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Ανδρέας Π. ΧΑΡΑΛΑΜΠΟΥΣ GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Υποψήφιος Διδάκτωρ Definition, Types of intervention, Πανεπιστημίου Πάφος Concerns of ΝΕΑΠΟΛΙΣ, Gentrification Concerns Γεωπολιτική και Γεωστρατηγική

Ανατομία της Ανατολικής Μεσογείου

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS και οι Επιπτώσεις μιας Μεγάλης Γεωπολιτικής Δίνης Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, σε Κύπρο και Ελλάδα

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect Student of the School of Architecture Technical University of Crete

Πρόλογος Καθηγητής Κων. ΓΕ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ

1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), ANTISTHENIS, the ancientDefining Greek philosopher, ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established(444 a great the among other wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content of concepts.

Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if of not final, approach, the term 1 (and urban Based, therefore, on this “principle” is inindicated a first, if (in notthe final, approach, the term gentrification) area of Planning) (or gentrification 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, fromthere this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and it refers to The term gentrification found atpeople first in the UK in early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor the then observed trend wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas London, upgrade them, stay of themselves and thus old residents areof London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth A description ofperiod, this phenomenon is situations included inwere the recorded work of Sociologist Ruth GLASS at the same while similar in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries, by other Researchers. cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several scholars and for its more Since then, the issue has several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized from comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: interpretations the phenomenon thecategory following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new of social groups to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the termat comes from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS for wasbetter born in sense1.ofThe safety the distributed residencies outside town centres, Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) Youth Unemployment. The same year she left Germany and after continuous movements for lower living cost of, in “withdrawal” from private access markets, etc.where studies and research Geneva, Prague, London and car Neweasier York she came to back to London, in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and University informal College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passionΠάφος for justice. also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 2019See and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCodepreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 10th edit. Wil. SONS AND Ltd. London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually

46

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ΠΡΟΛΟΓΟΣ ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

Το ανά χείρας κείμενο αποδίδει εν πολλοίς τον πυρήνα Διπλωματικής Εργασίας εκπονηθείσης υπό τον αυτόν τίτλον υπό του Συγγραφέως του, στα

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASOPOULOS πλαίσια περαιτέρω ευδοκίμων σπουδών του Μεταπτυχιακού Επιπέδου, Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Student, κατόπιν επιλογής του υπό των Οικείων Οργάνων, στηνArchitect Σχολή

By Mr. Κυπριακών George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Εθνικής Αμύνης της Ελλάδος.

Student of the School of Architecture

Technical University of Crete Ο κ. Ανδρέας Π. ΧΑΡΑΛΑΜΠΟΥΣ, Στέλεχος των Κυπριακών Ενόπλων Δυνάμεων, επέλεξε το εν λόγω θέμα, ως θέμα της Διατριβής του, 1. Introductory approach: Defining the concept 1. Introductory approach: the concept(σημασία) λόγω της ιδιάζουσας του,philosopher, η οποία διευρύνεται έτι ANTISTHENIS, the σημασίας ancientDefining Greek (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), περαιτέρω τώρα, από το έτος 2016, λόγω της κατ’ αυτάς τρέχουσας Εθνικής ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great “principle”: the other wiseδιεθνούς heritage leftthe us,definition heενestablished aτης great the / among Κυπριακής και συγκυρίας γένει καιcontent περί την Κύπρο acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the of“principle”: concepts. acquisition of knowledge starts with theindefinition the content Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first,τόσον if of not final, approach, the term εξελισσομένης κατάστασης, εν αναφορά προς τιςof concepts. εσωτερικές 1 (and urban Based, therefore, onκαι this “principle” is inδιεργασίες a first, if (in not final, approach, the term gentrification) indicated the area of Planning) (or gentrification πολιτικές, κοινωνικές οικονομικές και εξελίξεις, όσoν και 1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various προς τις γειτνιάζουσες περιοχές, τινές των οποίων τελούν υπό καθεστώς Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, from this, of (inartists, various ways), of social groups, usually of low-income andthe theremoval placement εμπολέμων καταστάσεων, ανασχεδιασμού των there εξωτερικών ways), of social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, etc. this “change”, regardless of προσανατολισμών, νέων restaurants, ουτοπικών ή However μη οραμάτων και εσωτερικών the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and theof κλυδωνισμών. whatever otherspeculation). consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the potential relative

potential relative speculation).

TheΤο term gentrification is found at περί first inαυτής the UK in early 1960s and it refers to οίο δήποτε ενδιαφέρον της δεδομένης κατάστασης The term gentrification is found at first in the UK in early 1960s and refers the then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor ofto ενέχει αφ΄εαυτής ιδιάζουσα σημασία, πέραν των οίων δήποτεitareas άλλων the then observed trend of wealthy sometimes people to there buy property in poor areas of London, upgrade them, stay themselves and thus old residents are παραμέτρων, καιthem, εξ εμφανούς εμπλοκής Τρίτων, είτε προς δημιουργία London, upgrade stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents are being indirectly “squeezed”. συμπράξεων, είτε προς εξυπηρέτηση ιδίων συμφερόντων. being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth AΈτσι, description ofperiod, this phenomenon isκοιτασμάτων included inwere the work of Sociologist Ruth εντοπισμός πλουσίων υδρογονανθράκων στην GLASS at theο same while similar situations recorded in other major GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were recorded in other major cities in Western countries,Μεσογείου, by other Researchers. λεκάνη της Ανατολικής πέραν εκείνων της Αιγύπτου, εντός της cities in Western countries, bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several scholars και and του for its more Αποκλειστικής Οικονομικής Ζώνης (ΑΟΖ) της Κύπρου Ισραήλ, Since then, the issue has preoccupied several below, scholars andthe for various its more comprehensive approach are being summarized from έχει αναβαθμίσει approach ακόμη περισσότερο το γεωπολιτικό ενδιαφέρον για τον comprehensive are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: ευρύτερο χώρο τηςtheΜέσης Ανατολής, ο οποίος έχειtheπροσκτηθεί βαρύνουσα interpretations phenomenon following: In a sense, theof phenomenon is dueof togentrification, a trend of a new category of social groups σημασία, αναδειχθείς ως «ένα από τα πλέον νευραλγικά σημεία του to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money πλανήτη». and time to travel from the purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the The term from Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth GLASS wasbetter born sense1.of safety atcomes the distributed outside town centres, search for Και είναι ακριβώς αυτή residencies η sui generis κατάσταση, η οποία οδηγεί τονin Berlin, where she made her first studies. In 1932 she published an important study entitled: services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”, (possibly) διαθέτοντα στερρώς δομημένη βαθύ γνώστη τουfor Youth Unemployment.

The same yearαρτία she leftπροσωπικότητα Germany and afterκαι continuous movements lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access to markets, etc.where studies and research inτου Geneva, London and Newσε York she came backπροσεγγίσεις to London, θέματος Συντάκτη ανάPrague, χείρας κειμένου πολυεδρικές in According 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning. In 1950 sheto became teacher in the to another approach, the is due a systematic and του υπό διερεύνηση αντικειμένου.

University College of London, where she continued her social research. brokers Her public and long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, ofaction buying her work are characterized by a passion for justice. See also: COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY. and selling realCOLLINS estate, etc., for theCo depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in Ενδεικτικώς αναφέρεται εδώ, συνοπτικώς η διάρθρωσή του: 10th edit.

Wil. SONS AND Ltd.όλως London 2009.

WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: variety of ways, in order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actually 252147 11

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GENTRIFICATION Definition, Types of Intervention, Definition, of intervention, ConcernsTypes of Gentrification Concerns

competence of state affairs in their Region, based on Article 101 of current Constitution.3 Εν αρχήof γίνεται λόγος of περί Γεωπολιτικής, Γεωστρατηγικής Abolition the 13 Regions the Government Decree of 6/3/1987. 13και new Συστημικής Γεωπολιτικής Ανάλυσης και παρατίθενται σχετικά Regions come in their place (Organizations of second grade local government) συμπεράσματα, κατά το Αρχαιοελληνικόν «αρχή Σοφίας ονομάτωνof along with the municipalities (Organizations of first grade) as an expression επίσκεψις» του Φιλοσόφου ΔΙΟΓΕΝΟΥΣ. popular sovereignty, they consist a fundamental institution of the Greek public life, 4 and the as guaranteed by the of Article 102 of the current Constitution Ακολουθεί ο provisions γεωγραφικός τηςATHANASOPOULOS υπό διερεύνηση Byπροσδιορισμός Mr. George-Sp. C. 5 Europeanτης Charter of Local Self-Government. περιοχής Ανατολικής Μεσογείου μετά των ομόρων και εν Harvard University, Graduate School ofΚρατών Design, Student, Abolition from 1/1/2011 of the Prefecture, Local Government of second grade,

By Mr. George-Sp. C. ATHANASSOPOULOS Architect συνεχεία τονίζεται η Γεωπολιτική και Γεωστρατηγική σημασία της Student of the School of Architecture as it was provided by Law 1622/1986 (which ultimately was not implemented Ελλάδος, της Κύπρου και της Τουρκίας.

Technical University of Crete

Καταγράφεται ακολούθως το διαμορφωθέν τρέχον διεθνές 1.

Introductory approach: περιβάλλον περί την εν λόγωDefining περιοχή,the τοconcept ενδιαφέρον Τρίτων «αυτοβούλως» 1. approach: Defining the concept (444 BC - 370 BC, Athens), 3. Introductory Article 101 of current Constitution 1975/1986/2001/2008: ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, εμπλεκομένων και δρώντων «επ΄αγαθώ» Δομών και ακολουθεί ñ State’s administration is organized according toΤοπικών the decentralized system.

ANTISTHENIS, the ancient Greek philosopher, (444 BC -“principle”: 370 BC, Athens), among other wise heritage he left us, he established a great the ñ Administrative division of the country is formed on the basis of geo-economic, social and σειρά συμπερασμάτων.

among wise heritage leftthe us,definition he established a greatof“principle”: transportother conditions. acquisition of knowledge startshe with of the content concepts. the ñ Regional of starts theΓεωπολιτικό State generally have decisive competence issues of their acquisition ofInstitutions knowledge with theindefinition of the content ofon concepts. Τέλος, παρατίθεται Υπόδειγμα Ισορροπιών Ισχύος, Based, therefore, on this “principle” a first, if not final, approach, the term province. Central Government, apart from special cases, has the general direction, coordination 1 Based, therefore, on this “principle” inindicated a as first, if επί notby final, approach, the της term επισημαίνονται οι urban ενδεχόμενες του της Ελλάδος και (and gentrification) is (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification and control of legitimacy of the Regional επιπτώσεις institutions provided law.

1 (and urban gentrification) is indicated (in the area of Planning) (or gentrification ñ Common legislator and Administration, when they act normative, they are obliged to take Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various Κύπρου, ακολουθούν Παραρτήματα και Ενδεικτική Βιβλιογραφία. into account the special conditions of island and mountainous areas, ensuring their growth.

Sociology as well), as the “refining” of a city area, the removal from this, (in various ways), ofΠεριφέρειες social groups, usually of low-income and the placement there(βορράς), of artists, / Κοινότητες, τρεις, Ολλανδόφωνη, Article 101A Τοof έργο διακρίνεται γιαofτον πλούτο των σχετικών στοιχείων, την ways), social groups, usually low-income and the placement there of artists, the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc. However this “change”, regardless of Where Constitution provides for the establishment and operation of an Independent πλήρη τεκμηρίωση των διατυπουμένων απόψεων, την σαφήνεια και το Γαλλόφωνη (νότος), Γερμανόφωνη (πληθυσμός κάτω των 100.000 the operation of art galleries, restaurants, etc.

However this “change”, regardless of whatever consequences has, alsoand rising prices (and the Authority, other its Members are appointed for aresults fixed tenure theyof areland governed by personal and functional independence, as specified by law. whatever other consequences has, results also rising of land prices (and the ευκρινές relative των σημαντικών στοχεύσεών του. potential speculation). ατόμων).

4. Article 102 of the Constitution 1975/1986/2001/2008: potential relative speculation).

The term gentrification is at to first in Government the UK in early 1960s and it refers to ñ Administration of local affairs belongs Local Organizations of first and second Mutatis mutantis, το found έργο τηνinδιαθέσιμη Βιβλιογραφία Επαρχίες, δέκα.

The term gentrification foundσυμπληρώνει atpeople first in the UK early 1960s and itareas refersofto the then observed trend ofiswealthy to buy property in poor grade. επί συγκεκριμμένων θεματικών περιοχών και, εν τίνι ανάγεται theτων then observed trend of wealthy people to buy property in poor areas of To Local Government Organizations there is presumption ofμέτρω, competence for the London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and 19, thus old residents are Δήμοι /ofΚοινότητες, 589:defines Περιοχή Βρυξελλών Βαλλωνία 262, administration local affaires.

Law the extend and types of local affairs andare the σε πολύτιμο βοήθημα σε όσους ασχολούνται με την καταγραφή, ανάλυση, London, upgrade them, stay themselves sometimes there and thus old residents being indirectly “squeezed”. distribution between each grade. Law may delegate to Local Government organizations the Φλάνδρα 308. αξιολόγηση, χάραξη και συγκρότηση σχετικών Στρατηγικών, Πολιτικών, being indirectly “squeezed”.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth exercise of powers that consist state’s mission.

A description of this phenomenon is included in the work of Sociologist Ruth Μέσων και Μέτρων. ñ Local Government Organizations have administrative and financial autonomy.

Their GLASSΥπό at the same period, while similar situationsγια wereπολυβάθμια recorded in other major τεχνική άποψη πρόκειται Τοπική authorities are elected by universal and secret voting, as provided byrecorded law.

GLASS at the same period, while similar situations were in other major citiesñ in Western countries, by other Researchers.

Law may provide the establishment of compulsory or voluntary associations of Local Αυτοδιοίκηση μεcountries, Περιφέρειες, Επαρχίες και Δήμους. cities in Western bypreoccupied other Researchers.

Since then, the issue has several scholars for its more Government Organizations for works or provision of services.

Theseand associations may be Since the issue has several scholars andthe for various its από more administrated by elected bodies Οι then, Περιφέρειες ασκούν αρμοδιότητες κατά παραχώρηση comprehensive approach arepreoccupied being summarized below, from Καθηγητής Κωνσταντίνος ΓΕ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ ñ State exercises supervision over Local Government Organizations, which concerns solely to comprehensive approach are being summarized below, from the various interpretations of theitphenomenon of gentrification, the following: Σχολής Νομικών και Κοινωνικών Επιστημών legitimacy control andΚαθηγητής is not allowed to block theirαρμοδιότητες initiative and freedomαποκλειστικές of action.

Legitimacy την Κεντρική Κυβέρνηση και interpretations of the phenomenon of gentrification, the following: In a sense, the phenomenon is due to a trend of a new category of social groups control is exercised as provided by law. Disciplinary sanctions to elected bodies of local Πανεπιστημίου ΝΕΑΠΟΛΙΣ, Πάφος administration, apart from cases involving automatic deduction or idleness, are being applied εκχωρούμενες σε αυτές δια νόμου. to “return” to the city, leaving the purlieus for several reasons: high costs in money Καθηγητής Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών only with the consent of a Council, consisted at majority of regular judges, as provided by law. and time to travel from theαρμοδιοτήτων purlieus to downtown, where work place is, lack of the ñ The State takes των all the legislative, regulatory andεν fiscalγένει measures needed to ensure economic Μεταξύ των Περιφερειών Ομότιμος Καθηγητής Πανεπιστημίου 1.of The term fromthe Sociologist Ruth GLASS, 1912-1940.

Ruth search GLASS wasbetter born in sense safety atcomes the distributed residencies outside town centres, for independence and provides necessary resources for the accomplishment of the tasks and the και Πολιτικών Επιστημών, Αθηνών Berlin, where sheΚοινωνικών made her first ποιότητας studies.

In 1932 she published anΠΑΝΤΕΙΟ, important study entitled: περιλαμβάνονται θέματα ζωής, περιβάλλοντος, χωροταξίας, exercise of competences of Local Government Organizations with simultaneous ensuring of services of health, education, entertainment “at the heart of the city”,movements (possibly)for Youth Unemployment.

TheΕπί same year she left Germany anddefines after continuous transparency in the management of Διαλέκτης these resources.

Law theΑμύνης relative with the and τιμή Σχολής Εθνικής Ελλάδος lower living cost of, “withdrawal” from private car easier access markets, etc.where studies and research in Geneva, Prague, London and she came to back totheir London, ενέργειας, βιομηχανικής πολιτικής, μεταφορών, διοικητικής εποπτείας distribution, among Local Government Organizations ofNew taxesYork or fees, determined in favour, and Ex Ch.the L.U.L. Bruxelles, Inter.

I.I.A.P., in 1943 she published studies regarding cityphenomenon planning.

In 1950 she teacher the According to Each another approach, is Ex due tobecame a systematic and collected

by State. transferral of competences from state’s central or regional bodiesParis toin Local University College of London, where she continued her social Her action and επί των επαρχιών και Δήμων κ.ά.

Government implies transfer of corresponding resources.

Lawresearch. provides the public relative regarding Κάτοχος Τιμητικής Διακρίσεως «LE PRIX EUROPEEN 12 long-term informal effort by organized groups, manufacturers, brokers ofDES buying her work are by arevenues passiondirectly for justice. also: COLLINS organizations.

ENGLISH DICTIONARY. definition andcharacterized collecting of local fromSee Local Government ETOILES», HONORIS CAUSA and selling real estate, etc., for theCo depreciation initially of part of the urban web, in 5.edit.

Because of their importance, issues of Local2009.

Government Organizations have become 10th Wil. COLLINS SONS AND Ltd. London WIKIPEDIA: The Free Encyclopedia: subject series of International Conferences as well as regulations G. ALEXANDRI: http://www.uncanny.net/ wetzel/gentry.htm a Gentrification: varietyofofa ways, inConferences, order Abstract. to achieve the “assisted”, “voluntary”, (actuallyat

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