from 1692/93 for a patent granted to James Telnor illustrated that West held a 154-foot wide lot, with the notation that he had been granted but 100 feet (Weber 2006:Figure 4).

The statement in the Land Office record indicated that West had built a slip on his 60-foot lot before 1690, suggesting that he had begun shipbuilding on the lot at an earlier date. An account book in the holdings of the Pennsylvania Historical Society supports the suggestion of pre-1690 shipbuilding on the lot, indicating that such activity occurred as early as 1676 (Marlow and West 1676-1703). The account book, attributed to both James West and a Gregory Marlow, the latter listed as master of the ship “Kent” in 1677, contains a chronicle of shipbuilding activities, and tavern accounts.

The relationship between West and Marlow is not clear, yet it is apparent that they had economic ties. For example, a 1676 entry is an account of money received to build a ship for Gregory Marlow.1 In contrast, a 1699 entry is for money received from West toward settling a debt on his property. What is clear from the entries is the purchase of materials and hiring of men to build boats, and of supplies for the tavern. Also included are accounts of tavern patrons. Vessels mentioned from a sampling of the account book were shallops and flats, or they were at times simply called “boats” (Marlow and West 1676-1703).

In addition to accounts of payments for the construction or the repair of boats, entries in the book related to shipbuilding include the purchase of materials, and payment to workers. As for materials, there are numerous entries for the purchase of “plank” or “bord,” each listing the number of feet bought. Also entered were the purchase of trenails and nails, tar, okum, and masts.

Most entries related to payments for work listed a person and the number of days worked.

However, in some instances the task performed was included, most frequently being payments for trimming a boat (outfitting the boat with a sail). One recurring entry is payment for the work performed by “Thomas Car and his Mato.” The lack of a surname of “Mato” and the use of the word “his” highly suggests that Car was a slave owner who received payments for the labor of Mato, an enslaved African, whom he owned (Marlow and West 1676-1703). West also was a 1

The account book does not contain the name given to the ship built for Marlow by West, nor has information been found to link it to the “Kent,” which in 1677 carried immigrants from England to New York and New Jersey (Sheppard 1970) 8

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

2.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE WEST SHIPYARD LOT

slave owner, but it is not known if any were involved in shipbuilding (Philadelphia County Will and Inventory No. 75, 1702).

West died in 1701, and was followed in death by his wife Prudence a year later. Probate records contained an inventory of her property, which included a “Flat,” a “boat,” and a “Shalloop on the stocks” listed as being on the lot (Weber 2006:2-3; Philadelphia County Will and Inventory No. 75, 1702).

After his death, West’s son Charles carried on ship building on the lot. A ca. 1720 painting illustrated the location of Vine Street and the Penny Pot house and landing, and a bulkhead along the Delaware River (Figure 5). Land records indicted that lots to the north (right of the area illustrated in the painting) held other enterprises related to shipbuilding through the eighteenth century (Weber 2006:3, Figure 11). At his death in 1762, the lot passed to his son James, who had previously bought from William Rakestraw, a ropemaker, a ten-foot section of the lot adjacent to the north. From James, the two lots passed to the heirs of the West family (Weber 2006:Figure 10).

The West Lot is illustrated on a 1762 map prepared by Clarkson and Biddle (Figure 6). The map shows that a wharf had been extended into the Delaware River, with a slip occupying the southern portion of the lot. By 1794, additional infilling and wharf construction occurred on the lot, which now held a narrow wharf and a structure or row of structures along Vine Street (Figure 7). A manuscript map from 1800 illustrates the extent of docks and wharves, and also shows a series of brick and framed dwellings, and a store along the southern end of the lot (Figure 8). On the lot in the early decades of the nineteenth century William West, a great-grandson of the first James West, was engaged in the salt trade (Cotter et al. 1995:230). By the mid-eighteenth century the entire lot had been infilled, with wharves extending east of present-day Delaware Avenue (Figure 9).

By the mid nineteenth century the West Shipyard Lot held two apartment buildings and two onestory structures. By the end of the century the apartment buildings would be transformed into a large apartment block, and a portion of a market house would cover the location of the one story structures (Figures 10 and 11). A fruit warehouse and coal yard at the north end, and perhaps the market, reflected a continued orientation toward business along the river front. However, the majority of maritime-related activities took place on the wharves across Delaware Avenue, which held a rail line that likely served to bring goods from the waterfront into the city. During the first decades of the twentieth century the block had been transformed into a rail yard for the Pennsylvania Railroad (Figure 12).

Starting in 1969, the Hertz Corporation used the lot as a location for car rentals and fleet maintenance. Use of the lot entailed the construction of a garage and a fueling island at the southern end of the lot. Environmental investigations in the 1990s characterized the extent of the structures, as well as the locations of underground storage tanks and an above-ground oil-water separator (Dailey and Sauder 1999). The remains of the Hertz-era structures, the largest being the concrete pad on which the maintenance building stood, are under the existing parking lot, and cover approximately a third of the West Shipyard Lot.

9

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

Figure 5. Detail of the Peter Cooper painting of the Delaware River shoreline at Philadelphia, ca. 1720. The Penny Pot House is shown along the right margin of the image.

West Shipyard Lot

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400ft 100m

(approximate scale)

Figure 6. Detail of the 1762 Clarkson and Biddle A Plan of the improved Part of the City of Philadelphia.

West Shipyard Lot

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500ft 100m

(approximate scale)

Figure 7. Detail of the 1794 Folie Plan of the City and Suburbs of Philadelphia.

West Shipyard Lot

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75ft 15m

(approximate scale)

Figure 8. Manuscript map showing the southern end of the West Shipyard Lot in 1800.

West Shipyard Lot

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200ft 50m

(approximate scale)

Figure 9. Detail of the 1849 Sidney Map of the City of Philadelphia.

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West Shipyard Lot

Figure 10. Detail of the 1895 Baist Property Atlas of Philadelphia and Adjoining Districts.

150ft 30m

Figure 11. Detail of the 1886 Burk & McFetridge Perspective of Philadelphia. The apartment block and a portion of the market, which are circled, stood on the West Shipyard Lot.

West Shipyard Lot

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400ft 100m

(approximate scale)

Figure 12. Detail of an aerial photograph ca. 1930, showing the Pennsylvania Railroad yard between Water Street and Delaware Avenue.

3.0 METHODS

3.0 METHODS 3.1

RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design for the project was aimed at providing contexts for identifying and evaluating archeological resources on the West Shipyard Lot. Historic maps provided information on changes to the shoreline, and the number and extent of structures on the lot over time. Research and archeological findings from the 1987 investigations as presented in An Examination of Philadelphia’s Early Waterfront Through the Archeology of the Hertz Lot (Weber 2006) served to characterize activities to the north of the West Shipyard lot. In conjunction with historical maps, the report also guided the placement of exploratory trenches. Additional guidance came from investigations of soil and groundwater beneath the lot as presented in a site characterization report prepared by Pennoni Associates (Dailey and Sauder 1999).

3.2

HISTORICAL RESEARCH

Historical research focused on gathering maps that depict the project area over time, many of which were identified in Weber’s study. These maps and others that were located were organized to guide the present investigation. GIS-overlays of historical maps depicting excavation areas served as an additional data source for interpreting archeological features. JMA also reviewed manuscript resources at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania for information on the project area. In particular, the Account Book of Gregory Marlow and James West was reviewed for information on activities on the lot. The historical research conducted by JMA supplemented that presented in the 2006 report, An Examination of Philadelphia’s Early Waterfront through the Archeology of the Hertz Lot (Weber 2006).

3.3

ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

Field investigations focused on two primary tasks: relocating a feature from the 1987 excavations to assess preservation, and exploratory investigations within the former West Shipyard Lot. The first task consisted of mechanically excavating a trench (Trench 1) measuring 5 feet by 20 feet at the projected location of a feature identified in 1987 as an eighteenth century bulkhead (Figure 13). In addition to assessing preservation, re-exposure of the feature was intended to serve as an illustration of the location of the historical shoreline, and thus provide a starting point for interpreting the site for partnering groups and the public.

The information obtained from documentary resources was used to target areas for excavation that had a high potential for the presence of large-scale features related to the West shipyard (see Figure 13). Two trenches were mechanically excavated under careful archeological supervision. Initially, Trench 2 measured 5 feet by 44 feet, and Trench 3 measured 5 feet by 30 feet. Trench 2 was later extended to the north an additional 28 feet, for a total length of 72 feet. Historical features were mapped and excavated as they were encountered. Building foundations and structural timbers were documented and kept intact, and fill layers associated with them were sampled through shovel testing, unit or feature excavation. A shovel test unit was placed in Trench 3 to investigate the stratigraphy adjacent to a stone foundations wall. Two excavation units, each measuring 2.5 by 2.5 feet, were dug by hand in Trench 2 to sample deposits below the floor of the apartment block.

Finally, a 3 by 4-foot area was excavated by hand into Feature 7 to sample its contents. Additional hand excavations were conducted over Feature 6 to more fully expose the timbers.

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EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

Trench 1

West Shipyard Lot

Trench 2 2012 Trenches 1987 Trenches

Trench 3

0 0

75ft 15m

Figure 13. Trench locations and their relation to the West Shipyard Lot and excavations conducted in 1987.

3.0 METHODS

Throughout the excavations, JMA followed the current guidelines established by the PHMC. The locations of trenches were recorded on a plan of the project area and the stratigraphy was recorded on standardized recording forms. A total station was used to map the locations of trenches, excavation units, and archeological features. Excavated soils were passed through one-quarter inch hardware cloth to insure uniform recovery of cultural remains. Water was used to aid in screening wet soils.

Field notes, measured drawings, and digital photographs were produced to document the results of field investigations. Organic artifacts recovered from wet contexts were passively conserved on site and throughout processing. This was achieved by sealing artifacts in plastic and keeping them in a cool environment.

At the close of fieldwork, intact archeological features were draped in Tyvek Home Wrap before backfilling to aid in relocation. The trenches were then backfilled with the excavated spoils, which were compacted, and disturbed parking areas were repaved.

3.4

LABORATORY PROCEDURES AND ANALYSIS

Artifacts recovered in the course of the field investigations were cleaned and inventoried following curatorial guidelines and standards established by the PHMC. To the extent possible, the recovered artifacts were identified as to material, temporal or cultural/chronological association, style, and function. Analysis sought patterns in the relative composition of the recovered artifact assemblages, particularly to the extent that such patterns may indicate the functional nature of the assemblages and/or the site formation processes associated with their deposition. These attributes are particularly relevant for the evaluation of the site's archeological and interpretative potential.

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EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

4.0 RESULTS

4.0 RESULTS 4.1

TRENCH 1

Trench 1 was positioned at the north end of the project area at the projected location of an eighteenth-century wharf bulkhead uncovered in 1987. Located in trenches 1 and 3 of the 1987 excavations, the sections of the bulkhead were designated at the time as features 27, 42, 43, and 94. The bulkhead consisted of four timbers running parallel to the shoreline that were found at a depth of 8 to 9 feet below the surface (Weber 2006:12; Figure 30). To relocate the bulkhead, the projected location of the 1987 Trench 3 was determined by geo-rectifying the 1987 plan map.

Trench 1 was placed running perpendicular to the bulkhead so as to encounter the feature at the mid point of the length of the trench.

The upper layers of Trench 1 consisted of asphalt overlaying a bed of angular gravel (Figure 14; Plate 3). Beneath the gravel to a depth of 2.4 feet below ground surface was a layer of black (10YR2/1) silty coarse sand mottled with 25 percent brown (10YR5/3) silty coarse sand and pockets of dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silty sand containing brick fragments. At this depth the backfilling from the 1987 excavations, a continuation of the third soil layer, was noted in the western 9 feet of the trench. The eastern 11 feet consisted of a dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silty sand overlaying first a light yellowish brown (2.5Y6/4) silty sand, then a mottling of dark grayish brown (10YR4/2), dark gray (2.5Y4/1), and very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2) silty sand. The mottled layer held animal bone and redware fragments that were not collected.

At 5.8 feet below surface in the eastern portion a 1.6-foot wide feature consisting of rotted wood and black (10YR2/1) sandy silt ran north to south across the trench. The feature was investigated by hand and found to consist of a single plank, largely rotted, that had been covered in tar, or some manner of petroleum-based coating. Excavation of the eastern part of the trench was stopped at 6 feet below ground surface, the depth at which the water table was encountered, and efforts were focused on locating the bulkhead, presumed to be in the western part of trench.

The western part of the trench was excavated by machine to depth of 9 feet below ground surface.

The bulkhead was not relocated. However, being below the water line, identification relied largely on the ability to note its presence by the arm of the machine encountering resistance, or noting wood fragments in the soils being removed. With no such evidence of its presence noted, it was decided to abandon the attempt to relocate the bulkhead. The failure to relocate the bulkhead could be the result of a mapping error, not excavating to a sufficient depth, or poor visibility.

While not relocated, it is assumed that the bulkhead remains intact, especially since it had been found below the waterline. Ultimately, it was decided in consultation with the DRWC that focusing efforts on new areas of excavation would be a better use of time and funds.

4.2

TRENCH 2

Trench 2 was established along the southwest edge of the project area, running north to south, so as to cross the location of structures shown on historical maps, and in an effort to expose the historical shoreline. Proximity to the shoreline was considered pertinent to investigating for remains of the earliest period of activity on the lot. Figures 15 and 16 illustrate the soil profile and the plan of the entire trench. Details are depicted in photographs (Plates), which are referenced in the discussion where pertinent. Table 1 summarizes the features located in Trench 2.

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EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

Trench 1, North Wall 1 2 3

4 5

6

0 0

3ft 75cm

1

Asphalt

2

Small and large gravels (angular)

3

10YR 2/1 black with 25% 10YR 5/3 brown and pocket of 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown silty coarse sand with brick fragments

4

10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown silty sand

5

2.5Y 6/4 light yellowish brown silty sand

6

10YR 4/3 dark grayish brown with 25% 2.5Y 4/1 dark gray and 10% 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown silty sand

Trench 1, Plan View

Area of crushed gravel and pump

Bottom of excavation

Edge of Trench

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Figure 14. Trench 1, profile and plan views.

3ft 75cm

Trench 2, East Wall - Southern 35 Feet

2b

1

1

2a

Concrete pillar

9a

8

9b

10

9a 12

Metal F1 0

1

Asphalt

10 7.5YR 6/4 brown medium sand

2a

5Y 4/1 dark gray rubble/fill (angular cobbles and stone chips)

21 10YR 4/3 brown silty fine to medium sand

2b

7.5YR 5/1 gray rubble/fill

Stone

Mix of 7.5Y 4/3 brown, 10YR 7/6 yellow, and 10YR 5/6 dark yellowish brown silty fine to coarse sand with brick inclusions

Stone at back of profile

8 9a

7.5YR 8/1 white brick/mortar matrix

9b

7.5YR 7/6 reddish yellow brick/sediment matrix

0

3ft 75cm

F1 South half of the 19th C apartment block F5 Floor of the north half of the 19th C apartment block (Layer 12)

ure 16

Trench 2, Plan View - Southern 35 Feet

Match to Fig

Match to Figure 16

1 1

F1 EU2 F5

EU1

Stone

Decayed Wood

Wood

Excavation Unit

Brick

Edge of Trench

Concrete

0 0

5ft 1m

Figure 15. Trench 2, profile and plan views of the southern 35 feet.

1 2a

9a

5

4

6

4

3

7

4

7

9a

9a

F4

13

11 15

18

9a

Wood

14

17

19 22

25

26

25

23

29

24 10

0 0

28

27

3ft

Organics

18

20

21

23

Wood

12

16

F3

28

Mortar

27

Wood

75cm

F3

F2

F6

Asphalt

12 7.5YR 4/6 strong brown silty fine to medium sand

24 10YR 5/4 dark yellowish brown stiff silty fine sand

5Y 4/1 dark gray rubble/fill (angular cobbles and stone chips)

13 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown silty fine sand with brick fragments

25 2.5Y 4/2 dark grayish brown stiff silty fine sand

3

10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown silty fine to medium sand

14 10YR 6/3 pale brown silty fine to medium sand

26 7.5YR 6/4 brown silty fine to medium sand

4

2.5Y 7/4 pale yellow with 2.5Y 6/4 light yellowish brown stiff silt fill

15 Burned wood layer

27 10YR 2/1 black organic-rich silty medium sand

5

10YR 2/2 very dark brown fine sand (root intrusion into 4)

16 2.5Y 5/2 grayish brown mortar/sand/coal ash

28 2.5Y 3/2 very dark grayish brown very rubbly silty fine sand

6

Gray mortar

17 7.5YR 4/6 strong brown silty medium to coarse sand

29 7.5YR 4/2 brown silty fine sand

7

Coal ash

19 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown silty medium sand

9a

7.5YR 8/1 white brick/mortar matrix

18 10YR 5/8 dark yellowish brown silty medium sand and mortar

F2 Exterior foundation wall of north half of the 19th C apartment block

9b

7.5YR 7/6 reddish yellow brick/sediment matrix

20 2.5Y 4/1 gray medium to fine sand

1 2a

F3 & F4 Foundation walls of pre-market building

10 modern crushed gravel for sump pump

21 10YR 4/3 brown silty fine to medium sand

F5 Floor of the north half of the 19th C. apartment block (Layers 12, 16, 17, and 18)

11 7.5YR 4/3 brown silty fine to medium sand, fill layer

22 10YR 4/3 brown and 7.5YR 3/3 dark brown sandy silt fill

F6 Rough hewn logs (village wharf )?

23 2.5Y 2.5/1 black peat-like organic and wood layer

F7 Wood working waste (Layer 27) F8 Stacked logs? (Layers 21 and 23) Stone

F4

Trench 2, Plan View - Southern 37 Feet F3 F2

Decayed Wood

Wood

Edge of Trench

0 0

5ft

F5

Match to Fig

ure 15

F6

Stone

Match to Figure 15

Trench 2, East Wall - Southern 37 Feet

1m

Figure 16. Trench 2, profile and plan views of the northern 37 feet.

Large slab of schist

Plate 3. Trench 1, oblique view of the north profile and a plan of the trench at 6 feet below the surface of the parking lot.

Plate 4. Trench 2, oblique view of southernmost 44 feet of the east profile and a plan of the trench at 5 feet below the surface of the parking lot, showing Feature 1.

4.0 RESULTS

Table 1. Features located in Trench 2 Feature No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 EU 1.1 EU 2.1 EU 2.2

Interpretation Interior stone foundation wall and passageway of the southern half of the 19th century apartment block Exterior stone foundation wall of the northern half of the 19th century apartment block Exterior stone foundation on the south side of a structure pre-dating the Market building Exterior stone foundation on the north side of a structure pre-dating the Market building Basement-level floor of the northern half of the 19th century apartment block Large rough-hewn timbers Deposit of woodworking waste and discards Partly decayed timbers and wooden stakes adjacent to Feature 7 Wooden planks that go into a pocket in the bricked section of Feature 1 Builder’s trench associated with Feature 1 Linear feature containing decayed wood

4.2.1. Post-Nineteenth Century Stratigraphy The upper two layers consisted of asphalt overlaying a bed of angular gravel that ranged from 0.7 to 1.0-feet thick (Plate 4). Beneath this for a distance of 65 feet from the southern end, was a 1.5to 2.0-foot thick later of brick rubble likely resulting from the demolition of an apartment block that once stood at this location. A bottle found in the rubble, together with map evidence, provides a post-1895 date for destruction of the structure. For the southernmost 20 feet, the brick rubble is overlain by crushed asphalt. An interruption in the rubble occurred from 22 to 32 feet from the south end, where the fill consisted of mottling of brown (7.5YR4/3) and yellow (10YR7/6) silty sand with pockets of yellowish brown (10YR5/6) silty sand. This layer both under and overlaid the brick rubble to the south, and overlaid the brick rubble to the north, being interrupted from 31.8 to 35 feet from the south end of the trench by a concrete pillar and related footing. The pillar likely supported a modern light post or similar structure related to the use of the lot for parking.

4.2.2. The Nineteenth Century Apartment Block and Market Place The apartment block that stood on the lot from the later half of the nineteenth century to acquisition of the lot by the Pennsylvania Railroad was represented by Feature 1, Feature 2, and Feature 5. A structure likely pre-dating the Market building was represented by Feature 3 and Feature 4. Excavation units placed to further expose features and test for earlier deposits resulted in locating soil layers pre-dating the apartment block and market place.

Two sections of a stone foundation wall (Feature 1) were found beneath the brick rubble, spanning from the south end of the trench to 22.2 feet to the north (Plate 5, also see Plate 4).

Coursed brick spanned a gap between the two sections, forming a sill for what was likely an interior passage between spaces within the basement level. Both the stone and the brick were laid with mortar, the brick being laid after the stone.

Excavation Unit 1 (EU 1) was placed to investigate the intersection of the stone and brick portions of the feature (Figure 15, Plate 6). The top of the brick portion was 3.6 feet below the surface of the pavement, at least one course having been destroyed during demolition. It extended down an additional 2.3 feet, where it rested upon a 0.5-thick stone. The stone sat just above and 26

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

Plate 5. Feature 1, oblique view of the northern half of the feature.

Plate 6. EU 1, view of the east profile at closing.

4.0 RESULTS

below the current water table adjacent to river deposits. The bottom five courses of brick were whole, while the upper three courses were laid primarily with large fragments of partial bricks.

The lower portion of the bricks had gaps into which 0.3-foot thick boards were inserted, perhaps to form stairs (Feature EU 1.1). At the base of the bottom-most boards was a thin layer of compacted soils that might be decayed concrete. On top of the concrete was a layer of brick fragments, perhaps being the decayed remnants of a brick floor. The brick was overlain with an olive brown (2.5Y4/4) silt. The layer did not contain dateable artifacts. Above this was a dark olive brown (2.5Y3/3) clay silt that held artifacts dating from the first half of the nineteenth century and earlier. The uppermost layer within the unit appeared to be the fill used to raise the level of the floor to the height of the top of the coursed brick.

Feature 2 is a stone foundation wall standing from 50.4 to 52.2 feet from the southern end of the trench (Plate 7). The height, width and method of construction of the wall indicate that it is related to the foundation walls of Feature 1. Excavation below the base of the wall revealed that it stood on an earlier foundation wall, which was documented as part of Feature 2.

Feature 5 spans the space between the northern wall of Feature 1 and Feature 2. The feature is the basement-level floor for the northern section of the apartment block, which was constructed of wood framing spaced at 1.5-foot intervals running north to south (Plate 8). In the space between the framing is a highly compacted strong brown (7.5YR5/6) medium sand with pebbles. The cohesiveness of the matrix suggests the inclusion of a small amount of clay, or perhaps cement or lime mortar.

Excavation Unit 2 (EU 2) was placed to investigate Feature 5, and to expose the extent of the northernmost wall of Feature 1 (Figure 15, Plate 9). Excavations revealed that the feature consisted of two layers of the compacted sand matrix with a thin layer of decayed wood between them. The wood framing extended only to the depth of the first layer. This overlaid a thin layer of concrete or mortar composed of a pinkish gray (7.5YR7/2) fine sand with brick flecking. A builder’s trench associated with Feature 1 (Feature EU 2.1) ran the width of the unit, and extended out 0.45 feet from the wall. The only dateable artifact recovered from the builder’s trench was a piece of redware with a manufacturing date range of 1670 to 1850. Other artifacts include a spike, a green bottle glass fragment, brick fragments, and a piece of lead. The feature extended down to the base of the foundation wall at depth 3.0 feet below the top of the wall. The foundation wall was found to stand on an earlier wall, documented as part of Feature 1, whose construction resembled that found at the base of Feature 2.

The builder’s trench (Feature EU 2.1) extended down through two roughly 0.4-foot thick soil layers, respectively, an olive brown (2.5Y4/3) silty sand and a dark grayish brown (2.5Y4/2) silty sand. Both layers held a mix of ceramics, bottle glass, nails, and faunal and floral remains.

Dateable artifacts within the layers indicate a late eighteenth to early nineteenth century date. A linear feature (Feature EU 2.2) consisting of a very dark gray (2.5Y3/1) silty sand containing wood fragments cut across the northern part of the upper layer. An earlier foundation wall was exposed at the base of the lower layer. This lower layer held historic period artifacts dating to the latter part of the eighteenth century. In addition to historic-period artifacts, it held lithic material: a chert flake, and two quartz flakes. Since the soil layer in which the lithic material was found dates to the historic period and overlays a historic-period strata, it is assumed that they were deposited as part of a fill episode, rather than being a primary deposit. The soil layer adjacent to 28

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

Plate 7. Feature 2, view of the south profile.

Plate 8. Feature 5, plan view. The wood-framed floor, partly shown in this plate, ran from the north side of Feature 1, shown toward the right side of the frame, to Feature 2.

Plate 9. EU 2, oblique view of the south profile and plan at closing.

Plate 10. Large, flat piece of schist laying on other large rocks. The rock is located below the nineteenth century floor (Feature 5) and above a set of large timbers (Feature 6).

4.0 RESULTS

the earlier foundation consisted of a strong brown (7.5YR5/6) silty sand, and held artifacts resembling the two layers it underlaid, except for the inclusion of lime mortar fragments.

Overall, nineteenth century deposits consisted of the apartment block remains and pre-apartment deposits. The lower portion of EU 2 held artifacts dating solidly to the eighteenth century.

However, evidence from EU 1 suggested deposits at this location were either from disturbed contexts, or straddled the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Nonetheless, it is possible that earlier deposits persisted below the water table at this location.

4.2.3

The Eighteenth Century and Before: The West Family

Having found eighteenth century deposits within EU 2, additional mechanical excavation was undertaken to extend the length of Trench 2 to 72 feet, and to remove the nineteenth century layer from a point 35 feet north of the south end of the trench along the entire length to the north.

Excavations revealed a series of cut and fill episodes within and above layers of oxidized marine sediments extending a foot beneath the nineteenth century floor. A 3-foot wide, 0.4-thick flat rock that rested on other large rocks was encountered at the southernmost end immediately beneath the nineteenth century floor (Plate 10). The character of the rocks resembled that found at the base of the upper portion of Feature 2. At a depth of 5 feet below the surface of the parking lot was a very dark grayish brown (2.5Y3/2) silty fine sand with rubble that appears to have formed in an intertidal environment (Figure 16:stratum 28). Beneath the intertidal soils, at a depth of 6 feet below the surface of the parking lot, was a black (10YR2/1) silty medium sand rich in organics whose depth was roughly equivalent to the water table (Figure 16:stratum 27). Within the soil layer were four roughly-hewn logs that ran perpendicular to the length of the trench, subsequently labeled Feature 6 (Plate 11). They measured approximately 1-foot square. The lengths are not known.

Exploration of Feature 6 consisted of the removal of soils to better define the size and extent of the logs, and to determine what lay beneath them. To this end, an attempt was made to drain the area; however, this meant getting the water to flow under Feature 2. Draining was achieved with only moderate success, which limited the ability to better define the feature. Nonetheless, a timber running perpendicular to those first exposed was briefly exposed. Further attempts to excavate below the timbers were unsuccessful and excavations were terminated, as draining could not be achieved without damaging the feature, or would have required excavation of an additional trench running east from its location.

All soils removed during investigations of Feature 6 were water-screened. Recovered from the soils were woodworking waste (draw knife shavings and sawn lumber) and hardware, including trenails, or pegs, and wedges. Also recovered were brick and mortar fragments, peach pits, clay pipe stems, wrought nails, animal bone, two pieces of coral, and ceramic sherds. Dateable ceramics (n=8) produced a mean ceramic date of 1732, and a terminus post quem of 1700. The mean date for pipe stems (n=7) from the feature was 1691, with a terminus post quem of 1710.

The soils also contained a quartz perform; however, since the layer dates to the historic period, it is assumed to have originated elsewhere, rather than being a primary deposit.

Excavation extending Trench 2 to the north resulted in locating two additional stone foundation walls beginning 1.4 feet north of Feature 2, which were subsequently labeled Feature 3 and Feature 4 (Figure 16). Construction resembled that of Feature 1 and Feature 2; yet they likely 31

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

Plate 11. Rough-hewn timbers (Feature 6) located 6 feet below the surface of the parking lot.

Plate 12. Layer of woodworking waste and hardware (Feature 7) north of Feature 3.

4.0 RESULTS

represent the remains of a separate structure. A stain of black (10YR2/1) silty sand rich in organics, subsequently labeled Feature 7, stretched northward from the north side of Feature 3 (Plate 12). Adjacent to the stain were partly decayed timbers that ran north to south lengthwise (Feature 8). Wooden stakes had been driven into the ground at the south end, which perhaps defined a cradle for storing the timbers.

A 3- by 4-foot area of Feature 7 adjacent to Feature 3 was sampled. The feature was found to consist of a thin layer of woodworking waste adjacent to the timbers, proceeded by a thin layer of sand, then a one-foot thick of woodworking waste (respectively, strata 23, 24, and 27). The lower layer (stratum 27) held both woodworking waste and “hardware,� including trenails, or pegs, wedges, draw knife shavings, sawn lumber, and waste or discards with evidence of the use of a hatchet or adze. Waste produced from use of a chisel was not found. Also recovered were brick and mortar fragments, peach pits, clay pipe stems, wrought and cut nails, animal bone, and ceramic sherds. Taking Feature 6 and Feature 7 as the same stratigraphic layer, the dateable artifacts were combined (n=21), resulting in a mean ceramic date of 1733, and a terminus post quem of 1700. However, the inclusion of cut nail fragments (n=2) would result in a later, postRevolutionary eighteenth century date for the deposit. Nonetheless, pipe stem fragments when combined (n=19) resulted in a mean date of 1708 and a terminus post quem of 1710. Given its character, it is presumed that the lower part of Feature 7 is the same deposit as the soils of Feature 6. The upper part begins at 5 feet below the surface of the parking lot, and, therefore, could postdate Feature 6. However, it was not possible to view the transition between the features because of the interruption resulting from Features 2 and 3, nonetheless, large logs and some planking were noted beneath the two wall features (Features 2 and 3).

4.3

TRENCH 3

Trench 3 was placed running east to west near the southeast corner of the project area so as to intersect with an eighteenth century wharf bulkhead associated with the shipyard during the period it was operated by Charles West.

Table 2. Features located in Trench 3 Feature No. 9 10

Interpretation Interior stone foundation wall of the 19th century apartment block Stone foundation or bulkhead wall pre-dating the 19th century apartment block

The upper layers of Trench 3 consisted of asphalt overlaying a bed of angular gravel (Figure 17; Plate 13). Beneath this was a 0.2-foot thick layer of dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) coarse sand (stratum 3) underlain by a very dark brown (10YR2/2) silty sand to a depth of 1.1 feet to 3.4 feet (stratum 4). Stratum 4 contained a short section of rail and a cast iron drain grate. As in Trench 2, the western end of the trench held a layer of brick rubble (stratum 10) and the remnant of 1.5-foot thick stone foundation wall (Feature 9). The construction and materials of the wall resembled those found in Trench 2. The northern portion of the trench at the west end did not contain brick fill. Instead, it held a fill layer likely deposited after a cut through the brick had been made running east to west to pour the concrete slab for the Hertz Maintenance Shop.

The intact portion of the eastern 22 feet of Trench 3 consisted of fill layers of a white (10YR8/1) coarse sand, and angular gravel, which was also present on the west side of the foundation wall.

A cut for installation and/or removal of an oil-water separator related to the former Hertz 33

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

F9

8

4 10YR 2/2 very dark brown silty sand with brick and asphalt fragments, some wood, and cast iron drain grate

3 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown coarse sand with 10% rounded rocks

Figure 17. Trench 3, south profile and plan views.

Edge of Trench

Excavation Unit

Stone

STU J1

F10

0

0 1m

Trench 3, Plan View

10 Brick rubble

9 Crushed asphalt

5ft

8 10YR 3/4 dark yellowish brown coarse sand with 90% crushed asphalt

7 Mix of 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown coarse sand and 10YR 3/1 very dark gray silty coarse sand

16

14

11

2 Small and large gravels (angular)

5b

13

6 10YR 3/1 very dark gray silty coarse sand

Cast iron pipe

6

7

9

2

1 Asphalt pavement

75cm

3ft

5a & 5b 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown coarse sand

0

0

5a

4

3

1

Trench 3, South Wall

13

F9

15

14

13

11

F10 Foundation or bulkhead wall (pre-apartment block)

F9 Interior foundation of the 19th C apartment block

16 2.5Y 4/3 olive brown sandy silt with patches of 10YR 5/6 dark yellowish brown fine sandy silt

15 10YR 5/6 dark yellowish brown fine sandy silt

14 Angular gravels

13 10YR 8/1 white coarse sand

12 10YR 5/6 dark yellowish brown fine sandy silt

11 10YR 4/6 dark yellowish brown silty coarse sand with50% gravels

15

12

12

10

9

Plate 13. Trench 3, south profile of the eastern half, showing Feature 9.

Plate 14. Large rocks (Feature 10) within Trench 3 beginning at a depth of 5 feet.

4.0 RESULTS

Maintenance was backfilled with a dark yellowish brown (10YR5/6) silty coarse sand with 50 percent gravels (stratum 11), and a dark yellowish brown (10YR3/4) silty sand containing 90 percent crushed asphalt (stratum 8). An additional cut was evident in the eastern part of the trench, where a trench had been dug to lay a cast iron pipe (strata 5a, 5b, 6, and 7). Excavations stopped at a depth of 5.0 feet in a layer mottled with olive brown (2.5Y4.3) and yellowish brown (10YR5/6) silty sand that was contaminated with a volatile organic compound (stratum 16), most likely the result a waste disposal from the maintenance shop. Ground water was also encountered at the base of the level.

Deposits on the western side of the foundation wall (Feature 9), a portion of which was present on the eastern side, illustrate disturbance and fill related to wharf expansion, the construction of the wall, and post-construction activities. The foundation wall cut through a layer of dark yellowish brown (10YR5/6) sandy silt (stratum 12) that overlaid a deposit of white (10YR8/1) coarse sand (stratum 13), which was underlain by a lens of angular gravel (stratum 14). The angular gravel overlaid a yellowish brown (10YR5/6) sandy silt that had the appearance of subsoil (stratum 15).

To test if the layer was in fact subsoil and to look for the base of the foundation wall, a shovel test unit (STU J1) was excavated adjacent to the wall on the west side.

STU J1 held a layer of white (10YR8/1) sand that sloped toward the foundation wall, suggesting that the sand was used to partially backfill the trench dug for laying the wall (Figure 18). The sand ended at the base of the foundation wall at 4.4 feet below the surface of the parking lot. The portion consisting of the yellowish brown (10YR5/6) soils was found to contain a piece of kiln furniture and a few brick fragments, indicating that it was not intact, naturally deposited subsoil.

Beneath this was a dark gray (10YR4/1) silty sand that appeared to be a shallow depression (stratum 2). The layer held gray stoneware dating to the eighteenth century, possibly earlier pipe stems, redware sherds, bottle glass, and animal remains. The third soil layer resembled the first, and held a large piece of redware. The STU ended at 7.1 feet below the parking lot surface with marine deposits, a grayish brown (2.5Y5/2) silt overlying rounded gravels. The upper portion of the marine deposits contained a tin-glazed earthenware sherd, faunal remains, a piece of bottle glass, brick and lime mortar fragments and a late-seventeenth-to-eighteenth-century pipe stem.

To get a clearer view of the deposits of the west side of the foundation (Feature 9), machine excavation was undertaken to a depth of 8.0 feet below the surface of the parking lot. Beginning at 5.0 feet in depth, a section of dry-laid wall constructed of large stones was encountered (Feature 10; Plate 14). The wall ran east to west, and consisted of very large rocks capped with a course of large flat rocks.

The presence of the large rocks and the shallow depression in STU J1 indicate that the overlying soil layers were fill material related to wharf construction and expansion, not subsoil as initially assumed. The remainder of the soil layers, while presenting a complex stratigraphy, can be related to broad periods of occupation. Within the vicinity of the foundation wall (Feature 9) the overlying layers, labeled 12-14 on Figure 17, were deposited after the initial filling to create a wharf. Strata 10 and 11 were deposited in the latter half of the nineteenth century, during the period of the apartment block and as a result of its demolition. The remainder of the overlying layers, which span the entire length of the trench, likely occurred after use of the lot by the Hertz Corporation. To the east of the foundation wall was extensive disturbance, it being the former location of an oil-water separator used by the Hertz maintenance shop (Dailey and Sauder 1999).

36

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

STU J1, East Wall F9 Base of wall

1a 1b

2 3 4 5 6

0 0

1ft 25cm

1a 10YR 8/1 white coarse sand 1b 10YR 5/6 dark yellowish brown fine sandy silt 2 10YR 4/1 dark gray silty sand 3 10YR 5/6 dark yellowish brown fine sandy silt 4 2.5Y 5/2 grayish brown with 1% mortar 5 2.5Y 5/2 grayish brown 6 2.5Y 5/2 grayish brown with rounded gravels F9 Interior foundation wall of the 19th C apartment block

Figure 18. STU J1, profile.

5.0 INTERPRETATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 INTERPRETATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1

INTERPRETATIONS

Excavations resulted in the discovery of post-apartment block disturbance, stone foundation walls from the apartment block and a pre-Market structure, stone foundation walls from pre-1849 structures, and rough-hewn timbers and deposits dating to the period when the West family used the lot for a shipyard.

Post-apartment block demolition features consisted of utility installation. Trench 2 held a pipe trench and pipe that cut through the demolition layer. In Trench 3, a drain pipe and soil layer contaminated with a volatile organic compounds, the latter likely related to an oil-water separator use by Hertz, cut through the demolition layer, and likely extended into pre-apartment block deposits. In addition, the base of what was likely a light post cut into the apartment block demolition layer. Documentary evidence and the environmental assessment conducted in 1999 (Dailey and Sauder 1999) indicate that other areas of the lot have been subject to similar disturbance; nonetheless, none of the more recent disturbances appear to have affected eighteenth century and earlier deposits. The only evidence of the rail yard was found in Trench 3, where a small section of rail was found in fill layers.

Feature 1 and Feature 2 consisted of mortared, stone foundation walls associated with the apartment block constructed at the location between 1849 and 1859. Feature 9, also a mortared, stone foundation wall, might be a partition wall related to the apartment block. A floor made of compacted sand and either clay or mortar formed the floor of the northern half of the apartment block. The floor demonstrated the origin of the unified apartment of the later nineteenth century in what previously were two adjacent structures. Feature 3 and Feature 4 are mortared, stone foundation walls and are interpreted as being related to a structure shown in 1859 that immediately predated the Market building.

The later-nineteenth century walls sat directly on earlier foundation walls constructed primarily of large, dry-laid stones, although what was interpreted as a severely degraded mortar was present in the section beneath the northern end of Feature 1. The lower foundations walls (the lower parts of Features 1-4, and Feature 10) are related to structures present in the first half of the nineteenth century or earlier. It was not possible to relate the walls to structures present in the eighteenth century, although such a relation might be ascertained with additional investigation. The foundations cut through the deposits of woodworking waste and the overlying silty sand layers, the latter of which appear to have derived from infilling during the eighteenth century.

Disturbances in these soils likely represent activities associated with pre-1849 occupation of the lot.

The nature of the timbers (Feature 6) found in Trench 2 is not clear (see Figure 16). From what was visible of the construction, they resemble raft wharf construction, or grillage, wherein “rafts� set down at right angles were weighed down with stone to create a foundation for fill material (Louis Berger and Associates, Inc. 1990:V-3; McDonald 2011a:43, Figure 2). However, the deposit of woodworking waste covering the timbers suggests that it was a work area, the timbers forming an open surface rather than their serving as a support for fill material. Under this scenario, the timbers formed a solid surface upon which vessels could be constructed, and then launched by heaving down. For a vessel in need of inspection or repair, it could be dragged up the timbers, which formed both a ramp and a work surface. This interpretation, however, remains 38

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

5.0 INTERPRETATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

speculative. Support for interpretation of the timbers as part of a wharf structure comes from comments made by George Washington that accompanied his 1748 plat of the City of Alexandria, Virginia. In a note regarding the banks along the Potomac River, he wrote that cellars could be dug into the banks, and wharves extended out from them, with “warehouses built thereon as in Philadelphia” (Shepard 2006:7).

Taken together, the waterfront features located across the parking lot, including the possible grillage wharf identified during this investigation and bulkhead construction forms identified by Weber, fit within an overall chronology developed for sites along the east coast. Early to lateeighteenth century wharves of log crib construction have been excavated at the Ford’s Landing Site in Alexandria, Virginia, the Cheapside Wharf in Baltimore, the Meadows Site in Philadelphia, and Site 1 of the Washington Street Urban Renewal Area and the Burling Slip Site in Manhattan (McDonald 2011a:57-61; AKRF, Inc. 2011b). Joinery methods varied, including the use of scarf, half-lap, and notched joints fixed with either wooden pegs or iron spikes.

However, the forms fall within traditional log-construction methods. The SUCF Parking Structure Site in Albany, New York contained a sequence of wharves informative for the possible grillage wharf at the West Shipyard Site and the remainder of the bulkheads on the lot (McDonald 2011a:59). The earliest bulkhead wall, dating to the 1730s, was of grillage construction, whereas the mid-eighteenth century bulkheads were of log construction in a manner resembling those found by Weber in 1987. The similarities in the chronology and form of the wharves could reflect a progression from simple, rough methods to a more complex, finished approach over time.

5.2

RECOMMENDATIONS

Broadly speaking, archeological deposits representing four periods of occupation were encountered on the West Shipyard Lot. The four periods are represented by deposits associated with 1) post-apartment block use of the lot 2) the apartment block, 3) mid-eighteenth to midnineteenth century post-wharf construction and occupation, and 4) use of the lot for shipbuilding

by James and Charles West.

5.2.1

Post-Apartment Block use of the lot

Deposits and features associated with use of the lot after demolition of the apartment block do not have archeological significance. Excavations resulted in the discovery of disturbance resulting from the use of the lot by Hertz and as a parking lot. These activities resulted in soil contamination, and the disturbance of earlier deposits. For the most part, the disturbance was found to affect deposits post-dating the mid-nineteenth century. However, soil contamination such as the volatile organic compound encountered in Trench 3 halted excavations, due to health and safety concerns. JMA recommends that planning for future excavations on the lot include establishing a contingency for working in soils that contain hazardous materials.

5.2.2

The Apartment Block

Deposits associated with the apartment block do not have archeological significance. Excavations did reveal architectural elements (foundation walls and floors) of the apartment block that once stood on the West Shipyard Lot. However, no features or deposits were found that would significantly contribute to an understanding of nineteenth-century life in Philadelphia.

Furthermore, through consultation with Architectural Historians at JMA, it was decided that the remains did not have architectural significance. Nonetheless, the persistence of a sequence of 39

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

5.0 INTERPRETATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

building activities on the lot from the West period through the nineteenth century was of interest, but there is not sufficient information to ascertain significance. JMA recommends that the architectural remains of the nineteenth century apartment block be mapped and photographed before removal during future investigations. This limited level of recordation will document the features and assist in stratigraphic interpretation of the site as a whole. More formal documentation, for example detailed measured drawings, is not necessary.

5.2.3

Mid-eighteenth to Mid-nineteenth century Post-wharf Construction and Occupation

Pre-apartment block features cut into the fill used for wharf construction, and perhaps the fill itself, could have archeological significance. Neither the depositional layers and features postdating the wharf fill, nor the fill itself were carefully examined during excavations. The most detailed information came from the excavation of two units, one within the southern part of the apartment block (EU 1), another in the northern part (EU 2). Of the two units, only EU 2 held clear evidence of post-fill/pre-apartment block activities, such as the builder’s trench (Feature EU 2.1) associated with the earlier portion of the stone foundation (Feature 1). Yet, features cut into or overlaying the fill layer that were evident in the central part of Trench 2, such as stratum 22 and stratum 23, indicate the persistence of deposits that could hold information on activities on the lot that post-date early wharf construction. Similar evidence was found through excavation of a judgmental shovel test unit in Trench 3. Given this evidence, it is highly likely that additional features persist, such as sheet middens or shaft features (e.g. a well, or privy). JMA recommends full documentation of post-wharf construction fill/pre-apartment block deposits and features because they hold the potential to provide information on use of the lot during this period. Careful documentation could also clarify the nature of the early portions of the foundation walls. In addition, excavations should be undertaken to sample the fill associated with progressive wharf construction to ensure the collection a data to aid in refining the chronology of fill episodes.

5.2.4

Use of the lost for Shipbuilding by James and Charles West

Deposits associated with operation of the West lot as a shipyard have high archeological significance. Encountered during excavations were a layer of wood working waste, and several closely spaced large timbers aligned perpendicular to the shoreline. The timbers appear to be a form of grillage, or wharf construction using rafts. The woodworking waste recovered from the surface suggests that shipbuilding activities occurred directly on the wharf. Evidence gathered to date on shipbuilding activities on this lot and by Weber on two other lots to the north, indicates that the entire site listed in the Pennsylvania Register of Historic Places as the Penny Pot House Tavern and West Shipyard, would qualify for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D at the national, state, and local levels as a site that “has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history” (USDOI-NPS 1997:35). Given the integrity of early archeological deposits, additional excavations are likely to yield further, and more detailed information on shipbuilding activities by the Wests and other shipbuilders as well as on wharf construction.

It is also possible that the West Shipyard Lot, and perhaps other lots within the bounds of the parking lot, would qualify for inclusion of the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion A and Criterion C. However, to date the matter of integrity under these criteria has yet to be fully considered. Under Criterion A, “an association with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of history” (USDOI-NPS 1997:35), the West 40

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

5.0 INTERPRETATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Shipyard Lot would hold significance for its association with the settlement and growth of the City of Philadelphia. Under Criterion C the site could be eligible for embodying “the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction,…or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction” (USDOI-NPS 1997:35). If distinctive elements are not located on the West Shipyard itself, the possibility of eligibility under Criterion C could still derive from consideration of a collection of features on the lot, or of features on the lot in association with those on other properties on the block, which Weber illustrated in the 1987 excavations hold elements depicting changes in use of the waterfront over time (wharf bulkheads), as well as a structure distinctive to shipyards (the slipway).

JMA recommends that future efforts focus on the western half of the West lot, it being the location where evidence of the earliest activities are present. To gain a clearer picture of the full range of activities within the shipyard, JMA recommends broad areal excavations extending across the width of the West Shipyard Lot from the western edge of the parking lot to the mid point of Trench 3 (an area measuring approximately 100 feet by 100 feet). The purpose would be to expose the layout of the shipyard, to investigate activity areas within the space and how they may have changed over time, to record the technology of wharf and related facility construction, and to recover tools and other artifacts associated with seventeenth and eighteenth-century shipbuilding.

As a practical consideration, it is recommended that future excavations extend far enough to the east to enable placement of a pump basin with depth sufficient to drain water from the western portion, while at the same time avoiding disturbance to the earlier deposits.

Future investigations should be designed to address a variety of research questions that have the potential for advancing the understanding of the West Shipyard site, eighteenth-century boat construction, the use of the Philadelphia waterfront, and how Philadelphians manipulated the waterfront landscape to meet changing economic and environmental conditions. Research questions should include: How did the configuration of the overall waterfront change over time, and did changes affect the viability of the shipyard?

How does the shipyard fit within the shipbuilding industry in Philadelphia?

How did the location of the shipyard affect its layout and growth?

How did the waterfront controlled by West develop and change over time? For example, was there a change in construction techniques or the type of work undertaken on the site? Did changes reflect a technological shift, variations in the economic position of the shipyard, or idiosyncrasies of owners or workers?

What is the functional layout of the West shipyard? Do the different bulkheads and wharfs reflect discrete activity areas? Can this be detected archaeologically through the investigation of activity areas, features, and artifact distributions on the shipyard? If so, how do these activities relate to boat construction, maintenance, and salvage?

What is the origin of the marine sediments? Do the strata reflect accretional sedimentation, filling, dumping, or perhaps dredging?

41

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

5.0 INTERPRETATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

What is the nature of the artifacts contained within deposits associated with the shipyard? Are these artifacts city-wide refuse, trash discarded by the workmen, or a combination?

In addition, JMA recommends approaching the Pennsylvania Historical Society about creating a transcription of the Marlow and West Account Book. The account book contains remarkable detail on the people who frequented the location, and those with whom Marlow and West conducted business. To take advantage of the detail the transcription should be created in a format that is searchable. Improved access to the material contained within the account book would help provide detail to the understanding of activities on the lot, and more broadly, within early social and commercial life within Philadelphia.

Finally, JMA recommends that the DRWC continue public interpretation of this significant resource. The current investigations were limited in time and scope, thus restricting opportunities to view the excavations. Despite limited access to the site, there was substantial community, professional, and academic interest in the remains of the West Shipyard in particular, and of the historical period the West family occupied the site in general. The site provides the DRWC with an opportunity to broaden understanding of the City’s cultural heritage to all Philadelphians, as well as visitors to the city. Although centuries have passed and generations have left their own marks on the landscape, the archeological resources beneath the Vine Street Parking Lot provide a tangible link between the present and the past.

42

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY Cotter, John L., Daniel G. Roberts, and Michael Parrington 1995 The Buried Past: An Archaeological History of Philadelphia. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Dailey, Christopher W. and J. Anthony Sauder 1999 Site Characterization Report: The Vine Street Property, 300-346 North Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Facility ID # 51-42572. Prepared for the Penns Landing Corporation by Pennoni Associates.

U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service (USDOI-NPS) 1997 National Register Bulletin: How to Complete the National Register Registration Form.

U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service.

Louis Berger and Associates, Inc. 1990 Archaeological and Historical Investigations at the Assay Site, Block 35, New York, New York. Final Report. Prepared for HRO International, Ltd. Marlow, Gregory and James West 1676- Account Book of Gregory Marlow and James West. Manuscript held by the Pennsylvania 1703 Historical Society. Collection No. Am. 9215.

McDonald, Molly R. 2011a Bulkhead Documentation Report: Burling Slip. Block 74, Portions of Lots 20 and 1, Borough of Manhattan, New York, New York. Prepared for the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation by AKRF, Inc. 2011b Wharves and Waterfront Retaining Structures as Vernacular Architecture. Historical Archaeology 45.2:42-68.

Pennsylvania Land Office 1893 Minutes of the Board of Property of the Province of Pennsylvania. Vol. I. William H. Egle (Ed.). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

Shepard, Stephen J. 2006 Reaching for the Channel: Some Documentary Evidence of Extending Alexandria’s Waterfront. The Alexandria Chronicle (Spring 2006). Alexandria Historical Society, Inc. Alexandria, Virginia.

Sheppard, Walter Lee, Jr. (ed.)

1970 Passengers and Ships Prior to 1684, Penn’s Colony. Volume 1. Heritage Books, Inc., Berwyn Heights, Maryland.

Weber, Carmen A. 2006 An Examination of Philadelphia’s Early Waterfront Through the Archeology of The Hertz Lot. Rebecca Yamin (Ed.). Prepared for the Philadelphia Historical Commission by John Milner Associates, Inc.

43

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Yamin, Rebecca 2008 Digging in the City of Brotherly Love: Stories from Philadelphia Archaeology. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.

44

EXPLORATORY ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WEST SHIPYARD LOT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

Appendix A: Artifact Inventory

28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28

28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28

PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 9 10

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5

0 0 0 0

2 2 2 2

SITE CAT SPEC

PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH

CO

EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2

EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1

EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1

EU 1 EU 1 EU 1 EU 1

4 4 4 5 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4

1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

1 1 1 1

EX UNIT LEVEL

FEA

FEA LEV

Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2

Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2

Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2

ADD'L PROV INFO Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2

1

Tin-Glazed Earthenware: Plain White Glaze Creamware: Light-Colored Yellow Creamware: Clouded Tortoiseshell Slipware: Trailed, Clear Glaze Yellowware: Plain Unidentified Bottle Fragment: Olive Green Unidentified Bottle Fragment: Milk Glass Unidentified Bottle Fragment: Dark Green Glass Tableware: Unidentified Window Glass: All Thicknesses Pipe Stem: 5/64th-Inch Ball Clay Window Glass: All Thicknesses Unidentified Nail Cut Common Nail Faunal: Bone Hard-Paste Porcelain: Hand-Painted Underglaze Brick: Handmade, Glazed Unidentified Nail: Shaft Only Brick, Fragment: Unidentified, Unglazed Imported Brown Stoneware: British Brown Redware: Unglazed Mortar: Lime Unidentified Nail: Cut or Wrought Clinched Nail: Fragment Faunal: Bone Unidentified Nail: Shaft Only

Faunal: Oyster Faunal: Bone Creamware: Light-Colored Yellow Redware: Brown Glaze Redware: Unglazed Free-Blown Bottle Fragment: Olive Green Unidentified Nail: Cut or Wrought Brick, Fragment: Unidentified, Unglazed Faunal: Bone Redware: Brown Glaze Free-Blown Bottle Fragment: Olive Green Unidentified Nail Unidentified Nail: Cut or Wrought Hardware, Metal: Unidentified Brick, Fragment: Unidentified, Unglazed Faunal: Bone Faunal: Oyster Faunal: Clam Redware: Refined Black Glaze Early Refined Earthenware: Jackfield Redware: Clear Glaze Exterior/White Slip Interior Redware: Trailed Slip, Clear Glaze

ARTIFACT DESCRIPTION

Artifact Inventory Hertz Lot West Shipyard Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania July 16-27, 20012 JMA

Wrought or Cut

Wrought or Cut

Unwashed

Gray Body

Wrought or Cut

Blue Decoration

2.5-3.0 Inch Long

Flat, Slightly Thicker on One Side; Aged

Whieldon-Type Staffordshire-Type Rim

Glaze Only

Philadelphia Tulip Bowl; Body Sherds Slipped around Edge; 1 Rim, 1 Body Sherd

Rim and Body Sherds; Glaze 2 Surfaces

Like a Nail, but Has Ring/Eye on the End

Looks Older; Lip Appears Hand Tooled

Base Base Kick; Worked Edge

ADD'L TRAITS

DATE RANGE

1 1640-1800 4 1775-1820 1 1740-1770 1 1670-1795 1 1830-1930 1 1 1743-0 1 1 2 1 1710-1750 1 1 1 1805-2000 1 1 1 3 2 1 1690-1775 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1775-1820 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 7 3 2 10 1 1740-1780 2 2 1670-1850

QTY

28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28

28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28

PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SITE CAT SPEC

PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH

CO

EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2

EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

EX UNIT LEVEL

FEA

FEA LEV

Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2

ADD'L PROV INFO Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2

2

Unidentified Nail: Cut or Wrought Handwrought Nail: Fragment Unidentified Nail: Shaft Only Brick: Unidentified, Glazed Brick, Fragment: Unidentified, Unglazed Mortar: Lime Faunal: Bone Faunal: Nonhuman Teeth Faunal: Oyster Floral: Seed, Nut and/or Pit Tin-Glazed Earthenware: Plain White Glaze White Salt-Glazed Stoneware: Slip Dipped Redware: Thick Black Glaze Redware: Plain, Clear Glaze Redware: Brown Glaze

Mortar: Unidentified Faunal: Bone Faunal: Nonhuman Teeth Tin-Glazed Earthenware: Plain White Glaze Creamware: Light-Colored Yellow Redware: Plain, Clear Glaze Pipe Stem: 6/64th-Inch Ball Clay Pipe Stem: Fragment Unidentified Nail: Cut or Wrought Unidentified Nail: Shaft Only Point Midsection: Quartz Faunal: Bone Faunal: Nonhuman Teeth Faunal: Oyster Floral: Seed, Nut and/or Pit Floral: Seed, Nut and/or Pit White Salt-Glazed Stoneware: Plain Creamware: Light-Colored Yellow Early Refined Earthenware: Clear Lead Glaze Slipware: Plain, Clear Glaze Redware: Thick Black Glaze Redware: Plain, Clear Glaze Redware: Trailed Slip, Clear Glaze Redware: Brown Glaze Redware: Unglazed Redware: Unidentified Unidentified Bottle Fragment: Olive Green Unidentified Bottle Fragment: Light Green Unidentified Bottle Fragment: Aqua Pipe Bowl Fragment: Ball Clay Pipe Stem: 6/64th-Inch Ball Clay Pipe Stem: 7/64th-Inch Ball Clay Miscellaneous, Stone: Ballast

ARTIFACT DESCRIPTION

Artifact Inventory Hertz Lot West Shipyard Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania July 16-27, 20012 JMA

Glazed Interior; Alkaline Exterior Glazed Interior; Alkaline Exterior

Missing Enamel Large Peach Pit

Lime/Sand Mix

Gray

Small Piece of English Flint With Cortex, Worked

Copper Glaze; Thick Body; One Base Glass Disease Very Thin Very Thin

Trail Slip Now Gone

Burnt Buff Body; Red Slip

Walnut?

Peach Pit

Uniface

Elliptical

Burnt Glaze 2 Surfaces

ADD'L TRAITS

DATE RANGE

2 2 -1820 3 1 1 2 26 1 2 2 1 1640-1800 1 1715-1775 1 1 2

1 3 1 1 1640-1800 1 1775-1820 1 1 1680-1710 1 2 1 1 21 1 3 2 1 1 1740-1775 1 1775-1820 1 1 1670-1795 1 2 1 1670-1850 2 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 1680-1710 1 1650-1680 1

QTY

28 28 28

28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28

PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18

12 12 12

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0

SITE CAT SPEC

PH PH PH

CO

EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench

EU 2 EU 2 EU 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7

6 6 6

EX UNIT LEVEL

EU 2.1 EU 2.1 EU 2.1 EU 2.1 EU 2.1 EU 2.1 EU 2.1 EU 2.1 EU 2.1 EU 2.2 EU 2.2 EU 2.2 EU 2.2 EU 2.2 EU 2.2 EU 2.2 EU 2.2 EU 2.2 EU 2.2 EU 2.2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

FEA

Base Top Top Top Top Top Top Top Top Top Top Top Top Top Top

FEA LEV

Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 3

Unidentified Bottle Fragment: Olive Green Flake 10-15mm: Quartz Flake 15-20mm: Quartz Flake 15-20mm: Chert Unidentified Metal Object: Indeterminate Unidentified Metal Object: Slag Pipe Bowl Fragment: Ball Clay Pipe Stem: Fragment Mortar: Lime Faunal: Bone Unidentified Metal Object: Slag Brick, Fragment: Unidentified, Unglazed Mortar: Lime Nail: Unidentified Fastener, Metal: Spike Faunal: Bone Redware: Trailed Slip, Clear Glaze Unidentified Bottle Fragment: Olive Green Coal: Lump/Nugget Unidentified Metal Object: Lead Cut Common Nail Nail: Unidentified Faunal: Bone Faunal: Nonhuman Teeth Floral: Seed, Nut and/or Pit Fire-Cracked Rock: Quartzite Blocky Fragment 10-25mm: Quartz Imported Gray Stoneware: Westerwald Unidentified Metal Object: Slag Pipe Stem: Fragment Faunal: Bone Floral: Wood Fragment Handwrought Nail: Fragment Handwrought Nail: Complete Mortar: Lime Brick: Handmade, Glazed Preform: Quartzite Faunal: Bone Floral: Seed, Nut and/or Pit Floral: Seed, Nut and/or Pit Tin-Glazed Earthenware: White Glaze w/Blue Decoration Slipware: Combed Redware: Plain, Clear Glaze Redware: Black Exterior/Clear Interior, Glazed Floral: Bark

ADD'L PROV ARTIFACT DESCRIPTION INFO Trench 2 Redware: Clear Glaze With Brown Mottling Trench 2 Redware: Unglazed Trench 2 Buff-Bodied Earthenware: Clear Glaze

Artifact Inventory Hertz Lot West Shipyard Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania July 16-27, 20012 JMA

Peach Pits Unknown Hand Painted Staffordshire-Type; Burnt

Banded

Lime/Sand Mix

Part of Sawn Log; Still Wrapped

Blue Decoration

Peach Pit Heat Spalled Fragment

Anthracite Dome-shaped; 1.5 cm Diameter < 1 Inch Long < .75"

Philadelphia Tulip Bowl; Rim

Lime/Sand Mix

Lime/Sand Mix

Glaze 1 Surface; Handle, Base Trace of Slip on Exterior Glazed Interior; Buff Paste; Likely Imported

ADD'L TRAITS

DATE RANGE

1 1 1 1 2 7 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 7 1 1670-1850 1 2 1 1 1805-2000 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1700-1775 5 2 1 1 3 -1820 3 -1820 2 1 1 3 10 1 1 1700-1800 1 1670-1795 2 1 1

3 1 1

QTY

28 28 28 28 28 28 28

28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28

28 28

28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28

PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH

PH PH

PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH

20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21

20 20

19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20

18 18 18 18 19 19 19

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SITE CAT SPEC

PH PH PH PH PH PH PH

CO

Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench

Trench Trench

Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench

Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench

EX UNIT LEVEL

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

7 7

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

FEA

4.4'-4.8' 4.4'-4.8' 4.4'-4.8' 4.4'-4.8' 4.4'-4.8' 4.4'-4.8' 4.4'-4.8' 4.4'-4.8' 4.4'-4.8' 4.4'-4.8' 4.4'-4.8' 4.4'-4.8' 4.4'-4.8' 4.4'-4.8' 4.4'-4.8'

4.4'-4.8' 4.4'-4.8'

6.4' bs 6.4' bs 6.4' bs 6.4' bs 6.4' bs 6.4' bs 6.4' bs 6.4' bs 6.4' bs 6.4' bs 6.4' bs 6.4' bs 6.4' bs 6.4' bs 6.4' bs 6.4' bs 6.4' bs 6.4' bs 4.4'-4.8' 4.4'-4.8' 4.4'-4.8' 4.4'-4.8'

Top Top Top Top 6.4' bs 6.4' bs 6.4' bs

FEA LEV

Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2

Trench 2 Trench 2

Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2

ADD'L PROV INFO Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2

4

Floral: Wood Fragment Tool, Wooden: Peg Tool, Wooden: Peg Tool, Wooden: Wedge Unidentified Nail: Shaft Only Handwrought Rosehead Nail Cut Nail With Handwrought Head Nail: Unidentified Faunal: Bone Blocky Fragment 25-40mm: Chert Pipe Stem: 5/64th-Inch Ball Clay Pipe Stem: 6/64th-Inch Ball Clay Floral: Bark Floral: Wood Fragment Tool, Wooden: Peg

Floral: Wood Fragment Floral: Wood Fragment

Faunal: Bone Faunal: Nonhuman Teeth Floral: Seed, Nut and/or Pit Floral: Seed, Nut and/or Pit Floral: Wood Fragment Tin-Glazed Earthenware: Plain White Glaze Imported Gray Stoneware: Salt Glaze Redware: Plain, Clear Glaze Redware: Thin Black Glaze Slipware: Combed Free-Blown Bottle Fragment: Olive Green Pipe Bowl Fragment: Ball Clay Pipe Stem: 5/64th-Inch Ball Clay Pipe Stem: 6/64th-Inch Ball Clay Pipe Stem: 7/64th-Inch Ball Clay Tool, Wooden: Barrel Part Tool, Wooden: Peg Tool, Wooden: Wedge Faunal: Bone Floral: Seed, Nut and/or Pit Floral: Wood Fragment Floral: Wood Fragment

Faunal: Coral Pipe Bowl Fragment: Ball Clay Pipe Stem: 6/64th-Inch Ball Clay Pipe Stem: 7/64th-Inch Ball Clay Handwrought Nail: Fragment Nail: Unidentified Fastener, Metal: Spike

ARTIFACT DESCRIPTION

Artifact Inventory Hertz Lot West Shipyard Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania July 16-27, 20012 JMA

Unidentified; Needs Conservation Possible Treenails; Needs Conservation

Possibly English Flint

Wood Waste; Needs Conservation Possible Treenail; Needs Conservation Treenail; Needs Conservation Needs Conservation Cut or Wrought 1.5-2 Inch Long Fragment Surrounded By Wood and Iron Oxide

Peach Pits Hatchet Marks; Needs Conservation Up-and-Down Saw Marks; Needs Conservation Hand-Sawn Wood; Needs Conservation Drawn Knife Shavings; Needs Conservation

Barrel Stave Possible Treenail

With Part of Pipe Bowl

Claw Peach Pits Unknown Shaped by Draw Knife 1 Rim, 1 Body English Glaze 1 Surface Glazed Interior Staffordshire-Type: 2 Coggled-Rim Dishes, 1

Machine-Cut Shaft with Hand Wrought Rose Head

Elliptical

Possibly Utilized as Ballast

ADD'L TRAITS

DATE RANGE

1 4 2 1 1 1 -1820 2 1790-1810 6 4 1 4 1710-1750 2 1680-1710 19 4 2

4 3

7 1 3 1 2 2 1640-1800 1 1700-1775 2 1 3 1670-1795 1 2 1 1710-1750 2 1680-1710 1 1650-1680 1 1 3 3 4 5 1

2 1 2 1680-1710 1 1650-1680 2 -1820 1 1 1790-1810

QTY

28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28

28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28

28 28

28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28

PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH

PH PH

PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH

25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26

25 25

22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 17 24 24 24

21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SITE CAT SPEC

PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH

CO

STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1

STU J 1 STU J 1

Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Backdirt Backdirt Backdirt

Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench

1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1

EX UNIT LEVEL

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

FEA

4.8'4.8'4.8'Sump Hole Sump Hole Sump Hole Sump Hole Sump Hole

4.4'-4.8' 4.8'4.8'4.8'4.8'4.8'4.8'4.8'4.8'4.8'4.8'4.8'4.8'4.8'4.8'4.8'4.8'-

FEA LEV

Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3

Trench 3 Trench 3

Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2

ADD'L PROV INFO Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2 Trench 2

5

Pipe Stem: 6/64th-Inch Ball Clay Miscellaneous, Ceramic: Kiln Trivet Brick, Fragment: Unidentified, Unglazed Nail: Unidentified Faunal: Bone Faunal: Nonhuman Teeth Faunal: Oyster Imported Gray Stoneware: Salt Glaze Imported Gray Stoneware: Westerwald Incised Blue Redware: Plain, Clear Glaze Redware: Brown Glaze Redware: Brown Glaze Redware: Brown Glaze Redware: Brown Glaze

Brick, Fragment: Unidentified, Unglazed Stone: Modified

Pipe Bowl Fragment: Ball Clay Pipe Stem: 5/64th-Inch Ball Clay Pipe Stem: 6/64th-Inch Ball Clay Flat Glass: Unidentified Floral: Seed, Nut and/or Pit Redware: Glazed Interior, Unglazed Exterior Floral: Wood Fragment Pipe Stem: 5/64th-Inch Ball Clay Miscellaneous, Wooden: Stake Shoe Part: Leather Sole Fastener, Metal: Spike Two-Piece-Mold Embossed Bottle: Aqua

Tool, Biological: Unidentified Brick: Handmade, Unglazed Mortar: Lime Cut Nail With Handwrought Head Cut Nail: Shaft Only Fastener, Metal: Spike Faunal: Bone Imported Brown Stoneware: British Brown Tin-Glazed Earthenware: White Glaze w/Blue Decoration Redware: Plain, Clear Glaze Redware: Brown Glaze Slipware: Combed Blocky Fragment 25-40mm: Quartzite Blocky Fragment 25-40mm: Jasper Unidentified Metal Object: Iron/Steel Floral: Wood Fragment Other: Unidentified

ARTIFACT DESCRIPTION

Artifact Inventory Hertz Lot West Shipyard Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania July 16-27, 20012 JMA

Interior Glazed Glaze 2 Surfaces; Over Fired Glaze 1 Surface Glaze 2 Surfaces Glazed Interior; 1 Base, 1 Rim

Possibly Fulham

Fang

3-Pronged Kiln Tripod; Glazed 1 Surface

Historic Debitage; Possibly Outer Rind of Foreign Flint

Still Wrapped Needs Conservation Wrought "C O JOHNSON & CO/TRENTON NJ//THIS BOTTLE IS NEVER SOLD"; Hand Applied Lip

Clear Peach Pit Olive Green in Glaze; Crockery

Tar/Petroleum Product Mixed with Gravel

Possibly Nails Within Wood/Iron Oxide

Possibly Tankard Hand Painted; Bowl One Side Glazed; Crockery Both Sides Glazed; Bowl Staffordshire-Type; Posset Cup Sherds

Cut With Handwrought Head

Lime/Sand Mix 2.5 - 3 Inch Long

Possible Bone Tool/Handle

ADD'L TRAITS

DATE RANGE

1 1680-1710 1 6 4 15 1 1 2 1700-1775 1 1700-1775 2 2 3 1 2

1 1

4 4 1710-1750 2 1680-1710 1 1 1 5 1 1710-1750 2 1 1 1

1 5 1 1 1790-1810 2 1805-2000 1 15 1 1690-1775 1 1700-1800 2 1 11 1670-1795 1 2 6 4 3

QTY

28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28

28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28

28 28 28

PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH

PH PH PH

29 29 29

26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 29 29 29 29

26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26

0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SITE CAT SPEC

PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH

CO

STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1

STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1

STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1 STU J 1

4 4 4

2 2 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 3 3 4 4 4 4

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

EX UNIT LEVEL

FEA

FEA LEV

Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3

Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3

ADD'L PROV INFO Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3 Trench 3

6

Pipe Stem: 7/64th-Inch Ball Clay Pipe Stem: Fragment Unidentified Nail: Cut or Wrought Faunal: Bone Faunal: Nonhuman Teeth Redware: Black Glaze Redware: Plain, Clear Glaze Redware: Brown Glaze Unidentified Bottle Fragment: Aqua Pipe Bowl Fragment: Ball Clay Pipe Stem: 6/64th-Inch Ball Clay Redware: Plain, Clear Glaze Brick, Fragment: Unidentified, Unglazed Mortar: Lime Faunal: Bone Tin-Glazed Earthenware: White Glaze w/Polychrome Decoration Unidentified Bottle Fragment: Olive Green Flat Glass: Unidentified Pipe Stem: 6/64th-Inch Ball Clay

Redware: Brown Glaze Redware: Unglazed Colonoware: Plain Flat Glass: Aqua Unidentified Bottle Fragment: Light Green Unidentified Bottle Fragment: Olive Green Unidentified Bottle Fragment: Aqua Pipe Bowl Fragment: Ball Clay Pipe Stem: 6/64th-Inch Ball Clay

ARTIFACT DESCRIPTION

Artifact Inventory Hertz Lot West Shipyard Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania July 16-27, 20012 JMA

Possibly Burnt Patinated; Possibly Bottle Glass

Blue and Green Cross-Hatch; Base

Lime/Sand Mix

Glazed Interior; Crock Rim

Molar Handle; Overfired Interior Glaze; Ridged Exterior Glaze 1 Surface; Pale Pink/Buff Paste

One Stem is Gray; One Stem with Bowl Attached

Shoulder

Stippled; Glass Disease

Metallic Alkaline Glaze; Base

ADD'L TRAITS

Total:

DATE RANGE

1 1 2 1680-1710 577

3 1650-1680 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1680-1710 1 3 2 1 1 1700-1800

1 2 1 1600-1800 2 1 2 1 3 7 1680-1710

QTY

Appendix B: Personnel Qualifications

TIMOTHY J. MANCL Project Archeologist John Milner Associates, Inc. The Barclay 535 North Church Street West Chester, PA 19380 (610) 436-9000 (phone) (610) 436-8468 (fax) tmancl@johnmilnerasociates.com (e-mail) EDUCATION M.S. M.A. B.A.

Michigan Technological University University of Delaware Western Connecticut State University

Industrial Archaeology American History American Studies

2003 2001 1998

PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATIONS AND SPECIALIZED TRAINING OSHA 40-hour Hazardous Waste Operations Certification since 2004.

Registered Professional Archeologist since 2003.

EXPERIENCE PROFILE Timothy J. Mancl is a graduate of Western Connecticut State University, and holds Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s degrees in American History from the Hagley Program at the University of Delaware and in Industrial Archeology from Michigan Technological University. Mr. Mancl specializes in the history and archeology of nineteenth century American industrial development and processes from New England to the Mid-Atlantic.

He has researched and conducted archeological investigations of prehistoric, and urban, industrial, and rural historic-period sites in Connecticut, Delaware, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania, and has conducted state-level documentation of engineering structures in Connecticut and Maryland.

KEY PROJECTS 2012

Project Archeologist, Archeological Investigations on a portion of the Dover Green,, Kent County, Delaware. Delaware Department of Historical and Cultural Affairs.

2012

Project Archeologist, Phase I Archeological Survey and Phase II Archeological Evaluation of the proposed Phase 2A Expansion at the Inland Bays Regional Wastewater Treatment Facility, Sussex County, Delaware. Whitman, Requardt and Associates, LLP, and the Sussex County Engineering Department.

2011

Project Archeologist, Archeological Investigations at the Old Brick Church, Dover, Kent County, Delaware. Delaware Department of Historical and Cultural Affairs.

2011

Project Archeologist, Booklet on the Wilmington, Delaware Water Works and Documentation of the Brandywine Filtration Plant. City of Wilmington, Delaware.

2011

Project Archeologist, Archeological Investigations at the Dutch House, New Castle, Delaware. New Castle Historical Society.

2010

Project Archeologist, Archeological Evaluation of Industrial Sites at Birch Hill Dam, Worchester County, Massachusetts. Army Corps of Engineers. New England District.

2010

Project Archeologist, Archeological Inventory and Assessment of the Sayers Lake Shoreline, Centre County, Pennsylvania. Army Corps of Engineers. Baltimore District.

2009

Project Archeologist, Archeological Inventory and Assessment of the Barren River Lake Shoreline, Allen and Barren Counties, Kentucky. Army Corps of Engineers. Louisville District.

2009

Project Archeologist, Phase II Archeological Evaluation of the Button Site, and the Harmons Hill Road Site, Angola Neck Sanitary Sewer District, Sussex County, Delaware. Whitman, Requardt and Associates, LLP, and the Sussex County Engineering Department.

2008

Project Archeologist, Phase II Archeological Evaluation of the Delaware Airpark Wetland Mitigation Area, Blackiston, Kent County, Delaware. The Federal Aviation Administration, the Delaware Department of Transportation, and the Delaware River and Bay Authority.

2008

Project Archeologist, Phase III Archeological Data Recovery of Dodd-Moore Site, Cheswold, Kent County, Delaware. The Federal Aviation Administration, the Delaware Department of Transportation, and the Delaware River and Bay Authority.

2007

Principal Investigator, Burial Recovery and Cemetery Delineation within the Creekside Development, Millville, Baltimore Hundred, Sussex County, Delaware. Caldera Properties.

2006-2007 Principal Investigator, Phase I and II Archaeological Testing of the Joseph Bancroft & Sons Kentmere Mills, Wilmington, New Castle County, Delaware in connection with the Rockford Falls Development Project. Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Neill Properties Group.

2004-2008 Principal Investigator, fieldworker, and editor, Phase III Mitigation of the Laban Rogers House Site, the Herring Creek Site, and the Olla White Bay Site, and delineation of the Derrickson Cemetery, Baltimore County, Delaware. Carl M. Freemen Companies.

2004

Assistant Field Director, Phase III Data Recovery at the Cruttenden Carriage Works Site, New Haven, Connecticut. Fitzgerald & Halliday, Inc., and the Connecticut Department of Transportation.

2002

Field Director, Archaeological Investigations at the Carp River Forge, Negaunee, Michigan.

The Michigan Iron Industry Museum/Michigan Department of History, Arts, and Libraries.

SUMMARY OF PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES Mr. Mancl is the author or co-author of over forty (40) cultural resource reports, and four (4) cultural resource studies. He has served as President of the Archaeological Society of Delaware (2006 to 2011), as a Director for the Society for Industrial Archaeology (2008-2011), and as a board member of the New Castle Historical Society (2009-2012). He currently serves on the Nominations Committee for the Society for Industrial Archaeology (2011-2014).

JOSEPH BALICKI Associate Director Principal Archeologist/Project Manager John Milner Associates, Inc. 5250 Cherokee Avenue, Suite 300 Alexandria, VA 22312 (703) 354-9737 (phone) (703) 642-1837 (fax) jbalicki@johnmilnerassociates.com EDUCATION M.A. B.A.

The Catholic University of America The George Washington University

Anthropology Anthropology

1987 1981

PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATION 1999 Registered Professional Archeologist (RPA) 1992-2004 OSHA-certified 40-hour hazardous waste field training PROFESSIONAL AWARDS 2007 Recipient of the Ben Brenman Archaeology Award. Alexandria Archaeological Commission, Alexandria, Virginia. Civil War sites in urban setting.

2009 Metropolitan police department, Police Chief Medal of Merit, Washington, D.C. Metal detection to assist a criminal investigation.

2011 Recipient of the Chairmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Award for Achievement in Historic Preservation. Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. The award recognizes the listing on the National Register of three Confederate camps dating to the first year of the Civil War. EXPERIENCE PROFILE Joseph Balicki is a graduate of The George Washington University and holds a Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s degree in anthropology from The Catholic University of America. Mr. Balicki has over 28 years of experience in North American archeology and has been involved in investigations of sites ranging from the Paleo-Indian through Historic periods.

Since joining John Milner Associates, Mr. Balicki has supervised or assisted various archeological survey and testing programs in Virginia, Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Indiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Washington, D.C. He has participated in urban archeology projects in Washington, D.C. and Boston, Massachusetts. Mr. Balicki is a nationally recognized expert on the Archeology of Civil War sites; he has presented 19 papers at professional conferences covering military camp layout and Civil War sites archeology, and contributed fives chapters to publications addressing the archeology of the American Civil War. KEY PROJECTS 2009-2011 Project Manager. Cultural Resources Services for the Army Corps of Engineers, St Louis District, The Corps of Engineers. Managed 34 Cultural Resources projects throughout the eastern half of the United States, including Virginia, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, West Virginia, Louisiana, and Tennessee.

2001-2009

Principal Archeologist. Phase I and Phase II archeological investigations for multiple cultural resources at Marine Base Quantico, Virginia. EDAW, Inc.

Joseph Balicki, Resume Page 2 of 3 2010

Principal Archeologist. Phase I Testing along the Dismal Swamp Canal and Building Assessment of the Dismal Swamp Canal Company Toll House, Chesapeake City, Virginia and Camden County, North Carolina. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Norfolk District.

2009

Principal Archeologist. Phase I Archaeological Identification Survey for a Headquarters Complex at Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge, Woodbridge, Prince William County, Virginia.

2009

Principal Archeologist. Phase II Archeological Investigations, Civil War Site 44CU0149 Warrenton Training Center, Station D, Culpeper County, Virginia. Warrenton Training Center, Station D P.O. Box 700, Attn.: ESO Warrenton, Virginia.

2008

Principal Archeologist. Phase I Archaeological Identification Survey for Visitor Facilities at Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Suffolk, Virginia. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hadley, Massachusetts

2006

Principal Archeologist. Phase I Archeological Survey and Phase II Evaluative Testing Medicorp Proposed Hospital, Stafford County, Virginia. Paciulli, Simmons & Associates, LTD. Fairfax, Virginia.

2006

Principal Archeologist. Archaeological Testing at Civil War Site 44AX199 108 N. Quaker Lane, Smucker Property Alexandria, Virginia. Alexandria Archeology, Alexandria, Virginia.

2005

Principal Archeologist. Confederate Fortifications Historic Site Treatment Plan, Fairfax County, Virginia. Fairfax County Park Authority, Alexandria, Virginia.

2005

Principal Archeologist. Supplemental Metal Detection Investigations associated with structural landscape enhancements, Blenheim Estate. The City of Fairfax, Virginia.

2002

Principal Archeologist. Documentation of Eight Civil War Forts and Earthworks in the Vicinity of Leesburg, Virginia. Town of Leesburg, Department of Planning, Zoning, & Development.

2000-2002

Fairfax County Civil War Sites Inventory. Fairfax County Park Authority.

1998

Archeological Investigations at Stratford Hall, Westmoreland County, Virginia. The Robert E. Lee Memorial Association, Inc.

1996-1997

Phase I Archeological Survey of Fort Monroe, York County, Virginia. Directorate of Peninsula contracting, Fort Eustis.

1995

Historical and archeological survey of Fort C.F. Smith, 2411 24th Street North, Arlington, Virginia.

Arlington County Department of Community Planning.

1992-1996

Data recovery archeological investigations at Paddyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Alley, Cross Street Backlot, and Mill Pond, sites Boston, Massachusetts. The Central Artery/Tunnel Project and Bechtel/Parsons Brinkerhoff.

1992

Review and synthesis of archeological documentation Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine, Baltimore, Maryland. National Park Service, Denver Service Center.

1988-1991

Phase II & III archeological investigations of the site of the International Cultural and Trade Center/Federal Office Building Complex, Federal Triangle, Washington, D.C. TAMS Consultants, Inc.

1988-1989

Archeological investigations at Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine, Baltimore, Maryland. National Park Service, Mid-Atlantic Regional Office.

Joseph Balicki, Resume Page 3 of 3 1987-1988

Excavation at Waihée Midden Site, Maui, Hawaii. Maui Archeological Project, The Catholic University of America.

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS 2010 The Watch-Fires of a Hundred Circling Camps: Theoretical and Practical Approaches to Investigating Civil War Campsites. In Method and Topic in the Historical Archaeology of Military Sites, Clarence Geier, Douglas Scott, Lawrence Babbits, and David Orr editors. Texas A&M Press, College Station, TX. 2007

Landscape Use During the Potomac River Blockade. In Fields of Conflict, Douglas Scott, Lawrence Babbits, and Charles Haecker editors. Praeger Security International, Westport, CN.

2006

“Masterly Inactivity” The Confederate Cantonment Supporting the 1861-1862 Potomac River Blockade, Evansport, Virginia. In Huts and History, Clarence Geier, David Orr, and Mathew Reeves, editors. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

2006

Finding Civil War Sites: What Relic Hunters Know; What Archeologists Should and Need to Know.

In Huts and History, Clarence Geier, David Orr, and Mathew Reeves, editors. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL. (with Bryan Corle).

2005

Mary Ann Hall’s House. In Sin City, edited by Donna J. Seifert. Historical Archaeology 39(1). (with Donna J. Seifert).

2001

Defending the Capital: The Civil War Garrison at Fort C.F. Smith. In To Peel The Earth: Historical Archaeology and the War Between the States, edited by Clarence Geier and Stephan Potter.

2000

Mary Hall's First-Class Bawdy House: The Material Culture of a Washington, D.C. Brothel. In Archaeologies of Sexuality, edited by Robert Schmidt and Barbara Voss. (with Donna Seifert and Elizabeth Barthold O'Brien)

1998

Wharves, Privies, and the Pewterer: Two Colonial Period Sites on the Shawmut Peninsula, Boston. In Perspectives on the Archeology of Colonial Boston: The Archeology of the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, Boston, Massachusetts, edited by Charles D. Cheek. Historical Archaeology 33(3).

1998

Katherine Naylor’s “House of Office”: A Seventeenth-Century Privy. In Perspectives on the Archeology of Colonial Boston: The Archeology of the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, Boston, Massachusetts, edited

by Charles D. Cheek. Historical Archaeology 33(3). (with Dana B. Heck).

SUMMARY OF PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES Mr. Balicki is author or co-author of one hundred thirty-two (132) cultural resources reports, nine (9) scholarly articles, and thirty-one (31) papers presented at professional meetings.

1 REBECCA YAMIN Principal Archeologist 339 Glen Echo Road Philadelphia, PA 19119 (215) 248-1880 rwyamin@verizon.net

EDUCATION Ph.D. M.A. B.A.

New York University New York University University of Pennsylvania

Anthropology Anthropology Anthropology

EMPLOYMENT HISTORY 1992-2011Principal Archeologist/Senior Project Manager John Milner Associates, Inc. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1988-1992 Associate Archeologist Ebasco Environmental Lyndhurst, New Jersey 1987-1988 Assistant Curator New Jersey State Museum Princeton, New Jersey 1982-1987 Technical Editor/Archivist Historian Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc. New York, New York 1978-1981 Supervisory Archeologist and Assistant to the Director Rutgers Archeological Survey Office, Cook College Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey 1970-1975 Instructor, Department of Sociology/Anthropology Rutgers College, Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey

2 KEY ARCHEOLOGICAL PROJECTS 2012

Archeological Interpretation, West Shipyard Exploratory Investigation, Philadelphia.

Delaware River Waterfront Corporation, Philadelphia.

2012

Archeological Plan, Museum of the American Revolution, Philadelphia. American Revolution Center, Philadelphia.

2010

Archeological Sensitivity Study, (Phase IA Archeological Assessment), Independence Living History Center, North Lot. Independence National Historical Park, Philadelphia.

2009-2010

Phase I-III Archeological Investigations, Graterford 2 Prison Expansion Project, Hill International, Inc., Philadelphia.

2009

Archeological Investigations at Pottsgrove Manor, Pottstown, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Pottsgrove Manor, Pottstown, Pennsylvania.

2008

Phase I-III Archeological Study, Rutgers University Stadium Expansion, Piscataway, New Jersey. Rutgers University.

2007-2009

Phase III Archeological Data Recovery, Deshler-Morris and Bringhurst Houses, Philadelphia, PA. National Park Service.

2006-2008

Phase IA Documentary Study, Phase I/II and Phase III (data recovery) Archeological Investigations. Convention Center Expansion, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. VITETTA.

2006

Archeological Analysis and Report, Hertz Lot, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. West Shipyard Group.

2006

Archeological Monitoring during Pennsylvania. Once Upon a Nation.

2005

Archeological Exploration and Geophysical Prospecting, 1945 Escape Tunnel, Eastern State Penitentiary, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Eastern State Penitentiary.

2005-2006

Geophysical Prospecting and Phase I-III Archeological Investigations. DeshlerMorris/Bringhurst House, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. HNTB.

2005

Laser Scanning, 3-D Modeling, and Archaeological Testing, Valley Creek Mills, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. HNTB.

2004

Archeological Services, Rehabilitation Pennsylvania. Hartrampf Engineering, Inc.

2003

Phase III Data Recovery, Route 18/27 Interchange, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Gannett Fleming, Inc. and New Jersey Department of Transportation.

2002

Phase IB, Phase II, and Phase III Data Recovery, Shipâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Tavern District Parking Structure, Wilmington, Delaware. Greystone Realty Advisors, Inc.

Construction,

of

Franklin

Independence

Square,

Square

Philadelphia,

Philadelphia,

3 2001

Phase I/II and III Data Recovery, Liberty Bell Center, Block 1 of Independence Mall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. National Park Service.

2001

Phase III Data Recovery, New Federal Courthouse Annex, Wheeling, West Virginia.

HLM Design, Baltimore.

2001

Phase III Data Recovery, 81-85 West Third Street, New York City. New York University Law School.

2000-2010

Phase III Data Recovery, Route 18 Extension, Raritan Landing, New Jersey. Gannett Fleming and New Jersey Department of Transportation.

1999

Phase I/II and Phase III Data Recovery, Block 2 of Independence Mall, Philadelphia. Day & Zimmermann Infrastructure, Inc. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

1997-1999

Data Recovery Analysis, Route 19, Section 2M, Paterson, New Jersey. New Jersey Department of Transportation.

1997-2000

Data Recovery, MD 36, Lonaconing Streetscape Improvement Lonaconing, Maryland.

Maryland State Highway Administration.

1995-1996

Archeological Investigations and Data Recovery, Restoration of the Main House, Walnford, New Jersey. Monmouth County Park System, New Jersey.

1994

Archeological Monitoring, MCC Tunnel, Courthouse, Foley Square. General Services Administration, Region 2.

1992-2000

Data Recovery Analysis, Courthouse Block (historically part of Five Points), Foley Square Project, New York City. General Services Administration, Region 2.

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS In press

Josiah Eddy, Richard Allen, and the Complexity of the Past (co-author). In Race in the Northeast, edited by Christopher Matthews and Allison Manfra McGovern.

2012

Urban Archaeology in 21st Century Perspective.

Springer, New York.

2012

Urban Archaeology at Five Points, New York City.

Archaeology, Springer, New York.

2012

Through Many Eyes: A Non-Hierarchical Approach to Interpreting a Site in New Brunswick, New Jersey. In Reconsidering Fieldwork: Exploring On- Site Relationships Between Theory and Practice, edited by Hannah Cobb, Oliver Harris, Cara Jones, and Phil Richardson. Springer, New York.

2012

Review of The River and the Railroad: An Archaeological History of Reno, by Mary Ringhoff and Edward J. Stoner. Pacific Historical Review, Vol 81.

Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology,

Encyclopedia of Global

4 2011

Rediscovering Raritan Landing, An Adventure in New Jersey Archaeology. New Jersey Department of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration.

2009

Revelations: Comments on Interpreting the Early Modern World. In Interpreting the Early Modern World, Transatlantic Perspectives, edited by Mary C. Beaudry and James Symonds. Springer, New York.

2008

Digging in the City of Brotherly Love, Stories from Philadelphia Archaeology, Yale University Press, New Haven.

2006

Landscape Archaeology in Lower Manhattan: The Collect Pond as an Evolving Cultural Landmark in Early New York City (co-author). In Envisioning Landscape: Situations and Standpoints in Archaeology and Heritage, edited by Dan Hicks, Laura McAtackney, and Graham Fairclough. One World Archaeology, Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA.

2005

Five Points on Film: Myth, Urban Archaeology, and The Gangs of New York (coauthor). In Screening the Past: An Archaeological Review of Hollywood Productions, edited by Julie Schablitsky. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA.

2006

The Tangible Past: Historical Archaeology in Cities. Review essay for The Journal of Urban History.

2006

Urban Historical Archaeology (co-author). In Cambridge Companion to Historical Archaeology, edited by Dan Hicks and Mary C. Beaudry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

2006

From the Mythical to the Mundane: The Archaeological Angle On New York City’s Five Points. In Cities in the World, edited by Adrian Green and Roger Leech. A monograph of the Society of Post-Medieval Archaeology.

2003

Wealthy, Free and Female: Prostitution in 19th Century New York. In Sin City, a special issue of Historical Archaeology, Vol. 39(1).

2002

The Middle Atlantic (co-author). In Encyclopedia of Historical Archaeology, edited by Charles E. Orser. Routledge, London.

2002

Five Points. In Encyclopedia of Historical Archaeology, edited by Charles E. Orser.

Routledge, London.

2001

Children’s Strikes, Parents’ Rights: Paterson and Five Points. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, Vol. 6(2).

2002

Alternative Narratives: Respectability at Five Points. In The Archaeology of Urban Landscapes: Explorations in Slumland, edited by Alan Mayne and Tim Murray.

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

2001

Becoming New York: The Five Points Neighborhood, editor. Special issue of Historical Archaeology, Vol. 35(3).

5 2001

From Tanning to Tea: The Evolution of a Neighborhood. In Becoming New York: The Five Points Neighborhood, edited by Rebecca Yamin. Historical Archaeology, Vol. 35(3).

2001

Review of Inside the Rocks, The Archaeology of a Neighborhood, by Grace Karskens.

Australasian Historical Archaeology.

2001

Review of Material Culture by Henry Glassie. Visual Anthropology, Vol. 14.

1998

Voices from Raritan Landing, an Educational Guide to a Colonial Port Community.

Cornelius Low House/Middlesex County Museum. Middlesex County Cultural and Heritage Commission, with support from the New Jersey Historical Commission.

1998

Lurid Tales and Homely Stories of New York’s Notorious Five Points. Historical Archaeology, Vol. 32(1).

1997

New York’s Mythic Slum, Digging Lower Manhattan’s Infamous Five Points. In Archaeology Magazine, Vol. 20(2).

1997

A “Museum in the Making” and Landscape Archaeology: The Morven Project. In Presenting Archaeology to the Public: Digging for Truths, edited by J.H. Jameson.

AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.

1996

The River, The Dutch, The District, and the Corporate Giant: New Brunswick and the Past (co-author). In Unearthing the Invisible Colony: Historical Archaeology in New Jersey, A special issue of New Jersey History, edited by R. Yamin.

1996

Editor, Unearthing the Invisible Colony: Historical Archaeology in New Jersey. A Special Issue of New Jersey History.

1996

Shopping as Meaningful Action: Toward a Redefinition of Consumption in Historical Archaeology (co-author). In Historical Archaeology, Vol. 30(4).

1996

Farmers and Gentlemen Farmers: The Nineteenth century Suburban Landscape (coauthor). In Landscape Archaeology: Reading and Interpreting the Historical Landscape, edited by Rebecca Yamin and Karen Bescherer Metheny. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

1994

Women’s Work” Finding Significance on the Local Level. Forum, V. 11, No. 2. The Journal of the George Wright Society.

1992-1993

Local Trade in Pre-Revolutionary New Jersey. Northeast Historical Archaeology, Vol. 21-22.

1989

Squeezing Ceramics for More Than Their Worth: Boundary Maintenance at an Eighteenth Century Port in New Jersey. Northeast Historical Archaeology, V. 18.

6 ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS 2000

Recovering Raritan Landing, The Archaeology of a Forgotten Town, www.raritanlanding.com (co-author). New Jersey Department of Transportation.

1995

The Five Points Site. Web page: r2.GSA/GOV/fivept/fphome.htm (co-author).

General Services Administration, Region 2.