Issue N°. 5 • Jan 2014
MICA N°. 178/12/2013
A PUBLICATION FOR HOBBYISTS
EARTH’S REMAINING RIVER SYSTEMS Amazon River System
GIANTS OF THE AMAZON The Arapaima
ASIAN AROWANAS The Dragon In Your Tank
SUNKEN SPECTACLE Soiling Your Tank: A Matter of Substrate
Scleropages formosus / © Roy Pek
POISSONPASSION.COM
TANK MAINTENANCE The Chemistry of Fresh (Tap) Water FEATURED FISH Pacu: The Fish with “Human Teeth” BEGINNER’S GUIDE How Much Is That Aquarium?
Full-page ad
THE COLOPHON
In This Issue Issue N°.5 / Jan 2014
04.
08.
14.
22.
THE COMM
FEATURED FISH
SPECIES SPOTLIGHT
BEGINNER’S GUIDE
Happy First Birthday, Poisson Passion
Giants of the Amazon: The Arapaima
Asian Arowana: The Dragon In Your Tank
How Much is That Aquarium
05.
10.
18.
24.
LATERAL LINE THOUGHTS
FEATURED FISH
SHARED KNOWLEDGE
TANK MAINTENANCE
Fluctuating Fortunes of the Arowana Trade
An Interview with a Monster Caretaker
Asian Arowana: Perspective of Two Hobbyists
The Chemistry of Fresh (Tap) Water
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11.
20.
27.
SUNKEN SPECTACLE
FEATURED FISH
THE CAUDAL
Soiling Your Tank: A Matter of Substrate
Pacu: The Fish with “Human Teeth”
EARTH’S REMAINING RIVER SYSTEM
Amazon River
Editor’s Note
ABOUT THE
Editorial Team
THE COLOPHON
Vincent Koh / Editor of Poisson Passion A happy NEW YEAR to all our readers! Issue 5 marks the first anniversary of Poisson Passion (“PP”) and we have undergone a slight re-vamp to improve it and essentially make it a better read for all our readers. We are all for constantly improving ourselves so if you see something that could be done better, please tell us! To kick off 2014, Wildlife Reserves Singapore has generously sponsored 12 pairs of tickets to the newly opened River Safari for our readers! Stay tuned to our Facebook page to find out how and when we are giving them out. In our new segment, Earth’s Remaining River Systems, we explore the wild stretches of the Amazon River and bring to light the current situation of how this mighty river habitat is under threat by urbanisation read more on page 6.
At Poisson Passion, we strive to share information on the finer points of fish keeping. Though a young magazine, with aspiring writers and photographers; this does not stop us from producing a top notch magazine! Led by our passion for fish keeping as a hobby, the team at Poisson Passion work to educate non fish keepers and bring them into our fold, working with experienced fish hobbyists to impart their knowledge and help in spreading the passion for fish keeping!
Any articles on the Amazon River would be incomplete if it does not include any of its river fauna, and PP delivers by tackling the biggest of them all, the Arapaima, on page 8. Find out about the quirks and habits of these monsters from our interview with the River Safari aquarist tasked to take care of them on page 10. Page 11, sees us continue on our regular Sunken Spectacle column, as our resident planted tank specialist delves into the fine points of soiling your tank (or laying substrate). Species Spotlight for this issue falls on the Asian Arowana, and puts this regal Dragonfish on centrestage. For an added treat, PP managed to track down 2 well-known and established Asian Arowana hobbyists, who were happy to share their combined half century’s worth of maintaining and breeding experience with our current and budding hobbyists. See how it is done on page 18. Setting up a new tank can be a costly affair, and we made it easier for you on page 22, as we did the legwork and provide a simple breakdown for hobbyists thinking of setting up a new 3 footer. Now it’s easier to convince your Finance Minister to get that brand new tank you have always dreamt of! As always, sit back, relax as you go through our newly revamp PP. TO THE NEXT FISH Vincent Editor, Poisson Passion
Editorial Team PUBLISHERS
Garnet Productions Pte Ltd CHIEF EDITORS
Vincent Koh, Valerie Lim WRITERS
Zhuang Changzhong, Navin Chandra, Eugene Koh, Shaun Tan PHOTOGRAPHERS
Navin Chandra, Roy Pek GRAPHIC DESIGN
Qu’est-ce Que C’est Design PRINTERS
Fairview Grade Printing
Poisson Passion is published four times a year by Garnet Productions Private Limited. poissonpassion.com
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THE COMM
Happy First Birthday, Poisson Passion!
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John Dawes said
Larry Ng said
I’ve gone through the edition of Poisson Passion you gave me from cover to cover and feel that it has the makings of a very good magazine indeed. Warmest congratulations!
Greetings from the Singapore Reef Club, came across your magazine and appreciated the work well done!
Mr. John Dawes is a renowned aquatic writer and established personality in the ornamental fish industry.
Mr. Larry Ng is the President of Singapore Reef Club and a marine tank enthusiast.
Joseph Chng said
Dio Lee said
I chanced upon your magazine when I was given a copy at the Aquarama exhibition. I really like the great photography (I never knew a stingray could look so beautiful up close). The simple to read and understand text, not forgetting the glossy “high class” feel of the magazine is a plus point.
I really enjoy reading Poisson Passion as the articles are filled with graphics, making the articles easier to understand. Mr. Dio Lee is a budding planted tank hobbyist.
Mr. Joseph Chng is a closet fish hobbyist Yap Zhan Hong said
Joseph Soh said
Hi, I am an avid reader of Poisson Passion. I’ve found your magazines extremely interesting to read, though it has only 2 issues to date.
I chanced upon your magazine and I thoroughly enjoyed reading it. Photos and visuals were excellent! Congratulations on your first publication!
Mr. Yap Zhan Hong is an aquatic hobbyist with a decade of experience.
Mr. Joseph Soh is a hobbyist and breeder of Dwarf Shrimps.
P O I S S O N PA S S I O N
THE COMM
In celebration of Poisson Passion’s first anniversary, we have compiled various encouraging comments from our readers during the course of the year and thank our readers for their support during 2013 and beyond. Without you, Poisson Passion would not have made it thus far!
L AT E R A L L I N E T H O U G H T S
Fluctuating Fortunes of the Arowana trade By Vincent Koh When one thinks of an Arowana, “expensive” is often used to describe this fish, pumping its owner’s heart with such secret, quiet pride as a status symbol—a subtle sign that you have it made in society. Truth be told, I steered away from keeping Arowanas, mainly due to the price. Though the temptation was great, it was only after having stumbled upon a sale held by a local arowana farm on its High-Back Golds that I was ready to join the ranks. Only after convincing myself and of course my better half, that it was a worthwhile purchase, did I then bring the High-Back home. Never did I realise then —it was the start of the price plunge for Arowanas! (Don’t get me wrong, I didn’t cause it)
L AT E R A L L I N E T H O U G H T S
THE BEGINNING OF THE DROP
As my High-Back grew into a beauty, the price of Arowanas steadily declined. This was strange, as there were numerous news articles touting Arowana farming as the next alternative investment with high returns. Proxy farming of Arowanas was quite established then, and the grapevine always whispered of hobbyists making hundreds of thousands from the venture. So how could a lucrative investment tool be producing Arowanas of declining value? Let us review the history. THE GOLDEN AGE OF ASIAN AROWANAS
Circa late 1990s, the Crossbacks and Red Arowanas were improving in quality from the efforts of established CITES-registered Arowana farms in South East Asia. Supply was low as breeding Arowanas were still very much a trade secret. Worldwide demand for the fish was kept high, as enthusiasts were on the hunt for these majestic fishes and the mysticism behind the Arowana bolstered the lust. Who would not want a fish which gave them supernatural protection against ill fortune and ushered in health and wealth? With every news report of a hobbyist winning the lottery, after bringing home an Arowana, prices leapt. I recall reading an article exclaiming a champion Arowana had been sold for $88,888! JUMPING ON THE BANDWAGON
Fuelled by such reports, Arowana breeding/farming boomed. Numerous open fields in Malaysia were converted to mud ponds. Premium Arowana breeding stock was sourced from Singapore and eager businessmen were waiting in anticipation to harvest their “crops”. Undesirable practices flourished too. Less popular Arowanas, i.e Greens and Yellow Tails, were being crossbred with
S. formosus. A swimming gold bar. But how much would you pay for it?
Crossbacks and Reds. Although the offspring were still Arowanas (“Hybrids”), desirable traits of the Crossbacks and Reds diminished. You might think these Hybrids would be sold at a lower price, but unscrupulous minds sold them as if they were “purebred”. Supply of young Hybrids flooded the market and economics depressed the price of Arowanas across the board. A MATTER OF QUALITY
Ethical CITES-registered farms were hit badly, as market forces dictated them to lower their prices on their thoroughbred stock. This was a bitter pill to swallow, as who could bear selling their quality stock at such low prices? That is not to say all current stock of Crossbacks and Reds are inferior hybrids, but some work needs to be done before buying. Most times, if a deal is too good to be true, it usually is. Quality, thoroughbred specimens can still be found, but it will be priced above current market values. Ethical Arowana farmers do have their own families to feed and a reputation to maintain. Though the price decline meant more hobbyists can purchase the once dear Arowana, would that help the Arowana trade? Yes, in a sense, as new hobbyists are able to rear this majestic fish but looking at the whole scheme of things, would farms still produce quality pieces if the returns are low? This is a question only us, the hobbyists can help answer. For me, at least, and also if finances permit, I would love to groom a quality Crossback in my tank. BOTTOMING OUT AND BACK AGAIN?
Personally, I feel this price decline is nearing its end, and further price cuts would make selling Hybrids a loss venture. Smaller “fly-by-night” ventures most likely would have left the trade and consolidation of bigger farms means stabilization of the trade. The hobbyist in me just hopes the future Arowana trade will be able to sustain itself, with Arowana farmers able to eke out a living and future generations of hobbyists being able to see a true shimmering gold Crossback or fiery Red Arowana swimming in their tanks! The above is a rant by the Editor and it represents his personal views, though Poisson Passion neither reject nor support his ‘mad’ rantings, we like to keep an open mind and believe some truth lies hidden within his views.
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E ARTH’S REMAINING EARTH’SREMAININGRIVERSYSTEMS RIVER SYSTEMS
Amazon River
Seen in Singapore at the River Safari By Valerie Lim
For fish hobbyists and frequent visitors to our Local Fish Shops (LFS), the newly opened River Safari is probably a good place to check out landscaping ideas for their next biotope tank project. For the uninitiated, it is meant to be an eye opening experience to the world of freshwater habitats where its finned residents glide and dance away from the gaze of land inhabitants. Finally getting its due recognition, this is a broad showcase of the aquatic animals that dwell in the depths of the freshwater rivers, showing just how big and magnificent they can grow to become. Well, the marine people have their oceanarium and now the freshwater people have the River Safari! This will be the place to bring your loved ones if they still cannot understand why you are so obsessed with your monster fishes. Poisson Passion is proud to bring you a new short series, Earth’s Remaining River Systems. This will focus on selected river systems over the next year, with an overview on its inhabitants and its on-going conservation efforts. Over the course of this year, PP has 12 pairs of admission tickets up for grabs. Follow us on Facebook to find out how you can win yourself a pair of tickets to the River Safari. River Safari re-creates the world’s iconic river systems, including the Mississippi River, Ganges River, Mekong River and Amazon River.
A WALK IN THE PARK
Upon entering the park itself, you are immediately greeted at the start with an important message: In the wild, freshwater habitats are disappearing faster than those in forest and marine environments. As freshwater ecosystems are linked to our survival, protecting freshwater species will have positive impacts on biodiversity and mankind. Poisson Passion kicks off this new series with a feature on the wonders of the Amazon, one of the biggest freshwater sources that are under great threat! AMAZON RIVER
The Amazon River is the largest river in the world and sits in an equally breath-taking and majestic rainforest which spans across eight rapidly developing countries: Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana, an overseas territory of France. It holds 20% of the world’s river flow and carries more freshwater to the sea than any other river with an average discharge of 219,000 m3/sec. Originating from the Peruvian Andes, the mighty Amazon and its 1,100 tributaries drain the Amazon Basin where the world’s largest rainforest is found. The Basin supports the most diverse wildlife in the world and is home to 10% of the world’s known species. Of the 14,000 freshwater fish species identified worldwide, some 3,000 can only be found in the Amazon basin!
P O I S S O N PA S S I O N
All photos courtesy of Wildlife Reserves Singapore. © Wildlife Reserves Singapore
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E ARTH’S REMAINING EARTH’SREMAININGRIVERSYSTEMS RIVER SYSTEMS
“Only when the last tree has died and the last river has been poisoned and the last fish been caught will we realize, we cannot eat money.” — CR E E I N DI A N PROV E R B
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc, 2010
The forest has an important function in controlling Earth’s climate. The Amazon forest produces almost 20% of the world’s oxygen, soaking up carbon dioxide and helps in stabilizing our global climate. The loss of the forest will also mean the richness of wildlife found in its forests, along with the potential use of plants and animals that remain undiscovered. Scientists believe less than 1% of flora has been studied in detail for their medicinal potential. The Amazon experiences seasonal flooding and the River Safari took great pains to replicate the wet season which occurs annually during the months of December to June. The river overflows and floods the forest by over 10 metres in depth. The width of the river expands from about 5km during the dry season to as much as 50km! Fish and other river inhabitants such as manatees invade the flooded-forest where food is abundant. When the dry season returns, the river creatures retreat with the receding waters.
sewage, as well as the construction of roads and dams have the potential to block species movements and change the hydrology of the river. Public education is critical in raising awareness on the degradation of freshwater habitats such as the Amazon River. By bringing visitors up-close to the fascinating underwater and terrestrial animals that live in such ecosystems, River Safari aims to highlight the importance of freshwater ecosystems and inspire positive actions for conserving them. There are several organisations committed to saving the forest and the life that dwells within. However fishes are frequently overlooked in more publicised conservation or development projects in the Amazon despite the great diversity of fishes (over 3,000 species) and the socio-economic importance of the fisheries. A noteworthy organization championing the preservation of the Amazon River, Project Piaba, exists to promote the sustainable harvest of aquatic resources that will ensure the survival of both the Amazonian rainforests and its human inhabitants. Founded in 1989, this initiative is a community led project for studying the ecological and socio-cultural systems of The Amazon. To-date, its research has shown that the harvesting of ornamental fish from the area is biologically sustainable and has minimal negative impact on the land and waters of the region.
Giant sentinels of the Amazon River.
At the River Safari, the centrepiece of the Amazon Flooded Forest exhibit is the world’s largest freshwater aquarium with a volume of 2,000m3 and a viewing window of 22 metres (L) by 4 metres (H). Housing more than 10 manatees and a host of fish species such as the Arapaima and red-bellied Pacu, the aquarium simulates the seasonal flooding of the Amazon River where these aquatic creatures swim amongst giant trees. THREATS AT THE AMAZON RIVER
Overfishing—particularly of the largest species—is one of the biggest threats to aquatic wildlife in the Amazon River. In addition to this, mercury pollution from gold mining in smaller streams, increasing urbanization and the resultant untreated
Poisson Passion spoke to the Executive Director of Project Piaba, Mr Scott Dowd, who shares with us enthusiastically on how we in Asia can help: “The slogan of Project Piaba is Buy a Fish, Save a Tree. When communities thrive on selling fish for the aquarium trade, local people protect the resource that sustains them. Project Piaba fosters the sustainable trade in wild-caught aquarium fish, encouraging people to safeguard both rivers and forests, and all the creatures they harbour.” This is so because, contrary to what you might perceive as over-fishing, the industry of wild-caught ornamental fish can help to support local communities by giving them a long-term, sustainable source of income that encourages strong preservation values and ownership of the land. So keep this in mind the next time you go travelling and journey through freshwater habitats - know that our river systems are far more important than previously thought and a lot of things – water, animals, food – are all interconnected.
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F E AT U R E D F I S H
Giants of the Amazon The Arapaima By Navin Chandra
F E AT U R E D F I S H
All photos courtesy of Wildlife Reserves Singapore. Š Wildlife Reserves Singapore
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P O I S S O N PA S S I O N
F E AT U R E D F I S H
water’s surface? The opportunistic Arapaima will not shy away from an encounter with small birds and even small mammals, wandering too close to the water’s edge. With a large jaw that can open extremely fast, this fish creates a vacuum the moment it opens its mouth. The resulting effect causes water to gush into their mouths along with any prey swimming close by. The entire process happens so fast that it is usually normal to hear a loud ‘popping’ noise as the victim enters the Arapaima’s mouth. REPRODUCTION A. gigas. The streamline body and massive bony head makes the Arapaima a fearsome underwater projectile.
When it comes to freshwater giants, the Arapaima has to be considered as one of the favourites. Also known as the Pirarucu in Latin America, this monster primitive fish can grow up to a length of 3 metres and weigh in at around 220 kg (that’s heavier than two large men put together). Although Arapaimas have a largely greenish-grey exterior, mature individuals possess a splash of crimson scales towards its caudal fin, hence it is referred to as ‘Paiche’ in Brazil, which roughly translates to ‘red’ and ‘fish’.
When it comes to reproduction, the Arapaima is most active during the dry season from January to April, constructing their underwater nests in muddy river beds. Once constructed, the female Arapaima lays her eggs and mature males will fertilise and incubate the eggs in their mouths. During the rainy season from May to August, the Arapaima’s eggs will start to hatch, with hatchlings constantly seek protection in their father’s mouth. Meanwhile, their mother will also stay close to her babies, casting her watchful eyes over their offspring till the young are able to fend for themselves.
Of the superorder Osteoglossomorpha which means bony-tongued fish (it has a tongue with sharp, bony teeth) the Arapaima’s scientific is Arapaima gigas, with the word ‘gigas’ being Greek for giant, which is a befitting name for the largest freshwater fish in the world! AIR BREATHERS
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An interesting adaptation of the Arapaima is its ability to breathe air from the surface of the water. To do this, it uses a modified and enlarged swim bladder that contains tissues resembling those found in lungs, enabling it to extract atmospheric oxygen from the air its gulps in. Although it has the ability to stay underwater for as long as twenty minutes, Arapaimas are rarely found deeply submerged as they need to constantly surface to breathe and hunt. Being air breathers, is both a boon and bane for the fish. By not having to breathe through their gills, the Arapaima can thrive in lowly oxygenated waters of the South American Amazon Basin. This allows the Arapaima to prey upon fishes that depend on gills for respiration as these fishes are usually sluggish in lowly-oxygenated waters and therefore often end up as an easy meal. Unfortunately, they are easily preyed upon by the indigenous people of the Amazon. Its massive silhouette and habit of surfacing to breathe, makes it an easy target for the experienced spear fishermen. Once hunted, these aquatic beasts usually end up on dinner tables and lose their scales for the crafting of jewellery. In fact, overfishing of the Arapaima has become a serious problem and some South American authorities are exploring means to protect these fish which has found its way to the ‘IUCN Red List of Threatened Species’.
A. gigas. An adult Arapaima coming in for a closer look. Notice the splash of red scales nearing its caudal fin.
IN CAPTIVITY
If you are planning on keeping an Arapaima, let’s just say NO, as they are known as tank busters amongst hobbyists! Further, being giants they require ponds the size of swimming pools for proper husbandry and care. For the time being, let’s just conserve them in their usual wild habitats and admire these primitive giants from a distance in proper exhibition tanks such as those found in the River Safari park.
T LATES E T U P DA
As mentioned above, the Arapaima tends to prey mostly on smaller fish. However, what good is a surface dwelling creature if it is not able to prey on other creatures on the A P U B L I C AT I O N F O R H O B B Y I S T S
Recent research is suggesting that there are actually 5 species of Arapaima. This finding is disputing the centuries old scientific knowledge that only 1 species of Arapaima exists.
F E AT U R E D F I S H
An Interview With A
Monster Caretaker
PP: Please tell us a bit about yourself and how you became an aquarist with River Safari? JC: I have been in the industry for about 10 years and was previously with Underwater World Singapore, working with dolphins, dugongs and otters for 7 years. When the River Safari project was initiated in 2010, I joined up and became part of the pioneer team of aquarists. PP: Getting the monster Arapaimas must be difficult. How did you go about obtaining these monsters currently residing in the Amazon River exhibit? Are they picky eaters? JC: We had to approach fish farms and check if they had any Arapaimas on hand, but most of our fishes were gotten from public donors, who found these fishes to have outgrown their ponds! We are lucky to have Arapaimas which are not fussy eaters, as we feed them readily available foods like fishes, prawns and fish food pellets. PP: Arapaimas are definitely an amazing monster to take care of. Do let us know which traits appeal to you the most in an Arapaima? JC: Their massive size and strength really amazes me! Although I have a great sense of satisfaction when I am admiring them, I feel dwarfed by them as most of the Arapaimas in the exhibit are bigger than me. The other interesting trait is how they feed; the food we throw in is readily ”vacuumed” up by their cavernous mouths.
PP: Try not to get too close! Taking care of such a magnificent fish definitely requires a lot of hard work; do tell us what the daily routine is for an Arapaima caretaker. JC: We feed them twice daily with about 5kg of food each day. Like with home tanks, we have to perform cleaning duties every other day, but the difference is we have to don our diving gear and enter the Amazon Flooded Forest aquarium. The best part of that chore is getting to swim with the Arapaimas and dugongs on display! PP: Very cool! It must be fun swimming with them. Are there any interesting experiences to share with our readers? JC: Initially when these monster fishes arrived, they were very shy, often swimming away from us when our team approached the tank, however, as they settled in, the Arapaimas became very curious and would often swim close to observe the “aliens” coming into their underwater realm. Also, as part of our enrichment training for these fishes, we were successful in training the Arapaimas through positive reinforcement. We would direct them where to swim to using a laser pointer and when they swam to the indicated spot, food is given to them as a reward. PP: Before we end, any parting advice for hobbyists keen to rear the Arapaima? JC: Do have a long term plan in mind before keeping these monsters. As they grow very big and very fast, normal home aquariums would not be able to hold them for long. Only keep them if you have a large pond at home. As fish lovers, we need to ensure the long term well-being of our aquatic pets and not subject them to unnecessary stress. Thanks to River Safari for allowing this interview and Jayce for taking the time to share with us her experiences on taking care of a true River Monster! We know most hobbyists would love to be in your shoes.
P O I S S O N PA S S I O N
Photo courtesy of Wildlife Reserves Singapore. © Wildlife Reserves Singapore
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As part of our Earth’s Remaining River Systems feature in collaboration with River Safari, Poisson Passion (“PP”) interviews the experts behind the scenes, getting an in-depth understanding of how the various stars of the river systems are being cared for. In this issue, we have a chat with Jayce Chua (JC), an Assistant Curator with the River Safari, and take a peek at what it takes to upkeep the Arapaima!
S U N K E N S P E C TA C L E
Soiling Your Tank
A Matter of Substrate By Zhuang Changzhong / Special Thanks to Biotope Services Pte Ltd Carrying on from the previous article, I hope budding aquascapers are more informed about the types of tanks available in the market and are able to discern which is best suited for their aquascape.
S U N K E N S P E C TA C L E
In this article, we will show you the next key component in your aquascape and choosing the right mix will determine if your aquascape turns into a flourishing Garden of Eden or a savannah forest. Substrates play a significant role in giving the aquascape its “character”. Substrates cover up the bare, artificial glass bottom of the tank, allowing the aquascaper to vary the height of the wood, rocks and plants in the aquascape. Having substrate helps to establish and stabilize the aquarium, by providing a medium for beneficial bacteria to colonize. Lastly, the substrate also helps to protect the fragile glass bottom of the aquarium by absorbing the impact from accidental dislodgement of rocks or woods. This article will focus on two types of substrate, specifically the nutrient rich soil catering to plants and animals, and the inert, decorative type of substrate such as sand or gravel. PROPERTIES OF PLANTING SOIL
Every garden needs its soil, no less an underwater garden. It gives life, by providing the nutrients and medium that plants need to grow and bloom. Soil also serves to remove dead matter, by hosting microorganisms that break down dead matter. Most significantly, it adds beauty, giving the landscape a natural touch by filling in the gaps between plants, wood and stones. Water conditioning Due to the natural properties of soil, some types are able to lower, or act as buffers for the water’s pH value. This is particularly useful, as most fauna and flora thrive in slightly acidic waters. Further, this pH buffering ability prevents severe pH fluctuations, stabilizing the water conditions. This is beneficial for livestock which thrive in a very narrow pH range and thus require very stable water conditions. Certain types of soil also have the ability of releasing ammonia into the water. This is useful, when starting your new project, as it helps to ‘cycle’ the aquarium by kick-starting the nitrogen cycle. This is known as ‘fishless cycling’. However, this advantage of ammonia release can be a drawback, especially for mature aquariums, where the sudden introduction of high quantities of ammonia will upset the system and harm the livestock. Before, adding such soils into established aquaria do so in small quantities, with careful monitoring of water parameters.
The substrate layers. Notice how the base layer retains its shape and does not breakdown easily after years of use.
Nutrient properties This is probably the best attribute of soils, given plants absorb most of their nutrients from the soil via the roots. Most soils are “comprehensive” as they contain nutrients that are generally required by all plants. After all, a planted aquarium is normally composed of a large assortment of plant types, each with their own requirements. Plants with highly specific nutrient requirements can be provided for by supplementing the water column with the requisite fertilizer, such as iron for red-coloured plants. Granule size The size of the granule is another consideration for the aquascaper. Generally, plants with big roots can grow in fine soil, but not vice versa, where smaller, more delicate plants such as Hemianthus callitrichoide, have fine roots that establish themselves better in finer soil. However, finer soils tend to be more expensive, generate more silt when disturbed, and may break down faster. Further, finer substrate packs together very tightly and prevents oxygen from entering the substrate, hindering the growth of beneficial bacteria, and possibly creating pockets of toxic gases. Soil Integrity Another quality to consider is how well the substrate retains its nutrients over time. It is preferable to choose a higher grade of substrate that releases a sufficient amount of nutrients consistently over a long period of time, instead of a concentrated, but short lived burst of nutrients. However, in the event that plant growth is beginning to decline, one solution may be to use substrate fertilizers in the form of root tabs and the like, especially in areas where there are fast growing/nutrient reliant plants. Such substrate fertilizers should not be used too early into the life of your aquascape, as the nutrients from the soil and water column (in the form of liquid fertilizers) should be more than sufficient for the plants.
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S U N K E N S P E C TA C L E
environment. Anything unnatural will detract from such an ambition. Colours Dark hues are generally preferred in aquariums, as they heighten the colours of the fishes. Further, they reduce glare and reflection from the aquarium lights, putting the creatures in the aquarium at ease. Though white sand or quartz brightens the aquarium considerably, it may not be beneficial to the livestock. Substrate soil. The secondary layer of your substrate, encouraging plant growth. Acts as a pH buffer and “softens” the water. Notice the rounded shape of each granule, ideal for allowing roots to grow.
Light coloured substrates are unforgiving to the eye when dirtied, and thus require more frequent maintenance. Though that is not to say dark coloured substrates are the best either as the darker hue tend to make the aquarium seem smaller than it is, and may make the job of differentiating the fauna in the aquarium trickier. THE LONG TERM CHOICE
As discussed, there are many considerations when one chooses the substrate for their planted aquarium. Generally, soils are used for growing plants due to their nutrient benefits and aesthetic qualities to artistically define the aquascape.
Nutrient rich substrate sand. Packed with rich organic nutrients this forms the basic layer for planted aquarias.
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Soils which break down easily should be avoided, as they make maintenance of the aquarium and rescaping difficult, if not impossible. While breaking down is inevitable, find a good quality soil—the longer the soil lasts, the better.
When one creates an aquascape, one might change the choice of wood, rocks, plants, and perhaps, even aesthetic substrates. However, the requirement of soil remains a constant in every aquascape. Hence, purchasing quality soil which contains the right nutrient properties which your main flora requires, does not breakdown easily and near natural as possible will be a sound investment for every aquascaper. Stay tuned to our next issue as we explore the various Hardscapes available to build your planted aquarium!
SUBSTRATE ADDITIVES
Aquascapers can also further enhance the soil by using substrate additives, which largely serve the same purposes of adding nutrients, conditioning water and establishing the bacterial colony in the soil. However, such substrate additives are very expensive, and can easily double the costs invested. Further, given that soil is generally sufficiently to provide for an aquascape’s needs, such additives are only essential when you detect plant growth has slowed in your mature aquascape. AESTHETIC SUBSTRATES
Such substrates are generally inert and are incapable of sustaining plant growth. They are used for their aesthetic attributes, adding colour and texture to the aquarium. In aquascaping, aesthetic substrates are used to add detail to the aquascape, such as a path between two ‘forest thickets’ or ‘mountains’, or used creatively to demarcate different areas of the aquascape, such as encircling pockets of soil that are growing plants with sand.
Quartz sand An aesthetic soil used to outline your aquatic garden.
Types There are many differing types of aesthetic, inert substrates, ranging from sand to gravel to pebbles. As far as possible, natural forms of substrate are recommended. Hence, artificial substrates like glass marbles and those with dyed colours should be avoided. After all, in an aquascape, what one attempts to achieve is a miniature replica of a natural P O I S S O N PA S S I O N
Natural river gravel Serves as a decorative substrate, giving your aquascape that natural look.
YOUR ONE-STOP FOR AROWANA KEEPING At Striker Aquarium, we offer our vast selection of Arowanas from juvenile to adults and be it Gold Crossbacks, Reds and Silvers, we have something for everyone! We readily share our knowledge on keeping these ancient beauties healthy and vibrant at all times. Striker Aquarium welcomes all to come by and share the love for these magnificent Dragons!
Striker’s Aquarium Blk 608 Ang Mo Kio Ave 5 #01-2793 Singapore 560608 Tel: 9069 5608
SPECIES SPOTLIGHT
Asian Arowana
The Dragon In Your Tank
SPECIES SPOTLIGHT
Text by Vincent Koh / Photos by Roy Pek
14
S. formosus. Albino variant.
P O I S S O N PA S S I O N
SPECIES SPOTLIGHT
Arowana, the mere mention of the name conjures an image of fierce savagery, majestic air and an auspicious feel to every hobbyist who have seen it. The forked barbels, long wing-like pectoral fins and gleaming rows of large shiny scales, all contribute to the Arowana being named “Dragonfish”, akin to the mystical dragon in every culture. However, there is much more to the Arowana than being just a pseudo dragon. Aficionados of this ancient fish will gladly inform the uninitiated keeper about the sheer beauty of their chosen pet, dictates that no other fish is required in their tank! Further, the longevity of the Arowana, up to 25 years in captivity, assures the careful hobbyist that their fish buddy can be a lifelong companion. All these attributes come together for the Asian Arowana in enthralling their fans for generations. DISTRIBUTION OF THE ASIAN AROWANAS
Previously widespread throughout the equatorial river drainages of South East Asia, these “dragons” were usually served as the main course of river side inhabitants’ meals. After its status as an auspicious fish was established by some intrepid businessmen who swore their lives on these fishes bringing them great wealth and riches, demand for the Arowanas rose sharply and wild populations were harvested close to extinction. It was this close brush with extinction which saw the Asian Arowana being included in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (“CITES”) list of endangered animals in 1975. Trade in the wild Arowana was prohibited then and it was only in the early 1980s, second generation captive bred specimens were allowed for sale and exports. To-date, it is rumoured that only a small, wild population of Green Arowanas can be found in a secluded area in Myanmar. IN THE NAME OF SCIENCE
Scleropages formosus or Asian Arowana is a member of the family Osteoglossidae, roughly translated as bonytongue, which describes a toothed bone at the base of its mouth. With five variants based on differing colours (i.e Red, Gold, Red tail Gold/RTG, Green and Yellow tail), much controversy was debated on whether these variants should be its own distinct species, rather than being grouped as S. formosus. In response to this, a hastily conducted scientific study carried out by Pouyaud, Sudarto and Teugels in 2003 aimed to describe the different colour variants to be distinct species. Pouyaud et al concluded the Asian Arowana variants should be classed into four distinct species: - S. formosus (Gold and Green) - S. aureus (RTG), - S. legrendrei (Red); and - S. macrocephalus (Yellow Tail)
Do note these names are not recognised
Thankfully, the above re-classifications were deemed inconclusive, as insufficient data were collected and analysed to justify the published results. Close call for RTG, Red and Yellow Tails being dropped from the CITES list should the rreclassification be upheld! CROSSBACK GOLD – THE SWIMMING GOLD BAR
Predominantly found in peninsular Malaysia, the aptly named Malayan Gold or Crossback - describing the top row of golden scales seen as the Arowana reaches adulthood (“Xback”), is an evergreen favourite in the Arowana trade. At its peak (early and mid-2000s), premier specimens would easily cost more than S$10,000. Although being the smallest in size amongst the other colour variants, the Xback was so wildly popular, even if you had the cash, stocks were not easily available. It truly was worth its weight in gold! Besides the advocacy of good health and great wealth brought by the Xback in geomancy, the sight of a mature adult Xback cruising in the tank can be a dazzling and awe-inspiring sight. It is not every day you get to see a gold bar cruising in your tank! XBACK’S POINT OF ORIGIN
Although the wild Xback hails from the calm waters of rivers surrounding Lake Bukit Merah in the Malaysian state of Perak, it is in Singapore where the species was bred and launched with great fanfare to the global market. It all started in the mid to late 1990s, with Singaporean Arowana farms like Panda Aquatic Centre Pte Ltd, Singapore Arowana Breeding Farm and Wan Hu Fish Farm being among the pioneers in the budding Arowana trade. Their breeding efforts and stock of excellent fishes, promoted the “Made in Singapore” brand of Xbacks throughout Asia. This benchmark of quality continues today, as discerning hobbyists from China, Japan and Taiwan still regard Singapore’s XBacks as a hallmark of quality in the Arowana trade. RED AROWANAS – THE OTHER INDONESIAN DRAGON
Super Red, Blood Red, Chilli Red, these are just some of the trade names used to grade the Red Arowana accordingly to the intensity of the red pigment, covering its cheeks and the entire length of its powerful body. Originating from West Kalimantan, these red Indonesian Arowanas or Arwanas, inhabit the Kapuas river system. Perceived to be a ward against spirits and coupled with their audacious red scaled robes, these Arwanas command a hefty price, usually much higher than their Xback cousins. The other reason for its high value, could be perhaps due to the chemistry of the waters in the Kapuas river system, these Arwanas seldom breed well in the waters of other South East Asian rivers, hence most quality Arwanas are bred in Kalimantan. Aggressive, difficult to rear and temperamental are just some of the terms which are often used to describe the Arwana, but there is nothing more satisfying than taming these characteristics and be known as an Arwana keeper. WHEN
A P U B L I C AT I O N F O R H O B B Y I S T S
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SPECIES SPOTLIGHT
GOLD MEETS RED – THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS?
As the Arowana trade gets more familiar with either the Malayan Xback or Red Arwanas, ideas of cross-breeding the two distinct colours became popular and the Tong Yan was born out of this union. No longer satisfied with the smaller stature and “soft” pectoral/caudal fins of the Xback and pastel colours of the Reds, the Tong Yan, were bred to produce a fish inheriting the best characteristics of both variants. Possessing the best characteristics of both Xback and Red parents, this new “hybrid” comes endowed with an increase in body stature, bigger and harder pectoral/caudal fins and a shimmering lavender gold coat, oft seen when the fish makes a turn during its usual cruising. Did you know that Arwanas “lose” their red colour after a massive water change? Experienced hobbyists usually advise small, but frequent water changes for their red pets to avoid this “washed out” effect!
U D I D YO ? K N OW
SECRETS OF THE TRADE – FEMALE OR MALE
16
S. formosus. A quality piece of a Golden Crossback.
S. formosus. A massive adult Red Arowana.
Successfully breeding the Arowana has always been a hit and miss affair, with trial and error experiments being carried out by various farmers. Firstly, the right conditions have to be replicated such as housing the fishes in an open air mud ponds and giving them sufficient privacy.. Whilst the environmental conditions have been well understood, the other tricky bit is to know the sexes of the breeding population. Whilst extensive biological/genetic research were carried out by a prominent local Arowana farm to solve this mystery, the results were unpublished and replication of the work by another was too costly, hobbyists are still kept in the dark on ways to sex their Arowanas. (Although, a prominent ichthyologist, who participated in the
S. formosus. Close up on the scales of a Red Arowana. The scales are actually orange in colour under white light.
Sexing Arowanas: Head shape and the 'A' crease Accuracy: 50%-70%
CONSERVING THE PURE HARMONISING THE FUTURE
FEMALE
Dreamfish Inc (S) Pte Ltd 221 Neo Tiew Crescent Singapore 718831 T: +65 6862 9391 E: enquiry@merlionarowana.com merlionarowana.com
MALE
P O I S S O N PA S S I O N
SPECIES SPOTLIGHT
Choosing Your Dragonfish - What to look out for in an Arowana “Pearlie” Scales Caudal peduncle
Colour XBacks: look for individuals having a high metallic shine (think gold chrome). This can be a difficult task as most Xbacks now tend to have a “duller” shine to its scales. This is due to the incessant crossbreeding of Greens, Golds and RTGs. Reds: As the red colouration on other body parts develop later into maturity (i.e 4 to 5 years), your best bet is to look for juvenile specimens with red lips and red streaks on their cheeks. These are the early indicators of the Arowana’s adult colours. Eyes Xbacks and Reds: Eyes are clear and always on the alert for any moving object. The eye sits comfortably in its socket, giving Arowanas a haughty stare, as its eyes trail your every movement. Cloudy eyes and severely drooping eyes are big negatives for the fish. Barbel Xbacks and Reds: The ideal barbels are of equal length, with colours similar to the Arowana’s body. Barbels arranged in “八” (the broader section facing out) are the ideal shape. Avoid Arowanas with crooked and/or shortened barbels, as most hobbyists agree the barbels are a representation of the mythical dragon.
Eye
Barbel Gill cover
Pectoral fin
Pelvic fin
Gill covers Xbacks and Reds: The gill covers should form a nice “seal” on the cheeks, with the translucent membrane protecting the delicate gills from external view. Gills should be slightly visible from the rear of the fish when the Arowana is expelling water through their gills. Curled gill covers i.e. the translucent membrane curls outwards, should be avoided as this is a clear indicator that the environment which the Arowana resides has poor water quality.
Anal fin
Caudal fin
Fins Xbacks and Reds: Hard fin rays appear firm and curved graciously back, giving the Arowana an ideal swimming posture as it glides through the water. Crooked/bent hard fins will hinder the Arowana’s swimming posture and is generally not aesthetically pleasing. The above five factors are key points to note while choosing your Arowana, but bear in mind that a perfect fish do command a high price!
17
S. formosus. Close up on the scales of a Gold Crossback. The gold tone will replace the darker areas on the scales as the Arowana matures.
research, did hint on the success of the research, with the specific genetic markers indicating the different sexes being identified!) Since collecting a tissue sample and sending it for DNA testing can be a difficult and expensive activity, we spoke with long time Arowana hobbyists and breeders, compiled their combined knowledge to assist our hobbyists in differentiating the male from the female Arowana. Just as there are cross dressers, gender benders also exist among the Arowanas and these “on-job-training” observations are not 100% accurate.
U D I D YO ? W K NO
Asian Arowanas were listed as an endangered species on CITES in 1975, but legal trading in the fish was only granted in the early 1990s?
White tank treatment to bring out the gold heads.
A P U B L I C AT I O N F O R H O B B Y I S T S
SHARED KNOWLEDGE
Asian Arowana:
Perspectives of Two Hobbyists Photos by Roy Pek
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RG: Started in the early 1980s, and I had to go around to LFS’ all over Singapore to look for the ideal pieces. BM: I started in the early 1980s as well. Most of my fishes are from Singapore Arowana Breeding Farm (SABF) and Qian Hu. PP: Your love for them runs deep! How many pieces of Arowanas were under your care at the peak of your obsession? RG: About 400 red and Crossback individuals. They were a mix of juveniles and adults. BM: Only about 150 red and Crossbacks. Mainly Crossbacks. PP: That is a lot of tanks! Tell us how did you manage to convince your better half to maintain so many at home? RG: Easy, my wife knows that with so many fishes, I will be home most of the time to take care of them, hence she does not restrict me to get more fishes! BM: That is true! My wife understands that keeping fishes makes me want to stay home more often, and also she knows how I am spending my money.
S. formosus. Beerman lifts his fish out for a closer look. Notice the blue base of this beauty.
PP: Words of wisdom! How do you go about performing water changes on so many tanks/ponds? Any help required?
Poisson Passion (PP): Please share with us on what attracted you to keeping Arowanas? Richard Goh (RG): My love of fishes started with Discus, I truly enjoyed their graceful movements, but after I saw my first Red Aro, I was captured by its majestic and “barbaric” aura. The way they swam was truly magnificent; it looked as if a king was inspecting his troops. That made me wanted to keep it.
RG: With so many fishes to take care of, my helper assists me with the water change. We change about 50% of the water each time.
Beerman (BM): I was captured by the intense gold shine of the Crossback. Never had I seen such colouration on a fish and coupled with their graceful posture, it was not hard to decide on getting my first piece of Crossback! PP: When did you start your hobby and where were they purchased from?
P O I S S O N PA S S I O N
S. formosus. Richard’s prized Red posing for the camera.
SHARED KNOWLEDGE
As an added treat for our readers, Poisson Passion managed to reach out to two established and long-time hobbyists of arowanas and they are none other than: Richard Goh, a well-known Red Aro keeper, and Tea Hong Long, better known as “Beerman” in online forums. They are renown for their arowana rearing techniques and have over 50 years of combined knowledge and experience. PP is proud to bring this exclusive interview to our readers to share some first-hand experience in keeping these exquisite dragons.
SHARED KNOWLEDGE
As hobbyists, we are not too concerned about the low pricing, as Arowanas are a hobby and not a business venture.
BM: I prefer to change the water myself, besides; I do not have so many tanks too. 50% water changes are done weekly, that seems to keep my fishes healthy and happy. PP: Most Aro keepers are unable to experience the joy of seeing their fish breeding. Both of your fishes have bred consistently. Please share with us your first thoughts when you found out your Aros have bred at home. RG: Extremely happy and lucky. The usual breeding was always in farms and when I found out about them breeding at home, I was overjoyed! BM: I was having mixed feelings. On one hand, I was ecstatic, but I was concerned on how to care and house the babies too, since it’s the first time that they bred at home. Everything worked out well in the end. PP: Since your arowanas have bred, have you ever considered entering into the arowana breeding business? What is your view on the current pricing for arowanas, and do you think arowana farming is still a good business? RG and BM: As hobbyists, we are not too concerned about the low pricing, as Arowanas are a hobby and not a business venture. Every business goes into a cycle and that is unavoidable. Currently, although the pricing is low, but with per-
S. formosus. A full gold head Crossback under Richard’s loving care.
sistence, we believe the quality farms will survive and come back stronger. PP: Last question from us. What is your opinion on the quality of Arowanas now, compared to those which you bought when you started in the early 1980s? RG: The Arowanas back then were better, as I felt more care was given to them by the farmers in the past. It seems that right now, the fishes are being mass produced and no proper care was given to them before being sold. BM: Much has changed in the past 20 years. When I started, the main concerns were colour and body shape, so a high shine piece with broad and thick bodies would definitely command a high price. Nowadays, pearlies and gold heads seem more of a requirement for Crossbacks. Though the fish has improved much, the intensity of the gold seems to be muted and not so shiny. I still prefer high shine Crossbacks. Thanks to both experienced hobbyists for sharing! There you have it, ladies, take note that the more fishes your husband or boyfriend have, the more likely they will be home and you will know where they are. Guys, time to look for more fishes!
A P U B L I C AT I O N F O R H O B B Y I S T S
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F E AT U R E D F I S H
By Navin Chandra
Pacu (Portuguese pronunciation: [pa’ku]) is a common name used to refer to several common species of omnivorous South American freshwater fish that are related to the piranha Source: Wikipedia
P O I S S O N PA S S I O N
F E AT U R E D F I S H
The Fish With “Human Teeth”
All photos courtesy of Wildlife Reserves Singapore. © Wildlife Reserves Singapore
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PACU
F E AT U R E D F I S H
Welcome to the confusing world of the Pacu. The short name may imply a fish that comes across as simple to many. However, when it comes to the Pacu, they can get as confusing as crop circles. Strictly speaking, Pacus belong to the Characiformes order which also includes their close relatives, the Piranha. However, sub-classification of these fish has had so many variations that trying to understand the Pacu as a general species doesn’t seem all that possible. In fact, as you read this, more information about the Pacus are still being discovered and most of the newly found information often tends to conflict with previous data.
A shoal of adult Pacus waiting to be fed.
Nevertheless, attempts to shed some light on these freshwater heavyweights have yielded some form of an understanding. Some Pacus, such as the Black Pacu, are classified under the Colossoma genus while the Red-bellied Pacu hail from the Piaractus genus. Unfortunately, the classification game doesn’t stop there and rather than dallying in the complexities of classifying these fish, let us look at more observable differences. Although commonly mistaken for a piranha, Pacus can be identified by their, almost human-like teeth. Another distinguishing feature between the two is the size. Piranhas usually grow to a maximum of 33 centimetres while Pacus can grow up to an astounding 90cm and weigh in at 25kg. Thank goodness these attributes weren’t reversed.
U D I D YO ? K N OW
Pacus were introduced into Papua New Guinea since 1994. They were meant to be an additional food source, but soon flourished and began taking over from the native aquatic fauna. So next time you want to release a Pacu to our waterways, do think twice!
HABITAT OF THE PACU
Pacus are members of the Characiformes order. As the name suggests, these fish are actually Characins, i.e tetras. These fishes are endemic to South America and are found throughout the various rivers and distributaries making up the Amazon River system.
A huge adult sharing its tank with a manatee.
CARE AND MAINTENANCE
Adult Pacus require a substantial amount of space so having a large tank (4 feet and bigger) is a must. Maintaining the water temperature between 24 – 28 degrees Celsius is very important to ensure a strong immune system for these fish. As Neotropical fishes, Pacus can adapt to our climate readily. Keeping the water clean is extremely important, as Pacus are messy eaters. Uneaten food should be removed from the tank an hour after feeding to maintain water quality. But then again, you already knew that right? By nature, these fish tend to shoal in the wild, hence keeping them in shoals of 4 or more is ideal. As young Pacus are skittish fishes, providing sufficient place to hide is beneficial for acclimatision. Keeping plants is optional as they will usually be destroyed by the vegan Pacus. So… Pacu anybody?
VEGAN DIET
Common name: Pacu
Plants, nuts and fruits are the main energy sources for Pacus. Their jaw system includes teeth that are almost human like. These squarer, straighter teeth are usually arranged in a slight overbite, where the upper jaw tends to be slightly extended beyond the lower jaw.
Diet:
Omnivorous, eats mainly plant and vegetable matter, but will eat smaller fishes
Temperament:
Able to be kept in a community of fishes, but do take note they can get aggressive at times
Lifespan:
5 to 15 years
Maintenance:
Requires at least a 4ft tank as Pacus tend to grow big (60cm). Requires weekly water changes of about 20%-30% as they are greedy and messy eaters.
With such teeth and jaw design, Pacus are adept at crushing nuts and seeds and chewing through thick plant stems. This involves a lot of jaw strength and although Pacus are not known to attack humans, being bitten by one could still cause serious damage. When kept in a home aquarium, it would be beneficial to feed your Pacu with a varied diet that includes fresh vegetables like cucumbers, spinach and even potatoes.
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BEGINNER’S GUIDE
How Much Is That Aquarium? It is a daunting decision, starting your first tank.
Be it keeping goldfishes or Arowanas, the first step is really to set up the tank. How much will it cost, you wonder? Wonder no more, Poisson Passion did the snooping around and this is what we found—the cost of setting up a 3-feet tank.
Filtration system Full set up at about S$30
Filter media to clean and cultivate beneficial bacteria to make your tank livable for your finned residents. A common combination will be ceramic rings, bio balls, filter wool and coral chips.
An overhead filter is a preferred option for a small set up as it frees up space in the tank, reducing clutter. Using two layers of overhead trays, with one tray measuring about 1ft each, your full set up will need about 6 trays.
Submersible pump, 3000l/hr model Estimated cost S$128 For a 3feet tank, look for a submersible pump that is capable of pumping at least 3000litres/hr. This cycling rate is always clearly indicated on the box and will be sufficient to ensure the tank water is kept clean. A higher cycling rate does not mean better filtration; instead the pump might be too strong and traumatise the fishes in the tank instead.
22
Bare tank, 3-feet Estimated cost S$70
Decorative sand, 2kg Estimated cost S$20
A 3-feet tank is a great starter tank as it is compact enough to fit into your home and yet big enough to accommodate most varieties of fishes.
Decorative sand is used to cover up the base of a bare tank, giving it an au naturel look. Also if you are getting dark coloured fishes, light coloured sand will give a distinct contrast, enhancing the colours of your tank residents.
Metal rack Estimated cost S$120 For a no frills setup, a metal frame rack is a preferred choice as its sturdy and economical.
TOTAL COST:
LED Lights Estimated cost S$110 Florescent lights Estimated cost S$40 The florescent lights are a much cheaper compared to its pricier, but energy saving alternative - the LED. In the long run, the LED lights might be a better choice, as it also gives out less heat and higher luminosity.
P O I S S O N PA S S I O N
S$478
estimated
S$70 if you are buying LED lights All of these items can be easily found at your LFS, so good luck and have fun!
BEGINNER’S GUIDE
Filter media Estimated cost at S$70
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TA N K M A I N T E N A N C E
The Chemistry of
Fresh (Tap) Water By Eugene Koh
In most countries, the public water supply is generally sterilized with dissolved chlorine (Cl2) or ozone (O3), and in Singapore, the water is supplemented with fluoride compounds through the addition of Sodium Silicofluoride (Na2SiF6). The treated water is then maintained at an average alkaline pH value of 8.1, before distribution to households. Hence, the water that we drink straight from the tap is definitely not ‘pure’, and needs to be conditioned before it can be used in aquaria. 24
The residual chemicals (i.e chlorine) used in the sterilizing process are toxic to our aquatic pets, for example the dissolved chlorine is tolerable by humans but not to fish. The residual chlorine is potent enough to ‘burn’ the gills, thereby suffocating the fish and will cause kidney damage in fishes. For most newcomers (and some experienced keepers) to the fishkeeping hobby, the common cause of aquarium set-up failures can be traced to usage of fresh tap water that has not been properly conditioned or aged, leading to algae bloom, cloudy water and even fish mortality. To help us understand the importance of conditioning tap water, and what conditioning achieves, we need to know what are pH, dGH and dKH.
in degrees of dGH and dKH respectively. Both parameters are also expressed in parts per million (ppm) or milligrammes per litre (mg/L). Permanent Hardness indicates the quantity of total dissolved solids in the water, while Carbonate Hardness indicates its buffering ability (the ability to resist fluctuations in pH). Water with high dKH being more resistant to pH fluctuations compared to those with low dKH. Hobbyists need to adjust the Permanent Hardness of the water to suit their fish. This is due to differences in habitat origins, for example Pterophyllum scalare (angel fish) require 1-20 dGH, while Melanochromis spp. (Malawi cichlids) require 15-30 dGH. Permanent Hardness, as its name suggests, cannot be removed from a body of water. Adjustments can only be made through substitution or dilution with distilled or reverse-osmosis treated water which contains no impurities. However, Carbonate Hardness can be removed through boiling which removes the soluble carbonates. The removed carbonates accumulate and can be seen as ‘yellowish scales’ in water kettles. ADVERSE EFFECT OF FLUCTUATIONS IN DGH
UNDERSTANDING PH
The concentration of hydronium ions [H3O+ ] in aqueous solution at 25⁰C is termed the pH value. There are meters that measure the pH with electronic readouts, as well as chemistry kits and paper test strips that determine pH value with colour changes, when cross checked against a reference colour chart. INCREASING ACIDIT Y
0
1
2
3
4
NEUTRAL
5
6
7
INCRE ASING ALK ALINIT Y
8
9
10 11 12 13 14
Fish need to regulate the inflow and outflow of water from its cells to survive. And the kidneys are the organs responsible for maintaining this balance of water. This process is termed osmo-regulation. Hence, drastic changes to levels of dGH, due to the addition of unconditioned tap water or excessive salts, will stress the fish; if dGH is too low, water will enter the cells excessively, causing the cells to swell and burst, which causes haemorrhaging. Likewise, if dGH is too high, water will leave the cells excessively and the fish will be dehydrated. Do monitor your dGH levels carefully if you are introducing any new fishes to your tank.
pH WHAT IS PERMANENT HARDNESS (DGH) AND CARBONATE HARDNESS (DKH)?
Permanent Hardness of water is determined by measuring the concentrations of calcium [Ca2+] and magnesium [Mg2+], while Carbonate Hardness measures the concentrations of carbonate [CO32-] and hydrogen carbonate [HCO3-] expressed
THE “IDEAL” AQUARIUM CONDITIONS
Now that pH, dGH and dKH is explained, what do these conditions mean to the hobbyist who wants to create the perfect water conditions for their fish? In their natural habitats, fish can tolerate fluctuations in
P O I S S O N PA S S I O N
TA N K M A I N T E N A N C E
THE CHEMICAL MIX
TA N K M A I N T E N A N C E
pH levels and water hardness, but these fluctuations are not drastic and occur over a period of time, so in reality, no perfect conditions exist. Instead, the hobbyist has to create an artificial water environment which mimics the natural conditions, and is capable of accommodating water chemistry fluctuations within a closed-system aquarium. For example, Betta splendens can tolerate pH of 6 to 8, but it is better to maintain the water pH at a constant 6.5 rather than fluctuating between 6 and 8, which stresses the fish. PERMANENT HARDNESS (dGH)
WATER CONDITIONS
0-3
Soft
3-6
Moderately soft
6-12
Slightly hard
12-18
Moderately hard
18-25
Hard
More than 25
Very hard
Just add a few drops of the solution and mix them well with the tap water, and the chlorine is removed in a matter of minutes. The aged tap water can be used for partial water changes in an established aquarium, but the chemistry of the water at this stage still requires some more conditioning. SAFE METHODS TO ADJUST WATER PARAMETERS
If it is necessary to adjust the pH for fish that are very sensitive to pH levels, it can be done gradually over a course of a few days to weeks. For soft water species, driftwood can be placed into the water, while for hard water species, coral chips can be used to slowly condition the water to the required pH levels. The pH level can be tested using an electronic pH meter or pH paper strips.
THE NEED FOR AGING WATER
The first step is to get rid of the unwanted chlorine used in the sterilization process. Using water straight from the tap to fill your aquarium is never a good idea, and is usually the fastest way to send them to fish heaven. The most effective way is to allow the tap water to stand for 24 hours or more, allowing chlorine to evaporate, and this “aging” process can be sped up by bubbling air through the water as the agitation increases the rate at which chlorine leaves the water. Another way is to use water conditioners.
Generally, planted tanks have a far greater buffering capacity than bare tanks as buffering compounds continually leach from the plant media, plants and driftwood into the water. Finally, the Permanent Hardness, is a parameter which is normally overlooked by most hobbyists, can be raised by adding Epsom salts (hydrated Magnesium sulphate, MgS04). So the next time you do your water change, take some time to check the parameters. A little effort spent monitoring can mean a big difference to your beloved aquatic pets! pH
dGH
Cockatoo Dwarf Cichlid
6-7
1-16
Archocentrus nigrofasciatus
Convict Cichlid, Zebra Cichlid
7-8
9-20
Betta splendens
Siamese Fight Fish
6-8
2-25
Microgeophagus ramirezi
German Blue Ram, Blue Ram
5.5-7.5
5-12
SCIENTIFIC NAME
COMMON NAME
Apistogramma cacatuoides
Paracheirodon axelrodi
Cardinal Tetra
4.5-7
2-8
Poecilia reticulata
Guppy
7-8.5
10-30
Symphysodon aequifasciatus
Green Discus
5-7
0-5
A longer list can be found in the digital version for this issue. Visit our Facebook page to find out more.
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A P U B L I C AT I O N F O R H O B B Y I S T S
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DIREC TORY
NORTH Aquamarin Aquatic pets 28 Jalan Selaseh 63837277 AquaStar 934 Yishun Central 1 #01-51-55 6759 3400 Pisces Tropica 11 Chencharu Link 6481 6222
Aqua Empire 8 Pasir Ris Farmway 2 6583 3280 AquaOne 22 Pasir Ris Farmway 2 Unit B1 9118 7837 CRS Haven 477 Tampines Street 43 #01-158A 6783 3901 DJ Aquarium 7 Hougang Ave 3 Fishy Business 46 Sims Place #01-191 9825 9220
Soon Heng Aquarium 716 Yishun St 71 6755 9769
Forever Arowana/ Blue Crystal Aquarium 22 Pasir Ris Farmway 2 Unit 6/7 9008 2298
NORTH-WEST Ark Aquatics 65 Sungei Tengah Unit D 9712 7077 Ban Hong Landscape 66 Sungei Tengah Unit D 9751 9180W Glex Aquatics 65 Sungei Tengah Unit D 9798 9885 Guppy Galaxy 65 Sungei Tengah Unit D 8181 1148 Hausmann Marketing Aquarium 291 Neo Tiew Crescent 6792 1318 Hong Yang Aquarium and Pets Accessories 306 Choa Chu Kang Ave 4 #01-681 6893 5166 Max Koi 251 Neo Tiew Crescent 6862 6363 Qian Hu Aquarium 71 Jalan Lekar Sungei Tengah 6766 7087 Rainbow Aquarium 78 Sungei Tengah Road 6769 7800 Zion Koi 50 Lim Chu Kang Lane 9 9187 4588
SOUTH East Ocean Aquatic 22 Havelock Road #01-699 6275 9220 WuHu Aquarium 71 Seng Poh Road 6227 0935
Clementi Florist and Aquarium (aka C328) Blk 328 Clementi Ave 2 #01-210 6777 8468
Arowana Farms
Poly Art 328 Clementi Avenue 2 #01-194 6775 4773
Dream Fish Inc 221 Neo Tiew Cres 6862 9391
CENTRAL
Imperial Arowana Breeding Farm Pte Ltd 3 Lim Chu Kang Lane 6D 6515 4555
Bishan Aquarium 279 Bishan St 24 #01-54 9062 9755 Blue Paradise 151 Serangoon North Ave 2 #01-63 6287 3988
Seaview 2 Seletar West Farmway 2 6484 1365
That Aquarium (aka Y618) 618 Yishun Ring Rd #01-3236 6758 5488
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EAST
Green Chapter 565 Macpherson Rd #01-00 6775 7376 JK Koi Centre 63 Pasir Ris Farmway 2 (behind OTF) 6585 1907 K and K Aquarium 201D Tampines St 21 #01-1145 6784 4578 Kelson Betta Roxy Square 1 Shopping Centre #02-20 9338 3584 Mainland Tropical Fish Farm 1 Pasir Ris Farmway 1 6287 3883
Hobbyist Aquarium Serangoon Garden Market Stall 47 9002 9602 JZX Pet Boutique 711 Ang Mo Kio Central 2 #01-3501F 6455 5675 Madpetz Aquatic Supplies 18 Sin Ming Lane, #08-32 9450 1581 Nature Aquarium 1 Thomson Road #01-340 6255 6051 Petmart Pte Ltd 151 Serangoon North Ave 2 #01-79 6289 6471 Stones Aquarium 24 Sin Ming Road #01-31 6554 4820
Natural View Aquarium Blk 684 Hougang Ave 8 #01-953 9880 7003 NKS Aquarium 211 Hougang St 21 #01-299 6288 1820
Striker Aquarium 608 AMK Ave 5 #01-2793 9069 5608
Service Providers NORTH
Sam Yick Pets and Aquarium 82 Marine Parade Central #01-606/ 610 6344 3087
Elite Aquarium Tank Service 65 Sungei Tengah Road 9446 5883
Superstar Aquarium 481 Tampines Street 44 #01-269 6588 3833 The Aquarium 70 Pasir Ris Farmway 3 9788 7575 Tropical Fish International 1 Pasir Ris Coast Industrial Park 1 6584 0877 Yun feng 824 Tampines Street 81 #01-12 9663 1546
EAST SG Bros / Tank Junction 25 Ubi Road 4Â #03-02 Weltech Industrial Building 8282 6116
CENTRAL N3O Tanks 5038 Ang Mo Kio Industrial Park 2 #01-427 6481 2629
WEST Arowana Avenue 328 Clementi Ave 2 #01-196 6777 7603
P O I S S O N PA S S I O N
NORTH-WEST
Panda Arowana 112 Neo Tiew Cres 6791 9029 Pang Long / Singaro 191 Neo Tiew Road Raffles Arowana 203 Neo Tiew Cres TungHu Aquarium 20 Lim Chu Kang Lane 6F 6794 1198 Singapore Dragonfish Farm 6 Lim Chu Kang Lane 9A 6515 3913
EAST OTF 63 Pasir Ris Farmway 3 6584 7717
DIREC TORY
Live Fish Store
THE C AUDAL
U DID YO ? K N OW
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F
F
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harks and rays have to swim all the time even when they are sleeping? Because they do not have swim bladders (which help fishes to float), if they stop swimming, they will sink to the bottom of the ocean and drown. ish can suffocate in water too? Like all living things, fish needs oxygen too! Without sufficient oxygen in the water, they will eventually suffocate and die.
Editor’s Rant
The ban on trade and keeping of certain fishes and exotic creatures in Singapore The past couple of months were busy for me, as I made inroads to Malaysia and Taiwan, visiting pet tradeshows and LFS’, promoting Poisson Passion to the region.
THE C AUDAL
One thing which always caught my eye was the plethora of fish species and exotic creatures (think reptiles and invertebrates) made available to hobbyists overseas. Many times, I was tempted to bring some of these beauties back home, but was deterred by two main concerns: - A partial ban for some fish species and a blanket ban for reptiles and invertebrates are in place in Singapore, being caught smuggling them back would mean a heavy fine; and - I have no knowledge on how to keep them and without the know-how, it is a sure death sentence to them. These concerns stayed my hand and I had to contend with taking pictures of them back with me.
ishes needs to drink water too? Especially more so for saltwater fish since seawater is more salty than the fluids in a fish’s body causing the fluids inside the fish to constantly flow out. ther than swimming, fishes can move in other ways too? Some species of fish can skip along the water surface, “walk” on land and even fly briefly in the air by gliding.
On the knowledge part, I recognize a simple Google search will turn up tons of material for reference, but those are mainly based on experiences for temperate climates, little are meant for hot and humid Singapore! Although I understand that one of the reasons behind the ban was due to Singapore being a signatory to CITES (some of these beauties are on the endangered list), I always wondered on the validity of that reason when I’m home, admiring the beauty of my Arowanas. Perhaps there can be some way we can work with the authorities to allow certified captive bred specimens to be made available for trade in Singapore. Truth be told, I am a bit bored of keeping the usual fishes, cats and dogs. Are you? Let us know how you feel about the bans and maybe we, as a community, can progress to a more vibrant pet keeping scene. Write in to editor@poissonpassion.com to share your views or drop us a message via our Facebook page (facebook.com/PoissonPassion).
Calling fish hobbyists
Send in your questions and win!
Do you have articles, stories or photos to share with Poisson Passion? Are there any aquatic-related events, competitions which you wish to see in our upcoming issues?
Do you have any burning questions? Send them to us and let us do the cracking.
Think we are doing a good job or is there room for improvement? Tell us what you think so that we can improve our hobbyist magazine. Besides, it is you that the magazine was created in the first place. Send us your feedback and contributions to editor@poissonpassion.com For more exclusive articles and features, visit our website and Facebook page.
Do you have questions about your tank maintenance, DIY projects or tropical fish diseases which you want answered? Send us your questions and our in-house team of experts can help answer them for you. The best entry will stand to win a mystery prize and also be featured in our next issue. Send us your questions, with accompanying some photographs, to editor@poissonpassion.com
A P U B L I C AT I O N F O R H O B B Y I S T S
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