MUMBAI EASTERN WATERFRONT PLAN University of Pennsylvania School of Design CPLN703: Planning Studio Fall 2015 1
02
EXISTING CONDITIONS MUMBAI, INDIA
6
OPEN SPACE As the city of Mumbai has grown in
could accommodate the diverse religious
terms of population, development, and
needs of the city but still allow the ground
overall density, the open space fabric
space to be used for recreation.13
Mumbai historical records indicate that
has been decreasing drastically. Open spaces typically include recreation uses,
The Importance of Mangroves
there were several islands around Mumbai
Site Area Open Space Network
during 1670. Since the developmental and
play grounds, parks, and gardens. It also
population pressure rapidly increased
includes invaluable natural assets like
Although few, there are some recreational,
and developed in the coastal area, it took
mangroves, wetlands, hills, forests, rivers,
gardens, and beaches adjacent to the
the toll of mangrove land. During the
creeks, beaches, ponds, lakes, and natural
Eastern
open
process of deforestation and reclamation,
coastline. In many ways, the state of open
spaces like the Marine Drive & Chowpatty
a few mangrove patches are still left in
spaces reflects the state and quality of
Beach, the Azad Maiden recreational
the heart of the city, seen along the Vasai
life within any city. Whether it is for the
park, and the Joseph Baptista Garden
Creek, Thane Creek, Manori, and Malad.
environment, economic vitality, or social
contribute to the quality of public life
By trapping silt, mangroves maintain
capital, the quality of public open spaces
within the city; where tourists, locals, and
the integrity of Mumbai’s shoreline.
in Mumbai reflects the performance of
recreational enthusiast can congregate.13
This is a vital service to the city as the
public life.
Marine Drive is a 4.3 km long boulevard in
shoreline is very prone to erosion. The
the southwest portion of our site. Major
recent monsoons rains in 2005 and the
events like the Republic Day of India,
following flooding disaster demonstrated
Indian Air Force airshow and Bombay
the consequence of tampering with
Tragically, the regional extent of Mumbai
Marathon are just a few examples of events
the ecology of fragile ecosystems like
depicts
isolated
that represent Mumbai both nationally
mangroves. Had Mumbai’s Mithi River
network of public open spaces. Open
and globally. Azad Maiden is a 25 acre
and Mahim creek mangroves not been
spaces compriseas 187.87 sq. km. of the
triangular shaped sports ground located
destroyed by builders, fewer people
overall 603 sq. km. of Mumbai.
near the Chhatrapati Shivazi Terminus
would have died and the property damage
Much of the contribution is comprised
station. It acts as a regular venue for
would have been dramatically less.
of the mangroves along the natural
school and recreational cricket matches,
coastlines and the national forests and
which has produced many international
parks in the northern portion of the city.
cricketers. Frequented by neighborhood
The gardens, playgrounds, and beaches
residents near our site area; the Joseph
Finally, the neighborhoods surrounding
all reflect less than 2% of the open space
Baptista Gardens is host to couples,
the Eastern Waterfront possess a number
network within the city. As a result, there
joggers, senior citizens, and those wishing
of cultural amenities that contribute to the
is little to no cohesive network of public
to find a peaceful atmosphere contrary to
areas character. There are a number of
spaces from a regional context. 13
the urban fabric.14
large gardens such as the Joseph Baptista
Community Assets
Marine Drive
northern and southern points of the study
One of the main assets to the urban form of
area respectively. The Jijamata Udyaan
In a city as large as Mumbai there is a huge
Mumbai is Marine Drive. This waterfront
Zoo is also present in the northern area
demand for cultural and social community
promenade is flanked by art-deco style
which attracts a number of visitors and
assets. Near the Eastern Waterfront, there
buildings. Primarily used as hotels and
neighbors a playground and garden.
are a number of parks and zoos, but none
residential buildings, commercial uses
Finally to the south is one of Mumbai’s
within the site itself. Land in Mumbai is at
are prominent at the street level. With
largest open spaces, Azad Maiden. This
such a premium, cemeteries are also used
an extreme shortage of green space,
array of parks, zoo, and open spaces
as park space out of necessity and plans
this drive helps mitigate the need for
provides amenities and enrichment for
have been proposed to convert existing
recreation space.
the community in eastern Mumbai.14
Greater Mumbai Open Space Network
a
fragmented
and
Waterfront.
Important
Cultural Assets
Garden and Sitaram Shinoy located in the
cemeteries into vertical structures which
16
1980
2002
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi calls for Mumbai port land to be made available to the city for greening and recreation when JNPT is established
State of Maharashtra sets up a Task Force to review land allocations and look for synergies between the Port and Mumbai
1989 JNPT begins operations
2014
1988
Minister for Transport & Shipping appoints a Land Development Committee to examine redevelopment of 1,000 acres of underused land, Report Released in Late 2014
Government of India directive requires land not used for port operations to be released for recreation and greening
TIMELINE OF EVENTS LEADING TO PORT DECLINE AND REDEVELOPMENT
Timeline of Events Impacting the Port The events leading to the current condition of the port start with the construction of Nhava Sheva. To meet the modern requirements in the container shipping industry, the new port was constructed and led to the diversion of traffic from eastern Mumbai. During this time the Prime Minister of the time, Indira Ghandi committed that the land from the old port would be made available to the citizens for greening and recreation. This commitment was reaffirmed by the Indian government in a directive issued in 1988. In 1991 a total of 600 acres in lands from the old Cotton Mills were opened for development in Mumbai. This represented a large opportunity to provide amenities
infrastructure. An offshore container
which is affordable housing. Those living
port was built, and dredging efforts were
in the 14,000 informal settlements have
attempted unsuccessfully.
voiced through the APLI that they want
By 2014 attitudes shifted strongly towards
replacement or upgraded housing and
becoming more favorable to development
the city overall greatly needs additional
of unused port lands. This was largely
affordable housing. In addition the labor
the result of the Minister of Shipping,
union has also demanded affordable
Nitin Gadkari. Gadkari strongly supported
housing for its workers. Overall the public
redevelopment of some of the port lands
has voiced great opposition to more
and pledged to give 350 acres of the
commercial uses, such as those built by
area to the state or Maharashtra to build
private developers at the Cotton Mills.
affordable housing.
Gadkari has responded to these interests
the
Land
He also appointed
Development
Committee,
somewhat by pledging 350 acres to the
whose report concluded that the land
state government to be used to meet the
should be used to build transportation
needs for affordable housing.32 33
infrastructure, rail corridors and parks.
Environmental interests have also played a large part in shaping public opinion on the
Expectations
priorities of development. The mangroves
and affordable housing much needed for
The
government,
mostly
the public. However due to a legislative
the
recommendations
loophole these lands fell into the hands
Development Committee initially pushed
of private developers and were built
for the land to be developed almost evenly
without provide much benefits for those
between open space (30%), transportation
besides the elite. This event serves as a
(30%) and mixed use commercial and
case study that would significantly impact
industrial along with recreational uses
the political climate related to discussions
such as amusement parks and attractions.
about Mumbai Port. As a result politicians
These recommendations fall somewhat in
have pledged that no lands would fall into
line with the previous directive issued by
private hands, and that they would be
the government in 1988.
built to accommodate the public good.3
The public visioning plan proposed
It should be noted that throughout the
by APLI, which included community
2000s while political will rose towards the
and stakeholder input proposed some
development of the port, that the Mumbai
modification in expectations from the
Port Trust continued to invest in shipping
government’s proposals.
of
based the
on Land
32
toward the north have faced constant degradation and area crucial to the ability of the city to grow sustainably and the coast offers a wide variety of habitat for wildlife that activists want to see protected. The general community has also voiced great opposition to economic activity on the port that creates harsh negative environmental externalities such as ship breaking and the storage of coal. Both of these activities, the latter of which violates environmental restrictions, create a variety of public health risks for the surrounding area. 34
The first of 33
EASTERN WATERFRONT
PEOPLE/HOUSING 7,700 Port Employee Worker Housing 14,000 Informal Settlements 1.2 Million People in Surrounding Wards
GOVERNANCE/OWNERSHIP Mumbai Port Trust (MbPT) & Private Leasees Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai The State of Maharashtra Central Government of India
EMPLOYMENT 11,500 Registered Employees 6,000 Shipbreakers
34
03
THE PLAN
38
HOUSING FRAMEWORK HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
EQUITABLE HOUSING FRAMEWORK EXISTING TYPOLOGIES
INCREMENTAL(EWS):
LOW-INCOME Navi Wadis
MEDIUM-INCOME Modern Chawls
MARKET RATE Apartments
PROPOSED HEIGHTS
PROPOSED DENSITY
2-4 stories
/
5-8 stories
80du/acre
9-12 stories
150du/acre
13-20 stories
325du/acre
PROPOSED TYPOLOGIES
Sources: Filipe Balestra, Mitula.net, Percy Corner, Studio Toggle
The framework requires the rethinking of existing housing typologies, including EWS housing, low-income wadis, medium-income Sources: Filipe Balestra, Mitula.net, Percy Corner, Studio Togg chawls, and market rate apartment buildings. The framework’s proposed housing typologies feature increased heights and densities to allow for the provision of more equitable housing, amenities, public utilities, and green space.
48
ECO- TRAIL Ceremonial area
Flamingo Point
Sewri Fort & Koli Museum
Koli Fisher Dock
84
LOOKING FORWARD “At 21 million people within its municipal limits, Mumbai is the biggest, fastest, richest city in India, a city simultaneously experiencing a boom and a civic emergency....it is a maximum city, maximum in its exigencies, maximum in its heart.”
As Mumbai enters the 21st Century, it can
concerns. The plan defines resilience in
dream for the peoples of India. If you take
fulfill its aspiration to emerge as a major
the context of Mumbai and the Eastern
a walk around Mumbai you’ll see that
global city by demonstrating resilience
Waterfront and presents a vision and
everything – sex, death, trade, religion
in the face of economic shifts, inequality,
goals for its future development. The plan
– are lived out on the pavement. It is a
crumbling infrastructure, and the impacts
outlines frameworks, which serve as its
maximum city, maximum in its exigencies,
of climate change. The redevelopment
backbone throughout the entire site’s
maximum in its heart.”43
and reinvention of the city’s Eastern
development, as well as a structure and
The plan is ambitious and complex, much
Waterfront presents a unique opportunity
small district plans, to create catalytic
like the city and issues it aims to address.
for the city to address resiliency in one of
actions to spur resilient development
Resilience can be defined in many ways
its most isolated and underserved areas.
throughout the waterfront. Finally, the
not discussed in this plan, with different
Through this plan, Mumbai’s Eastern
plan describes implementation strategies
perspectives and emphases. As readers
Waterfront will demonstrate resilience,
and measures, drawing from the successes
of the plan examine all its elements,
reestablish Mumbai on a global stage,
and failures of similar case studies.
they may be left with many questions.
embrace and promote the city’s unique
“At 15 million people within its municipal
Hopefully, these discussion topics may
identity, and serve as a replicable model
limits, Mumbai is the biggest, fastest,
encourage further discussion on planning
of development.
richest city in India, a city simultaneously
for
The plan presents existing conditions of
experiencing
Waterfront.
the city and waterfront, illustrating their
emergency; an island-state of hope in a
density, vibrancy and complexity, as well
very old country. Because of the reach of
as their various prevailing and emerging
Bollywood movies, Mumbai is also a mass
a
boom
and
a
civic
resilience
in
Mumbai’s
Eastern
93
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