DSM Petfood Supplement articles

Antioxidants … get the cocktail right

By Dr. John A. Lowe, Tuttons Hill Nutrition, UK and Dr. Martin Karutz, DSM Nutritional Products, Switzerland

Effect of antioxidant supplementation

Studying a buyers’ guide, the list of ingredients promoted for antioxidant activity is long: vitamins, carotenoids, fruit extracts, minerals, polyphenols, ubiquinones - and the list gets longer with every new edition. Pet food manufacturers desire to differentiate their products, while public awareness of antioxidants has grown with parallel developments in foods for humans. This means that antioxidants are interesting tools in related product development. But which antioxidants ingredients are the best?

Trying to understand or determine the most appropriate supplemental antioxidant package to add to a pet food product to help maintain the system at an optimum state is complicated and not yet fully understood. Nevertheless there are some clear pointers as to where to start to look in order to help support a pet’s well-being and food stability through the use of antioxidant packages. Mixtures or cocktails of antioxidants are believed to be more effective than using any single antioxidant to excess; for just as free radicals target specific chemical bonds and molecules so do antioxidants favor particular reactive chemical species and free radicals.

There is no life without antioxidants The metabolic process that is a key to life, aerobic respiration, is also one of the primary sources of the damaging chemicals called free radicals. Free radicals are also generated within the body from a number of other metabolic pathways, for example the immune system, as well as originating from the environment. Controlling the level of free radicals in the body or in a foodstuff is the role of antioxidants.

Without balancing the level of free radicals to antioxidants we get deterioration of the system.

The down side of free radicals is that they are implemented in a wide range of diseases, premature ageing and the inability to function efficiently or limiting maximum performance. Free radicals are also implemented in making food unfit for purpose. On the positive side, this ability of free radicals to damage other molecules is one of the ways in which the immune system deals with pathogens.

of cell redox systems and up-regulation of the body’s own natural antioxidant.

It’s all about balance!

Think of the relationship between antioxidants and free radicals in a body system as a set of scales, with free radicals on one side and antioxidants on the other. An increase in free radical load will tip the scales towards damaging oxidative challenge and equally a reduction in available antioxidants will result in the same swing of the scales. Hence, we have a golden opportunity to keep the scales tipped in favour of the antioxidants by supplying more to the body, irrespective of free radical load.

This works because, firstly, it increases the immediate protection of the body by handling the current free radical challenge and, secondly, by

Where do antioxidants fit in?

Antioxidants are a wide range of chemicals, both synthetic and natural in origin, that help to minimize the damage caused by free radicals. They provide the missing electron to the free radical more readily than other important biological systems or tissues thereby protecting the tissue. Some also act to protect by modulating cell

Pet Food Supplement Issue 11 Page 10

signaling or altering gene expression and possibly in the management

building reserves it renders the body prepared to offset any increase in free radicals that may occur as a result of infection, stress, environmental pollution, intense exercise, disease scenarios or ageing.

So the nature and extent of damage depends upon the nature and location of the reactive component, the nature and structure of the material it is attacking and the nature and amount of available

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Principles of antioxidant defence

antioxidants. It is about balance and a huge excess of antioxidants may be as damaging as an insufficiency. To depress the oxidative burst of the immune system for example may be seriously detrimental.

Antioxidants come in many forms and have preferences Any atom, molecule or compound that is capable of donating an electron or H+ is capable of being an antioxidant. Such properties are found in the vitamins (vitamin E, C), vitamin like compounds (α-lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10), plant based chemicals (carotenoids, flavanoids, other plant phenolics), proteins (albumin, glutathione, superoxide dismutase), as well as other chemicals (uric acid) Just as there are many types of reactive species and radicals, each with subtle preferences for target molecules, so too do antioxidants have preferential target radicals. For example, glutathione can react directly with hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, hydroxyl & alkoxyl radicals and hydroperoxides. Vitamin C scavenges singlet oxygen as well as others and Vitamin E has a particular role in preventing oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Carotenoids that quench singlet oxygen primarily function well in the lipid media, although xanthophylls are more suited to aqueous environments. Coenzyme Q10 favors peroxyl radicals.

Different antioxidants have different roles Within the animal there are various levels of antioxidant defense.

The first, a series of enzyme systems (for example, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, metal binding proteins) endeavor to prevent radical formation. Subsequently, a second level acts to prevent or restrict the chain reaction if, and when, free radicals are formed. These are such antioxidants as vitamin A, E, C, carotenoids, ubiquinols, glutathione and uric acid. Finally the body uses further enzyme systems to repair and remove damaged molecules that have not been protected by the antioxidants.

All the systems are dependent upon dietary supply of key nutrients, such as vitamins, carotenoids, trace minerals. They also benefit from other supportive plant based antioxidants, for example, the flavonoids. Although there is much debate as to how and where these contribute to total antioxidant support, their role may be more than just electron donation at the target tissue.

Within plants there are many antioxidants found, for example, carotenoids, flavanols, flavonols, flavones, flavanones and other phenolic based compounds. These help manage the radical production from photosynthesis in bright sunlight and to protect the

What are free radicals?

Atoms, in simple terms, are made up of a nucleus around which circulate electrons of distinct energy levels and directional spin, usually in pairs. A free radical is any atom, molecule or compound that is capable of existence when it has one or more unpaired electrons surrounding the nucleus.

Because the electrons like to be in pairs, the free radical searches out electrons from other target atoms to try and pair up successfully and it is this “grabbing” of an electron from another atom that cause the donor atom to become damaged (oxidized). If the damaged atom or molecule is a component of DNA, a cell membrane or enzyme system then the host animal will suffer, sometimes even irreparable damage. If the oxidized atom is part of a food, then the food may impart unpleasant aromas, taste or have reduced availability of certain nutrients, for example vitamins.

So an atom that loses an electron is oxidized and antioxidants are those atoms that donate electrons to stop oxidation. The electron is sometimes a hydrogen ion (H+). The gaining of the electron is said to be reducing the atom, back to normal. These terms, reduction and oxidation can be physico-chemically quantified and thus both antioxidants and radicals can be ranked by the ease with which they will undertake such reactions, this is referred to as their redox potential.

There are oxygen based radicals, for example, hydroxyl-, peroxyl- and superoxide radicals and nitrogen based ones, for example nitric oxide radicals. We also now recognize reactive species of chemicals, which although not technically radicals, they do behave in a similar way, such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone or peroxynitrite. The different radical and reactive species target different areas of body chemistry, thus their effects are wide ranging.

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Page 11 Issue 11 Pet Food Supplement

plant and its fruits from damage. Consumption of these antioxidants by animals confers protection to the animal.

Antioxidants may have functions outside electron donation A number of compounds have been evaluated as having potential antioxidant activity and do act as such in some situations. However, recent research also indicates that some of these compounds may exert their beneficial effects on the body either partially or predominately through other mechanisms. For example, some of the flavanoids may exert their effects by helping to protect the delivery of other dietary antioxidants to the intestinal cell wall. EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate) is now thought to exert its effect through influencing complex cell signaling, altering inflammatory responses and nitric oxide release, thus imparting vascular health benefits. Recent studies into grape procyanidins have reported changes in gene expression using microarray techniques.

Can we predict the perfect cocktail?

Not yet, and the nature of perfection will vary upon the situation being considered. The chemistry and research information is getting better

Antioxidants are definitely team players Antioxidants work more effectively together than in isolation. This could be considered as obvious, from looking at the wide variety consumed with normal food intake. So when we supplement a diet with antioxidants we need to not only mimic nature to the best of our ability but also consider what heightened threats our target animal may experience and thus how we should tailor make the antioxidant package to address this.

The body uses various antioxidant systems all of which rely on dietary nutrients for optimizing their efficiency, for example, the antioxidant enzymes in the body need key minerals like zinc, selenium and copper, others need specific vitamins. One of the main sources of antioxidants are those nutrients that are taken directly from the diet such as vitamin E, vitamin C, carotenoids (like beta Carotene) and a host of other fruit and vegetable compounds, for example the flavonoids. Not only do they support each other, but each antioxidant favours differing free radicals. Thus a mix is better than any one single antioxidant in isolation, although, especially in pet foods, vitamin E and C have to be considered the backbone of every antioxidant system.

When, for example, vitamin E provides an electron to enable a free radical to pair up its single electron, the vitamin E becomes the proud owner of a single electron, and technically becomes a radical in its own right, albeit not as dangerous as the radical it has just donated an electron to (the reason why it is not as dangerous is all to do with the thermodynamic chemistry (redox potential) of it all). Now that vitamin E is in this state (vitamin E radical) a number of other antioxidants instantly swing into action to donate an electron to the vitamin E at which point

all the time and we are producing better supplemental antioxidants than we were 10 years ago, but perfection still eludes us.

We do have an understanding, for example, that vitamin C will recycle vitamin E, and as both should be positioned as backbone of every antioxidant system in pet foods, thus we should supplement these two vitamins together. There is evidence to suggest that dietary flavanoids and their metabolites, both protect vitamins to the point of absorption and act in a supportive role in the cascade involving ascorbate, ureate and glutathione, thus sparing vitamin E and β-carotene and enhancing membrane PUFA protection. Coenzyme Q10 is believed to act both as a chain breaker and as a vitamin E recycler thus supplemental Q10 may be helpful in maintaining cell membrane integrity.

From life-stage to life-time Protection and prevention at any level is better than trying to cure, so dietary supplemental antioxidant mixes from early in life, provide much better solution to attaining optimum nutrition than do provision later in life after the damage has been done. This sounds logical, but often, when studying pet food labels we notice that antioxidants are often promoted in senior products and get less attention in products for young and adult pets. At this point pet food manufacturers should consider moving from a life-stage to a life-time concept, meaning providing adequate antioxidant protection throughout the whole life of the companion. The food industry has started to educate their customers accordingly, so that the ground work for marketing the next generation of pet products is underway.

they in turn have an electron donated from another antioxidant and so on; thus perpetuating the protection. As a result we can increase the total antioxidant status of the animal by providing a cocktail.

For more information on this article,

The great trick of nutrition is to get a chain of working antioxidants

antioxidants and other nutritional ingredients

that the animal is able to digest and which function at cellular level.

send an e-mail to martin.karutz@dsm.com or

This involves antioxidants that function up to the point of absorption,

contact you local DSM sales representative.

during transport and then as support at target tissue level.

Pet Food Supplement Issue 11 Page 12

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Satiety A Proven Weight Management Concept For Pets

By Dr Martin Karutz, DSM Nutritional Products, Switzerland Overweight and obesity is one of the biggest challenges for the

about weight management means addressing the owner with the right

pet food industry. While the food industry innovation is focused

products, messages and facts to help him or her to control the pet’s

on finding new solutions to the problem, the pet nutrition industry

weight, while also satisfying an intense desire to pamper the pet.

is still mainly building on calorie reduced “light” products. This concept however does not consider the pet owner as a limiting

Calorie reduced pet foods

factor to successful weight management. Learning from functional

It is broadly accepted by veterinarians and pet nutrition specialists

foods might help. New concepts and ingredients for helping

that pet food products with a reduced calorie density can provide the

manage the weight of pet are becoming available for the pet food

foundation for a weight reduction program. Suitable diets for weight loss

industry. One example is Fabuless™ a satiety triggering ingredient

regimes are indicated to be low in fat, rich in dietary fibre with selective

demonstrated to reduce the calorie intake of pets.

carbohydrate sources to subdue insulin response. These “light” pet food products are designed to reduce calories by 5-15% at constant

Approximately 40% of the pet population in North America and Western

daily food intake. Since weight management is about reducing calorie

Europe is overweight or obese. This staggering figure is compounded

intake, the approach is right, at least when the reduced level of fat is

by obesity related conditions such as diabetes mellitus, orthopedic

not offset by increased highly digestible carbohydrates combined with

problems, cardiovascular disease and other metabolic and physical

lower proteins.

Adequate mineral and vitamin supplementation as well as

problems.

But the main reason for overweight and obese pets is the human factor, linked to several issues:

sufficient protein intakes for the feed levels must be maintained. Various antioxidants (e.g. taurine, α-lipoic acid, vitamin E & C, and β-carotene)

•

The sedentary lifestyle of the domestic pet;

can also help to mitigate the complications of diseases associated with

•

Surgical contraception resulting in changes to the pet’s

obesity and will prepare dogs and cats for a healthier life. Additionally

environmental and endocrine mechanism;

reduced calorie pet food can be fortified with ingredients that stimulate

•

Predisposition as a result of breeding; and

the metabolism to consume more calories and turn deposited fat into

•

Indiscriminate feeding habits.

This last factor might be the true culprit, complete with table scraps, poor diet, constant access to food, competitive eating in a multiple pet household and other poor eating rituals.

It’s about discipline In nature, food acquisition has never been a sure thing for any creature – canines, felines or humans. It has always been accompanied by physical exertion to capture or cultivate and consume food. Humans, however, have figured out how to avoid all that work. They have learned how to refrigerate, dry, preserve and store foods in large amounts and have created the same food acquisition assurances for dogs and cats.

Like humans, pets no longer have to hunt to survive nor live outdoors, so they have mirrored the human tendency to have trouble with weight. The major difference is that humans principally have complete control over what they eat. They should also have complete control over what and how much their pets eat.

But, let’s be fair here. For most people, it’s very difficult to stick to a calorie reduced diet, exercise regularly or resist potato chips or a chocolate bar. Considering this human weakness, how can we expect people to treat their pets with the same or even a higher level of discipline?

It should be easy: feed a good, balanced diet with a calorie amount that offsets the pet’s energy consumption. Therefore, it’s about calories … and it’s about discipline – the pet owner’s discipline. So talking

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Issue 12 Pet Food Supplement

Page 9

Fabuless, an ingredients for easier control of calorie intake One example of a functional ingredients designed to help humans to manage their weight is Fabuless™, a patented emulsion of highly purified palm and oat oils that creates the feeling of satiety. The principle mechanism of this emulsion is a delayed digestion of the fat component of the product, leading to the presence of free fatty acids in the distal jejunum and ileum. These fatty acids are thought to trigger the so-called “ileal brake” mechanism. The ileal brake is a physiological mechanism to ensure better digestion of nutrients.

When nutrients are still present in the distal ileum, gastric emptying and gut movement are slowed down to permit better digestion of the gut contents. At the same time, a feeling of satiety is created, reducing appetite. There is no influence on the digestion in general or on the digestion of other nutrients ingested with or after the emulsion. Side energy. Examples include carnitine, which facilitates fat burning, and green tea polyphenols like EGCG proven to set the fat metabolism at a higher gear to turn fat into energy.

to occur, as the product is completely digested before entering the colon.

In multiple controlled human studies Fabuless has been

Learning from functional foods As pets and their owners due to their metabolic set up are not that different when it comes to weight problems it might be helpful to have a look at what happened in the human food industry and what nutritional products and solutions are offered for decreasing overweight and obesity for humans.

About 10 years ago the food industry was in the middle of what can be called the “low” period. Products claiming “low fat”, “low carbohydrates” or “low calorie” on their label flooded the retailer shelves promising easier weight loss. During the last decade however people started to search for a new kind of weight influencing solutions. “Low” products were more and more considered as boring and people started to look for a more modern approach avoiding the psychological aspect of missing something when consuming food which is perceived of being reduced. Lowered in calories? Lowered in nutritional value? Lowered in taste experience?

Satiety is one nutrition concept successfully taking an increasing share in the market of human weight management products. Satiety products contain higher concentrations of fibres or other ingredients contributing to filling the stomach thereby triggering a feeling of satiety and reducing the frequency of eating and amount of food. A second class of satiety products uses functional ingredients that create the feeling of satiety or satisfaction by influencing specific receptors in the gut and subseqeunt signaling chains to the brain. Multiple studies in humans but also in dogs have demonstrated that certain nutrients can trigger this satiety mechanism.

effects have not been seen in the human studies and are unlikely

demonstrated to significantly reduce energy intake by 12.5% - 30%, to reduce the occurrence of weight regain after dieting (yoyo-effect) and to reduce total body fat. No tendency for compensatory eating during the next day was observed.

Fabuless for weight management in pets There is literature confirming that the ileal brake mechanism also exists in dogs and that the strongest trigger for the dog is the presence of fatty acids in the small intestine.

In order to test the efficacy of Fabuless in pets, 40 adult beagle dogs, with a known history of high feed intake, were allowed a 14day adaptation period to acclimatize to a new feeding regime, which was also used during the main trial. Dogs were offered a morning snack in terms of wet dog feed mixed with Fabuless, in an amount which accounted for approximately 15% of the dogs’ daily energy requirements. Four hours after the morning snack all dogs were offered their habitual dry dog feed in amounts exceeding the dogs’ energy requirements. They were permitted to consume their feed over another four hours, when the food was removed and weight back.

Taking into consideration the total population of dogs in the study Fabuless resulted in an average 8% reduction in daily food intake, with however large variation of food intake per individual dog.

For further analyses of the data the dog population was sorted into four quartiles according to the amount of daily food intake. It became obvious, that dogs with the tendency of overeating responded more markedly to Fabuless resulting in an 15% significant reduction of feed intake in the upper two quartiles. In contrast hardly any effect was observed for the lower two quartiles. As dogs tending to increased food intake are often predisposed to being overweight or obese, Fabuless could be effective ingredient in a weight management program. Additionally, as pets do not act rationally regarding their food intake, the combination of non-responding and naturally low calorie uptake can be addressed as a safety mechanism, which avoids those dogs getting insufficient calories.

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Pet Food Supplement Issue 12

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Left: The sedentary lifestyle of the domestic pet, is demonstrated by Cody, the editor’s Border Collie beverages or a fortified low calorie snack as a reward after the training.

Thus Fabuless™ and other ingredients for weight management can be applied in the development of large variety of innovative products which can help to take away the negative emotional image of dieting from a successful weight management plan.

Weight management does not have to be a burden for the pet … and its owner. Getting the buy-in of owners and making it easier for them to be disciplined with their pets’ diets is the best way to go. It goes without saying that the return on an integrated program will be attractive not only for the pet and owner but also for the producer and retailer of the related products

Integrated weight management programs Despite proven efficacy functional ingredients for weight management are not magic tools. Use of ingredients like Fabuless should always be part of a broader weight management program including clear weight loss goals and regular exercise.

Pet food manufacturers should consider integrated weight management offers. For example, a morning snack with a satiety

Literature Burns AA. et al.: International Journal of Obesity (2000) 24, 1419-1425 Diepvens K. et al.: International Journal of Obesity (2007) 1–8 DSM: Internal study report (2008) Geoghegan J. et.al.: Physiology and Behavior (1997) 62, 39-43 Haenni A.: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology (2009) 44 10 1186 – 1190 Logan CM et al.,: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2006)1–11 Ohtani N. et al.: (2001) Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 5: 377-382 Pappas T. et al.: American Journal of Surgery 1988) 155: 98-103 Van Citters G et al.: Current Gastroenterology Reports (1999) 1: 404-409 Lin H. Et al.: American Journal of Physiology (1996) 271:G62-67

promoting ingredient, combined with a pet food rich in protein and low calorie treats potentially carrying a fat burner. The latter should replace all

For more information on this article, antioxidants and other nutritional

standard treats or could even be a designed and positioned as a training

ingredients send an e-mail to martin.karutz@dsm.com or contact you

treat to encourage exercise. You even could think about specific functional

local DSM sales representative.

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Issue 12 Pet Food Supplement

Page 11

Vitamins and Antioxidants they hunt in packs

By Dr John A Lowe, Tutton Hills Nutrition, United Kingdom and Dr. Martin Karutz, DSM Nutritional Products, Switzerland

The agreed date as to when domestication of the dog and cat

Influencing a multi-faceted system

occurred is regularly amended as and when new archaeological

Man and dog have acted as a team for many thousands of years;

evidence permits. For the dog it is considered to be around

likewise vitamins and antioxidants behave as teams, each relying or

12000 years ago, although some recent evidence suggests it

interacting with others in their biochemical rather than sociological

may be nearer to 100000. As for the cat some 3000-3500 years

roles.

ago seems to be generally accepted. Since that moment when

Throughout the history of science, the dog has been a

domestication, the enfolding into the social structure of the

model for nutrition and other aspects of human medical research.

human community, of the dog began, the two creatures have

Today, however the roles could be considered to be reversed with

been interdependent, with the close interaction of the dog with

developments in human physiology, biochemistry and nutrition

man ranging from mutual-functional benefit, social bonding,

becoming quickly applied to the nutrition of the dog and even, to

companionship, shared activities and even roles in science as

some extent, the cat.

extreme as space exploration. Interdependence can also be seen

Unfortunately for vitamin nutrition, much of the available research

in many aspects of nutrition, where one nutrient depends upon

has examined, quite correctly, single variables in a dose : response

another for expression of its functionality. Examples of this are

methodology. Much is old, limited in number and considers restricted

plentiful, but vitamins and antioxidants and antioxidant systems

criteria such as overcoming an overt deficiency symptom. Little

are obvious choices to demonstrate this.

or no quantification of other dietary factors, other than a general consideration of adequacy are usually given, nor is there detailed consideration of the physiological status of the animal. NRC (2006) goes some way to setting nutrient requirements for different life stages, but makes no assumptions outside simplistic empirical calculations. Similarly there is a paucity of studies exploring the role of vitamin or antioxidant supply in excess of minimum requirements and where studies do exist they concentrate primarily on overt toxicity.

The classical thinking has been a vitamin is a substance indispensable for life. Deprivation of it leads to deficiency symptoms: problems which appear more or less rapidly according to the vitamin in question and the possible reserves of it held by the animal, and which need to be redressed by dietary intake of vitamins. So requirements have been based on obliterating overt deficiency symptoms. However, we now realise that deficiency symptoms may be more subtle in their nature and that such subtleties are rarely the result of one missing vitamin, but an imbalance or shortage within a group, for example appetite loss and B-group vitamin inadequacy.

Biochemical processes are not stand alone, whether we are looking at energy metabolism, cognitive function or oxidative damage. Changes in the supply of one nutrient may shift many

The close interaction of the dog with man ranges from mutual-functional benefit, social bonding, companionship and shared activities

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Pet Food Supplement Issue 13

other nutrients in terms of the amounts required daily in order to optimise outcomes.

For the future and for many commercial diets we probably have already started to make a move from the concept of minimum dietary supply or practical allowance to overcome deficiency to an Optimum amount, by resetting what we consider should be the physiology we want to influence. Perhaps this is where nutrigenomics and gene array techniques will help us (Swanson et al 2009). Future nutrient recommendations for pets must embrace amounts required to achieve what we now expect for our pets, for example long healthy life, reduced signs of ageing, minimal cancers and optimised immune system.

Nutrient guidance instead of single supplements This is a fundamental change in approach in two aspects, from explicit single nutrient requirement values to one of nutrient guidelines; the amount of each nutrient in the diet thus changing to suit the specific needs of the pet dependent upon physiological status. Implicit in this

in the long-term to the animal? (Chew 2000, Rio et al 2009). Such

is an ongoing developmental approach to how much of any one or

values can also be confounded by the physiological status of the

combination of nutrients we include in the diet.

animal (Vanucchi et al 2007). There are, however, some intervention

In farmed animals, where we expect increased performance from genetic change and improved husbandry and, or health status, we

studies that begin to give indications of how much vitamin and/or antioxidant one might apply over and above typical allowances.

constantly up-rate our nutrient requirement assumptions and now even base them on modelling, using predictive equations for specific

A need to broaden the mind

circumstances (BSAS, 2003).

Throughout this discussion we keep referring to vitamins and

For pets where longevity / life expectancy, environmental

antioxidants as team players. When we classically think about

challenge and individuality vary enormously, as do genetics and

antioxidants, perhaps we initially think of the key low molecular mass

management, the consequential considerations of appropriate

ones like glutathione, vitamin E, ubiquinone, beta carotene vitamin C,

vitamin and antioxidant needs are equally if not more complex. Thus

urate and vitamin A; often we only consider the roles of vitamins E,

parameters for assessing needs are more multifaceted than even the

A and C. However B-group vitamins fit in to antioxidant metabolism

simple production metrics used in farm species.

and other biochemical paths, just as do the carotenoids. Several

For instance, we know that antioxidant status changes in

molecular mechanisms that underpin genomic integrity and function

the animal as it ages, but as yet we have only limited ideas as to

are sensitive to B-vitamin status, and in particular, are responsive

how and to what extent diet might be able to influence this to the

to the interaction between folate nutrition and folate dependent

advantage of the pet. Studies examining antioxidants and exercise

enzyme polymorphisms. Mechanisms that may be affected include

have not conclusively shown beneficial responses. Many factors

maintenance of genomic patterns for regulated gene expression, and

such as duration, intensity, state of training, athletic ability, health,

proficient synthesis of nucleotides to prevent DNA strand breakage

and environmental conditions have all compounded the results and

(Lucock et al 2003).

influenced the values found for the severity of oxidative stress, damage and degree of dietary supplemental antioxidant protection.

Although there are clear circumstances where increasing one vitamin in the diet has a positive effect, for example increasing dietary

Other data suggests that administration of high doses (2.5 to 5 X minimum requirement) of B vitamins sufficient to elevate mitochondrial enzyme cofactors may be effective in reducing oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial function (Haiqun et al 2010).

levels of vitamin E far in excess of acknowledged requirements have

A number of studies suggest that antioxidant status changes

been shown to positively impact immune response in all ages of bird

with age. Indications also exist that suggest that these changes can

and also the performance of heat-stressed birds (Leeson 2006), this

be influenced not only by diet but also life style and that the two may

is not the complete solution to optimum nutrition for pets.

have a synergistic role, though it remains unclear as to which has

Where interpretation of results becomes more difficult to

the greatest impact or to what extent the benefits apply to animal

determine is deriving optimum nutrient requirements if you do not use

well-being. One aspect that is clear is that these influences are not

clear measurable signs. Studying such subtleties as reduced signs of

short term fixes, thus we need to consider dietary support throughout

oxidative damage, improved cognitive function or changes in plasma

the life time (Rivera et al 2005, Milligram et al 2004, Grodstein et al

values can clearly show benefits, but are these optimum or beneficial

2007).

Issue 13 Pet Food Supplement

Page 11

The close relationship of man to pet is beneficial to the health of man. Every step should be taken to ensure that the health of the pet is the gift of man.

Optimum nutrition is about a balanced extra supply of nutrients over and above minimal allowances. The actual amounts, recommendations, should be based on available data, but with some intelligent predictions from comparative data, making allowances for species differences. For vitamins and antioxidants this approach is essentially a low cost, relatively safe insurance to animal well-being relative to the total Reducing oxidation to an absolute minimum, in a biological

diet design outlay. It must also be about opportunistic supply with

system, is not always beneficial; for example, oxidation plays a vital

margins for error that ensure whatever the circumstance, animal

role in the immune system and the overcoming of disease challenges.

profile or feeding behaviour of the owner, nutrition as such is never

Further, oxidation does not occur in isolation. Oxidation is the loss

a limiting factor in animal well-being. NRC (2006) indicates that for

of an electron or acquisition of O2; concomitant to this, reduction

vitamins “moderate excess up to 10x minimum requirements” do

must take place to balance the electron loss. Thus it is essential to

not compromise the animal. It is thus highly probable that using

provide “packs” or cascades of antioxidants to resolve this, until the

recommendations for an optimum vitamin nutrition approach is both

end of the cascade is a large enough pool to soak up the imbalance,

safe and efficacious.

which is what the body’s natural systems do (the urate pool), so supplemental dietary antioxidant packages should be of similar

Conclusions

construction. Perhaps we should call some reducing agents rather

We should always bear in mind that excessive over supply in any form

than antioxidants.

of nutrition can be detrimental, be it specific antioxidants, essential fatty acids or vitamins (Insua et al 2007) or even calories (Stowe et al

The interrelationship of the antioxidants

2006) the latter showing that lifetime reduced caloric intake increased

Antioxidants have a variety of functions within the body, all of which

markers of antioxidant status and extended both life expectancy and

are involved with the management of oxidative damage. The many

quality of life of dogs.

antioxidants in the animal, from vitamins to endogenous enzymes can

Given our expectations for the health, longevity and quality of life

be grouped according to their role in the prevention and reduction of

of our pets, current minimum nutrient requirements however may not

oxidation reactions, with the vitamins acting primarily as free radical

be appropriate in every circumstance and under certain challenges

scavengers.

may be insufficient to cover basic metabolic (maintenance) and

A free radical is a chemical species capable of independent

functional and immunological needs. Further, considering individual

existence and containing one or more unpaired electrons. When this

nutrients in isolation, particularly antioxidants and vitamins, is

highly reactive free radical (oxidizing agent) is rendered essentially

probably inappropriate and we should look both at their absolute

stable by the donation of an electron (or hydrogen atom) from the

amounts in the diet as well as their relative amounts.

antioxidant vitamin (reducing agent), the vitamin itself becomes

Given the paucity of specific information in the literature, we

an antioxidant radical. Although this is a less reactive radical than

should consider appropriate careful interpretation and lateral thought

the one it has donated the electron to it nevertheless is willing to

to the application of comparative nutrition to the design of dietary

accept a donor electron from another source dependent upon redox

nutrient supply and thus recommended amounts of vitamins and

potential and relative concentrations of the surrounding molecules,

antioxidants for different physiological states of the pet.

for example oxidized vitamin E can be reduced by those antioxidant

The benefits of these approaches would appear to be long

vitamins with lower redox potential for example Ubiquinol (Q10) or

term, thus we should apply such concepts of optimum nutrition to

vitamin C, which in turn becomes oxidized to semidehydroascorbate

all life stages if the effects are to be realised for the older pet. The

and subsequently reduced by the presence of dehydroascorbate

close relationship of man to pet is beneficial to the health of man.

reductase, a glutathione dependent enzyme. Such reactions

Every step should be taken to ensure that the health of the pet is

essentially spare vitamin E in the system.

the gift of man.

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Pet Food Supplement Issue 13

Algal DHA a sustainable omega-3 solution

By Dr. Martin Karutz, DSM Nutritional Products, Switzerland The omega-3 fatty acid ingredient market is a large and growing

DSM (2012) indicates that 61 % of the pet owners in the US know about

market due to increasing awareness of omega-3 health benefits

DHA. This increasing awareness, together with successive scientific

for humans and animals, as well as growth in demand from

studies investigating omega-3 fatty acids to better understand their

human and animal markets which utilize omega-3 products.

impact on its cellular function, has been the most significant driver of

There is an increasing concern about overfishing and depletion of

market expansion through recent years.

currently used sources of especially DHA omega-3. Algae derived

Since DHA is now well known to provide the omega-3 health

ingredients, such as DHAgold, provide a consistent, sustainable,

benefits of interest to humans and pets, and the most abundant sources

non-marine source of DHA omega-3 for pet nutrition products.

of DHA, fish oil and fish meal, are used extensively in human food and animal nutrition applications.

Today many food and pet food products claim to be a good sources of omega-3s, but not all omega-3s are created equal. Therefore, even

Growing demand for fish may soon outstrip supply

once you have decided to supplement omega-3s to your dog’s or cat’s

While the global population has swelled to more than 7 billion people

diet, it can be daunting experience trying to make the right choice.

and more than 500 million dogs and cats, the world’s natural resources

Three primary fatty acids within the omega-3 category are

are considered nearly static. The ever increasing global consumption

marketed to support omega-3 fatty acid status or for their specific health

of fish, and our heavy reliance on fish material as a protein source, is

benefits, as mammals and many aquatic animals cannot naturally

bringing us to the critical point where ocean supplies will fail to meet

synthesize omega-3 fats. These three omega-3 fatty acids are α-linoleic

the growing demand. Today 30 million tons of small forage fish are

acid (ALA), eicosahexaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid

removed from the oceans yearly. Since ocean fish is a critical food

(DHA), each with distinct health benefits (see graphic overleaf)

component in the aquaculture industry, farm raised fish will not alleviate

ALA (18 carbon atoms and 3 double bonds) is considered a source

the pressure. Projections indicate that continuing to overfish our oceans

of energy and contributes to the coat quality, but its primary function

will result in a shortage of commercially harvested fish and potentially

is as a precursor to EPA and DHA. Unfortunately, this conversion is

lead to extinction of those species.

highly inefficient in dogs and even less in cats, in the case of DHA less

Recent estimates of the crude fish oil market size indicate

than 1%. Additionally the conversion rate is not constant and depending

approximately 1 million metric tons of fish oil are produced for use

on the presence of omega-6 fatty acids, as these are competing for

in aquaculture, human, industrial, production animal and pet food

the same enzymes catalysing the conversion to longer chain poly

applications each year.

unsaturated fatty acids. ALA is primarily derived from vegetable oil seeds like flaxseed.

The aquaculture industry consumes more than 80% of the global annual fish oil production followed by about 10% being consumed by

EPA (20 carbon atoms and 5 double bonds) can provide anti-

human applications including nutritional supplements, food and beverage,

inflammatory benefits to pets suffering from inflammatory skin diseases,

infant formula and pharmaceuticals. The residual share of about 10% is

kidney diseases and osteoarthritis.

utilized by pet foods, animal feed and other industrial applications.

DHA (22 carbon atoms and 6 double bonds) has distinct benefits

Fish meal, the commercial product made from both whole fish

in neurologic developments, optimum eye function and improves

and offal from processed fish, has been widely utilized as an excellent

learning. It contributes to the functioning of the immune system and

protein source in animal feeds for decades. However, as with fish

has a balancing effect on inflammation parameters. There is also

oil, global supply of fish meal is dictated by ocean fish catch and has

increasing evidence that DHA is helps counteracting the process of

declined in recent years to approx. 5 million metric tons. More recently,

ageing, e.g. by slowing down metal decay in senior years. DHA, like

the residual levels of fish oil remaining in fish meal (~ 3% fish oil) has

EPA, is predominantly derived from marine species, mainly from fish

been utilized as a source of DHA and EPA in animal feeds. Here again,

oil and other marine byproducts.

aquaculture feed use the majority of the global fish meal production.

61% of US pet owners know about DHA

Concerns about overfishing are growing

The awareness of omega-3 and its health benefits for humans and pets

The demand for seafood world-wide is up 36% since the 1980s also as

has grown during the last decade. A recent consumer study initiated by

authorities now recommend people eat at least 240 grams of ocean fish

Page 8

Pet Food Supplement Issue 14

a week, as a source of healthy, easy digestible protein and for covering

goes directly to the source. Therefore algal DHA is a consistent,

DHA needs. The above-mentioned consumer study however indicates

sustainable, none marine source of DHA which is free of ocean-borne

a growing concern about overfishing the marine environment. 50% of

contaminants.

US pet owners agree or strongly agree (top 2 boxes) that overfishing our oceans is a growing problem. 44% of the same population expects

There are even a few more advantages

certain fish species to be significantly reduced or to become extinct and

Algae derived DHA, such as DSM’s sustainable DHAgold pet food

30% of the pet owners fear that eventually there will not be enough fish

ingredient, is designed to be superior to marine derived products, as

to feed the world. Additionally 27% of the pet owners are not convinced

besides the health benefits the pet industry needs to consider additional

that farm raised fish sources provide the same level of nutrition and

parameters in application and marketing.

health benefits as ocean catch.

Schizochytrium, the microalgae strain producing DHAgold, is

Due to this uncertainty surrounding this traditional source of

grown in closed, stainless steel fermentation vessels commonly also

dietary DHA omega-3, there is a pressing need for alternative sources

used for other food and feed ingredients. In process controls allow

and the quest may have resulted in the identification of a sustainable

the production of a consistent product independent from natural or

alternative.

seasonal influences.

After fermentation, the algal biomass is carefully dried while

DHA from algae provides a sustainable solution

keeping the cellular structure intact. The resulting microalgae flakes

Fortunately, DHA today is available from another source - algae.

contain a high level of DHA ideal for use in companion animal feed. The

Most people believe that fish produce their own DHA, when in fact it

natural protection of the cell walls and the additional natural antioxidants

is the algae in their food chain that makes them a rich source of DHA.

create the stability needed for a longer shelf life. Additionally, being

Microalgae are consumed by plankton which the small fish eat, then

protected by the cell hull DHA form microalgae shows better stability

larger fish feed on the smaller fish, a process that transitions the DHA

during extrusion, injection moulding or baking, when comparing it to

from the algae to the fish we eat or the oil produced from the fish.

commonly used marine sources. Opening up additional opportunities,

Algae are in a separate kingdom (Protista) in nature and have

products like DHAgold have a better sensory performance compared

many biochemical pathways distinct from plants, animals, fungi and

to fish oil and fish meal making it also acceptable e.g. as a horse

bacteria. Scientists believe that algae represent a virtually untapped

supplement.

genetic resource that can be screened for a variety of applications to

Finally, the use of algal DHA also allows positive communication to

greatly benefit human health. What began as a study on the beneficial

the pet owner. Addressing above mentioned concerns about overfishing

use of algae in long-term space flight resulted in the identification of

DHA directly provided by algae allows a convincing sustainability

strains of algae that were naturally high producers of DHA. Being

message and demonstrates responsiveness to pressing environmental

based on large scale fermentation, algal DHA bypasses the fish and

issues.

Issue 14 Pet Food Supplement

Page 9

DHA omega-3

Beneficial through all life stages

Visual development

Trainability

A DHA enriched diet fed to dogs before whelping and during lactation allows puppies having a significantly improved DHA level in their retina, leading to improved visual performance in the developing dogs.

Puppies nourished with high levels of DHA were found to be more trainable than puppies given low levels of DHA, supporting the effect of DHA on neurological function.

Brain development

Conditionally essential

Feeding dams a diet enriched with DHA during gestation and lactation has been associated with improvements in the neurologic development of their puppies.

Providing omega-3’s such as DHA is necessary to ensure plasma DHA enrichment and support growth and development in puppies. DHA is considered conditionally essential for developing dogs.

4

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Pet Food Supplement Issue 14

Heart health DHA is beneficial in dogs with cardiac disease and support anti-arrhythmic effects along with positive effects on heart rate and blood pressure.

Immune and Inflammation response Supplementation with omega-3’s positively influences the cell-mediated immune response. In dogs DHA supports anti-inflammatory effects along with positive effects on immune function.

Skin and coat care

Metabolic syndrome

Dogs with canine pruritic skin disease, supplemented with DHA, showed significant improvements in skin health and coat character over time. The quality of a dog’s paw pad is also linked to its DHA nutritional status. Die tary omega-3 supplementation is useful in the treatment of feline skin disorders including miliary dermatitis.

Management of hyperlipidemia in dogs can be achieved through low fat diets also providing DHA as a lipid lowering agent. In obese cats diets high in omega-3 fatty acids may improve long-term glucose control and decrease plasma insulin concentration, reducing the risk of developing diabetes mellitus.

Digestion and gut heath Omega-3 fatty acids help decrease intestinal inflammation.

Mobility and joint care In dogs with osteoarthritis, omega-3’s help reducing the use of pain medication required. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation can also lead to an improvement in weight bearing for dogs with osteoarthritis.

Issue 14 Pet Food Supplement

Page 11

5

A Breath of Fresh Air Oral care support from vitamin action

By Sarah-Jane Godfrey, DSM Nutritional Products

Oral health is one of the top three concerns for companion animal owners. It is reported that approximately 70% of cats and 80% of dogs develop some form of periodontal disease by the time they are 3 years old and that every dog or cat can be affected to some extent during its life. The increased awareness that oral health does not just affect the pet’s oral cavity but impacts upon its overall heath has meant that owners are seeking effective product solutions from the pet industry to help them maintain their companion’s oral health. Further, such measures, in order to be effective must be prolonged and in the form of daily care. Consequently the diet as the source of the support is a logical solution. Vitamin C has been shown to be a highly attractive ingredient, well-known by consumers. It is also known to be important for the maintenance of normal oral health. The patented ingredient STAY-C® 50, a highly specialised form of vitamin C from DSM Nutritional Products, is clinically proven to provide nutritional support to oral health in cats and dogs and is an ingredient that is attractive to pet owners, offering pet food producers multiple points of differentiation for their products.

Oral disease an on-going concern

and the damage to the integrity of the surface tissue can lead to the

During the last century, there has been a world-wide surge of interest

development of more extensive disease conditions.

in veterinary dentistry. Interstitial gingivitis or so-called pyorrhoea

A pet’s diet generally is considered to be a major factor in the

alveolaris” was reported in dogs as far back as 1899. In 1939 the

development of plaque and tartar. Clinical evidence suggests that soft

prevalence of dental disease and requirement for surgical intervention in

or sticky foods propagate plaque formation while the abrasive action

dogs was also reported. Dental disease is certainly not a new “modern”

and increased salivary flow from mechanical devices, such as dog

problem in our dogs or our cats.

chews, or large, fibrous foods are considered beneficial.

Infection and inflammation of the gums and supporting tissues of surface deposit comprised of bacteria, sugar and food residue and

Increased awareness of the importance of regular oral care

the formation of calculus or tartar, which is mineralised plaque. The

If unchecked, development of periodontal disease does not just impact

problem starts when yellowish brown plaque and calculus are allowed

the health of the oral cavity but can also affect the animal’s systemic

to build up on an animal’s teeth. In the absence of regular cleaning,

health. Bacteria causing the infection in the mouth can migrate into the

it is within a few days that plaque attracts calcium salts and becomes

lymphatic system and blood vessels. In healthy animals the transient

mineralised. As plaque matures, gingivitis develops into periodontitis

bacteraemia can be cleared effectively by the immune system, however, if

characterized by increased mobility of teeth, concurrent gingivitis and

not removed they may colonise other areas of the body impairing immune

sub-gingival calculus. Untreated this can result in bad breath (halitosis),

and organ function. Periodontal disease has been linked to conditions

bleeding and inflammation of the gums, receding gums and the eventual

of the heart valves and pulmonary airways and changes in the kidneys,

loss of teeth. Halitosis due to periodontal disease is caused by plaque

myocardium and liver. In people it has been linked to arthritis, low birth

bacteria, which are attracted to the tooth surface within eight hours

weight, heart disease, stress, anxiety, obesity and stroke.

the teeth, seen in periodontal disease, are caused by plaque, a sticky

after teeth cleaning. Without adequate oral care the bacteria change

The importance of dental care for companion animals means that

from somewhat irritating strains to bone destroying types that produce

dentistry is an integral part of the veterinarian training curricula with

hydrogen sulphide causing halitosis and pain. Such bacterial loads

many now specialising and offering complete dental care services for

Page 10

Pet Food Supplement Issue 15

companion animals worldwide. Routine veterinary oral examinations are an important part of care for all pets. In addition, regular home care is necessary to help support oral health of companion animals. It is generally accepted that the most efficient oral home care method for dog and cat owners to remove plaque from their pet’s teeth is by regular brushing with a toothbrush using appropriate pet toothpaste. This is not however a procedure that many companion animal owners can carry out effectively or even comply with. In a DSM pet owner survey only 16% of dog owners cleaned their pet’s teeth every day, driving the need for pet products that provide a more complete approach to oral care.

Products for Maintaining Oral Health The pet industry has recognised its role in continuing to provide solutions that contribute positively to oral hygiene and a variety of products are available. Sometimes the fact that the product is dry and extruded is the basis of the oral health claim benefit, but their effectiveness to provide mechanical cleaning of the tooth can vary. Other products available include chews, which like some dry foods provide enough

 •     •    •    •   

abrasive cleaning action to help remove plaque accumulation. Owners are also confronted by a number of products containing functional ingredients to further improve oral health. The three principal modes of action commonly implemented in oral care products for companion animals are: ingredients that reduce the growth of bacteria in the oral cavity; ingredients that are said to limit the formation of calculus, which leads to the development of periodontal disease; and ingredients that supplement the mechanical benefit.

destructive reactive oxygen species (ROS), for example, superoxide, via the respiratory burst, during the processes to destroy the pathogen.

Although ROS have important roles to play within the body, these free radicals also detrimentally affect the tissues as they damage DNA, cause lipid peroxidation, protein damage, oxidation of enzymes and cause stimulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine release by monocytes and macrophages. Periodontitis has been described to be similar to other inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, in which ROS are implicated to induce tissue damage. Biological fluids such as the saliva and gingival crevicular fluid, found in the gingival crevice, contain antioxidants which could be important in terms of protecting oral tissues from the negative effects of ROS. In dogs, it has been reported that those with gingivitis and minimal periodontitis had significantly higher total antioxidant capacity in the gingival crevicular fluid than dogs with advanced periodontitis.

The role of vitamin C and its importance in oral health remains unchallenged. Vitamin C is needed in the body for formation of collagen. This confirms its importance to the maintenance of oral health, supporting gum structure and the integrity of tooth placement.

For years, many human dental products have included vitamin C as

Vitamin C is also a powerful antioxidant in the body and also supports

part of their formulation because of the proven benefit associated with oral

the immune system, subsequently supporting phagocytic leukocyte

care parameters. The special form of vitamin C, STAY-C® 50 is added

function. Vitamin C is also needed for regeneration of vitamin E, another

to toothpaste, mouthwash and teeth whitening products. Consumer

important antioxidant. Vitamin E (tocopherols) is a fat soluble antioxidant

awareness of health benefits surrounding vitamin C is very high.

that protects polyunsaturated fats in cell membranes from oxidation by lipid peroxyl radicals. Other nutrients that will influence antioxidant

Micronutrients and Support of Oral Health

status are selenium, zinc, copper and manganese, all required for the

The development of dental disease has been linked to oxidative stress

function of the enzymatic antioxidant system. It is therefore important

and a defect in the total antioxidant activity of saliva. The inflammation

that when considering supplementation of foods a complete cocktail

associated with periodontal disease is a direct result of the actions

of antioxidant nutrients are provided to ensure adequate antioxidant

of bacteria and their by-products on the tissues and the indirect

protection at all times.

actions of the animal’s immune system. In response to periodontal

Deficiencies of vitamins A, B, and D have also been linked to

pathogens, polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs or neutrophils) release

periodontal disease. B complex vitamin (including folic acid, niacin,

Issue 15 Pet Food Supplement

Page 11

with gingival inflammation, epithelial necrosis and resorption of

Clinical Trials Support DSM Patented Oral Care Technology

alveolar bone in dogs. The functions of vitamin A most relevant to

All DSM clinical protocols to assess the efficacy of STAY-C® 50 in

dental disease are its roles in cellular differentiation and the immune

cat and dog products were designed to comply with the trial protocol

response. Vitamin A deficiency has been reported to cause changes in

requirements of the Veterinary Oral Health Council

the gingival and subgingival tissues. B-Carotene, pro-vitamin A, is also

(see www.VOHC.org).

pantothenic acid, and riboflavin) deficiencies have been associated

an important antioxidant. Vitamin D is required for calcium homeostasis and deficiency has been reported to cause changes in the gingivae,

Stay-C® 50 Study in Dogs

periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Vitamin D also supports the

Several clinical trials have addressed the efficacy of STAY-C ®

function of the immune system and in people it is suggested that it may

50 (sometimes referred to as STAY-Clean) in dry dog products

play a role in periodontal disease development.

demonstrating its benefit to improving the measured oral care parameters plaque, tartar, and gingival scores. The most challenging

Patented Vitamin C Oral Care Technology

trial evaluated the added benefit of STAY-C® 50 on an enhanced,

The active ingredient in STAY-C 50 is a purified, highly bioavailable and

extruded dry dog food with a much larger kibble size contributing

stabilized form of vitamin C. Although, initially developed for the human

to greater tooth penetration and abrasion specially formulated to

dental care market, the action of STAY-C® 50 is clinically proven in dry

maximize mechanical action.

®

pet foods, treats and edible chews. The solubility of this specialist form of vitamin C is vital for its effectiveness in pet oral care products as it rapidly dissolves in water (Figure 1). This is an important feature of STAY-C® 50 when considering the short period of time the food or treat remains in the oral cavity and the time available for it to dissolve in saliva.

 

 

   

Solubility in water

Stable form; industry standard

~ 10 %





7.5 7.0

*

6.5

Stability



Whole mean mouth plaque scores

8.0





6.0 A

B

C

Whole mean mouth calculus scores 5.0

STAY-C® 35

4.0 3.0 2.0

*

*

B

C

1.0

Ascorbic acid

Crystalline; not stable in pet food

~ 35-40 %

Stable form for oral care products

~ up to 50 % plus fast dissolution

0.0 A 0.4



Change in gingival scores after 28 days

 

0.2

Stay-C®50

0.0

*

*

B

C



-0.2 -0.4

A



When applied to dry pet foods, treats, and edible chews, STAY-C®

These data confirmed that the enhanced diet formulated with

50 addresses the three main areas of oral care: plaque and calculus,

STAY-C® 50 not only significantly reduced plaque and calculus indexes

collagen formation and immune function support. It is an ingredient that

versus the control but there was also a significant improvement in gum

acts at the earliest opportunity in the oral cavity, compared with other

quality after the dogs were fed the diet for the typical 28 days. The

oral care products or techniques to address areas that impact on the

reduction in gingival scores was more pronounced after exposure to

development of periodontal disease (Figure 2).

the enhanced diet with STAY-C® 50 compared to the enhanced diet without STAY-C® 50. This would imply that gum irritation caused by plaque bacteria, as well as the abrasive action of dry extruded pet food,

  STAY-C® 50

can be counteracted by the addition of STAY-C® 50.

Stay-C® 50 Study in Cats Enzyme system

Sulcus fluid

 

Gingivitis

Bleeding

The efficacy of STAY-C ® 50 in improving oral care parameters related to a dry extruded cat food application was demonstrated in

 

 

 

HexametaPO4

Systemic impact

multiple controlled clinical trials. The data indicated that reductions in plaque and calculus scores were possible after the cats were fed the test diet formulated with STAY-C® 50 for 28 days, compared to the same diet without this ingredient. Studying the gingival status, it

Tooth brush Fibres

Kibble size/ shape

became obvious that only the group of cats exposed to the diet with STAY-C® 50 showed improved gum quality. In one study, the gums

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Pet Food Supplement Issue 15

Further Reading List

 

Standard dry extruded cat food Standard dry extruded cat food 

  

 



 

Diet w/STAY-C 50

Control









  





Actual trial photos (unaltered); plaque (blue) and tartar (red)





surrounding the molars and premolars of these animals showed up to a 20% improvement in gingival scores.

Positive Consumer Reaction Two DSM consumer studies investigated the concepts “Stay-Clean” and “Freshening the Breath” which utilised the features of STAY-C® 50 to support the understanding that dental health is a concern for pet owners. Vitamin C, compared with other functional additives available on the market to support oral care, was found to be highly attractive to pet owners. For the Freshening Breath concept, the key measures liking, uniqueness, believability and purchase intent, pet owners stated they would definitely or probably would buy a premium dog or cat oral care food or dog oral care treat made with STAY-C® 50.

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

Amano, Y. et al (2009) Vitamin D and Periodontal Disease, Journal of oral Science, Vol 51, No. 1, 11-20 Becks, H.; Wainwright, W. W.; and Morgan, A. F. (1943) Comparative Study of Oral Changes in Dogs Due to Deficiencies of Pantothenic Acid, Nicotinic Acid and Unknowns of B Vitamin Complex. Am. J.Ortho. & Oral Surg. 29:183-207 (Apr) Cave N.J. et al, (2012): Systemic effects of periodontal disease in cats, Veterinary Quarterly, 32:3-4, 131-144 Chapple I L C, et al, (2007) The Prevalence of Inflammatory Periodontitis Is Negatively Associated with Serum Antioxidant Concentrations J. Nutr. 137: 657–664 Chapple & Mathews, (2007), The role of reactive oxygen and antioxidant species in periodontal tissue destruction, Periodontology 2000, Vol. 43, 2007, 160–232 DSM Nutritional Products : Internal studies, DSM Nutritional Products, Kaiseraugst, Schweiz Ehizele, A.0, (2009) Nutrition and oral health, Journal of Postgraduate Medicine , Vol. 11 No. 1, p 76-82 Gorrel, C et al, (2000) The Role of Nutrition in Common Oral Diseases, In, Nutrition and Immunology: Principles and Practice, Humana Press Inc. Edited by Gershwin, E.M et al, Chapter 34, 423 -437 Gorrel, C. (1998) Periodontal Disease and Diet in Domestic Pets. J. Nutr. 128: 2712S–2714S Hand at al, (2010) Small animal clinical nutrition, 5th Edition, 2010, Chapter 47, 979-1001 Norman, J (2011) Periodontal Disease, Systemic Consequences in Wider Focus, Veterinary Times, King J, D, (1940), Abnormalities in the Gingival and Sub-Gingival Tissues Due to Diets Deficient in Vitamin A and Carotene. Brit. Dent. J. Vol. 68 pp. 349-60 Liu K, Meng H, Hou J (2012) Characterization of the Autocrine/Paracrine Function of Vitamin D in Human Gingival Fibroblasts and Periodontal Ligament Cells. PLoS ONE 7(6): e39878. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039878 Logan, E (2006) Dietary Influences on Periodontal Health in Dogs and Cats, Vet Clin Small Anim , 36, 1385–1401 Niemiec, B.A (2008) Periodontal Disease, Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Volume 23, Number 2, May 2008 p 72-80 National Research Council (2006), Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats, National Academies Press Pavlica , Z et al, (2004) Measurement of total antioxidant capacity in gingival crevicular fluid and serum in dogs with periodontal disease, Am J Vet Res;65:1584– 1588 Rawlinson JE et al (2011) Association of periodontal disease with systemic health indices in dogs and the systemic response to treatment of periodontal disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc. Mar 1;238(5):601 Talbot E. (1899) Interstitial gingivitis or so-called pyorrhoea alveolaris. Philadelphia, PA: SS White Dental Manufacturing Waddington (2000) Reactive oxygen species: a potential role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, Oral Diseases, 6, 138–151 Wright JG. (1939) Some observations on dental disease in the dog. Veterinary Record; 51: 409-422

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   

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  

 

STAY-C® 50 - The marketing advantage Vitamin C is a highly attractive health ingredient that combines significant public awareness with a positive health message.

Combining the consumer perception of vitamin C with the proven functionality of STAY-C® 50 is extremely powerful when marketing oral care products for pets.

For more information on STAY-C® 50 applications, antioxidants or other nutritional solutions please email sarah-jane.godfrey@dsm.com or contact your local DSM representative.

Issue 15 Pet Food Supplement

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DHAgold® S17-B, a Specific Marine MicroAlgae that is a Natural and Sustainable Alternative to Fish Oil, Now Proven to Help Improve Cognitive Function in Older Dogs

By Jeffrey Alix, Global Marketing Manager Pet Nutrition, DSM Nutritional Products Like humans, dogs are living longer and therefore spend a longer period of life in the senior life stage. In fact, the industry has expanded the companion animal life stages to include the geriatric phase. Animals in the senior and geriatric life stages, compared with younger animals have different nutritional requirements, one factor being a reduction in their inability to absorb some nutrients. Nutritional studies indicate that during the senior and geriatric life stages of many animals “extra” nutritional supplementation is required to help avoid the onset of certain age related health issues, such as declined immune function or to mediate the ill effects of common age related health issues, such as inflammation associated with degenerative joint disease. Ingredients rich in omega-3 fatty acids are one of the more frequently used supplements to help support the health of ageing dogs.

It is not unusual that with a growing population of older humans we often see health issues that parallel ageing dogs. Science has

nutrient rich products combined with proper food create a more balanced diet that can help seniors address the special needs of their bodies.

demonstrated that dogs are good models for humans when it comes

Is the pet food industry learning from this? An August 2012

to many common health issues. In fact, “The key to unlocking some of

Packaged Facts consumer survey shows that 43% of dog owners and

nature’s most perplexing puzzles in human health has actually stood right

36% of cat owners purchase some type of specialty nutritional formula

next to us, wagging its tail,” said Matthew Breen, a genomics professor

pet food or supplemental nutritional products for their pets. “As in human

at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine.

nutritional products market,” says David Sprinkle, Research Director at

Researchers from the University of North Carolina School of Medicine,

Packaged Facts, “ageing is the core market driver, as more pets suffer

North Carolina State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine and

from age-related conditions such as joint deterioration and cognitive

Duke University recently published findings in the journal Cancer

dysfunction.” Popular and fast growing supplement ingredients in the

Research that showed both dogs and humans develop a molecularly

human market include glucosamine, omega fatty acids and probiotics,

comparable cancer called diffuse B-cell lymphoma. This is the most

with omega fatty acid ingredients being the most prominent among the

common lymphoma subtype in humans and one of the most common

top three listed regionally (Figure 1). The pet food industry has therefore

canine cancers diagnosed by veterinarians. Since nutrition plays an

an opportunity to pursue many of the same dietary supplements in their

integral role in steering biological pathways, nutrient supplements

quest to address the health needs of ageing dogs.

that are effective at mediating human health concerns are excellent candidates for addressing the same health concerns in dogs.

For adults over 50, the benefits of healthy eating include increased mental acuteness, resistance to illness and disease, higher energy levels, faster recuperation times and better management of chronic health problems. Getting adequate nutrition can however be a challenge as you get older. With age the number of calories you need begins to decline. Every calorie you consume must be packed with other vital nutritional content in order to hit the mark. This is no different for dogs.

The human nutrition and health industry, particularly in the area of dietary supplements and fortified foods, has stepped up to the challenge by developing nutritional science that points to a variety of dietary supplements that provide these much needed health benefits. These

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Pet Food Supplement Issue 16

Figure 1

Of the nutrient categories, one plays a particularly important role.

There are over 14,000 scientific reports addressing the use of omega-3 fatty acids to support health and wellbeing, with canines being the most studied companion animal. The underlying physiological reason for the described health benefits may be complex but the perceived benefits are top of the list for many dog owners – skin health and coat condition, brain health including trainability and the decline of cognitive function, even heart and vision health. All these benefits are on the top ten list of concerns for owners of ageing dogs.

It is therefore understandable that over the past ten years we have seen a significant growth in pet consumables that highlight health benefits because they contain omega-3 fatty acids. The most common of these health benefits are related to skin, coat, and joint health. There is however a growing body of evidence supporting brain health. Companies like Hill’s Pet Nutrition and P&G Pet Care have demonstrated that nutrient supplementation including the omega-3 fatty acid DHA can significantly impact the achievement of genetic potential in the puppy increasing puppy trainability. Further evidence now exists that demonstrates food

Figure 2: Ocean fish food chain human industries demand for omega-3 rich ingredients.

supplemented with DHA helps improve cognitive function in older dogs.

It is important to understand that fish do not create their own

Improving trainability or maintaining cognitive function can only help to

omega-3 fatty acids. The original source of these fatty acids is marine

strengthen the bond between owner and pet.

algae (Figure 2). Fish oil contains DHA and EPA because of the food

With growth in the older dog population, more and more pet

chain in the ocean. Unless farm raised fish are fed ocean fish or algae,

parents are experiencing the strain of having an older dog presenting

they do not contain these important omega-3 fatty acids. Fish farmers

with a decline in cognitive function. This condition is called Cognitive

are slow to adapt algae as a source of omega-3 because it is typically

Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS) and is compared to Alzheimer’s disease in

a low margin industry and algae is more expensive than crude ocean

humans. Researchers believe CDS is caused by physical and chemical

fish by-products. Consequently, overfishing our oceans has become a

changes that affect the brain function in older dogs. Dogs with CDS may

real issue. Entire species of ocean fish are at risk of extinction due to

show signs of confusion and/or various other behavioural changes that

the growing demand for omega-3 rich fish oil. Worldwide, fishing rights

are not a normal part of ageing. Experts have developed a check list

and quotas are more difficult to obtain and are more restrictive because

of symptoms in the general categories: disorientation and confusion;

of this concern. Crude fish oil prices have risen 86% since 2011 due

reduced interaction with family members; atypical changes in sleep and

to the rising demand.

activity; and a loss of house-training. In one study at the University of

A high quality, whole-cell, marine algae can be a feasible alternative

California-Davis, 62% of 11- to 16-year-old dogs showed signs in at least

to ocean fish derived raw materials. Algae grown by fermentation has

one category of CDS. With an increased humanization of dogs, many

many positive attributes. It is a rich, highly sustantainable source of the

pet owners will be seeking to prevent the onset of CDS using nutritional

most desired omega-3 fatty acids and not limited by a natural resource. It

intervention, because this condition is not reversible.

is devoid of the contaminants found in fish sources. A high quality algae

Currently fish oil is the ingredient most used by the pet food industry

is odour and colour neutral, allowing greater flexibility in the development

as a source of omega-3 fatty acids. Fish oils have many challenges.

of pet food products. The dried whole-cell algae ingredient DHAgold

As a liquid, it must be carefully applied in production using pumping

S17-B exists commercially and contains almost twice the concentration

equipment and metered to deliver the right amount. It is calorie dense

of DHA found in fish oil. The price of this type of algae is also consistent

and careful consideration must be made to limit the use of other

because it is produced by fermentation where demand has much less

calorie dense fats and oils in the formulation. It is a highly unstable

impact on the cost of production.

fat which requires strict quality control specifications and diligent use

Although marine micro-algae is a rich source of omega-3 fatty

of antioxidants to control lipid oxidation. The total omega-3 fatty acid

acids, it is relatively new to animal nutrition and, therefore, few studies

concentration and ratio of the specific fatty acids DHA and EPA is often

have been done to demonstrate its effect on the health of companion

different depending on the source of fish and the extraction and refining

animals. The benefit of DHAgold S17-B from DSM Nutritional Products

process. Fish oil can also contain many contaminants like heavy metals,

was recently investigated by Cancog technologies, world leaders in

PCB, dioxin and antibiotics. It can impart a rather strong fish odour

companion animal cognition and behavioural sciences. Cancog has

which is not always acceptable, depending on the type of pet product

developed a series of behaviour based tests that evaluate the animal’s

being produced. Ultimately, the biggest challenge for the pet industry is

ability to visually identify and remember various objects and images.

procuring good quality fish oil and competing with the rapidly growing

These tests are performed over time to determine changes in the

Issue 16 Pet Food Supplement

Page 11

animal’s performance based only on their daily diet.

printed geometric images on a white background, with decreasing

The study used a standard commercially available dry dog food

contrast (Figure 5)

made with (test) and without (control) added DHAgold S17-B. The test

with the measure

and control diets were fed for 7 months to two cognitively equivalent

being success rate.

groups of 8.5 to 11 year old dogs. Over the course of this study,

Naturally more

five different behavioural based tests were performed to measure

correct answers

components of visual performance, learning and memory which together

are seen with 100%

describe an individual’s cognitive function. This was a blinded study

contrast (black on

meaning both the investigators and the technicians did not know which

white) but greater

diet contained DHAgold S17-B until the end of the study.

differences between

Although there were several significant findings, two showed

each group were

outstanding results – the concurrent discrimination and contrast

noted as the contrast

sensitivity tests.

was reduced step-

The concurrent discrimination test (Figure 3) measured each dog’s ability to perform the task correctly over time. The group of dogs on

Figure 5: Contrast sensitivity test results

wise down to 5% (light grey on white). Over 60% of the group of dogs

Contrast Sensitivity Training on the diet containing DHAgold S17-B completed all levels of training,

while less than 30% of the group of dogs on the control diet completed

all levels of training (Figure 6). The experts at Cancog interpreted these findings as an indication of improved visual processing ability due to supplementation with DHAgold S17-B involving the retina, cerebral cortex and possibly both.

100 Contrast vs Controls Contrast vs. S17-BC

Percent Success

90

Figure 3: Concurrent discrimination

80 70

60 50 40

Correct responses on the Concurrent Discrimination Learning Task Contrast the diet containing DHAgold S17-B performed significantly (p=0.0187) better than the control group over the 40 day period of testing (Figure

30 20

100

4). The experts at Cancog interpreted these findings and other related

40

25

5

test results as an indication of improved learning and long-term memory

Figure 6: Contrast sensitivity test results

due to supplementation with DHAgold S17-B. For the contrast sensitivity test, each dog had to visually identify

Improvement from baseline

Although studies have been done demonstrating fish oil enriched

12

diets improve puppy trainability, only this Cancog study evaluating a

S17-B

standard diet containing DHAgold S17-B demonstrated improved overall

Control

10

cognitive function in older dogs using a multi-dimensional test design.

Leading manufacturers of nutritional products for pets are looking

8

for ingredients that deliver health benefits that address the real needs of today’s growing population of companion animals. They also seek more

6

human food quality ingredients that are natural. Whole cell, micro-algae

4

offers the pet industry a sustainable, natural source of nutritional lipid as an alternative to fish oil. This unique ingredient also contains protein,

2

p=0.0187

dietary fibres, minerals, and other nutrients important for a complete and balanced diet.

0 -5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Days Figure 4: Concurrent discrimination test results

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Pet Food Supplement Issue 16

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Addressing health benefits that matter to pet parents, the high quality micro-algae DHAgold S17-B promises a brighter and smarter future for pets.