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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, of intervention, ConcernsTypes ofαπὸ Gentrification "ΕΕ: Definition, ανακάμπτοντας την οικονομικὴ κρὶση Concerns και η αντiστροφη μὲτρηση του BREXIT" κ. Θεοδώρ. Α. ΚΑΛΛΙΑΝΟΥ By Mr. Του George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Διδάκτ. Οικονομικών και Κοινωνικών Επιστημών Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect τουGeorge-Sp. Πανεπιστημίου του Αμβούργου Student of the School of Architecture Πτυχ. Οικ. Επιστ. Ε.Κ.Π.Α., Technical University of Crete
Επισκ. Καθηγητού Ευρωπαϊκής Ολοκληρώσεως Παν/μίου Βόννης, π. Στελέχους της Ε.Ε. 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept
1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), Abstract among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the amongThe other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established aof great the acquisition ofarticle knowledge starts with of the content concepts. refers tohe the actual recovering theof“principle”: EU from the acquisition of knowledge starts with the definition of the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” in a first, if not final, approach, the term economic crisis and the countdown of BREXIT according to the 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification negotiating directives of the EU 27 in ofindicated the 22/5/2017. Although both 1 (and urban gentrification gentrification) isarea, indicated (in thefrom areathis, of Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city the removal (in various developments in asthe economic and political field (recovery, BREXIT Sociology as well), the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, countdown) present a clear their reality is much ways), of social groups, usually oforientation low-income and thethis placement ofmore artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of complex and fragile. Under the present circumstances seems that aof the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the more stable future is ongoing (for EUROZONE countries) while a whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). potential relative speculation). definitive (whenever will “lose – lose’’ a The termBREXIT gentrification is founditatoccurs) first in the UKbeinaearly 1960s and itrather refers to The term gentrification iswealthy foundmarket atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refers the then observed trend to buy property in poor ofto ‘’win-win’’ case for bothofsingle participants of today: EU-27 and the then observed wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas 1. trend London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof United Kingdom London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. Η εορταστική ατμόσφαιρα των επετειακών 60 χρόνων, των being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Ευρωπαϊκών Συνθηκών της Ρώμης A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major κατά το at τρέχον έτος 2017while χαρακτηρίζεται απόwere τρειςrecorded αβεβαιότητες: GLASS the same period, similar situations in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. α) Κατά πόσοthe η issue διαπιστωμένη ανάκαμψη τηςscholars Ευρωζώνης την cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, has several and forμετά its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more κρίση είναι καθολική και διαρκής. comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various comprehensive approach are summarized from Βασιλείου the various β) Η αντίστροφη μέτρηση της being αποχωρήσεως του Ηνωμένου interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: interpretations the phenomenon of thecategory following: από Ε.Ε., σύμφωνα μεis due τηνγια πρώτη φορά - εφαρμοζόμενη In aτην sense, theof phenomenon togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return”του to the city, leaving theΣυνθήκης purlieus forτης several reasons: high money διάταξη άρθρου 50 της Λισσαβόνας, θαcosts είναιinομαλή and to travel from και time προβλέψιμη και the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for 1 lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car access markets, etc.where studies Το andπαρόν research in Geneva, Prague, London and Neweasier York she came to back to London, άρθρο βασίζεται σε διάλεξη (EU:Recovering from Economic Crisis and in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and the Brexit countdown), που έγινε στις Βρυξέλλες στις 24/5/2017, σε μεταπτυχιακούς University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying Καναδούς φοιτητές Οικονομικών καιfor Πολιτικών Επιστημών. St. Louis her work are characterized by a passion justice. See also: COLLINSΟργάνωση ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling real estate, etc., theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. των Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Université Βρυξελλών καιfor Υπηρεσίες τηςLondon Ε.Ε. 2009. G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 252155 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
γ) Η αυξανόμενη απειλή της διεθνούς τρομοκρατίας σε άλλες χώρες της Ε.Ε. και του ΝΑΤΟ καθώς και οι πολιτικές και μηχανισμοί αποτελεσματικής αντιμετώπισής τους, έτσι ώστε η ειρήνη να καταστεί και πάλι αλώβητο αγαθό. Το παρόν άρθρο πραγματεύεται μόνο τις δύο πρώτες αβεβαιότητες υπό δύο βασικές προϋποθέσεις: By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS 1. Η ενθάρρυνση της εσωτερικής αγοράς και η δημιουργία της Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, τραπεζικής ένωσης θα συνεχιστούν όπως προβλέπει η επιτροπή By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect UNCKERστις περίφημες 10 πολιτικές προτεραιότητές της. Student of the School of Architecture 2. Δεν θα υπάρξει άλλης «μείζονος σημασίας» γεγονός εκτός της Technical University of Crete Ε.Ε. με καταλυτικές επιπτώσεις όμως σε ένα ή περισσότερα 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept κράτη μέλη. (Π.χ. Έξαρση φαινομένου αναγκαστικής 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greekσε philosopher, μετανάστευσης, εμπλοκές πολεμικές επιχειρήσεις του ΝΑΤΟ, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the «διπλωματικοί πόλεμοι» κ.ά.). among other wise heritage he leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: the acquisition of knowledge starts with of the content concepts. Ένας επίσης αναγκαίος θεματικός περιορισμός, επιβάλλεται να acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term γίνειBased, εδώ ,therefore, ότι ανεξαρτήτως από τις οποιεσδήποτε άλλες παραμέτρους, 1 (and on this “principle” inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term urban gentrification) is area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 που επηρεάζουν την οικονομική εξέλιξη και προοπτική της gentrification (and urban gentrification) indicated (in thefrom areathis, ofΕ.Ε., Planning) (or Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a cityisarea, the removal (inπρέπει various να λαμβάνονται υπόψη: Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, ways), ofπαγκοσμιοποίηση social groups, usually of low-income andτων thethis placement of artists, - η του εμπορίου και επενδύσεων the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However “change”,there regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof - η γήρανση του πληθυσμού και η υπογεννητικότητα των Κρατών whatever otherτης consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative speculation). Μελών Ε.Ε. potential relative speculation). The gentrificationτης is found at first inτεχνολογίας the UK in early(ITTechnology) 1960s and it refersσε to - term οι εφαρμογές ψηφιακής The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor όλους τους trend τομείς και επίπεδα τηςtoοργανωμένης κοινωνίας καιof the then observed wealthy people buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are οικονομίας και stay τέλος, London, upgrade them, themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. οι επιπτώσεις κλιματικής αλλαγής being indirectly “squeezed”. A- description of this της phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description of this phenomenon is included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth Περαιτέρω η υπόμνηση ότι η οικονομική πολιτική στην major Ε.Ε. GLASS at the same period, while similar situations in other GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major επηρεάζεται απόResearchers. τη λειτουργία και δυναμισμό της cities in Westernπερισσότερο countries, by other cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more ενιαίας αγοράς (singlemarket) και λιγότερο από την οικονομική Since then, the issue has preoccupied several scholars and for its more comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various πολιτική της Ε.Ε. (Εξόχως ελλειμματική λόγω π.χ. απουσίας ενιαίας comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of theπολιτικής phenomenon of gentrification, the following: δημοσιονομικής και υπάρξεως δέκα (!) διαφορετικών interpretations of the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, the phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups νομισμάτων) αποτελεί αυτονόητο δεδομένο. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Το γεγονός αυτό καθιστά την οποιαδήποτε Κυβερνητική πολιτική and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the (Governance) της Ε.Ε. Sociologist λιγότερο αξιόπιστη σε σχέση μεsearch άλλεςfor χώρες, 1.of The termat comes from Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth GLASS was born in sense safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, better Berlin, Η.Π.Α. where sheήmade her first όταν studies.«οι In 1932 she published an important study entitled: όπως Καναδά, αποκλειστικές αρμοδιότητες» της services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for Κεντρικής κυβέρνησης είναι περισσότερες Ε.Ε. διότι τα lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Newαπό York αυτές she cameτης back to London, in According 1943 Μέλη she published studies regarding city planning. In 1950 sheto became teacherαπό in the Κράτη «συντρέχουν» μεphenomenon συναρμοδιότητες σε πολλές toτης another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public action and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, of buying αυτές , π.χ. οικονομική και κοινωνική πολιτική , περιβάλλον, μεταφορές her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: κ.ά. G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns
Είναι διαπίστωση πλέον κοινή ότι η Ε.Ε. και ιδίως η Ευρωζώνη παρουσιάζουν, στοιχεία ανάκαμψης μετά την οικονομική και δημοσιονομική κρίση της τελευταίας οκταετίας (2009-2017, βλέπε γράφημα). By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof Ωστόσο παραμένουν πλέονsometimes των πολιτικών διαρθρωτικών London, upgrade them, stay themselves there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. διαφορών, μεγάλες εθνικές και περιφερειακές ανισότητες και being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth ασυμετρίες καθιστούν αναγκαίες τις εφαρμογές ειδικών πολιτικών A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at theπου same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major και προγραμμάτων (πολιτικές συνοχής, προγράμματα προσαρμογής, cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. π.χ. Ελλάδα ωςthe μόνη χώρα η οποία δεν several έχει ακόμα ανακάμψει, δηλαδή Since then, issue has scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive areρυθμούς being summarized from να παρουσιάσειapproach αυξητικούς παραγωγής). comprehensive approach are being summarized the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, thebelow, following: Σε όρους ακαθάριστου εθνικού προϊόντος (ΑΕΠ)from κατά κεφαλή interpretations of the phenomenon thecategory following: a sense, the phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a2 trend of a new of social η Ελλάδα ευρίσκεται κάτωgroups του σε Inεπίπεδα αγοραστικής δύναμης to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Ευρωπαϊκού μέσου όρου και της Ευρωζώνης και σε φάση οικονομικής and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the κρίσης safety ενώ δέκα κράτη μέλη είναι άνω του Ευρωπαϊκού μέσου όρου. termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin,ανώτατη where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: Στην δε βαθμίδα η Ιρλανδία και το Λουξεμβούργο από τις services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for μικρές χώρες ακολουθούμενες από Ολλανδία, Αυστρία, Δανία, lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, Γερμανία, in According 1943 sheκ.ά. published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 2 and selling real estate, etc., for theCo depreciation initially of partκαι of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. The Free Encyclopedia: Πηγή Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή: Ελλάδα λιγότερο τουWIKIPEDIA: 20.000€ Ευρωπαϊκός μέσος Gentrification: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm aόρος variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually άνω των 27.000€. 252157 11
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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete
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1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts. Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever other consequences has, results also rising η of οικονομική land prices (and the potential relative speculation). Στον τομέα των κοινωνικών ανισοτήτων κρίση potential relative speculation). The term gentrification is found at firstόπως in the UK in early 1960s it refersμε to έχει αφήσει έντονα ίχνη σε χώρες η Ελλάδα και ηand Ισπανία The term gentrification iswealthy found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend of to buy property in poor ποσοστά ανεργίας trend άνω τουwealthy 18% και 23% ενώ σεproperty χαμηλότερους δείκτες the then observed people to there buy in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves sometimes and thus old residents areof διαφέρουν σημαντικά όπου 20 χώρες της Ε.Ε. εμφανίζουν μονοψήφιο London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. αριθμό και μάλιστα του 7%(!). being indirectly “squeezed”. A description of thisλιγότερο phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Στο δεphenomenon ηwhile οικονομία της Ε.Ε.inwere παραμένει εξωστρεφής A description ofperiod, this is situations included the work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at theσύνολο same similar recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major δηλαδή οι εξαγωγές υπερτερούν των εισαγωγών, αν και έχουν cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers. Since then, issue has μειωτική τάσηthe τα τρία τελευταία χρόνια.several scholars and for its more Since then,λοιπόν the issue has several scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from Εντός αυτού του κλίματος οικονομικής ανάκαμψης, το comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations phenomenon of gentrification, αποτέλεσμα of- the κατά τον Ιούνιο 2016 the - following: του Βρετανικού interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a48% trend of a new social groups δημοψηφίσματος (52% LEAVE, REMAIN) και ofμάλιστα με to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money «εσωτερικές ασυμμετρίες» για το Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο, π.χ. Σκωτία, Β. and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the Ιρλανδία καιatcomes Γιβραλτάρ άνω του 60% υπέρ της centres, παραμονής Ε.Ε.in 1.of The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940. Ruth search GLASSστην wasbetter born sense safety the distributed residencies outside town for Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: (REMAIN) δημιουργεί νέα δεδομένα στις ήδη «διαφοροποιημένες services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for σχέσεις» του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου και των υπολοίπων 27 lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and μεταξύ research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the Κρατών Μελών τηςstudies Ε.Ε.approach, to another the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009. WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: Συνεχίζεται... G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually
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