THE GREENEST GRASS ...
... IS NOT ALWAYS ON THE OTHER SIDE
THE GREENEST GRASS A MASTER THESIS ABOUT IMPLEMENTATION OF BIODIVERSITY IN AN URBAN GREEN SPACE AND ABOUT CREATING SYNERGY WITH STORMWATER MANAGEMENT AND HUMAN EXPERIENCE
PERNILLE SIDELMANN JAKOBSEN
COLOPHON 1st March 2016 30 points MSc. thesis Landscape Architecture Urban Design Pernille Sidelmann Jakobsen | rzj278 pernille.jakobsen@gmail.com 20 45 52 93 University of Copenhagen Faculty of Science Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management Rolighedsvej 23 1958 Frederiksberg C Main supervisor | Academic employee Richard Hare Co supervisor | Associate professor Hans Peter Ravn External supervisor | Architect MAA, P.hD fellow Anna Aslaug Lund
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ABSTRACT This thesis explores whether it is possible to increase biodiversity along the Kagså Stream compared to the master plan “Climate adaptation of Kagså Stream - The blue and green spine” by Rambøll. Furthermore, it seeks a solution of how to form a synergy between aspects of biodiversity, stormwater management and human experience. In this thesis, biodiversity is applied in a general sense as the number of different habitat types is used as a proxy for the degree of biodiversity. The premise for the design experiments done is the assertion that by ensuring a wide range of habitats you are likely to attract a wide range of species and thereby increase biodiversity. This prompts a definition of habitat types to make a qualitative analysis of the state of the Kagså Stream and the adjacent areas. As expected it is assessed to be possible to increase biodiversity compared to what the master plan offers. The thesis provides design experiments showing how biodiversity, stormwater management and human experience can create a synergy beneficial for both human and animal users. However, this is not scientifically proven as human experience is based on qualitative assessments.
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PREFACE Climate changes are part of today’s reality. Both nationally and globally, it has become clear that the climate is changing rapidly with severe and costly consequences. According to the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), climate changes will cause a rise in the average temperatures of up to 5.6 degrees before we reach the year of 2100. The amount of precipitation during winter time will increase between 20% and 40%, while extreme rain events will become more frequent in the summer. During the last 150 years, the average temperature in Denmark has risen with more than 1.5 degrees. The rising temperatures increase the risk of extreme rain events (DMI, 2016a). Increased precipitation and extreme rain events have severe consequences for urban environments. This is particularly due to the high percentage of impermeable surfaces. The high amount of run-off water resulting from intense cloud bursts puts added pressure on the sewer system, which is not dimensioned to handle as big amounts of water all at once. This often causes severe flooding with damaging effects on material structures as well as human health. Many different solutions to the problems following increased precipitation exist. They all
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have different focus, benefits and costs. Some solutions suggest optimizing the capacity of the sewers. Others suggest total decoupling of road run-off to the sewer systems, while other solutions suggest something in between by which the sewer system still receives run-off water, but a large portion is handled on the surface by means of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) (Jørgensen, 2008). In Denmark mitigation of the effects of climate changes have been on the political agenda for some years. By demands from the government, the municipalities have developed action plans for climate adaptation that specify initiatives and projects to adapt the landscape to increased precipitation. Some projects incorporate existing nature areas. These projects not only enable storm water management, but they also have the potential to provide additional recreational values as well as promote biodiversity (Naturstyrelsen, 2015a; laridanmark, 2013). In green spaces where the nature quality is poor, the effects of climate changes increase the risk of extinction of local animal and plant populations. However, if these areas are adapted to meet the challenges of climate change they are able to mitigate the damage while providing green refuges within the urban landscape to benefit biodiversity (DMI, 2016b).
The biological resources on Earth are essential to human well-being. Therefore, it is important that we recognise the values of biodiversity for the sake of both the present and future generations. Threats to species and ecosystems become greater and greater, as extinction due to human activities continues at alarming rate. The state of nature in Denmark is critical and national biodiversity continues to decline. This is evident from the 27% Danish species which are disappearing, listed as endangered or vulnerable. Despite a global effort, we have not succeeded halting the loss of biodiversity. Therefore, there is a need for new approaches (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2015b; DN, 2016b). Biodiversity in urban nature is still a relatively new field in urban planning. Further research and documentation is needed including the development of new, creative solutions to ecological and sustainable urban design. When working with climate adaption and maintenance of urban green spaces biodiversity needs to be considered in new ways. Urban planners hold a responsibility for improving nature quality as they form the urban landscape. Hence it is important to incorporate biodiversity if we are to reach the target of stopping biodiversity loss (Naturstyrelsen, 2014).
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Working on this thesis has at times been hard and exhausting but also exciting and interesting thanks to the team, that has helped me throughout the process. Many thanks to my main supervisor Richard Hare for guidance and encouragement, and for the commitment to the project. Another thank you goes to my co-supervisor Hans Peter Ravn for helping a landscape architect in spe understand the many different aspects of biodiversity. Additionally, thank you to Anna Aslaug Lund and Camilla Julie Hvid for guiding me through the real Kagsü project and including me in meetings and discussions. Your obligingly helpfulness is very much appreciated. Finally, thank you to Christian Nyerup Nielsen for letting me be a part of Rambøll Urban Water Management and Climate Adaption on a daily basis, and to everyone in the department for help and encouragement.
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DATE
SIGNATURE MASTER THESIS 2016
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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION
Abstract Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Motivation Objective Concept Delimitation
INTRODUCTION THE PROJECT 5 6 8 12 15 16 19 20
Location and context A project in progress Political background Master plan summary Technical aspect
THE PROJECT 54 56 58 60 66
REGIST. AND ANALYSIS REGIST. AND
METHODOLOGY
Method and structure Materials
Master plan analysis Historical analysis METHODOLOGY Registration 24 Tree conservation 26 Bat registration
74 76 82 90 92
THEORY
THEORYDESIGN EXPERIMENTS
DESIGN EXPE
SUDS SUDS and biodiversity Biodiversity Water quality Biodiversity in politics
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30 32 34 42 44
Design strategy Habitat types Waterways Pond Bog
96 98 100 102 103
T
D ANALYSIS
ERIMENTS
Reedbed Periodically flooded Structural elements Grassland and meadow Trees and shrubs Manitenance intensive Private gardens Habitat plan Subareas Master plan habitats Potenital habitats Biodiversity potentials Design concept Plan Moodboard Sudents’ residence Urban forest Sports area
104 105 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 121 122 124 126 128 130 136 144
EVALUATION
EVALUATIO
INDEX
INDEX
Discussion Conclusion
Glossary Footnote Bibliography Appendix
152 161
164 167 168 177
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INTRODUCTION Kagså
On the border between the municipalities of Herlev and Gladsaxe in the Copenhagen Metropolitan area, runs a 4.5 km long natural stream called Kagså. During extreme rain events Kagså overflows and floods the the adjoining areas. Concurrently, rain events of both a moderate and extreme nature also cause the adjacent sewer systems to overflow, resulting in sewer water entering the stream and thereby reducing the water quality. At present, this occurs approximately 50-60 times a year. (Rambøll, 2012a; Gladsaxe & Herlev Kommune, 2015). The stream Kagså feeds into Harrestrup Stream before it eventually reaches Kalveboderne and Køge Bay (See subparagraph The Harrestrup System for map and further details). Governmental regulations demand better quality of the water in the Harrestrup Stream. Hence, a master plan was created for Kagså to solve parts of the problem upstream. The master plan for Kagså was developed by the consulting firm Rambøll whose proposal takes both flooding and recreational value into account (Gladsaxe & Herlev Kommune, 2015; Rambøll, 2012a).
Master plan
Due to Kagså being located exactly on the border between Herlev and Gladsaxe Municipality, it is a joint municipal stream. In 2011, the two municipalities as well as the two utility companies HOFOR and Nordvand sought a solution with the goal of solving the flooding problems. Rambøll secured themselves the project with their master plan for Kagså Stream called “Climate adaptation of Kagså Stream - The blue and green spine”1. The Master plan presents a solution to improve the water quality and mitigate flooding along the stream and in its catchment area, while concurrently establishing an inviting green space for recreational use. In this project “Climate adaptation of Kagså Stream - The blue and green spine” will be referred to as “the master plan”, “the 2012 master plan” or “the Kagså master plan”. Today the Kagså project has entered its final stages of the design and planning process including rework of the master plan in a cooperation between Rambøll and Gottlieb Paludan Architects. Finalisation of the rework phase is set to end in the fall of 2017, while construction is estimated to begin in 2019 and estimated to last for a couple of years (Rambøll, 2012a; Sørensen, 2015).
Figure 1. Herlev/Gladsaxe marked 12
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“Just living is not enough”, said the butterfly. “One must have sunshine, freedom and a little flower” (H. C. Andersen, The Butterfly 1862)
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MOTIVATION In virtue of my collaboration with Rambøll’s Department of Urban Water Management and Climate Adaptation as well as my personal interest the Kagså Master Plan came to be the foundation of thesis. As the Kagså project will continue several years into the future, it is subject to a high degree of changeability, which I found particularly appealing. The fact that I would be a part of a genuine project and see it evolve alongside my own work seemed very interesting. As the existing master plan for Kagså and thereby the foundation for my own project would change over time, I would have to consider how this changeability would affect my work and take this into account in my proposal.
So bear in mind as you read this thesis that I am not a landscape architect trying to fill the shoes of a biologist. I try to use biodiversity as a design parameter in landscape architecture to create synergy between the two disciplines, and hopefully make our everyday nature a little better for all - humans as well as animals.
Initially, focus was only on stormwater management, but as my initial work progressed, I found that I wanted to challenge myself further by expanding my focus. Through analysis of the master plan, I found the aspect of biodiversity to be a subject that was only vaguely touched upon but with an immense potential. Although I am a novice within the field of ecology and biodiversity, I saw a potential to improve the existing master plan in this direction and create a green wildlife corridor by expanding the extent of the existing project area to include Smørmose Bog and Kagsmose Bog. The result of this endeavour is the report you hold in your hands today.
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OBJECTIVE To solve the issue of flooding as well as creating an inviting green area, Rambøll has in 2012 developed a master plan for Kagså Stream. Today this climate adaptation project is entering its final stages. The objective of this project is to investigate and test whether the Kagså Master Plan could have implemented increased biodiversity. Effort will be put into investigating how biodiversity can be increased as well as how it can form a well balanced design with aspects of stormwater management and human experience included. Optimally, the solution will form a synergy between the incorporated aspects. To be able to fully elaborate on the stated goal a series of additional studies are necessary. The studies are in order of implementation: Subsequently a detailed rework of parts of the master plan will be done through design experiments in order to provide designs with focus on increased biodiversity while still accommodating the wish to incorporate stormwater management and human experience. These will concludingly be discussed in comparison to the design from the master plan.
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Desk studies An accounting of the theory behind SUDS. An accounting of the theory behind biodiversity. An analysis of biodiversity in a political context. An investigation of visions and strategies concerning biodiversity from the two adjacent municipalities that have an impact on the KagsĂĽ project. An analysis of the political context in which the project has arisen. An accounting of the content of the master plan. An analysis of shortcomings in the master plan. An analysis of the historical development of the stream and the catchment area. Mapping of relevant factors.
Site analysis Registration of plantings and species around the stream. Analysis of the topology. Analysis of the spatial conditions.
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BIODIVERSITY
EXPERIENCE
WATER MANAGEMENT
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CONCEPT This master thesis is built up around a multi-disciplined design approach linking three main aspects. The three aspects included are: • Biodiversity • Human experience • Water management. Rambøll’s current Kagså project is focused around a technical design approach to ensure the main goal which is to prevent flooding of houses around Kagså. Additionally the 2012 master plan includes a recreational aspect in the design approach to create an inviting green area for the benefit of the users. The approach in this thesis ties together the technical water management and human experiences with biodiversity to achieve a synergy between the three, making a solution even more beneficial for all parts.
Figure 2. Three main aspects included in this master thesis. (I) Promote biodiversity (II) Create an inviting recreational area and (III) At the same time prevent flooding of houses adjacent to the stream. Adapted from: Habitats (2013)
The technical approach secures better water quality in the stream and a controlled flooding situation. A better water quality leads to better conditions for the vegetation. Better conditions for vegetation combined with altered maintenance leads to a more diverse and interesting flora with more flowers which causes emergence of insects. Emergence of insects attracts birds all in all causing a higher recreational value in the area as well as increased biodiversity.
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DELIMITATION Due to the limited time frame of 6 months some delimitation has been necessary. In respect to area limitation a strip of land connecting two wetlands has been included. This means that the focus area of this thesis extends outside the contract scope of the 2012 master plan to include and tie together important existing biological factors. Adjacent green areas are not directly included in the design experiments due to ownerships, though they are of immense value to biodiversity. Focus of the content has been put on both theoretical research as well as design experiments in order to gain knowledge about the given subject, while showing the ability to turn theory into practice. Biodiversity is used broadly to include a range of plant and animal species to increase biodiversity in general. Only bats are pointed out, as prior registrations had been carried out. Ideally an information campaign and citizen involvement would be next step in the project, to enlighten users of the park of the reasons for a changed appearance, and to tell residents of the surrounding areas about the possibilities private gardens hold for improving biodiversity. Due to the time frame this step has not been included but is seen as a potential next step. 20
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Duration Time frame of 6 months
Physical extent Extended contract scope Tie together important existing biological factors No direct inclusion of adjacent green areas in design experiments due to ownerships
Content Theoretical research Design experiments
Detailing Biodiversity in general No inclusion of specific species except bats
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METHODOLOGY
METHOD AND STRUCTURE A general understanding of the theory behind this thesis is gained through a preliminary literature study. The theory accounts for basic principles of SUDS and biodiversity, and how they can beneficiate from each other. Furthermore, biodiversity is described in a political context. Secondly, registrations and analyses are conducted to provide knowledge of past and present conditions. An analysis of the 2012 master plan is included as it is the base of this thesis. Additionally a historical analysis and registrations of conditions in the area are listed. Finally design experiments are carried out to test the objective - whether the 2012 master plan could have implemented increased biodiversity. The design experiments are defined by a design concept, a design strategy and definitions of habitat types to clarify elements used in the design process. Finally the findings are discussed and a conclusion is presented. By initially doing a literature study to gather knowledge makes it possible to execute qualified design experiments. By carrying out design experiments it is shown how theory can be used in practice and that the author possess this quality. 24
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Figure 3. Method of the thesis in hand.
METHOD
RESULT
Theory
General undersranding of biodiversity
Registration and analysis
Knowledge of current conditions
Design strategy
Design experiments
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MATERIALS Initially relevant literature was found in books, articles and on the internet to form the base of the theory part. Following, Rambøll material related to the Kagså Project from the past 4 years was examined to single out only the most relevant information. Subsequently visual material has been produced to communicate the content of the project to the reader. The material consists of diagrams, maps, plans and visualisations. Citizen participation would be ideal to incorporate wishes from the user of the park. As a user survey was considered too extensive to include in the project contact was made to representatives of the users, such as the superintendent of the Kagså students’ residence. However, he was not able to set aside time to participate.
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Method Site visit Sketching by hand Modelling Participating in meetings Following the process of developing the Kagså project at Rambøll on a daily basis AutoCAD ArcGIS Illustrator Photoshop Indesign Google Maps Google Earth
Materials Books Articles Internet Rambøll material dating back to 2011 as well as new material from 2015/2016.
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THEORY
SUDS The climate is changing with increased numbers of heavy rains and cloudbursts as the consequences. When combined with effects of urbanization such as more sealed surfaces, faster runoff and decreased lag time, the result is unintentional flooding (Monberg, 2014). There are different ways to prevent damages, all of varying extent and with varying effects. Actions ranging from local terrain regulation to expansion of entire sewer systems are all acknowledge as well as solutions with integrated SUDS. SUDS is the abbreviation for Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems. The term includes principles for stormwater management by supplementing traditional sewer systems or replacing them with elements for handling rainwater on the surface. By implementing SUDS better conditions for vegetation, added amenity and a better understanding of ecological processes can be achieved (Echols & Pennypacker, 2008; laridanmark, 2013).
5 main principles
SUDSystems consist of solutions using elements with five main principles. The principles used in SUDS are (I) Temporary storage, (II) infiltration, (III) evaporation (IV) conveyance and (V) cleansing (Jensen et al., n.d.).
Temporary storage elements
include dry and wet basins with excess volume to manage rainwater in a period extending beyond the rain event, and slowly releasing it.
Infiltration elements include
lawns and rain gardens where water can infiltrate into the soil and enter back into the hydrological cycle.
Evaporation elements include
water surfaces and vegetation letting rain water evaporate back into the atmosphere.
Conveyance elements include
installations both aboveground as gutters or swales and beneath ground as pipes to transport rainwater to and between SUDS-elements.
Cleansing elements include
layers of engineered soil, sand traps or oil filters for cleansing of runoff water before infiltration or evaporation. (Jensen et al., n.d.)
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TRADITIONAL URBAN DRAINAGE
SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
Quality
Quantity
Amenity
Quantity
Figure 4. The urban drainage triangle. Benefits by replacing traditional urban drainage systems with SUDS. Adapted from: Echols & Pennypacker (2008).
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SUDS AND BIODIVERSITY By implementing blue and green solutions in urban areas, biodiversity is given a better chance of progress. Most elements used in SUDS have the possibility to help strengthen biodiversity while performing the task of handling storm water as well (Monberg, 2014; Howe, 2015a). SUDS elements can provide a structural diversity and humidity gradients beneficial for biodiversity. Additionally, SUDSystems can often create habitat corridors or stepping stones as the elements seldom function on their own but are connected in series, increasing the connectivity2. Implementation of SUDS often includes a higher percentage of permeable surfaces, making possibilities for more vegetation (Monberg, 2014; Howe, 2015a). Increased vegetation combined with altered maintenance gives better conditions for biodiversity through emergence of a broader spectrum of habitats. By using SUDS aspects such as ecology, flood risk and water quality must be considered when designing.
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“We must foster urban landscapes with room for wild plants, animals, insects and birds�
(Ida Auken, Minister of the Environment 2011-14)
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BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity is one of the buzzwords of the last couple of decades (Spicer, 2012). We hear “biodiversity crisis” and “threats to biodiversity”, but what does it actually mean? What does the term biodiversity cover?
Defining biodiversity
Biodiversity is categorized as a pseudo cognate term i.e. a word or a concept of which it is assumed we all share the same intuitive understanding. However, in reality only few actually have a clear idea of the term which has over 80 more or less official definitions (Spicer, 2012). It is generally acknowledged that biodiversity is a positive term and that loss of biodiversity is negative. Therefore, it is widely agreed that measures should be taken to preserve and promote biodiversity. (Gaston, 1996; Spicer, 2012). The term biodiversity is a contraction of “biological diversity” or “biotic diversity” first used by American botanist Walter G. Rosen at a meeting in ’National Forum on BioDiversity’ in 1986. The common use of the term is applied as a synonym for “the variety of life” (Gaston, 1996,). However, this definition is imprecise as it could just as well embrace the whole of biology (Ravn, 2015a; Gaston, 1996; Spicer, 2012). To eliminate any confusion or misconception the term biodiversity will in this project refer
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to the definition formulated by the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992. The definition reads “‘Biological diversity’ means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems” (Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992a; Spicer, 2012). Organisms included in biodiversity as described provide through ecosystems a number of benefits essential for sustaining life on Earth (Spicer, 2012).
Ecosystems
An ecosystem comprises all societies of living organisms (e.g. plants, animals and microorganisms) and their interaction with abiotic components (e.g. minerals, water, temperature and sunlight). Ecosystems are difficult to define and delineate but often, they are described in terms of spatial elements such as “a pond”, “a dead tree” or as “an entire region ” (Smith & Smith, 2006). Humankind benefits from various services delivered by ecosystems - the so called ecosystem services. Not only is our health dependent upon the provided services, it also enables life on
“Ecosystem services are the processes by which the environment produces resources utilised by humans such as clean air, water, food and materials�
(Centre for Ecology and Hydrology et al., 2015)
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Earth. These services include provisioning, regulating and cultural services such as nutrient cycling, generation of energy from the sun through photosynthesis, pollination of plants/crops and cleansing of soil and water (Spicer, 2012; Smith & Smith, 2006; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology et al., 2015)
Measuring biodiversity Biodiversity is not easily measured, since no single unit is given for its various components. Would you have to measure every single type of everything in an area to get an answer? And would this result be compared with the total number in the given region, in the country or even in the world? And would this even be possible? (Ravn, 2015a; Spicer, 2012).
Measuring biodiversity is problematic as only selected aspects can be evaluated in a single measure. Several papers address this issue and many recognize that species richness is only one measure of biodiversity. However species remains the most and widely used measurement of biodiversity. Though not knowing the exact measurement of biodiversity in an area, biodiversity in general can be strengthened through a number of actions (Ravn, 2015a; Gaston, 1996).
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Species
Diversity of species is a fundamental driver of biodiversity, and an understanding of the term is crucial to understanding biodiversity. All living things can be divided into species. The larger groups of animals such as people, dogs, cats, pandas, tigers, gerbils, lizards, frogs, toads and fish comprise only about 0.4 % of all known species on Earth. The number merely expresses an approximate as it is not known exactly how many species exist on Earth. One of the most recognised estimates amongst scientists is 13.62 million species, but numbers vary from 3.6 to no less than 111.7 million (Spicer, 2012). As with the actual number of species, the number of described species is ambiguous. Ravn (2015a) mentions 1.1 million described species whereas Spicer (2012) gives numbers of more than 2 million.
Biodiversity threats
A range of different causes affect biodiversity in a negative direction causing loss of biodiversity.
Introduction of foreign species Other
Extinction
Local extinction has always been a common occurrence. Natural variations in population sizes can be seen all over the planet varying from species to species and year to year. However, the declines seen today both locally and globally are on an entirely different scale. The present changes are linked to human activities such as changes in land use, intensive farming, deforestation, pollution, over-harvesting, introduction of exotic species, and climate changes. These are all examples of disturbances causing species extinction and loss of biodiversity (Spicer, 2012). Listed in order of frequency, the most common causes of known extinction is (I) the introduction of foreign and disruptive species (II) destruction of habitats and (III) direct exploitation as hunting and fishing. Introduction of foreign species accounts for more than one-third of the cases of extinction followed by habitat destruction with just under one-third. Exploitation is responsible for about a quarter of the cases (Spicer, 2012).
Exploitation
Habitat destruction
Habitat destruction
Urban and suburban environments include areas with varying expressions and functions. Parks, forests, private gardens, storm water elements, green roofs and walls, brownfields, roadsides, railways, streams, lakes and seas, wetlands and even flower boxes are all elements that can potentially promote biodiversity (Howe, 2015a). Even though many habitats exist in these environments, quality habitats are declining. Several factors contribute to the deterioration of habitats. The two main factors are fragmentation of habitats and environmental stress. Environmental stress comprise anthropogenic disturbances such as pollution and climate changes such as rising temperatures. American authorities have estimated that up to one-quarter of all species could go extinct as a direct consequence of global climate changes (Gaston, 1996; Spicer, 2012).
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THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
HUMAN POPULATION
SIZE
RESOURCE USE
HUMAN ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURE CHANGES IN LAND USE INTENSE FARMING DEFORESTATION POLLUTION LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY LOCAL EXTINCTION GLOBAL EXTINCTION LOSS OF ECOSYSTEM
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ENERGY
INDUSTRY
EXPLOITATION / OVER HARVESTING OF SPECIES
TRADE INTRODUCTION OF / INVASION BY NEW SPECIES
HUNTING FISHING GATHERING CHANGES IN CLIMATE
Many habitats are lost on the account of the exploitation of natural resources leading to decrease in biodiversity. Many species have very specialized food and habitat requirements. This makes them highly vulnerable to environmental changes and the threat of extinction is higher the more restricted habitat requirements they have (Spicer, 2012). According to Spicer (2012) the global cost of habitat destruction is estimated at US$250 billion every year. This is estimated to translate as half of an ecosystem’s value being lost when a “natural� landscape changes function to support human use (Spicer, 2012).
Invasive alien species As with extinction of populations invasions have always happened. However the pace by which invasive alien species spread today is critical and it is likely to continue unless control plans are put into action (Spicer, 2012). The term alien species is defined as foreign species that have been relocated outside their natural ecological range by humans - intentionally or unintentionally (European Union Environment, 2014). Transportation of seeds, roots Figure 5. How we threaten biodiversity. Adapted from Spicer (2012).
or plants happens every day as a consequence of increased trade and travel. A majority of the transported material is unable to survive in new environments, but some manage to adapt to new surroundings. The plants or animals establishes themselves and can potentially have significant negative effects on ecosystems (European Union Environment, 2014). Currently, an estimate states that there are more than 12,000 alien species in Europe of which 10-15% are invasive . These numbers include mammals, amphibians, reptiles, fish, invertebrates, plants, fungi, bacteria and other micro-organisms. The most common alien species in Europe are terrestrial plants representing more than 6,500 species (See figure 6) (European Union Environment, 2014).
Food supply
Loss and deterioration of habitats play a vital role in the decline in biodiversity. Another significant cause of this development is the decline in food resources. As an example common insects such as butterflies and moths are dependent on nectar and pollen. However, during the last 50 years increasing urbanization has seen a reduction in these resources provided by e.g. wildflowers. This has greatly affected pollen feeding species (Royal Horticultural Society, 2015e).
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NUMBER OF ALIEN SPECIES IN EUROPE 7000 6000 5000
Pollination
4000 3000 2000 1000 0
D AN INL TIC UA INE AR AQ M I TIC NG S UA U AQ LF ATE A EBR TRI ERT RES INV AL
TER
AL
TRI RES
TER
AL
TRI RES
TER
TRI RES
TER
S NT
PLA
ES
RAT
B RTE VE
40
Sugars contained in nectar, and proteins and oils from pollen grains are important parts of the diet for many insects and especially adult bees and their larvae as it is their only food source. While flowers provide a supply of food for the “vegetarians” they also indirectly provide food sources for predatory insects who consume the insects attracted by the flower itself (Royal Horticultural Society, 2015e).
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Some flowering plants (e.g. grasses and conifers) are pollinated by wind, but the majority of plants rely on insects for pollination (e.g. apples, plums, raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, broad beans and runner beans). The pollination service which insects naturally provide is thus vitally important for plants reproductive success. Without pollination, we would see a reduction in plant species richness and thereby a reduction in food resources for animals as well as humans. In the UK alone it has been estimated that the annual value of insect-pollinated fruits and vegetables is £220 million (Royal Horticultural Society, 2015d; Royal Horticultural Society, 2015e; Spicer, 2012). Figure 6. Estimeted alien species in Europe. Adapted from European Commission Environment (2014).
“Species whose introduction and spread outside their natural ecological range pose a real threat to biodiversity and the economy�
(European Union Environment, 2014)
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WATER QUALITY The stresses that man made changes put on the world's ecosystems are devastating, and causing shifts in the balance of ecosystems. Some of the main anthropogenic disturbances leading to loss of biodiversity are pollution and degradation of water quality.
Importance of freshwater
Many of the world’s species depend completely on clean freshwater habitats such as lakes, marshes, rivers or other freshwater wetlands. However, less than two percent of the world’s surface consists of these land types making them highly valuable. If these species are to survive, it is important not only to preserve existing clean freshwater areas but also to create new areas. Many species tolerate none or just very little disturbances in water quality, making them highly vulnerable to pollution (Wetlands international, 2010). An aim is to prevent pollution of habitats by decoupling habitats from the polluted source in the widest degree possible.
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“Water is not an ordinary commodity, but a value, which needs to be protected, defended and treated as such�
(European Parliament, 2000)
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BIODIVERSITY IN POLITICS Biodiversity is a topic not on many private garden owners priority list, though it has been on the international agenda for many years.
Globally
As early as in 1988 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) established a working group of experts on biological diversity. By 1992 the work of the working group had resulted in the first Convention on Biological Diversity (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2015b).
Convention on Biological Diversity
On the fifth of June, 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil3 the convention was opened for signatures. 168 countries signed the convention committing themselves to support sustainable development, conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and fair sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2015b).
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Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020
In 1998 a Strategic Plan for Biodiversity was written to stop the loss of biodiversity before 2010. This goal was not fulfilled, resulting in a new strategic plan - Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. As an additional help the 20 “Aichi-targets� was included as well (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2015b; Ravn, 2015a).
The Aichi Targets
The 20 Aichi-targets are divided into 5 strategic goals ranging from A to E describing the overall goal for the targets within.
STRATEGIC GOALS Strategic Goal A: The purpose of target 1-4 is to address underlying causes for the loss of biodiversity. This is done by integrating biodiversity into both government and society. Strategic Goal B: The purpose of target 5-10 is to promote sustainable use as well as reducing the direct pressure on biodiversity. Strategic goal C: The purpose of target 11-13 is to improve the status of biodiversity. this is done by protecting ecosystems, species and the genetic diversity. Strategic Goal D: The purpose of target 14-16 is to make everyone benefit from the advantages of biodiversity. Strategic Goal E: The purpose of target 17-20 is to Increase implementation with tools as participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building. (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2015c)
EU
The EU Commission has adopted a strategy to halt the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services within the EU before 2020.
EU Strategy to 2020
The strategy unfolds through 6 main targets covering: • Implementation of EU legislation on the nature area • Protection of biodiversity as well as imple- mentation of green infrastructure • Sustainable agriculture and forestry • Better managing of resources in fishery • Increased control with invasive alien spe- cies • EU contribution to the protection of the global biodiversity (Naturstyrelsen, 2015d; European Commission Environment, 2015c) Based on the targets the goal for 2020 reads “Halting the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystem services in the EU by 2020, and restoring them in so far as feasible, while stepping up the EU contribution to averting global biodiversity loss” (European Commission Environment, 2015c).
MASTER THESIS 2016 45
The Commission put up a vision for 2050 as well saying: “By 2050, European Union biodiversity and the ecosystem services it provides – its natural capital – are protected, valued and appropriately restored for biodiversity’s intrinsic value and for their essential contribution to human wellbeing and economic prosperity, and so that catastrophic changes caused by the loss of biodiversity are avoided” (European Commission Environment, 2015c).
Governmental
According to article 6 of the Convention on Biodiversity the participants must develop a national strategy for biodiversity. Aichi Target number 17 says: “By 2015 each Party has developed, adopted as a policy instrument, and has commenced implementing an effective, participatory and updated national biodiversity strategy and action plan.” (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2015c). Due to these demands Denmark has developed a strategy for biodiversity valid from 2014 to 2020 called Nature Plan Denmark4 (Naturstyrelsen, 2015c; Convention on Biological Diversity, 2015c)
Nature Plan Denmark
The Government’s nature policy aims at ensuring more nature areas of better quality for wildlife. First of all by creating more cohesive and resilient nature both in woodlands, in the open
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land, at sea, in lakes and in rivers and streams. This will help support healthier populations and secure their survival (Miljø- og fødevareministeriet, 2014). The aims of Nature Plan Denmark is divided into three specific focus areas. First of all the aim is to establish larger and better connected nature areas to provide wild animals and plants the opportunity to spread. Expectedly 25.000 hectares of new and better connected nature will be established before 2020. Denmark risks losing several rare species, if the present conditions do not improve. To prevent this, establishment of new water features such as ponds will be carried out along with the planting of more hedgerows and shelter belts. Additionally the government wants to ban the use of pesticides and fertilizers on different valuable nature types. Finally, it is a goal to ensure that every citizen has the possibility of outdoor recreation on a daily basis (Miljø- og fødevareministeriet, 2014). The state of biodiversity is monitored by a map showing the nature areas in Denmark as well as future nature areas (See figure 7). The idea is that all green areas marked on the map must be realized by 2020 (Miljø- og fødevareministeriet, 2014).
NATURE PLAN AIMS Aim I: More and better connected nature. Aim II: Strengthened effort for wild plants and animals. Aim III: Better opportunities for joint nature and outdoor experiences. (Miljø- og fødevareministeriet, 2014)
Municipal
In order to map to what extent Danish municipalities have developed strategies, plans of action, or policies to preserve and strengthen biodiversity, the Danish Society for Nature Conservation5 has developed a report outlining the actions taken by the 98 municipalities. The report DN documents on: The Municipalities Policy, Strategy and Plan of Action for Biodiversity6 shows which municipalities strategically plan for biodiversity or biological multiplicity within their municipal borders (DN, 2015a).
Today, Danish municipalities are not obliged to prepare a strategy and plan of action for biodiversity. This only applies to the internationally protected nature areas - the Natura 2000 Areas7 as well as habitats for species protected by the EU Habitats directive (Annex IV species) and monitored areas protected by the Danish Nature Protection Act, section 38 (DN, 2015a). Although not required, Gladsaxe Municipality has both a strategy and an action plan concerning biodiversity while Herlev Municipality mentions initiatives in the Municipal Plan Strategy9 and has different projects concerning biodiversity enhancement (DN, 2015a).
Gladsaxe Municipality
Gladsaxe Municipality has published Nature Plan 2010-2015 to determine goals and ideas concerning nature in 9 chosen nature areas within the municipality. Nature Plan 2010-2015 has three main subjects: (I) Accumulation of knowledge concerning the state of the nature to be able to strengthen biodiversity within the municipality, (II) Finding a balance between protection and use of selected areas and (III) Information about nature, and its possibilities for exercise, play, excursions etc. (Gladsaxe Kommune, 2010).
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To strengthen biodiversity, the Nature Plan 2010-2015 suggests nature projects, fighting invasive alien species, and establishment of wildlife corridors as examples of efforts strengthening existing biodiversity. As a main rule the city council wants to inform and enlighten citizens about nature issues instead of implementing prohibitions. Amongst the earlier mentioned 9 chosen nature areas is the Kagså Park, which is described in Vision 2030, Status and Preliminary ideas (Gladsaxe Kommune, 2010). The 2030 vision for the Kagså Park includes goals to make the park a place for reflection as well as for social interaction. Kagså Stream is to include several smaller ponds for periodically flooding to prevent damages on houses along the stream as well as host a diverse plant and wildlife. Fauna passages are to be implemented at the larger loads crossing the park to intensify the function of a wildlife corridor. A new pedestrian crossing at Klausdalbrovej in the north will create safer access to the park and horses will be grazing in certain parts of the park (Gladsaxe Kommune, 2010).
Herlev Municipality
Herlev Municipality does not have an overall strategy for biodiversity and does not plan on publishing one. However, the municipality has incorporated the subject into other plans as well as initiated several projects to strengthen biodiversity (DN, 2015a). The Municipal Plan Strategy10 from 2011 includes a sustainability strategy addressing biodiversity in broad terms. Generally, an overall goal is to strengthen biological diversity. This is to be done by securing a maintenance form that will promote biodiversity as well as improve conditions in streams in corporation with the utility company (Herlev Kommune, 2011). The term biological diversity is mentioned in Herlev’s Municipal Plan11 as a part of the paragraph concerning Nature and Culture. As well as in the Plan Strategy the goal is create a varied nature to strengthen biological diversity. This will be done through nature preservation and promotion of native species though with recreational and aesthetic interests in mind. Invasive alien species are continuously being exterminated (Herlev Kommune, 2013).
Figure 7. Better connected nature in Denmark. Adapted from Miljø- og fødevareministeriet (2014).
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Biodiversity status in Denmark As Denmark is now half way into the timeframe of fulfilling the 20 Aichi-targets the Danish Society for Nature Conservation (FODNOTE: Danish: Danmarks Naturfredningsforening) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)12 have looked at the current status of biodiversity in Denmark. The evaluation was done in November 2015 (DN, 2016a).
As described, the 20 Aichi-targets aim to turn over the loss of biodiversity before 2020. Status in Denmark is not sensational as most targets have not been fulfilled and efforts to reach several goals have not even been initiated. According to the assessment only 2 out of the 19 relevant targets have been reached (Target 18 is estimated as irrelevant for biodiversity in Denmark). Based on the assessment, the Danish Society for Nature Conservation and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) has created a “biodiversity scale� visually showing the current status in Denmark (See figure 8) (DN & WWF, 2015; DN, 2016a). Specifically, Denmark has fulfilled target 13 and 16 concerning securing genetic diversity in plants and animals and access to genetic resources.
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Efforts have been put into reaching goals 1, 6, 7, 8, 10, 17 and 20 but even greater efforts still have to be implemented to fulfil the goals. The targets mentioned concern (1) inform the population of Denmark of the values and effects of biodiversity and the actions people can take to protect biodiversity, (6) manage stocks of fish, vertebrates and aquatic plants sustainably and legally and create rehabilitation plans, (7) manage areas with agriculture, forestry and aquaculture sustainably, (8) reduce level of pollution and nutrients to a level not damaging for ecosystem functions, (10) minimize effects of human activity on coral reefs and other vulnerable ecosystems by 2015, (17) produce, adopt and start implementation of a participative biodiversity strategy and action plan and (20) increase mobilisation of financial resources from all sources to implement the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 (See previous subparagraph for details) (DN & WWF, 2015). Within the last year (2014 to 2015) a setback has been seen in some of the efforts. The status of goal 3, 4, 12, 15 and 19 was better a year earlier creating a huge concern for the future. The targets mentioned concern (3) eliminate or restructure aid systems that are harmful to biological biodiversity and develop incentives positive to sustainable use of biodiversity in accordance with the Convention on Biodiversity, (4) implement
plans for sustainable production and use and keep effects of use of natural resources within ecological boundaries, (12) prevent extinction and improve conservation status for threatened species and (15) increase resilience of ecosystems by conservation and restoration (DN & WWF, 2015).
BIODIVERSITY STATUS IN DENMARK
No less than 5 targets have gotten no or very little attention and no efforts have been made to fulfil the goals. The ignored targets are 2, 5, 9, 11 and 14. They concern (2) integrate the value of biodiversity into national and local development and poverty strategies and in the national financial records, (5) cut down the loss of all natural habitats by 50 % and reduce fragmentation, (9) identify invasive alien species and their dispersal corridors and eliminate certain species while putting up rules for management, (11) protect at least 17 % of the Danish land cover including freshwater areas and 10 % of coastal areas and (14) restore ecosystems providing basic services (DN & WWF, 2015). With a status as poor as it is today, Denmark still has a long way to go and every effort to create more and better biodiversity counts. The two municipalities in focus both deals with the issue but have potentials to do more.
Figure 8. Biodiversity scale showing the current state of biodivesity in denmark. Adapted from DN (2016a).
MASTER THESIS 2016 51
THE PROJECT
LOCATION AND CONTEXT Kagså
The stream originates at Klausdalbrovej in the North running through the Kagså Park into Kagsmose Bog. The project scope of this master thesis includes a short land strip north of Klausdalbrovej making a small part of Tibberup Stream included in the project to connect Smørmose Bog in the north to Kagsmose Bog in the south. Compared to the master plan the scope have been expanded to include the two bogs as a part of a vision to create a wildlife corridor along the stream. Including the northern part the project area of this thesis equals an approximately 4,5 kilometer long strip of public park of varying widths.
The Harrestrup System
The Harrestrup Stream system is made up of several smaller streams leading to the bigger Harrestrup Stream. Harrestrup Stream originates in Harrestrup Bog running through five municipalities before it terminates into Kalveboderne in the southern part of the copenhagen harbour. Kagså is the most northern stream in the system running through Kagsmose Bog into Harrestrup Stream (Rambøll, 2014a)
Figure 9. The Harrestrup Stream System. Adapted from Rambøll (2014a). 54
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GLADSAXE
HERLEV BALLERUP
KØBENHAVN
ALBERTSL.
RØDOVRE
FREDERIKSB.
GLOSTRUP KØBENHAVN BRØNDBY HVIDOVRE VALLESNB. MASTER THESIS 2016 55
A PROJECT IN PROGRESS The Kagså project has existed since 2011 where Rambøll started working on a solution to flooding problems which in 2012 resulted in the Kagså master plan. Followingly a competition was held with Gottlieb Paludan Architects as the winning team for the task of terrain modelling. This ultimately means that Rambøll and Gottlieb Paludan Architects now cooperate to create a solution to the flooding problems. To make it possible for the utility companies (HOFOR and Nordvand) to finance the project the stream will in the future officially be categorised as a wastewater engineering facility. This aspect means that the money for the project only finances terrain modelling as well as underground engineering work. When the project once reaches a stage where plantings become relevant the municipalities will need to decide how much money they will spend on the vegetation. As explained in the beginning the timespan for the Kagså project goes several years into the future no final material exists as this master thesis is being developed. Material used will therefore consist of the Kagså master plan dating back to the initial publishing from 2012 as well as newly developed material from 2015 e.g. terrain model, bat survey and registration of trees worth preserving.
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“Climate change is global but adaptation is local” (United Nations, 2014)
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POLITICAL BACKGROUND As a consequence of the EU Water Framework Directive13 of from 2000 the Danish Government has issued The State’s Water Plans14. The Water Plans demand actions to be taken to secure better water quality for many Danish streams, lakes and fjords - among others the Kagså Stream.
Water Framework Directive The Water Framework Directive is a directive formulated by the European Union, requiring member states to ensure that all inland and coastal waters reach a certain quality. This is all done to achieve “good ecological and chemical status, to protect human health, water supply, natural ecosystems and biodiversity” (European Commission, 2014) The Water Framework Directive contributes with a system to protect and improve countries’ water environments through 12 key aspects of water protection (European Commission, 2014).
The State’s Water Plan Based on an analysis of the existing conditions and the negative human impacts on wetlands, the Danish Water Plans give an evaluation of how Danish legislation can comply with the demands of the EU Water Framework Directive. The plans state 5 goals to be fulfilled.
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12 KEY ASPECTS 1. Joining forces for Europe’s shared waters - Coordination in international river basin districts 2. Cleaning up Europe’s waters - Identifying and assessing surface water bodies at risk 3. Groundwater at Risk - Managing the water under us 4. Reservoirs, Canals and Ports - Managing artificial and heavily modified water bodies 5. Economics in Water Policy - The value of Europe’s waters 6. Monitoring programs - taking the pulse on Europe’s waters 7. Intercalibration - a common scale for Europe’s waters 8. Pollution - Reducing dangerous chemicals in Europe’s waters 9. Integrating water policy - linking all EU Water legislation within a single framework
10. Climate change - Addressing floods, droughts and changing aquatic ecosystems 11. From rivers to the sea - Linking with the new Marine Strategy Framework Directive 12. A Common Task - Public Participation in River Basin Management Planning (European Commission Environment, 2015b) For further clarification, the municipalities have produced Water Action Plans that support the key aspects of this directive. Both Herlev and Gladsaxe Municipality have published an action plan.
Municipal Water Action Plans
According to the municipal action plans, Denmark is divided into 23 areas, each with its own Water Action Plan. Both Herlev and Gladsaxe Municipality are included in Water Plan for Køge Bay15 pinpointing Kagså Stream as a problematic area where actions must be taken to secure better quality of the municipalities’ water bodies. Kagså Stream is not in itself part of the governmental action plan. However, since its waters feed into Harresturp Stream which is included in the State’s water plans Kagså Stream is in fact in-
directly included. As such, the task is to minimize the discharge of black water into the stream. The two municipalities and their respective utility companies have joint forces to fulfill this task which has resulted in the master plan for Kagså (Herlev Kommune, 2015; Gladsaxe Kommune, 2015). Kommune, 2015; Gladsaxe Kommune, 2015).
5 GOALS • Improve conditions in streams by improving physical conditions. • Improve conditions in fjords and coastlines by reducing emission of nitrogen. • Improve conditions in lakes by reducing emission of phosphorus. • Improve conditions in streams and lakes by reducing pollution. • More water in streams by ensuring that water extraction does not drain nature’s water resources. (Naturstyrelsen, 2015a)
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MASTER PLAN SUMMARY As the foundation for this thesis the Kagså Master Plan “Climate adaptation of Kagså Stream - The blue and green spine”16 is th e source of inspiration for the content and focus (See Appendix A.I for full version). The description in this section is based only on what is stated in the master plan meaning no personal opinion, analysis or such is expressed.
Rambøll’s approach
The Master Plan was evolved in a dual development process. One part is focused on hydraulic calculations and one part is focused on conditions and potentials in the landscape. The first part deals with the technical aspect of handling large amounts of water to secure neighbouring properties. Initial calculations and modelling show 2012 conditions in case of a 10and a 100-year rain event17while a model based on the landscape from the master plan shows how floodings will appear according to the master plan design. The second part integrates retained water in an effort to bring identity and recreational value to the park around the Kagså Stream (Rambøll, 2012a).
Preconditions pp. 7-12 This part describes the vision for the master plan which is to secure the area from flooding while making the water a quality in the area. The master plan aims to create a synergy between humans and water while transforming the area from being the backside of private gardens to being an attractive place in connection with its surroundings. The area is to be a green transport corridor for pedestrians, joggers and bicyclists (Rambøll, 2012a).
Hydraulics and modelling pp. 13-18
This part describes the technical aspect of how a drainage pipe with a diameter of approximately 1600 mm is led through the Kagså Park from the Kagså students’ residence to where the highway Motorring 3 crosses the stream (See subparagraph “Registration, landscape“ for map). The drainage pipe makes it possible to reduce the water amounts running to the stream from approximately 200.000 m3 to approximately 20.000 m3. This means that occurrences of overflow to the stream will be reduced from 50-60 times a year today to less than 5 times a year (The
Contents
The master plan contains 6 topics. Briefly summarized the topics describe:
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Figure 10. Rabøll’s approach. Adapted from Rambøll (2012a).
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
IDENTITY
REVITALISATION
RECREATIONAL VALUES
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
TERRAIN MODELLING
FLOODING CONTROL
HYDRAULICS AND MODELLING
MASTER THESIS 2016 61
same approach will be used in the final solution) (Rambøll, 2012a). Within the Kagså Park is a wet basin owned by the utility company Nordvand. This basin stores rainwater from an adjacent industrial area. Additionally are two dry basins placed in the area. These basins are owned by The Danish Road Directorate to store runoff water from the highway Motorring 3. These elements are not to be changed. In the park are several drillings for water supply. The wells are placed within fenced areas called water extraction sites. These areas are especially vulnerable due to the hazards of contaminating the fresh water supply. These areas are only to be carefully changed if necessary. For location on map of all elements see paragraph Registration (Rambøll, 2012a). Flooding visualisations are made with a MIKE FLOOD model. Calculations are done for both a 10 year rain event and a 100 year rain event with existing terrain as well as the solution given in the 2012 master plan. Only visualisations based on the existing terrain are included in this project as the terrain from the 2012 master plan has been drastically changed in the rework phase (Rambøll, 2012a). Figure 11 + 12. Flooding maps of 10- and 100-year rain events. Source: Rambøll (2012a). 62
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Landscape analysis pp. 19-24
This part describes the spatial parameters and considerations that form the foundation of the master plan. The stream is surrounded by a green park varying from 50 - 100 meters in width. In the existing terrain the stream runs alongside the western border of the park just next to the neighbouring property boundaries. Along the stream exists today a bike path which is an important part of a regional path network. The bike path is currently also used as a pedestrian path as such one is not present. Dense vegetation forms boundaries on either side of the path creating an illusion of a much more narrow space. The excess space on the other side of the vegetation is left unused but with enormous potential (Rambøll, 2012a). The district the stream runs through consists of four main elements: Allotment gardens, single family homes, public institutions and the highway. This type of city is described as the network city where different functionalities as housing, institutions and industry are scattered within smaller areas linked by a network of roads. The city is connected by roads creating a need for recreational areas nearby (Rambøll, 2012a; Nielsen, 2005). Many different (potential) users are present in the catchment area providing the opportunities for a diverse use of the park around the stream.
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WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
AUTUMN
WINTER
CYCLISTS
SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING DOG WALKERS JOGGERS PICNIC SNOW
STUDENT RESIDENCE JOGGERS PICNIC GARDEN PARTY OUTDOOR SOCIAL EVENTS
KINDER GARTEN | SPORT CLUBS OUTDOOR GAMES SPORT
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The most important user group is assessed to be child care institutions, students from the Kagså student residence and residents from the single family homes. A usergroup like this can bring life to the area at many different times of the day and of the year (Rambøll, 2012a).
Master plan pp. 25-62
In this part the overall strategy is described while the entire project area is also described and shown in before-and-after sections and reference photos. The strategy consists of three steps. First step is to “reset” the vegetation which will react to the periodical floodings. Second step is “merge” which refers to the infrastructure that will merge into the area connecting it to a large network of regional paths. Step three is “integrate” referring to the local qualities (activities, water, wildlife and hilly terrain) being integrated in the park. The park is divided into 8 sub areas explaining each sub area’s character and potential (Rambøll, 2012a).
63-70
This part shows two selected sub areas that have been more thoroughly reworked to provide larger plans as well as visualisations. The areas are in front of the student residence and by the football field next to Herlev City School (Rambøll, 2012a).
Biodiversity pp. 72-74
In this part the biodiversity aspect for the master plan is described. Water will appear in three forms: as a small moving stream, as permanent water tables with little flow and as temporary floodings. Also several nature types appear such as forest and thicket, grassland, meadow and bog are present in the area. All different nature types can provide different habitats servicing different species (Rambøll, 2012a).
Detailed sections pp.
Figure 13. Use and users of the Kagså Park. Adapted from Rambøll (2014a).
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TECHNICAL ASPECT The technical foundation of the water management aspect is in this thesis based on hydraulic modelling and calculations done by engineers and hydraulics at Rambøll. In this section an exposition of the tools, methods and results used in Rambøll/Gottlieb Paludan Architects’ Kagså project is made, to account for the obtained knowledge about the process behind the results. The process described follows the development of the Kagså project from September 2015 until the beginning of 2016. As the project is ongoing the results are accordingly.
Hydraulic simulation tools
Initially, digital models are made using the hydraulic simulation tools MIKE URBAN and MIKE 21. MIKE URBAN is used to create a digital model of the drainage system. Information about all relevant inlets, roads, catchment area, connected houses etc. is included as well as the cross sectional layout of the stream. Every element has a value attached, dependent on the material and consequently the water flow, called the manning’s roughness coefficient (engineeringtoolbox, 2016). MIKE 21 is used to create a digital terrain model. Existing terrain curves was entered into the model along with alterations from Gottlieb
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Paludan Architect’s to simulate future terrain. The two models are merged and the outcome is a digital version of future drainage conditions for this project. The model is subsequently run with different rain events, to evaluate the future conditions and capacity of the system (Sønderup, 2016).
Service goals
The municipalities have no defined service goals and there is no general legislation on the matter. However, the Water Pollution Committee18 has published a code of practice saying that combined drainage systems with both sewage water and rainwater should be able to hold back water, so only flooding will occur once every 10th year on average. For drainage systems only handling rainwater the code of practice is once every fifth year. As for severe flooding where material damages to houses occur, they are only allowed once every 100 year (flooding of basements is not included). Water on roads, in parks etc. is allowed more often (Sønderup, 2016).
Flooding control
To meet the code of practice and reduce flooding from 50-60 times a year in Kagså to a maximum of 5 times a year there is still made use of the DN1600 pipeline as mentioned in the mas-
ter plan summary (See subparagraph Hydraulics and modelling). The preliminary plan is to lay the pipeline in the course of the current Kagså. Implementation will happen both by digging and by underground tunnelling (Sønderup, 2016; Rambøll, 2015d).
Terrain Current drainage system Sewage water overflows to the Kagså Stream in case of larger rain events.
The terrain modelled by Gottlieb Paludan Architects needs to be able to handle volumes from drainage systems with only rainwater but also overflow from the pipeline. The solution must facilitate both retention as well as diversion to make room for new rain events. Retention will be helped by pipes connecting basins to slow down the water flow in the area and disperse the volume over the entire stretch. The terrain must facilitate a function without use of pumps, which means the existing decline in terrain is maintained (Sønderup, 2016).
Volume
Future drainage sytem Sewage water runs into the pipeline at larger rain events. Only a few times a year will the pipeline overflow into the southern part of the stream. Rainwater is seperated in some places.
Calculations from 2015 show that a 10-year rain event can be handled but the flood map shows clear flooding in case of a 100-year rain. The simulated rain can be described in millimeters to give an idea of the intensity. Figure 14 + 15. Current and future drainage systems in the Kagså Park. Adapted from Sønderup (2016)
MASTER THESIS 2016 67
l
As shown in figure 17 rain events in the Kagså Park today would have intensities of 43 mm and 72 mm for a 10- and 100 year rain event respectively. The quantities equal a 6 hour rain. For evaluation of the future conditions, a safety factor is added to the rain event. The safety
Rai
ne ven t
Saf ety Inte fac nsi tor ty
Present 10-year rain event Present 100-year rain event Future 10-year rain event Future 100-year rain event
1,0 1,0
43 mm 72 mm
1,56 1,85
67 mm 133 mm
Figure 17. Present and future rain events. Adapted from Thorén (2016). factor takes into account the uncertanty of increasing rain intensities in the future and the uncertainty of future densification (a consequence of urbanization). The future intensities are seen in figure 17. No coefficient for model uncertainties is included in these calculations (Thorén, 2016). Legend
Figure 16. Flood map showing scenario at 100-year rain event. Source: Rambøll. Figure 17. Max-analysis of the Kagså Park. Adapted from Rambøll (2015d).
Centerlinie_Kagsaa_NY KAG_035_CDS100_154_720.tif < 0.1 0.1 - 0.2 0.2 - 0.3 0.3 - 0.5 > 0.5
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0
100
200 Meters
MASTER THESIS 2016 69
Max-analysis
To clarify how much rainwater the terrain can contain a max-analysis has been made. The max-analysis was done in November 2015 which means that further terrain modelling have been done since. The analysis can still provide an idea of the proportions between rain amounts and storage volume. In the max-analysis the volumes for a 10- and a 100-year rain event is calculated and compared to the maximum volume found in four sub-parts of the park. The max-volume shows that quite a lot of additional volume is needed in sub-part 2 and 3 if a 100-year rain event is to be handled. It must be mentioned that the flooding calculations only apply to the area between Klausdalsbrovej and where the park intersects the highway, but this is where the majority of water will be handled. As seen in sub-part 0 it holds no capacity. Similar characteristics are seen in the areas not included in the max-volume (Sønderup, 2016).
of how much water can be retained. However, initial findings indicate a large potential for holding back water, thus less water will reach the park and less volume is needed (Sønderup, 2016).
Catchment area
Because of the terrain the stream has a fairly large catchment area of approximately 6.6 square kilometres. Open spaces, green areas, roads with retention potential etc. are included in the screening to hold back as much water as possible. Solutions like creating rain gardens along streets are considered as they can both benefit the Kagså project and residents in the catchment area (Sønderup, 2016).
Screening
To investigate how much rainwater can be held back in the catchment area, a screening is initiated. Every area with retention potential is examined. As the screening is not completed yet (February 2016) it is not possible to give an exact result 70
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Figure 19. Catchment area of the Kagså Park. Source: Rambøll.
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REGISTRATION AND ANALYSIS
MASTER PLAN ANALYSIS To investigate how or whether it is possible to strengthen biodiversity to a greater extent than seen in the 2012 Master Plan, it is necessary to analyse the degree to which this plan addresses the issue. Technical solutions and calculations will not be commented on in this analysis. Initially it is important to clarify that the master plan states that the primary focus is on “the benefit of the human users of the park”19. There is however a 2 page section devoted to biodiversity at the end of the master plan as a final comment. The plan deals with the subject of biodiversity with a small number of references throughout the document as well.
Resetting
In the master plan it is stated that the park is to be “reset” to make room for the water. This total transformation leaves the impression that existing landscape conditions and biodiversity are of only secondary importance. This approach can potentially destroy valuable habitats causing great damage to biodiversity. Existing habitats are not given a significant place in the document.
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Links
The master plan intends to integrate the park in the surrounding urban areas and linking the different urban districts surrounding the stream. While still linking the park to its surroundings the possibility of linking it to nearby green and wet areas does exist. Great potential lay in the two adjacent wetlands with great diversity in both flora and fauna but this falls outside the contract scope of the master plan.
Water
In the master plan it is stated that possibilities for biodiversity will be created when flooding occurs as well as “clean water equals a high biodiversity”20. It is important to clarify that not all habitats benefit from flooding. Only habitats resilient to flooding will benefit from clean water. However in the Kagså case it is not clean water running through the stream. Though flooding with contaminated water is drastically reduced from 50-60 times a year to less than 5 times a year, it still has a great influence on terrestrial as well as aquatic habitats. In this paragraph it is worth mentioning that the visualisations provided in the master plan give an unrealistic picture of the water flow in the stream. Only little water runs through the stream on an everyday basis and is to be quickly emptied out of the park after large rain events. Sailing
on â&#x20AC;&#x153;the lakesâ&#x20AC;? by the student residence as mentioned in the master plan will most likely only be very occasionally possible. It is mentioned that trees in the urban forest should be preserved with the stream meandering through the area. It is assessed that the existing trees will not be able to withstand the terrain alterations needed to lead the stream through. Additionally many of the trees are currently in a poor state but some are valuable habitats and therefore a thorough registration is necessary.
Maintenance
It is stated in the master plan that public parks need a higher level of maintenance. Only general perceptions dictate how a public park should appear. A lower maintenance level can be implemented with benefits for biodiversity but a change in appearance.
Species
Some inconsistencies in the Danish and Latin names of the plants can be found in the master plan. The choices of vegetation are not explained and are based on species unrelated to the location e.g. sea buckthorn on shaded slope with assumed nutrient-rich soil.
Terrain
Inclination is mentioned as of importance for biodiversity, though no further explanation is given. Despite being aware of the influence of inclinations no considerations seem to be taken in the design. In general very tall hills have been drawn into the park reaching from 5 to 10 meters above existing terrain (The height of the hills shown in sections are not equivalent to the plan). To fit these into the relatively narrow park the result is very steeply inclining sides. As for the 10 meter high hill north of Ederlandsvej the inclination is 1:1.3 (approx. 77 %). Erosion is likely to occur under these circumstances resulting in disruption and destruction of potential habitats. Additionally stated is how the hills are scarce on nutrients for the benefit of certain species. However the hills are created from soil dug up where the terrain is altered to fit flooding. As it is the existing topsoil it has a high nutrient-level. Generally some initial considerations have been made concerning biodiversity but very little evidence of this is to be found in the final design. It appears to be more of a written addition to the project than an incorporated element.
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HISTORICAL ANALYSIS A time series of topographical maps and photos is described to outline the historical development in the area around Kagså since 1842 up until today.
1842 – 1899:
In the oldest map Kagså is a long narrow stream running from Smørmose Bog in the north to Kagsmose Bog in the south. Kagså has quite a straight course with only minor deviations. Through the first half the stream is as mentioned guided by the terrain where it follows the lowest terrain curve. Coming out of the valley the curves seem to follow a sharper edge making the curves more edged. Initially the stream runs in the lowest point between two sloping sides before continuing its course in more flattened terrain. Approximately half of the stretch the stream runs alongside meadowland. The meadow is located mainly on the eastern side of the stream.
1842
Scattered in the landscape are several small ponds and bogs suggesting a rather wet area not only in the nearest vicinity of the bogs. A range of drainage ditches following the edges of the plots are seen by Smørmose Bog as well as along the stream.
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The settlement in the oldest map is sparse and scattered in the landscape. Only around the villages is the settlement more intensive. A network of roads has formed linking the villages together. Three roads, a smaller road and the railway from Copenhagen to Roskilde cross the stream.
1928 - 1945:
In the second oldest topographical map the stream has the exact same course as previously. The terrain has not been changed and therefore the two sloping sides are still visible on each side of the stream. The meadowland along KagsĂĽ has approximately the same range. However, settlement has started forming on the eastern side of the meadowland closest to the stream.
1928
Settlement in general has become much more prevalent. More clusters of houses have appeared in the landscape between the old villages and a massive building stock has started spreading from the east/south-east (the direction of Copenhagen). The network of roads crossing the stream is retained with exception of the smaller road which has now disappeared.
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Aerial photo 1945
Kagså continues in the same direction as earlier. The land around the stream is continuously farmland divided into clear plots and with a narrow strip of grassland and meadow along the stream. More plots with individual housing have been built in the southern part around Kagså between the fields. Notably is the beginning appearance of the highway Motorring 3. The highway runs along the stream for a while before crossing it just north of Herlev Hovedgade/Frederikssundvej and the railway. Two of the roads crossing Kagså have now been expanded to large traffic nodes while Klausdalsbrovej in the north continuously is the same size.
Orthophoto 1954
The stream still has the same course through the landscape.
1945
Not much farmland is left around the stream but a strip of marshland still remains along the stream. Motorring 3 is still in the construction phase but noticeable in the landscape. Very distinctive is the enormous development of housing. In the areas surrounding the 78
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stream both allotment gardens as well as apartment complexes and single family housing has appeared. The post war building boom shows very clearly in this map. However, green areas are still visible between housing as a part of the green wedge Hjortespringkilen in accordance with Fingerplanen (FODNOTE: Fingerplanen: Plan to secure green wedges by planning urbanization along transport corridors) from 1947.
1953 - 1976:
In the map covering the fifties to the mid seventies the stream still has the same course as in previous maps and the terrain is still the same with sloping sides towards the stream.
1954
Still more housing has appeared in this map making the entire Kagså Park surrounded by buildings instead of farmland. The student residence is not included in the map though it was build I 1966. Neither is Herlev Hospital which was built in 1966-1976. The meadowland along Kagså has approximately the same range as previously but is now without the sign for meadow. This indicates drainage of the area turning it into a park. The green wedge Hjortespringkilen is getting narrower as construction of housing eats away
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1953
1980
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more and more of the green landscape. The highway Motorring 3 is now fully build and show itself as a prominent feature in the landscape.
1980 - 2001:
In the second oldest map the stream has the exact same course as previously. With exception of a few added allotment gardens this maps resembles the previous in terms of housing (the student residences have now rightfully been added). Concerning industry a lot more buildings have been added to the industrial area just east of the KagsĂĽ Park and Herlev Hospital is now visible as well.
2015/2016:
No visible changes in land use or construction of urban elements are recorded. As the area around the stream is fully developed no space is left for additional urbanisation.
2016
The stream remains in the same as in 1 942 though with changes in the use of the surroundings.
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REGISTRATION A series of registrations has been made in addition to the 2012 master plan to provide a full overview of conditions and constraints. Registrations included are all estimated to be of relevance to the project. Where nothing else is stated the source of information is the Danish Environmental Portal21.
TERRAIN
Initially the stream runs in the lowest point between two sloping sides where it is guided by narrow terrain. Followingly the terrain flattens giving a feeling of openness to the western side of the park.
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MUNICIPAL BORDERS Today KagsĂĽ Stream makes up the municipal border between Herlev and Gladsaxe Municipalities and Herlev and Copenhagen Municipalities.
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BARRIERS
The project area is intersected in no less than 6 places resulting in a fractioned area. The barriers are all experienced as significant barriers. Source: Presonal registrations
ACCESS
The focus area can be entered from several places. the western side of the area is well provided with access points . However access from the eastern side is limited, e.g. due to the hughway. Source: Presonal registrations
DRAINAGE
Three pipes traverse the area. All three pipea are underground and can be relocated if necessary. Source: Rambøll
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DISTRICTS
Around the stream is many different dwelling forms: Allotment gardens, Single family housing, Apartment buildings, Hospital and Industry
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BUILDING HEIGHTS
The area surrounding KagsĂĽ have builidngs of different heights giving dfferent experiences in the park.
SMØRMOSE BOG HIGHWAY 3 KLAUSDALBROVEJ
KAGSÅ STUDENT RECIDENCE SCHOOL
HOSPITAL WET BASIN DRY BASIN HERLEV CITY SCHOOL
SCHOOL WET BASIN
KAGSMOSE BOG
LANDSCAPE
Different conditions are of importance to the project by constituting constraints or be of importance to the usergroups of the area. Source: Presonal registrations
WATER EXTRACTION SITES Parts of the area around Kagså Stream are categorized as wellfields. These areas are only to be carefully changed due to hazards of contaminating the fresh water supply. Source: Rambøll
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Path
The existing path system along the stream is protected by a conservation order. In case of alteration in the course of the route or complete abolishment the procedures of the nature protection Act §50, section 5 must be followed. An enquiry must be sent to the Conservation Board22 who subsequently will publish the matter and contact the involved landowners and users (HORTEN, 2013).
Reserved forest
None that will affect the project
Protected soil and stone dikes None that will affect the project
Protected nature types
Just north and just south of Kagså Stream are protected nature types in form of Fedtmose Bog and Kagsmose Bog.
Protection lines: Stream
The most southern part of Kagså Stream is included in nature protection.
Protection lines: Lake
The most northern and most southern part of Kagså Stream runs through protected areas due to 150 meter protection buffer surrounding Fedtmose Bog and Kagsmose Bog.
PROTECTED AREAS
Many different protected areas are present in the vicinity of the stream. Followingly is a description of the protected areas in the vicinity of the project area.
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Protection lines: Church
None that will affect the project.
Protection lines: Forest
None that will affect the project.
WETLANDS
Biologically, adjacent wetlands are of importance to the project. They provide possibilities for speciesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; distribution by acting as stepping stones.
GREEN CONNECTIONS
Biologically, green connections are of importance to the project. They provide wildlife corridors which increases speciesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; distribution.
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TREE CONSERVATION Old trees are often of great value to biodiversity by providing habitats for many insects, fungi, larvae and mosses, not to mention bats and birds. In Denmark there is no specific legislation on inspection or cutting of hazard trees. As a consequence valuable trees are often trimmed or cut down because of the risk of falling branches or trunks (Thomsen, 2015)
Registration
As a part of Rambøll’s project at Kagså trees worth conserving have been mapped. The survey was done by biologist Kristine K. Rasmussen, employee at Rambøll (Rasmussen, 2015e). Registrations have been made with considerations to:
Biologically valuable trees
Native species of a certain age with flora or fauna on or inhabiting the tree.
Trees of potential value to bats and birds
Trees old enough to have hollow trunks for bat habitats and nesting birds.
Trees with aesthetic value
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Solitary trees or specially shaped trees of a certain age to heighten the aesthetic value in the area. (Rasmussen, 2015e)
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Figure 20. Registration of trees worth conserving. Adapted from Rasmussen (2015e).
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BAT REGISTRATION talus noctula) and soprano pipistrelle (pipistrellus pygmaeus) were spotted in the two locations (Rasmussen, 2015c). In total 6 different species of bats were recorded in the Kagså Park while some are seen in Smørmose Bog and Kagsmose Bog as well. None of the registered species are particularly sensitive to human disturbances besides artificial light during nighttime. All 6 species are registered as annex IV species meaning that they are protected by the EU Habitats Directive. The preservation includes breeding and nesting sites (Rasmussen, 2015c).
As a part of Rambøll’s project at Kagså bats and their nesting sites have been registered in August 2015. The survey was done by biologist Kristine K. Rasmussen, employee at Rambøll. The survey is supplemented by observations from Fugleognatur.dk to show the extent of bats in the adjacent bogs as well (Rasmussen, 2015c). The Rambøll survey showed 4 bat boxes as well as 2 bat communities in the Kagså Park. The survey shows a high level of activity throughout the Park but mainly in the two locations marked in the diagram. Especially common noctule (nyc-
o Ro An pe
Vs
gp
n sti
xI ne
Ne
X
Parti-coloured Parti-colouredbat bat
Vespertilio Vespertiliomurinus murinus
X
Buildings Buildings
X
Daubenton's Daubenton'sbat bat
Myotis Myotisdaubentonii daubentonii
Low,toclose to structures structures X XLow, close
Buildings, trees, caves Buildings, trees, caves X
Nathusius's Nathusius'spipistrelle pipistrelle
Pipistrellus Pipistrellusnathusii nathusii
X XFast, follows Fast, follows structures structures
Trees, Buildings Trees, Buildings
X
Soprano Sopranopipistrelle pipistrelle
Pipistrellus Pipistrelluspygmaeus pygmaeus X XFast, follows Fast, follows structures structures
Trees, Buildings Trees, Buildings
X
Serotine Serotinebat bat
Eptesicus Eptesicusserotinus serotinus
Buildings Buildings
X
Not dependent on structures Not dependent on structures
es
ht
e
X
X inHigh, in theairopen air High, the open
s cie
Trees Trees
lac
in theairopen air the open X XHigh, X inHigh,
g Fli
m na
Nyctalus Nyctalusnoctula noctula
me
na
g Bo se g mo Bo e gs Ka mos ark r P mø agså K
t/S
/ sts
d Fe
sh
gli
tin La
En
Common Commonnoctule noctule
(Rasmussen, 2015b; Rasmussen, 2015c; Fugleognatur, 2015) 92
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Designing for bats
Many bat species are endangered worldwide an effort must be made to preserve the existing habitats. Some of the threats are destruction or fragmentation of habitats as well as low insect biomass for feeding due to use of pesticides (Rasmussen, 2015c). Some simple design restrictions can help prevent loss of habitats while also benefit many other species. Effective initiatives are:
Preserve as many veteran trees as possi- ble to provide nesting sites.
Provide rough vegetation with tall grasses to attract insects for the bats to feed on.
Provide linear structures as guidelines for the structure following bats.
Minimize light pollution by reducing street lights as bats are sensitive to artificial light ing. (Rasmussen, 2015c; Naturstyrelsen, 2015b) The listed actions can all help to preserve bat habitats when incorporated into the planning of urban areas. Figure 21. Registration of bat boxes worth conserving along KagsĂĽ and communities. Adapted from Rasmussen (2015c).
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DESIGN EXPERIMENTS
DESIGN STRATEGY In order to turn theory into practice a design strategy is defined. A range of recommended principles for designing and managing biodiversity has been provided by the Danish Ministry of Environment. The principles describe best and worst practice for spatial design of habitats (Miljøministeriet, 1993). The strategy for the following design experiments will be based on these principles as well as a series of defined habitat types.
Habitat types
The 10 design principles apply to all habitats in general but make no differentiation between species. To create a site-specific design based on the principles a series of habitat types are defined. The approach is inspired by the publication Olympic Park Biodiversity Action Plan (Olympic Park Authority, 2008) and the process behind it (See appendix A.II for full publicatin). The habitat types are all based on existing habitats or habitats appropriate for the project area and a storm water management function. Followingly, the premise for the design proposal is the assertion that by ensuring a wide range of habitats you are likely to attract a wider range of species to the area.
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Figure 22. Principles for habitat design and maintenance. Adapted from Miljøministeriet (1993).
WORSE
BEST DISTANCE SIZE SHAPE SIZE DIVERSITY STEPPING STONES CORRIDORS BUFFER ZONES HABITAT DIVERSITY AGE AGE DIVERSITY
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HABITAT TYPES To create a coherent and integrated design different habitat types have been defined based on present and future conditions of the project area. The definitions of habitat types will help to secure correct implementation and maintenance of habitats within the project area by providing a description, recommendations and directions for maintenance. They provide a guide to enable builders and managers to recognize, maintain and enhance habitats to strengthen biodiversity. The definitions will ensure that an appropriate management approach is adopted to secure the future of the habitats. By defining the present and potential habitats it is possible to secure an increased connectivity within the park, as well as between the park and neighboring green and blue areas. In addition to providing instructions for management the definitions of habitat types can also communicate information about biodiversity to users of the park by informing about species, influences and maintenance. The habitat types are chosen based on the site of implementation but could be used to develop biodiversity-enhancing designs in other locations. In this project the definitions are developed based on a design that also facilitates storm water management. Consequently several of the habitat
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types are linked with permanently or periodically wet areas. The definitions can be supplemented with additional habitat types to make the approach applicable in different contexts.
Waterways
Structural elements
Pond
Grassland and meadow
Constantly wet areas with continuously flowing water.
Areas with constant water tables, hydrologically separated from waterways.
Bog
Areas where natural water level constantly or periodically is high enough to saturate soil with water but without covering the surface completely.
Reedbed
Areas associated with wetland or areas with constant water table, dominated by common reed.
Periodically floodod
Includes amongst others buffer zones along streams, sloping sides of ponds, different SUDS elements as well as poorly drained areas.
Includes a range of elements beneficial for biodiversity in form of habitats, hideouts, hibernation sites, breeding sites or as sources of food.
Includes everything from open fields of grassland and wildflower meadow to small unmown patches beneath trees or between paths.
Trees and shrubs
Includes solitary trees, groups of trees, woodland, shrubs, thickets, hedgerows and similar of all species and ages.
Maintenance intensive
Includes areas and elements with needs of frequent maintenance.
Private gardens
Includes villa gardens, allotment gardens and other privately owned and managed gardens.
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Waterways Description
Water is often the limiting factor for diversity as it is key to the life of all living organisms in adequate proportions. Consequently waterways provide ecological corridors in the landscape that are vital to biodiversity. Waterways comprise constantly wet areas with continuously flowing water. These areas are characterized by dynamic changes in size, shape and depth which cause waterways to support many habitats as well as a wide diversity of flora and fauna associated with running water. Running water is of great value to the human experience as it provides constantly changing sensory input. (Olympic Park Authority, 2008; Ravn, 2015a)
Recommendations
The waterways are to be as naturally meandering as allowed by the conditions. Variations in depths and thereby in velocity of the stream are needed to promote oxygenation and cleansing of the waterways as well as stones and gravel banks should be implemented. Sides of waterways are gently sloping to allow for varying water flow as well as provide access for non-flying species. The purity of the water is to be kept as high as possible by preventing unnecessary pollutants from reach-
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ing the waterway. To reduce the number of other external disturbances reaching the waterways runoff water from rain events can be led to retention basins and only in cases of large rain events overflow to the nearest waterway. Furthermore light and shadow conditions are to be considered to provide both scenarios. (Smith & Smith, 2006).
Maintenance
Where natural meandering occurs alterations in terrain are only allowed when buildings are in risk of flooding. Cutting back vegetation is necessary to maintain a constant water flow and prevent blockage of fallen branches and weed. Cutting is allowed up to two times a year but preferably less depending on the conditions. Cutting is only allowed in a third of the streamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s width to maintain vegetation on adjacent slopes and water edge for animals to hide in. When cutting is preformed it is important to make sure that the cut strip is not only following one bank but has a winding course. This is done to secure both cut and uncut vegetation in areas with sun exposure as well as shadow.
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Pond Description
As stated previously water is often the limiting factor for diversity. Consequently ponds provide ecological steppingstones in the landscape that are vital to biodiversity. Ponds are areas with constant water tables though they can be changing in level over the year. Standing water in ponds provide habitats for a range of threatened flora and fauna while being the main breeding sites for all amphibians and most dragonflies. Ponds are of great value to the human experience as they attract insects and birds. (Olympic Park Authority, 2008).
Recommendations
Ponds are to be hydrologically separated from waterways and only added water from areas not polluted by road runoff such as rooftops and gardens. The minimum size of an isolated pond is 100m2. Fish stocks are not to be introduced into isolated ponds. Sides of isolated ponds are gently sloping to provide access for non-flying species. It is important to provide nearby rough vegetation as terrestrial habitats for amphibians (Olympic Park Authority, 2008; Smith & Smith, 2006).
Maintenance
Prevention of siltation and succession is necessary in as gentle a manner as possible.
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Bog Description
Bog appears where natural water level constantly or periodically is high enough to saturate the soil with water but without covering the surface completely. Bogs are mainly dominated by shrubs and trees as well as reeds. Bogs are of great value to the human experience as they provide a different experience from other wet or periodically wet ares (Petersen & Vestergaard, 1998).
Recommendations
Bogs included in the project are protected by the Danish nature protection act, ยง3.
Maintenance
No maintenance is recommended as long as no human interference occurs.
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Reedbed Description
Reed bed is a habitat type associated with wetland areas or areas with constant water table. It is dominated by common reed (Phragmites Australis). Reed beds are some of the most important habitat types for birds as well as being both roosting sites and feeding sites. Over 700 species of invertebrates are associated with reed beds as large numbers of flying insects occur over this vegetation type attracting aerial feeders like bats. Reed beds are sensitive to pollution and changes in the water level. Reedbeds are of great value to the human experience as they attract insects and birds (Olympic Park Authority, 2008).
Recommendations
Reed beds are to be adjacent to permanent or periodically wet areas such as waterways, isolated ponds or periodically flooded areas. Generally 30 cm deep with varying water levels in some places. The bottom of the bed is some places to be filled with rocks as well as different gradients of sun-exposure are to be found.
Maintenance
Cutting to prevent reed beds from turning into woodland is necessary.
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Periodically floodod Description
The habitat type periodically flooded areas include amongst others buffer zones along streams, sloping sides of ponds, different SUDS elements as well as poorly drained areas. Many species thrive in transitions zones and from the fluctuations which make periodically flooded areas of vital importance to biodiversity. This ecotone23 combines characteristics from both dry land and wetland which support a wide variety of species. Reedbeds are of great value to the human experience as they provide changing sceenery and thereby different experiences through out the year (Olympic Park Authority, 2008; Smith & Smith, 2006).
Recommendations
Periodically flooded areas require native plant species adapted to both dry and wet environments. Periodically flooded areas are to have gently sloping sides and varying terrain (Ravn, 2015c).
Maintenance
Nutrition level is to be kept low to secure a self-supporting habitat type (Ravn, 2015c).
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Structural elements Description
This category includes a range of elements beneficial for biodiversity in form of habitats, hideouts, hibernation sites, breeding sites or as sources of food. Piles of nature stones as well as concrete are very useful as hideouts and habitats for reptiles and amphibians. Stones can very well be placed in areas with sun exposure to naturally heat them up for the benefit of thermophilic species. Elements as stone dykes or similar dividing elements can help create differences in light, temperatures and humidity while also storing the heat from the sun. Entire areas of rocky elements with sloping terrain can also support specialised species of both animals and plants e.g. mason bees (Osmia) which are important to pollination. Living green roofs can provide habitats with a minimum of human interference while also function as a SUDS element to help storm water management. Pergolas with plants are joyful for humans while also being a source of nectar and food for some animals depending on the species. Structural elements as fences or railings can be created with the help from brushwood to create functional elements that also provide hideouts and hibernation sites for different species. Simple piles of branches and brushwood or logs can just as well provide habitats for a range of beetles and fungi as well as reptiles and amphibians
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Structural elements are of great value to the human experience as they can include flowering elements, shelter and aesthetic value while attracting insects and birds (Royal Horticultural Society, 2015c).
Recommendations
Generally a lower degree of impervious surfaces should be established around the elements. Piles of stones and stone elements should in some places be hidden away to secure peaceful refuges. Living green roofs are to have changing depth in substrate as well as structural diversity to provide homes for different species. Pure sedum roofs are to be avoided in favor of more diverse living green roofs. Pergolas should be planted with native flowering species to provide pollen as well as be an aesthetic element. Logs can very well be half buried and piled to create even better habitats (Royal Horticultural Society, 2015c).
Maintenance
An important aspect of maintenance is not to be too orderly. Areas do not necessary have to look messy but a lower maintenance level will often not harm biodiversity. Small changes as reducing percentage of impervious surfaces and incorporating stems and logs into the overall image of recreational areas make a huge difference to biodiversity (Royal Horticultural Society, 2015c).
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Grassland and meadow Description
The habitat category includes everything from open fields of grassland and wildflower meadow to small unmown patches beneath trees or between paths. Grassland and wildflower meadow contains a mix of grasses and wild flowers e.g little yellow rattle (Rhinanthus minor), buttercup (ranunculus acris) or ragged-robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi). Grassland and wildflower meadow provide habitats for a variety of small herbs and grasses that cannot thrive in lawns. Grassland and wildflower meadow provide habitats for invertebrates, birds and smaller mammals as well. Depending on the geology and hydrology of the designated area grassland and wildflower meadow varies in species composition. Annual wildflower meadows are likely to succeed on fairly rich soils whereas perennial wildflower meadows are most likely to succeed on relatively poor soils. This habitat types provide a more natural alternative to maintenance-intensive lawns. Access possibilities could be implemented through mowing paths through the area or implementing elevated walkways to prevent disturbances in habitats. Grassland and meadow is of great value to the human experience as it can include a far more diverse lawn with many flowering elements (Olympic Park Authority, 2008; Royal Horticultural Society, 2015c).
Recommendations
No minimum size of patches with grassland and wildflower meadow is set. Seeds suitable for the soil are to be chosen like grasses with short offshoots and tussock features to allow room for herbs e.g. rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis) or species of the Cynosurus family. Species like red fescue
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(Festuca rubra) or English ryegrass (Lolium perenne) are to be avoided due to their high percentage of ground cover and tendency to evolve into uniform vegetation. Species that are attractive to pollinating insects are to be preferred. Species with different flowering times are chosen to provide pollen and nectar for as long a season as possible â&#x20AC;&#x201C; preferably from early spring into early winter. Generally plants native to Denmark and the northern hemisphere should be used though exceptions can be made depending on the specie in question. (Smith & Smith, 2006; Royal Horticultural Society, 2015b; Royal Horticultural Society, 2015d)
Maintenance
Grassland and wildflower meadow are generally low on maintenance. Grassland and meadow can be cut somewhere between twice a year and up to once every fourth year. Cutting should be at different times of the year to allow for different species to set seed to provide a differentiated selection of pollen and nectar the following year. Differentiated cutting or mosaic cutting (FODNOTE: Danish: MosaikslĂĽning) are to be implemented. Here every area is not mowed simultaneously but divided into subareas all cut at different times or complete left uncut (preferably up to 2/3 of an area at the time). To ensure a rich flora it is important to implement removal of the cut grass to prevent build up or accumulation of nutrients though the cut material is to be preserved on site for a couple of days before removal to ensure seed rain and provide larvae and insects the opportunity to seek refuge. (Howe et al., 2015; Olympic Delivery Authority, 2008; Smith & Smith, 2006; Royal Horticultural Society, 2015b).
FODNOTE BAGERST
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Trees and shrubs Description
This habitat type includes solitary trees, groups of trees, woodland, shrubs, thickets, hedgerows and similar of all species and ages. The category provides a high diversity of habitats which support song birds, bats, other small mammals and invertebrates. Trees and shrubs are of great benefit to biodiversity both as living plants but also as deadwood. Deadwood provides important habitats for fungi, bacteria and a number of invertebrates which many birds feed on. Trees and shrubs are of great value to the human experience as they form the spatial dimension of an area. Both old and new trees provide aesthetic value (Smith & Smith, 2006; Royal Horticultural Society, 2015c).
Recommendations
Species native to Denmark and the northern hemisphere are be used though exceptions can be made depending on the specie in question and its function. Native species have adapted through centuries to corporate with a range of organisms that use trees for feeding, refuge and nesting. A native species like the English oak (Quercus robur) is known to be used by up to 1400 insects while later introduced species by a lot less (Patocka et al, 1999). A mixture in types of trees and shrubs should be saved or planted to provide food and nesting for a variety of both insects birds and bats as well as foundation for fungi, lichens, mosses and other plants.
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Species as European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and English oak (Quercus robur) are appropriate for dry land while Common alder (Alnus glutinosa) and White willow (Salix alba) are to be used for the permanently or periodically wet areas. For areas in between Silver birch (Betula pendula) is appropriate. For locations close to roads conifers will be appropriate due to their good ability to capture pollutant particles e.g. from exhaust fumes of road traffic (Beckett et al., 2000). Especially pines capture high amounts of particles (Beckett et al., 2000) Scots pine (pinus sylvestris) is recommended. Special consideration should be taken to preserve existing trees valuable to biodiversity. Deadwood is not to be removed from the site when fallen to the ground or cut down but merely moved elsewhere (Beckett et al., 2000; Royal Horticultural Society, 2015c; Smith & Smith, 2006).
Maintenance
A main issue for this category is to prevent succession. A main issue for this category is degradation in succession. To prevent unnecessary cutting of veteran trees and loss of valuable habitats old trees shall not be cut down at the first sign of rot or degradation because they possibly pose a hazard risk. Solutions can be to create support for dead branches to minimize risk of falling branches. Otherwise trees can be securely fenced in and rerouting of paths to prevent people from walking under the risk trees. In case of too big a risk it is advisable to leave as big a part of the trunk as possible for habitats. Cut the tree as roughly as possible or even better use minor amounts of explosives to cut down the dead parts of the tree. This will leave larger surface for degredation as well as a more natural expression (Smith & Smith, 2006).
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Maintenance intensive Description
Maintenance-intensive areas include areas and elements with needs of frequent maintenance. Maintenance-intensive areas are often established to provide opportunities for relaxation, play or as ornamental elements. The category includes amongst others football fields, recreational lawns and ornamental flower beds. Areas in this category are often species poor and therefore biodiversity is not very high. Maintenance intensive areas
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Recommendations
Lawn poor in species should be turned into species rich lawn by planting in species that can tolerate frequent cutting. Supplementary species could be Common sorrel (Rumex acetosa) (Olympic Delivery Authority, 2008).
Maintenance
No matter the use lawns are not to be cut around trees to strengthen biodiversity as well as to protect the roots of the trees.
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Private gardens Description
Strengthened biodiversity can be achieved by addressing the possibilities that private gardens hold in relation to biodiversity. be possible with the effort of private garden owners as well. Private gardens often constitute large green areas. They should be incorporated in the urban green structure to increase the connectivity. Wildlife rarely respects ownership limits making adjacent private gardens recognised as highly important for biodiversity (Royal Horticultural Society, 2015c; Royal Horticultural Society, 2015e). In this category private gardens include villa gardens as well as allotment gardens and other privately owned and managed gardens. A challenge that this category encounters is to communicate to garden owners the contribution the can make to the fight against biodiversity loss. Initially communicating the message of biodiversityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s critical state to garden owners is important to make owners aware of the present situation. Following is the task of getting the conventional view of how a garden is supposed to look changed a major challenge. Simultaneously is the task of informing owners of how to implement initiatives to strengthen biodiversity. Private gardens are of great value to the human experience as owners can enjoy the outdoors in privacy. The privacy is onot comprised because garden owners commit to strengthening biodiversity. Commitment to the cause can even provide posibilities of bacoming part of a bigger social network of other committed garden owners. Here are the possibilities of excanging knowledge and experiences about a shared passion.
Recommendations
A starting point is the allotment gardens which are often regulated by a standard set of rules for maintenance applying to the entire association. Changes applied could be a ban of use of pesticides or regulations for hedge trimming prioritizing biodiversity instead of aesthetics (Smith & Smith, 2006). Privately a series of initiatives can be implemented to strengthen biodiversity and add to the naional as well as global fight against biodiversity loss. Following measures are all applicable in private gardens:
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• Most of the previously described habitat types can be implemented in a smaller scale. • Complete abstention from using pesticides. • Create a compost heap for the benefit of insects as well as owners. • Let certain areas of the garden untouched to provide shelter for small mammals. • Choosing native flowers that are rich in pollen and nectar. • Choosing native fruit trees and plants. • Add water to the garden e.g. in form of a pond or just a small container. Avoid introducing fish. • Introduce supplemental feeding during wintertime. Feeding table must be out of reach for cats. • Establish living green roofs of varying substrate and planting. • Minimize impervious surfaces. • Keep bees or allow beekeepers to place hives in the garden. • Make facades green with climbers. • Leave brushwood and fallen branches lie around the garden. (Royal Horticultural Society, 2015c; Royal Horticultural Society, 2015d; Royal Horticultural Society, 2015e)
Maintenance
By changing to a more natural way of maintaining a garden the level of maintenance can be drastically reduced for the benefit of biodiversity. The changed maintenance level can provide a garden with new experiential and sensory experiences. Again an important aspect is not to be too orderly and embrace the benefits of biodiversity enhancing initiatives (Royal Horticultural Society, 2015c). As described in previous categories differentiated cutting and no cutting around trees will benefit biodiversity while not making private gardens unusable (Olympic Delivery Authority, 2008) Avoid unnecessary cutting of veteran trees as they provide a valuable habitat for bats amongst others (Smith & Smith, 2006).
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HABITAT PLAN The habitat plan provides an overview of initial implementation of vegetation and elements, creating the different habitat types, inspired by the publication Olympic Park Biodiversity Action Plan (See appendix A.II for full publicatin). The habitat plan works as a guideline at time of implementation to help enhance biodiversity and is not an image of how it should look the following 50 years. As nature is not static but constantly changing it is important to realise that boundaries between habitat types will in time change and become blurred. It is important to allow for these changes. The graduations between habitat types that have started to merge, e.g. where reedbeds grade into trees and shrubs are called ecotones, and very desirable for biodiversity. Within these ecotones emerges other characteristics beneficial for other species, and therefore generally increases biodiversity. It is at the same time important to remember that a habitat type can vary within the project area due to different locations, adjoining habitats and disturbances. The terrain used as the basis for the habitat plan is not from the 2012 master plan as no thorough terrain modelling had been made, but from the present corporation between Rambøll and Gottlieb Paludan Architects (See paragraph “A project in progress” for further information). By using an updated terrain model it allows for possibilities of comparing and linking this thesis to the existing ongoing project. 116 THE GREENEST GRASS
Considerations
In addition to the 10 principles listed in the design strategy further considerations are put into the design of the habitat plan. Conditions as exposure to sun and shadow have been included. Generally species living in ponds love sun exposure, warmth and shelter from the wind no trees are planted on the southern and western side of ponds. Generally species living in the stream enjoy shadow and chilliness vegetation and elements are placed along the stream to give shadow. Ponds isolated from the stream are implemented several places to ensure that the contaminated water, occasionally found in the stream, does not harm these habitats. Trees are implemented along the entire stretch to provide a linear structure for the bats that follow structures (See bat registration as well as roosts. Reedbeds are provided around ponds, swales and the stream to act as buffers. Living green roofs are to be found by the students’ residence as they provide a complete undisturbed habitat.
Stone dykes are implemented to store warmth provided by the sun while also providing cool and humid hiding places between the rocks. Brushwood fences give a demarcation which provide roosts for a long range of small animals similar to piles of brushwood. Treestands are used to create a more dense vegetation in the south-eastern part of the park. This will create room for more undisturbed habitats as it will become harder to pass in time. Gabions are implemented in the narrow sloping land strip in the south of the area to include every little piece of land. Deadwood and tree trunks are laid out or not removed to facilitate habitats for both insects and fungi. Stepping stones both in and out of the water provide hiding places for many insects.
waterway Water table (permanent) Isolated pond Grassland and meadow Maintenance intensive Trees and shrubs (Common alder / White willow / Silver Birch) Reedbed Bog Private garden Trees and shrubs (Fagus sylvatica / Quercus robur etc.) Exisating trees (Worth preserving) Existing trees (Outside 2012 master plan area) Structural elements (Physical constructions) Structural elements (Smaller movable elements) Structural elements (Brushwood fence)
Besides a main path and a walkway, permanent paths are not integrated into the design. This is done to avoid static path systems which will cause adjacent areas to be constantly disrupted and making the poor on biodiversity. By mowing paths in the grassland their courses can be changed to avoid habitat loss in adjacent areas. For full habitat plan in 1:3500 see appendix M.1. For spatial habitat sections see appendix M.2.
Figure 23. Habitat plan 1:20.000.
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SUBAREAS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
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To be able to target parts of the project area where initiatives can make the biggest difference to biodiversity the area is divided into smaller sections. The subdivision is made based on the sections qualitative characteristics such as spatial conditions, similarities, differences, vegetation and external influences. As a result the area is divided into 17 different subareas. Subarea 1, 2, 16 and 17 are outside the contract scope from the 2012 master plan, and therefore no design is available for these areas. Followingly, the subsequent analysis of habitats in these four areas is based on current conditions. The analysis of the remaining areas 3-15 is based on the conditions in the 2012 master plan.
Figure 24. Subdivision of the project area based on qualitative characteristics.
Habitat analysis
Based on the subareas and the defined habitat types an analysis have been carried out comparing the habitat types integrated in the 2012 master plan with potential habitats. The overleaf analysis shows where habitats are incorporated (presented by a coloured line in the diagram). In sections where the habitat type in question is not existing, a blank part is shown. As mentioned the analysis is based on the 2012 master plan and potential habitats in the area. This is done to be able to extract a quantitative result, showing whether it is possible to incorporate increased biodiversity into the master plan.
Figure 25 + 26. Analyses of habitats in the 2012 master plan and potential habitats.
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MASTER PLAN HABITATS
s
rden ve bs
shru w eado ents d
ed
odo
o lly fl
Elem
nd m
and
i tens ce in
te ga Priva an nten Mai
nd a
s Tree sla Gras
a odic Peri b Reed Bog d Pon ays er w Wat rea
rees ble t
Bats
ect a Proj
a Valu
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POTENTIAL HABITATS
s
rden ve bs
shru w eado ents d
ed
odo
o lly fl
Elem
nd m
and
i tens ce in
te ga Priva an nten Mai
nd a
s Tree sla Gras
a odic Peri b Reed Bog d Pon ays er w Wat rea
rees ble t
Bats
ect a Proj
a Valu
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BIODIVERSITY POTENTIALS
1 2 3 4 5
4 6 5 5 6
5 9 7 7 9
6
7
9
3 2
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
7 5 6 7 5 6 6
9 6 9 9 9 9 9
2 1 3 2 4 3 3
14 15 16 17
5 5 5 4
6 6 6 5
1 1 1 1
CES
IALS
EREN
DIFF
ENT
POT
AN
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R PL
Figure 27 + 28. Summation of habitat analysis result with chosen focus areas marked in red.
TE MAS
Section 11 is the only area with a difference of 4, meaning that it is the area with biggest possibilities of implementing new habitats. Five sections have a difference of 3 they all contain the same possibilities of adding new habitats. Section 5 and 9 are chosen for further rework because of qualities such as size, users, distribution and possibilities. The areas 5, 9 and 11 will later on be subjects of design experiments to explore whether it is possible to implement the potential habitat types found in the analysis. See appendix A.III for numeric analysis.
N
Design experiments
IO SECT
A summation of the analysis result is shown in the adjoining table. The numbers seen in the table are the quantitative results of the previous habitat analysis. The number of habitats found in the master plan for every section is shown in the column named Master plan. The number of potential habitats is found in the column named Potentials. The numbers in the column â&#x20AC;&#x153;Differencesâ&#x20AC;? represent the number of habitats that potentially can be added to the areas compared to the master plan.
1 3 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
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DESIGN CONCEPT As explained in the introductory paragraph “Concept” three main aspects are included in the multi-disciplined design approach of this thesis: (I) Biodiversity (II) Human experience and (III) Water management. When going from theory to practice the three aspects are implemented in the project and reveals themselves as physical conditions and structures in the area. The overleaf diagrams show how the three aspects constitute layers of the final design that combined create a synergy that will benefit both human as well as animal users.
Water management
This aspect shows itself in the area through SUDS elements as dry and wet basins, impermeable surfaces with vegetation, swales and an underground drainage pipe. The implemented elements give the area the possibility to perform the tasks of storing, infiltrating, evaporating, cleansing and conveying the rain water.
Human experience
This aspect shows itself through implementations which provide the visitor with possibilities and elements that can stimulate the sensory perception. For an elaboration see the following paragraph “plan”.
Biodiversity
BIODIVERSITY
This aspect shows itself through implementation of the previously defined habitat types to strengthen biodiversity in the area. For an elaboration see the paragraph “Habitat plan”.
EXPERIENCE WATER MANAGEMENT
Diagram 29. Main aspects included in this thesis. See paragraph “Concept“ for explanation. Diagram 30. Design concept with three main aspects applied in this thesis.
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WATER MANAGEMENT
HUMAN EXPERIENCE
BIODIVERSITY
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PLAN The plan provides an overview of initiatives in the area to show the possibilities for the entire stretch. The terrain used as the basis for the plan is here also the model made by Rambøll and Gottlieb Paludan Architects (See paragraph “A project in progress” for further information) as in the habitat plan except from the three chosen focus areas.
Terrain
The terrain in the three chosen focus areas - area 5, 9 and 11 - is altered to meet the goal of increasing biodiversity by implementing habitat types. However, the terrain changes made within the three focus areas are made compatible with the Gottlieb Paludan Architects’ model as the stream’s course and terrain curves matches up with Gottlieb Paludan Architects’ model.
Considerations
Through recognition of the duality of many of the implemented elements it is possible to see how they are beneficial for both biodiversity but also for the human experience aspect. Stone dykes and tree trunks are not only excellent roosts and habitats but also functional as seating or for children climbing. The additionally add a sense of division to the area bringing it down to a scale which is easier to grasp. The isolated areas with dense vegetation offer opportunities for curious souls to go exploring. Conifers planted along the highway provide a green backdrop all year round as well as reduce noise and the number of pollutant particles in the air (see sub paragraph “Trees and shrubs”). Living green roofs create a natural gathering point for the students’ residence and the child care, while providing shelter for summer parties, small bonfires and daily outdoor stay. A mound screens students from the path giving a quite place for studies. Additional terrain changes shield houses from flooding.
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Figure 31. Compatible altered terrain.
Brushwood fences replace existing wire fencing giving the functional element aesthetic value. Preserved trees are not only of value to biodiversity but very much to recreational value as well. They provide aesthetic elements and volume in an area with otherwise new vegetation. Equally do they provide shade from the sun on a hot summer day. A A
Trees are planted in small clusters on the most northern stretch to create brakes of different sensory perceptions on the long narrow stretch.
B
Dense vegetation (mainly found in the southern part of the area) is mainly kept on the eastern side of the park to avoid shadows from the trees.
B
C C
As described in the habitat plan only a main path and a walkway are included in the design. Additional path systems are to be mown into the grassland which will secure variability and new experiences for the frequent user. By using mown paths the area will get a more informal character which encourages visitors to get off the paths and thereby gain new experiences. If permanent paths are found necessary in some places, suggestions for cover can be found on the following pages. See M.III for full length plan in 1:3500 For plan with listed additions see appendix M.IV For technical drawing showing altered terrain and elevation see appendix M.V
Figure 32. Plan 1:20.000.
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MOODBOARD MAIN PATH
MERGING HABITATS 128 THE GREENEST GRASS
PATH THROUGH REEDBED
MOWED PATHS
CHANGING WATER LEVEL
PATH THROUGH FOREST
PATH IF NECESSARY
BRUSHWOOD FENCE
GABIONS
AMBER DOWN-POINTING LIGHTING
ROAD ON BRIDGE - ENLARGED PASSING
PATH IF NECESSARY
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STUDENTS’ RESIDENCE Users
• Students from the Kagså students’ residence. • Children and youngsters • Child care, child minders • Dog walkers • Joggers • Cyclists • Senior citizens
Habitats • • • • • • • • •
Waterway Isolated ponds Reedbed Periodically flooded Structural elements Grassland and meadow Trees and shrubs Maintenance intensive Private gardens
A A 30 cm curves
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Concept
The area in front of the students’ residence is designed with a zoning principal. To facilitate several user groups of various ages a design with 3 zones have been made. Residents have a natural gathering place underneath and around the living green roof most north whereas the day care has the possibility bring the kids out to the other living green roof. The green roofs are positioned along a small embankment. From here the entire area can be overlooked so both pedagogues and parents can watch children playing. The embankment also protects the students’ residence against flooding. A mound and stone dykes shields the last zone to create a peaceful place for studying. There is open grassland in between the zones for activities and play.
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Inspiration
RECREATIONAL LAWN LIVING GREEN ROOFS
BIODIVERSITY ELMENTS DOUB
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CHILDRENS PLAY WITH WATER ACCESIBLE STREAM
BLE AS STEPPING STONES
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SECTION A-A 1:300
A
GREEN ROOF REEDBED
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EMBANKMENT
ACTIVITY FIELD
A
STUDY AREA
PRIVATE GARDEN
GREEN ROOF
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URBAN FOREST Users • • • • • • •
Dog walkers Joggers Cyclists Child care, child minders Senior citizens Children and youngsters Patients or relatives of Herlev Hospital
Habitats • • • • • • • • •
Waterway Isolated ponds Reedbed Periodically flooded Structural elements Grassland and meadow Trees and shrubs Maintenance intensive Private gardens
B B
30 cm curves
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Concept
The urban forest is designed to draw people into the area. Whether it is residents from the adjacent housing or passers-by they will be lured to get off the path and onto the boardwalk or go exploring between trees and tall grasses. Here you are able to touch and smell nature, and create your own path system in the direction you want to go. Tree stands, water tables, running stream and reedbeds all provide different sensory experiences accompanied by insects as butterflies and birds. And if you look carefully it is possible to spot bats. The less exploratory can remain on the boardwalk which forms an enclosed circular system to avoid the sense of going from A to B, but prolong the sensory experience.
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Inspiration
FUTURE DENSE VEGETATION BOARDWALK WITH RAILING
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BOARDWALK WOWEN IN BETWEEN TREES
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SECTION B1:200
B
HIGHWAY
REEDBED CONIFERS AS GREEN BACKDROP ALL YEAR ROUND
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SECTION CONTINUES BOARDWALK HIGHWAY IN THE BACKGROUND
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SECTION -B 1:200
SECTION CONTINUES
BOARDWALK REEDBED
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PERMA
B
REEDBED
PRIVATE GARDEN
ANENT WATER TABLE
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SPORTS FIELD Users • • • • • • • • •
Students from the adjacent school Members of the adjacent football club Members of the adjacent fitness center Children and youngsters Joggers Dog walkers Cyclists Child care, child minders Senior citizens
Habitats • • • • • • • • •
Waterway Isolated ponds Reedbed Periodically flooded Structural elements Grassland and meadow Trees and shrubs Maintenance intensive Private gardens
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The sports field is designed to link the adjacent area – the football field - with the Kagså Park. The football field and the appurtenant football club, gym and school facilitate a range of different users who can benefit from the park and at the same add life and activity to the park. An embankment encloses the football field and part of the park and leads joggers into the areas by the elevated running track. Dense tree planting is displayed in contrast to open grassland to give joggers changing experiences as they follow the track. The embankment facilitates sloping sides which can be used for seating of spectators at football matches. It also provides storage volume as water retain water up to 30 centimetres in depth. A large area of grassland and maintenance intensive grass can facilitate activities of all kinds.
C
30 cm curves
Concept
C
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Inspiration
MOUND FOR SPECTATORS RUNNING TRACK WITH CHANGING VEGETATION
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RECREATIONAL LAWN WITH PATCHES OF GRASSLAND
JOGGING IN CHANGING SCENERY
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SECTION C-C 1:500
C PRIVATE
FOOT
SECTION CONTINUES
ACTIVITY FIELD
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TRACK
SECTION CONTINUES
TBALL FIELD ELEVATED TRACK AS BACKDROP
ACTIVITY FIELD
C
PATH
DENSE VEGETATION
HIGHWAY
PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE
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EVALUATION
DISCUSSION As initially stated, the foundation of this thesis is the question of whether it would have been possible to increase biodiversity through the KagsĂĽ master plan while also meeting goals of solving flooding issues and creating an attractive green area around the stream.
Biodiversity, human experience and water management
As this thesis is based mainly on qualitative assessments, it is difficult to present a unanimous result . By using the variation of habitats as a measure for biodiversity, it was possible to give an evaluation of the effects of the design on biodiversity. Biodiversity in general is estimated to be strengthened within the project area. However, as a result of the method used it is not possible for me to say exactly which species will prosper the most. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict the perceived value of the landscape design in terms of providing varied human experiences. Preferences for green space design and human experiences are highly subjective and as such it is difficult to satisfy all when designing for the general public. However, based on research and experience it is estimated that the design experiments have the possibilities to provide a variation of human experiences. 152 THE GREENEST GRASS
Stormwater management is a far more technical aspect and thereby easier to accommodate for in the design.. The efficiency of the design in terms of mitigating flooding will reveal itself after the first heavy rain event. If basements are flooded and the water is contaminated the goal has not been fulfilled and the design does not suffice. However, the efficacy of the design in terms of storm water management cannot be simplified to such a degree as the result depends on a range of factors. First and foremost, it depends on the type of rain event it is sized for. There are differences in projects where an area must be able to withstand a 10 year rain event and projects where it is a 100 year rain event. Additionally, are flooding easier to accept when they occur on lawns than in basements service goals are defined. In this case the code of practice is followed because it is the case in Rambøllâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s project. If a more technical approach had been applied it would have been relevant to investigate whether another service goal should be defined. In a project like this, it is important to acknowledge that the goal of establishing synergy between stormwater management, human experiences and increased biodiversity means compromising all aspects. Digging out a large hole with vertical sides would store a lot of storm water, but this would leave little room for accommodating the two other aspects.
This project is about compromise, but more to the point, it is about finding the best compromise possible to offer a solution that takes all three aspects into account to a satisfying degree. To measure out the success rate of the project, the conditions in the design experiments are compared with the conditions in the 2012 master plan. The result is showed in diagram 29. By making graphs showing whether the state of the three aspects are improved, the same or worse it is possible to compare both the aspects interrelated and compared to the 2012 master plan. However, the graph is based on personal presumptions and is not an exact picture of the result. The biodiversity graph (green) shows how biodiversity is estimated to have increased quite a few places along the stretch. As expected the main increase is seen in the larger areas. The narrow parts only facilitate little improvement. A slight reduction in biodiversity is seen in two places. The explanation is that the master plan shows a lot of water in the two areas, whereas the terrain modelled by Gottlieb Paludan Architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s does not retain water. The human experience graph (purple) shows the experience level has gone up as well though not in the southern end towards Kagsmose. This is due to areas that are not accessible for humans. Otherwise the graphs have roughly the same course. The same incline in experience level
is seen as in biodiversity. This is due to the same reasons. Water management is only assessed in three places as the conditions (terrain) only have been changed these three places. In general the level is status quo or improved little.
Method
Regarding the method used for this thesis several aspects must be considered when assessing it. Generally, the thesis is divided into three parts: theory, registration and analysis and, finally, design strategy. Incorporating field work (e.g. registration of flora and fauna) would have given added value to the analysis. As this is not a comparative case study the result would stand alone without comparable values but would give an indication of the existing and non-existent species in the area. However, as this thesis was produced during the winter a complete registration would not have been possible. Was the project actually to be implemented such a field study of the present state of biodiversity would be relevant. The method employed to define the different habitat types helped to quantify the living, difficult factor of biodiversity. The number of different habitat types is used as a proxy for the degree of biodiversity which
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inevitably is a somewhat narrow description. Nonetheless, it gives a concrete measurement of biodiversity which can be incorporated in further analysis. The premise for the design proposal is the assertion that by ensuring a wide range of habitats you are likely to attract a wider range of species to the area. Defining and describing habitat types is useful as they provide directions on implementation as
well as maintenance. Managers of public green spaces often find inspiration in standard descriptions such as “Description for maintenance of green areas”24. Therefore, it is important to give a clear description on how maintenance of the habitat types differs from standards to secure habitats in the future. When designing the terrain first, subsequent work will be affected by the decisions made here. The habitat plan is designed according to the ter-
BIODIVERSITY HUMAN EXPERIENCE WATER MANAGEMENT
IMPROVED
THE SAME WORSE
HER
EXT.
EJ
SITE
V RING LEV EJ SÅV
KAG
ER WAT
.
S S’ RE ENT
D STU
J OVE LSBR
SDA
KLAU
SE
RMO
SMØ
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rain and the overall plan is a result of the habitat plan. As a result, the final design is principally prioritizing storm water management, then biodiversity and finally human experiences. However, this is not the case as all aspects have been considered in every step of the design process. When modelling the terrain it was important to continuously evaluate how it would affect the other aspects. Similarly, when designing the habitat plan it was necessary to keep in mind the human experience
aspect of the design. The aforementioned duality of the elements used is exploited to benefit all three aspects as much as possible without compromising them.
Theory
The applied theory gives knowledge of bio-
Diagram 29. State of biodiversity, human experience and water management aspects.
SMO
KAG SE
WAY RAIL TCH STRE ROW T
EE .STR
SITE
SITE
LD
EXT.
M LEV
NAR
HER
ER WAT
WAY
HIGH
IN BAS
IN BAS
EXT.
FIE RTS
SPO
DRY
WET
ER WAT
MASTER THESIS 2016 155
diversity in broad terms and does only vaguely touch upon few individual species and their habitat preferences. This thesis settled on addressing biodiversity in broader terms, but if focus had been on designing for specific species, more research on niche requirements would have been necessary. If the previously mentioned method with incorporated field work was relevant knowledge about the individual species collected would be necessary as well. Knowledge about ways to measure biodiversity such as the “City Biodiversity Index” (CBI) from the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity would be equally useful.
Results
As expected, it is assessed to be possible to increase biodiversity compared to what the 2012 master plan offers. Although the master plan includes few factors beneficial for biodiversity it states that the design is first and foremost for human users. This must be kept in mind, when considering the result. When the master plan states that “public parks need a high level of maintenance”, it is obvious that biodiversity is not the top priority. The question is whether this statement is based on ignorance or a well nested tradition of recreational green spaces to display a well-manicured appearance. The master plan is at least 4 years old and a lot has happened in those 4 years 156 THE GREENEST GRASS
concerning configuration of public green spaces. Due to climate changes more and more projects incorporate “wild nature” to mitigate effects of climate changes such as cloud bursts. The trend of a more wild expression is slowly gaining more acceptance, helped along by campaigns as “Vild med Vilje”25. Problematic areas where roads or the railway intersect the area and decrease the connectivity have only vaguely been touched upon in this project. By leaving out difficult parts the area risks being fragmented and while strengthened biodiversity can be achieved in some areas the reduced connectivity between habitats reduces their quality. To solve this issue, additional focus on solutions that increase habitat connectivity for less mobile species is required. Regarding the earlier mentioned need of a suitable compromise between the aspects of biodiversity, human experience and water management, it is estimated that the synergy between them is well balanced. The solution for water management is not merely a single large hole with vertical sides, but consists of several wet and dry basins which are naturally woven into the landscape. By being able to retain as much water as needed, slopes are in some places steeper than what is suitable for in terms of biodiversity.
The basins are connected by the KagsĂĽ Stream which runs through the area with different widths, different depths and different speeds. However, in some places the stream is piped and thereby not visible. This is a necessary intervention as it enables better control of the water flow and detains the water at intense rain events to prevent flooding in the southern part. In other places, the water is not immediately visible, due to dense reed vegetation. The reedbeds are of tremendous value in terms of increasing biodiversity by providing habitats for a number of insects and birds. The recreational value of a water surface is thus substituted by the experience of insects such as butterflies and dragonflies as well as different birds. Though compromises have to be made, the three aspects can also supplement each other creating the desired synergy.
Master plan vs. Design experiments As stated, it is estimated that the biodiversity is increased in the design experiments. As to the capacity of the terrain design, the result is acceptable although a 100 year rain event cannot be handled within the project area. Compared to the terrain modelled by Gottlieb Paludan Architects, the redesigned parts of the design experiments provide either the same stor-
age volume or a little more. As the terrain modelled by Gottlieb Paludan Architects is used for the rest of the stretch the capacity will be the same. General functions of the areas are transferred to the design experiments as the master plan is based on thorough analyses of users and further potentials. Contrary, the design experiments include the football field to the south to open up the area and invite a new user group in. The master plan does not include this area due to different ownership, but the potential in the area concerning storm water management is too significant to ignore. Though the design is assessed to increase biodiversity and meet with storm water management purposes the aspect of human experiences is treated in another way in the design experiments than in the master plan. The master plan offers playgrounds and volleyball fields whereas the design experiments offer nature experiences. At first glance, many will probably prefer playgrounds and activities, but the design experiments stimulate the sensory perceptions of nature and wildlife, which is a rare quality in urban settings. The maintenance level of the area will give it
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a different expression from what people are used to see in public green spaces. The recreational value will not necessarily decline because of this as it facilitates so many positive assets like flower abundance and wildlife. However, it is also a question of peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s expectations to the maintenance level. It is important to incorporate information campaigns to communicate to the visitors about the reasons for a different look and the benefits of it. It is important that no one thinks it is just the municipalities cutting the budget as this would be false and give a negative impression. The generalised impression of how a park should look needs to be changed so aesthetic values not only embrace well-manicured lawns and paved paths. Information campaigns and citizen involvement would be ideal initiatives to get people involved in the project and make them aware of the beneficial results. Inspiration can be found in the mentioned project â&#x20AC;&#x153;Vild med Viljeâ&#x20AC;?.
Delimitations
The delimitations of the project have definitely affected the result. When addressing a subject such as biodiversity, the matter of connectivity is of great importance. Though having incorporated a stretch linking two wetlands of high biodiversity, a much more effective result could have been achieved by 158 THE GREENEST GRASS
incorporating private gardens in the project area as well. The private gardens possess significant potential for biodiversity which is rarely being exploited. The limited time frame of 6 months provided for the thesis made an additional information campaign and citizen involvement impossible. However, it could be the next step to include the garden owners and creating a sense of affiliation for the area. This thesis has not changed the decline in biodiversity worldwide, but every small step will help to halter the loss. Just by putting focus on biodiversity loss and spreading the word, we get a little closer to changing the negative development.
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CONSLUSION As no scientifically proven conclusion can be drawn as to whether biodiversity is increased compared to the KagsĂĽ master plan - Climate adaptation of KagsĂĽ - the following will be a recapitulation. In this thesis the focus is on the compatibility between stormwater management, human experience and biodiversity. Design experiments show that biodiversity can be combined with stormwater management and human experience to increase overall biodiversity and create a well-balanced synergy. However compromised, the three aspects are incorporated to a satisfying degree to accommodate both human and animal users. The premise for the design proposals is the assertion that by ensuring a wide range of habitats you are likely to attract a wider range of species to the area and thereby increase biodiversity in general.
However, possibilities of retention in the catchment can substitute the design. The master plan is at least 4 years old. Configuration concerning public green spaces has changed over the last years incorporation of changed maintenance level will be easier acceptable today. The trend of a more wild expression is slowly gaining more acceptance, helped along by campaigns involving private home owners. To change the generalised impression of how public green areas should look like an information campaign and citizen involvement is recommended. This thesis does not change the global decline in biodiversity, but it can help put focus on the matter to propagate information on biodiversity status and solutions to halter the loss.
As the design experiments are mainly based on qualitative assessments a method of defining different habitat types help quantify the living, difficult factor of biodiversity. Consequently the number of different habitat types is used as a proxy for the degree of biodiversity. The design experiments do not have the desired capacity to withhold a 100-year rain event.
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INDEX
GLOSSARY B
Blackwater “Blackwater is used to describe wastewater containing feces, urine and flushwater from flush toilets along with anal cleansing water (if water is used for cleansing) or toilet paper.[1] It is distinct from greywater or sullage, the wastewater generated from washing food, clothes and dishware, as well as from bathing, but not from toilets.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_(waste))
E
Ecotone An ecotone is a transition area between two biomes.[1] It is where two communities meet and integrate.[2] It may be narrow or wide, and it may be local (the zone between a field and forest) or regional (the transition between forest and grassland ecosystems).[3] An ecotone may appear on the ground as a gradual blending of the two communities across a broad area, or it may manifest itself as a sharp boundary line (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotone)
F
Fedtmose Bog The bog at the northern part of the project area
K
Kagsmose Bog The bog at the southern part of the project area Kagså Park The park where the Kagså Stream runs within (markering på kort) Kagså Stream The stream in focus. Originating at Kalusdalsbrovej, running through Kagsmose Bog.
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P
Project Referring to the master thesis in hand Project area Reaching from Fedtmose Bog in the north to Kagsmose Bog in the south.
W
Water extraction site Fenced area containing wells for water supply (http://www.pcdrill.dk/pumpeservice/kildeplads.aspx)
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FOOTNOTE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
Danish: “Klimatilpasning af Kagså - Den blå og grønne rygrad” Measure of organisms ability to move among separated patches of suitable habitat (Howe, 2015a) Also known as the “Rio Earth Summit” (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2015b) Danish: Naturplan Danmark Danish: Danmarks Naturfredningsforening. Organisation started in 1911 to protect nature and envi ronment. Today the largest nature conservation and environmental organisation in Denmark support ed by 125,000 members (DN, 2015b) Original title: DN dokumenterer om: Kommuners politik, strategi og handlingsplan for biodiversitet An EU wide network of nature protection areas to assure the long-term survival of Europe’s most valuable and threatened species and habitats. Areas are enrolled to ensure sustainable management, both ecologically and economically (European Commission Environment, 2015a) Danish: Naturbeskyttelsesloven §3 Danish: Kommuneplanstrategi Danish: Kommuneplanstrategi Danish: Kommuneplan Danish: Verdensnaturfonden Danish: EUs Vandrammedirektiv Danish: Statens Vandplaner Danish: Vandplan for Køge Bugt, vandopland 2.4 Danish: “Klimatilpasning af Kagså - Den blå og grønne rygrad” Year event is the name for occurrences which statistically appear with a given time span. A rain event which statistically appear every fifth year is called a 5 year rain event. (Jensen, 2013) Danish: Ingeniørforeningen i Danmark, IDAs Spildevandskomité, called Spildevandskomiteen Danish: “...til glæde for de mennesker, der færdes langs åen.” Danish: “Rent vand er som udgangspunkt lig med en høj biodiversitet.” Danmarks Miljøportal Danish: Fredningsnævnet A transition area between two ecosystems Danish: Kvalitetsbeskrivelse for drift af grønne områder See www.vildmedvilje.dk for further information.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY B
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C
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Echols, S., Pennypacker, E. (2008): From Stormwater Management to artful rainwater design. Landscape Journal 27:2-08, Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. Engineeringtoolbox (2016): Manning’s Roughness Coefficients [online] engineeringtoolbox.com [18.02.16] <URL:http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/mannings-roughness-d_799.html> European Parliament (2000): EUROPA-PARLAMENTETS OG RÅDETS DIREKTIV 2000/60/EF af 23. oktober 2000 om fastlæggelse af en ramme for Fællesskabets vandpolitiske foranstaltninger. European Commission (2014): Water Framework Directive, Leaflet, May 2014. European Commission Environment (2014): Invasive Alien Species - A European Response.
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European Commission Environment (2015a): Natura 2000 [online] European Commission [10.10.15] <URL:http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/index_en.htm> European Commission Environment (2015b): Water Notes [online], European Commission [02.11.15] <URL:http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/participation/notes_en.htm> European Commission Environment (2015c): EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 – towards implementation [online] European Commission [21.12.15] <URL:http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/ comm2006/2020.htm>
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Kevin J. Gaston (1996): Biodiversity: A biology of numbers and difference, 1996, First edition, Blackwell Science Ltd. Gladsaxe Kommune (2015): Vandhandleplan 2015 [online] Gladsaxe Kommune [30.09.15] <URL:http:// gladsaxe-sp.cowi.webhouse.dk/dk/vand/vandhandleplan-2015/> Gladsaxe Kommune (2010): Naturplan 2010-2015. Gladsaxe & Herlev Kommune (2015): Kagsåparkens Regnvandsprojekt - Har du forslag og ideer? VVM for Kagsåparkens regnvandsprojekt - Ideoplæg og invitation til borgermøde. Gyldendal (2015): Den Store Danske: Folketro [online] Gyldendal [20.09.15] <URL:http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Livsstil,_sport_og_fritid/Folketro_og_folkemindevidenskab/folketro>
H
Hansen, J. S. (1989): Natursyn og Planlægning, SBI-Byplanlægning 58, Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut 1989. Herlev Kommune (2015): Vandløb [online] Herlev Kommune [10.09.15] <URL:http://www.herlev.dk/borger/ natur-miljo/natur-og-vandlob/vandlob> Hartmann, P. (2015): Personal Communication. Urban and Environmental Director, Gladsaxe Municipality, Herlev Municipality (2015): Vandhandleplan 2015, august 2015.
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Herlev Kommune (2011): Herlev Kommune Kommuneplanstrategi, 2011. Herlev Kommune (2013): Herlev Kommune Kommuneplan, 2013. HORTEN Advokatpartnerselskab (2013): Udkast nr. 1, Procesbeskrivelse. Advokat Henriette Soja [23.01.13]. HORTEN Advokatpartnerselskab (2015): Omlægning af Kagså fra kommunalt vandløb til spildevandsteknisk anlæg, Advokat Henriette Soja [19.07.15]. Howe, A. G. (2015a): (Urban) landscape ecology - (Landscape) urban connectivity. Lecture from the course “Biodiversity in Urban Nature” 2015 [03.09.15] University of Copenhagen, Institute for Geoscience and Nature management, Forest, Nature and Biomass, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frb. C. Howe, A. G.; Ahrenfeldt, E.; Nielsen, K. (2015): Enhancing Bee Diversity in Urban Environments. Lecture from the course “Biodiversity in Urban Nature” 2015 [06.10.15] University of Copenhagen, Institute for Geoscience and Nature management, Forest, Nature and Biomass, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frb. C.
I
IUCN (2015): Red list of Threatened Species v. 2010.3, International Union for Conservation of Nature.
J
Jensen, M. B. (2013): Personal communication. Professor MSO. University of Copenhagen, Det natur- og biovidenskabelige fakultet, Skov og landskab/Afd. for parker og urbane landskaber, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C. Telefon: 35331790. E-mail: mbj@life. ku.dk. Jensen, M. B.; Backhaus, A,; Fryd, O. (n.d.) Landscape elements for stormwater management and their greening potential. Retrieved from course literature, Urban ecosystems, fall 2013. Jørgensen (2008): Tilstanden i landets kloaksystemer [online] IDA [14.09.15].
L
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M
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N
Naturstyrelsen (2014): Biodiversitet og grønne byer. Miljøministeriet, 2014. Naturstyrelsen (2015a): Om Vandplanerne [online] Miljø- og fødevareministeriet [02.11.15] <URL:http://naturstyrelsen.dk/vandmiljoe/vandplaner/om-vandplanerne/> Naturstyrelsen (2015b): Andre flagermus [Online] Naturstyrelsen [09.12.15] <URL:http://naturstyrelsen.dk/naturbeskyttelse/artsleksikon/dyr/pattedyr/flagermus/andre-flagermus/> Naturstyrelsen (2015c): Danmarks biodiversitetsstrategi 2014-2020 (Naturplan Danmark). Naturstyrelsen (2015d): EUs 2020 biodiversitetsmålsætning. [Online] Naturstyrelsen [21.12.15] <URL:http://naturstyrelsen.dk/naturbeskyttelse/biodiversitet/hvordan-bevarer-vi-biodiversiteten/eus-2020maal/> Nielsen, T. (2005): Formløs - Den moderne bys overskudslandskaber, Arkitektskolens forlag, 2005.
O
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R
Rambøll (2012a): Klimatilpasning af Kagså - Den blå og grønne rygrad, Vision og forslag til helhedsplan – december 2012. Rambøll (2015a): Kagså Naturforhold [14.08.15] Ufærdigt baggrundsnotat. Rambøll (2015b): Kagså Ideoplæg udkast_0h_KAIT, Ufærdigt ideoplæg. Rambøll (2015c): VVM Kagsåparkens Regnvandsprojekt - Plannotat. august 2015, til Nordvand. Rambøll (2015d): Kagsåparkens regnvandsprojekt, behov og muligheder - Plannotat. November 2015. Rambøll (2014a): Fælles udnyttelse af harrestrup Å. Rambøll-rapport [18.02.14] Rasmussen, K. K. (2015a): Resultat af besigtigelse ved Kagså for flora og fauna. Rasmussen, K. K. (2015b): Bats in the city. Lecture from the course “Biodiversity in Urban Nature” [01.10.15] University of Copenhagen, Institute for Geoscience and Nature management, Forest, Nature and Biomass, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frb. C. Rasmussen, K. K. (2015c): Registrering af Flagermuse (Audio) i Kagså Parken [11.08.15] Rasmussen, K. K. (2015d): Registrering af bevaringsværdige træer i Kagså Parken. Rasmussen, K. K. (2015e): Personal correspondence. Biologist - Chief Consultant, Rambøll Denmark, Telephone: +45 51616835, E-mail: KRKR@ramboll.dk. Ravn, H. P. (2015a): Biodiversity in Urban Nature – introduction. Lecture from the course “Biodiversity in Urban Nature” [01.09.15] University of Copenhagen, Institute for Geoscience and Nature management, Forest, Nature and Biomass, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frb. C..
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Ravn, H. P. (2015b): Urban trees and biodiversity - beetle life, importance of dead wood and introduction to AHA-method. Lecture from the course “Biodiversity in Urban Nature [Sep. 2015] University of Copenhagen, Institute for Geoscience and Nature management, Forest, Nature and Biomass, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frb. C.. Ravn, H. P. (2015c): Personal correspondence. Asociate professor, University of Copenhagen, Institute for Geoscience and Nature management, Forest, Nature and Biomass, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frb. C. Telephone: +45 353-31663 E-mail: hpr@ign.ku.dk. ReligionFacts (2015): Animism [online] Religion Facts [20.09.15] <URL:http://www.religionfacts.com/animism> Royal Horticultural Society (2015a): Plants for bugs [online] [07.10.15] <URL:https://www.rhs.org.uk/science/ conservation-biodiversity/wildlife/plants-for-bugs> Royal Horticultural Society (2015b): Plants for bugs first results [online] [07.10.15] <URL:https://www.rhs.org. uk/science/conservation-biodiversity/wildlife/plants-for-bugs/plants-for-bugs-first-results> Royal Horticultural Society (2015c): Encourage wildlife to your garden [online] [07.10.15] <URL:https://www.rhs.org.uk/science/conservation-biodiversity/wildlife/plants-for-bugs/encourage-wildlife-to-your-garden?lnk=1> Royal Horticultural Society (2015d): RHS Perfect for Pollinators [online] [07.10.15] <URL:https://www.rhs.org.uk/science/conservation-biodiversity/wildlife/plants-for-bugs/plants-for-pollinators?lnk=1> Royal Horticultural Society (2015e): The importance of insects [online] [07.10.15] <URL:https://www.rhs.org.uk/science/conservation-biodiversity/wildlife/plants-for-bugs/the-importance-of-insects?lnk=1>
S
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Thomsen, I. M. (2015): Hazard trees and enhancing fungal diversity. Lecture from the course “Biodiversity in Urban Nature” [24.09.15]. University of Copenhagen, Institute for Geoscience and Nature management, Forest, Nature and Biomass, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frb. C. Thorén, H. (2016): Personal correspondence. Chief consultant, Rambøll Water. Telephole: +45 5161 5571, E-mail:hent@ramboll.dk.
U
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FOR REFERENCES OF PICTURES AND DIAGRAMS CONTACT: Pernille S. Jakobsen pernille.jakobsen@gmail.com
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APPENDIX Appendices can be found in the enclosed book “Appendices” and drawings in the enclosed folder.
Appendices Appendix A.I Kagså Master Plan “Climate adaptation of Kagså Stream - The blue and green spine” Appendix A.II Olympic Park Biodiversity Action Plan Appendix A.III Numeric Habitat analyses
Drawings
Appendix M.I Appendix M.II Appendix M.III Appendix M.IV Appendix M.V
Habitat Plan 1:3500 Spatial sections from habitat plan 1:3500 Plan 1:3500 Plan with listed additions 1:3500 Technical plan showing altered terrain 1:3500
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