The Pinnacles - OIC 2022

DESIGN REPORT

MALAYSIAN WORLD

EXPO 2025 PAVILLION

“Designing Future Society for Our Lives”

ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT

● Key Elements

● Design Concept

● The Story

● Inspiration

● Design Study

● Design Strategies

● Programme

THEME Designing Future Society For Our Lives

World Expo 2025 aims to provide humankind with an opportunity to return to life as a starting point, rebuild awareness of the life of each other and take a careful look at life in diverse forms the natural world to explore a sustainable future of the world. It endeavour to give a realistic picture of a future living not just through thought but also through action.

In other words, a straightforward question is being asked to everyone, what do we perceive in future living?

Presently, nature ecosystem is declining globally at rates unprecedented in human history with grave impacts on people around the world now likely. The health of ecosystems on which we and all other species depend is deteriorating more rapidly than ever, eroding the very foundation of our economics, livelihoods, food security, health and quality of life worldwide. However, it is not too late to make a difference, but only if we start now at every level from local to global.

Locally, Malaysia is a beautiful country as it has many things to offer. It is often known for its multi-ethnic, multi-religious and diverse cultures but what makes Malaysia truly special is the country’s natural beauty. Having one of the most complex tropical rainforest ecosystems in the world, representing the pinnacle of life on earth that helps in mitigating global climate change.

KEY ELEMENTS

Three distinctive key elements emphasize in the design are: abstract, iconic and green technology. Developing the nature elements in an abstract way to create an iconic Malaysia inspired design, while integrating green technology approach in terms of building materials and construction method.

Past

Future

Present

In the effort of designing a pavilion with Malaysia identity, the design concept was to look back at the past, appreciating the mighty of nature and how the nature resources had contributing to the presence-built environment and it’s time now for us designer to attempt on design a future of built environment to protect our wounded nature, a reversed ecosystem corresponding to UNESCO World Heritage Emblem.

02 Rich ecosystem allows human habitat to grow and form their own private spaces

03

Over the years, modernism starts to take over hence the natural ecosystem is forced to adapt, change to co-exist

Aim: To create architecture that represent Malaysia while allowing natural ecosystem to inhabit within modern built environment

INSPIRATION

The reversed ecosystem is greatly reflected in our core inspiration, Pinnacles of Gunung Mulu, Sarawak. One of the most natural wonders in Malaysia, and UNESCO Heritage Site.

Both the nature and the skyscrapers of the city punching into the skyline sharing the similar expression, however it can also be seen as “same but different”. This inspires our designed pavilion to be a dynamic and striking combination of Malaysia nature and technology.

“AlwayslookbackatthenatureasithasalwaysbeenasettingimageandprominentcharacterofMalaysia, andlettingthenatureforeverremindingyoutobehumble.”

The pinnacles have been formed in the limestone which occurs on the valleys from water percolating through soil. Over the past 50 million years, the soil which once covered the limestone have been washed away exposing the pinnacled surface of the limestone mountains. Presence of the formation of pinnacles has encompasses incredible caves and karst formations in a mountainous equatorial rainforest setting, providing significant natural habitat for a wide range of plant and animal diversity both above and below ground.

The formation of Pinnacles of Gunung Mulu symbolic the future built environment that we tend to design, and with that being formed it allows a natural ecosystem to form in the setting which resemble the nature.

Sarawak : Gunung Mulu Limestone Pinnacle One of the most natural wonders in Malaysia, and as a UNESCOWorldHeritageSite.

Kuala Lumpur : First-tier city in Malaysia A federal territory and the capital of Malaysia with numerouslandmarksandskyscrapers.

ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT

DESIGN STUDIES

Danish Pavilion - Shanghai Expo 2010

Danish pavilion is interesting not only from an architectural and structural point of view, but also for the danish spirit it represents. Incorporating the elements of being iconic with sustainable technology.

How should Our Pavillion look like to show these Qualities of Malaysia ?

The Danish pavilion enable the visitors to actually experience some of Copenhagen’s best attractions – the city bike, the harbor bath, the playground and the picnic

While The Little Mermaid is in Shanghai, her place in Langeline will be occupied by an artwork created by the internationally recognized Chinese artist Ai Weise.

City Bike

Mermaid Artwork

Light Display

Structural Expression

The Urban Pinnacles

To display the quality of NATURE in MODERNISM

The urban pinnacles focus not only to illustrate Malaysia’s tangible natural beauty, but to portray the intangible positive message behind of what what built environment can do to preserve the nature and create awareness and experience from there on

A design symbolic of pinnacles using suspended tensile roof

Overlapping Green

DESIGN STRATEGIES

sustainability in spaces usage

promoting walkability

pavilion design approaches

Suspended tensile roof hang from the steel frame structure

The First Impression

Wow!

Entrance Openings mimicking the cave entrance

The form is naturally grown from the ground, blending with the site

MOCK UP MODEL

“Pinnacle” to portray the form of nature

Light glows from the inside, gives the sense of mystery and curiosity

Interplay with shadow and texture

Image projection on the tensile roof at night

“A Sculptural Malaysian Pavillion, an elegant and telling presentation”

PAVILLION PROGRAMME

Communal + Recreational Experience

To showcase the richness, diversity & culture balance and living heritage of Malaysia through various performances and act as a recreational lake during leisure time

Experiential + Showcase Adventure

To provide an experiential learning environment where visitors get to learn and try Malaysia local activities, leaving a last impression

Natural Walk Escapade

To indulge walking in the nature overlooking a lush green landscape below and pinnacles-liked roof from the top

Multi-Cultural Cuisine

To create a dining space that enable visitors to taste and fell for Malaysian cuisine

Tourism Shopping Space

To display souvenirs from all over Malaysia intriguing visitors to purchase after their experience visiting the pavillion

Dining

Treehouse

Spaces

Souvenir retail

Tropical lake/ Sunken cultural & performance area

Exhibition and showcase area

Terrain-like walkway

& canopy bridges

experience place

SPACE PLANNING

● Massing Diagram

● Exploded Diagram

● SOA

● Plans

● Elevations

● Sections

Maximised built-up area with provision of shutter bus service, occasional parking and service access

02

Continuous pedestrian movement around the pavilion & terrain landscape walkway imitating cave’s topography

03

Elevated platforms, organic spaces with irregular spatial arrangement emphasizing fluidity of circulation & walkability in the pavilion at different levels

Upper floor spaces highlight volumetric interior and overlooking the ground level activities

Rectangular frame structural system serves as the main structural frame of the design

Pinnacle-liked tensile roof upholded by adjustable cable mechanism while integrating with sustainable design approach

EXPLODED DIAGRAM

SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION

ELEVATIONS

ELEVATIONS

ProductShowcase/ExhibitionArea

Performance&Plaza

Pavilion architecture draws reference from pinnacles and natural ecosystem in Malaysia while incorporating with modern steel structure which act as a humble companion to showcase the art piece within, giving a spectacular first impression to the visitors

The inner world of the pinnacles is revealed as you walk into the pavilion, giving sense of welcoming of heavenly natural settings, where the daylight flows in, the wind blows through, allowing people to enjoy themselves in this tropical

The urban pinnacles blends cohesively with nature, forming an exquisite composition of art that exudes a sense of harmony and brings people closer to nature

Treehouse platforms & bridges overlooking the lush green landscape & dynamic activities underneath while pinnacles-liked roof gives dramatic yet ever-changing overhead design to serve various usage of spaces beneath

Presenting an iconic Pinnacle-liked roof that creates various interplay between form & shape, light & shadow throughout the day & night allowing the users to experience different mood with sense of curiosity

Exhibition & showcase area

Dining experience area

Interior bird eye view

Canopy bridge

SUSTAINABLE ELEMENTS

● Building materials

● Green building strategies

● Adjustable roof preset

● Assemblance process

● Modular structures

Green Element

Tensile Roof

Tree Skin

LimeStone Installation

BUILDING MATERIALS

Suspended Tensile Roof

Tensile membrane roof systems is an ideal solution for passive cooling as it block out UV rays and reduce energy consumption from ac units. Additionally, tension fabrics brings in natural light, reducing the need for artificial lighting and thus reducing energy use.

● Reducing construction and waste costs as it is a simple way to construct for 6-months exhibition.

● Minimal environmental impact and affordable cost.

● The tensile fabric can be repurpose which automatically be more economical as well as eco-friendly choice.

● Tensile roof are suitable for four season country as long as the canopy is properly engineered. (spring,summer, autumnMay-NovduringOsakaExpo2025)

Rectangular Truss Frame

Common truss made up of repeated triangles. Flat trusses are the two primary types of truss constructions in which custom designed arrangement of triangles is placed between parallel

Lightweight, conserve expensive material. Efficient, both structurally and functionality.

“Curtain” Space Enclosure

Flowy and soft texture complement the overall design while elevating the softness and fluidity of the architecture.

● Can be integrated with cultural and traditional element such as batik.

● Curtain enclosure to be in different transparency, transparent, translucent and opaque depends on level of privacy.

SUSTAINABLE ELEMENTS

Adjustable roof volume

Natural lighting

Green Landscape

Rainwater Harvesting

01 02 03 04

Sustainable Usage of Space

Hybrid spaces are a popular solution that has been on the rise due to the pandemic. It refers to creating spaces that serve two or more functions which can be switched back and forth according to the activity of space, or according to the time of the day.

● Partnered with movable screens or convertible furniture, allowing the space to be dynamic and multi-functional without increasing any floor area.

Natural Ventilation & Lighting

With the usage of suspended tensile roof, incorporating natural ventilation and allowing natural daylighting into the pavilion decreases energy use and the associated greenhouse gas emission of the pavilion.

● Gives better humidity control, improve air quality and reduces carbon emissions.

● Lower operating and maintaining costs.

Green Landscape

Landscape and architecture design to support each other by allowing the extending interior space to the exterior, which increases the use of both. Landscape also creates a natural environment around the pavilion, giving the occupants a healthy breath, good appearance and natural beauty.

● Plants can purify the air in within the pavilion, filtering wind and noise.

● Stabilise the microclimate and provide beneficial contact with nature.

Rainwater Harvesting System

Rainwater is collected through the openings of the tensile roof and rainwater harvesting system to promote self-sufficiency of the building while integrating with an irrigation system for the landscapes and toilets.

● Irrigations of a large patch of landscape leads to lowering the surface temperature of the pavilion, causing lower thermal gradients between surface and air.

SUSTAINABLE ELEMENTS

SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES

01 02 03 04

Natural Daylighting

● In order to provide optimum natural daylighting to the interior environment , opening are designed to intake indirect sunlight to enable visitor to indulge in the natural tropical world

Natural Ventilation

● Stack effect are highly emphasis in the pavillion design to ensure self sustainability in terms of ventilation where hot air are being omitted thru the opening. Thus to design a pavilion that able to breathe by itself

Rainwater Harvesting System

Energy Efficiency

● Solar Panel are introduced at the top of the structure which maximise energy generation . This could power the hoist and the lighting system . Services dock are located 4 side of the edge embedded in the structure

ADJUSTABLE ROOF PRESET

Default Preset

● Default preset allows optimum sunlight and ventilation during the day of good weather

Windy Climate Preset

● Roof are all being lowered to create a more stable roof formation and at the same time ensuring safety of visitor

Rainy Climate Preset

● Roof are adjusted to inverted V-shape to allow water to flow more efficiently to the edge where rainwater are being harvested for domestic use

Hot & Humid Climate Preset

● More openings are opened to allow more cross ventilation to take place to omit hot and humid air in the pavillion

SUSTAINABLE ELEMENTS

ASSEMBLANCE PROCESS

01

Assemblance of rectangular truss system serves as the main external structure of the pavilion together with remote hoist system and cable for support

02

Fixation of vertical steel structure component with planter box imitating natural tree house during the early stage, allowing the transported trees to grow greener during the construction period

03

Mould & shape tensile membrane roaf to construction preset mode - allowing the crane to move freely during ground construction without obstruction

04

Construction of ground spaces and canopy bridges connections begin

05

Site beautification such as trees & grass planting and artificial lake filling get going only at the later stage of the construction after core construction are done and cranes are removed from site

06

Adjust roof to default mode to get ready for the pavilion exhibition. Moving in of exhibitio items and movable furnitures

02 Rectangular Truss System

01 Rectangular Truss System

03 Treehouse Planter Box

STRUCTURAL CONCEPT

● Main Outer Steel Frame

● Steel Hall

● Tree House Platform and Timber Bridge Structural Design

● Modular Construction

● Summary

Bracings

The column cross bracing is placed between two adjacent columns to increase lateral rigidity, transmit horizontal force, and assure the overall stability of the building structure. They prevent from excessive sidesway caused by lateral loads brought about by wind or earthquakes.

Rectangular Truss System

Rectangular truss can be used as bending resistant spans at a free span of up to 30m with high load bearing capacity. Due to its special shape and dimensions, the rectangular truss exhibits a great rigidity and can thus be used for long spans with high loadings compared to a single steel column.

They are fast and cost-effective to install and do not require heavy expensive equipment or excessive preparation in order to be used effectively. Trusses are generally built in a factory and delivered as a complete set to a job site, where the structure is then built.

Built-up Column

The columns in tall industrial structures that support heavy loads are constructed of built-up sections. Built-up columns frequently consist of HE or UPE sections with battens (flat plate) or lacing (typically angles) welded across the flanges. Built-up column buildings are almost always highly loaded and frequently vulnerable to moving loads from cranes.

In our situation, a built-up column can support a rectangular truss that is being subjected to shifting loads from a cable. Instead of utilizing a single steel column, a built-up column has a larger cross-section moment of inertia due to the space between the chord centroids. This raises both the axial force and bending moment capacities of the column while lowering its slenderness ratio.

Advantages

Lightweight

The steel used in the rectangular truss structure is a high-strength lightweight structure.

Low cost and easy to construct

Steel truss can be built from simple prefabricated units, which are often of standard size and shape.

For large span structure

Truss systems can span large distances and dissipate forces throughout the structure with load-bearing only at the ends.

STRUCTURAL CONCEPT

MAIN STEEL FRAME

OUTER FRAME STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Design Specification

Design Code EN 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures

Steel Column UC 305x305x240 (S275)

Steel Truss SHS 175x175x8.0 (S275)

Characteristic

Strength of Steel, fyk 460N/mm²

Load Transfer

Load from hoist machine

The load from the tensile fabric roof will be carried by the cable. The roof load is acting downward, it causes the tension force pulls equally on the opposite side of the cable. The tension force will be delivered to the truss structure.

Load Determination

1.Loading analysis in each cable

Dead Load

Selfweight of hoist machine = 1.0kN

Selfweight of tensile membrane = 2.0kN

Weight of rainwater = 11.25kN (Allowable volume that can be carried by the tensile membrane = 4500 litre)

Total dead load carried by each cable = 14.25kN

2.Surface load on truss structure

Dead Load

Selfweight of solar panel = 0.25kN/m²

Imposed Load

0.6kN/m²

The load from the cable will pull the truss structure inwards. In addition, the load from the solar panel also acting on top of the truss structure. The truss structure section is able to withstand the tension force from cable and compression force from the solar panel.

MAIN STEEL FRAME

OUTER FRAME STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Wind Load

Windiest month of the year in Osaka is February, with an average hourly wind speed of 4.2 m/s.

Analysis of wind load using analytical procedure. In our case, the structure does not satisfy the conditions for using the simplified procedure. Therefore, the wind load is calculated using the analytical procedure as it is a regular shaped structure, and it does not have response characteristics making it subject to across-wind loading, vortex shedding, instability due to galloping or flutter, or does not have a site location that require special consideration. The steps of analytical procedure are described in ASCE 7 Section 6.5.3.

Design Code:

AIJ Recommendations for Loads on Buildings, Architectural Institute of Japan, 1996

Part 2: Wind actions BSLJ (2000), Building Standard Law of Japan

ASCE Standard, ANSI/ASCE 7-95, 1996

Seismic Design

1. Bracings

Bracing in vertical planes (between rows of columns) creates load channels for lateral stability and for transferring horizontal forces to the ground. Cross bracing is used to keep structures stable during seismic occurrences like earthquakes as well as when the wind blows. Additionally, it restricts lateral movement of the building, lessening the risk of cladding and component damage. Cross bracing typically consists of diagonal elements positioned in an X-shape in a vertical plane and is made from steel rods, angles, or tubes. Normally, cross bracing is situated parallel to a building's columns.

Earthquake Load

Osaka, Japan is in high seismicity region. On June 18, 2018, an inland crustal earthquake measuring MJMA 6.1 struck Japan's Osaka basin. The highest PGA for this event was greater than 0.9 g, and it was followed by several lesser aftershocks.

Response spectrum method is used to examine the elastic and inelastic response behaviour of the structure.

Friction Dampers function as a reusable fuse that simultaneously releases energy. No replacement is required after an earthquake event. Therefore, the building can endure an earthquake without suffering serious structural damage.

By creating friction through a spinning friction joint, a rotational friction damper decreases seismic energy. They dissipate the input energy of earthquakes through friction in their rotating plates.

seismic hazard zoning factor

DETAILS OF STEEL FRAME STRUCTURE

Steel Section Size

Built-up section of CHS 193.7x6.0 (S275)

4 Steel Columns with section of UC 305x305x240 (S275)

Top and bottom chord steel section of CHS 175x175x8.0 (S275)

Top chord steel section of SHS 80x80x4.0 (S275)

Bottom chord steel section of SHS 75x75x3.0 (S275)

CHS 193.7x6.0 (S275)

Bracings 75x75x3.0 (S275)

SideViewofOuterSteelFrame

FOUNDATION OF THE STRUCTURE

Note: All dimension in mm

Foundation Element

● 3 piles group is selected as the foundation element for the structure.

● The dimension of pile is 200mm x 200mm.

● Each pile has working load value of 450kN. However, 80% of the working load is used as the pile bearing capacity (0.8 x 450kN = 360kN).

● the soil bearing capacity is assumed as 200 kN/m3

Note: All dimension in cm

DETAILS OF STEEL FRAME STRUCTURE

Base Plate

Elevation

Loads from steel columns are transferred through a steel base plate to large area of the pile cap. The base plate are welded directly to the columns. The base plate is larger than the column size to provide room for the placement of the anchor bolt holes outside of the column.

OTHER COMPONENTS

1. Hoisting system

● Electric Chain Hoist

Our hoisting system uses a 2 tonne electric chain hoist with remote control since our tensile membrane needs machinery to move vertically. The analysis of loads is shown below.

Dead load carried by each machine:

Self weight of tensile membrane

Total weight of tensile membrane = 13.387kN / 9

cables = 1.5 kN ≈ 2.0 kN

Weight of rainwater = 11.25kN

Total dead load = 13.25kN (less than 2 tonnes)

2. Wire Ropes for Tensile Structure

● Cable to Machine Connection

This type of connection is used to connect the hoist machine to the cable by creating a hook to carry the machine. Bolt grade 8.8 is used to overcome high tensile and shear stress.

A 19 strands rotation-resistant rope is adopted in the cable system of our tensile membrane. A core strand is surrounded by six strands in one direction, and 12 strands are then arranged around this initial operation in the reverse way. This kind of rope provides greater crushing resistance, a higher strength-to-diameter, resistance to bending fatigue, and outstanding stability because of its tightly compacted smooth structure. Therefore, it is suitable to be used in our cable system to carry the hoist machine.

OTHER COMPONENTS

3. Tensile Membrane

Polypropylene is used as the material of the tensile membrane. It is water and stain repellent, resistant to mould, moths and bacteria and is extremely resistant to acids and alkalis. It is also resistant to humidity and weathering. It doesn’t absorb water and dries quickly.

4. End Connections for Tensile Structure

● Cable to steel frame connection

● Foundation connections

U-bolt wire rope clip

Wire rope clips can be used to form a load bearing eye at the end of a cable or wire rope, or to connect two cables together with a lap splice.

Turnbuckle

A turnbuckle is a common rigging device that is used to adjust tension and reduce slack in a rope, cable, or similar tensioning assembly.

The connection can be direct to the foundation or be made with fixing brackets. Fully locked wire ropes are normally bolted with forked sockets to a fixing bracket. The tolerance can be compensated using a mortar layer under the fixing bracket.

MAIN STEEL FRAME

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

1.

Contour of deformation

1. Information Regarding the Building

Design Code EN 1998-1-2004: Eurocode 3: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance

Building Type 6.3.1(b) Frames with concentric bracings

Material Used Steel section

2. Seismic Zone Information

Importance Class Class 3 (Buildings whose seismic resistance is of importance)

Importance Factor 1.2

Reference Peak Ground Acceleration, agR 0.22g (according to USGS shake map)

Design Peak Ground Acceleration, ag 1.2 x 0.22g = 0.264g

Average shear wave velocity, Vs,30 300m/s

Surface wave magnitude, Ms Greater than 5.5

Ground Type (Table 3.1) Ground Type C

3. Design Spectrum (Table 3.3): Type 1 elastic response spectra (Ms>5.5)

S TB (s)TC (s)TD (s)

1.15 0.2 0.6 2.0

agS=0.264x1.15=0.30

Design category: DCH

Reference:

The area along the Osaka Bay exhibited a slightly smaller group velocity of approximately 0.3 km/s (Sekiguchi et al. 2016)

Seismic Zone Info: Ground Type C

MAIN STEEL FRAME

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

1. Axial Force

2. Deflection

3. Shear Y, Vy

4. Shear Z, Vz

5. Bending Moment Y, My

6. Bending Moment Z, Mz

STRUCTURAL CONCEPT

STEEL STRUCTURE DESIGN

SPECIFICATION

Source: BS 6399 : Part 1 : 1996

● Design code: EN 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures

● Steel section

○ Steel Column

■ CHS 355.6mm (8.0mm thk)

■ CHS 457.0 (8.0mm thk)

○ Steel Beam

■ UKB 356x171x57

■ UKB 406x178x67

■ UKB 406x178x74

○ Diagonal Member

■ RHS 200x100x60

■ Unequal Angle 80x40x5

● Steel grade : S275

● Load determination

○ Dead load : 4.1 kN/m2

■ Floor finishes

■ Lighting and Insulation

■ Selfweight of concrete slab 200mm thk

○ Imposed load : 4.0 kN/m2 (C3)

● The soil bearing capacity is assumed as 150 kN/m3

STRUCTURAL CONCEPT

STEEL STRUCTURE DESIGN

Foundation Element

3 piles group is selected as the foundation element for the structure.

The dimension of pile is 200mm x 200mm. Each pile has working load value of 450kN. However, 80% of the working load is used as the pile bearing capacity (0.8 x 450kN = 360kN). the soil bearing capacity is assumed as 200 3

Note: All dimension in cm

Source: OKA REINFORCED CONCRETE SQUARE PILES

STEEL STRUCTURE DESIGN

DRAWINGS

STEEL STRUCTURE DESIGN

DETAILED DRAWINGS

Typical UB Steel Beam

Typical PFC Steel Curved Beam

Typical Bondek Slab

TREE HOUSE STRUCTURAL DESIGN

GERMAN TREEHOUSE SCREW –“GTS ALLstar”

it can take enormous loads:

● up to 2500 kg in softwood

● up to 4500 kg in hardwood

STATIC SUPPORT

The Static Support is screwed to the underside of the wooden beam and pushed onto the shaft of the GTS.

JAPANESE CEDAR TREE

Japanese cedar is a woody, needled evergreen tree that is indigenous to central and southern Japan as well as China. It is a member of the Cupressaceae (cypress) family. It may be conical to pyramidal in shape, 50 to 70 feet tall, and 20 to 30 feet wide.

Distance Rings are used to determine the exact position and the distance to the tree.

DISTANCE RINGS

TREE HOUSE PLATFORM

GERMAN TREEHOUSE SCREW – “GTS ALLstar”

STATIC SUPPORT & DISTANCE RING 1

“GTS ALLstar” DIAMOND BRACKET

JAPANESE CEDAR TREE

The tree top adventure park, Ninja Forest in Mountain Life Hida uses Cedar Tree for high rope course

TREE HOUSE PLATFORM

Due to the high tension in the bridge cables, they should be fixed to a sufficiently strong point on the tree.

Eye bolts in the style of lag bolts (ie a 6-8" threaded section), should be fitted at 45-90° to the direction of pull. This lowers the risk of the bolt pulling out under load.

Long bolts passing all the way through the tree can take much higher loads because they can be lined up with the cable.

TREE HOUSE STRUCTURAL DESIGN

SPIRAL STAIRCASE

SPIRAL STAIRCASE MODELLING RESULT

TREE HOUSE STRUCTURAL DESIGN

MODELLINGUSINGSTAADPRO

COLUMN TO COLUMN

Inter-column connection

The connections include an additional steel plate and resilient layers to provide improved ductility and seismic energy dissipation. The ability to dismantle the connection and separate the modules is one benefit of employing bolted connections in steel modular structures.

Steel connector plate

Since the connector plate and column end plates do not come into touch with one another to create friction, the main method of weight transfer in this connection is through bolt bearing. This extra plate is expected to deform and contribute to the connection's overall energy dissipation, which will significantly lessen the seismic energy that is sent to the modules.

Resilient material

Between the steel connector plate and steel column plates is an elastic material with a shear modulus of 0.3 MPa, such as rubber. This connection can be categorised as a friction-type connection since the connector plate and resilient layers experience force transmission as a result of the resulting friction. The system will receive additional dampening from the robust layers, reducing the need for significant connector plate deformation.

MAIN STEEL FRAME

MODULAR JOINT IN TRUSS SYSTEM

The modular joint is a prefabricated built-up section composed of a flat web plate welded to flat and curved flange plates as shown in

SUMMARY OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Space Frame Structure (70m x 43m)

Design Code EN 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures

Steel Column UKC 356x406x340 (2m x 2m spacing)

Steel Beam UKB 305x127x48

Steel Hall Structure

Design Code EN 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures

Steel Column CHS 355.6mm (8.0mm thk), CHS 457.0 (8.0mm thk)

Steel Beam UKB 356x171x57, UKB 406x178x67, UKB 406x178x74

Diagonal Member RHS 200x100x60 Unequal Angle 80x40x5

Slab Steel Composite Slab (250mm thk)

Bondek Sheet 1.25mm thk

Tree house structure

Platform

Bridge

German Treehouse Screw – “Gts Allstar” Static Support

Distance Rins

Main cable - 6x19 Fibre Core Galvanized

Steel Wire rope

Rope Net

12” x 6 Wood Beam

10mm dia. MS Pipe

Spiral staircase

150mm dia. MS pipe

RHS 25mm x 50mm

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