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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Typesθεωρία of Intervention, Μινιμαλισμός: ή στυλ; Definition, of ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Της intervention, κυρίας Ελ.ΧΑΤΖΗΝΙΚΟΛΑΟΥ Αρχιτέκτωνος, MSc UCL (University College London), Concerns Εντετ. Διδάσκ. Σχ. Αρχιτεκτ. Πανεπ. Νεάπολις, Πάφος.
By Mr.Dictionary, George-Sp.οC.ορισμός ATHANASOPOULOS Αν ανατρέξει κανείς στο Oxford για τη λέξη Harvard University, Graduate School of Design,με Student, “minimalism”, ελληνοποιημένος ως μινιμαλισμός, περιγράφεται τρεις By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect τρόπους: Student of the School of Architecture Minimal art. Προσδιορισμός στη τέχνη (γλυπτική και ζωγραφική) η Technical University of Crete οποία αναπτύχθηκε τη δεκαετία του ’60 στην Αμερική, με μότο τη φράση “You see what you approach: see.” 1. Introductory Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: theτοconcept Σύγχρονο κίνημα στη μουσική οποίο (444 χαρακτηρίζεται την ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, BC - 370 BC,από Athens), επανάληψη στοιχείων-φράσεων τα οποία αλλάζουν σταδιακά ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among otherπολύ wise μικρών heritage he left us, he established a great the among other wiseπεριβάλλον heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: προκαλώντας ένα ύπνωσης. acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content concepts. Εκούσια απουσία διακόσμησης στη ofμόδα ή term τον Based, therefore, on this “principle” a και first,στολιδιών if of not final, approach, the 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the σχεδιασμό. (or gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning)term 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Στηνasεγκυκλοπαίδεια Britannica ο όρος ταυτίζεται με την Sociology well), as the “refining” of a city area,“minimalism” the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), asart”. the “refining” of a cityυπάρχει area, removal from this, (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually low-income andthe theαναφορά placement there of ορολογία “minimal Στην of επεξήγηση στο μινιμαλισμό ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the of art όχι galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of στηoperation μουσική αλλά στο design (εφαρμοσμένες τέχνες). the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof Οι πιο πάνω ορισμοί αναφέρονται κύρια στην τέχνη (ζωγραφική, whatever other consequences results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). γλυπτική) και στη μουσική καιhas, δευτερευόντως στις εφαρμοσμένες τέχνες potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to (design) στις οποίες θα μπορούσε κανείς να ενσωματώσει και την The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of Αρχιτεκτονική. the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of London, them, stay themselves sometimes there and ο thus oldμινιμαλισμός residents are Τοupgrade ερώτημα το οποίο τίθεται είναι, πότε εντάχθηκε όρος London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. βιβλιογραφικά στην Ιστορία και Θεωρία της Αρχιτεκτονικής; being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Αν ανατρέξει κανείς στο βιβλίο του Kenneth Frampton, (Modern A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major Architecture. A critical History), ο όρος μινιμαλισμός δεν χρησιμοποιείται ως GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers.αρχιτεκτονικής έκφρασης. Αντί ιδιαίτερη κατηγορία με σαφή χαρακτηριστικά cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more αυτού η ορολογία (critical regionalism) κριτικός τοπικισμός θα μπορούσε να Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the ταυτιστεί με τα χαρακτηριστικά του όρου μινιμαλισμός. Στην σελίδα 369 comprehensive approach are being summarized from the δε various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: του πιο πάνω βιβλίου, αναφερόμενος ο Kenneth Frampton, στην interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: social groups In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a (σύγχρονος trend of a new αρχιτεκτονική του Peter Zumthor Ελβετός of Αρχιτέκτονας) to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money χρησιμοποιεί τον όρο μινιμαλισμός “minimalism” προσθέτοντας και τον όρο and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the “phenomenology”, όρος ο οποίος έχει εισαχθεί φιλοσοφικά απόGLASS τον Heidegger termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, for (Γερμανός φιλόσοφος και ο οποίος έχει an σχέση με τον κριτικό Berlin, where she made her1889-1976) first studies. In 1932 she published important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. same yearFrampton she left Germany and after continuous movements for τοπικισμό στον οποίοThe ο Kenneth αναφέρεται. lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier she came to back to London, Επίσης, to ο William J.R. Curtis στο βιβλίο τουYork (Modern Architecture since in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the another approach, the is due a systematic and 1900), δεν χρησιμοποιεί τον όρο minimalism (μινιμαλισμός). University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY.
and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
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Κατ’ αυτόν η κατηγοριοποίηση (ταξινόμηση) των αντιπροσωπευτικών έργων των τελευταίων τριών δεκαετιών του 20ου αιώνα προσδιορίζεται με βάση τις πιο κάτω ενότητες: - Μοντέρνα αρχιτεκτονική και μνήμη. Νέες αντιλήψεις του παρελθόντος. - Το παγκόσμιο και το τοπικό. Τοπίο, κλίμα, πολιτισμικά στοιχεία - Τεχνολογία, αφαίρεση, ιδέες σε σχέση με τη φύση. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Ο Curtis αναφέρεται στην ψυχρή αφαίρεση και την αυστηρή Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, ελαχιστοποίηση μόνο σε σχέση με την Αρχιτεκτονική. ByΣκανδιναβική Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Που πρωτοεμφανίστηκε, ο όρος μινιμαλισμός του στο Student of theοποίου School ηofχρήση Architecture χώρο των εφαρμοσμένων τεχνών, ιδιαίτερα κατά τις τελευταίες τρεις Technical University of Crete δεκαετίες ήταν και είναι ακόμα στο προσκήνιο; 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept Ο μινιμαλισμός στην Αρχιτεκτονική ως όρος εμφανίστηκε το δεύτερο 1. Introductory approach: the περιοδικά concept (444 ήμισυ της δεκαετίας ’70,Defining σε πολλά και οποία ANTISTHENIS, theτου ancient Greek philosopher, BCεκδόσεις - 370 BC,τα Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370όπως BC, Athens), among other wise he left us, he established a great the ασχολήθηκαν με heritage μονογραφίες μεμονωμένων αρχιτεκτόνων, τους: among other wise heritage leftthe us, he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with definition of the content concepts. the Legoretta, Kahn, Ando, Rossi, Ungers κ.τ.λ. acquisition of knowledge starts with ως thein definition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term Πρωτοεμφανίστηκε δημόσια θεωρητική προσέγγιση τον Δεκέμβριο 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is indicated (in the με area of Planning) (or gentrification του 1988 στο (and Ιταλικό Αρχιτεκτονικό περιοδικό Rassegna θεματική έκδοση 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city theΑρχιτέκτονα removal fromκαι this,θεωρητικό (in various με τον τίτλο “Minimal” και υπεύθυνο τονarea, Ιταλό Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, removal fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe the placement του νέο-ρασιοναλισμού της σχολής της Βενετίας, Gregotti. ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, However this “change”, of Δύο γεγονότα συνέβαλαν στοetc.να επισημοποιηθεί ο regardless όρος artists, στη the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the συγκεκριμένη αυτή συγκυρία whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential - Ηrelative σαφής speculation). χρήση της ορολογίας minimalism, “to say in a word what potential relative speculation). The term picture says.”gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trendδιεθνώς ofiswealthy to buy property in poor - Η συγκέντρωση πολλών αρχιτεκτόνων, στο έργο των οποίων the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimesΌπως: there and thus old residents areof διακρίνονται μινιμαλιστικά χαρακτηριστικά. Ando, Kahn, Ungers, London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Isozaki, Baragan, Siza, Souto de Moura, Alejandro de la Sota, Martinez, Herzoq being indirectly “squeezed”. description of this phenomenon in the work of Sociologist Ruth andAA de Meuron, Snozzi, κ.τ.λ.isisincluded description ofperiod, thisGregotti phenomenon included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar situations in otherγίνεται major Τη δεκαετία του ’90 η while θεωρητική συζήτηση για τον μινιμαλισμό GLASS at the same period, similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. μέσα από τα αρχιτεκτονικά περιοδικά όπως το Lotus International, El cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Croquis, Architectural Design, στα μέσα δε του ’90 ηscholars τάση αυτή Since then, the issue has several andμεταφέρεται for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from the στην Αμερική μέσα από τις εκθέσεις. comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Το 1995 of στο ΜΟΜΑ η έκθεση “Light Construction” με καλλιτεχνικό interpretations the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups επιμελητή Terence αναδεικνύει πώς μέσαhigh από to “return” toτον the city, leavingRiley the purlieus for several reasons: costsαυστηρές in money ορθογωνικές μορφές η downtown, νέα αρχιτεκτονική ευαισθησία καιofπώς and time to travel from υλοποιείται the purlieus to where work place is, lack the επιτυγχάνεται η απόσυρση από την μέχρι τότε εκφρασμένη μορφολογικά termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: ρητορική. services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly)for YouthΑκόμα Unemployment. The same yearέχουν she left αποσαφηνιστεί Germany and after θεωρητικά continuous movements και σήμερα δεν οι etc. λόγοι lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access markets, studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came to back to London, where γένεσης (ύπαρξης) τηstudies δεδομένη χρονική συγκυρίαInαυτής της τάσης. Είναι in ένα in According 1943 she published regarding cityphenomenon planning. 1950 she teacher the to another approach, the is due tobecame a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and ανοιχτό θέμα για τους θεωρητικούς προς συζήτηση και συγγραφή. long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Και επανερχόμαστε στοthe ερώτημα: and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Co Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Μινιμαλισμός: θεωρία ή στυλ; G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Η προσέγγιση του πιο πάνω ερωτήματος, θα έλεγε κανείς ότι ταυτίζεται με την ουσία της αρχιτεκτονικής πρακτικής, τοποθετημένης σ’ ένα συγκεκριμένο χωροχρονικό περιβάλλον. Η ερμηνευτική προσέγγιση του όρου μινιμαλισμός ‘minimalism’ εξαρτάται από τον τρόπο που αντιλαμβανόμαστε τον ρόλο της αρχιτεκτονικής και του αρχιτέκτονα κατ’ επέκταση στη διαμόρφωση του κοινωνικού γίγνεσθαι. By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Είναι ο μινιμαλισμός: Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Το απαραίτητο χρήσιμο By (ουσιώδες) όπως C. π.χ. στον προϊστορικό Mr. George-Sp. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect οικισμό στη Χοιροκιτία, στους τάφους των Βασιλέων στην Πάφο, στο εξοχικό Student of the School of Architecture σπίτι του Le Corbusier (Cabanon, France 1951), κτλ. Technical University of Crete Διαχρονικά κατά τους αρχαίους χρόνους το χρήσιμο αποτελούσε τη 1. Introductory approach: the concept βάση της φιλοσοφίας και τηςDefining αισθητικής. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greekείναι philosopher, Κατά τον Σωκράτη το χρήσιμο και το αισθητικά ωραίο. ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the Μερικούς αιώνες μετά ο Viollet-le-Duc στο βιβλίο του-“principle”: “Discourses of among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Aesthetics” (1862-’72) υποστηρίζει ότι υπάρχουν δύο τρόποι για να είσαι acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term αληθινός στην αρχιτεκτονική τέχνη: Πρώτον, να είσαι αληθινός σύμφωνα με 1 (and urban therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first,σύμφωνα if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) is area ofτις Planning) (or gentrification τις Based, ανάγκες προγράμματος. Δεύτερον, με μεθόδους 1του gentrification (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various κατασκευής. Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways),—ofΣεsocial groups, low-income and the placement artists, σχέση με τοusually πρώτοofπρέπει να εξυπηρετείς ακριβώςthere και of απλά τις ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”, regardless of προϋποθέσεις σε σχέση με τις ανάγκες. the operation ofconsequences art galleries, restaurants, etc.also However this “change”, regardless of whatever other has, results rising of land prices (and the — Σε σχέση με την κατασκευή πρέπει να υπηρετείς τα υλικά σύμφωνα με whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative τις ποιότητες και δυνατότητες τους. potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first inμορφολογικές the UK in early 1960s and it refers to αισθητικές και είναι TheΚαλλιτεχνικές, term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in earlyαναζητήσεις 1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor ofto δευτερεύουσες. the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof Η ανάδειξη του κενού χώρου, London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. όπως π.χ. στην Αρχαία Ελληνική Αρχιτεκτονική, στην παραδοσιακή being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Ιαπωνική Αρχιτεκτονική, στην Mies van στην A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations includedτου inwere the work of de Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while αρχιτεκτονική similar recorded in Rohe, other major αρχιτεκτονική του Zumthor, κτλ. GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities inΗWestern countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. έμφαση στην πνευματικότητα θεολογικής Since then, the issue has several μέσω scholarsμιας and for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars andμε for its more προσέγγισης. Μεγάλη έμφαση στη σχέση του χώρου τοvarious φως. comprehensive approach areπροσδίδεται being summarized below, from the comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, following: στερεών και Η έμφαση στην αφαιρετική απλότητα τωνthe γεωμετρικών interpretations of the phenomenon of thecategory following: Inελάχιστη a sense, the phenomenon is due togentrification, aπ.χ. trend a new of social groups την λειτουργία αυτών όπως οι of Πυραμίδες, η δοκός επί στύλου to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in του money στην Αρχαία Ελλάδα, η παραδοσιακή Αρχιτεκτονική, η αρχιτεκτονική Le and time toτου travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, του Oscar Niemeyer, κτλ. place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the residencies outside centres, Η χρήση τωνdistributed υλικών όχι μόνο σε σχέση μεtown τις φυσικές τους ιδιότητες Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) αλλά το τι αντιπροσωπεύουν π.χ.leftστην Αρχαία Ελληνική ΑρχιτεκτονικήYouthμε Unemployment. The same year she Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of,μαρμάρου, “withdrawal” from private access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York came back to London, εξιδανίκευση του στην αρχιτεκτονική τουshe Mies Van der Rohe, του in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and Herzoq and de Meuron, του Alvaro Siza, κτλ. her social research. Her public action University College of London, where she continued and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her workΟare characterized by a passion justice. See ENGLISH ισότιμος χειρισμός τηςforδομής καιalso: τηςCOLLINS μορφής όπωςDICTIONARY. π.χ. στη and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: παραδοσιακή αρχιτεκτονική ή στην αρχιτεκτονική του Louis Kahn κτλ. G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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Η χρήση πρωταρχικών παγκόσμιων εκφράσεων όπως GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of αρχετυπικών Intervention, π.χ. στην Αρχιτεκτονική του Δημήτρη Πικιώνη, ή στους SANAA, κτλ. Definition, Types of Concerns of Gentrification Η ενεργοποίηση των αισθήσεων και τηςintervention, ατομικής εμπειρίας μέσα στα πλαίσια μιας φαινομενολογικής αντίληψης. Το φως, η ύλη, η σχέση μεταξύ χρήστη και χώρου εντείνεται. Concerns Η κίνηση, η αφή, το βλέμμα είναι σημαντικά
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στοιχεία στην πιο πάνω σχέση. Όπως π.χ. στη Βυζαντινή αρχιτεκτονική, στην αρχιτεκτονική του Tadao By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Ando ή στην αρχιτεκτονική του Zumthor, κτλ. Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Η ερμηνεία του όρου μινιμαλισμός στην Ιαπωνική προσέγγιση, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect of theπροέρχεται School of Architecture βασίζεται κύρια στην εμπειρία του κενούStudent η οποία από τη Technical University of Crete Βουδιστική παράδοση. Βασίζεται δηλαδή στο πνεύμα wabi και στις ιδέες του Ζεν, στις οποίες επιτυγχάνεται η προσωπική επιβεβαίωση και απελευθέρωση 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept μέσα1.από τον διαχωρισμό απόDefining τον υλικόthe κόσμο. Introductory approach: concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, Greek philosopher, Επηρεασμένη the απόancient την Ιαπωνική φιλοσοφία του Ζεν είναι η Αγγλική και ANTISTHENIS, theΟancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC,τέσσερα Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the η Σκανδιναβική σχολή. Άγγλος αρχιτέκτονας John(444 Pawson, έζησε among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. χρόνια στη χώρα αυτή και θήτευσε στη φιλοσοφία wabi. acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term Κατά τον John Pawson ο μινιμαλισμός είναι το τρίπτυχο απλότητα 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification (simplicity), αφαίρεση (reduction), ουσία (essence). 1 (and urban gentrification gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Μερικοί απόas the τους ορισμούς του όρου μινιμαλισμός από την Sociology as well), “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement Αγγλοσαξονική πλευρά όπως διατυπώνονται σε διάφορα άρθραthere είναι:ofofartists, ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and thethis placement artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of — Ελαχιστοποίηση των στοιχείων της Αρχιτεκτονικής με κύριαof the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the χαρακτηριστικά την απλότητα, has, την γραμμικότητα, τηνofελαχιστοποίηση των whatever otherspeculation). consequences results also rising land prices (and the potential relative χρωμάτων, του επιπέδου των λεπτομερειών. potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to — Ηterm τελειότητα και η ποιότητα τουinαντικειμένου επιτυγχάνεται μέσαto The gentrification found atpeople first the UK in early 1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor of από την αφαίρεση και όταν όλα τα συνιστάμενα στοιχεία, λεπτομέρειες, the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof συνδέσεις ελαχιστοποιούνται στην ουσία τους. there and thus old residents are London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes being indirectly “squeezed”. — indirectly Ελαχιστοποίηση της αρχιτεκτονικής της ύλη, το being “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is includedστην in theπρωταρχική work of Sociologist Ruth χώρο, το φως και τη μάζα. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major αγγλικός μινιμαλισμός αναπτύχθηκε μέσαwere απόrecorded μικρότερα έργαmajor και GLASS at the same period, similar situations in other cities inΟWestern countries, bywhile other Researchers. κύρια μέσα από εσωτερικούς χώρους (εσωτερικά σπιτιών, boutiques, cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more galleries, με κύριους εκπρόσωπους τουbelow, τους David Chiperfield, Sinceεστιατόρια), then, the issue has several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various John Pawson, Silvestrin και Tony Freton. interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: Εάν όλες τις πιο πάνω απόψεις τις εντάξουμε στο συγκεκριμένο In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups χωροχρονικό περιβάλλον οποίο αναφέρονται, τότε high μπορεί να to “return” to the city, leavingστο the purlieus for several reasons: costsκανείς in money οδηγηθεί δύο προσεγγίσεις: and time toσεtravel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the The termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for was born in Η προσέγγιση που λέει ότι μετά από περιόδους κρίσης γίνεται sense1.of safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, better Berlin, where she her first studies. 1932 she published an important study entitled: ανακύκλωση τηςmade αρχιτεκτονικής καιInεπιστροφή σεheart αρχετυπικές μορφές. services of health, education, entertainment “at the of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for — and Αρχιτεκτονική των Αρχαίων χρόνων. lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the — Μοντερνισμός του ’20 σε αντιδιαστολή με την ακαδημαϊκή to another approach, the is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and ου long-term informal by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying (νεοκλασικισμός). αρχιτεκτονική του effort 19 αιώνα her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in — Μπρουταλισμός μετά το International Style και τηEncyclopedia: μεγάλη 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aεμπορευματοποίηση variety of ways, in της order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually αρχιτεκτονικής.
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
— Μινιμαλισμός του ’80 ως αποτέλεσμα της μεταμοντέρνας κοινωνίας και της μεταμοντέρνας αρχιτεκτονικής. Το 1996 οι επιμελητές της έκθεσης στη Βαρκελώνη με θέμα “Less is More” υποστήριξαν ότι, στην εξέλιξη της αρχιτεκτονικής πραγματικότητας υπάρχουν γεγονότα κρίσης όπου κυκλικά αναζητούν την επαναφορά των βασικών αρχών. Κατά τη γνώμη τους αυτό το ξανα-κοίταγμα έχει σαν αποτέλεσμα την επιστροφή στην αρχή, όπου η σημασία υπήρχε στην ουσία By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS και όχι στην διακόσμηση. Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, Κάποιοι από τους θεωρητικούς την περίοδο του μινιμαλισμού Byθεωρούν Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect σαν επανάληψη του μοντέρνου κινήματοςStudent του ’20, ενώ κάποιοι άλλοι of the School of Architecture υποστηρίζουν ότι αποτελεί το τελευταίο σκαλί του μοντέρνου των αρχών του Technical University of Crete ου 20 αιώνα. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the εντοπίζονται concept Παρ’ όλα αυτά οι βασικές διαφορές στα εξής: 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept — Οι αρχές τουthe μοντέρνου κινήματος και κάποιες εφαρμογές του ANTISTHENIS, ancient Greek philosopher, (444από BCτις - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he(ιδεολογικός left us, he established a great the είχαν σαν στόχο την κοινωνία στόχος). (444 among wise heritage he leftthe us, he established a great the acquisition of knowledge starts with definition of theγίνεται content of“principle”: concepts. — Ηother αρχιτεκτονική κατά την περίοδο αυτή, πιο άυλη, αφού acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term χρησιμοποιεί σαν βασικές προϋποθέσεις και συνθετικά υλικά (τον ήλιο, το 1 (and urban therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a first, ifδομή notthe final, approach, theνέων term gentrification) is (in of (or gentrification φως,Based, τον αέρα, το πράσινο). Η κατασκευαστική τηςarea με τηPlanning) χρήση 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the of a city area, theτης removal from this, δοκός (in various υλικών αναπαράγει την“refining” κατασκευαστική δομή αρχαιότητας επί Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), ofεπιτυγχάνοντας social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement στύλου, ελευθερία στο χώρο. ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of — Η έκφραση των χαρακτηριστικών του μινιμαλισμού δημιουργείται the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the κατά την περίοδο άνθησης της μεταμοντέρνας εποχής και κοινωνίας. whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative Κατά την περίοδο δηλαδή όπου η κοινωνία σε όλες τις εκφάνσεις της potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to χαρακτηρίζεται: The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960spoor and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property — Από τη μαζική κουλτούρα με παραπροϊόντα το kitsch,in το λαϊκισμό και the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents areof την απογείωση των υλικών αγαθών. London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly — indirectly Από τον“squeezed”. καπιταλισμό και τον άκρατο νεοφιλελευθερισμό being “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Την απουσία ιδεολογιών. A—description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar inιδεολογικών other major Οι at διαφορές δηλαδή κύρια εντοπίζονται στην απουσία GLASS the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. στόχων στηνcountries, αποκλειστική αναφορά του αρχιτεκτονικού προϊόντος στη cities inκαι Western bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more μέσηSince και ανώτερη αστική τάξη και όχι στην ευρύτερη κοινωνία.and for its more then, the issue has several below, scholars comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from the various Η δεύτερη προσέγγιση υποστηρίζει ότι ο μινιμαλισμός δεν έρχεται σε comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: αντίθεση με τη μοντέρνα κοινωνία αλλά είναι προϊόν αυτής. Είναι δηλαδή interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups έκφραση αρχιτεκτονικής μόδας και αλλαγής γούστου. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Κατά τον Jenks μινιμαλισμός είναι η έκφραση της αστικής and time to travel from οthe purlieus to downtown, where work place is, τάξης lack ofστη the νεωτερικότητα. Αφορά δηλαδή το “life-style” των πλουσίων. termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter bornΗin sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. Inεμπεριέχεται 1932 she published important study πνευματικότητα μινιμαλισμού στηνan τωνentitled: πιο services of health, του education, entertainment “at the heart ofυλικότητα the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for ακριβών εμπορικών αντικειμένων. lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, Ο she Jenks, ότι τα μινιμαλιστικά κτήρια σαν φυσικά αντικείμενα in According 1943 published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 she teacher in the toθεωρεί another approach, the is due tobecame a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and καθορίζονται από τη δική τους αυτόνομη μορφολόγιση σ’ ένα νεωτερικό long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. στυλ. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on “principle” indefinition a first, if of not final, approach, the term Αναφέρονται δε this σεstarts όλεςwith τιςthe ανθρώπινες εκφράσεις και αισθήσεις, 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term (and urban gentrification) is indicated the των area χώρων of Planning) (or gentrification ιδιαίτερα την αναψυχή και ξεκούραση με ιδιαίτερη (in μνεία εκείνων 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as theαντικειμένων “refining” of aτους city area, the removal this, (in various και των απαραίτητων σε σχέση με την from αναζωογόνηση του Sociology asσώματος. well), as the of a city area, fromthere this, of (in various ways), of social groups, usually of αυτοί, low-income andthe theremoval placement artists, ανθρώπινου Οι“refining” χώροι οι οποίοι είναι πολύ της μόδας, είναι οι ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of διαφόρων τύπων χώροι spa. the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the Αποτελούν δηλαδή, μέρος όλης αυτής της καταναλωτικής προσπάθειαςof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative αναπαραγωγής των υλικών αγαθών μέσα από παροδικές μόδες. potential relative speculation). TheΣτην term gentrification is found first in the UK early 1960s and it refers υπηρεσία αυτού του atμηχανισμού καιin συστήματος είναι και to η The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor διαφήμιση μέσα από τα περιοδικά αρχιτεκτονικά και μη, ξεκινώντας από το the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stayφτάνοντας themselves and thus old residents areof κέλυφος ενός κτηρίου και μέχρι και το there πιο μικρό αντικείμενο. London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Το ερώτημα του τίτλου επανατοποθετείται και διευρύνεται. Μήπως οι being indirectly “squeezed”. description of this phenomenon is included the work of Sociologist Ruth δύοAA αυτές προσεγγίσεις που αναφέρθηκαν πιοinin πάνω αντιπροσωπεύουν τη description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar were in other major 1 θεωρία (ουσία) η πρώτη και το στυλ (μόδα) η δεύτερη; GLASS at the same period, situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, bywhile othersimilar Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Βιβλιογραφία Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: -Kenneth Frampton, Modern Architecture. A critical History, Thames & interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups Hudson world of city, Art, leaving 2007. the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money to “return” to the -William J. R. Curtis, Modern Architecture since 1900, Press and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, wherePhaidon work place is, 1996. lack of the -Vladimir Stevanovic, A reading of interpretative modes of minimalism inin termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her 10/12/2013. first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Architecture, Διαδίκτυο, services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment. TheNew same year she left Germany and after continuous -Charles Jencks, The Paradigm in car Architecture: The Language of lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and New York she came back to London, Postmodernism, Yalestudies University Press, New Haven, 2002. in According 1943 she published regarding city planning. In London, 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the phenomenon is due a systematic and University College of London, where she continued her social research. Her public action and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers of buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: Abstract. http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 1
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