მართლმსაჯულება და კანონი N4’13 by Polit Library

N4(39)

'13

marTlmsajuleba

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Justice and Law

#4(39)'13

Legal Journal

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Justice and Law saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlosa da saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociaciis iuridiuli Jurnali LEGAL JOURNAL OF THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA AND OF THE JUDGESÂ&#x2019; ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA

redaqtori nino ZiZiguri redaqtoris TanaSemwe irma beqauri nomerze muSaobdnen: inga alaviZe leila koSkaZe Targmani: Tamar nefariZe dizaini: besik danelia fotouzrunvelyofa: daviT xizaniSvili saredaqcio sabWo: diana berekaSvili Tamar zambaxiZe inga kvaWantiraZe konstantine kublaSvili zaza meiSvili valeri cercvaZe Editorial Board: DIANA BEREKASHVILI TAMAR ZAMBAKHIDZE INGA KVACHANTIRADZE KONSTANTINE KUBLASHVILI ZAZA MEISHVILI VALERI TSERTSVADZE

Editor: NINO DZIDZIGURI Assistant to Editor: IRMA BEKAURI The issue was prepared by INGA ALAVIDZE LEILA KOSHKADZE Translated by TAMAR NEPHARIDZE Designed by BESIK DANELIA Photo support by DAVIT KHIZANISHVILI English version of articles has been provided by Candidates of Law faculty of Tbilisi State University

uak (UDC) 340.11+340.130.5 m-306 ISSN 1512-259X 2

saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociacia JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA

akrZalulia aq gamoqveynebuli masalebis gadabeWdva, gamravleba an gavrceleba komerciuli mizniT, saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociaciisa da saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos werilobiTi nebarTvisa da wyaros miTiTebis gareSe.

sarCevi/CONTENTS

5 17

mamuka axvlediani: sasamarTlos damoukideblobis miRweva rTuli, SenarCuneba _ mudmivi procesia~ MAMUKA AKHVLEDIANI: "INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY IS DIFFICULT TO ACHIEVE, AND ITS MAINTENANCE IS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS"

leila koxreiZe

sasamarTlo mediaciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi LEGAL ASPECTS OF JUDICIAL MEDIATION LEILA KOKHREIDZE

manana xvedeliZe

sagareo politikuri doqtrinebis saerTaSoriso da samxedro-samarTalebrivi aspeqtebi INTERNATIONAL AND MILITARY LEGAL ASPECTS OF FOREIGN POLITICAL DOCTRINES MANANA KHVEDELIDZE

ia xarazi

specialuri dabegvris reJimebis samarTlebrivi reglamentacia LEGAL REGULATION OF SPECIAL TAXATION REGIMES IA KHARAZI

goga kikilaSvili

kanonieri ndobis principis moqmedebis mniSvneloba samSeneblo samarTalSi SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EFFECT OF PRINCIPLE OF LAWFUL TRUST IN THE CONSTRUCTION LAW GOGA KIKILASHVILI

sofiko meSveliSvili

salizingo urTierTobaTa arsi, misi ganviTarebis istoriuli mimoxilva, Taviseburebani da Tanamedrove definicia ESSENCE OF LEASING RELATIONSHIPS, OVERVIEW OF ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, PECULIARITIES AND MODERN DEFINITION SOPIKO MESHVELISHVILI

giorgi barabaZe

personalur monacemTa~ moTxovnisas _ piris Tanxmobis~ mompovebel subieqtTa dogmaturi sazrisi DOGMATIC ESSENCE OF THE SUBJECTS OBTAINING THE PERSON S CONSENT WHILE CLAIMING THE PERSONAL DATA GIORGI BARABADZE

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113

nana CarxoSvili

suspenziuri efeqti, rogorc mxaris uflebis winaswari dacvis gansakuTrebuli meqanizmi administraciul samarTalSi SUSPENSION EFFECT AS A SPECIAL MECHANISM OF PRELIMINARY PROTECTION OF THE PARTY S RIGHT IN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW NANA CHARKHOSHVILI

125

Tamar gegelia

ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebisa da danaSaulis momzadebis urTiermimarTebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSi arsebuli midgomebis analizi 125 ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES IN MODERN CRIMINAL LAW ON THE RELATION BETWEEN THE EXPRESSION OF INTENT AND THE PREPARATION OF CRIME TAMAR GEGELIA

141

naTia javaxiSvili-Sarlati

nafici Tarjimnis institucia evropul kanonmdeblobaSi INSTITUTE OF SWORN TRANSLATOR IN THE EUROPEAN LEGISLATION NATIA JAVAKHISHVILI-SHARLATTY

Â&#x201E;sasamarTlos damoukideblobis miRweva rTuli, SenarCuneba _ mudmivi procesia~ Â&#x201E;vfiqrob, rom xelisuflebam qveynis ganviTarebis myari saZirkveli unda Cayaros _ Seqmnas damoukidebeli da Zlieri sasamarTlo, romelzec Zlieri da ganviTarebuli qveyana advilad aSendeba. rogorc ki, es saZirkveli Seiryeva, qveynis ngrevac daiwyeba. amitomac, mimaCnia, rom sasamarTlo sistemis sruli damoukideblobisken svla mosamarTleTa uvadod daniSvniT unda daviwyoT~, _ acxadebs Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare, iusticiis umaRlesi skolis damoukidebeli sabWos Tavmjdomare mamuka axvlediani, romelTan interviusac qvemoT SemogTavazebT. batono mamuka, rogor SeafasebdiT 2013 wels? miT umetes, rom sasamarTlo sistema gasuli wlis politikur orbitaze mTavari Tema iyo. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo sididiT erT-erTi yvelaze masStaburia, saqmeebis 45 procenti swored aq ganixileba da Sesabamisad, 2013 welic saqmeebis simravliT iyo gamorCeuli. 2013 wels, sasamarTlom Zalze gadatvirTulad daiwyo muSaoba, radganac amnistiis saqmeebis umetesi nawili _ 20 aTas saqmeze meti swored Cven ganvixileT. amnistiis saqmeebi mimdinare saqmeebis paralelur reJimSi ganixileboda, ris gamoc sasamarTlo gansakuTrebul reJimSi muSaobda. Tu manamde erTi mosamarTle 50-60 saqmes ganixilavda, axla 160-180 saqme aweria. aRsaniSnavia, rom garda raodenobisa, Tbilisis saqalaqo 5

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sasamarTloSi Semosuli saqmeebi

daniSvnasTan dakavSirebiT.

sirTuliTac gamoirCeva, radganac

Tumca, manamde mosamarTleebs

saxelmwifo struqturebis centraluri

samwliani gamosacdeli periodi

ofisebi swored TbilisSi mdebareobs da

eliT, risi warmatebiT gavlis

CvenTan Semosuli saqmeebis 80_90

Semdegac SeirCevian uvadod

procenti sirTuliTac gamorCeulia.

dasaniSni mosamarTleebi. am sakonstituco cvlilebas bevri

ra Seicvala bolo erTi wlis

mowinaaRmdege hyavs, rogorc

ganmavlobaSi sasamarTloSi?

sasamarTlo sistemaSi, ise

qveyanaSi xelisuflebis

arasamTavrobo seqtorSi.

cvlilebas Tu mohyva cvlilebebi sasamarTloSi?

mogaxsenebT, rom am cvlilebis mimarT maqvs mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebu-

_Â roca Cveni evropeli kolegebi gveub-

leba. CemTvis gaugebaria, ras niSnavs

nebodnen, rom xelisuflebis cvlileba

samwliani gamosacdeli vada, an vin unda

aZlierebs sasamarTlo xelisuflebas, am

gauwios am periodSi mosamarTleebis

frazas bolomde ver vacnobierebdiT. am

saqmianobas monitoringi. vinc ar unda

sityvebis realobaSi bolo erTma welma

Cautaros mosamarTleebis gadawyvetile-

dagvarwmuna, roca gamoikveTa damouki-

bebs monitoringi, Sedegi aucileblad

debeli sasamarTlo sistemis ganmtkice-

subieqturi iqneba, radganac erT gadawy-

bisaken mimarTuli ara erTi faqtori.

vetilebaze ramdenime adamianma SeiZleba

yvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom am periodSi

ramdenime subieqturi mosazreba gamoT-

mosamarTleebs ufro ganumtkicdaT

qvas _ zogma is SeiZleba dausabuTeblad

poziciebi, raTa politikur situaciebs

da mikerZoebulad CaTvalos, zogma

ar moexdinaT maTze gavlena; mosamarT-

piriqiT. arada, es funqcia saapelacio

leebs ufro metad CamouyalibdaT

sasamarTlos akisria. davuSvaT, monito-

principuli damokidebuleba, rom maT

ringis wevrebma Caatares konkretuli

mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebaze

mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebis monito-

pasuxismgebeli arian mxolod isini da

ringi da daadgines, rom is dausabuTebe-

aravin sxva, rom mosamarTlis mier

lia, xolo saapelacio sasamarTlom

gamotanilma gadawyvetilebam unda

gamoitana sapirispiro gadawyvetileba _

gauZlos nebismier dros da nebismieri

pirveli instanciis gadawyvetileba datova

xelisuflebis pirobebSi mxolod

ZalaSi. da es swori iqneba? ra unda

kanoniT xelmZRvanelobdes.

vqnaT aseT dros? davuSvaT, samwliani vadis monitoringis Sedegad, romelime

batono mamuka, cota xnis winaT

mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebebi daiwunes

konstituciaSi Sevida cvlileba

da ar daniSnes uvadod, aseT SemTxvevaSi

mosamarTleTa uvadod

ra pasuxi unda gavceT moqalaqes, romlis

saqmec man ganixila? adamians SeiZleba

sifrTxiles gamoiCens saqmis ganxilvisas.

gauCndes pretenzia da absoluturad

arada, Cven frTxili mosamarTleebi ki

samarTliani, Tu ratom ganixila misi

ara, samarTliani, principuli da damou-

saqme staJiorma mosamarTlem, romlis

kidebeli mosamarTleebi gvWirdeba.

gadawyvetilebebi Turme dausabuTebelia da ar SeiZleba gaagrZelos samosamarTlo

kidev erTi minusi. ratom unda dainiSnos

saqmianoba. Cemi azriT, es upasuxismgeb-

samwliani gamosacdeli vadiT iseTi mo-

loba iqneba sasamarTlos momxmareblebis

samarTleebi, romlebic 10 welia muSao-

mimarTac.

ben, amas logika ara aqvs da amitomac, vfiqrob, rom es aris kontrolis berketi.

arsebobs kidev erTi seriozuli safrTxe. samwliani gamosacdeli vadiT daniSnuli

vfiqrob, rom mosamarTleebi unda dai-

mosamarTleebis mimarT SesaZlebelia

niSnon uvadod, yovelgvari gamosacdeli

mxareebs gauCndeT arasaTanado damoki-

vadisa da monitoringebis gareSe. mosa-

debuleba, radgan ecodinebaT, rom maT

marTleTa uvadod daniSvna misi damouki-

saqmes ganixilavs mosamarTle, romelic

deblobis garantia. uvadod daniSnul

monitorings eqvemdebareba. es momenti

mosamarTles saqmianobis ganxorcielebi-

mosamarTles problemas Seuqmnis da is

sas sruli Tavisufleba aqvs _ saqmis 7

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ganxilvisas, is mxolod konkretul saq-

deli vada aRmosavleT evropis qveyneb-

meze fiqrobs da mas ar ainteresebs

Sicaa, Tumca, es qveynebi midian iqiT,

xelisuflebis arc erTi warmomadgenlis

rom mosamarTleebi uvadod, yovelgvari

pozicia saqmesTan dakavSirebiT. misi

gamosacdeli vadis gareSe dainiSnon.

samosamarTlo saqmianobisas, SesaZlebe-

Tanac, gansxvaveba Cvensa da evropul

lia ramdenime xelisufleba Seicvalos,

models Soris isaa, rom evropuli mode-

maT Soris, sasamarTlo xelisuflebac da

li gamosacdeli vadisas mosamarTleTa

is mxolod kanonze unda iyos damokide-

saqmianobaze monitoringis ganxorciele-

buli. sazogadoebis nawils hgonia, rom

bas ar iTvaliswinebs. gamosacdeli vadis

mosamarTlis uvadod daniSvna niSnavs

Semdeg, Tu mosamarTlem ar Caidina

misTvis yvelafris uflebis micemas, es

sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli an eTikuri

ase ar aris _ uvadod daniSvna mosamarT-

normebi ar daarRvia, uvadod iniSneba.

les ar aTavisuflebs pasuxismgeblobi-

magaliTad, germaniaSi mosamarTleebi

sagan, Tu man gadacdoma Caidina.

iniSnebian samwliani gamosacdeli vadiT, magram Tu am periodSi is Caidens mosa-

rogorc ki, mosamarTleebi gamosacdeli

marTlis saqmianobisaTvis Seuferebel

vadiT dainiSnebian da maTi gadawyveti-

saqciels, mas uvadod ar daniSnaven.

lebebis monitoringi moxdeba, maT daZa-

sainteresoa statistika _ germaniaSi 600

bul reJimSi mouwevT saqmianoba, radga-

mosamarTlea gamosacdeli vadis Semdeg

nac monitoringi niSnavs mosamarTleTa

mosamarTled daniSnuli, am vadis

saqmianobis pirdapir kontrols. Teori-

gasvlis Semdeg, mxolod ori adamiani ar

ulad mainc arsebobs imis Sansi, rom

daniSnes uvadod da mizezi maTi

monitoringis ganmaxorcielebelma

araeTikuri saqcieli gaxldaT.

moaxdinos mosamarTleze zewola. aravis vayeneb Seuracxyofas, magram amis

verc wina da verc amJamindelma

albaTobac arsebobs.

xelisuflebam ver gadadga is nabiji, rom mosamarTleebs misces

mimaCnia, rom mosamarTleebi rogorc

sruli damoukidebloba da isini

dRes moqmedi aseve, momavali mosamarT-

uvadod daniSnon. rogor fiqrobT,

leebi Tu uvadod ar dainiSnen, sasamarT-

ratom uWirs xelisuflebas am

loSi winsvla ar moxdeba. es nabiji

gadawyvetilebis miReba?

saxelmwifom odesRac unda gadadgas. xelisuflebis mcdeloba sasamarTloze sainteresoa, rogoria

zewolis berketebi gamoiyenos, sabolo-

saerTaSoriso praqtika?

od, Tavad xelisuflebas Rupavs. da rac mTavaria, qveynis ganviTarebas aferxebs.

msgavsi praqtika evropis bevr qveyanaSia,

qveyanaSi, sadac sasamarTlo ar aris

magram gansxvavebuli modeliT. gamosac-

damoukidebeli da is xelisuflebis

gavlenis qveSaa, ver viTardeba biznesi,

aseTi ram ganacxada: momdevno wlis

ar ideba investiciebi. magaliTad, biz-

gamowvevaa, Cveni sasamarTlo sistemis

nesmeni, romelmac icis, rom sasamarTlo

damoukidebloba. SesaZloa, vinmes gaeRimos,

xelisuflebis gavlenis qveSaa, 100-mili-

roca amas amerikis federaluri sasamar-

onian investicias ar Cadebs biznesis

Tlos mosamarTleambobs, magram asea,

dasawyebad an gasaviTareblad. vinaidan

sasamarTlos damoukideblobis miRweva

icis, rom raime problemis arsebobis

rTuli, SenarCuneba _ mudmivi procesia.

SemTxvevaSi, is ganwirulia, samarTals

amitomac, xelisuflebam unda gadadgas

ver ipovis sasamarTloSi. yvela ucxoeli

nabiji da gadadgas upirobod.

biznesmenis pirveli SekiTxvaa, Tu ra samarTlebrivi mdgomareobaa qveyanaSi,

sasamarTlo sistemisaTvis prob-

Tavisufalia Tu ara sasamarTlo xelisuf-

lemaa mosamarTleTa gadawyveti-

lebis gavlenisagan. amitomac, damouki-

lebebis dasabuTebulobis

debeli sasamarTlo qveynis ganviTarebis

uxarisxoba, es sakiTxi axla ar

bazisia. biznesmenis dacvis garanti

wamoweula, bolo wlebSi, is

sasamarTloa. Tu investors safrTxe

mudmivi kritikis obieqti iyo.

Seeqmneba, magaliTad, xelisuflebis romelime warmomadgenels gauCndeba

dasabuTebulobis xarisxis gazrdaze

survili misTvis biznesis warTmevisa,

seriozulad vmuSaobT, Tbilisis saqa-

qveyanaSi unda arsebobdes sasamarTlo,

laqo sasamarTloSi moqmedebs amerikis

romelic mas daicavs. sxva SemTxvevaSi,

SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos programa.

qveyana, sadac xelisufleba

aseve, vmuSaobT strasburgis sasamarT-

investorisaTvis biznesis warTmeviTaa

los praqtikis Seswavlaze, gvaqvs sxva-

dakavebuli da amas sasamarTlo xels

dasxva saxis programebi, raTa gadawyve-

uwyobs da akanonebs, _ ganwirulia.

tilebebis dasabuTebulobis xarisxi gavzardoT da maqsimalurad davuaxlov-

amitomac, vfiqrob, rom xelisuflebam

deT evropul standartebs. garda amisa,

qveynis ganviTarebis myari saZirkveli

mosamarTleebisaTvis iusticiis umaRles

unda Cayaros _ Seqmnas damoukidebeli

skolaSi sistematurad tardeba trenin-

da Zlieri sasamarTlo, romelzec Zlieri

gebi am mimarTulebiT. welsac da

da ganviTarebuli qveyana advilad

momavalSic, Cveni erT-erTi mTavari

aSendeba. rogorc ki, es saZirkveli

prioriteti iqneba mosamarTleTa

Seiryeva, qvey-nis ngrevac daiwyeba.

gadawyvetilebebis dasabuTebulobis

amitomac, sasamarTlo sistemis sruli

xarisxis zrda.

damoukideblobisaken svla mosamarTleTa uvadod daniSvniT unda

Sesabamisad, mudmivad saubaria,

daviwyoT. ori wlis winaT, amerikis

mosamarTleTa arakvalificiuro-

federaluri sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarem

bazec da aqve gkiTxavT, iusticiis 9

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umaRlesi skola, romlis damou-

moviwvevT, magaliTad, kiberdanaSaulis,

kidebeli sabWos Tavmjdomarec

fulis gaTeTrebisa da sxva msgavsi

Tqven xarT, amzadebs kvalifici-

mimarTulebis specialistebs.

ur, profesional mosamarTleTa kadrs?

aseve, vfiqrob, rom unda Seicvalos kandidatTa mosamarTled daniSvnis

amaSi ar dageTanxmebiT, nebismier prob-

arsebuli wesi. axla, adamiani abarebs

lemaze Riad vsaubrob da yvela kriti-

sakvalifikacio gamocdas, gasaubrebis

kul mosazrebas miviReb, magram iq, sadac

Semdeg iricxeba iusticiis umaRles

problema ar arsebobs, masze ver visaub-

skolaSi msmenelad, sadac gadis swavlebis

reb. Cven sakmaod kvalificiuri mosamar-

yvela safexurs. iusticiis umaRlesi

Tleebi gvyavs da maT profesionalizmze

skola kandidats aZlevs rekomendacias,

kiTxvis niSnis dasma ar SeiZleba.

rasac isev iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo ganixilavs. kandidati, romelmac

rac Seexeba iusticiis umaRles skolas,

warmatebiT gaiara saswavlo kursi,

aq aswavlian kvalificiuri leqtorebi,

SesaZloa, sabWom ar daniSnos, radganac

moqmedi mosamarTleebi da kadri, romel-

romelime wevrma SeiZleba ganacxados,

sac iusticiis umaRlesi skola uSvebs

rom ar icnobs dasaniSn kandidats.

namdvilad kvalificiuri samosamarTlo kadria da es utyuari faqtia. skolaSi

msmenelma, romlis momzadebac saxelmwi-

cvlilebebi igegmeba, garda mosamarTlisa,

fos 40-50 aTasi ujdeba, warmatebiT

leqtorebad mowveuli iqneba arasamosa-

daasrula iusticiis umaRlesi skola da

marTlo kadric. momzadda proeqti, rom

akmayofilebs sxva moTxovnebsac,

gaizardos kandidatTa swavlebis kursi,

upirobod unda dainiSnos mosamarTled.

Tu axla swavleba 10-Tviania, gvinda es

aseTia evropuli midgoma, cota gansxva-

procesi 15-18 Tvemde gagrZeldes da

vebuli, magram msgavsia amerikulic.

ZiriTadi aqcentebi gakeTdes kandidatebisaTvis praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis

iusticiis umaRles skolaSi sxva sainte-

swavlebaze. kandidati unda mieCvios

reso siaxleebs vgegmavT, Tumca, skola

darbazs, swrafi gadawyvetilebis miRebas,

im modeliT, romliTac aqamde saqmianob-

gadawyvetilebebis dasabuTebulobaze

da, srulad akmayofilebda yvela stan-

muSaobas da a.S. garda amisa, skolaSi

darts da amas Cveni evropeli kolegebic

mimdinareobs moqmedi mosamarTleebis

aRiarebdnen.

gadamzadeba da gvinda es meTodologiac daixvewos. mosamarTleebi Tavad Semogv-

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTloSi

Tavazeben im sakiTxebs, romlebzec Catar-

mediaciis institutma daiwyo

deba treningebi. zogierTi sakiTxis

muSaoba, rac sruliad axali

gansaxilvelad, ucxoel specialistebsac

institutia.

5 dekembers, mediaciis centrma pirveli

Tqven muSaobdiT, ra etapzea

sxdoma Caatara. es Zalze mniSvnelovani

axla? eleqtronul programaSi

institutia da daexmareba sasamarTlos

gasul wels mTeli saqarTvelos

gantvirTvaSi. garda amisa, daizogeba

masStabiT unda CarTuliyo

finansuri resursic. mediaciis centri

sasamarTloebi.

ZiriTadad, samoqalaqo saqmeebze, saojaxo, samezoblo, samemkvidreo

eleqtronul programaSi pirveli ins-

davebze imuSavebs. garkveuli kategoriis

tanciis yvela sasamarTloa CarTuli, is

saqmeebs mosamarTle Tavad gadascems

mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT muSaobs.

mediaciis centrs. Tumca, mxareebs Tavad

momavali wlidan daviwyebT saapelacio

SeuZliaT moiTxovon, maT saqmeSi

sasamarTloebisa da sakasacio sasamarT-

mediatoris CarTva. mediaciis centri

los gafarToebas. amJamad, mimdinareobs

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTloSi

gare momxmareblebis, msxvili kompanie-

piloturi saxiT amuSavdeba da mas

bis, bankebis, advokatebisa da sxvadasxva

Semdeg, rac `marTlmsajulebis saxli~

uwyebebis am proeqtSi CarTva.

gaixsneba, centris ofisi iq gadava. `marTlmsajulebis saxlSi~, romelic

ar minda Tavis qebad CameTvalos, magram

axla remontdeba, gadava iusticiis

axlaxans, rogorc eqsperti, miwveuli

umaRlesi skolac, sadac axali tipis

viyavi germaniis mier organizebul saer-

auditoriebi ewyoba msmenelebisaTvis,

TaSoriso konferenciaze, sadac

raTa ufro komfortul garemoSi

ramdenime ucxo qveyanis warmomadgeneli

warimarTos saswavlo procesi. vfiqrobT,

aRfrTovanda Cveni programiT.

rom skolaSi SevqmnaT saswavlo kursebi

minimaluri resursiT da minimaluri

sxvadasxva profilis specialistebisaT-

dafinansebiT ganvaxorcieleT umniSvne-

vis, magaliTad, sadazRvevo kompaniebis,

lovanesi proeqti, romelic warmatebiT

bankebis TanamSromlebisaTvis da a.S.

muSaobs. SedarebisaTvis aRvniSnav,

vfiqrobT, axleburad davgegmoT saswavlo

dasavleTis ramdenime qveyanaSi msgavsi

kursebi mosamarTleTa TanaSemweebisaT-

tipis proeqtis amuSavebaze 10 milioni

vis. treningebi Cautardeba sasamarTlo

evro daixarja da is Cavarda. saqarTve-

moxeleebs, kancelariis, misaRebis

loSic Zalze skeptikurad iyvnen

TanamSromlebs. mokled, garkveulwilad,

ganwyobilni da gveubnebodnen, rom aseT

vfiqrobT, gavafarTovoT iusticiis

masStabur proeqts ver ganvaxorcieleb-

umaRlesi skolis funqciebi da gvsurs

diT, Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom mTavari

ufro meti proeqtebi SevTavazoT

moTxovna Sesrulebulia _ kidev ufro

sazogadoebas.

swrafi, xarisxiani da gamWirvale sasamarTlo sistemis asamoqmedeblad axali

marTlmsajulebis eleqtronuli

programa Seqmnilia da warmatebiT

programa, romlis Seqmnazec

muSaobs. 11

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INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY IS DIFFICULT TO ACHIEVE, AND ITS MAINTENANCE IS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS I think that the authorities should lay a solid foundation for the development of the state create an independent and strong judiciary, on which a powerful and developed country will be easily built. However, as soon as this foundation shatters, then the country will start to ruin. This is why I think that we should start our way towards full independence of the judiciary by appointing the judges for life, says Mamuka Akhvlediani, Chairman of Tbilisi City Court and Chairman of the Independent Board of the High School of Justice, interviewed below.

Mr Akhvlediani, what would be your evaluation of the year 2013? Considering that the judiciary was the main topic on the political orbit of that year. Tbilisi City Court is one of the largest courts. 45 percent of cases is heard here and consequently, the year of 2013 was distinguished with its caseload. The court was overloaded with cases at the beginning of 2013, because most part of amnesty cases more than 20,000 cases were heard by us. The amnesty cases were being heard simultaneously with currently ongoing cases, because of which the court had to work in an extraordinary mode. Whereas the usual caseload per judge used to be 50-60 cases before, now there are about 160-180 cases assigned to them. It should be pointed out that other than the big number, the Tbilisi City Court is also distinguished with complexity of filed cases, because the central offices of state structures are located in Tbilisi and 80-90 percent of our cases are difficult ones. What has changed during the last year at the court? Did the change of power in the country result in changes in the court? 12

When our European colleagues were telling us that the change of state power strengthens the judiciary power, we could not fully acknowledge that phrase. However, this year has shown us that these words were valid, as there were several factors identified that were leading towards strengthening the independent judiciary. Most importantly, positions of judges became strong during this period, so that to avoid the influence from political circumstances; the judges have developed the principle-based attitude that it is only them who are responsible for their decisions and nobody else, so that the judgment passed by the judges should survive any time and that they should be guided only by the law regardless which power is ruling the country. Mr Akhvlediani, the Constitution has recently been amended regarding the appointment of judges for life. However, before this, the judges have to face a threeyear trial period, and after successful completion of this period the selection will be made for appointing judges for life. This constitutional amendment has many opponents within the judiciary and also among the NGO sector as well. Let me say that I am clearly negative about these amendments. To me it is not clear what a three-year trial period means, or who should monitor the performance of judges during this period. Regardless who monitors the decisions of judges, the result will necessarily be subjective, because several people may express several subjective opinions regarding one decision some may consider it unreasoned and biased, others may say the opposite. However, this is a function of the Court of Appeal. Let s assume, if the monitoring members monitored a decision of a particular judge and determined that it was unreasoned, but the Court of Appeal made an opposite decision upheld the decision of the trial court. Will it be correct? What shall we do if

something like this happens? Let s assume that the judgments of a particular judge were disapproved as the result of this three-year monitoring period and that very judge was not appointed for life. In this case what shall we say to a citizen whose case the judge heard? The person may have a claim, an absolutely fair one, why his/her case was heard by a judge who had been an intern, whose decisions appeared unreasoned and who cannot proceed his judicial activities any longer. I think it will be an irresponsible attitude to the court users as well. There is another serious threat. The parties may start to have inadequate attitude towards the judges who have been appointed for a three-year probation period, because they will know that their case is considered by the judge who is being monitored. This moment will create a problem for a judge, and s/he will be careful while considering the case. However, instead of cautious judges we need fair and independent ones who act based on their principles. There is another disadvantage: why should there be a three-year probation appointment for the judges who have been working for 10 years? This is beyond any logic and this is why I think that this is a mechanism of control. I think that the judges should be appointed for life, without any trial period or monitoring. Life appointment of judges guarantees their independence. A judge, who has been appointed for life, has a full freedom of action s/he is thinking about a particular case only when hearing the case, and is not interested in the position of any representatives of the authorities regarding this case. The ruling power, and also the judiciary power may change in the country several times when performing his/her judicial duties, and s/he should only depend on the law. Some part of the society thinks that appointment of a judge for life means granting them the right to do anything, but it is 13

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not so life appointment does not release a judge from responsibility if s/he commits an offence. As soon as the judges are appointed for a probation period and their decisions are subjected to the monitoring, they will have to work under pressure, because the monitoring means a direct control over their judicial performance. There is a chance, at least the theoretical one, that the monitoring person may influence a judge. I do not really mean to insult anyone, but such probability does exist as well. I think there will be no advancement within the judiciary unless the judges - the sitting and future ones are appointed for life. This is the step that the state has to take some day. It would be interesting to know, what is the international practice? Similar practice exists in many European countries, but with a different model. There is a probation period in the eastern European countries, but these countries are heading to appointing the judges for life, without any trail period. Besides, the difference between our and European models is that the European model does not envisage monitoring of judges performance during the trial period. After the trial period is over, a judge shall be appointed for life unless s/he commits a crime or violates ethical norms. For example, the judges are appointed for a trial period of three years in Germany, but if they commit any offence that is improper for a judge, then s/he will not be appointed for life. There is an interesting statistics there have been 600 judges appointed for life in Germany after the probation period. Only two people were not appointed because of their unethical conduct. Neither the previous nor the current authorities were able take the step and grant full independence to the judges and to appoint them for life. In your opinion, 14

why is it hard for the authorities to make this decision? Attempt of the authorities to use the levers for influencing the court, in the end, will bring them to the end. And most importantly, it hinders the country development. The business does not develop and investments are not made in the country where the judiciary is not independent and is influenced by the authorities. For example, the businessman, who knows that the judiciary is influenced by the authorities, will not make an investment of 100 million for starting up or developing a business, because he knows that if there is a problem then he is doomed to lose because he will not find justice at court. The very first question asked by all the foreign businessmen is about the legal situation in the country and whether the court is free from influence by the authorities. This is why the independent judiciary is the basis for the development of the country. The court is a safeguard for the businessman. If an investor faces some threat, for example, if any representative of the authorities wants to take business away from him, then there should be the court in the country that will protect him. Otherwise, the country is doomed to failure if the authorities are busy with taking the businesses away from the investor, and if this is supported and made legal by the court. This is why I think that the country should lay a solid foundation for development of the country create an independent and strong judiciary, on which the powerful and developed country will be built easily. As soon this foundation shakes, this will be the beginning of ruining the country. This is why we should move towards full independence of the judiciary through appointing the judges for life. Two years ago a judge of the federal court of the United States said: independence of our judiciary is a challenge for the next year. One may smile on hearing this from the federal judge of the United States, but this is it, it is

difficult to achieve the independence of the judiciary, and its maintenance is a continuous process. This is why the authorities should take a step and do it unconditionally. Low quality of reasoning of judgments represents a problem for the judiciary. This issue was not raised now, as it has been a subject of constant criticism in recent years. We are working hard for upgrading the quality of reasoning. There is a program of the United States of America implemented at Tbilisi City Court. We are also studying the practice of the Strasbourg Court and have various programs for upgrading the quality of reasoning of judgments, and to make it as close to the European standards as possible. Besides, there are trainings on this issue regularly held for judges at the High School of Justice. Improving the quality of reasoning of judgesÂ&#x2019; decisions will be our priority for this year and in the future as well. Correspondingly, there is always an ongoing discussion about low qualification of judges and now let me ask you, as chairperson of the Independent Board, does the High School of Justice produce qualified and professional judges? Let me disagree with you. I speak about any problem openly and I am ready to accept all the critical opinions. However, I cannot speak about the things where there is no problem. We have pretty qualified judges and no question marks can be put about their professionalism. As for the High School of Justice, here we have qualified lecturers and sitting judges who teach there, and the human resources that are trained by the High School of Justice, are really a qualified resources for

judicial positions, and this is a clear fact. There are some changes planned at the school, and other than judges, non-judicial lecturers will also be invited to teach. A project has been prepared for expanding the training course for candidates, and we want to make it a 15-18 month course instead of current 10-month program, and to lay major emphases on teaching practical skills to the candidates. The candidate should get used to working at the courtroom and making decisions fast, and working on reasoning for their judgments, etc. Besides, the sitting judges are also trained at the school and we also want to improve this methodology. The judges will offer the issues themselves and then the trainings will be held on these topics. We will invite foreign specialists for discussing some issues as well, for example, specialists in cyber crime, money laundering and other similar directions. In addition, I also think that the existing rule should change for appointing the candidates as judges. Current setting is like this: a person passes the qualification exam, and then is enrolled as a trainee at the High School of Justice after an interview and undergoes all the levels of studies. The High School of Justice gives recommendation to the candidate, which is again considered by the High Council of Justice. It is possible that the candidate, who successfully completes the study course, is not appointed by the Council, because any of the members may say that s/he does not know the candidate. If the trainee, whose studies costs 40-50 thousand to the state, successfully graduates from the High School of Justice and meets other requirements, then s/he should be appointed a judge unconditionally. This is the European approach; the American one is a bit different, though is similar to this. We plan other interesting novelties at the High School of Justice although the model, based on which the 15

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school has been functioning so far, fully met all the standards and this is what our European colleagues have also recognized. The institute of mediation started functioning at the Tbilisi City Court, which is an absolutely new institute. On December 5, the Mediation Center conducted its first session. This is a very important institute and it will help the courts to reduce their caseloads. Besides, the financial resources will also be saved. The Mediation Center wills mostly work regarding the civil cases, domestic, neighbor-related or inheritance disputes. A judge will direct cases of some categories to the Mediation Center. However, the parties may request the involvement of a mediator in their case. The Mediation Center will start working at the Tbilisi City Court in a pilot mode, and as soon as the Justice House is opened, its office will move there. The Justice House is being renovated now, and the High School of Justice will also move there. New kind of classrooms will be arranged at the Justice House for the trainees in order to conduct the academic process in a more comfortable environment. We are thinking about creating study courses for the specialists of various profiles, e.g. insurance companies and bank employees, etc. We are thinking about planning the study courses in a new way for assistant judges. The trainings will be held for court employees, officers of the chancellery and the reception. In short, we are planning to somehow expand the functions of the High School of Justice and we want to offer more projects to the public. What is the current status of the e-justice program? The courts throughout Georgia were supposed to get connected to the software last year. All the courts of the first instance are connected to this software, and it is functioning all over Georgia. 16

We plan to expand and include the appellate and cassation courts from the next year. Currently we are involving the external users, large companies, banks, lawyers and various agencies into this project. I donÂ&#x2019;t really want to praise myself but I was invited as an expert to the international conference organized by Germany, where the representatives of some other countries were amazed with our program. With minimum resource and minimum funding we implemented a very important project, which has been working successfully. Just for comparison let me point out that 10 million Euros were spent for activating similar project in some other western countries though they failed. People were very skeptical in Georgia and they were telling us that we would not be able to implement such a broad-scale project. However, we need to say that the main requirement is met Â&#x2013; a new program has been created and working successfully for activating even more transparent and faster judiciary of high quality.

sasamarTlo mediaciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi leila koxreiZe Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa kolegiis mosamarTle, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis biznes-inJineringis fakultetis doqtoranti

I. Sesavali Tanamedrove msoflioSi sul ufro metad iZens mniSvnelobas TviTregulirebis meqanizmebi, rodesac sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis subieqtebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, damoukideblad daadginon qcevis wesebi da gaakontrolon maTi dacva. samoqalaqo brunvis monawileTa aqtiurobisa da pasuxismgeblobis zrda SesaZleblobas aZlevs saxelmwifoebs, calkeul sferoebSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis institutebisadmi TavianTi uflebamosilebebis nawilis delegireba moaxdinon. sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdileba mowmobs, rom samarTlebrivi davebis gadawyveta da daregulireba ganekuTvneba erT-erT aseT sferos. ase magaliTad, XX saukunis meore naxevarSi, kontinenturi evropis qveynebSi Catarebuli sasamarTlo reformebis Sedegebis analizisas, yuradReba unda mieqces sayovelTao uars `saxelmwifo paternalizmze~ (rodesac samarTlebrivi davebis gadawyveta xorcieldeba mxolod samarTalgamoyenebiTi saqmianobis Sedegad aRsasruleblad savaldebulo gadawyvetilebis gamotanis meSveobiT) da gadasvlas `pluralistur midgomaze~, anu konfliqtis mxareTaTvis, maT Soris arsebuli uTanxmoebis dareguli17

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rebis saSualebis arCevis uflebis uzrunvelyofis aucileblobis aRiarebaze, momrigebeli procedurebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis micemis gziT.1 dResdReobiT, saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo wesiT ganxilva da samoqalaqo saqmeTa (farTo gagebiT)2 ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis sxva saiurisdiqcio meqanizmebi warmoadgens darRveuli uflebebis, Tavisuflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis dacvis ZiriTad saSualebebs. Tumca, ar SeiZleba uaryofa, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebisa da dinamikuri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove pirobebSi isini xSirad arasakmarisad efeqtiania. sadavo samarTalurTierTobebis monawileni sul ufro da ufro arian dainteresebulni warmoSobili uTanxmoebis damoukidebeli daregulirebiT gamoyenebul procedurasa da mis Sedegebze, maT mier kontrolis ganxorcielebis pirobebSi. mxareTa aseTi moTxovnilebebi srulyofilad ver kmayofildeba sasamarTlo proceduris farglebSi, rac ganapirobebs samarTlebrivi davebis regulirebis sxva saSualebebis, maT Soris, mediaciis Seswavlisa da ganviTarebis aucileblobas. 2011 wlis 20 dekembers, saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni, romlis safuZvelzec cvlilebebi Sevida samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi _ kodeqss daemata XXI1 Tavi, romelic Seicavs sasamarTlo mediaciis momwesrigebel normebs.3 Sedegad, 2012 wlis 1 ianvridan pirvelad, saqarTveloSi Teoriulad amoqmedda sasamarTlo mediacia, xolo am normebis ganxorcieleba uSualod, mediatorTa korpusis Camoyalibebazea damokidebuli. dReisaTvis dagrovilia mniSvnelovani gamocdileba Suamavlis xelSewyobiT momrigebeli procedurebis integrirebisa, sxvadasxva saxelmwifoTa samarTlebriv sistemebSi. sazRvargareTis bevr qveyanaSi mediacia arsebobs da gamoiyeneba rogorc davebis regulirebis gansakuTrebuli forma _ sasamarTlo wesiT davebis ganxilvasTan urTierTkavSirSi. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos iurisprudenciaSi aRniSnuli sakiTxi naklebad Seswavlilia.

II. mediaciis cneba da istoriuli mimoxilva mediacia (laT. mediare da ingl. mediation _ Suamavloba) gulisxmobs momrigebel proceduras, romelsac safuZvlad udevs konfliqtis mxareTa molaparakeba mediatoris (Suamavlis) monawileobiT, sadavo sakiTxebze mxareTa urTierTxelsayreli SeTanxmebis miRwevis mizniT.4 igulisxmeba davebSi miukerZoebeli mesame pirebis Suamavloba, romlebsac aRiarebs yvela mxare. davis an konfliqtis mxareebis nebayoflobiTi monawileobis safuZvelze mediatori warmarTavs process da exmareba orive mxares miaRwion konsensuss. mediatorTa amocana ar aris verdiqtis gamotana. Tavad konfliqtis mxareebzea damokidebuli gadawyvetilebis miReba, romelic optimalurad Seesabameba maT interesebs. miRweuli SeTanxmebis Sedegad `gamarjvebuli~ unda darCes yvela. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Â&#x2018;mediacia aris mxareTa Tavisufal nebaze damyarebuli procedura, romlis drosac davis saboloo gadawyvetis uflebis armqone mediatori sistematurad uwyobs xels mxareTa Soris komunikacias, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxados 18

modaveTa TviTpasuxismgeblobaze damyarebuli SeTanxmebis miRweva.~5 konfliqtebis marTvis sferoSi mediaciisa da mediatorebis roli da mniSvneloba ganuzomelia. vinaidan konfliqtisa da azrTa sxvadasxvaobis Tavidan acileba yovelTvis ver xerxdeba, erTaderTi racionaluri gamosavlia konfliqturi urTierTobebis struqturirebuli marTva, rasac riskebis maqsimaluri Semcireba SeuZlia. am zogadi Sefasebis praqtikul dadasturebas warmoadgens mediacia, rogorc davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma.6 mediacia Tavisi arsiT arqauli warmomavlobisaa. konfliqtebis gadasaWrelad mesame neitraluri mxaris mowvevis aucileblobas warmoadgenda, upirveles yovlisa, TviTgadarCenis survili (calkeuli adamianebis an adamianTa jgufebis, maT Soris, pirvelyofili tomebis). pirvelebi, vinc daiwyo aseTi momrigebeli meTodebis gamoyeneba, iyvnen qurumebi da beladebi, romlebic aseTi gziT aCerebdnen mkvlelobebsa da Zaladobas, rodesac safrTxe emuqreboda toms. sakmaod aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda mediacia saerTaSoriso davebis gadawyvetisas, rac sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT moixsenieboda: Suamavloba~, Suamdgomloba~, keTili samsaxuris SeTavazeba~. Tanamedrove gagebiT, mediacia mxolod XX saukunis meore naxevarSi damkvidrda. Tavdapirvelad, igi dafuZnda aSS-Si, mogvianebiT ki, evropis qveynebSic (inglisi, safrangeTi, belgia, niderlandebi, germania, avstria, italia, Sveicaria) gamoCnda.7 XX saukunis dasawyisSi, amerikis swrafad ganviTarebad ekonomikaSi gaCnda konfliqtebis axali forma: brZola profkavSirebsa da damsaqmeblebs Soris Sromis pirobebisa da Sromis anazRaurebis odenobis gamo. davebis swrafi gadawyvetis gareSe gaCnda gaficvebis, masobrivi daTxovnebisa da fabrika-qarxnebis droebiT daxurvis safrTxe. maSin saxelmwifom gadawyvita specialuri samsaxuris Seqmna, romelic unda yofiliyo neitraluri Suamavali damsaqmeblebsa da dasaqmebulebs Soris konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi. ase, 1947 wels Seiqmna Suamavlobis (mediaciis) da morigebis federaluri samsaxuri. mediaciis warmoSobis meore winamZRvari iyo 60-iani wlebis dasasruls, aSS-Si iseTi organizaciebis daarseba, rogoricaa Community Mediation da Neighborhood Justice Centers . es iyo lokaluri arasaxelmwifo organizaciebi, romelTa saqmianoba mimarTuli iyo konfliqtebis gadasawyvetad ojaxebSi, mezoblebsa da socialurad daucvel pirebs Soris. sazogadoebaze orientirebuli aseTi mediaciis ZiriTadi arsi iyo adamianTa gansazRvruli wrisaTvis, romlebic finansuri an emociuri mizezebis gamo, uars ambobdnen sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvaze, davebis gadawyvetisaTvis sxva platformis SeTavazebis idea xelmisawvdomobis ufro maRali albaTobiT.8 mesame winamZRvari gaxda 60-iani wlebSi Seqmnili amerikuli samoqalaqo procesis Taviseburebani, kerZod ki, misi zogierTi negatiuri mxare. amerikuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli mxare Tavad anazRaurebs advokatis momsaxurebis xarjebs saqmeze damdgari Sedegis miuxedavad. ekonomikur davebSi aseTi xarjebi astronomiul Tanxebs aRwevdnen. amasTan, Tavad procesi droSi Zalian gawelili iyo. sabolood, xSirad sasamarTloSi mxareTa SeTanxmebis sababi xdeboda resursebis amowurva da imedis gacrueba. aseT pirobebSi mediaciis upiratesoba aSkara iyo.9 mediacia damoukidebel procedurad mxolod 70-ian wlebSi iqca. 1981 wels, harvardelma profesorma rojer fiSerma (Roger Fisher) Tavis mediator da anTropolog 19

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kolegasTan uiliam urisTan (William Ury) erTad warmoadgines erToblivi moqmedebebis harvardis koncefcia ( Getting to Yes ), romelic efuZneba interesebisa da poziciebis gamijvnas. ase magaliTad, molaparakebis procesSi mxareebi afiqsireben TavianT iuridiul poziciebs, romlebic, xSirad, aris diametralurad sapirispiro, rac iwvevs kompromisis miRwevis SeuZleblobas. imavdroulad, mxareTa xisti poziciebis ukan, upirveles yovlisa, dgas garkveuli moTxovnilebebi (interesebi), romlebic poziciebisagan gansxvavebiT, urTierTsawinaaRmdego ar aris. Tu molaparakebis procesSi SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mxareTa am interesebis gansazRvra, gadadgmuli iqneba mniSvnelovani nabiji SeTanxmebis miRwevis gzaze. mediatori warmarTavs molaparakebebs imgvarad, rom pirvel planze wamoiwios swored mxareTa interesebi. es ki niSnavs, rom miRweuli SeTanxmeba iqneba urTierTxelsayreli, ar iqnebian gamarjvebulebi da damarcxebulebi. mediatoris amocanaa, rom moaxdinos mxareTa yuradRebis koncentrireba maT realur interesebze da ara iuridiul poziciebze.10 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisSi evrokavSiris doneze gaCnda ideebi samoqalaqo brunvaSi mediaciis danergvis Sesaxeb, romlebic mogvianebiT, normatiuli aqtebis proeqtebad formdeboda. 2004 wels, evropis komisiis mier miRebul iqna mediatorTa evropuli kodeqsi, xolo 2008 wels, evropis parlamentma da sabWom gamosces direqtiva samoqalaqo da komerciul saqmeebSi mediaciis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb~. es direqtiva, evrokavSiris SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad, eZRvneba transsasazRvro davebis daregulirebas, Tumca, igi aseve awesebs mediaciis minimalur standartebs da principebs, mediatorTa mimarT moTxovnebs, saxelmwifoTa valdebulebas mediaciis Taobaze TavianTi mosaxleobis informirebisa da Sesabamisi organizaciebisa da samsaxurebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. rac mTavaria, evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebi daavaldebules 2011 wlisaTvis mieRoT Sesabamisi nacionaluri kanonmdebloba mediaciis Sesaxeb. amgvarad, dReisaTvis mediacia warmoadgens momrigebeli praqtikis aucilebel elements evropis yvela qveyanaSi.11 ase, magaliTad, germaniaSi mediacia harmoniulad moqmedebs marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi. Suamavlebi muSaoben pirdapir sasamarTloebSi, ris Sedegadac mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba sasamarTlo davebis potenciuri raodenoba. dRes mediacia integrirebulia ara mxolod germaniis saojaxo sasamarTloebSi, aramed saerTo iurisdiqciis administraciul sasamarTloebSi da a.S. germaniis samarTlis skolebSi umeteswilad iswavleba mediaciis kursi. maSasadame, iuridiuli fakultetis damTavrebisas, yoveli studenti gadis mediaciis kurss.12 saqarTveloSi davis mowesrigebis alternatiuli saSualebebi aseve, ar warmoadgens siaxles. mixeil kekelias gadmocemiT, sityva mediators~ qarTul sinamdvileSi 1802 wlidan vxvdebiT. faqtobrivad, imdroindeli mdgomareobis asaxvas warmoadgens bWe mediatorebis institutis warmoCena XIX saukunis dasawyisSi Seqmnil ZeglSi _ saqarTvelos CveulebiT sjulSi~.13 giorgi cercvaZis dakvirvebiT, saqarTveloSi arsebobda mediaciis daaxloebiT iseTi meqanizmi, romelic Tavisi samarTlebrivi daniSnulebiTa da SinaarsiT Zalian hgavs sasamarTloze dafuZnebul mediacias (court based ADR), rodesac sasamarTlo xels uwyobs mediaciis procesis Sesabamisobas kanonTan da mxareTa 20

survilis SemTxvevaSi, mzad aris daamtkicos da iuridiulad savaldebulo Zala mianiWos mxareTa mier miRweul SeTanxmebas.14 ivane surgulaZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs im garemoebaze, rom daviT batoniSvilis ganmartebiT, mediatorTa arCevis ufleba Tavadebis, aznaurebisa da msxvili vaWrebis privilegia iyo.15 svaneTSi mediators morvars~ uwodebdnen, romelic udidesi avtoritetiTa da pativiscemiT sargeblobda da mas marTlac keTilSobiluri misia _ modave mxareTa (xSirad mosisxleTa) Serigeba ekisreboda. mediators svaneTSi fici unda daedo, rom samarTlian gadawyvetilebas gamoitanda. aqedan gamomdinare, misi tendenciuroba warmoudgeneli iyo.16 XIX sukunis saqarTveloSi davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli saSualebebi aseve, didi popularobiT sargeblobda. XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli inteligenciis brwyinvale warmomadgenlebis mier organizebuli samediatoro sasamarTlo, romlisTvisac TviT ilia WavWavaZes miucia Cveneba, raRac Sualedurs warmoadgenda mediaciis procedurasa da saarbitraJo ganxilvas Soris.17 zemoaRniSnuli iZleva daskvnis safuZvels, rom davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba yovelTvis iyo qarTuli socialuri kulturis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawili.

III. mediaciis ZiriTadi principebi da miznebi mediaciis maRali efeqtianoba ganisazRvreba upirveles yovlisa, misi fuZemdebluri principebiT _ ZiriTadi sawyisebiT, romlebic gansazRvraven mis arss. funqciuri daniSnulebis mixedviT, principebi iyofa or jgufad: 1. principebi, romlebic axasiaTebs mediaciis ganxorcielebis organizebis Taviseburebebsa da misi monawileebis statuss (organizaciuli principebi); 2. principebi, romlebic axasiaTebs mediaciis ganxorcielebis wess (proceduruli principebi). pirvel jgufs ganekuTvneba nebayoflobiTobisa da neitralurobis principebi, xolo meore jgufs _ konfidencialurobis, mxareTa damoukideblobis, TanamSromlobisa da Tanasworobis principebi.18 zemoaRniSnuli klasifikacia iZleva mediaciis principebis sistematizaciis, maTi urTierTkavSirisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis gansazRvris saSualebas. nebayoflobiTobis principi asaxavs TviT morigebis ideas, Suamavlis monawileobiT alternatiuli proceduris ZiriTad sxvaobasa da upiratesobas sasamarTlo wesiT saqmis ganxilvasTan SedarebiT.19 mediacia SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxareebi molaparakebebSi monawileoben nebayoflobiT da namdvilad mzad arian SeTanxmdnen. zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia morigebis procesSi monawileobis iZuleba. ufro metic, masSi monawileobaze daTanxmebis Semdeg, mxare uflebamosilia nebismier momentSi uari Tqvas momrigebeli proceduris gagrZelebaze.20 swored nebayoflobiTobis princips efuZneba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 1877-e muxlis meore nawili, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu sasamarTlo mediaciisaTvis kanoniT dadgenil vadaSi dava mxareTa SeTanxmebiT ar dasrulda, mosarCeles SeuZlia waradginos sarCeli saerTo wesebis dacviT. Tumca, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 21

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1875-e da 1876 e muxlebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, mxares ara aqvs ufleba nebismier dros ganacxados uari mediaciis procesSi monawileobaze. mxareebi unda daeswron aranakleb, or Sexvedras. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, maT mimarT gamoyenebuli iqneba qonebrivi xasiaTis sanqciebi. savaldebulo mediacia aseve, reglamentirebulia aSS-is erTgvarovan aqtSi mediaciis Sesaxeb (Uniform Mediation Act), romlis me-3 muxlis `a~ punqti iTvaliswinebs mxareTa valdebulebas kanonis, sasamarTlos, administraciuli organos an arbitris gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad gadawyviton dava mediaciis meSveobiT,21 gansxvavebiT safrangeTisa da ruseTis Sesabamisi normatiuli aqtebisagan. ruseTis federaciaSi moqmedi `Suamavlis monawileobiT davebis regulirebis alternatiuli proceduris (mediaciis) Sesaxeb~ federaluri kanonis me-7 muxlis Tanaxmad, mediaciis procedura gamoiyeneba mxareTa SeTanxmebis, maT Soris, mediaciis proceduris gamoyenebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis safuZvelze; me-14 muxliT ki, mediaciis procedura wydeba erT-erTi mxaris gancxadebiT an orive mxaris SeTanxmebiT,22 xolo safrangeTis axali samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 131-1 muxlis Tanaxmad, davis ganmxilvel sasamarTlos mxareTa Tanxmobis miRebis Semdeg, SeuZlia daniSnos mesame piri mxareTa pretenziebis mosmenisa da garkvevis mizniT, rom mieceT warmoSobili davis gadaWris SesaZlebloba. amave kodeqsis 131-10 muxlis Tanaxmad, erT-erTi mxaris SuamdgomlobiT an Suamavlis iniciativiT mosamarTle uflebamosilia Sewyvitos Suamavlobis procesi nebismier dros.23 Suamavlis (mediatoris) neitralurobis principi Sedgeba ori komponentisagan: 1. damoukidebloba; 2. miukerZoebloba.24 mediatori ar SeiZleba iyos piri, romelic dainteresebulia saqmis SedegiT an damokidebulia romelime mxareze. mediatorebs aqvT aseTi wesi: mediaciis ganxorcielebisas, Suamavali unda iyos Sinaganad `carieli~, mas mxareebTan ar unda hqondes aranairi piradi urTierToba.25 im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erT-erTi mxare SeamCnevs, rom mediatori simpaTiiT aris ganwyobili meore mxaris mimarT, mediaciis procesi iqneba CaSlili. amasTan, mediators SeiZleba dabraldes meore mxaresTan SeTanxmebiT moqmedeba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mediatorma ver SeinarCuna neitraluroba mxareTa mimarT, igi valdebulia Sewyvitos mediaciis procesi da SesTavazos mxareebs sxva mediatoris arCeva. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 1874-e muxlis Tanaxmad, mediatoris acileba dasaSvebia am kodeqsis 31-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli safuZvliT. amave kodeqsis 31-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad ki, mosamarTlem ar SeiZleba ganixilos saqme an monawileoba miiRos saqmis ganxilvaSi, Tu is: a) am saqmeSi TviTon warmoadgens mxares, an mas ama Tu im mxaresTan saerTo uflebebi an valdebulebebi akavSirebs; b) am saqmis adrindel ganxilvaSi monawileobda mowmed, eqspertad, specialistad, Tarjimnad, warmomadgenlad an sasamarTlo sxdomis mdivnad; g) mxaris an misi warmomadgenlis naTesavia; d) piradad, pirdapir an arapirdapir dainteresebulia saqmis SedegiT, an Tu aris sxva iseTi garemoeba, romelic eWvs iwvevs mis miukerZoeblobaSi. rac Seexeba `e~ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebul safuZvels, mediatoris mimarT gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, misi Sinaarsis ganmartebisas unda moviSvelioT e.w. miT umetes daskvnis~ meTodi, anu argumentation a fortiori26 da igi unda gagebul iqnes imgvarad, rom Tu mediatorma ar SeiZleba ganaxorcielos Suamavlis uflebamosileba 22

im davaSi, romlis adrindel ganxilvaSi monawileobda mowmed, eqspertad, specialistad, Tarjimnad, warmomadgenlad an sasamarTlo sxdomis mdivnad, man miT umetes ar SeiZleba ganaxorcielos Suamavlis uflebamosileba saqmeSi, romlis adrindel ganxilvaSic monawileobda mosamarTlis statusiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom mediatoris mimarT cxadia, ver imoqmedebs amave kodeqsis 29-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli SezRudva imdenad, ramdenadac am institutis organizaciuli mowyoba ar aris dayofili instanciebad. amasTan, samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs raime SezRudvas mediatoris mimarT, mediatoris statusiT miiRos monawileoba erTsa da imave saqmeSi. am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs igive principi, rac mosamarTlis mier saqmis ganxilvisas: `mosamarTles ekrZaleba saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileoba, Tu igi am saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileobda sxva instanciis da ara imave instanciis sasamarTloSi.~27 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 1872-e muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, mediators, iseve rogorc mosamarTles, gaaCnia amave kodeqsis 32-e muxliT reglamentirebuli valdebuleba acilebis safuZvlebis arsebobisas TviTacilebis gancxadebis Sesaxeb. analogiuri Sinaarsis debuleba aseve, mocemulia aSS-is erTgvarovan aqtSi mediaciis Sesaxeb (Uniform Mediation Act), romlis me-9 muxlis `a~ punqtis Tanaxmad, mediaciis proceduris dawyebamde, mediatori valdebulia: 1.Â gansazRvros, arsebobs Tu ara raime faqti, romelsac SeuZlia gavlena moaxdnos mis miukerZoeblobaze, maT Soris, davis gadawyvetis SedegebiT misi finansuri an piradi dainteresebis an konfliqtis mxaresTan urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT; 2.Â Seatyobinos mxareebs aseTi faqtis Sesaxeb mediaciis proceduris dawyebamde. amave muxlis `b~ punqtiT, mediatori valdebulia aseTi faqtis Sesaxeb Seatyobinos mxareebs maSinac, rodesac man amis Sesaxeb Seityo mediaciis proceduris mimdinareobisas. miTiTebuli muxlis Tanaxmad, mxaris TxovniT mediatorma unda wamoadginos informacia Tavisi kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli muxlis `f~ punqti ar avaldebulebs mediators, iqonios specialuri kvalifikacia an sabaziso codna, rom ganaxorcielos mediaciis procedura. xolo `g~ punqtis Tanaxmad, mediatori unda iyos miukerZoebeli, Tu zemoT motanil `a~ da `b~ punqtebSi miTiTebuli faqtebis Setyobis Semdeg mxareebi sxva rameze ar SeTanxmdebian.28 msgavsi Sinaarsis debulebas aseve, Seicavs ruseTis federaciaSi moqmedi `Suamavlis monawileobiT davebis regulirebis alternatiuli proceduris (mediaciis) Sesaxeb~ federaluri kanonis me-9 muxlis me-3 nawili, romlis Tanaxmad, mediatori mediaciis procesSi iseTi garemoebebis warmoSobisas, romlebmac SesaZloa gavlena iqonion mis damoukideblobaze an miukerZoeblobaze, valdebulia dauyovnebliv Seatyobinos amis Sesaxeb mxareeebs. Tu mediatori daniSnuli iyo mediaciis proceduris Catarebis uzrunvelyofis saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebeli organizaciis mier, maSin Seqmnil situaciaSi aucilebelia aseve, misi gafrTxilebac.29 safrangeTis axali samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 131-5 muxlis me-5 nawili ki, Suamavlis funqciis ganmaxorcielebel pirs avaldebulebs, waradginos miukerZoeblobis garantiebi, rac aucilebelia Suamavlobis gansaxorcieleblad.30 23

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konfidencialuroba mediaciis aucilebeli da erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani principia.31 man asaxva hpova saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 1878-e muxlSi, romlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo mediaciis procesi konfidencialuria. mediators ara aqvs ufleba, gaamJRavnos is informacia, romelic misTvis cnobili gaxda mediatoris movaleobis Sesrulebisas, Tu mxareTa SeTanxmebiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili. xolo amave muxlis meore nawiliT, mxares (warmomadgenels) ara aqvs ufleba, gaaxmauros is informacia, romelic misTvis cnobili gaxda sasamarTlo mediaciis procesSi, konfidencialurobis pirobiT, Tu mxareTa SeTanxmebiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili. miTiTebuli muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, mediaciis procedura ar atarebs sajaro xasiaTs. mediaciis process SesaZlebelia eswrebodnen mxolod mediatori da mxareebi. sxva pirebi mxolod orive mxaris TanxmobiT daiSvebian. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 1878-e muxlis Sinaarsi metyvelebs imazec, rom mediaciis procesSi mxareTa mosmenis dros ar mimdinareobs stenografiuli an eleqtronuli Cawera. gamonaklisis saxiT, mediatorsa da mxareebs SeuZliaT individualurad CainiSnon maTTvis mniSvnelovani informacia, Tumca, mediaciis dasrulebisas, aseTi Canawerebi unda ganadgurdes (maTi Sinaarsi ar unda gamJRavndes). sasamarTlo mediaciis konfidencialurobis principi aseve, asaxulia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 104-e muxlis 11 da 12 nawilebSi. kerZod, 11 nawilis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo mtkicebulebad ar miiRebs sasamarTlo mediaciis procesSi konfidencialurobis pirobiT gamJRavnebul informaciasa da dokuments, Tu mxareTa SeTanxmebiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili. xolo amave muxlis 12 nawiliT, am muxlis 11 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli wesi ar gamoiyeneba, Tu sasamarTlo mediaciis procesSi konfidencialurobis pirobiT gamJRavnebul informaciasa da dokuments sasamarTloSi waradgens is mxare, romelmac gaamJRavna igi, an Tu es informacia an/da dokumenti meore mxares hqonda, an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva saSualebebiT miiRo da waradgina sasamarTloSi. zemoaRniSnuli muxlebis analizi cxadyofs, rom mediaciasTan dakavSirebuli konfidencialurobis dacvis valdebuleba akisriaT rogorc mxareebs aseve, mediators. Tumca, mxareTa SeTanxmebiT SesaZlebelia am wesis Secvla. calsaxaa, rom mediaciis konfidencialurobis dacvis valdebuleba aseve, vrceldeba im pirebzec, romlebsac SesaZloa samsaxurebrivad hqondaT Sexeba am procedurasTan an eswrebodnen mediaciis process orive mxaris TanxmobiT. samarTlis zogierT sferoSi kanoni an eTikuri normebi SeiZleba moiTxovdes garkveuli informaciis gamxelas (narkotikuli saSualebebis, TaRliTobis, bavSvis mimarT sastiki mopyrobis Sesaxeb da sxv.). Tu aseTi informacia cnobili gaxda mediatorisaTvis mediaciis procesSi, igi ver daeqvemdebareba dakiTxvas mowmis statusiT, aRniSnuli garemoebebis dasadgenad.32 mocemuli debuleba normatiulad `damagrebulia~ saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 141-e muxlis `d~ qvepunqtSi, romlis Tanaxmad, mowmed yvela SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba gamoZaxebul da dakiTxul iqnes mediatori iseT garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic misTvis cnobili gaxda mediatoris movaleobis Sesrulebisas. 24

amdenad, dauSvebelia sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvisas mediatori erT-erTi mxaris sasargeblod daikiTxos mowmis statusiT. aSS-is Uniform Mediation Act da Statebis Sida kanonmdebloba did yuradRebas uTmobs mediaciis konfidencialurobis samarTlebrivi garantiebis Seqmnas da maT dacvas. amerikuli samarTali gamoricxavs sasamarTlos mier iseTi mtkicebulebebis moTxovnas, romlebic mediaciis proceduras ukavSirdeba. ufro metic, sasamarTlos SeuZlia konfidencialurobis uzrunvelsayofad mxaris TxovniT, e.w. `damcavi brZaneba~ (protective order) miiRos, romlis mizania mediaciasTan dakavSirebuli konfidencialuri informaciis dacva mesame pirebis mier xelyofisagan. amave dros, mxareebs SeuZliaT rogorc werilobiT aseve, zepirad (mediaciis procesis mimdinareobisas) ganacxadon, rom maT ar surT mediaciis konfidencialurobis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi `privilegiebiT~ sargebloba.33 aSS-Si mxares ara aqvs ufleba Tavad moiTxovos sasamarTloSi mediaciis konfidencialurobis dacva, Tu manamde es valdebuleba TviTon daarRvia.34 mediaciis kinfidencialurobis garantiebi aseve, asaxulia ruseTis federaciaSi moqmedi `Suamavlis monawileobiT davebis regulirebis alternatiuli proceduris (mediaciis) Sesaxeb~ federaluri kanonis me-6 muxlSi. am muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu mediatorma erT-erTi mxarisagan miiRo informacia, romelic exeba mediaciis proceduras, mas SeuZlia gaumxilos aseTi informacia meore mxares mxolod am informaciis warmdgeni monawilis TanxmobiT. ruseTis federaciis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi awesebs mediatoris mowmis statusiT dakiTxvis akrZalvas im garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic misTvis cnobili gaxda mediaciis procesSi. ruseTis federaciis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi aseTi Sinaarsis cvlileba Sevida 2010 wlis 27 ivliss miRebuli ﾂ全uamavlis monawileobiT davebis regulirebis alternatiuli proceduris (mediaciis) Sesaxeb~ federaluri kanonis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT ruseTis federaciis calkeul sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb~ federaluri kanonis safuZvelze.35 rac Seexeba safrangeTis kanonmdeblobas, safrangeTis axali samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi Seicavs 131-14 muxls, romelic krZalavs mxareTa Tanxmobis gareSe saqmis Semdgomi ganxilvis procesSi Suamavlis mier dadgenili monacemebisa da miRebuli ganmartebebis wardgenas an gamoyenebas poziciis dasabuTebisas, xolo sxva saqmis ganxilvisas _ maT wardgenas nebismier stadiaze.36 sasamarTlo mediaciisas, mxareTa damoukideblobis principi SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT Sinaarsobriv da procedurul aspeqtSi. Sinaarsobriv aspeqtSi mxareTa damoukideblobis principi niSnavs, rom sadavo urTierTobis monawileebs SeuZliaT Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr gansazRvron problematuri sakiTxebis wre, romlebic eqvemdebareba ganxilvas momrigebeli proceduris msvlelobisas. procedurul aspeqtSi mocemuli principi ki, mxareebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs damoukideblad daaweson mediaciis ganxorcielebis calkeuli wesebi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi principis moqmedeba aris absoluturi, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, igi izRudeba mediaciis procesis sabaziso proceduruli wesebiT, rac ganpirobebulia konkretuli davis daregulirebisaTvis Sesabamisi proceduris maqsimaluri efeqtianobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.37 25

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TanamSromlobisa da Tanasworobis principia, rom davis daregulirebis variantebis Ziebisas, mxareebi ki ar ejibrebian erTmaneTs, aramed TanamSromloben. amasTan, TiToeuli maTgani aRWurvilia Tanaswori uflebebiT yvela proceduruli moqmedebis gansaxorcieleblad. aRniSnuli principis realizacia uzrunvelyofs kanonmdeblobiT reglamentirebuli mediaciis erT-erTi miznis miRwevas _ mxareTa mier urTierTxelsayreli gadawyvetilebis miRebas.38 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gansaxilveli principi Seadgens mediaciis mTeli proceduris qmediT Sinaarss.39 doqtrinaSi ganasxvaveben mediaciis xuT ZiriTad mizans: 1. Service delivery _ konkretuli konfliqtis swrafad da sabolood mogvareba; 2. Acces to justice _ SedarebiT susti mxaris interesebis gaTvaliswineba da konfliqtis orive mxaris sasargeblod dasruleba; 3. Individual Autonomy _ konfliqtis gadawyvetis gzebis mxareebTan mWidro TanamSromlobiT Zieba da samomavlo perspeqtivebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gadawyvetilebis miReba; 4. Reconciliation _ davis gadawyveta mSvidobiani da ara konfliqturi gzebiT, rac xels uwyobs mxareTa Soris urTierTobebis gamyarebas; 5. Social transformation _ erTi konkretuli konfliqtis mogvarebas SeuZlia Tavisi wvlili Seitanos zogadad, sazogadoebrivi problemebis mogvarebaSi.40 amdenad, mediaciis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebia siswrafe, minimaluri danaxarjebi da momavalze orientacia. igi aseve, xels uwyobs konfidencialuri informaciis gamJRavnebisagan Tavis aridebas. mediacias Sedegad mohyveba gadawyvetilebebis miReba da igi exmareba konfliqtis mxareebs ara marto daicvan TavianTi interesebi, aramed samomavlod, konstruqciuli urTierTxelsayreli urTierTobebi daamyaron.

Tavi IV. samarTalwarmoeba da mediacia dResdReobiT, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi Cadebulia safuZveli sasamarTlo procesis farglebSi mediaciis realizebisaTvis, ra drosac davis daregulireba xdeba kerZo organizaciebis (pirebis) mier, mxareTa xarjiT, sasamarTlo resursebis damatebiTi xarjvis gareSe. aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlo procesis farglebSi mediaciis gamoyeneba xels Seuwyobs sasamarTloebSi gansaxilvel saqmeTa raodenobis Semcirebas, SesaZleblobas miscems mxareebs, gaakontrolon davis daregulirebis procedura; SesTavazon erTmaneTs urTierTxelsayreli pirobebi, ra drosac ar iqnebian SezRudulni sasarCelo gancxadebis sagniTa da safuZvliT; aRniSnuli ki, moaxdens samoqalaqo sazogadoebis institutebis ganviTarebis stimulirebas, maT Soris, TviTregulirebis institutisa. morigebiT davis dasrulebis mniSvnelovan upiratesobas warmoadgens aseve, davis gadawyvetis operatiuloba da xSir SemTxvevaSi, damtkicebuli morigebis pirobebis nebayoflobiT Sesruleba. Tumca, morigebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan upiratesobad miiCneva saqmiani (naTesauri) urTierTobebis SenarCuneba, drois, energiisa da nervebis dazogva.41 Tengiz liluaSvilisa da valeri xrustalis mosazrebiT, mxareTa morigeba aris urTierTdaTmobis gziT, mxareTa Soris dadebuli garigeba, romelic axleburad 26

gansazRvravs maT uflebebsa da movaleobebs. faqtobrivad, mxareTa morigebiT saqmis damTavreba niSnavs mxareTa Soris wamoWrili davis TviT am mxareebis mier gadawyvetas, rac yovelTvis da yvelgan iTvleboda davis gadawyvetis yvelaze saukeTeso formad. morigebiT saqmis damTavrebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba davis (konfliqtis) aramarto iuridiulad, aramed faqtobrivadac gadawyveta, maSin rodesac sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT dava ki gadawydeba iuridiulad erTxel da samudamod, magram faqtobrivad, mxareTa Soris wamoWrili dava SeiZleba gagrZeldes da zogjer kidev ufro gamwvavdes.42 sasamarTlo mediaciis qveS igulisxmeba saSuamavlo procedura, rekomendebuli an daniSnuli sasamarTlos mier mxareTa mier sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis Semdeg, ganxorcielebuli sasamarTlo kontrolis qveS sasamarTlos an uSualod mosamarTlis mier daniSnuli mediatoris mier. aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlo mediacia iTavsebs socialur da samarTlebriv regulirebas. imis mixedviT, Tu ra etapze xorcieldeba igi, sasamarTlo ganxilvis dasawyisSi Tu mimdinareobisas, _ prevalirebs socialuri an samarTlebrivi Semadgeneli. mediatorisaTvis saqmis gadacema, sasamarTlo kontroli mediaciis proceduris ganxorcielebaze, misi ganaxleba, Sewyveta, warmatebiT dasruleba da a.S. unda xorcieldebodes saproceso kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli procesualuri formiT, rac iZleva mediatoris mier davis daregulirebis procesualuri garantiebis uzrunvelyofis, xolo warumatebeli mediaciisas _ davis sasamarTlo wesiT gadawyvetis SesaZleblobas.43 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 1871-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, sarCelis sasamarTloSi wardgenis Semdeg, sasamarTlo mediacias daqvemdebarebuli saqme SeiZleba gadaeces mediators (fizikur an iuridiul pirs) davis mxareTa SeTanxmebiT dasrulebis mizniT. amave muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad, mediatorisaTvis saqmis gadacemis Sesaxeb ganCineba ar gasaCivrdeba. amave kodeqsis 1873-e muxliT, sasamarTlo mediacia SeiZleba gavrceldes: a) saojaxo samarTlebriv davebze, garda Svilad ayvanisa, Svilad ayvanis baTilad cnobisa, mSoblis uflebis SezRudvisa da mSoblis uflebis CamorTmevisa; b) samemkvidreo samarTlebriv davebze; g) samezoblo samarTlebriv davebze; d) nebismier davaze _ mxareTa Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, dava mediators SeiZleba gadaeces saqmis ganxilvis nebismier stadiaze. mocemuli muxlebis Sinaarsi cxadyofs, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi ganamtkicebs rogorc savaldebulo, ise nebayoflobiT mediacias. aRsaniSnavia, rom mediaciis msgavsi modeli moqmedebs aSS-Si, aseve, kanadaSi, im gansxvavebiT, rom savaldebulo mediacia kanadaSi ar gamoiyeneba saojaxo, samemkvidreo, uZravi qonebis, qmedunarianobis, qonebis mindobiT marTvis, qvelmoqmedebis Tobaze davebTan mimarTebaSi. CamoTvlil SemTxvevebSi mediacia gamoiyeneba mxolod mxareTa SuamdgomlobiT. kanadis iusticiis saministros angariSis monacemebis Tanaxmad, 20082009 wlebSi savaldebulo mediaciis SemTxvevebSi, morigebiT dasrulda saqmeTa 40%, xolo arasavaldebulo mediaciisas, magaliTad, saojaxo davebSi, warmatebiT dasrulda: 2004-2005 wlebSi _ saqmeTa 79%, 2008-2009 wlebSi ki _ 81%. miTiTebuli monacemebi metyvelebs savaldebulo mediaciis nakleb efeqtianobaze nebayoflobiT mediaciasTan SedarebiT. savaldebulo sasamarTlo mediacia, sasamarTlos SexedulebiT saqmis 27

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mediatorisaTvis gadacema, inglisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2004 wlis gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebuli daskvnis Tanaxmad, ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxls.44 savaldebulo mediacia aseve, ewinaaRmdegeba 2008 wels, evropis parlamentisa da evropis sabWos mier gamocemul direqtivas samoqalaqo da komerciul saqmeebSi mediaciis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb~, romlis pirveli muxlis me-5 punqti adgens, rom sarCelis ganmxilvel sasamarTlos SeuZlia, Tu es mizanSewonilia saqmis yvela garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesTavazos mxareebs, mimarTon mediators maTi davis gadawyvetis mizniT.45 migvaCnia, rom mediaciis danergva zemodan-qvemoT~ naklebad produqtiulia, vidre sazogadoebis mier misi gaazrebuli miReba, am proceduris upiratesobis gageba, misi saWiroebis moTxovnilebis gacnobiereba, ara marto iuristebis, aramed moqalaqeebis mier aRiareba. vfiqrobT, rom am konteqstSi ufro metad misaRebia sasamarTlo mediaciis nebayoflobiTi modeli, rodesac mosamarTles SeuZlia mxareTa Tanxmobis miRebis Semdeg gadasces saqme mesame pirs (Suamavals, mediators) mxareTa mosazrebebis mosasmenad, maTi pretenziebis gasarkvevad, maT Soris arsebuli uTanxmoebis daregulirebis mizniT. aseTi midgoma metad Seesabameba samarTalwarmoebis ZiriTad principebs, saxeldobr, dispoziciurobis princips. mxareebi Tavad unda wyvetdnen, gamoiyenon Tu ara saproceso kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba mediaciis gziT konfliqtis daregulirebisa, iseve, rogorc mxareTa mieraa gadasawyveti, mimarTon Tu ara sasamarTlos ama Tu im Sinaarsis SuamdgomlobiT. sasamarTlo mediaciis aseTi modeli gaTvaliswinebulia safrangeTis axali samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT (muxlebi 131-1_131-15). msgavsi Sinaarsis debulebas aseve, Seicavs ruseTis federaciaSi moqmedi `Suamavlis monawileobiT davebis regulirebis alternatiuli proceduris (mediaciis) Sesaxeb~ federaluri kanonis me-8 muxli, romlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, mxareTa Soris SeTanxmeba mediaciis proceduris Catarebis Sesaxeb werilobiTi formiT formdeba. garda zemoaRniSnulisa, migvaCnia, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis sasamarTlo mediaciis Sesaxeb zogierTi normis Sinaarsis gaanalizeba cxadyofs maTi srulyofis saWiroebas. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 1871-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, sarCelis sasamarTloSi wardgenis Semdeg, sasamarTlo mediacias daqvemdebarebuli saqme SeiZleba gadaeces mediators (fizikur an iuridiul pirs) davis mxareTa SeTanxmebiT dasrulebis mizniT. amave muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad ki, mediatorisaTvis saqmis gadacemis Sesaxeb ganCineba ar gasaCivrdeba. aRniSnuli ar unda iqnes gagebuli ise, rom mediators gadaecema uSualod saqmis masalebi. mediators SeiZleba gadaegzavnos mxolod zemoxsenebuli ganCinebis asli, romelic unda Seicavdes amomwurav informacias davis sagnis, mxareebisa da maTi rekvizitebis (saxelisa da gvaris, sacxovrebeli misamarTis, telefonis nomrebis) Sesaxeb, rac aucilebelia mediaciis procesSi monawile mxareebTan dasakavSireblad. Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 1871-e muxlSi sityva saqmis Seicvalos sityviT davis~ da aRniSnul muxls daematos Semdegi Sinaarsis me-3 nawili: mediatorisaTvis 28

davis gadacemis Sesaxeb ganCineba mxareebs, romlebic ar eswrebian ganCinebis gamocxadebas da mediators egzavnebaT misi miRebidan xuTi dRis vadaSi~. xuTdRiani vada saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis zogierTi muxliT (mag.: 1971-e muxlis me-2 nawili, 235-e, 286-e muxlebi) miCneulia gonivrul vadad iseTi Sinaarsis gadawyvetilebebis (ganCinebebis) gadasagzavnad, romelTa momzadeba ar moiTxovs did Zalisxmevas. sasurvelia, konkretul SemTxvevaSic dadgenili iyos mediatorisaTvis davis gadacemis Sesaxeb ganCinebis gadagzavnis zRvruli vada. sagulisxmoa, rom sasamarTlos valdebuleba, Suamavlis daniSvnis Sesaxeb dadgenileba gadaugzavnos TviT Suamavals, aseve, reglamentirebulia safrangeTis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 131-7 muxliT, romlis Tanaxmad, Suamavlis daniSvnis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis miRebis Semdeg, sasamarTlos kancelaria ugzavnis am ganCinebis asls mxareebsa da Suamavals.46 msgavsi Sinaarsis Canaweris arsebobis SemTxvevaSi cxadi xdeba, rom mediators ara aqvs saqmis masalebTan Sexeba da uflebamosilia mediaciis procesi wamoiwyos misTvis ganCinebis Cabarebis momentidan. aseTi momentis gansazRvras aseve, mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 1875-e muxlis miznebidan gamomdinare, romelic adgens mediaciis vadas. am vadis aTvla ki, SeiZleba daiwyos mxolod mediatorisaTvis ganCinebis aslis gadacemis momentidan. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 279-e muxlis v~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo valdebulia SeaCeros saqmis warmoeba, Tu am kodeqsis 1873-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi dava mxareTa SeTanxmebiT dasrulebis mizniT gadaeca mediators (1873-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Sinaarsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: am muxlis pirveli nawilis `d~ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi, dava mediators SeiZleba gadaeces saqmis ganxilvis nebismier stadiaze). amave kodeqsis 281-e muxlis v~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, am kodeqsis 279-e muxlis v~ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi saqmis warmoeba SeCerdeba sasamarTlo mediaciis vadis dasrulebamde. miTiTebuli normebis sworad ganmartebis mizniT yuradReba unda gamaxvildes im garemoebaze, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 1871-e muxli iTvaliswinebs sasamarTloSi Sesabamisi kategoriis sarCelis wardgenis Semdeg, sasamarTlos iniciativiT davis gadacemas mediatorisaTvis, anu gadacema dasaSvebia sarCelis dasaSvebobis Semowmebis vadis gasvlamdec, ra drosac igi jer kidev, ar aris miRebuli warmoebaSi. miTiTebuli muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia mediators dava dauSvebeli sarCelis warmodgenis SemTxvevaSic ki, gadaeces (sarCeli, romelic Seicavs iseT xarvezs, romelic amave kodeqsis 186-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, sarCelis miRebaze uaris Tqmis safuZvelia, garda winaswar saxelmwifo baJis gadaxdis Sesaxeb valdebulebisa, vinaidan amave kodeqsis 39-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `a3~ qvepunqtiT, `am kodeqsis 1873-e muxlidan gamomdinare sarCelebze saxelmwifo baJis odenoba Seadgens davis sagnis Rirebulebis 1%-s, magram aranakleb 50 larisa,~ rac aucilebeli pirobaa saqmis mediatorTan gadasagzavnad), ra drosac ar warmoiSoba warmoebis SeCerebis sakiTxi, imdenad ramdenadac warmoeba jer dawyebuli ar aris. sarCelis dasaSvebad miCnevis Semdeg ki, ra stadiazec ar unda iyos saqmis ganxilva, savaldebulo 29

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mediacias aqvs adgili Tu nebayoflobiTs, davis mediatorisaTvis gadacemis SemTxvevaSi, saqmis warmoeba unda SeCerdes. maSasadame, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 279-e muxlis v~ qvepunqti amave kodeqsis 1873-e muxlis me-2 nawilze miTiTebisas, koncentrirebas axdens sityvebze _ `saqmis ganxilvis nebismier stadiaze~, rac niSnavs, rom saqmeze dawyebulia sasarCelo warmeoba da davis mediatorisaTvis gadacemis SemTxvevaSi, savaldebuloa saqmis warmoebis SeCereba. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 279-e muxlis v~ qvepunqti ar unda iqnes gagebuli imgvarad, rom radgan 1873-e muxlis me-2 nawilSi pirveli nawilis `d~ qvepunqtia naxsenebi, saqmis warmoebis SeCereba savaldebuloa mxolod maSin, rodesac dava mediators mxareTa TanxmobiT gadaecema. miTiTebuli normis amgvari ganmarteba ar iqneboda logikuri. migvaCnia, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 279-e muxlis v~ qvepunqti saWiroebs koreqtirebas. saxeldobr, normis Sinaarsis sworad gagebis mizniT, mizanSewonilia, igi Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes: `sasamarTlo valdebulia SeaCeros saqmis warmoeba, Tu: v) dava sarCelis dasaSvebad miCnevis Semdeg, mxareTa SeTanxmebiT dasrulebis mizniT gadaeca mediators.~ imisaTvis, rom mediaciis procesi daiwyos, aucilebelia, mxareebi gamocxaddnen mediatorTan Sexvedraze daniSnul drosa da adgilze. gamomdinare iqedan, rom mediaciis procesi damokidebulia mxareTa poziciebze, orive an erT-erTi maTganis gamoucxadebloba mniSvnelovnad aferxebs am procesis mimdinareobas. swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 1876-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT Sesabamisi sanqciebis daweseba _ mxaris arasapatio mizeziT gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca, aRniSnuli muxlis gaanalizebisas, mivdivarT daskvnamde, rom igi aseve, saWiroebs dazustebas. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 1876-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo mediaciis procesSi mediatoris mier am kodeqsis 1875 e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, daniSnul Sexvedraze mxaris arasapatio mizeziT gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, mas daekisreba sasamarTlo xarjebis srulad dafarva, miuxedavad imisa, ra SedegiT dasruldeba sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilva, da jarima 150 laris odenobiT. amave muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo mediaciis procesSi davis mxareTa SeTanxmebiT dasrulebis SemTxvevaSi, mxares ar daekisreba am muxlis me-2 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli jarima (saxelmwifo baJis sakiTxi ki, aseT SemTxvevaSi unda gadawydes 49-e muxlis 21 e nawilis Sesabamisad _ mosarCeles daubrundeba mis mier gadaxdili saxelmwifo baJis 70%. danarCeni 30% ki, mxareebs Soris unda ganawildes Tanabrad, damkvidrebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis Sesabamisad47). 1876 e muxlis me-4 nawiliT, am muxlis me-2 nawili ar gamoiyeneba, Tu saqmis sasamarTloSi ganxilvis dros dava mxareTa Soris morigebiT dasrulda (aseT SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo baJis sakiTxi wesrigdeba 49-e muxlis pirveli da me-2 nawilis Sesabamisad. am dros saxelmwifo baJis ganaxevrebisas, is odenoba, romelic ar eqvemdebareba dabrunebas, aseve, Tanabrad ekisrebaT mxareebs, rogorc es sasamarTlo praqtikam daadgina48).

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mediatori ar warmoadgens marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis uflebis mqone pirs, cxadia, rom mis mier ver iqneba gamoyenebuli zemoaRniSnuli muxliT dawesebuli sanqcia jarimis dakisrebis Sesaxeb. 1876 e muxlis me-2, me-3 da me-4 nawilebis erTobliobaSi ganmartebis Sedegad unda davaskvnaT, rom am sanqciebis gamoyenebaze uflebamosilia imsjelos sasamarTlom mediaciis procesis dasrulebisas, damdgari Sedegis mixedviT. sagulisxmoa, rom aSS-is, safrangeTisa da ruseTis kanonmdebloba mediaciis Sesaxeb ar icnobs msgavsi Sinaarsis sanqciebs mxareebis mediatorTan arasapatio mizeziT gamoucxadeblobis gamo. inglisSi ki, samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis wesebi, romlebic amoqmedda 1999 wlis 26 aprils,49 adgens, rom sasamarTloebma xeli unda Seuwyon davebis gadawyvetis alternatiuli saSualebebis gamoyenebas maSin, rodesac es ar aris uadgilo. kanoni ar avaldebulebs mxareebs, mimarTon Suamavals. Tumca, saapelacio sasamarTlos mier miRebuli iyo ramdenime gadawyvetileba, romelTa Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo ganxilvis Sedegad mogebul mxares ar unazRaurdeba sasamarTlo xarjebi, Tu man ignorireba gaukeTa sasamarTlos moTxovnas an rekomendacias, miemarTa mediatorisaTvis. am gadawyvetilebebma sasamarTlo mediacia aqcies savaldebulo procedurad, romlis ignorirebam SeiZleba gamowvios araxelsayreli samarTlebrivi Sedegebi mxareebisaTvis.50 migvaCnia, rom 1876 e muxlis me-2 nawilis Sinaarsi ewinaaRmdegeba mediaciis iseT fuZemdeblur princips, rogoricaa nebayoflobiTobis principi. msgavsi sanqciebis daweseba aucileblobas ar warmoadgens mediaciis procesis warmatebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis. kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic gaanalizebas saWiroebs, aris sakiTxi, Tu ra Sinaarsis saproceso dokumentiT unda dasruldes saqmis warmoeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sasamarTlo mediaciisas, mxareTa Soris SeTanxmeba ver iqneba miRweuli. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 1877 e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, Tu sasamarTlo mediaciisaTvis kanoniT dadgenil vadaSi dava mxareTa SeTanxmebiT ar dasrulda, mosarCeles SeuZlia waradginos sarCeli saerTo wesebis dacviT~. mizaSewonilia, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi iTvaliswinebdes Sedegs, romliTac aseT SemTxvevaSi sruldeba warmoeba. migvaCnia, rom mediaciis procesis warumateblad dasrulebisas, sarCeli unda darCes ganuxilvelad, ris Sesaxebac cvlileba unda Sevides saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 275-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi, saxeldobr, unda daematos Semdegi Sinaarsis k~ qvepunqti: sasamarTlo mxaris gancxadebiT an Tavisi iniciativiT, ganuxilvelad datovebs sarCels, Tu: k) sasamarTlo mediaciisaTvis kanoniT dadgenil vadaSi dava mxareTa SeTanxmebiT ar dasrulda~. aseT SemTxvevaSi, mosarCele SeinarCunebs identuri Sinaarsis sarCelis sasamarTloSi aRZvris uflebas, amave kodeqsis 278-e muxlis safuZvelze, romlis Tanaxmad, im garemoebaTa aRmofxvris SemTxvevaSi, romlebic safuZvlad daedo sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebas, dainteresebul pirs ufleba aqvs kvlav mimarTos sasamarTlos saerTo wesis dacviT.

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V. daskvna daskvnis saxiT gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom Tu ramdenad efeqtianad iqneba gamoyenebuli mediacia saqarTveloSi, damokidebulia ara marto Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi sistemis Seqmnaze saxelmwifoSi, aramed sazogadoebis cnobierebis amaRlebazec, mediaciisa da davis gadawyvetis sxva alternatiuli saSualebebis gamoyenebis sferoSi. imeds vitovebT, rom perspeqtivaSi, rodesac mediacia gaxdeba ufro metad nacnobi da gasagebi moqalaqeebisaTvis, masze moTxovnileba warmoiSoba. rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, mediaciis institutis, rogorc davis ganxilvis alternatiuli saSualebis da sistemis danergva mniSvnelovania: izogeba saxelmwifo finansuri da adamianuri resursebi, orive mxarisaTvis momgebiania _ mxareebi axerxeben erTmaneTTan urTierTobebis SenarCunebas, sasamarTlosTan SedarebiT, davis gadawyvetisaTvis ufro swrafi saSualebaa, konfidencialuria, sazogadoebaSi adamianebi maT Soris warmoSobil konfliqts saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe Tavad agvareben da a.S. maSasadame, arsebobs sakmao safuZveli imisaTvis, rom modave mxareTa mier mediaciis gamoyenebam konkurencia gauwios sasamarTlos. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom mediacias, rogorc davis gadawyvetis namdvilad sasargeblo da efeqtian formas, romelic iTavsebs iseT, erTi SexedviT, SeuTavsebel Tvisebebs, rogoricaa humanizmi da pragmatizmi, gaaCnia gamoyenebis zRvari. mediacia iqneba aqtiurad ganviTarebadi da gamoyenebadi im sazogadoebaSi, sadac aris Zlieri, damoukidebeli, mdgradi sasamarTlo sistema. davis gadawyvetis ra saSualebebsac ar unda mimarTon mxareebma, sayrdens yovelTvis warmoadgens iseTi sasamarTlo sistemis arsebobis garantia, romelic uzrunvelyofs wvdomas samarTlianobisadmi yvelaze rTul situaciebSic ki.

gamoyenebuli literatura / SeniSvnebi: 1.

3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

23. 24. 25. 26.

Ales Zalar. Towards primary dispute resolution system: global trends in civil and family mediation. An overview of the best practices in Europe //http://cameraarbitrale.odc.mi.it/ allegati/utenti/Zalar1.pdf. samoqalaqo saqmeebSi farTo gagebiT igulisxmeba samoqalaqo, saojaxo, Sromis, saadgilmamulo da sxva kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan warmoSobili davebi. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, 1871-1879-e muxlebi. Î.Â. Ëóêüÿíîâñêàÿ, Ð.Ã. Ìåëüíè÷åíêî, Îñíîâû þðèäè÷åñêîé êîíôëèêòîëîãèè è ìåäèàöèè. Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå, Âîëãîãðàä. 2011, ñòð. 60. Villareal, Elpidio, ADR in the United States- A Practical Guide, in: Goldsmith, J.C./Ingen-Housz, Arnold,/Pointon, Gerald, H. (Editors) ADR in Business, Practice and Issues across Countries and Cultures, Kluwer Law International , New-York, 2006, 138. (giorgi cercvaZe, mediacia. davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma (zogadi mimoxilva), 2010. gv. 37). giorgi cercvaZe, mediacia. davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma (zogadi mimoxilva), 2010, gv. 38. Î.Â. Ëóêüÿíîâñêàÿ, Ð.Ã. Ìåëüíè÷åíêî, Îñíîâû þðèäè÷åñêîé êîíôëèêòîëîãèè è ìåäèàöèè, Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå, Âîëãîãðàä. 2011, ñòð. 60-61. Î.Â. Ëóêüÿíîâñêàÿ, Ð.Ã. Ìåëüíè÷åíêî, Îñíîâû þðèäè÷åñêîé êîíôëèêòîëîãèè è ìåäèàöèè, Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå, Âîëãîãðàä, 2011, ñòð. 61. giorgi cercvaZe, mediacia. davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma (zogadi mimoxilva), 2010. gv. 69. Yarn, Douglas, H. Mediation in den USA, in: Haft, Fritjof, von Schlieffen, Katherina (Hrsg.) Handbuch Mediation, 2.Auflage, Beck , Munchen, 2009, 1260-1261. (giorgi cercvaZe, mediacia. davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma (zogadi mimoxilva), 2010. gv. 71). Î.Â. Ëóêüÿíîâñêàÿ, Ð.Ã. Ìåëüíè÷åíêî, Îñíîâû þðèäè÷åñêîé êîíôëèêòîëîãèè è ìåäèàöèè, Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå, Âîëãîãðàä, 2011, ñòð. 63. http://www.mediacia.com/medworld.htm. giorgi daviTaSvili, sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi, `Tsu-s gamomcemloba~, Tb., 2004, gv. 5, 13. giorgi cercvaZe, mediacia. davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma (zogadi mimoxilva), 2010, gv. 78. giorgi daviTaSvili, sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi, `Tsu-s gamomcemloba~, Tb., 2004, gv. 13. giorgi daviTaSvili, samediatoro sasamarTlo svaneTSi, `Tsu-s gamomcemloba~, Tb., 2002. giorgi cercvaZe, mediacia. davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma (zogadi mimoxilva), 2010. gv. 81. Î.Â. Ëóêüÿíîâñêàÿ, Ð.Ã. Ìåëüíè÷åíêî, Îñíîâû þðèäè÷åñêîé êîíôëèêòîëîãèè è ìåäèàöèè, Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå, Âîëãîãðàä, 2011, ñòð. 68. Ñ.È. Êàëàøíèêîâà, Ìåäèàöèÿ â ñôåðå ãðàæäàíñêîé þðèñäèêöèè, Àâòîðåôåðàò, Åêàòåðèíáóðã, 2010. Î.Â. Ëóêüÿíîâñêàÿ, Ð.Ã. Ìåëüíè÷åíêî, Îñíîâû þðèäè÷åñêîé êîíôëèêòîëîãèè è ìåäèàöèè, Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå, Âîëãîãðàä, 2011, ñòð. 69. ÑØÀ. Åäèíîîáðàçíûé àêò î ìåäèàöèè /www.liga-mediatorov.ru/index.php/ 2011-10-04-20-30-47/ 2001-html. Ôåäåðàëüíûé çàêîí Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè îò 27 èþëÿ 2010 ã. N193-ÔÇ Îá àëüòåðíàòèâíîé ïðîöåäóðå óðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ñïîðîâ ñ ó÷àñòèåì ïîñðåäíèêà (ïðîöåäóðå ìåäèàöèè) /www.rg.ru/2010/07/30/mediacia-dok.html. Íîâûé Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññóàëüíûé êîäåêñ Ôðàíöèè, Ïåðåâîä Âëàäèìèðà Çàõâàòàåâà, Êèåâ, Èçäàòåëüñòâî Èñòèíà, 2004, ñòð. 59. Ñ.È. Êàëàøíèêîâà, Ìåäèàöèÿ â ñôåðå ãðàæäàíñêîé þðèñäèêöèè, Àâòîðåôåðàò, Åêàòåðèíáóðã, 2010. Î.Â. Ëóêüÿíîâñêàÿ, Ð.Ã. Ìåëüíè÷åíêî, Îñíîâû þðèäè÷åñêîé êîíôëèêòîëîãèè è ìåäèàöèè, Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå, Âîëãîãðàä, 2011, ñòð. 69. argumentacia mciredan didze: argumentum a minore ad maius: Tuki samarTlebrivi Sedegi vrceldeba kanoniT mowesrigebul ufro msubuq Semadgenlobaze, maSin is, miT umetes unda gavrceldes kanoniT mouwesrigebel, saqmis ufro mZime Semadgenlobaze, romelzec kanonis konkretuli

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mizani ufro didi masStabiT vrceldeba. Sead. Ruthers, Rechtstheorie, 1999, RdNr. 898 sowie Palandt/Heinrichs, BGB, 2003, Einleitung, RdNr. 43. susg samoqalaqo saqmeebze, 2003, #1, gv. 53. miTiTebuli: T. liluaSvili, v. xrustali, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis komentari, meore gamocema, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 57. ÑØÀ. ÅÄÈÍÎÎÁÐÀÇÍÛÉ ÀÊÒ Î ÌÅÄÈÀÖÈÈ /www.liga-mediatorov.ru/ index.php/2011-10-04-20-30-47/ 2001-html. Î.Â. Ëóêüÿíîâñêàÿ, Ð.Ã. Ìåëüíè÷åíêî, Îñíîâû þðèäè÷åñêîé êîíôëèêòîëîãèè è ìåäèàöèè, Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå, Âîëãîãðàä, 2011, ñòð. 70. Íîâûé Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññóàëüíûé êîäåêñ Ôðàíöèè, Ïåðåâîä Âëàäèìèðà Çàõâàòàåâà, Êèåâ. Èçäàòåëüñòâî Èñòèíà, 2004, ñòð. 59-60. Sanders, Pieter, The work of UNCITRAL on arbitration and conciliation, second and expanded edition, Kluwer Law International, , The Hague, 2004, p. 220. (giorgi cercvaZe, mediacia. davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma (zogadi mimoxilva), 2010, gv. 48). Î.Â. Ëóêüÿíîâñêàÿ, Ð.Ã. Ìåëüíè÷åíêî Îñíîâû þðèäè÷åñêîé êîíôëèêòîëîãèè è ìåäèàöèè, Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå, Âîëãîãðàä, 2011, ñòð. 70. Kulms, Rainer, Alternative Streitbeilegung durch Mediation in den USA, in: Hopt, Klaus, J./Steffek, Felix, Mediation, Rechtstatsachen, Rechtsvergleich, Regelungen, Mohr Siebeck, Tubingen, 2008, 452. (giorgi cercvaZe, mediacia. davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma (zogadi mimoxilva), 2010, gv. 51). Hilber, Marc, Die Sicherung der Vertraurlichkeit des Medationsverfahrens, Dr. Kovac, Hamburg, 2006, 194. (giorgi cercvaZe, mediacia. davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma (zogadi mimoxilva), 2010, gv. 53). Î.Â. Ëóêüÿíîâñêàÿ, Ð.Ã. Ìåëüíè÷åíêî, Îñíîâû þðèäè÷åñêîé êîíôëèêòîëîãèè è ìåäèàöèè, Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå, Âîëãîãðàä, 2011, ñòð. 70. Íîâûé Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññóàëüíûé êîäåêñ Ôðàíöèè, Ïåðåâîä Âëàäèìèðà Çàõâàòàåâà, Êèåâ. Èçäàòåëüñòâî Èñòèíà, 2004, ñòð. 62. Ñ.È. Êàëàøíèêîâà, Ìåäèàöèÿ â ñôåðå ãðàæäàíñêîé þðèñäèêöèè, Àâòîðåôåðàò, Åêàòåðèíáóðã, 2010. Ñ.È. Êàëàøíèêîâà, Ìåäèàöèÿ â ñôåðå ãðàæäàíñêîé þðèñäèêöèè, Àâòîðåôåðàò, Åêàòåðèíáóðã, 2010. Î.Â. Ëóêüÿíîâñêàÿ, Ð.Ã. Ìåëüíè÷åíêî, Îñíîâû þðèäè÷åñêîé êîíôëèêòîëîãèè è ìåäèàöèè, Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå, Âîëãîãðàä, 2011, ñòð. 70. Glenewinkel, Werner, Mediation als ausergerichtliches Konfliktlosungsmodell, Am Beispiel der Trennungs- und Scheidungsmediation in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ibidem, Stuttgart, 1999, 60-61. (giorgi cercvaZe, mediacia. davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma (zogadi mimoxilva), 2010, gv. 47-48). Ëàçàðåâ Ñ.Â. Îñíîâû ñóäåáíîãî ïðèìèðåíèÿ / Ñ.Â. Ëàçàðåâ. Ì.: Èíôîòðîïèê Ìåäèà, 2011. ñ. 5. T. liluaSvili, v.xrustali, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis komentari, meore gamocema, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 401. Áîðèñîâà Å.À., Ðîññèéñêàÿ ïðîöåäóðà ìåäèàöèè, Êîíöåïöèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ, Âåñòíèê Ìîñêîâñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà , ñåðèÿ 11: Ïðàâî, Èçäàòåëüñòâî Ìîñêîâñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà, 2011ã., ñ.18-30 / www.elibrary.ru.item.asp?id=17298512.pdf/ Áîðèñîâà Å.À., Ðîññèéñêàÿ ïðîöåäóðà ìåäèàöèè, Êîíöåïöèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ, Âåñòíèê Ìîñêîâñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà , ñåðèÿ 11: Ïðàâî, Èçäàòåëüñòâî Ìîñêîâñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà, 2011ã., ñ.18-30 / www.elibrary.ru.item.asp?id=17298512.pdf/ Øàìëèêàøâèëè Ö.À., Ìåäèàöèÿ â Ðîññèè, Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå. / www.gosbook.ru/node/32413.pdf. Íîâûé Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññóàëüíûé êîäåêñ Ôðàíöèè, Ïåðåâîä Âëàäèìèðà Çàõâàòàåâà, Êèåâ. Èçäàòåëüñòâî Èñòèíà, 2004, ñòð. 60. rekomendaciebi samoqalaqo samarTlis sasamarTlo praqtikis problematur sakiTxebze, gv. 36-37 /www.supremecourt.ge/uniform-courtpractice/recommendations-on-civil-cases/ iqve. Êóäðÿâöåâà Å.Â., Ãðàæäàíñêîå ñóäîïðîèçâîäñòâî Àíãëèè, Ì., 2008. Àëëåí Ò., Åñòü ñïîð, ìåäèàöèÿ óìåñòíà âñåãäà // Ìåäèàöèÿ è ïðàâî. 2010. ¹1., Ñ. 52-53: Áðóê Ã. Óêàç. Ñî÷. Ñ. 42.

LEGAL ASPECTS OF JUDICIAL MEDIATION LEILA KOKHREIDZE Judge of the Panel of Civil Cases of the Tbilisi City Court, Doctoral Student of the Business Engineering Faculty of the Georgian Technical University

The article provides a brief overview of stages of historical development of mediation Â&#x2013; alternative means of dispute resolution, goals and key principles of mediation, which determine their high effectiveness. The legal problems of applying the mediation method in legal proceedings are studied, and consequently it is substantiated that respective amendments are necessary for perfecting our procedure legislation. The article contains a comparative analysis of legislations of the United States, Canada, France and Russia, also statistical indicator of resolving disputes with agreement in case of mandatory and voluntary mediation in Canada, which makes it clear that mandatory mediation is less effective than the voluntary one. The author comes to the conclusion that top-down introduction of mediation is less productive than its reasoned adoption by the public and that it is better to let them understand the advantage of this procedure, acknowledge its necessity and to have it recognized not only by the lawyers but also by the citizens as well. Such approach is more relevant to the key principles of legal proceedings, namely the principle of disposition, and initial basis of mediation Â&#x2013; principle of voluntariness. The article suggests an opinion that effective usage of mediation in Georgia will depend not only on the creation of a respective legal system in the state, but also on the increased public awareness in regards to the usage of mediation and other alternative dispute resolution measures, which supports the promotion of this institute as well. 35

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sagareo politikuri doqtrinebis saerTaSoriso da samxedrosamarTalebrivi aspeqtebi manana xvedeliZe samarTlis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori

saxelmwifoTa Soris politikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli, samxedro da sxva kavSirurTierTobebis istoriul ganviTarebas mudam hqonda samarTlebrivi safuZveli da yalibdeboda saerTaSoriso Cveulebebisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis saxiT. yoveli axali saxelmwifo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs iwyebda ukve arsebuliT, manamde SeqmniliT, maT Soris, saerTaSoriso samarTlis kuTxiTac. Zvelad, saerTaSoriso samarTali moicavda saelCo da saxelSekrulebo samarTlis normebs, omis warmoebis zogierT wess. monaTmflobelobis epoqaSi mniSvnelovnad ganmtkicda elCebis xelSeuxeblobisa da eqsteritoriulobis principi, dadebuli xelSekrulebebis Sesrulebis aucilebloba da kavSirebis siwminde, samediatoro sasamarTloebi da Suamavloba, omis gamocxadebis, mowamluli iaraRis gamoyenebis wesebis dacva da sxva saerTaSoriso normebi. ukve Sua saukuneebSi, yalibdeba mudmiv diplomatiur warmomadgenelTa instituti da XVI saukunisaTvis metwil evropul saxelmwifoebSi arsebobda sagareo urTierTobaTa mudmivi uwyebebi, agreTve Seiqmna sakonsulo samarTali. XVI I saukunis damdegs, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi wamoyenebul iqna Ria zRvis Tavisuflebis principi, _ saz36

Rvao vaWrobis zrda xels uwyobda sazRvao vaWrobis CveulebaTa mravalricxovani kodifikaciis ganxorcielebas. imavdroulad, erovnul da mravalerovnul saxelmwifoTa Seqmnis procesSi, umaRlesi xelisuflebis ganmtkicebasTan erTad, yalibdeboda saxelmwifo suvereniteti. burJuaziuli revoluciebis epoqaSi mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda saerTaSoriso samarTlis axali principebi. suverenuli Tanasworoba, damoukidebloba, teritoriuli xelSeuxebloba, sxva saxelmwifoebis saSinao saqmeebSi Caurevloba, xelSekrulebebisa da sxva normebis dacva deklarirebuli iyo saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobebis ZiriTad sawyisebad. isini ganmtkicda mravali saerTaSoriso aqtiT da TandaTanobiT SeiZina saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebisa da normebis xasiaTi. realuri sazogadoebriv-istoriuli procesebis ganviTarebisa da saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, ganviTarda saerTaSoriso samarTlis iseTi institutebi, rogoric aris saxelmwifoebis aRiareba da uflebamonacvleoba, plebisciti, TavSefarebis (TavSesafaris) ufleba _ `keTili momsaxureba~, neitraluri saxelmwifoebis uflebaTa dacva da bevri sxva. gamocxadda principebi: mxolod TavdacviTi da samarTliani omebis daSveba, daWrilebisa da tyveebis mimarT humanuri mopyroba, mSvidobiani mosaxleobis uflebaTa pativiscema, zedmeti tanjva-wamebis miyenebis iaraRis akrZalva. saerTaSoriso samarTali sul ufro mtkiced mkvidrdeboda, rogorc saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobaTa daregulirebis forma da am urTierTobebis iuridiuli safuZveli. XX saukuneSi, saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromlobam moicva axali da axali mimarTulebebi, romlebic winaT saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi daregulirebis sferoebSi ar Sedioda. kerZod, iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoric aris mSvidobisa da uSiSroebis damkvidreba da dacva, mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTareba, Sromis pirobebis gaumjobeseba, brZola damnaSaveobis winaaRmdeg da sxv. gaCnda TviT saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis sruliad axali mimarTulebani, romelTa samarTlebrivi regulirebis sferoSi moxvda: atomuri energiis mSvidobiani gamoyeneba, garemos dacva, saxelmwifoebis saqmianoba kosmosSi, zRvebisa da okeaneebis fskerze da a.Â S. amJamad Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali im iuridiuli normebisa da principebis damoukidebeli, specifikuri sistemaa, romlebic iqmneboda saxelmwifoTa Soris SeTanxmebebis gziT, gamoxatavda maTi SeTanxmebis nebas da miznad isaxavs daareguliros urTierTobani, maT Soris, samxedro sferoSic. igi asaxavs saxelmwifoebis nebayoflobiTi TanxmobiT uzrunvelyofil (xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi _ maTi individualuri an koleqtiuri iZulebiTi) fuZemdeblur principebsa da normebs, romlebic aRiarebulia yvela saxelmwifos mier da savaldebuloa yvela saxelmwifosaTvis. regionuli an lokaluri saerTaSoriso normebi, romlebic miRebulia, magaliTad, iseT organizaciaTa farglebSi, rogoric aris evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia, evropis sabWo, an damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba an ori an meti saxelmwifos saxelSekrulebo valdebulebani, uTuod unda Seesabamebodes sayovelTaod aRiarebul saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv principebsa da normebs. saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis meSveobiT, saxelmwifoebi amyareben qcevis sayovelTaod miRebul standartebs urTierTdamokidebulebis sxvadasxva dargSi, wesebs, 37

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romelTa gareSe maTi erToblivi arseboba da urTierToba SeuZlebelia, amasTan, meqanizmebs, romlebic icaven saxelmwifoTa kanonier uflebebsa da interesebs, agreTve uzrunvelyofen saerTaSoriso uSiSroebisa da marTlwesrigis urRvevobas. ramdenadac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi ar arsebobs raime sakanonmdeblo organo, amitom saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi normebis Seqmnis erTaderTi xerxi saerTaSoriso samarTlis obieqtebis SeTanxmebaa. swored amiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom normawarmoqmna mimdinareobs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa dadebis an saerTaSoriso CveulebaTa formirebis meSveobiT. am TvalsazrisiT, didi mniSvneloba aqvs universaluri (gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia da misi specializebuli dawesebulebani) da regionuli saerTaSoriso organizaciebis (evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia, damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba da sxva) gadawyvetilebebsa da rezoluciebs. am organizaciaTa aqtebSi xSirad dafiqsirebulia ukve damkvidrebuli CveulebiTsamarTlebrivi aqtebi, agreTve waxalisebulia garkveuli moqmedebani saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, rac warmoSobs axal saerTaSoriso Cveulebebsa da normebs. saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtebs, ese igi saerTaSoriso samarTalurTierTobis monawileebs, upirvelsad, uflebamosileba da iuridiuli movaleobebi aqvT. es subieqtebi saxelmwifoebi arian. maSasadame, TavisTavad saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebi qmnis uflebebsa da movaleobebs mxolod saxelmwifoebisaTvis. SeuZlebelia gverdi avuaroT am normebis uSualo moqmedebas calke aRebuli saxelmwifos SigniT. am sityvebis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT maT ar eqvemdebarebian saxelmwifos oficialuri organoebi, misi iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebi. saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi principebisa da normebis moqmedeba Sualeduria Sesabamisi saxelmwifos xelisuflebis organoTa gadawyvetilebebis meSveobiT, magaliTad, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis ratifikaciis gziT. imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifoebma uzrunvelyon TavianTi saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis praqtikuli Sesruleba Sidasaxelmwifoebriv doneze (saerTaSoriso samarTlis implementacia), isini axorcieleben garkveul RonisZiebebs, raTa TavianT teritoriaze aamoqmedon Sesabamisi saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi normebi. ama Tu im RonisZiebebis, agreTve maTi realizaciis formebisa da xerxebis konkretuli arCevani TiToeuli saxelmwifos suverenuli uflebaa. saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia miTiTeba da transformacia. miTiTeba _ es aris Sinagani kanonis miniSneba, rom mocemuli konkretuli urTierToba unda regulirdebodes saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT. miTiTeba, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac saerTaSoriso samarTlis norma, romelzec miTiTeba keTdeba, mzad aris Sesasruleblad, ese igi Camoyalibebulia zustad, srulad da konkretulad. transformacia xorcieldeba saxelmwifos mier im Sinagani normatiuli aqtebis gamocemis gziT (magaliTad, kanonebis ratifikaciis aqtebis gamocema, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa publikacia), romlebic uzrunvelyofen saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis uSualo aRqmas erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi misi Sinaarsis Seucvlelad. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa dargSi saxelmwifoebis valdebulebaTa sxvadasxvaobis (koliziis _ sapirispiro Sexedulebebis) SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, Sidasaxelm38

wifoebrivi samarTlis debulebebiT upiratesi Zala aqvs saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv normebs. magaliTad, damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis wevr metwil saxelmwifoTa konstituciebSi, maT kanonebSi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis dadebis, ratifikaciis, Sesrulebisa da denonsaciis wesis Sesaxeb an sxva analogiur Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtebSi ganmtkicebulia debuleba imis Taobaze, rom Tu saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT, sadac saxelmwifo monawileobs, dadgenilia sxva da ara misi kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli wesebi, maSin miiReba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT dadgenili normebi. SesaZlebelia gamonaklisebi iyos, magram es ukiduresad iSviaTia da Cveulebriv, TviT saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT dgindeba. rogorc ukve xazgasmiT aRiniSna, saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba aris saerTaSoriso samarTlis im normebis ganmtkicebis, ese igi arsebobis ZiriTadi forma, romelic misi subieqtebis SeTanxmebul nebas gamoxatavs. am TvalsazrisiT, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebani saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa ZiriTadi da mTavari wyaroebia, ramac asaxva pova gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebaSi (103-e muxli), gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos wesdebaSi (statuti) 38-e muxli, agreTve damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis wesdebaSi (me-5 muxli). imis gamo, rom Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebisa da normebis umravlesoba ZiriTadad, xelSekrulebebSi aisaxeba, swored saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, rogorc mxareTa nakisri valdebulebebis formulirebisa da ganmtkicebis yvelaze operatiuli forma, umeteswilad, Seesabameba Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobis moTxovnebs, principebsa da specifikas. yvela saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, monawileTa ricxvis miuxedavad, saerTaSoriso samarTlis wyaroa. magram maT Soris, gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia gaerTianebuli organizaciis wesdebas, romelic universalur saerTaSoriso xasiaTs atarebs da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs Soris umaRlesi iuridiuli Zala aqvs. misi es Tavisebureba ganmtkicebulia 103-e muxliT, romelic adgens, rom im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac organizaciis wevrTa valdebulebani am wesdebiT daupirispirdeba (winaaRmdegobaSi aRmoCndeba) romelime sxva SeTanxmebiT gansazRvrul maT valdebulebebs, upiratesi Zala aqvs am wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebuls, amitom marTlzomieria mxolod is saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebani, romlebic dadebulia saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebisa da normebis Sesabamisad, nebayoflobiT, mxareTa Tanabari nebasurvilis gamovlenisas, Zalis an Zalis muqaris gamouyeneblobis gareSe. xangrZlivi drois manZilze, saerTaSoriso samarTlis wyarod xelSekrulebaTa Tanasworad moiazreboda saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi Cveulebani. magram Tanamedrove pirobebSi isini meore adgilze gadadian, radgan saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa ganmtkicebis mxolod saxelSekrulebo forma ganapirobebs saerTaSoriso marTlwesrigis stabilurobas. xelSekrulebaTa mniSvneloba imiTac ganisazRvreba, rom amJamad ar arsebobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis arcerTi dargi, romlis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba ar ukavSirdebodes xelSekrulebebs. garda amisa, msoflio asparezze saerTaSoriso organizaciebis gamoCenam da maTi rolis zrdam gamoiwvia rogorc saxelmwifoebTan, ise erTma39

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neTTan maTi urTierTobis saxelSekrulebo gaformebis aucilebloba. gaCnda uamravi aseTi xelSekruleba. sabolood, yovelive aman gamoiwvia im sayovelTaod aRiarebuli wesebis momzadebisa da miRebis moTxovnileba, romlebic exeba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis dadebas, moqmedebasa da Sewyvetas. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa samarTlis muxlebis proeqtTa momzadebis mizniT, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi Seqmnilia saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisia, romlis winadadebaTa safuZvelze specialurad mowveul konferenciebze gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis egidiT miRebul iqna venis konvenciebi: 1961 wels diplomatiur urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb, 1963 wels _ sakonsulo urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb; 1969 wels _ saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo samarTlis Sesaxeb; 1978 wels _ saxelmwifo samarTalmemkvidreobis Sesaxeb; 1983 wels _ xelSekruleba saxelmwifoTa uflebamonacvleobis Sesaxeb saxelmwifo sakuTrebis, saxelmwifo arqivebisa da saxelmwifo valebis Taobaze, 1986 wels _ saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa samarTlis Sesaxeb saxelmwifoebsa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Soris, an saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Soris. es dokumentebi ganviTarebisa da modifikaciis Sedegi iyo. venis 1978 da 1986 wlebis konvenciebi jerjerobiT, ZalaSi ar Sesula, Tumca maTi bevri debuleba moqmedebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Cveulebrivi normebis saxiT. xolo venis 1969 wlis konvencia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa samarTlis Sesaxeb ZalaSi Sevida 1980 wels da amJamad ZiriTadi saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aqtia. amasTan, igi aregulirebs sakiTxebs, romlebic exeba saxelmwifoTa Soris dadebul xelSekrulebebs, aseT xelSekrulebaTa momzadebisa da dadebis, maTi dacva-Sesrulebis, ganmartebis, moqmedebis Sewyvetisa da SeCerebis specifikas. yvela saxelmwifos samarTlis kompleqsuri dargia samxedro samarTali, mis normebs aregulirebs sazogadoebrivi urTierTobani samxedro Zalebis mSeneblobis, cxovrebisa da saqmianobis sferoSi. amasTan, samxedro samarTlis araerTi norma samarTlis sxvadasxva dargs ganekuTvneba. magaliTad, saxelmwifo da administraciuli samarTlis normebi aregulirebs urTierTobebs samxedro Zalebis xelmZRvanelobisa da samxedro marTvis kuTxiT, safinanso samarTlis normebi _ samxedro organizaciaTa safinanso saqmianobis sferoSi da a.S. urTierTobebs samxedro marTlwesrigis dacvis mimarTulebiT aregulirebs sisxlis samarTlis, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso da sisxlis samarTlis aRsrulebiTi samarTlis normebi. samxedro kanonmdebloba aris samarTlebrivi aqtebis (samarTlebrivi wyaroebis) sistema, igi moicavs samarTlis sxvadasxva wyaros Â&#x2013; samxedro kanonmdeblobis aqtebs. swored amitom, samxedro kanonmdeblobis ZiriTadi normebi gansazRvrulia konstituciebSi, xSirad saxelmwifoebi saerTaSoriso valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad iyeneben TavianT samxedro Zalebs. rac Seexeba samxedro doqtrinebs, maT amtkicebs sakanonmdeblo organoebi, romelSic ZiriTadad, asaxulia politikuri safuZvlebi, omis SesaZlo mizezebi da wyaroebi, qveynis politikuri miznebi uSiSroebis uzrunvelsayofad da maTi miRwevis saSualebebi, samxedro doqtrinis samxedrostrategiuli da taqtikur-teqnikuri safuZvlebi, saxelmwifos amocanebi Tavdacvis sferoSi da sxv. qveynebis mier aranakleb, gasaTvaliswinebelia msoflio usafrTxoebidan gamomdinare sagareo politikuri doqtrinebi, romelsac samxedro Tvalsaz40

risiT, xSirad iyeneben wamyvani saxelmwifoebi saerTaSoriso konfliqtebisa da saomari moqmedebebis dros, saerTaSoriso valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad. doqtrina laTinuri sityvaa da moZRvrebas niSnavs, igi mecnieruli an filosofiuri Teoriaa, politikuri sistema saxelmZRvanelo Teoriuli an politikuri principia. diplomatiaSi ZiriTadia sagareo-politikuri doqtrinebi, romlebic sagareo politikuri saqmianobis miznebis, amocanebis, xasiaTis, agreTve maTi realizaciisa da uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi arsebul SexedulebaTa sistemas warmoadgens. sagareo politikur doqtrinebSi gamoiyofa is umTavresi, romelzec mocemul momentSi, saxelmwifo aqcents akeTebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. sagareo politikuri doqtrinis Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba saxelmwifoTa interesebiT, maTi saSinao da sagareo politikis principebiT. sagareo politikur doqtrinebs xSirad iyenebdnen didi saxelmwifoebi saerTaSoriso sakiTxebSi Tavisi moqmedebis principebis gansazRvrisaTvis. aseT doqtrinaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba mravali doqtrina da strategia, koncefcia Tu Teoria, romelTa Sedegebi xSirad aisaxeba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi da saxelmwifoebisaTvis normatiuli aqti xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, aseT doqtrinaTa debulebebi saxelmwifoTa Soris samxedro TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb politikuri da samarTlebrivi gansazRvris safuZveli xdeba. saerTaSoriso samarTlis safuZvlebis Seswavlis aucilebloba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda mas Semdeg, rac saxelmwifoebma aRiares es gansakuTrebiT suverenuli unitarulo saxelmwifoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli principi _ `absoluturi saerTaSoriso samarTalsubieqti~, romelsac sistematurad aRiarebs saxelmwifoTa ZiriTadi kanoni _ qveynis konstitucia. `saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebs. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas an SeTanxmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias, konstituciur SeTanxmebas, aqvs upiratesi iurdiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT~ (cvlileba Setanilia saqarTvelos 2001 wlis 30 martis konstituciuri kanoniT, saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqtSi). e.i. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebani misi samarTlebrivi sistemis Semadgeneli nawilia. saerTaSoriso samarTali, rogorc saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobaTa maregulirebeli iuridiuli normebisa da principebis erToblioba, samarTlis damoukidebeli, specifikuri sistemaa. ZiriTadad, saxelmwifoSi moqmedebs ori sistema: a) erovnuli (Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi) samarTali, romelic moicavs sisxlis, administraciul, saxelmwifo, samxedro da sxva samarTals. b) saerTaSoriso samarTali, romlis dargebia sazRvao, sahaero, kosmosuri, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis samarTali da sxv. samarTlis am or sistemas erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSiri aqvs. Tu saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis normebi ewinaaRmdegeba im saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa normebs, romlis wevria mocemuli saxelmwifo, maSin man unda gaauqmos erovnuli kanonis normebi an 41

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Seusabamos isini saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas. aqedan naTelia, rom samxedro Zalebis oficerTa korpusma, yvela donis sardlobam unda icodes saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romelsac xels awers, ratifikacias ukeTeben saqarTvelos saxelmwifo xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebi da mmarTveloba, gansakuTrebiT, is xelSekrulebani, sadac dadgenilia qcevis savaldebulo wesebi samxedro Tu SeiaraRebuli ZalebisaTvis. aseTi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi Sesabamisad aisaxeba saxelmwifoTa erovnuli samarTlis erT-erT kompleqsur dargSi, kerZod, samxedro samarTalSi. am statiaSi gvinda warmovadginoT swored is analizi, sadac naTlad Cans sagareo-politikuri doqtrinis gavlena saerTaSoriso samarTalsa da samxedro samarTalSi. analizi moicavs meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodidan gamoqveynebul da moqmed sagareo politikur doqtrinebs. maT ricxvs mivakuTneT saxelmwifoTa Soris samxedro TanamSromlobis sfero da misi saerTaSoriso Tu erovnuli samarTlis safuZvlebi. amerikeli samxedro da saxelmwifo moRvawis marSalis gegma cnobilia, rogorc meore msoflio omis Semdeg, evropis aRdgenisa da ganviTarebis programa, romelsac safuZvlad edo aSS-is ekonomikuri daxmareba. programa wamoayena aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivanma j.k. marSalma 1947 wlis 5 ivniss. didi britaneTis, safrangeTisa da ssrk-is sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis parizSi gamarTul TaTbirze (1947), sabWoTa mxarem gaakritika dasavleTis saxelmwifoTa pozicia, romelic misi azriT, cdilobda evropis saxelmwifoTa saSinao saqmeebSi Carevas daxmarebis sababiT. sabWoTa gancxadebaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom inglis-safrangeTis winadadebebi gamiznuli iyo evropis saxelmwifoTa 2 jgufad dasayofad, amerikul kreditebs ki, evropuli saxelmwifoebis erTi jgufi gamoiyenebda meoris winaaRmdeg. amasTan dakavSirebiT, ssrk-ma uari Tqva `marSalis gegmaSi~ monawileobaze. sabWoTa pozicias mxari dauWires albaneTma, bulgareTma, ungreTma, poloneTma, rumineTma, Cexoslovakiam da iugoslaviam, uari ganacxada fineTmac. 1947 wlis 12_15 ivliss, parizSi Catarda im 16 qveynis konferencia, romlebic SeuerTdnen Â&#x2018;marSalis gegmas~ (didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, avstria, belgia, dania, saberZneTi, irlandia, islandia, italia, luqsemburgi, niderlandebis samefo, norvegia, portugalia, SvedeTi, Sveicaria da TurqeTi). konferenciaze Seiqmna evropis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis komiteti, romelic miznad isaxavda amerikul daxmarebaze erToblivi ganacxadis Sedgenas. komitetis mier moTxovnili Tanxa _ 29 mlrd dolari mniSvnelovnad Seamcira aSS-is kongresma. `kanoni ucxoeTis saxelmwifoebisaTvis daxmarebis Sesaxeb~, romelic aregulirebda `marSalis gegmis~ ganxorcielebas, amerikis kongresma miiRo 1948 wlis 3 aprils. dasavleT evropis qveynebisaTvis daxmareba unda gaformebuliyo ormxrivi SeTanxmebis saxiT (romelsac Sveicariis garda, xeli moawera parizis konferenciis yvela monawilem). amasTan, am saxelmwifoebs unda SeesrulebinaT Semdegi pirobebi: uari eTqvaT mrewvelobis nacionalizaciaze da sruli Tavisufleba miecaT kerZo mewarmeobisaTvis, calmxrivid SeemcirebinaT amerikuli saqonlis Setanaze sabaJo gadasaxadi da sxv. marSalis gegmis Sesrulebaze kontroli daevala aSS-Si Seqmnil ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis administracias. dasavleT evropis qveynebis ganacxadTa Sesadgenad, maTi warmomadgenlebisagan Seiqmna evropis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizacia. marSalis gegmis ganxorcielebis 4 wlis manZilze amerikuli daxmarebis moculobam 42

daaxloebiT, 17 mlrd dolari Sedgina. daxmarebis gaweva xdeboda sesxebisa da subsidiebis safuZvelze, sxvadasxva saxis moxmarebis sagnebis miwodebis saxiT. mTeli Tanxis 60% ganawilda did britaneTze, safrangeTze, italiasa da dasavleT germaniaze. 1951 wlidan marSalis gegma faqtobrivad dasavleTi evropis saxelmwifoebisaTvis amerikuli samxedro daxmarebis programad gadaiqca. `trumenis doqtrina~ iTvleba aSS-is mTavrobis sagareo politikur programad, romelic Camoayaliba prezidentma h. trumenma 1947 wlis martSi, kongresisaTvis gagzavnil werilSi. igi dakanonda 1947 wlis maisSi, kongresis mier misi damtkicebisa da prezidentis xelmoweris Semdeg, rac iTvaliswinebda 1947-1948 wlebSi, 400 milioni dolaris gamoyofas saberZneTisa da TurqeTisaTvis dasaxmareblad, am qveynebSi komunisturi reJimebis damyarebis Tavidan asacileblad. `trumenis doqtrina~ miznad isaxavda meore msoflio omis (1939_1945) Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris eqspansiis SeCerebas `demokratiisa da socializmis~ gavrcelebis niRbiT. rogorc cnobilia, trumenis doqtrinam xeli Seuwyo `civi omis~ gamZafrebas. xolo `trumenis programis~ meoTxe punqti, iTvaliswinebda aSS-is mier ganviTarebadi qveynebisadmi teqnikuri daxmarebis RonisZiebaTa programas, romlis ZiriTadi idea Camoyalibda 1949 wlis 20 ianvars, _ meored, mis mier prezidentis postis dakavebasTan dakavSirebiT kongresSi warmoTqmul sityvaSi. swored es punqti exeboda aSS-is sagareo politikas, romelsac erqva `mSvidoba da Tavisufleba~, misi ganxorcieleba faqtobrivad, 1950 wlis ianvridan daiwyo. RonisZiebis realizaciasTan dakavSirebiT, aSS sa da ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris ideboda ormxrivi SeTanxmebebi, romelTa safuZvelze, aSS yovelgvari winaaRmdegobebis gareSe uzrunvelyofda Tavisi eqspertebis SeSvebas daxmarebis mimRebi qveynis mTavrobis sakvanZo uwyebebSi. aSS-is sufsidias aZlevdnen rkinigzebisa da gzatkecilebis, sazRvao portebis, aerodromebis mSeneblobisa da rekonstruqciisaTvis. 60 ian wlebSi ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikuri damoukideblobis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT, aSS-ma SeimuSava ganviTarebadi qveynebis daxmarebis axali meTodebi: ganviTarebis mravalwliani programis dafinanseba e.w. `rbili~ sesxebis micema, saerTaSoriso bankebis gamoyeneba da sxva, romlebic ganmtkicebul iqna 1961 wels miRebuli kanoniT `daxmarebis Sesaxeb~. `Sekavebis doqtrina~ _ sagareo politikuri koncefcia, romelic wamoyenebuli iyo aSS-is mier 40-50-iani wlebis mijnaze h. trumenis prezidentobis dros, koncentrirebulad gamoxatavda aSS-is sagareo politikis mimarTulebas meore msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi, iyo `civi omis~ Semadgeneli nawili, romelic Camoayaliba amerikelma j. kenanma 1947 wels, Jurnal `forin afersSi~ gamoqveynebul statiaSi, saTauriT _ `sabWouri qcevis wyaroebi~. j. kenani moiTxovda ruseTisaTvis daepirispirebinaT nebismieri Zala nebismier punqtSi, sadac ki, sabWoTa kavSiri Seecdeboda Tavisi gavlenis gaZlierebas, rom ekonomikurad da samxedro TvalsazrisiT daesustebina ssrk da socialisturi banaki. `Sekavebis doqtrinis~ praqtikuli ganxorcieleba iyo natos, sentos, seatos samxedro blokebis Seqmna, ssrk-is sazRvrebis siaxloves aSS-is samxedro bazebis daarseba. `Sekavebis doqtrinis~ miznebis ganxorcielebas emsaxureboda `trumenis doqtrina~ da `marSalis gegma~. 43

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`masirebuli SurisZiebis strategia~ safuZvlad daedo aSS-is sagareo da samxedro politikas 50-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi. igi warmoadgenda `civi omis~ erT-erT odiozur gamovlinebas. iTvaliswinebda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier sabWoTa kavSirTan konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi, sabrZolo moqmedebaTa yvela meTodis, upirvelesad, birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebas nebismier dros da dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi aSS-is mTavrobis Sexedulebisamebr. `masirebuli SurisZiebis strategiis~ ZiriTadi debulebebi Camoyalibebuli iyo aSS-is erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos memorandumSi, aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivnis j. f. dalesis gamosvlaSi 1954 wlis 12 ianvars. rac Seexeba termins _ `civi omi~ _ gamoiyeneba meore msoflio omis Semdgom politikaSi dasavleTis kapitalistur saxelmwifoebsa da e.w. socialisturi banakis qveynebs Soris urTierTobis aRsaniSnavad. `civi omis~ gamocxadebad iTvleba u. CerCilis gamosvla 1946 wlis 3 marts, fultonSi (aSS), sadac man inglisur-amerikuli samxedro kavSiris Seqmnisaken mouwoda `aRmosavluri komunizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis mizniT~. Sedegad saerTaSoriso ndoba dairRva, xolo saxelmwifoTa konstruqciuli TanamSromlobis SesaZlebloba, romelsac safuZveli Caeyara antihitleruli koaliciis farglebSi, mniSvnelovnad SezRuduli aRmoCnda. `civi omis~ politika xasiaTdeboda gamalebuli, gansakuTrebiT birTvuli SeiaraRebis formirebiT, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi ZaliT an Zalis gamoyenebis muqariT, sadavo sakiTxebis molaparakebis gziT gadaWraze uaris TqmiT; amas Sedegad mohyva saerTaSoriso daZabulobis zrda, msoflio omis aRmocenebis safrTxis gaZliereba kapitalistur da socialistur saxelmwifoebs Soris savaWro-ekonomikuri, kulturuli da sxva kavSirebis mkveTrad Semcireba. swored am mizniT xelmoweril iqna saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa paketebi, rogoricaa: birTvuli iaraRis akrZalvis Sesaxeb atmosferoSi, kosmosur sivrcesa da wyalqveS (xelmowerilia 1963 wlis 5 agvistos). es xelSekruleba cnobilia agreTve, rogorc moskovis xelSekruleba birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis akrZalvis Sesaxeb sam sferoSi. (aSS-sa da did britaneTSi ZalaSi Sevida 1963 wlis 10 oqtombers). xelSekruleba uvadoa da Ria yvela saxelmwifosaTvis xelmosawerad. Sedgeba preambulisa da xuTi muxlisagan. garda birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis akrZalvisa, zemoaRniSnul sam sferoSi, xelSekruleba krZalavda birTvuli iaraRis gamocdas nebismier sferoSi, Tu aseTi afeTqeba gamoiwvevda radioaqtiur dabinZurebas im qveynis teritoriuli sazRvrebis gareT, romlis iurisdiqciiTac an kontrolqveS ganxorcielda es afeTqeba. xelSekrulebam xeli Seuwyo garemos radioaqtiuri dabinZurebis Tavidan acilebas. Semdegi iyo xelSekruleba birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis Sesaxeb, romelic moamzada ganiaraRebis komitetma da moiwona gaeros generalurma asambleam, 1968 wlis 12 ivniss. xelSekrulebis teqsti xelmosawerad erTdrould daido moskovSi, vaSingtonsa da londonSi. amJamad xelSekrulebaze xeli mowerili aqvs 170-ze met qveyanas. xelSekrulebis mizania, mtkiced SezRudos birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba, uzrunvelyos aucilebeli saerTaSoriso kontroli xelSekrulebis monawile qveynebis mier xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze da Seqmnas farTo SesaZleblobebi atomuri energiis mSvidobiani mizniT gamoyenebisaTvis. birTvuli iaraRis mflobeli xelSekrulebis monawi-

le TiToeuli qveyana valdebulia, aravis ar gadasces birTvuli iaraRi an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobani, agreTve maTze pirdapiri an iribi kontroli. es qveynebi aseve valdebulni arian, ar daexmaron, ar waaqezon romelime saxelmwifo, romelsac ar gaaCnia birTvuli iaraRi, birTvuli iaraRis Sesaqmnelad an gamosayeneblad. xelSekrulebis monawile is saxelmwifoebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT birTvuli iaraRi, valdebulni arian, ar miiRon im iaraRis mflobeli qveynebisagan birTvuli iaraRi an birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobani, ar SeiZinon da ar awarmoon amgvari iaraRi, ar miiRon sxva saxelmwifoTa daxmareba maT dasamzadeblad. xelSekrulebis monawile qveynebis winaaRmdeg birTvuli iaraRis SesaZlo gamoyenebis an muqaris SemTxvevaSi, xelSekrulebis monawile is qveynebi, romlebsac birTvuli iaraRi ar gaaCniaT, Rebuloben usafrTxoebis garantias. birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobaze kontrols awesebs atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagento (magate), romelTanac TiToeuli saxelmwifo, romelsac birTvuli iaraRi ara aqvs, debs xelSekrulebas. am xelSekrulebis qmediTobis gansaxilvevad, 1975-1980 wlebSi Catarda saerTaSoriso konferenciebi, romlis drosac dadginda, rom xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi muxlebi sruldeba. Semdegia laTinur amerikaSi birTvuli iaraRis akrZalvis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1969 wlis 25 aprils. misi mizania birTvuli iaraRis nebismieri formiT akrZalva mTeli laTinuri amerikis masStabiT an ukidures SemTxvevaSi, xelSekrulebis monawile mxareTa teritoriaze. amJamad xelSekrulebis monawilea 20-ze meti saxelmwifo. 1971 wels, xeli moewera saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas birTvuli da masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis sxva saxeobaTa zRvebisa da okeaneebis fskerze an mis wiaRSi ganTavsebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb, _ ZalaSi Sevida 1972 wlis 18 maiss. xelSekrulebis depozitorebi iyvnen ssrk, aSS da didi britaneTi. xelSekrulebis xelmomweri qveynebi kisrulobdnen valdebulebas, ar ganelagebinaT zRvis fskerze birTvuli da masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis sxva saxeobebi, mowyobilobebi, gasaSvebi danadgarebi da nebismieri sxva mowyobilobebi, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia amgvari iaraRis Sesanaxad, gamosacdelad an gamosayeneblad. xelSekrulebis xelmomwer qveynebs xeli ar unda SeewyoT an waeqezebinaT romelime saxelmwifo im qmedebebis Casadenad, romelsac xelSekruleba krZalavda. xelSekrulebis moqmedebis zona moicavda zRvebisa da okeaneebis fskers 12-miliani sanapiro zolis farglebs gareT, agreTve am zolis farglebSi, iq, sadac saxelmwifos teritoriuli wylebis sigane am zolze naklebi iyo. xelSekruleba Seicavda saerTaSoriso kontrolis RonisZiebebs mis Sesasruleblad. xelSekrulebis moTxovnis mixedviT, 1977 da 1983 wlebSi, JenevaSi Catarda monawile qveynebis konferencia, romlis mizani iyo ganesazRvra rogor sruldeboda xelSekrulebis debulebebi. aRiniSna, rom xelSekrulebis monawile saxelmwifoebi pirobebs keTilsindisierad asruleben. swored `civi omis~ periodSi iqna aSS-is mier SemuSavebuli sagareo politikuri koncefcia e.w. `dominos Teoria~, romelic ganmartavda `Tu dedamiwis romelime regionSi daemxoboda prodasavluri reJimi, es gamoiwvevda msgavsi reJimebis damxobas mezobel qveynebSic~. `dominos Teoriis~ Seqmna saWiro gaxda aSS-is Carevis gasamarT-

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leblad im regionebSi, sadac misTvis sasurveli status-kvo irRveoda. `dominos Teoriam~ Seqmna Taviseburi Teoriuli baza aSS-is agresiisaTvis laosSi, vietnamSi, kambojaSi mis mier politikuri blokebis gatarebisaTvis. `dominos Teoria~ ZiriTadad, 50-60 wlebSi moqmedebda. 70-ian wlebSi, aSS-is gavlenian da politikur wreebSi igi moZvelebulad CaTvales da TandaTanobiT xeli aiRes mis gamoyenebaze. 1974 wels, xeli moewera sabWoTa kavSir-amerikis xelSekrulebas `birTvuli iaraRis miwisqveSa gamocdis SezRudvis Sesaxeb.~ `birTvuli klubi~ _ im saxelmwifoTa jgufia, romlebic awarmoeben birTvul masalebs, mowyobilobebsa da teqnologias. specialuri SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, jgufi valdebulebas kisrulobs, ganaxorcielos maTi eqsporti specialuri wesebis Sesabamisad, raTa SenarCundes birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis reJimi. SeTanxmeba miRweul iqna 1975 wels, londonSi, rodesac molaparakebaTa Sedegad yofilma ssrk-ma, aSS-ma, didma britaneTma, safrangeTma, gfr-ma, iaponiam da kanadam miiRes birTvuli eqsportis saxelmZRvanelo principebi da misi 2 danarTi Â&#x2013; amosavali (ZiriTadi) sia da fizikuri dacvis donis kriteriumebi. saxelmZRvanelo principebis Sesabamisad, birTvuli masalebi da teqnologia, romlebic CamoTvlilia amosaval siaSi, SeiZleba eqsportirebul iqnes im qveynebSi, romlebic ar floben birTvul iaraRs, mxolod im SemTxvevebSi, Tu iqneba Sesabamis saxelmwifoTa mTavrobis oficialuri gancxadeba imis Taobaze, rom birTvul energias ar gamoiyeneben arasamSvidobo mizniT. aseve, Camoyalibebulia kriteriumebi reeqsportis dros Sesabamisi proceduris dasacavad. 1976-1977 wlebSi, londonis klubSi Sevida zogi sxva saxelmwifo (gdr, Cexoslovakia, poloneTi, italia, niderlandebi, belgia, SvedeTi, Sveicaria). 1978 wels, klubis wevrebma gaaformes aRniSnuli SeTanxmeba magatesTan, romelsac 1978 da 1980 wels miuerTda avstralia da fineTi. eizenhaueris doqtrina, eizenhauer-dalesis doqtrina, axlo da Sua aRmosavleTis qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi aSS-is pirdapiri samxedro Carevis programis mizani iyo am regionSi inglisisa da safrangeTis poziciebis Sesustebis pirobebSi komunisturi agresiis Tavidan acileba da aSS-is poziciebis ganmtkiceba. doqtrina Camoyalibda 1957 wlis 5 ianvars, aSS-is prezident eizenhaueris kongresisadmi mimarTvaSi, romelic 5 marts kongresma daamtkica, xolo 9 marts oficialurad gamoacxada, kongresis rezoluciaze prezidentis xelmoweris Semdeg. rezolucia prezidents uflebas aZlevda, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr gamoeyenebina aSS-is samxedro Zalebi am regionSi da daxmareba aRmoeCina axlo da Sua aRmosavleTis qveynebisaTvis ssr kavSirisa da `saerTaSoriso komunizmis kontrols daqvemdebarebuli nebismieri qveynis agresiis~ winaaRmdeg. doqtrinis SemuSavebaSi aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivanma j.Â dalesma. mis gansaxorcieleblad asignebul iqna 200 milioni dolari. ai, ras wers semuel hantingtoni eizenhauerze: `demokratiul qveynebSi profesionali generali araerTxel qceula gamorCeul politikosad, miuRwevia prezidentis savarZlisaTvis. magram aseT SemTxvevaSi igi iviwyebs Tavis samxedro aRkazmulobas da irgebs `liberalur~ mantias. warmatebiT gapolitikosebuli generali tovebs samxedro samyaros rogorc garegnulad, ise Sinaganad, msoflmxedvelobiT. amis nimuSia generali eizenhaue46

ri. sayuradReboa, rom misi prezidentoba aSS-is samxedro xarjebis SemcirebiT aRiniSna. eizenhauerma daamkvidra termini `samxedro industriuli kompleqsi~, rodesac Tavis gamosaTxovar sityvaSi gaafrTxila amerikelebi biznesisa da samxedro uwyebis amgvar, demokratiisaTvis saziano SesaZlo aliansze. Tumca, klauzevicma gansazRvra samxedro piri, rogorc profesiuli gildiis wevri da ganasxvava igi moqalaqe molaSqrisagan. amasTan, misi maqsimaa, rom profesionali samxedro piri politikosis gadawyvetilebas unda emorCilebodes, magram politikossac unda esmodes, rom samxedro saqme specifikuria da omis sakiTxebSi iTvaliswinebdes profesionalTa azrs. `balansireba omis zRurblze~ aSS-is sagareo-politikuri koncefcia, SemuSavebuli `civi omis~ periodSi, aris `Zalis poziciidan~ politikis Semadgeneli nawili. igi pirvelad, formulirebuli iyo aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivnis j.f. dalesis mier Jurnal `laifisadmi~ 1956 wels micemul interviuSi, sadac ambobda, rom `imis unari, rom iyo omis zRvarze, magram ar aRmoCnde masSi CarTuli, aucilebeli xelovnebaa. Tu ver SeZlebT mis dauflebas, Tqven aRmoCndebiT omSi CaTreuli, xolo Tu ar gaatarebT amgvar politikas, maSin daiRupebiT.~ am koncefciaze dafuZnebuli politika iTvaliswinebda Zalismier zemoqmedebas, atomuri iaraRiT muqaras. es politika mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli `masirebuli SurisZiebis strategiasTan~, rac metad saSiSi iyo sayovelTao mSvidobisa da stabilurobisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT, iseT ZalasTan konfrontaciis dros, rogoric iyo ssrk. gansakuTrebiT saintereso da mniSvnelovania, saerTaSoriso samarTalsa da samxedro samarTalSi me-20 saukunis bolosa da 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi wamyvani saxelmwifoebis mier SemuSavebuli samxedro doqtrinebi, am saxelmwifoTa konstituciebisa da samxedro doqtrinebis Sesabamisoba TavianT saxelmwifoTa politikur reJimebTan da saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTad principebsa da normebTan. aseTi analiziT SesaZlebelia ama Tu im saxelmwifoTa politikur da samxedro moqmedebaTa damokidebuleba saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi normebisa da principebis dacviT sxva saxelmwifoebTan mimarTebaSi. Tumca, sakiTxi aqtualobidan gamomdinare, saWiroebs detalur mecnierul kvlevas, rac Semdgomi publikaciis Temad SeiZleba ganvixiloT.

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INTERNATIONAL AND MILITARY LEGAL ASPECTS OF FOREIGN POLITICAL DOCTRINES MANANA KHVEDELIDZE Doctor of Law, Associated Professor

Historical development of political, economic, cultural, military and other relations among the states has always been founded on legal grounds, i.e. it was established in the form of international habits and international relations. Every new state started its international relations with something that has already been created, among them, in regards to the international law as well. In this article we would like to present the analysis, which clearly shows the influence of the foreign policy doctrine on the international law and military law. The analysis covers the political doctrines that have been published since the World War II and which are currently in force. We also included the field of military cooperation among the states, and basics of its international or national law. Military doctrines elaborated by the leading states in the field of international law and military law at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century are especially interesting and important together with the relevance of Constitutions and military doctrines of these states to the political regimes of states and key principles and norms of the international law. This analysis helps us to identify the attitude of political and military actions of a certain state to the adherence to the international-legal norms and principles in regards to other states; however, this issue has a big current significance and needs a detailed scientific research, which can be considered to be a topic for the next publication.

specialuri dabegvris reJimebis samarTlebrivi reglamentacia (mikro biznesi, mcire biznesi, fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi)

ia xarazi soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisa da saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universitetis asocirebuli profesori, programuli mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli

sagadasaxado kodeqsis miRebis Semdeg, masSi sakmaod bevri cvlileba Sevida, romelTa mimarT araerTgvarovani midgomebi da Sexedulebebi aqvT rogorc mewarmeebs, aseve eqspertebsa da sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis sxva gamomyenebel pirebs, maT Soris, mecnierebsac. erTi sityviT, sagadasaxado kodeqsi da masTan mibmuli bevri kanonqvemdebare aqti mudmivi gansjis sagania. erTi ki cxadia, yvelasaTvis misaReb da yvelaze morgebul kanons sakanonmdeblo organo ver miiRebs, magram miRebuli samarTlebrivi aqti xalxis keTildReobaze da qveynisaTvis sasikeTo cvlilebebze unda iyos gaTvlili, miT umetes, Tu igi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobas exeba. sagadasaxado kodeqsSi misma novaciurma normebma, romlebic specialuri dabegvris reJimebs exeba da adre moqmedi sagadasaxado kodeqsisaTvis ucnobi iyo, bevri miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia, gansakuTrebiT am normebis gamomyenebel pirebs Soris. mainc rogor normebTan gvaqvs saqme, ramdenad misaRebia igi mewarmeTaTvis, ra mogebas moutans igi qveynis biujets? _ ai, is ZiriTadi da aqtualuri sakiTxebi, romlebic am 49

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statiis ganxilvis Temaa. sagadasaxado kodeqsis novaciuri cvlilebebiT, jer kidev, uaria naTqvami mkveTr sagadasaxado SeRavaTebze, gadasaxadebis liberalizaciaze da sxva (mxolod mecnier iuristTa da ekonomistTa, eqspertTa mosazrebebi arsebobs am institutis efeqtianad funqcionirebis Sesaxeb), magram specialuri dabegvris reJimebis SemoRebiT1 garkveuli progresuli novaciebi SesTavaza pirebs saqarTvelos mTavrobam, dabegvris reJimebis gaTvaliswinebiT, airCion alternatiuli gza biznesis wamosawyebad. mTavrobis prioriteti yovelTvis iyo da iqneba biznesis ganviTareba, gansakuTrebiT, msxvil biznesTan erTad mcire biznesis gafarToeba, romelic nayofieri saSualebaa mcireSemosavliani pirebisaTvis biznesis wamosawyebad da amasTan, SeRavaTiani dabegvris reJimis misaRebad. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom mTavroba mcire da saSualo biznesis xelSemwyob proeqtze muSaobs da am mizniT ekonomikis saministros daemata axali saagento, romelic xelisuflebas mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebis gegmas warudgens. mTavroba mkveTri sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis gatarebas ar apirebs, magram aqtiurad muSaobs dargis xelSemwyob proeqtze, romlis farglebSic axali saagentos gaxsna igegmeba~, romelic momavali wlidan amoqmeddeba. rogorc eqspertebi amtkiceben amJamad, mcire mewarmeebi umZimes mdgomareobaSi arian, aranairi SeRavaTiT ar sargebloben da amis mTavar mizezad sagadasaxado kodeqss asaxeleben.~2 mainc ra institutia `specialuri dabegvris reJimebi~? ratom Semovida igi sagadasaxado kodeqsSi? uwyobs ki, xels igi qveynis mewarmeobis ganviTarebas, qveynis fiskaluri politikis ganxorcielebas? ai, kiTxvebi, romlebsac pasuxi unda gavceT am statiaSi. mikro biznesi. sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tavi XI I `specialuri dabegvris reJimebs~ aregulirebs, romelic moicavs mikro bizness, mcire bizness da fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdel pirTa saqmianobas. kodeqsis 83-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `specialuri dabegvris reJimi vrceldeba: a) mikro biznesis statusis mqone pirebze; b) mcire biznesis statusis mqone mewarme fizikur pirebze; g) fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusis mqone pirebze. aseve, specialuri dabegvris reJimebs exeba sagadasaxado kodeqsis gardamavali da daskvniTi debulebebis 309-e muxlis 24-32 CamonaTvali, romelic fiqsirebuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT im fizikur pirTa dabegvris specialur reJims exeba, romlebic TavianT sakuTrebaSi moklevadiani periodiT gascemen sacxovrebel adgils (magaliTad, sakurorto sezonis ganmavlobaSi da sxva). sagadasaxado kodeqsis garda, am sagadasaxadosamarTlebriv institutebs exeba saqarTvelos finansTa ministris brZaneba (2010 wlis 31 dekemberi, #999 _ `saSemosavlo gadasaxadis specialuri dabegvris reJimebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb~); saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba (2010 wlis 29 dekemberi, #415 _ `mikro da mcire biznesis statusis mqone pirebisaTvis akrZaluli saqmianobebisa da Semosavlebis saxeebis, romlebic ar daibegreba an/da, romlebzec ar gavrceldeba saSemosavlo gadasaxadis specialuri dabegvris reJimebi, gansazRvris Sesaxeb~); instruqcia `saSemosavlo gadasaxadis specialuri dabegvris reJimebis Sesaxeb;~ instruqcia mikro da mcire biznesis statusis mqone pirebis deklaraciis formis, misi Sevsebisa da wardgenis wesi;~ instruqcia `mcire biznesisaTvis xarjebis aRricxvis specialuri Jurnalis warmoebis wesis Sesaxeb~ da sxv. fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis 50

gadamxdelTa Sesaxeb calke kanonqvemdebare aqti am periodisaTvis miRebuli ar aris. sagadasaxado kodeqsis 84-e muxlisa da finansTa ministris #999 brZanebis (2010 wlis 31 dekemberi) me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, mikro biznesis statusi SeiZleba mieniWos fizikur pirs, romelic ar iyenebs daqiravebul pirTa Sromas da damoukideblad eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas, romlidanac mis mier misaRebi jamuri erToblivi Semosavali kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi ar aRemateba 30 000 lars. mikro biznesis statusis misaRebad mewarme fizikur pirad, rogorc mewarme subieqtad yofna savaldebulo ar aris. am institutis ukeT gasacnobad movitanoT magaliTi (# 1): daviT a-Ze fizikuri piria, romelic axorcielebs ekonomikur saqmianobas _ individualurad eweva `vaWrobas~. mocemuli momentisaTvis igi ar axorcielebs sxva raime saxis saqmianobas da ar iyenebs daqiravebuli piris Sromas. daviT a-Zis azriT (winaswari varaudiT), mimdinare saangariSo wlis ganmavlobaSi vaWrobis Sedegad, mosalodneli dasabegri Semosavali ver gadaaWarbebs 30 000 lars. iqidan gamomdinare, rom daviT a-Ze ar iyenebs daqiravebuli piris Sromas, agreTve misi varaudiT, misaRebi mosalodneli dasabegri Semosavali ver gadaaWarbebs 30 000 lars da mocemuli momentisaTvis igi ar axorcielebs sxva raime saxis saqmianobas, daviT a-Ze akmayofilebs sagadasaxado kodeqsis 84-e muxlis 1-li nawiliT dadgenil mikro biznesis statusis moTxovnebs da Sesabamisad, mas ufleba aqvs mimarTos sagadasaxado organos da miiRos mikro biznesis statusi. SeniSvna: daviT a-Zis mier damatebiT, sxva saxis saqmianobis ganxorcieleba da Sesabamisad, Semosavlis miReba ar aris sagadasaxados mier mikro biznesis statusis miniWebaSi uaris Tqmis an statusis qonis SemTxvevaSi, statusis gauqmebis safuZveli, Tu aRniSnuli saqmianoba ar ganekuTvneba `mikro da mcire biznesis statusis mqone pirebisaTvis akrZaluli saqmianobebisa da saqmianobebisa da Semosavlebis saxeebis gansazRvris Taobaze, romlebic ar daibegreba an/da romlebzec ar gavrceldeba saSemosavlo gadasaxadis specialuri dabegvris reJimebi~ _ saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2010 wlis 29 dekembris #415 dadgenilebiT gansazRvruli im saqmianobebis saxeebs, romelTa ganxorcielebac ekrZaleba mikro da mcire biznesis statusis mqone fizikur pirs. Sedegi ra iqneba? daviT a-Zis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, mas mieniWeba mikro biznesis statusi da gadaecema statusis damadasturebeli mowmoba. zemoT aRniSnuli 30 000-lariani zRvari ar gavrceldeba saqarTvelos parlamentis safinanso-sabiujeto komitetTan SeTanxmebiT mTavrobis mier gansazRvrul saqmianobis saxeebze. saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenilebis (2010 wlis 29 dekemberi, # 415 _ `mikro da mcire biznesis statusis mqone pirebisaTvis akrZaluli saqmianobebisa da saqmianobebisa da Semosavlebis saxeebis, romlebic ar daibegreba an/da, romlebzec ar gavrceldeba saSemosavlo gadasaxadis specialuri dabegvris reJimebi, gansazRvris Sesaxeb~), danarTi #1-Si saqmianobebis CamonaTvalia, romlebzec ar vrceldeba mikro biznesis statusis mqone fizikuri pirisaTvis dadgenili kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi misaRebi jamuri erToblivi Semosavlis 30 000-lariani zRvari da esenia: sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis moyvana, romelic xorcieldeba traqtorebiT an kombainebiT; xaliCebisa da orxovisebri nawarmis warmoeba; puloverebisa da analogiuri nawarmis warmoeba; xis sxvadasxva nawarmis warmoeba da sxva. SeniSvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom aq aRniSnuli saqmianobebis CamonaTvalze ar 51

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gavrceldeba mikro biznesis statusis mqone fizikuri pirebisaTvis dadgenili kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi misaRebi jamuri erToblivi Semosavlis 30 000-lariani zRvari, Tu fizikuri piri damoukideblad axorcielebs ekonomikur saqmianobas, ar iyenebs daqiravebul pirTa Sromas da Tavadve axorcielebs CamonaTvalSi mocemuli saqonlis an/da momsaxurebis warmoebas da sacalo wesiT miwodebas saboloo momxmarebelze. mikro biznesis statusi SesaZlebelia mieniWos gadasaxadis gadamxdelad registrirebul fizikur pirs. mikro biznesis statusis misaniWeblad ar aris savaldebulo piri iyos registrirebuli mewarme fizikur pirad; a) igi ar unda iyenebdes daqiravebul pirTa Sromas; b) damoukideblad unda eweodes ekonomikur saqmianobas, romlis mixedviTac, mis mier kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi misaRebi jamuri erToblivi Semosavali ar aRemateba 30 000 lars. ra SemTxvevaSi uqmdeba mikro biznesis statusi? mikro biznesis statusi mimdinare sagadasaxado wels uqmdeba, Tu: a) fizikurma pirma sagadasaxado organos mimarTa mikro biznesis statusis gauqmebis an mcire biznesis statusis miniWebis moTxovniT; b) sagadasaxado organos mier Catarebuli inventarizaciis Sedegad dadginda, rom mikro biznesis statusis mqone fizikuri piris sasaqonlo materialuri maragebis3 naSTi aRemateba 45 000 lars; g) fizikuri piri daregistrirda dRg-is gadamxdelad~ (sagadasaxado kodeqsi, mux. 85, naw. 2). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mikro biznesis statusis mqone piri zemoT aRniSnul moTxovnebs daarRvevs (84-e muxlis 1-li nawilis moTxovnebs erToblivi Semosavlis odenobis SezRudva [ekonomikuri saqmianobidan miRebuli erToblivi Semosavali kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi aRemateba 100 000 lars]), Tu darRvevidan 15 dRis ganmavlobaSi ar mimarTavs sagadasaxado organos mcire biznesis statusis miniWebis mizniT, mas gauuqmdeba mikro biznesis statusi da gamova specialuri dabegvris reJimidan. fizikuri pirisaTvis mikro biznesis statusis gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi, fizikuri piris Semosavali eqvemdebareba dabegvras: a) mcire biznesis statusis miRebis SemTxvevaSi _ mcire biznesisTvis dadgenili wesebis Sesabamisad; b) sxva SemTxvevaSi, saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT, sagadasaxado kodeqsis 79_82 muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT. mikro biznesis statusis mqone fizikuri piri ar ixdis saSemosavlo gadasaxads. am statusis mqone pirebi Tavisufldebian sakontrolo salaro-aparatebis gamoyenebis valdebulebisagan. SevniSnavT, rom sagadasaxado kodeqsSi araa gawerili, dakonkretebuli sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda awarmoon buRalteria mikro mewarmeebma, anu saubaria Semosavlebis da xarjebis aRricxvis wesebze, _ ris mixedviT unda awarmoon maT aRricxva _ es wesebi ki, sagadasaxado kodeqsSi ar weria. miTiTebulia, rom finansTa ministrma unda gansazRvros es sakiTxi da sxv. `mikro biznesis statusi mxolod da mxolod fizikur pirs mieniWeba da ara iuridiuls. amasTan, sxva gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs mikro biznesis statusis mqone pirebisagan Sesyiduli produqtis Tu momsaxurebis Rirebulebis xarjSi gatareba ekrZalebaT, Tundac es dokumenturad iyos gaformebuli.... mdgomareoba ufro uaresobisaken Seicvleba, vidre dadebiTisaken. igi vercerT iuridiul pirTan urTierTobas ver daamyarebs, radgan yvela mewarmes ekrZaleba mikro biznesisagan nayidi produqciis xarjebSi gatareba. Sesabamisad, mewarmeebs ar eqnebaT survili, rom mikro biznesTan raime saxis 52

biznesurTierToba awarmoon, _ aRniSnaven arasamTavrobo organizacia `axalgazrda finansistTa da biznesmenTa asociaciis warmomadgenlebi... amis Semdeg ra stimuli unda hqondes mewarmes, rom mikro biznesmenad daregistrirdes? maSin, roca misTvis moulodnelad SesaZloa sagadasaxado organom gamoucxados, rom wliur 30Â 000-larian brunvas gadascda, rodesac meore mxaris mxridan samarTlianobis momenti naklebadaa daculi. amasTan, kodeqsSi aris ormagi interpretaciis muxlebi, romelTa gamo dajarimebuli mewarme araa dazRveuli, rom davebis sabWo mis sasargeblod gadawyvets saqmes, rac Tavis mxriv, azrs ukargavs igive gamartivebul administrirebas.~4 `sagadasaxado kodeqsSi aris mTeli rigi debulebebi iseTi saxis, romelic xels uwyobs biznesis gamsxvilebas da ara mcire mewarmeobis waxalisebas. magaliTad, igive Zalian gapiarebuli mikro biznesis statusis mqone pirebi praqtikulad, gariyulebi arian, imitom, rom msxvili firmebi maTgan SeZenil saqonelsa Tu momsaxurebas gaweuli danaxarjebiT mogebis gadasaxads ver amcireben. aqedan gamomdinare, SedarebiT msxvil firmebs aranairi survili ara aqvT, rom mikro biznesis mwarmoebeli pirebisagan raime SeiZinon. Sesabamisad, mikro bizness bazari umcirdeba. meorec, sagadasaxado kodeqsis mixedviT, Tu pirs qveynis Sida brunvaze 1 weliwadSi aqvs gadaxdili 200 aTas larze meti, dRg-s CaTvliT, maSin importisas, is dRg-s aRar gadaixdis. TiTqos es kargi formaa, magram SevxedoT amas mcire mewarmeobis TvalsazrisiT. mcire mewarmes 200 aTas larze naklebi aqvs wliuri brunva da is Sesabamisad, sabaJoze gadasaxadisagan ar Tavisufldeba. kodeqsis mixedviT, piri, vinc SeRavaTi miiRo importis dros, sinamdvileSi is am Tanxas mainc ixdis Sida brunvidan gamomdinare, ubralod, sabaJoze naRdi fulis gadaxdis valdebuleba exsneba, anu mas iq `qeSi~ naklebad sWirdeba gansxvavebiT, mcire mewarmisagan, romelsac `qeSis~ gaWirveba aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare, isini iReben met upiratesobas mcire firmebTan SedarebiT. msxvili firmebis mesame upiratesoba gamomdinareobs iqidanac, rom maT bankebidan sesxis aRebis SesaZlebloba meti aqvT. oficialuri statistikiT, Tu marto 2000 wels wvrili sawarmoebis wili iyo 1/3 gamoSvebuli produqciis mTlian moculobaSi da danarCeni 2/3 modioda saSualo da msxvil biznesze, dRevandeli mdgomareobiT, marto msxvili sawarmoebis wili aris 85 procenti, saSualo firmebisa _ daaxloebiT 7-8 procenti da wvrili sawarmoebis wilic aris 7-8 procenti, anu axla saWiroa radikaluri zomebis miReba...~5 (statiis avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs gadasaxadebis ganakveTebis Semcireba, rameTu `Cven unda gavacnobieroT, rom mTavari aris gadasaxadis gadamxdeli~). ra valdebulebebi aqvT mikro biznesis mwarmoebel fizikur pirebs? isini valdebulni arian pirveladi sagadasaxado dokumentis (magaliTad, sasaqonlo zednadebSi an miReba-Cabarebis aqtSi) gamowerisas, dokumentSi miuTiTon Tavisi statusis Sesaxeb da am statusis sertifikatis nomeri. mikro biznesis statusis mqone piris kontrhagenti miRebul dokuments ver gamoiyenebs erToblivi Semosavlidan xarjebis gamosaqviTad. sagadasaxado kodeqsis 106-e muxlis (`xarjebi, romlebic ar gamoiqviTeba~) `v~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, `erToblivi Semosavlidan ar gamoiqviTeba mikro biznesis statusis mqone pirisagan SeZenil saqonelze/momsaxurebaze gaweuli xarji~. mikro biznesis statusis mqone piri valdebulia misTvis an mis mier pirveladi sagadasaxado 53

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dokumentis gamoweris SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli dokumenti Seinaxos 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi (sag. kodeqsis mux. 43, `v~ qvepunqti),6 mas aRniSnuli dokumentacia gamoadgeba im SemTxvevaSic, Tu misi statusi Seicvleba. mcire biznesi. sagadasaxado kodeqsis 88_956 muxlebi da mTavrobis # 999 brZanebis Tavi I I I _ `mcire biznesi~ me-11 muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, `mcire biznesis statusi SeiZleba mieniWos mewarme fizikur pirs, romlis mier ekonomikuri saqmianobidan miRebuli erToblivi Semosavali kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi ar aRemateba 100 000 lars.~ xolo me-11 muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, ki: `mcire biznesis statusi SesaZlebelia mieniWos fizikur pirs, romelic aris mewarme fizikuri piri da imyofeba sagadasaxado aRricxvaze.~ migvaCnia, rom finansTa ministris # 999 brZanebis me-11 muxlis 1-li da me-2 nawilebis definicia erTi da imave institutis ganmartebas iZleva mciredi gansxvavebiT, faqtobrivad, orazrovans xdis mcire biznesis ganmartebas da amitom ukeTesi iqneboda, Tu orive nawili gaerTiandeboda da Semdeg saxes miiRebda: `mcire biznesis statusi SesaZlebelia mieniWos mewarme fizikur pirs, romelic imyofeba sagadasaxado aRricxvaze da, romlis ekonomikuri saqmianobidan miRebuli erToblivi Semosavali kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi ar aRemateba 10 000 lars.~ institutis arsSi ukeT gasarkvevad movitanT magaliTs: 1. piroba: a. a-Ze aris mewarme fizikuri piri, romelic axorcielebs ekonomikur saqmianobas da individualurad eweva `vaWrobas~. a. a-Zis azriT (winaswari varaudiT), mimdinare saangariSo wlis ganmavlobaSi vaWrobis Sedegad mosalodneli dasabegri Semosavali iqneba 90 000 lari. analizi: iqidan gamomdinare, rom a. a-Zis varaudiT misaRebi mosalodneli dasabegri Semosavali ver gadaaWarbebs 100 000 lars, a. a-Ze akmayofilebs saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis 88-e muxlis 1li nawiliT dadgenil mikro biznesis statusis moTxovnebs, Sesabamisad, mas ufleba aqvs mimarTos sagadasaxado organos da miiRos mcire biznesis statusi. Sedegi: a. a-Zes moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, mieniWeba mcire biznesis statusi da gadaecema statusis damadasturebeli sertifikati. magram saqarTvelos parlamentis safinanso sabiujeto komitetTan SeTanxmebiT, saqarTvelos mTavrobas ufleba aqvs, akrZalos calkeuli saqmianobis ganxorcieleba, romlis farglebSic, mcire biznesis statusi ar SeiZleba mieniWos mewarme fizikur pirs (saqarTvelos mTavrobis # 415 dadgenilebiT, `specialuri dabegvris reJimebis Sesaxeb~ danarTi 4-Si CamoTvlilia akrZaluli saqmianobebi, romelTa ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, ar SeiZleba mewarme fizikuri pirisaTvis mcire biznesis statusis miniWeba. esenia: saqmianobebi, romlebic saWiroeben licenzirebas an nebarTvas; saqmianobebi, romelTa ganxorcieleba moiTxovs mniSvnelovan investicias (aqcizuri saqonlis warmoeba); savaluto operaciebis ganxorcieleba; samedicino, arqiteqturuli, saadvokato an sanotaro, saaudito, sakonsulatacio maT Soris, sagadasaxado konsulantTa saqmianoba, saTamaSo biznesi da sxv.). sagadasaxado kodeqsis 89-e muxlis me-2 nawilisa da finansTa ministris # 999 brZanebis me-18 muxlis safuZvelze, mcire biznesis statusi mimdinare sagadasaxado wels uqmdeba Tu: a) mewarme fizikurma pirma sagadasaxado aRricxvis adgilis mixedviT sagadasaxado organos, ara ugvianes, sagadasaxado wlis dasrulebisa, mimarTa mcire biznesis statusis gauqmebis moTxovniT; b) dairRva sagadasaxado kodeqsis 88-e muxlis 54

pirveli nawilis moTxovna (erToblivi Semosavlis moTxovnis SezRudva); g) mewarme fizikuri piri daregistrirda damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelad; d) sagadasaxado organos mier Catarebuli inventarizaciis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom mcire biznesis statusis mqone mewarme fizikuri piris sasaqonlo-materialuri maragebis naSTi aRemateba 150 000 lars. amas emateba sagadasaxado kodeqsis 89-e muxlis me-3 nawilis da aRniSnuli brZanebis Semdegi debulebebi mcire biznesis statusis gauqmebis SemTxvevebisa, kerZod: mewarme fizikuri piris mier sagadasaxado kodeqsis 88-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli saqmianoba ganaxorciela (fizikurma pirma ganaxorciela mcire biznesisaTvis akrZaluli saqmianoba); Tu mcire biznesis statusis mqone fizikuri piri ganaxorcielebs mcire biznesisaTvis akrZalul saqmianobas an sakontrolo salaro-aparatebis argamoyenebis Taobaze kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi 3-jer daekisreba sanqcia, sagadasaxado organo uuqmebs mas mcire biznesis statuss da fizikuri piri gamodis specialuri dabegvris reJimidan. amasTan, aRniSnuli iwvevs piris dajarimebas 500 laris odenobiT.7 sagadasaxado kodeqsis 89-e muxlis me-4 nawilis Tanaxmad, `Tu mcire biznesis statusis mqone mewarme fizikuri piris erToblivi Semosavali kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi gadaaWarbebs 100 000 lars da moexsneba statusi, mas ufleba aqvs, kvlav miiRos statusi yvela Semdegi pirobis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi: a) Tu statusis gauqmebidan momavali 12 kalendaruli Tvis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielebuli dasabegri operaciebis saerTo Tanxa ar aRemateba 100 000 lars; b) zemoT aRniSnuli `a~ qvepunqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, statusis gauqmebidan 12 kalendaruli Tvis momdevno wlidan, Tu piri ar aris damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli.~ sagadasaxado kodeqsis 90-e muxlis 1-li da me-2 nawilebisa da finansTa ministris aRniSnuli brZanebis me-13 muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, mcire biznesis dasabegri Semosavali, romelic eqvemdebareba specialuri reJimiT dabegvras: a) Sedgeba finansTa ministris #999 brZanebis me-13 muxlis pirveli punqtis `a~ qvepunqtis Sesabamisad, kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli erToblivi Semosavlebisagan; b) ibegreba 3%-iT, Tu mcire biznesis statusis mqone mewarme fizikur pirs aqvs erToblivi Semosavlis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli erToblivi Semosavlis 60 procentiT odenobis xarjebis (garda, daqiravebulze daricxuli xelfasis xarjisa) damadasturebeli dokumentebi; b.b) mcire biznesis statusis mqone mewarme fizikuri piri saqmianobs mxolod specialur savaWro zonis8 teritoriaze; g) mcire biznesis dasabegri Semosavali (garda, 90-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa (saubaria 3%-ian dabegvraze)) da finansTa ministris brZanebis #999 debulebis Tanaxmad (mux. 13, naw. 2) sxva SemTxvevaSi, garda, am punqtis `b~, `b. a~ da `b. b~ qvepunqtebSi aRniSnulisa, ibegreba 5%-iT. mcire biznesis dasabegri Semosavali Sedgeba saqarTveloSi arsebuli wyarodan miRebuli erToblivi Semosavlebisagan, garda, xelfasis saxiT miRebuli Semosavlebisa. mcire biznesis dasabegri Semosavali, romelic ar eqvemdebareba specialuri reJimiT dabegvras gaiangariSeba saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis me-80 muxlis (dabegvris obieqti) mixedviT, finansTa ministris #999 brZanebis me-13 muxlis pirveli punqtis `b~, `b.a~, `b.b~ da `g~ qvepunqtebis Sesabamisad, kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi miRe55

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buli erToblivi Semosavlebis gaTvaliswinebiT; ibegreba Cveulebrivi wesiT, rogorc daibegreboda mcire biznesis statusis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi. mcire biznesma SeiZleba ar aRricxos Semosavlebi da xarjebi garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca mcire biznesi valdebulia awarmoos xarjebis aRricxvis specialuri Jurnali, finansTa ministris #999 brZanebis `mcire biznesis statusis mqone pirebis mier xarjebis aRricxvis specialuri Jurnalis formisa da warmoebis wesis Sesaxeb~ (instruqciis danarTi #3) Sesabamisad. saerTod, gadasaxadis gadamxdeli buRaltruli aRricxvisaTvis Semosavlebisa da xarjebis aRsaricxavad iyenebs sakaso an daricxvis meTods. aRricxvis sakaso meTodis gamoyenebisas, gadasaxadis gadamxdelma Semosavlebi unda aRricxos maTi miRebis an gamoyenebisa da gankargvis uflebis mopovebis momentidan, xolo xarjebi unda gamoqviTos ganaRdebis Semdeg. daricxvis meTodis gamoyenebisas, gadasaxadis gadamxdelma Semosavlebi da xarjebi unda aRricxos Sesabamisad, Semosavlebis miRebis uflebis mopovebisa da xarjebis aRiarebis momentis miuxedavad. mcire biznesi valdebulia mcire biznesisaTvis akrZaluli saqmianobis ganxorcielebamde mimarTos sagadasaxado organos mcire biznesis statusis gauqmebis moTxovniT. Tu mcire biznesis statusis mqone fizikuri piri ganaxorcielebs mcire biznesisaTvis akrZalul saqmianobas an sakontrolo salaro-aparatebis argamoyenebis Taobaze kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi 3-jer daekisreba sanqcia, sagadasaxado organo uuqmebs mas mcire biznesis statuss da fizikuri piri gamodis specialuri dabegvris reJimidan. amasTan, aRniSnuli iwvevs piris dajarimebas 500 laramde. Tu piri mcire biznesis statusis miniWebidan 30 samuSao dRis vadaSi mimarTavs sagadasaxado organos statusis gauqmebis moTxovniT, garda zemoT aRniSnuli `a-e~ qvepunqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevisas, mcire biznesis statusi gauqmebulad iTvleba miniWebis dRidan. mcire biznesis statusis mqone piri, romelsac daudga dRg-is gadamxdelad registraciis valdebuleba, valdebulia gatardes registraciaSi sagadasaxado kodeqsis 157-e muxlis Sesabamisad da dadgenil vadaSi, Tu sxva raime safuZvliT igi dRg-is gadamxdelad registraciaze ar damdgara. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, dRg-is gadamxdelad sagadasaxado organoSi registraciis dRidan (maT Soris, piris registraciis gareSe gamovlenisas, sagadasaxado organos mier piris dRg-is gadamxdelad registraciis SemTxvevaSi, piris dRg-is gadamxdelad miCnevis momentidan) avtomaturad uqmdeba mcire biznesis statusi da piri gamodis specialuri dabegvris reJimidan. mcire biznesis statusis mqone mewarme fizikuri piri dRg-is gadamxdelad registraciis valdebulebis dadgomisas valdebulia aRricxos am momentisaTvis sasaqonlo-materialuri maragebis naSTi, romelzec ufleba aqvs CaiTvalos dRg dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad, Tu gaaCnia Sesabamisi dokumenti. mcire biznesis statusis mqone mewarme fizikur pirs statusis gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi, ufleba aqvs am momentisaTvis arsebuli sasaqonlo naSTebi aRricxos Sesabamis dokumentSi da momavalSi saqoneli sagadasaxado kodeqsis 286-e da 198-e muxlis miznebisaTvis CaiTvleba aRricxulad. mikro biznesis mqone piri ar ixdis mimdinare gadasaxdelebs. mcire biznesis statusis mqone mewarme fizikuri piri valdebulia mimdinare gadasaxdelebis Tanxebi gadaixados da yoveli kvartalis momdevno Tvis 15 ricxvamde Seitanos biujetSi sagadasaxado ko56

deqsis 155-e muxliT dadgenili wesiT, rameTu 94-e muxlis me-2 nawili mimdinare gadasaxdelebis Tanxis gadaxdis raime gansxvavebul wesebs ar adgens. `Tu wina kalendarul wels pirs gadasaxadi ar ekisreboda, is arc ixdis mimdinare gadasaxdelebs. rac Seexeba saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadaxdis wyarosTan dakavebas, miRebuli momsaxurebis anazRaurebis gacemisas, mcire biznesis statusis mqone pirs ar evaleba daukavos gadasaxadi, magaliTad, im fizikur pirs, romelsac ara aqvs gadasaxadi gadamxdelis mowmoba. dakavebis valdebuleba mas aseve, ara aqvs im xelfasebis gacemisas, romelTa jamic ar aRemateba kalendaruli wlis erToblivi Semosavlis 25%-s.9 mikro biznesis statusis mqone fizikur pirs gadaxdis wyarosTan gadasaxadis dakaveba ar evaleba miRebuli momsaxurebis anazRaurebis SemTxvevaSi. `mcire biznesis statusis mqone mewarme fizikur pirs gadaxdis wyarosTan gadasaxadis dakaveba ar evaleba: a)Â kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi erToblivi Semosavlis 25 procentis farglebSi gacemuli xelfasis xarjze;10 b) miRebuli momsaxurebis anazRaurebis SemTxvevaSi (sag. kodeqsi, mux. 94) da sxv. fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi. fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi novaciaa sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi, iseve, rogorc specialuri dabegvris sxva reJimebi (mikro da mcire biznesi). rogor pirs SeiZleba mieniWos fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusi? sagadasaxado kodeqsis 951 muxlis Tanaxmad, `fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdeli SeiZleba iyos piri, romelic ar aris damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli da axorcielebs fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dasabegr erT an erTze met saqmianobas.~ `specialuri dabegvris reJimebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos finansTa ministris #999 brZanebaSi (danarTi #4), 1-li muxlis Tanaxmad, `fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusi SeiZleba mieniWos pirs, romelic ar aris damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli da axorcielebs fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dasabegr erT an erTze met operacias. rogorc zemoaRniSnuli ganmartebebidan irkveva, pirveli orive ganmarteba identuria erTmaneTisa, rac samwuxarod, sxva SemTxvevebSi ar gvxvdeba. rogorc normaTa definiciidan irkveva, kanonmdebloba ar iZleva `fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis~ cnebis definicias, gvaZlevs mxolod imis reglamentirebas, Tu vin SeiZleba iyos fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdeli pirebi da vis SeiZleba mieniWos es statusi. orive ganmartebidan aSkarad ikveTeba, rom am gadasaxadis gadamxdeli SeiZleba iyos fizikuri piri, iuridiuli piri da aseve, pirTa gaerTianebac da aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom es instituti mocemulia sagadasaxado kodeqsis XI I TavSi _ `specialuri dabegvris reJimebi~ da ara `mogebis gadasaxadis specialuri dabegvris reJimebSi~. fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelze ar moqmedebs finansTa ministris 2010 wlis 31 dekembris #996 brZanebis safuZvelze damtkicebuli instruqcia `gadasaxadebis administrirebis Sesaxeb~ (kari VI I ). `mainc ra saqmianobis ganxorcilebis ufleba aqvs am statusis mqone pirs? es saqmianoba SeiZleba iyos: silamazis salonebSi momsaxureba, avtomobilebis tqnikuri momsaxureba da remonti, Toneebi, tansacmlis kerva da sxva. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom 952 muxlSi mocemuli ganmarteba, rom fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dasabegri saqmianobis saxeebs sagadasaxado kodeqsis 953 muxlis pirveli nawilis `a~ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswi57

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nebuli ganakveTiT dasabegri saqmianobis SemTxvevaSi, fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dabegvris obieqts gansazRvravs saqarTvelos mTavroba, _ SevniSnavT, rom jerjerobiT, saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier gamocemuli ar aris fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dasabegri saqmianobis saxeebisa da saSemosavlo ganakveTebis mixedviT maTi klasifikaciis damdgeni kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqti. vidre fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis ganakveTebs SevexebodeT, gavceT kiTxvas pasuxi: rogor xdeba fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusis miniWeba? fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusis miniWebas aregulirebs sagadasaxado kodeqsis muxli 953 da `specialuri dabegvris reJimebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos finansTa ministris #999 brZaneba~ (danarTi #4), romlis Tanaxmad, fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusis miniWebis moTxovniT gadasaxadis gadamxdeli gancxadebiT mimarTavs sagadasaxado organos. gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos saqmianobis is saxe, romelzec gavrceldeba fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dabegvris reJimi (magaliTad, saloni). pirs ufleba aqvs gadavides fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dabegvris reJimze saangariSo wlis nebismier Tves. amasTan, piri fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadmxdelis statusis mqoned da Sesabamisad, fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelad iTvleba fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusis miniWebis Tvis momdevno Tvis pirveli ricxvidan. Tu piri akmayofilebs sagadasaxado kodeqsis 159-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT dadgenil dRg-is gadamxdelad registraciis gauqmebis pirobebs, mas SeuZlia mimarTos sagadasaxado organos dRg-is gadamxdelad registraciis gauqmebisa da fiqsirebul gadasaxadze gadasvlis moTxovniT. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad fiqsirebul gadasaxadze gadasvlisa, piri valdebulia Seasrulos dRg-is gadamxdelad registraciis gauqmebasTan dakavSirebuli sagadasaxado valdebulebebi sagadasaxado kodeqsis Sesabamisad. sagadasaxado organo ganixilavs piris gancxadebas da Tu piri akmayofilebs dadgenil moTxovnebs, gancxadeba srulyofiladaa Sevsebuli da masSi dafiqsirebuli monacemebi Seesabameba realurad arsebuls, gonivrul vadaSi11 gascems fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis sertifikats.~12 im SemTxvevaSi, Tu piris mier fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusis miniWebasTan erTad gancxadebiT moTxovnil iqna mikro/mcire biznesis statusis gauqmeba da pirs uari eTqva fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusis miniWebaze, mikro/mcire biznesis statusi gauqmebas ar eqvemdebareba. gamodis, rom `specialuri dabegvris reJimebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos finansTa ministris #999 brZanebis (danarTi #4) Sesabamisi debuleba (norma) xarveziania da aRmofxvras saWiroebs.13 `specialuri dabegvris reJimebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos finansTa ministris #999 brZanebis (danarTi 4) Sesabamisi me-3 muxli fiqsirebul gadasaxads da dabegvris specialur reJimebs exeba, kerZod: saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dasabegri saqmianobis gansazRvris Semdeg, aRniSnuli saqmianob(eb)is ganmaxorcielebel pirebze ar gaicema mikro da mcire biznesis statusi. Tu fizikuri piri damatebiT axorcielebs sxva saqmianobas da akmayofilebs sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil moTxovnebs, ufleba aqvs fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dabegvris reJimTan erTad, damatebiT ganxorcielebuli saqmianobis nawilSi isargeblos specialuri dabegvris sxva reJimiT (mikro an mcire biznesis specialuri dabegvris reJimiT).14 58

fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis ganakveTi saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier gansazRvruli saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos: a) dabegvris obieqtze _ 1 laridan 2000 laris farglebSi (am SemTxvevaSi, fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis ganakveTs saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT, gansazRvravs saqarTvelos mTavroba `a~ qvepunqtiT dadgenili odenobis farglebSi); b) dasabegri saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlis 3 procenti. aRniSnuli muxlidan irkveva, rom fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi bolomde fiqsirebuli ver aris, rameTu misi gadaxda damokidebulia dabegvris obieqtebzec da dasabegri saqmianobis saxeebze. fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdeli piri uflebamosilia garda fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dasabegri saqmianobisa, damatebiT, saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier nebadarTuli saqmianobac ganaxorcielos, romelic daeqvemdebareba saerTo wesiT dabegvras. fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dasabegri saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavali fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis erTobliv SemosavalSi ar CairTveba da Semdgom dabegvras ar eqvemdebareba. fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdeli mimdinare gadasaxdelebs fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis mixedviT ar ixdis. fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis statusi uqmdeba Semdeg SemTxvevebSi: a) piri wyvets fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dasabegr saqmianobas; b) piri sagadasaxado organos mimarTavs fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusis gauqmebis moTxovniT; g) piri axorcielebs saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelisaTvis nebadarTuli damatebiTi saqmianobisagan gansxvavebul saqmianobas; d) saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelisaTvis nebadarTuli damatebiTi saqmianobis nawilSi pirs warmoeSva damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelad registraciis valdebuleba an nebayoflobiT gatarda damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelad registraciaSi. fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusis gauqmebis erT-erTi pirobis (garda, roca piri sagadasaxado organos mimarTavs fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusis gauqmebis moTxovniT, `b~ qvepunqti) dadgomisas, piri valdebulia fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusis gauqmebis mizniT, gancxadebiT mimarTos sagadasaxado organos Sesabamisi pirobis dadgomidan ara ugvianes, 10 samuSao dRisa da fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusi gauqmebulad iTvleba zemoaRniSnuli 956 muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusis gauqmebis pirobis dadgomis dRidan15 (ix.: sag. kodeqsis mux. 95,6 `specialuri dabegvris reJimebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos finansTa ministris # 999 brZaneba (danarTi #4, mux. 7). sagadasaxado organo uflebamosilia fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis mimarT ganaxorcielos sagadasaxado kontrolis RonisZiebebi. `specialuri dabegvris reJimebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos finansTa ministris #999 brZanebis (danarTi #4), gardamavali debulebebis me-10 muxlis mixedviT, mikro biznesis statusis mqone piris mier fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dasabegri saqmianobis nawilSi mikro/mcire biznesis statusis gauqmebisa da fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusze gadasvlis SemTxvevaSi, saangariSo wlis dawyebidan mikro/mcire biznesis statusis gauqmebamde periodSi miRebuli Semosavali eqvemdebareba dabegvras mikro/mcire biznesisTvis dadgenili reJimiT (p. 1). meore punqtis Tanaxmad ki, pirveli punqtiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi, mikro/mcire biznesis statusis mqone pirebs 59

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fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dabegvris reJimze gadasvlis mizniT gancxadebiT mimarTvis dRidan, fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelad dadgomis dRemde, unarCundebaT mikro/ mcire biznesis statusi. magaliTi: piri axorcielebs `specialuri dabegvris reJimebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2010 wlis 29 dekembris #415 dadgenilebis #6 danarTiT gansazRvrul fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dasabegr saqmianobas da damatebiT eweva saremonto momsaxurebas. pirs surs miiRos fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusi ZiriTad saqmianobaze, xolo damatebiT ganxorcielebuli saqmianobis nawilSi isargeblos mcire biznesis statusiT. piri ar aris dRg-is gadamxdeli. aseT SemTxvevaSi, pirma gancxadebiT unda mimarTos sagadasaxado organos fiqsirebul gadasaxadze gadasvlis moTxovniT da damatebiT ganxorcielebuli (saremonto momsaxureba) saqmianobis nawilSi mcire biznesis statusis miniWebis Taobaze. amasTan, fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dasabegri saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavali gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba mcire biznesis 100Â 000 laramde erToblivi Semosavlis odenobis daTvlisas. an kidev, magaliTad: pirs aqvs Tone da puris cxobasTan erTad, ToneSi acxobs da yidis lobians. igi aseve, damatebiT axorcielebs ToniT momsaxurebas (mag., goWis Sewva) da surs gadavides fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dabegvris reJimze. aseT SemTxvevaSi, pirs SeuZlia mimarTos sagadasaxado organos fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelad registraciis moTxovniT. pirs fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusi mieniWeba Toneze da igi SezRuduli ar aris aRniSnuli statusis farglebSi purTan erTad gayidos mis mier gamomcxvari lobiani, purisaTvis mozelili comi an ToneSi Sewvas goWi da sxva. daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom mcire mewarmeoba zogadad ki, biznesis ganviTareba erT-erT prioritetad unda gamocxaddes da bunebrivia, xeli unda Seewyos mas mTavrobis mxridan. kerZod, sesxebze maTi xelmisawvdomoba Seuferxebeli unda iyos; maTTvis xelis Sewyobam mcire da saSualo biznesis wili unda gazardos brunvis mixedviT, romelic dRes 20%-ze naklebia, roca sxva qveynebSi analogiuri maCvenebeli gacilebiT didia; saxelmwifom sabanko seqtorsa da mewarmeebs Soris Suamavlis funqcia unda ikisros, rameTu sabanko seqtori obieqturad ver iqneba socialur Sedegebze orientirebuli; saxelmwifom Sesabamisi pirobebi unda Seqmnas, rom samewarmeo saqmianoba mniSvnelovan riskebs ar Seicavdes; unda aRdges `mcire mewarmeobis xelSewyobisa da ganviTarebis fondi, gaixsnas misi filialebi adgilebze, Seiqmnas maTi xelSewyobis fondebi da rac mTavaria, sakanonmdeblo baza SemuSavdes, romelic mobilurs, rentabelurs, xelmisawvdoms gaxdis mcire da saSualo biznesis aRorZinebasa da ganviTarebas; daixvewos da sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobidan `gaqres~ orazrovani, ormagad wakiTxvadi muxlebi. erTi sityviT, unda Seiqmnas sagadasaxado kodeqsis humanuri muxlebi, sadac komfortulad moewyoba gadasaxadis gadamxdeli da sabolood, yvelaferi sasikeTod waadgeba qveynis biujetsac da mewarmesac.

SeniSvnebi:

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sagadasaxado kodeqsis 83-e-956 muxlebis Tanaxmad, specialuri dabegvris reJimebiT momuSave pirebi kvartalurad ixdian gadasaxadebs, garda mikro biznesis statusis mqone pirebisa, romlebic saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadaxdisagan Tavisufldebian. gazeTi `bankebi da finansebi~, 2013, 7-12 noemberi, # 342, gv. 2. sasaqonlo-materialuri faseuloba _ piris mier Cveulebrivi sameurneo saqmianobis procesSi gamoyenebuli nedleuli, masala, naxevarfabrikatebi, samarago nawilebi, tara da mza produqcia (saqoneli) bass-is mixedviT. (ix.: sagadasaxado kodeqsi, muxli 8. terminTa ganmarteba, 28); buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebi (bass) _ buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebis komisiis mier damtkicebuli da saqarTvelos parlamentTan arsebuli buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebis komisiis mier damtkicebuli da saqarTvelos parlamentTan arsebuli buRaltruli aRricxvis standartebis komisiis dadgenilebiT samoqmedod SemoRebuli standartebi (ix.: sagadasaxado kodeqsi, muxli 8, terminTa ganmarteba, 7). ix.: vebgverdebi: www.rsge; geolaw. wordpress.com;parliament.ge; gfsis.org; www.for.ge da sxva. `sagadasaxdo kodeqsi Zireulad unda Seicvalos~, interviu audit irakli SaviSvilTan, gazeTi `bankebi da finansebi~, # 319, 2013, gv. 7. sagadasaxado kodeqsSi momzadebuli Sesatani cvlilebebiT gaTvaliswinebulia `organizaciaSi Sesvlisas sagadasaxado organo bolo 6 wlis dokumentaciis Seswavlis nacvlad, Seiswavlis bolo 3 wlis dokumentacias (Sesabamisad, dokumentaciis Senaxvis analogiurad vadac 3 weli iqneba). ra Tqma unda, es vada Sesamcirebelia, magaliTad, ruseTSi didi xania moqmedebs sagadasaxado kodeqsiT xandazmulobis 3-wliani xandazmulobis vada. 6-wliani xandazmulobis vadis Semcireba biznesis moTxovnac iyo, radgan xSir SemTxvevebSi, sauravebis saprocento ganakveTi 100%-mde adioda da 100-larian Secdomaze soliduri jarimis gadaxda uwevdaT gadasaxadis gadamxdelT. `Tu Secdoma davuSvi dRes, modi da dResve damajarime, vidre Semdeg ormagi Tanxis gadaxda damakisro _ aseTi iyo biznesis ganwyoba~. eqspertTa erTi nawili dadebiTad xvdeba xandazmulobis 3 wlamde Camoklebas, Tumca, zogierTebi am sakanonmdeblo cvlilebas nakleb efeqtianad Tvlian, kerZod, `vadebis Semcireba biznesisaTvis naklebad efeqtiani iqneba, radgan biznesisaTvis, romelic kanonis sruli dacviT moqmedebda, mniSvneloba ara aqvs, misi 6 wlis dokumentacias Seiswavlian Tu 3 wlisas. Tumca, biznesmenTa nawilis ganmartebiT, es moxsnis SiSs, romelsac xSir SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi Semowmeba iwvevs xolme~. ix.: gazeTi `bankebi da finansebi~, #342, 2013, gv. 8. vfiqrobT, sajarimo sanqciis Sesaxeb finansTa ministris brZanebaSi ki ar unda yofiliyo saubari, aramed sagadasaxado kodeqsis im TavSi, sadac sagadasaxado sanqciebzea (jarimebzea) saubari sagadasaxado wesebis darRvevebisaTvis. specialuri savaWro zonis statusi (ssz) mieniWeba iuridiul pirs, sakuTari an saqarTvelos mTavrobis iniciativiT, romelic saqarTveloSi eweva vaWrobis organizebas. vaWrobis organizeba ki, aris piris an pirTa jgufis sakuTrebaSi/mflobelobaSi arsebuli bazris an/da Senoba-nagebobis teritoriaze ganlagebuli savaWro obieqtis an/da savaWro adgilis gaqiraveba (ix.: sagadasaxado kodeqsi, muxli 26). SeniSvna: winadadeba kodeqsisa dasaxvewia, kerZod, iq sadac saubaria: `sakuTari an saqarTvelos mTavrobis iniciativiT...~ lilo moli pirveli qarTuli kompania gaxda, romelsac saqarTvelos mTavrobam mianiWa specialuri savaWro zonis statusi. maT saqonlis realizaciidan miRebuli Semosavlis 3%-is gadaxda uwevT da saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT ar ibegrebian da sxv. nadaraia, rogava, ruxaZe, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis komentarebi, par. 1-155, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 551.

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mcire bizness kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi erToblivi Semosavlis 25 %-is zemoT gacemul saxelfaso Tanxebze ekisreba sagadasaxado agentis valdebuleba. igi valdebulia 25%-is zemoT gacemul saxelfaso Tanxebze saangariSo momdevno wlis 15 ianvramde gaiangariSos da bijetSi Caricxos gadaxdis wyarosTan dasakavebeli gadasaxadi, ris Sesaxebac igi waradgens sagadasaxado organoSi gadaxdis wyarosTan dakavebuli gadasaxdis deklaracias. `gonivruli vada~ SefasebiTi kategoriaa da kanonmdeblobiT zustad ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros dokumentis (am SemTxvevaSi sertifikatis) gacemis ricxvi, magram igi ar unda iyos droSi gawelili. ia xarazi, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado samarTali, nawili pirveli, meore gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 279. Cven ver daveTanxmebiT zogierTi avtoris mosazrebas, rom kanonmdeblobiT daSvebulia erTi piris mier kanonmdeblobiT mikro/mcire biznesis warmoebac da fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dabegvris obieqtSi saqmianobis uflebac (ix.: instr., muxli 3). maSin ratom weria Sesabamis instruqciaSi, rom Tu piris mier fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis statusis miniWebasTan erTad piri gancxadebiT mimarTavs sagadasaxado organos mikro/mcire biznesis statusis gauqmebis Sesaxeb da mas uari eTqmeva fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis statusis gauqmebaze, mikro/mcire biznesis statusi gauqmebas ar eqvemdebareba? gamodis ra, rom pirs ar surs mikro/ mcire biznesis statusi da Tu uari uTxres mas fiqsirebuli gadasaxdis statusis miniWebaze, mis mier uaris SemTxvevaSi mikro/mcire biznesis statusi rCeba? iqneb vcdebiT, magram migvaCnia, rom orazrovan debulebas aqvs adgili am SemTxvevaSi da unda gaswordes. Tu saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dasabegri saqmianobis gansazRvris Semdeg aRniSnuli saqmianob(eb)is ganmaxorcielebel pirebze ar gaicema mikro da mcire biznesis statusi, maSin ratom vaZlevT fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdel pirebs isargeblon damatebiT ganxorcielebuli saqmianobis nawilSi specialuri dabegvris sxva reJimiT, anu mikro da mcire biznesis specialuri dabegvris reJimebiT, romelic gansxvavebulia? rogorc yvela samarTlis dargSi, aseve, sagadasaxado samarTalSic, gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs sagadasaxado ufleba-valdebulebis gansaxorcieleblad am ufleba-valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgili da vadebi.

LEGAL REGULATION OF SPECIAL TAXATION REGIMES MICROBUSINESS, SMALL BUSINESS, FIXED TAX

IA KHARAZI Associated Professor of the Davit Agmashenebeli University of Georgia and of Sukhumi State University, Head of the Program Direction

The article deals with the problems related to small and medium businesses and suggests an opinion that the small entrepreneurship, and in general, business development should be declared to be one of the priorities, and obviously, should be supported by the state. Namely, they should have unimpeded access to loans; and through their support the share of small and medium business should increase according to the turnover, which is less than 20% although the same indicator is much higher in other countries. The state should undertake a function of a mediator between the banking sector and entrepreneurs, because the banking sector cannot be objectively focused on social outcomes. The state should provide adequate conditions so that the entrepreneurial activity does not face many risks. The Small Entrepreneurship Support and Development Foundation should be restored; it is also necessary to open their branches and to establish their support foundations, and most importantly, to elaborate a legislative basis, which will make it profitable and accessible to revive and develop the small and medium businesses. The articles, which are vague and have double meaning, should be refined and Â&#x201C;disappearÂ&#x201D; from the tax legislation. In one word, humane articles of the Tax Code should appear, where the taxpayer feels comfortable, and ultimately all these things will benefit the state budget and the entrepreneur as well.

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kanonieri ndobis principis moqmedebis mniSvneloba samSeneblo samarTalSi goga kikilaSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti

Tavi I. Sesavali samSeneblo samarTali miekuTvneba samarTlis dargebis im kategorias, romelsac erTdroulad axasiaTebs rogorc sajaro, ise kerZo samarTlis niSnebi. samSeneblo samarTali dRes arsebuli formiT, sul raRac, ori aTeuli welia moqmedebs. am drois ganmavlobaSi ara erTi cvlileba ganicada, magram rogorc axalgazrda dargi jer kidev, Camoyalibebis procesSia. iqidan gamomdinare, rom sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis periodSi miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba hqonda saxelmwifos, mSeneblobac saxelmwifos eqskluziur uflebamosilebas warmoadgenda.1 samSeneblo samarTlis damoukidebel, samarTlis srulfasovan dargad Camoyalibebam dRis wesrigSi daayena misi samarTlebrivi bunebis dadgenisa da Sesabamisad, samSeneblo samarTalSi moqmedi zogadi principebis gansazRvris saWiroeba. winamdebare statiis mizania, gansazRvros ra SemTxvevaSi miekuTvneba samSeneblo samarTali sajaro samarTlis 64

sistemas, ramdenad moqmedebs samSeneblo samarTalSi administraciuli samarTlis principebi, ufro konkretulad ki, kanonieri ndobis principi, ra sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli am principis moqmedeba da ra praqtikuli daniSnuleba aqvs zemoaRniSnuli principis gamarTulad muSaobas samSeneblosamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi monawile subieqtebisaTvis.

Tavi II. kanonieri ndobis institutis zogadi daxasiaTeba 1. kanonieri ndobis cneba kanonieri ndobis instituti, iseve rogorc Tavad zogadi administraciuli samarTali, saqarTveloSi gaCnda germanuli samarTlis recepciis gziT, 1995 wlis 25 ivniss zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis miRebis Sedegad. kanonieri ndobis institutis aRsaniSnavad, germanul samarTalSi arsebobs termini _ "Vertrauensschutz". igi germanul samarTalSi aRiarebulia cnebad, romelic avaldebulebs administraciuli organos TanamSromlebs, pativi scen maT mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs. es principi administraciul organos `aiZulebs~, ar Secvalos mis mier adre miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi ise, rom aman kanonieri ndobis mqone pirTa interesebze uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinos.2 inglisurenovan doqtrinaSi kanonieri ndobis aRsaniSnavad, gamoiyeneba cneba "Legitimate Expectation". sityvasityviTi TargmaniT es ukanaskneli niSnavs kanonier molodins, Tumca, Sinaarsobrivad kanonieri ndobis TiTqmis identuria. am TvalsazrisiT, TviTon doqtrinaSic ver vxvdebiT diferenciacias terminebs _ molodinsa da ndobas Soris. aRsaniSnavia, rom inglisurenovan doqtrinaSi ganasxvaveben materialur da procesualur kanonier molodins/ndobas. precedentuli samarTlis bunebidan gamomdinare, am institutis warmoSoba ganapiroba swored sasamarTlo praqtikam da kanonieri ndobac upiratesad procesualuri xasiaTis iyo.3 inglisSi kanonieri ndobis institutis gaCena ganapiroba lordi deningis gadawvetilebam, romliTac procesualuri uflebebi mieniWaT nebarTvis, licenziebis da sxva saxis privilegiebis mflobel pirebs. gadawyvetileba gulisxmobda, rom saxelmwifos mier gacemuli nebarTva an licenzia ar iqneboda gauqmebuli dainteresebuli mxaris mosmenisa da misi azris gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.4 TandaTanobiT, isev sasamarTlo praqtikis saSualebiT, inglisSi moxda materialuri kanonieri ndobis aRiarebac.5 qarTuli kanonmdebloba inglisurisagan gansxvavebiT, ar gamijnavs materialur da procesualur kanonier ndobas, Tumca, normatiuli mowesrigebis gareSe, sasamarTlo praqtikam mainc dauSva procesualuri kanonieri ndobis arseboba. saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom Tu administraciulma organom dauSva samarTlebrivi 65

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Secdoma aqtis gasaCivrebis uflebis ganmartebisas, dainteresebuli piri daculia kanonieri ndobis institutiT da uflebamosilia, aqti gaasaCivros im wesiT da vadaSi, rogorc es administraciulma organom ganumarta. amdenad, administraciuli organos mier daSvebuli samarTlebrivi Secdoma ar unda gaxdes piris sarCelis dasaSvebobis damabrkolebeli materialursamarTlebrivi safuZveli.6 2. kanonieri ndobis warmoSobis safuZvlebi 2.1. szak-iT gansazRvruli kanonieri ndobis warmoSobis safuZvlebi kanonieri ndobis institutis warmoSobis samarTlebriv safuZvlebs gansazRvravs saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi. szak adgens kanonieri ndobis warmoSobis or safuZvels: administraciuli organos dapireba da administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti. administraciuli organos dapireba szak-is me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad, administraciuli organos uflebamosili Tanamdebobis piris mier saTanado wesiT gamocemuli werilobiTi dokumentia, romelic adasturebs, rom am dokumentiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba ganxorcieldeba da am moqmedebis ganxorcieleba administraciuli organos mxridan aRar saWiroebs damatebiT Tanxmobas. administraciuli organos dapirebas gansakuTrebiT didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs, rodesac dainteresebuli mxarisaTvis sasurveli moqmedeba warmoadgens siaxles praqtikaSi an kanonmdebloba bundovania da sxvadasxvanairi interpretaciis saSualebas iZleva. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebisagan Tavis dacvis erT-erTi saukeTeso saSulebaa administraciuli organos dapirebis safuZvelze moqmedebis ganxorcieleba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom administraciuli organos mier kanonis arasworad ganmartebis SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu dainteresebul mxares warmoeSva kanonieri ndoba, is Tavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisagan. rac Seexeba individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis safuZvelze kanonieri ndobis warmoSobas, aRsaniSnavia, rom kanonieri ndoba warmoiSoba aRmWurveli administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis safuZvelze. 2.2. zepiri gancxadeba, rogorc kanonieri ndobis warmoSobis safuZveli szak kanonieri ndobis warmoSobis sxva safuZvlebs ar iTvaliswinebs, Tumca, iuridiul mecnierebasa da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi xSirad ibadeba kiTxva, SeiZleba Tu ara, arsebobdes kanonieri ndobis warmoSobis sxva winapirobac. magaliTad, iuristebs Soris ganxilvis sagania, SeiZleba Tu ara, kanonieri ndoba warmoiSvas zepiri gancxadebis an administraciuli organos moqmedebis (realaqtis) safuZvelze. upirvelesad, unda ganisazRvros, Tu ra igulisxmeba cnebaSi zepiri gancxadeba. am terminSi SeiZleba moiazrebodes ori ram: zepiri formiT gamocemuli individualuri 66

administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqti da uflebamosili Tanamdebobis piris mier zepirad gakeTebuli administraciuli organos dapirebis Sinaarsis matarebeli gancxadeba. szak-is 51-e muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqti gamoicema werilobiT an zepirad. am Canaweridan gamomdinare, dasaSvebad unda miviCnioT, rom dainteresebul mxares kanonieri ndoba warmoeSvas zepiri formiT gamocemuli administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis safuZvelze. rac Seexeba meore SemTxvevas, kerZod, SeiZleba Tu ara, administraciuli organos dapireba gamocemuli iqnes zepirad, kanonmdebeli calsaxad adgens, rom administraciuli organos dapireba aris werilobiTi dokumenti. am sakiTxisadmi midgoma sxva qveynebSic araerTgvarovania. magaliTisaTvis, inglisis da hong-kongis uzenaesi sasamarTloebi SesaZleblad miiCneven, rom kanonieri ndoba warmoiSvas imis mimarT, rasac akeTebs da ambobs xelisufleba. aqedan gamomdinare, aRiareben, rom dapireba warmoSobs kanonier ndobas imis miuxedavad, zepirad aris gacemuli Tu werilobiT.7 qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtika ufro metadaa SeboWili kanonis CanaweriT am sakiTxis ganmartebis dros da ambobs, rom kanonieri ndobis safuZvlad SeiZleba miCneuli iqnes mxolod werilobiTi formiT gacemuli dapireba, romlis Sinaarsidanac aSkarad gamomdinareobs administraciuli organos (uflebamosili Tanamdebobis piris) valdebuleba, rom ganxorcieldeba dapirebuli moqmedeba.8 am midgomas ar iziarebs kontinenturi evropis yvela mkvlevari da miiCneven, rom uflebamosili Tanamdebobis piris zepiri gancxadeba obieqturi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT iseve SeiZleba gaxdes kanonieri ndobis warmoSobis safuZveli, rogorc werilobiTi formiT gamocemuli dokumenti. sakiTxze msjelobisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom szak-is me-9 muxlis ganmarteba bevrad ufro didi Sinaarsis matarebelia, vidre ubralod is, administraciuli organos dapirebis gamocema zepirad unda moxdes Tu werilobiT. samarTlebrivi da demokratiuli saxelmwifos principebidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifoebriobis umniSvnelovanesi elementia saxelmwifo institutebis mimarT ndoba. ndobis arsebobas ki, ganapirobebs Tavad administraciuli organoebis warmomadgenlebis damokidebuleba maT mier ganxorcielebuli moqmedebebisadmi. `reinoldsis mosazrebiT, gasagebi unda gaxdes, rom Tanamdebobis pirTa mier gakeTebulma gancxadebebma SeiZleba warmoSvas ndoba, rac politikurad sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi sazrunavi xdeba sazogadoebisaTvis damtkiceba, rom es gancxadebebi ar yofila zerele da Sesabamisad, maTze damyarebuli ndoba gaufasurebuli.9 erTi mxriv, zepiri dapirebis mimarT kanonieri ndobis gavrceleba samarTlebrivi cnobierebis amaRlebis procesSi did rols Seasrulebs da administraciuli organoebis warmomadgenlebic meti pasuxismgeblobiT moekidebian TavianT zepir gancxadebebs. meore mxriv, sazogadoebis samarTlebrivi kultura isedac sakmaod dabalia da Tu administraciuli organoebis uflebamosili Tanamdebobis piris zepiri gancxadebis mimarT imoqmedebs kanonieri ndoba, SeiZleba ise moxdes, rom calkeul Tanamdebobis pirTa windauxedavi gancxadebebis safuZvelze kanonieri 67

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ndobis safarvelis qveS dainteresebulma pirma moaxerxos sasurveli moqmedebis kanonis gverdis avliT ganxorcieleba an garkveuli kompensaciis miReba, amitom sakiTxis gadawyveta did sifrTxilesa da windaxedulebas saWiroebs. 2.3. administraciuli organos moqmedeba (realaqti), rogorc kanonieri ndobis warmoSobis safuZveli calke ganxilvis sagania administraciuli organos moqmedeba (realaqti) warmoadgens Tu ara kanonieri ndobis warmoSobis safuZvels.10 erTi mxriv, realaqti Tavisi arsiT ar aris arc administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqti, arc administraciuli organos dapireba, Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis normebis Canaweridan gamomdinare, is kanonieri ndobis safuZvels ar unda warmoadgendes. meore mxriv, realaqtis gaformeba SesaZlebelia dokumentis saxiT. Tu am werilobiTi dokumentiT administraciuli organo kisrulobs valdebulebas, rom Seasrulos garkveuli moqmedeba, SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom realaqti am SemTxvevaSi Seicavs administraciuli organos dapirebas da dainteresebuli mxarisaTvis warmoSobs kanonier ndobas. szakis me-9 muxli ar adgens, rom administraciuli organos dapireba unda iyos calke dokumenti da ar SeiZleba aisaxos sxva dokumentSi. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Tu dokumenturad gaformebuli realaqti Seicavs administraciuli organos pirobas, rom gansazRvruli moqmedeba iqneba ganxorcielebuli. 3. kanonieri ndobis institutis funqciebi kanonieri ndobis institutis arsebobis udidesi mniSvneloba aRiarebulia rogorc samarTlis Teoritikosebis, ise sasamarTlo praqtikis mier. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, `kanonieri ndobis ufleba administraciulsamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi gansakuTrebul datvirTvas atarebs, radgan administraciulsamarTlebriv urTierTobas Tavisi arsiT subordinaciuli xasiaTi aqvT. kanonieri ndobis ufleba icavs pirs administraciuli organos samarTlebrivi Secdomisa da momavalSi gansaxorcielebeli moqmedebis Seusruleblobisagan. aRniSnuli institutis srulfasovani damkvidreba uzrunvelyofs mmarTvelobis kanonierebas, stabilurobas, mis avtoritets sazogadoebaSi.~11 administraciuli samarTali, rogorc mmarTvelobis samarTali, ayalibebs administraciuli organoebis mier sajaro uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis, administraciuli organoebisa da kerZo seqtoris, aseve, administraciuli organoebis urTierTobis wesebs. am urTierTobebis stabilurad warmarTva mxareTa interesebis Selaxvis gareSe SeuZlebelia im pirobebSi, Tu dominantur mdgomareobaSi myofi subieqtis, kerZod, administraciuli organos moqmedebebi ar iqneba prognozirebadi da ar iarsebebs ndoba, rom administraciuli organo moulodneli gadawyvetilebiT zians ar miayenebs vinmes kanonier interess. 68

administraciul samarTalSi kanonier ndobas ori mTavari funqcia akisria, esenia: administraciuli organoebis moqmedebebis prognozirebadobis uzrunvelyofa da kerZo da sajaro interesebis dacva. pirveli mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac is uzrunvelyofs samarTlis subieqtebis saqmianobis stabilurobas. kanonieri ndoba `aiZulebs~ administraciul organos, advilad ar Secvalos ukve miRebuli gadawyvetileba, rac samarTlis sxva subieqtebs saSualebas aZlevs, ganaxorcielon iuridiuli mniSvnelobis moqmedebebi da ar eSinodeT, rom administraciuli organo moulodnelad Seicvlis pozicias garkveul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. kerZo da sajaro interesebis dacvis funqcia ki, imaSi gamoixateba, rom Tu administraciuli organo Secvlis ukve miRebul gadawyvetilebas, romlis safuZvelzec warmoiSva kanonieri ndoba, dainteresebul mxares eqneba zianis anazRaurebis gziT sakuTari uflebebis dacvis saSualeba. kanonieri ndobis principis dacva da mis safuZvelze administraciuli organos Tavisuflebis SezRudva Tavisi bunebiT sajarosamarTlebrivi xasiaTis urTierTobaa imis miuxedavad, rom upiratesad, kerZo interesebze axdens gavlenas.12 kanonieri ndobis principi qmnis safuZvels, rom saxelmwifos warmomadgenlis mier dapirebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, es qmedeba gaxdes sasamarTlos gansjadi da mohyves konkretuli sanqciebi administraciuli organoebis mimarT.13 sasamarTlos mier sakiTxis ganxilvaze saubrisas ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos kanonieri ndoba aris dainteresebuli mxaris ufleba. inglisuri samarTlis Tanaxmad, kanonieri ndobis instituti aris principi, romelic Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs gansaxorcielebeli iuridiuli moqmedebebis gansazRvris saSualebas da administraciuli organos mxridan gansxvavebuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, dainteresebuli piris interesebis dacvis saSualebas.14

Tavi III.

samSeneblo samarTali, rogorc administraciuli samarTlis nawili

1. samSeneblo samarTlis adgili samarTlis sistemaSi rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, samSeneblo samarTali Tavisi bunebiT miekuTvneba im e.w. samarTlis `hibriduli~ dargebis jgufs, romelTa kerZo an sajaro samarTlisaTvis erTmniSvnelovnad mikuTvneba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia da sxvadasxva SemTxvevebSi gansxvavebul niSan-Tvisebebs amJRavnebs. samSeneblo samarTalTan mimarTebaSi Teoriebis gamoyenebac misi samarTlebrivi bunebis dasadgenad SeiZleba ar aRmoCndes sakmarisad efeqtiani. interesebis, subieqtebisa da subordinaciis Teoriebi verc cal-calke da verc erTad ver iqneba sakmarisi, radgan samSeneblo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi calkeul SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba iyos rogorc ierarqiuli xaisTis, ise _ horizontaluri; masSi erTnairad SeiZleba monawi69

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leobdnen sajaro da kerZo samarTlis subieqtebi dabolos, nebismieri mSeneblobis mimarT erTdroulad SeiZleba arsebobdes rogorc sajaro, ise kerZo interesi. amrigad, samSeneblo samarTlis raobis gansazRvris problemis winaSe kerZo da sajaro samarTlis gamijvnis klasikuri Teoriebi uZluria15 da saWiroa raime ufro efeqtiani kriteriumebis SerCeva. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli samarTali kodificirebis stilis TvalsazrisiT, kontinentur-evropulia, ufro konkretulad ki, germanuli samarTlis jgufisken ixreba. kerZo da sajaro samarTlis gamijvnac am jgufis samarTlis qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis safuZvelze xdeba.16 Â&#x201E;samSeneblo samarTlis bunebis gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa, ganvsazRvroT Tavad samSeneblo samarTlis mowesrigebis sfero, raTa moxdes misi mikuTvneba samarTlis konkretuli sistemisaTvis.17 erT-erTi definiciiT, samSeneblo samarTali aris samarTlis im normaTa erToblioba, romelic awesrigebs miwis samSeneblo mizniT gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.18 Tumca, es definicia sakmaod zogadi xasiaTisaa da rTulia gansazRvra, konkretulad ra moiazreba regulirebis sferoSi: samSeneblo nebarTvis gacema, uSualod mSeneblobis procesis momwesrigebeli normebi, nagebobis eqspluataciaSi Sesvla da misi Semdgomi kontroli Tu es yvelaferi erTad aRebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom cneba Â&#x201E;samSeneblo samarTali~ SeiZleba erTdroulad moicavdes rogorc yvela zemoaRniSnul urTierTobas, aseve individualurad, romelime maTgansac calkeul SemTxvevebSi. aseve, zogadi xasiaTis definicias gvTavazobs monaSis universitetis profesori paula gerbera, romlis Tanaxmadac, cneba `samSeneblo samarTali~ aris zogadi termini, romelic moicavs miwaze Senobis agebasa da dangrevasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebis maregulirebel samarTlebriv normebs.19 avtori gvTavazobs samSeneblo samarTlis bunebis dadgenis ufro efeqtian saSualebas, kerZod, is mowesrigebis sferos mixedviT, samSeneblo samarTals hyofs sajaro da kerZo samSeneblo samarTlad. avtoris TqmiT, kerZo samSeneblo samarTali emsaxureba mSneblobis dros warmoSobili kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebisa da mezobelTa kerZo interesebis regulirebas, xolo sajaro samSeneblo samarTali aris administraciuli (sajaro) samarTlis gansakuTrebuli nawili, romelic sajaro interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT awesrigebs miwis nakveTis samSeneblo mizniT gamoyenebis sakiTxebs. kerZod: mSneblobis dasaSvebobas, Senoba-nagebobis gamoyenebas, mSeneblobis process, ukve aSenebuli nagebobis Secvlisa da demontaJis samarTlebriv reJims, aseve, adgens mSneblobis sferoSi marTlwesrigis dacvis normebsa da samSeneblo mizniT miwis nakveTis gamoyenebis farglebs.20 iuridiul literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom administraciul samarTals aqvs savaldebulo sazogadoebrivi misia, kerZod, `administraciuli samarTlis mizania, moawesrigos urTierTobebi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sferoSi. am amocanis mniSvnelobas kidev ufro zrdis roli, romelic mmarTvelobas ukavia Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sfero moicavs sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa 70

da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas, sazogadoebis janmrTelobis dacvas, moqalaqeTa ekonomikuri keTildReobisaTvis xelSewyobas,~21 imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom samSeneblo nebarTvebis gamcemi da monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli administraciuli organos saqmianobis miznebi zustad Seesabameba administraciuli samarTlis sazogadoebriv misias da zemaoRniSnuli urTierTobebi subordinaciuli xasiaTisaa _ sajaro samSeneblo samarTali udavod unda ganvixiloT, rogorc administraciuli samarTlis nawili. `samSeneblo samarTali, rogorc dagegmvisa da wesrigis samarTlis normaTa erToblioba, mTlianad sajarosamarTlebriv xasiaTs atarebs. samSeneblo samarTali, rogorc dargi, administraciuli samarTlis ganuyofeli nawilia da mis gansakuTrebul nawilad gvevlineba. is atarebs yvela im maxasiaTebels, romelic mis sajarosamarTlebriv bunebas ganapirobeben.~22 2. administraciuli samarTlis principebis moqmedeba samSeneblo samarTalSi administrciuli samarTali, rogorc samarTlis dargi, pirobiTad SeiZleba daiyos zogad da specialur nawilebad. am SemTxvevaSi zogad nawili aris samarTlis im normaTa erToblioba, romelic axdens administraciulsamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis saerTo wesebs, xolo specialuri nawili moicavs im sakanonmdeblo aqtebs, romlebic aregulirebs administraciuli organoebis kompetencias mikuTvnebul konkretul urTierTobebs. ZiriTadi normatiuli aqti, romlic warmoadgens administraciuli samarTlis qvakuTxeds da adgens administraciuli organoebis saqmianobis zogad wess, aris saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi. zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi aris ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo wyaro, romelSic Tavmoyrilia administraciuli samarTlis sferoSi yvela institutisaTvis saerTo sakiTxebi.23 saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi nawilia pirveli Tavi, sadac aRwerilia administraciul samarTalSi moqmedi principebi. principi aris Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli saxelmZRvanelo qcevis wesi, romelic ganmtkicebulia samarTlis normaSi da aregulirebs iseT urTierTobebs, romlebic konkretuli normebiT ar aris mowesrigebuli. rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, sajaro samSeneblo samarTali aris administraciuli samarTlis specialuri nawili, romelic aregulirebs sajaro xasiaTis mqone samSeneblosamarTlebriv urTierTobebs. vinaidan saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi aris sabaziso dokumenti, romelic adgens administraciulsamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis safuZvlebs, masSi asaxuli principebi vrceldeba administraciuli samarTlis specialur nawilzec, Sesabamisad, isini imoqmedebs samSeneblo samarTalSic. erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi principi, romelic moqmedebs samSeneblo samarTalSi da aqvs uaRresad didi regulaciuri funqcia, aris kanonieri ndobis principi. 71

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Tavi IV. kanonieri ndobis principis moqmedeba samSeneblo samarTalSi 1. kanonieri ndobis principis moqmedeba samSeneblo nebarTvis miRebis etapze kanonieri ndobis principis gamarTulad moqmedeba mniSvnelovania mSeneblobis yvela etapze, magram gansakuTrebiT, mSeneblobis dawyebamde, samSeneblo nebarTvis miRebis dros. mSeneblobis nebarTvis gacema aris administraciuli warmoeba, romlis Sedegadac dadebiTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi, ganmcxadebels eniWeba ufleba, gacemuli nebarTvis safuZvelze da damtkicebuli proeqtis Sesabamisad, miwis nakveTze aRmarTos Senoba-nageboba. praqtikaSi mSeneblobis nebarTvis gacemis, nebarTvis calkeuli detalebis dazustebis, naxazis damtkicebis da uSualod samSeneblo samuSaoebis dawyebis etapebi araa yovelTvis Tanmimdevruli da SesaZlebelia, es procesebi mimdinareobdes paralelurad. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba administraciuli organos Semdgomi moqmedebebis gansazRvris SesaZleblobas, raTa erTi mxriv, ar Seferxdes mSeneblobis procesi da meore mxriv, ise ar moxdes, rom dainteresebul mxares mouwios ukve aSenebulis dangreva/demontaJi. mSeneblobis nebarTvis gacemis stadiaze kanonieri ndobis institutis moqmedebis arsi imaSi gamoixateba, rom dainteresebul mxares SeeZlos gansazRvra, ramdenad mizanSewonilia saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebamde xarjebis gaReba da savaraudoa Tu ara administraciuli organos mier poziciis Secvla. mSeneblobis nebarTvis gacemasTan dakavSirebiT administraciuli warmoeba yovelTvis ar aris martivi, sworxazovani procesi. rogorc wesi, dainteresebuli mxare araerT winaaRmdegobas awydeba sakiTxis gadawyvetamde, Sesabamisad, arsebobs Sualeduri gadawyvetilebebic. warmoebis dros aseve, iqmneba iseTi dokumentebi, rogoricaa: moxsenebiTi baraTi, sxdomis oqmi, Semowmebis oqmi da a.S. amgvari dokumentebi, rogorc aRvniSneT, administraciulsamarTlebriv aqts ar warmoadgens, uSualod maT safuZvelze ar dgeba samarTlebrivi Sedegi da SegviZlia, miviCnioT administraciuli organos moqmedebad _ e.w. realaqtad. TavisTavad realaqti ar warmoSobs kanonier ndobas, magram Tu Seicavs daTqmas, Tu ra konkretuli Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves mSeneblis mxridan garkveuli moqmedebis Sesrulebas an Seusruleblobas (magaliTisTvis, Tu administraciuli organos mier dainteresebuli mxarisaTvis gagzavnil werilSi miTiTebulia, rom mosakreblis gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi, misi moTxovna dakmayofildeba), es SeiZleba CaiTvalos administraciuli organos dapirebad da mis safuZvelze mxares warmoeSvas kanonieri ndoba. calke ganxilvis sagania SemTxveva, rodesac administraciuli organo Rebulobs ramdenime urTierTgamomricxav gadawyvetilebas. magaliTad, erTi da imave administraciuli organos sxvadasxva samsaxuris mier gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis 72

SemTxvevaSi, dainteresebul mxares romlis mimarT warmoeSoba kanonieri ndoba. 2010 wels, adgili hqonda SemTxvevas, rodesac administraciulma organoebma erTsa da imave sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT miiRes ori gansxvavebuli gadawyvetileba. erT-erT saqmeze ssip Tbilisis arqiteqturis samsaxuris weriliT dainteresebul mxares mieca damtkicebuli naxazis Sesabamisad, mimdinare mSeneblobis gagrZelebis ufleba, magram meriis zedamxedvelobis saqalaqo samsaxuris dadgenilebiT dainteresebul mxares daekisra jarima da daevala aSenebuli nagebobis demontaJi. am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT, amave gadawyvetilebiT,24 sakasacio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom ssip Tbilisis arqiteqturis samsaxuris werilobiTi dasturi mSeneblobis gagrZelebis Taobaze, warmoadgenda aRmWurvel individualur administraciulsamarTlebriv aqts, romelic dainteresebul mxares aniWebda mSeneblobis dasrulebis uflebas. konkretul SemTxvevaSi, am dasturiT miniWebuli uflebis dacvis gansakuTrebul garantias warmoadgenda kanonieri ndoba. sakasacio sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi miiRo is garemoebac, rom dainteresebul mxares nebarTvis gamcemi organosaTvis ar daumalavs ukve dawyebuli mSeneblobis Sesaxeb. administraciuli organosaTvis wardgenil gancxadebas Tan erTvoda sajaro reestris sakadastro gegma, sadac dainteresebuli mxaris uZravi qoneba aRniSnuli iyo rogorc mSenebare nageboba. vinaidan administraciuli organosaTvis cnobili iyo mimdinare mSeneblobis Sesaxeb, mas SeeZlo da valdebulic iyo, gaerkvia saqmis garemoebani, moeTxova yvela saWiro dokumentisa da informaciis miwodeba an ukidures SemTxvevaSi, zedamxedvelobis samsaxuris meSveobiT Tavad daedgina nebarTvis gacemisaTvis saWiro garemoebani da amis Semdeg mieRo gadawyvetileba. sakasacio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom dainteresebul mxares hqonda kanonieri ndobis warmoSobis safuZveli da is garemoeba, administraciuli organos Tanxmoba iyo Tu ara kanonis sruli dacviT gacemuli, scildeba ganmcxadeblis pasuxismgeblobas. garda amisa, Tanxmobis gauqmebamde, administraciul organos ar mouTxovia mSeneblobis demontaJi. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sakasacio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom dainteresebuli mxare sworad moiqca, rodesac endo administraciuli aqtis stabilurobas, gamoiyena warmoSobili kanonieri ndoba da daasrula mSenebloba.25 vfiqrobT, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosazreba am SemTxvevaSi marTebulia. administraciuli organo ara mxolod uflebamosili, aramed valdebulia, gadawyvetileba miiRos saqmis garemoebebis yovelmxrivi gamokvlevis safuZvelze. vinaidan dainteresebuli piris mxridan adgili ar hqonia kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebas (mSeneblobis Sesaxeb informaciis damalva), mas ar SeiZleba pasuxismgebloba daekisros administraciuli organos SecdomisaTvis. administraciuli organo, rogorc saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli, subordinaciul urTierTobebSi gamodis rogorc kerZo piris zemoT mdgomi subieqti, amdenad samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos miznebidan gamomdinare, mas unda ekisrebodes pasuxismgebloba administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemis dros saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis arasrulyofili SeswavlisaTvis. 73

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sakasacio sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, kanonier ndobaze dayrdnobiT raime moqmedebis Sefasebis dros gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos darRvevis xarisxi da isic, Tu ramdenad miadga ziani sxva pirTa interesebs. #bs-1153-1142(k-11) gadawyvetilebaSi saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom `aRmWurveli aqtis baTilad gamocxadebis sakiTxi ganixileba ara mxolod kanonierebis, aramed agreTve misi ekvivalenturi _ ndobis dacvis principis TvalsazrisiT. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, ori principis SepirispirebiT, aqtis formis (aqti werilobiTi formiT aris gamocemuli), darRvevis simZimis (I kategoriis Senobis ageba ar saWiroebs nebarTvas, sakmarisia obieqtis ganTavsebaze SeTanxmeba) mSeneblobiT arsebiTad ar darRveula romelime piris ufleba an interesi (mosarCelis mier valdebuleba ganxorcielda mxolod vadis darRveviT). kanonieri ndobis gamomricxavi garemoebis ararsebobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sakasacio sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi, prioritetuli da pativsadebia kasatoris aRmWurveli aqtis mimarT ndobis dacvis principi.~26 vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi aqcentis gakeTeba mxolod darRvevis xarisxze ar unda iyos gamarTlebuli. kanonieri ndobis safuZvelze moqmedebis dros dainteresebuli mxare iuridiuli mniSvnelobis moqmedebas axorcielebs im rwmeniT, rom is iqceva kanonSesabamisad da misi moqmedeba aris saTanado organos mier nebadarTuli. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar aris aSkarad aRqmadi, rom dainteresebuli mxaris moqmedeba laxavs sxva pirTa interess da rom SeiZleba administraciuli organos mier aRmWurveli administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqti gamocemuli iyos kanonis darRveviT, dainteresebul pirs ar unda daekisros pasuxismgebloba. Tu dainteresebulma mxarem pirnaTlad Seasrula masze kanoniT dakisrebuli yvela valdebuleba, administraciulma organom unda uzrunvelyos iseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba, romlis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli moqmedeba ar gamoiwvevs kanonis darRevas. imis Sefaseba, ramdenad aRqmadi iyo an unda yofiliyo dainteresebuli mxarisaTvis, rom kanonieri ndobis arsebobis miuxedavad, SeiZleba ganexorcielebina kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedeba, aris sasamarTlos kompetencia da misi gansazRvra yovel konkretul SemTxevevaSi, individualurad unda moxdes, obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT. 2. kanonieri ndobis dacviTi funqcia mSeneblobis dasrulebis Semdeg sajaro samSeneblo samarTalSi, rogorc administraciuli samarTlis specialur nawilSi, moqmedebs szak-iT gansazRvruli principebi. sxva principebTan erTad samSeneblo samarTalSi moqmedebs kanonieri ndobis principic. am ukanasknelis mniSvnelobaze jer kidev, 1892 wels prusiis umaRlesi administraciuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi aris aRniSnuli. am gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, did arastabilurobas gamoiwvevda mSeneblobis nebarTvis gacemiT damdgari samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis gauqmeba Tundac, nebarTvis gacemidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg. aseT SemTxevaSi, mSenebeli iZulebuli gaxdeboda, gaeTavisuflebina teritoria, rac did materialur zians gamoiwvevda. amave 74

sasamarTlos sxva gadawyvetilebaSi ki, aRniSnulia, rom ndobis principis darRveva iqneboda, Tu Tanxis gadaxda daekisreboda mesakuTres, romelmac yovelgvari daudevrobis gareSe, administraciuli organosgan Setyobinebis safuZvelze ivarauda, rom ar evaleboda Tanxis gadaxda.27 mSeneblobis dasrulebisa da Senobis eqspluataciaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, rogorc wesi, mSenebeli wyvets nagebobasTan samarTlebriv kavSirs da Senoba gadadis mesakuTris xelSi. mesakuTre ar aris valdebuli, gadaamowmos mSeneblobis calkeuli etapis kanoniereba. is endoba administraciuli organos gadawyvetilebas, rom nagebobis aSeneba moxda kanoniT dadgenili wesiT da is vargisia gamoyenebisaTvis. administraciuli organos gadawyvetileba Senobis eqspluataciaSi Sesvlis Taobaze warmoadgenes individualur administraciulsamarTlebriv aqts, romelic adasturebs Senobis dadgenil standartebTan Sesabamisobas da Senobis mesakuTres aniWebs nagebobiT sargeblobis uflebas. zemoaRniSnuli aqtis safuZvelze, dainteresebul mxares (mesakuTres) warmoeSoba kanonieri ndoba, rom man namdvilad gamosayeneblad vargisi obieqti SeiZina da administraciuli organos mier poziciis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi, ar mouwevs nagebobis dangreva an sxvagvari Tavisi interesebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebis ganxorcieleba. 3. kanonieri ndobis principis mimarTeba kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principTan kanonier ndobaze saubris dros gverds ver avuvliT kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis princips, romlis Tanaxmad, saqmis garemoebaTa identurobis SemTxvevebSi, dauSvebelia sxvadasxva piris mimarT gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebis miReba garda, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli safuZvlis arsebobisas. es principi avaldebulebs administraciul organos, rom garemoebaTa identurobis SemTxvevaSi, sxvadasxva dainteresebuli mxaris mimarT miiRos erTnairi gadawyvetileba. sakamaToa, erT SemTxvevaSi samSeneblo nebarTvis gacema SeiZleba Tu ara, kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principze dayrdnobiT gaxdes kanonieri ndobis warmoSobis safuZveli analogiur pirobebSi myofi pirisaTvis. magaliTad, iba-is wevrma gadawyvita, korpusis `wiTeli zolebis~ SigniT miwis nakveTi miiRos individualur sakuTrebaSi, dairegistrira sakuTrebis ufleba da Sesabamisi nebarTvis miRebis Semdeg, aaSena avtofarexi. garkveuli periodis Semdeg, analogiur pirobebSi myofma meore mezobelmac moindoma mezoblad miwis nakveTze avtofarexis aSeneba, sxva subieqtis mimarT gacemuli nebarTvis safuZvelze ivarauda, rom samSeneblo nebarTvis miReba sirTules ar warmoadgenda da ganaxorciela iuridiuli mniSvnelobis moqmedebebi. nebarTvis vermiRebis SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia Tu ara dainteresebul mxares, rom miuTiTos kanonier ndobaze da moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba? erTi mxriv, arsebobs kanonierebis principi, romelic kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi, administraciul organos avaldebulebs garkveuli tipis moqmedebis Sesrulebas, xolo meore mxriv, dainteresebulma mxarem ar daucada administraciuli organos gadawvetilebas da Ta75

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visi iniciativiT ganaxorciela iuridiuli mniSvnelobis moqmedebebi. kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principi, cxadia, erT-erTi umTavresi da konstituciiT garantirebuli pricipia. misi darRveva warmoadgens gamocemuli administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis gauqmebis safuZvels, magram es principi ar unda gavigoT zedmetad farTod da ar unda gaxdes upirobo Tanasworobis safuZveli. `samarTlis erT-erTi funqciaa adamianebis interesebis dacva da sikeTeTa Tanazomieri ganawileba~,28 magram `kanonmdebeli ar eswrafvis totalur Tanasworobas. Tanasworobis principi moiTxovs, rom kanonmdebelma sagnobrivad uTanasworo ar unda ganixilos, rogorc Tanaswori, xolo sagnobrivad Tanaswori rogorc uTanasworo.~29 kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba SeiZleba gulisxmobdes mxolod samSeneblo nebarTvis gacemis dros dainteresebuli mxaris raime niSniT Seviwrovebis an upiratesobis miniWebis akrZalvas, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gulisxmobs, rom Tu erTma pirma miiRo mSeneblobis nebarTva, analogiur pirobebSi sxvac miiRebs igive nebarTvas da sxva piris mimarT gacemuli administraciuli organos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba arsebobdes kanonieri ndoba. samSeneblo nebarTva yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, unda gaices individualurad, dainteresebuli mxaris moTxovnis safuZvelze da erTxel gacemuli nebarTva ar unda gadaiqces precedentad, radgan maSin saerTod dakargavs azrs mSeneblobis nebarTvis gacema da dainteresebuli mxare kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principze dayrdnobiT ganaxorcielebda samSeneblo samuSaoebs.

Tavi V. daskvna yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, erTmniSvnelovnad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kanonieri ndobis principi aris erT-erTi sakvanZo, zogadi xasiaTis instituti, romelic moqmedebs da unda moqmedebdes sajaro samSeneblo samarTalSi. Tavad samSeneblosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis specifikidan da mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebuli riskfaqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, am institutis gamarTul funqcionirebas ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre zogadad, SeiZleba hqondes Cveulebriv administraciulsamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi. mSenebloba ar aris erTjeradi moqmedeba, romlis Sedegic myisierad dgeba da kidev ufro xangrZlivi droiT arsebobs misi Sedegi _ Senoba-nagebobis saxiT. mSenebloba garda imisa, rom gavlenas axdens sakuTrebis uflebaze, mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli usafrTxo garemoSi cxovrebis uflebasTan, es ukanaskneli ki, SeiZleba pirdapir aisaxebodes sicocxlis uflebaze. ramdenadac mniSvnelovania kanonieri ndobis institutis arseboba, imdenad mniSvnelovania sifrTxilis dacva da im zRvris gavleba, Tu ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos kanonieri ndobis warmoSobis safuZvlad da ra ara. samSeneblosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebSi monawile yvela subieqti gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT unda ekidebodes sakiTxs da 76

TiToeul gadawyvetilebas Rebulobdes garemoebebis srulyofili Seswavlis Semdeg. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gadaWarbebulad migvaCnia mosazreba, rom zepiri gancxadebis safuZvelzec SeiZleba warmoeSvas pirs kanonieri ndoba da ganaxorcielos iuridiuli mniSvnelobis moqmedeba. samSeneblo sferos specifikidan gamomdinare, im fonze, rodesac mSeneblobis sworad an arasworad warmarTva pirdapirproporciulad aisaxeba moqalaqeTa sicocxlesa da janmrTelobaze da qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebazec, kanonieri ndobis instituti saWiroebs Zalian faqiz mopyrobas. aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, umjobesi iqneba, Tu kanonieri ndobis instituti samSeneblo samarTalSi imoqmedebs im formiT, rogorc es gansazRvrulia saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsiT da sasamarTlo praqtikiT, kerZod, Tu kanonieri ndobis warmoSoba moxdeba mxolod werilobiTi formiT gamocemuli administraciuli organos dapirebis da aRmWurveli administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis safuZvelze.

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SeniSvnebi: 1

wiklauri b., `qalaqTmSenebloba (samSeneblo dagegmva) samSeneblo samarTalSi~, statiaTa krebuli `sarCevi~, 2011 gv. 33;

Forsyth, supra note 16, at 242, Seerden & Stroinl, supra note 16, at 119, SCHONBERG, supra note 16, at 71-72. See also Joined Cases 7/56 and 3-7/57, Algera v Common Assembly, 1957 E.C.R. 39 and Cases 205 to 215/82, Deutche Milchkontor GmbH et al. v Germany, 1983 E.C.R. 2633" citirebulia "Geo Quinot, Substantive Legitimate Expectations in South African and European Administrative Law" _ citirebulia uriadmyofeli k., `kanonieri ndobis warmoSobis safuZvlebi administraciul samarTalSi~, 2011, gv. 7;

FORSYTH C. F., THE PROVENANCE AND PROTECTION OF LEGITIMATE EXPECTATIONS , 47 Cambridge Law Journal, 1988, p. 238;

David Wright "Rethinking Legitimate Expectations in Canada" (1997) 35:1 Osgood Hall L.J. 140 at 143 da Groves "Legitimate Expectations in Singapore Law", gv. 472-473 _ citirebulia uriadmyofeli k., `kanonieri ndobis warmoSobis safuZvlebi administraciul samarTalSi~, 2011, gv. 9;

SCHWARTZ B., "FRENCH AND ANGLO-AMERICAN CONCEPTIONS OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW", 6 MIAMI LAW QUARTERLY, 1951-1952, p.433;

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#bs-168-162(ks-09), 28 aprili, 2009; Ng. Siu Tung v Director of Immigration, (2002) I. HKLDR 561 at (349) admittedly dissenting da R.v. North and East Devon Health Authority, ex. p. Coughlan, (2003) 3 ALL E.R. 850 (C.A.); R(Bibi) v Newham London Borough Council (2001) EWCA Civ 607 (2002) I WLR 237 _ citirebulia uriadmyofeli k., `kanonieri ndobis warmoSobis safuZvlebi administraciul samarTalSi~, 2011, gv. 20-21;

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#bs-942-903(k-07), 19 seqtemberi, 2008; Reynolds, Paul, "Legitimate Expectations and the Protection of Trust in Public Officials" (October 8, 2010), Public Law, Vol 2011 _ citirebulia uriadmyofeli k., `kanonieri ndobis warmoSobis safuZvlebi administraciul samarTalSi~, 2011, gv. 22;

turava p., wkeplaZe n., `zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo~, 2010 gv. 89;

#bs-535-506(k-09), 06 oqtomberi, 2009;

Sales Ph., "Legitimate Expectations", 11 Judicial Review, 2006, p.186;

Pievsky D., "Legitimate Expectation as a Relevancy", 8 Judicial Review, 2003 p.144;

Hlophe John, "LEGITIMATE EXPECTATION AND NATURAL JUSTICE: ENGLISH, AUSTRALIAN AND SOUTH AFRICAN LAW", 104 The South African Law Journal, 1987, p. 174;

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#bs-1153-1142(k-11), 28 marti, 2012;

uriadmyofeli k., `kanonieri ndobis warmoSobis safuZvlebi administraciul samarTalSi~, sadisertacio naSromi magistris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad, 2011, gv 7;

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EFFECT OF PRINCIPLE OF LAWFUL TRUST IN THE CONSTRUCTION LAW GOGA KIKILASHVILI Doctoral student of the Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili State University

The Georgian construction law is a relatively new field of law, which was established in its current form after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The law has undergone many changes during this time, but as a young field, it is still being formed. As far as the state had the property right on the land during the Soviet Union, the construction represented an exclusive authority of the state as well.16 Establishment of construction law as an independent and full-fledged field of law raised the issue of determining its legal nature, and the need to define the general principles used in the construction law. Being a part of the public law, the construction law is subject to the principles established in the General Administrative Code of Georgia. One of the principles, which has a special function in the construction law, is a principle of lawful trust. When the construction-legal relations are taking place in the light of public law, the institute of lawful trust protects the interests of the subjects involved in public-legal relations, by which it ensures predictability of actions of administrative bodies and protection of private and public interests. This is what generates special significance of smooth functioning of this institute. The article aims at determining in which case the construction law is a part of the system of public law, at what extents the principles of administrative law, and more specifically, the principle of lawful trust are applicable to the construction law; what difficulties are related to the effect of this principle, and what practical purpose the smooth functioning of the above mentioned principle has for the subjects involved in the construction-legal relations. 80

salizingo urTierTobaTa arsi, misi ganviTarebis istoriuli mimoxilva, Taviseburebani da Tanamedrove definicia sofiko meSveliSvili kavkasiis universitetis magistri, ilinoisis teqnologiuri institutis Cikago-kentis samarTlis skolis winasamagistro programis studenti

Tanamedrove samoqalaqo brunvis stabiluroba da sazogadoebaSi wamoWrili sakiTxebis daregulireba saxelSekrulebo samarTlis moqmedebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebrivi struqturis evoluciam dRis wesrigSi daayena axali saxelSekrulebo normebis formirebis aucilebloba. xelSekrulebis funqciaa, regulireba gauwios adamianTa qcevas da gazardos am qcevis winaswar gansazRvris SesaZlebloba.1 igi xSirad ganixileba, rogorc mxareTa kerZo `kanonSemoqmedebiTi~ saqmianoba.2 misi Tanamedrove koncefcia mTlianad exmianeba Tavisufali ekonomikuri garemos formirebis ideas. aRniSnulis dasturad SeiZleba lizingis xelSekruleba davasaxeloT, romelmac ganviTarebis umaRles safexurs aSS-Si miaRwia. etimologiuri mniSvnelobiT, termini lizingi _ `Lease~ inglisuri sityvaa da niSnavs qonebis gadacemas droebiT, gansazRvruli vadiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom calkeuli avtorebi lizingis warmoSobis TariRad sxvadasxva wyaroebze miTiTebiT araerTgvarovan daskvnebs iZlevian. aRniSnuli mosazrebis aramarTebuloba dakavSirebulia lizingis sagnis araswor gagebasTan da misi ijaris xelSekrulebasTan gaigivebis gamo.3 81

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ekonomistebi mis kvals pouloben jer kidev, Zveli Sumerebis saxelmwifoSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde mesame aTaswleulSi da xamurabis kanonebSi (Cvens welTaRricxvamde, 1792-1750 ww.). aseve miiCneven, rom iustinianes instituciebSi (483-465 ww.) ganxorcielda im normaTa kodifikacia, romelic awesrigebda salizingo urTierTobebs.4 mkvlevarTa nawili mxars uWers mosazrebas, rom nivTis floba masze sakuTrebis uflebis gareSe, lizingis xelSekrulebis pirveladi Canasaxia.5 am TvalsazrisiT, salizingo urTierTobebi ara axali, aramed Zveli samarTlebrivi institutia. klasikuri lizingi, rogorc xelSekrulebis damoukidebeli saxe, sarkinigzo transportis ganviTarebis Sedegad, me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi warmoiSva. igi saqmian sameurneo brunvaSi pirvelad, 1877 wels gamoiyenes, rodesac amerikulma satelefono kompania `belma~ daiwyo telefonis aparatebis gacema droebiT sargeblobaSi, garkveuli sazRauris fasad.6 kerZosamarTlebriv institutad misi Camoyalibeba ekonomikuri saWiroebebidan gamomdinareobda, ramac sxvadasxva saxelSekrulebo elementebis bunebrivi Serwymis Sedegad, sruliad axali xelSekrulebis formirebas Seuwyo xeli. dResdReobiT, sakmaod rTulia gadaWriT imis Tqma, arsebobs Tu ara iseTi qveyana, sadac lizingi xelSekrulebis saxes ar warmoadgens. igi rogorc samarTlebrivi kategoria gansxvavebuli saxiT aris asaxuli erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi, Tumca, erTi ram cxadia _ gansxvaveba vlindeba terminologiur da Sinaarsobriv formaSi, xolo rogorc ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi kategoria aqtiurad ikavebs adgils msoflios didi Tu mcire biznesis ganviTarebaSi. 2. salizingo urTierTobaTa momwesrigebeli saerTaSoriso aqtebi salizingo urTierTobam swrafad gadakveTa erovnuli farglebi da sul male, saerTaSoriso yuradRebis centSi moeqca. Sedegad, kerZo samarTlis unifikaciis CarCoebSi saerTaSoriso institutis mier, 1974 wels Seqmnili jgufis aTwliani muSaobis Sedegad, otavaSi (kanada), 1988 wlis 28 maiss, miRebuli iqna konvencia `saerTaSoriso finansuri lizingis Sesaxeb~ (Convention on internationl financial leasing).7 konvenciis mizania, saerTaSoriso finansuri lizingis gzaze arsebuli iuridiuli winaaRmdegobebis aRmofxvra, ijaris tradiciuli ormxrivi xelSekrulebis adaptireba sammxrivTan8 da erTgvarovani normebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic samarTlebrivad daaregulirebs lizingis xelSekrulebis monawile mxareTa urTierTobebs.9 miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonis zogierTi piroba imperatiulia, mxareebs calkeul SemTxvevaSi, ufleba aqvT, Secvalon an saerTod gamoricxon maTTvis arasasurveli normebis gamoyeneba.10 `saerTaSoriso finansuri lizingis~ Sesaxeb konvenciis erovnul doneze danergva arc Tu ise warmatebuli aRmoCnda. Tumca, man im saxelmwifoTaTvis, romlebic pirvelad 82

asaxavdnen salizingo urTierTobebs Sida kanonmdeblobaSi, mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi standarti Seqmna. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mravali aqtualuri sakiTxi winamdebare konvenciis mier, regulirebis gareSe iqna datovebuli, 2008 wlis 13 noembers, kvlav kerZo samarTlis unifikaciis CarCoebSi SemuSavebul iqna axali modaluri kanoni lizingis Taobaze.11 erTiani sakanonmdeblo midgomis Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT, fasdaudebelia `saerTaSoriso finansuri lizingis Sesaxeb~ iunidroas modaluri kanonis mniSvneloba. aRniSnuli aqti, calke samarTlebrivi fundamentis Seqmnis gziT,12 finansuri lizingis ZiriTadi upiratesobebis warmoCenis saukeTeso magaliTia. wina aqtisagan gansxvavebiT, moqmedebis sfero ufro farToa da moicavs yvela saxis qonebas, romelic SeiZleba iyos lizingis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli obieqti.13 3. lizingis xelSekrulebis definicia samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsi ar iZleva xelSekrulebis cnebis klasikur definicias. samarTlis doqtrinaSi arsebuli Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad, igi ormxrivi (mravalmxrivi) garigebaa da rogorc iuridiuli faqti, iwvevs mTeli rigi uflebebisa da valdebulebebis warmoSobas.14mis gareSe warmoudgenelia ekonomikuri winsvla da progresi.15 erovnuli asociaciebis evropuli federacia lizings ganmartavs, rogorc qarxnis, samrewvelo saqonlis, mowyobilobebisa da uZravi qonebis ijaris xelSekrulebas moijaris mier sawarmoo mizniT misi Semdgomi gamoyenebisaTvis, maSin rodesac lizingis xelSekrulebis moqmedebis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi sakuTrebis uflebas inarCunebs meijare.16 aRniSnuli ganmarteba sakmaod mravlismomcvelia17da warmoaCens lizingis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi elementebis Taviseburebebs. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis miRebisas lizingi masSi aisaxa rogorc xelSekrulebis saxe. Tumca, 2002 wels sakanonmdeblo organom miiRo kanoni `salizingo saqmianobis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb,~ romelic kodeqsisagan gansxvavebiT, ufro detalur mowesrigebas sTavazobda brunvis monawileebs lizingis saxeebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Seiqmna salizingo urTierTobaTa dualisturi mowesrigebis realoba. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom dasaxelebuli samarTlebrivi aqtebi, aramc Tu avsebdnen, aramed ewinaaRmdegebodnen kidec lizingis xelSekrulebis iuridiul bunebas. aRniSnuli mosazrebis dasadastureblad sakmarisia, `salizingo saqmianobis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis `a~ qvepunqtze miTiTeba, romelsac Tavidanve aklda saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 576-e muxlsa da mxareTa mier, Sesyidvis ofciis gamoyenebis Taobaze winaswar SeTanxmebis aucileblobaze miTiTeba, vinaidan, qonebaze Sesyidvis ofciis valdebuleba mxolod maSin SeiZleba arsebobdes, Tu mxareebi nebis Tavisufali Tanxvedris Sedegad gaiTvaliswineben winamdebare debulebas saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaTa formirebisas. 83

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sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTvelos parlamentma 2011 wels, ganaxorciela cvlileba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 576-580-e muxlebSi, riTac Zaladakargulad gamocxadda 2002 wlis 07 maisis kanoni `salizingo saqmianobis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb~. ssk-is 576-e muxlis pirveli nawili arsebiTad igive Sinaarsisaa, Tumca, daemata ori nawili lizingis mimRebisa da lizingis gamcemis valdebulebaze miTiTebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac, lizingis mimRebi gansazRvravs qonebas da irCevs mimwodebels, romlisaganac xdeba qonebis Sesyidva an misi sxvagvarad gamoyeneba, xolo lizingis gamcemi iZens qonebas lizingis gadasacemad da mimwodeblisaTvis es faqti cnobilia. aRniSnuli muxlis meore nawili akonkretebs mimwodeblis cnebas, romelic SeiZleba imavdroulad, iyos lizingis gamcemi, Tu mimwodeblis Cveulebrivi saqmianoba aris qonebis miwodeba an/da qonebis lizingiT gacema. Tumca, aqve aRsaniSnavia, lizingis mimRebis ufleba, moiZios da Tavad SeiZinos lizingis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli obieqti. am dros, aqcenti lizingis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sagnis ekonomikur mxareze aris gadatanili. axali sakanonmdeblo cvlileba lizingis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli qonebis ganmeorebiT gadacemis sakiTxsac Seexo. ssk-is 576-e muxlis mesame nawilis Tanaxmad, lizingiT gadacemuli qoneba lizingis xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlisas an vadaze adre Sewyvetisas ganmeorebiT SeiZleba gaices lizingiT, magram imisTvis, rom masze gavrceldes am Tavis debulebani, lizingis gamcemma unda moipovos lizingis mimRebisagan qonebis damoukidebeli SerCevis dadastureba. aRniSnuli muxli ganmartebis TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod bundovania. am mosazrebas amyarebs is garemoeba, rom lizingis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli obieqtis xelaxla lizingiT gacemis uflebis SezRudvas moqmedi kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs da igi mxareTa dispoziciuri nebis Tanxvedris Sedegia. 4. lizingis xelSekrulebis obieqti kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis specifikaa, rom misi monawileni TavianTi qceviT zemoqmedebas axdenen ara marto erTmaneTze, aramed garkveul materialur sikeTeze. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, roca urTierTobis monawileni erTmaneTze axdenen zemoqmedebas, saqme gvaqvs am urTierTobis SinaarsTan, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, saxeze gvaqvs am urTierTobis obieqti.18 samoqalaqosamarTlebriv obieqtad ganixileba yvelaferi is, risTvisac myardeba es urTierToba. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-7 muxlis Tanaxmad, kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobaTa obieqti SeiZleba iyos qonebrivi an araqonebrivi Rirebulebis materialuri da aramaterialuri sikeTe, romelic kanoniT dadgenili wesiT brunvidan ar aris amoRebuli. aRniSnuli ganmarteba sakmaod mravlismomcvelia da bunebrivia moicavs zogadi xasiaTis ganmartebaTa kompleqss, romelic mimarTulia samoqalaqo brunvaSi arsebuli ganusazRvreli qonebisaken. 84

sainteresoa, otavas konvenciis mier deklarirebuli lizingis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sagnis definiciis ganmarteba. aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi aqti, qonebis cnebaSi19 aerTianebs rogorc uZrav, aseve, moZrav obieqtebs, im daTqmis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom maTi gamoyeneba daefuZneba samewarmeo, savaWro an profesiul miznebs. CamonaTvali sakmaod mravlismomcvelia da garda zemoT dasaxelebuli sagnebisa, aerTianebs rogorc mcenareebs, aseve, jer kidev, ardabadebul cxovelebsac. aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi regulireba sakmaod bundovania, vinaidan lizingis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli obieqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi niSani amortizaciis gaTvaliswinebaa. misi Tavisebureba swored is aris, rom gadacemuli sagani xelSekrulebis moqmedebis periodSi inarCunebs arsebul Tvisebebs da xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg, bunebrivi cveTis gaTvaliswinebiT ubrundeba lizingis gamcems an/da gadadis lizingis mimRebis sakuTrebaSi. TiToeuli qveynis kanonmdebloba damoukideblad adgens lizingis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul obieqtTa CamonaTvals. SedarebisaTvis SeiZleba davasaxeloT belorusiis kanonmdebloba, romelic aRniSnuli mizniT miwis nakveTisa da bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebas dauSveblad miiCnevs.20 sagulisxmoa, ruseTis kanonmdeblobis danawesi. igi upirveles yovlisa, krZalavs sawarmos ukuqceviT da aramimoqcevad aqtivebze lizingis xelSekrulebis dadebis SesaZleblobas, vinaidan maT ar gaaCniaT materialuri e.i. sagnobrivi forma.21 qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi, 2011 wels ganxorcielebul cvlilebamde lizingis sagnis gansakuTrebuli ganmarteba ar xdeboda, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom winamdebare instituti Cveni qveynis magaliTze arc Tu ise didi moTxovniT xasiaTdeboda. dRes moqmedi redaqciiT, sagnis CamonaTvali samoqalaqo kodeqsis 576-e muxlis meoTxe nawilSia moqceuli da cnebis farglebSi ganixileba. sagulisxmoa, rom axali sakanonmdeblo iniciativa sagnis gansazRvrisas iziarebs otavas konvenciis reglamentacias. kerZod, kanonma imperatiulad daadgina im obieqtTa CamonaTvali, romelic ar SeiZleba iyos lizingis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli obieqti. ra mizniT aikrZala fulis, fasiani qaRaldebis, wilisa da pais gamoyeneba lizingis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sagnis konteqstSi? aRniSnulis upirvelesi mizezi lizingis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sagnebis TvisebebSia, vinaidan gadacemuli qoneba lizingis xelSekrulebis moqmedebis mTel periodSi inarCunebs gadacemis droisaTvis arsebul Tvisebebs da xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg, bunebrivi cveTis gaTvaliswinebiT an brundeba an/da gadadis lizingis mimRebis sakuTrebaSi. fuli, fasiani qaRaldi da pai ki, mimoqcevadi finansuri institutebia, rac niSnavs, rom maTi lizingis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli mizniT gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, maTi Tvisebebi ar iZlevian winamdebare institutis farglebSi ganxilvis SesaZleblobas, maT gaaCniaT sxva Taviseburebani da saWiroeben lizingis xelSekrulebisagan gansxvavebul samarTlebriv regulirebas. 85

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sayuradReboa, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 578-e muxlSi ganxorcielebuli sakanonmdeblo cvlileba. aRniSnuli muxlis Tanaxmad, lizingis sagani SesaZlebelia ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc calke uflebis obieqti im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi gaxdeba sxva nivTis an aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTis arsebiTi Semadgeneli nawili. aRniSnuli muxlis komentirebisas, mniSvnelovan garemoebas qmnis winamdebare muxlis formulirebasTan dakavSirebuli bundovaneba. kerZod, qarTveli kanonmdebeli ganmartebas mxolod nivTis arsebiT Semadgenel nawilsa da aramaterialur qonebriv sikeTeze akeTebs, xolo calke uflebis obieqtTan dakavSirebuli ganmartebebi regulirebis gareSea datovebuli. samomavlod, praqtikaSi wamoWrili bundovani sakiTxebis Tavidan asacileblad, umjobesi iqneba, Tu ganxilul muxls daemateba miTiTeba, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos lizingis sagani sxva uflebis arsebiTi Semadgeneli nawili. 5. lizingis xelSekrulebis gamijvna kerZo samarTlis msgavsi institutebisagan lizingis xelSekruleba Tavisi arsiT sakmaod waagavs sxva valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv institutebs. samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, amJamad ukve Zaladakargul normebSi miTiTebuli iyo lizingis xelSekrulebis mimarT qiravnobis xelSekrulebis wesebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRniSnuli normebi ar SeewinaaRmdegebodnen ssk-is 576-579-e muxlebis moTxovnebs. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, naTelia, rom lizingis xelSekrulebis mimarT mTlianad vrceldeboda uflebrivad da nivTobrivad unaklo nivTis, xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sargeblobisaTvis vargis mdgomareobaSi gadacemisa da mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi nivTis mdgomareobis SenarCunebis valdebuleba nivTis naklis gamo, safasuris Semcirebis moTxovnis CaTvliT. dRevandeli redaqciiT, lizingis xelSekrulebis mimarT qiravnobis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli normebi aRar gamoiyeneba da igi gansxvavebuli saxiT aris warmodgenili. samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli diskusia yvelaze mwvaved mainc ijarisa da lizingis xelSekrulebis gaigivebasTan dakavSirebiT gvxvdeba. ra ganapirobebs am ori institutis dakavSirebas da ra aris maTi ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli elementebi? pirvel etapze, albaT mizanSewonilia, mis terminologiur uzustobaze saubari. `ijara~ da `lizingi~ TavisTavad gansxvavebuli valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi kategoriaa. terminTa gaigivebis mizezi SeiZleba isic iyos, rom lizingi, marto samarTlebrivi instituti ar aris da mis formirebaze mZlavria ekonomistTa mosazrebebis gavlena. qarTul sakanononmdeblo sivrceSi ijara ganmartebulia, rogorc gansazRvruli qonebis droebiT sargeblobaSi gadacema nayofisa da Semosavlis miRebis SesaZleblobis miniWebiT. xelSekrulebis sagani ki, is qonebaa, rac arsebobda da rac meijaris mier specialuri mizniT ar yofila SeZenili. aRniSnuli gansxvaveba warmoaCens lizingis 86

xelSekrulebis erT-erT umTavres Taviseburebas, Tu lizingis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli obieqtis SeZena specialuri dakveTiT xdeba, ijaris xelSekrulebis dros _ igi ar arsebobs. meijare droebiT sargeblobaSi gascems im qonebas, rac mas hqonda (sakuTrebaSi an Sesabamisi uflebis safuZvelze flobda mas) da romlis droebiT sargeblobaSi gadacemis survilic aqvs. samecniero literaturaSi ijarisa da lizingis xelSekrulebis erT-erT ganmasxvavebel niSnad ufleba-movaleobaTa sxvagvari ganawileba saxeldeba, romlis ZiriTadi arsic mdgomareobs imaSi, rom lizingis gamcemi gaTavisuflebulia meijaris zogierTi valdebulebisagan, rogoricaa lizingis sagnis kapitaluri remonti, qonebis movlisa da jerovan mdgomareobaSi yofnisaTvis xarjebis gadaxda.22 amasTan, gansxvavebul samarTlebriv mdgomareobas qmnis TviT Sesyidvis ofciis arseboba, vinaidan tradiciuli ijara aRniSnuli saxis valdebulebas ar iTvaliswinebs, maSin, rodesac lizingis xelSekrulebis erT-erT Taviseburebas qonebis Sesyidvis ufleba warmoadgens. gansxvavebulia subieqtTa wrec. lizingi, rogorc mravalmxrivi xelSekruleba, garda lizingis gamcemisa da mimRebisa, salizingo urTierTobebSi SesaZloa qonebis mwarmoebelsac aerTianebdes.23 salizingo sazRauris moculoba aRemateba lizingis gamcemis mogebas, xolo perioduli gadasaxdelis odenoba, wesi da vadebi xelSekrulebaSi ganisazRvreba imgvarad, rom lizingis gamcemis mier gaweuli xarjebi qonebis SeZenasTan dakavSirebiT am ukanasknels aunazRaurdes SeZlebisdagvarad umokled vadaSi.24 igi, aseve ganixileba, rogorc specializebuli lizinguri kompaniebis SuamavlobiT ZiriTad fondebSi dabandebis finansirebis specialuri forma. Sesabamisad, gamodis, rom lizinguri kompania faqtobrivad `afinansebs~, `akreditebs~ lizingis mimRebs, ramac ganapiroba is faqti, rom lizingi zogjer moixsenieba, rogorc `kredit-ijara~.25 miuxedavad arsebuli msgavsebisa, terminologiurma gaigivebam praqtikaSi SesaZloa uzustobebi gamoiwvios. miT umetes imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom zemoT dasaxelebuli safuZvlebi migviTiTeben lizingis xelSekrulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebze, rac gvaZlevs saSualebas ganvixiloT igi damoukideblad, sxva samarTlebriv institutebTan gaigivebis gareSe. sainteresoa, lizingis xelSekrulebisa da sabanko kreditis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani niSani, rac maT erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs aris martivi procedurebi. Tu sabanko kreditis gacemis dros, bankebi sesxis gacemisas interesdebian msesxeblis sabanko istoriiT, lizingiT qonebis gacemis dros Sefasebis sakiTxi gacilebiT ufro martivia. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia uzrunvelyofis garantiis ararseboba. radgan, lizingis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli obieqti TviTonve warmoadgens usafrTxoebis garantias. Tu, lizingis mimRebi ver ixdis SeTanxmebul Tanxas, lizingis gamcems SeuZlia misi gamoTxova. aRniSnuli uflebis safuZvels, xelSekrulebis moqmedebis periodSi sakuTrebis uflebis SenarCuneba qmnis.26 sabanko kre87

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diti gacilebiT maRali saprocento ganakveTiT xasiaTdeba, vidre lizingis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli gadasaxadi. sabanko kreditis dros obieqtia fuladi Tanxa da ara konkretuli sagani. sxvadasxva obieqtTa gamoyeneba ZiriTadi valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT aris SesaZlebeli. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT naTelia, rom lizingi saSualebas iZleva flobde qonebas, masze sakuTrebis uflebis gareSe, damatebiTi uzrunvelyofis wardgenis valdebulebis ararsebobiT. xolo, lizingis mimRebs saSualeba aqvs efeqtianad gamoiyenos da marTos finansuri resursebi.27 samecniero diskusiis farglebSi lizingis xelSekrulebis msgavseba ganvadebiT nasyidobis xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebiTac vlindeba. dasaxelebuli instututis saerTo elementad Tanxis nawil-nawil gadaxda SeiZleba davasaxeloT, Tumca, erTi ram cxadia _ ganvadebiT nasyidobis xelSekruleba Tavisi samarTlebrivi arsiT sabolood, qonebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemas iTvaliswinebs. misi erTaderTi mizani swored sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemaa, lizingis xelSekruleba ki, SeiZleba qonebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemiT arc ki dasruldes. 6. saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis realizebis farglebi salizingo urTierTobebSi saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis xedva kontinentur evropaSi xSirad gamoixateba fraziT `saxelSekrulebo avtonomia~ an `nebis Tavisufleba~.28igi samoqalaqo samarTlis umTavres faseulobas warmoadgens, romlis realizebis masStabebzec mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli sabazro ekonomikisa da kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis formireba.29 nebis Tavisuflebis principidan gamomdinare, mxare damoukideblad wyvets uRirs Tu ara nebis gamovlena, xolo is, Tu ra Tanafardoba iqneba Sesrulebas Soris, es SeTanxmebis sagania.30 samoqalaqo samarTalurTierToba warmoudgenelia urTierTobis monawile pirTa uflebebisa da valdebulebebis gansazRvris gareSe. zogierTi saxis valdebulebebi ki, imdenad fundamenturia Tavisi arsiT, rom misi gaTvaliswineba sazogadoebrivi politikis sworad formirebisaTvis aucilebeli instrumentia. Sesabamisad, maTi imperatiuloba ganapirobebs saxelSekrulebo samarTalurTierTobis monawile pirTa `SeboWvas~ realuri miznebi moaqcion imperatiuli normebis farglebSi.31 Tanamedrove samarTalSi xelSekrulebaTa Tavisuflad dadebisa da Sinaarsis gansazRvris sakmaod Zveli principi erTgvar modifikacias ganicdis. vaWrobis sferoSi mxareTa uTanasworoba imTaviTve cxadia, 32 Tumca sainteresoa, ra funqcia unda daekisros am dros kanonmdebels, samoqalaqo brunvis garTulebis pirobebSi, rogor unda moxdes samewarmeo saqmianobis Tavisuflebis SenarCuneba zedmeti saxelmwifoebrivi Carevis gareSe. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove saxelSekrulebo samarTlis funqcia tradiciul sabazro urTierTobebSi erTgvari balansis SenarCunebaa.33 88

iuridiul doqtrinaSi arsebuli mosazrebebis Tanaxmad, vaWrobis sferoSi arsebuli uTanasworoba, mkafiod Camoyalibebul da nagulisxmev elementTa erTobliobaa,34 romelic nebismier SemTxvevaSi unda iyos SedarebiTi cneba,35 xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi umniSvneloa Zlieri mxaris upiratesoba, xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdgom, orive mxaris uflebrivi mdgomareoba utoldeba erTmaneTs.36 sakmaod rTulia aRniSnuli koncefciis salizingo urTierTobaTa sferoze misadageba, vinaidan miTiTebuli tipis xelSekruleba wminda komerciuli daniSnulebisaa da garda samarTlebrivi kategoriisa, mniSvnelovan ekonomikur Taviseburebebsac moicavs. swored xelSekrulebaSi monawile subieqtebis ufleba-movaleobaTa gawonasworebas upirispirdeba saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis idea. Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis danergva mravalnair samoqalaqo urTierTobebs warmoSobs, romelTa monawileni kanonSi uSualod miTiTebul wesebTan erTad, urTierTSeTanxmebiT adgenen bevr iseT pirobas, romelic kanonSi ar aris mocemuli, magram ar zRudavs mxareebs Tavisuflad gansazRvron garigebis SesaZlo Sedegebi. Cndeba susti mxaris dacvis problema, romelic SesaZloa ekonomikurad Zlieri partnioris mier SemuSavebuli pirobebis `msxverplic~ ki, aRmoCndes. rogoria Tanamedrove samoqalaqo samarTlis koncefcia saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebisa da xelSekrulebaTa samarTlianobis principebs Soris? rogor SeiZleba mivaRwioT mxareTa ufleba-movaleobaTa dabalansebas? aRniSnuli sakiTxis simwvave salizingo urTierTobebis magaliTze, lizingis gamcemis mier, lizingis mimRebis mimarT, qonebis gadacemaSi vlindeba. rogorc wesi, lizingis gamcemi aris piri, romelic ekonomikurad ufro Zlieria, vidre misi mimRebi. igi, SesaZloa pirvelad Sediodes msgavsi tipis saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi da verc ki, acnobierebdes mxaris ekonomikuri upiratesobis mniSvnelobas. sainteresoa, Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos mier sul axlaxans gakeTebuli ganmarteba mewarmis arakeTilsindisierebasTan dakavSirebiT.37 saqme Seexeboda uzrunvelyofis Tanxis odenobis gansazRvrisas mewarmis Tavisuflebis farglebis dadgenas. palatam sadavo periodSi moqmed samoqalaqo kodeqsis 580-e muxlis safuZvelze ganmarta, rom lizingis mimarT gamoiyeneboda qiravnobis xelSekrulebis is wesebi, romlebic ar ewinaaRmdegebodnen 576579-e muxlebis moTxovnebs. vinaidan, salizingo urTierTobebis maregulirebeli aqtebi ar Seicavdnen daTqmas uzrunvelyofis saSualebebis Taobaze, sasamarTlom ixelmZRvanela samoqalaqo kodeqsis 552-e muxliT da ganmarta, rom aRniSnuli muxlis pirveli nawili sacxovrebeli sadgomis qiravnobis xelSekrulebiT damqiraveblis mier valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebis wardgenasTan dakavSirebiT uzrunvelyofis odenobis gansazRvrisas, Seicavs miTiTebas imis Taobaze, rom uzrunvelyofis Tanxa ar unda aRematebodes erTi Tvis qiris sammag odenobas. aRniSnul muxlze dayrdnobiT, palatam miiCnia, rom mxareTa Soris gaformebul xelSekrulebaSi arsebuli valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis Tanxa ramdenjerme aRemateboda zemoT aRniSnuli normiT impe89

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ratiulad gansazRvrul odenobas, xolo lizingis gamcemma SedarebiT sust mxaresTan uflebis realizeba ganaxorciela arakeTilsindisierad. mis mier gamoyenebul iqna sawarmos mZime mdgomareoba da misi direqtoris gamoucdeloba (gulubryviloba). aRniSnul garemoebebze dayrdnobiT, palatam samoqalaqo samarTalurTierTobis zogad principebsa da sajaro wesrigize dayrdnobiT miiCnia, rom aRniSnuli garigeba samoqalaqo kodeqsis 54-e muxlis safuZvelze qmnida baTilad cnobis samarTlebriv safuZvlebs. problebis Ziebis gzebs dispoziciuri da imperatiuli normebis gamoyenebis farglebis dadgenamde mivyavarT. saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba zemoqmedebs subieqtebze, raTa maT Tanxmoba ganacxadon imperatiuli normebis gamoyenebaze.38 Tanamedrove saxelSekrulebo urTierToba, romelic efuZneba mxareTa uflebrivi Tanasworobis ideas TavisTavad gulisxmobs maTi interesebis maqsimalur gaTvaliswinebas. samarTlis doqtrinaSi arsebuli Sexedulebebi susti mxaris dacvis TvalsazrisiT, xSirad sapirispiro mosazrebebs aviTarebs. iuristTa nawilis mosazrebiT, Tanamedrove saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi susti mxaris problemam da misi dacvis gzebma daaknina saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis idea, meore nawili ki miiCnevs, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxi efuZneba, rogorc xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis, aseve, susti mxaris uflebaTa dacvis meqanizms.39 qarTveli kanonmdebeli, saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis realizebisaken gadaixara da mravali sakiTxis daregulireba mxareTa kerZo avtonomiis sferos dauqvemdebara.40 imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom salizingo urTierTobaTa maregulirebeli normebis imperatiuli danawesebiT formirebam SesaZloa uaryofiTi gavlena iqonios warmatebuli ekonomikuri garemos Seqmnasa da ganviTarebaze, _ wamoWrili sakiTxebis mowesrigebis yvelaze optimaluri gza swored dispoziciuri normebis deklarirebaa. bizness ar sWirdeba aramdgradi da zedmetad mkacri kanonebi. kanonmdebeli nebismier SemTxvevaSi, valdebulia Seqmnas usafrTxo brunvis pirobebi da Seecados, moaxdinos mosalodneli riskebis neitralizacia.41 kanoni, mxolod zogadi koncefciis Camoyalibebas unda dasjerdes, xolo saxelmwifos mxridan, samewarmeo saqmianobaze kontroli ar unda gascdes ekonomikuri miznebis realizebisaTvis dasaSveb sazRvrebs. amasTan, Tanamedrove saxelSekrulebo samarTali, romlis qvakuTxedsac saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis principi qmnis, acnobierebs xelSekrulebaSi monawile mxareTa survilis mniSvnelobas, Tavisuflad miiRon samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi monawileobis gadawyvetileba, romelsac xarvezis SemTxvevaSi, upirispirdeba samoqalaqo brunvis stabilurobis moTxovna.42

SeniSvnebi:

Jorgensen St., Contract as form, Scandinavian Studies in Law, Vol.10, 1966, p. 99.

Blum A. Brian., Contracts, examples and explanation, fourth edition, 2007, p. 6. dawvrilebiT ix.: Ãàçìàí Â.Ä., Ëèçèíã, Tåîðèÿ, ïðàêòèêà,êîììåíòðèè ,

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Ìîñêâà, 1997. ZlieriSvili z., lizingis samarTlebrivi regulireba, Jurn. `qarTuli

samarTlis mimoxilva~, 5/2000-4, gv. 502. magaliTad, Ùåãîëåâà Í.Ã., Ëèçèíã, Ìîñêâà, 2005, Ðîáèãèíà Í.Þ.,

Ìåæäóíàðîäûå ëèçèíãîâûå îïåðàöèè, Ìîñêâà, ýêîíîìèñò, 2008 ã. beriSvili x., saqarTveloSi lizingis arsebuli mdgomareoba da ganviTarebis

perspeqtivebi, gamomcemloba `universali~, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 7. aRniSnul konvencias xeli moaweres Semdegma saxelmwifoebma; gana (28.05.1988),

nigeria (28.05.1988), filipinebi (28.05.1988), tanzaniis gaerTianebuli respublika (28.05.1988), maroko (4.07.1988), safrangeTi (7.11.1989), Cexoslovakia (16.05.1990), fineTi (30.11.1990), italia (13.12.1990), belgia (21.12.1990), aSS (28.12.1990), panama (31.12.1990). konvenciis ratificireba moaxdina safrangeTma (23.09.1991), italiam (29.11.1993), nigeriam, (25.10.1994), panamam (26.03.1997). Magnus Ulrich, Global trade law, ,,Internarional business law of the United Nations and Unidroit Collection of Uncitral s and Unidroit s Conventions, model acts, Guides and principles , European Law Publishers; 2004, p. 423. aRniSnuli konvenciiT ganisazRvra xelSekrulebis sagani da gavrcelda mxolod mowyobilobaTa lizingis xelSekrulebiT gacemis SemTxvevebze.

amasTan, ganisazRvra xelSekrulebis monawile mxareTa valdebuleba, gamosayenebeli samarTlis aurCevlobis SemTxvevaSi, imoqmedon lizingis

sagnis gamcemi qveynis maregulirebeli kanonmdeblobiT. aRniSnuli konvencia ZalaSi Sevida 1995 wels. ix.: Guijin Liu Finance Leasing in Internarional Trade, a thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of doctor of philosophy; 2010 y, p. 36.

Boobyer Chris Leasing and asset finance: the comprehensive guide for practitioners, fourth edition Published by Euromoney books, Nestor House, Playhouse Yard, London EC, United Kingdom, 2003, p. 105. Unidroit Model law on Leasing.

dawvrilebiT ix.: Peters L. International Institute for Unification of Private Law, Wolters Kluwer, Law&Business; 2011.

garkveuli daTqmebis gaTvaliswinebiT, axali modeluri kanonis moqmedeba ar gavrcelda uzrunvelyofis mizniT gadacemul qonebaze, (muxli 3), fuladsaxsrebsa da sainvesticio Zvirfas qaRaldebze (muxli 2); gaTvaliswinebuli iqna eqspertizis Catarebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi; (muxli 12), dadginda danakargis riskis gadanawilebis pirobebi (muxli 11), valdebulebis Seusruleblobis an arajerovani Sesrulebis SemTxveveSi gaimijna mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebi; (muxli 14), calke muxlad Camoyalibda Tavisufali flobis (muxli 16), qonebis saerTo standartebisadmi Sesatyvisobisa da vargisianobis garantia (muxli 17); ix.: International Institute for the Unification of private law.Unidroit Model law on Leasing, December 2008, http://

www.unidroit.org/english/documents/2008/study59a/s-59a-17-e.pdf, axvlediani z., `valdebulebiTi samarTali~, gamomcemloba `samarTali~, Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 10. Kötz, BD.I.S.7, citirebulia samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentarebi, wigni mesame, gamomcemloba samarTali,~ 2001, gv. 58. Leaseurope European Federation of equipment Leasing Company Association (salizingo kompaniaTa asociaciebis evropis federacia, daarsda 1972 wels). aRniSnuli organizaciis centraluri ofisi mdebareobs briuselSi. http://www.leaseurope.org;

17 18

Tumca, amavdroulad sakamaTo. kobaxiZea v., samoqalaqo samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 92.

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International Institute for the Unification of Private law, Unidroit model law on leasing, Article 2. Civil Code of the Republic of Belarus, adopted 07 december, 1998; Edited and translated by Butler W.E., The Vinogradoff Institute University college London, Siammonds&Hill publishing ltd.

21 22

Ùåãîëåâà Í.Ã.Ëèçèíã, Ìîñêâà 2005 ã, cò. 9. ZlieriSvili z., lizingis samarTlebrivi regulireba, Jurn. `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 5/2000-4, gv. 506. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu lizingis gamcemi ar aris qonebis mwarmoebeli. amasTan, masSi SeiZleba moiazrebodnen sainvesticio, sadazRvevo, sabanko organizaciebi da a.S.

ZlieriSvili z., lizingis samarTlebrivi regulireba, Jurn. `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 5/2000-4, gv. 506.

janxoTeli S., lizingis warmoSoba da ganviTarebis istoria, axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, Jurn `almanaxi~, 1998, oqtomberi, gv. 48.

Deelen Linda, Dupleich Mauricio, Othieno Louis, Wakelin Oliver, ,,Leasing for small and and Micro Enterprices , A guide for designing and managing leasing schemesin developing countries, Inlabour Office, 2003, p.5 DRS Curusamy, ,,financial services , 2nd edition, published by the Tata Mcgraw hill education private limited, First reprint 2009, p.142. Whittaker Simon The optional instrument of European contract law and freedom of contract http://ec.europa.eu/justice/news/consulting_public/0052/contributions/333_en.pdf; aRsaniSnavia, rom mecnierTa nawili saxelSekrulebo samarTlis mniSvnelobas konstituciur aspeqtSi ganixilavs, rasac fundamenturi uflebebis mzardi ganviTarebiT xsnis, sadac kerZo pirTa Soris arsebuli samarTalurTierToba gansxvavebul uflebriv mdgomareobas emyareba ix.: Cherednychenko O. Olha. ,,Fundamental rights, contract law and the protection of the weaker party , a comparative analysis of the constitutionalization of contract law, with Emphasis on Risky Financial Transactions, European law publishers, 2007, p. 6.

Kereselidze D, Der AllgemeineTeil des GeorgischenZivilgesetzbuches von 1997, Frankfurt am Main, 2005, 198.

BlumA. Brian., ,,Contracts examples explanations , Wolters Kluwer, Law and Business, Fourth Edition, Aspen publishers, 2007, p. 292.

Tettenborn A. ,,From Chaos to Cosmos-or is it confusion?, Web Journal of Current Legal Issues ; 2002 (2).

Koffman Laurence, Macdonald Elizabeth ,,The law of contract , sixth edition, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 4.

Von Bar Christian, ,,Towards a European civil code , Kluwer Law International, 2011, p. 214. Andrews Neil, Contract Law, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 341.

Furmston Michael ,,Cheshire, Fifoot&Furmston s Law of contract , fifteenth Edition, Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 24.

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2013 wlis 25 martis gadawyvetileba, saqme #as-1686-1580-2012.

Von Bar Christian, Clive Eric, Hans Schulte-wolke, Beale Hugh, Herre Johnny, HuetJarome, Swann Stephen, Varul Paul, Veneziano Anna, FryderykZoll, ,,Principles, definitions and model

rules of European private law -Draft common Frame of Reference (DCFR), online edition, 2009 , p. 62.

magaliTad, Hondius in: Hartlief/Stolker ,,Contractvrijheid , p. 387; Lurger, Consumer lawForerunner for part of a European Contract, law code, p. 10.

magaliTad, ssk-is 576-e muxlis meore nawili. ra Tqma unda, ar igulisxmeba samarTalurTierTobaSi monawile susti mxaris

40 41

Zlieri partnioris mmarTvelobis qveS moqceva. minimaluri Carevebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebeli unda iyos mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebis marTlzomieri dabalanseba, ise, rom saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis ideam ar dakargos misi mniSvneloba. 42

kikoSvili s., nebis nakli qarTul samarTalSi, Jurn. `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, specialuri gamocema, 2008, gv. 7.

ESSENCE OF LEASING RELATIONSHIPS, OVERVIEW OF ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, PECULIARITIES AND MODERN DEFINITION SOPIKO MESHVELISHVILI Master s Student at the Caucasus University Student of pre-master s program of the Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Technology

Leasing relationships were regulated in the Georgian legal system when the level of economic development was still quite law in our country. Current wording of the Civil Code is more approximated to the economic challenges from the viewpoint of regulation of leasing relationships; however, it is natural that the vague norms need to be necessarily replaced for ensuring the refined legal regulation of this issue.

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personalur monacemTa~ moTxovnisas _ piris Tanxmobis~ mompovebel subieqtTa dogmaturi sazrisi (szak-is 371 da 44-e muxlTa mixedviT)

giorgi barabaZe samarTalmcodneobis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori

muxli 371. sajaro dawesebulebisaTvis personaluri monacemebisa da komerciul saidumloebas mikuTvnebuli informaciis xelmisawvdomoba. 1. sajaro dawesebuleba valdebulia saTanado werilobiTi Txovnis safuZvelze sxva sajaro dawesebulebaze cnobis saxiT gasces masTan daculi personaluri monacemebi an komerciul saidumloebas mikuTvnebuli informacia, romelic aucilebelia sajaro dawesebulebisaTvis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad, Tu igi warudgens im pirTa werilobiT Tanxmobas, romlis personalur monacemebs an komerciul saidumloebas warmoadgens Sesabamisi informacia.~ anu, aq calsaxad gansazRvrulia, rom piris Tanxmobis wardgena (piris nebis garkveva) aris ara im organos valdebuleba, sadac es monacemebia Senaxuli _ piriqiT, visac igi unda, anu momTxovni mxaris. Sesabamisad, saTuoc araferia. muxli 44. personaluri monacemebis saidumloeba 1. sajaro dawesebuleba valdebulia ar gaaxmauros personaluri monacemebi, informacia TviT am piris Tanx94

mobis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi _ sasamarTlos dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis gareSe, Tanamdebobis pirTa (agreTve, Tanamdebobaze wardgenil kandidatTa) personaluri monacemebis garda~. debulebaSi xazgasmul pirvel pirobaSi kanonmdebeli konkretulad ar gansazRvravs _ piris Tanxmobis, nebis damdgen subieqts~, Tu vin unda daadginos igi. anu, sajaro dawesebulebam Tu kerZo pirma, advokatma. Tumca, msgavs SemTxvevebSi, sadavo amfibolur~ debulebaSi kanonmdeblis miznis garkveva, normis ganmartebis aprobirebuli meTodis, saxeldobr _ debulebis, mTlian kanonTan da, zogadad, kanonmdeblobasTan erTobliobaSi wakiTxvis~ normaSezomilebiTa (misi, rogorc konstituciis me-2 Tavis debulebebTan; personalur monacemTa dacvis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonTan; szak-is me-16; 371-e muxlebisa da sssk-is 38-e muxlis me-7 da 39-e muxlis pirvel nawilTa erToblivi sazrisiT) da multidisciplinirebiT unda ganisazRvros. mizani msgavsi ganmartebisa, pirvel yovlisa, ganpirobebulia, administraciul organoTa mxridan misi bipolaruli gagebisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis devianturi gadaxvevis prevenciisamebr. xolo, TviT msgavsi meTodis gamoyenebis aucilebloba aixsneba, misi, konstituciiT garantirebul da aRiarebul adamianis uflebebTan da sss kodeqsTan aqcesoruli~ SemxeblobiT. vinaidan, ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, personaluri informacia~ Tvisebrivad ganicdis egzom variabelur saxecvlas, rameTu misi sawyisi samarTlebrivi buneba _ damatebiT determindeba mtkicebulebis specifikiT. uwinares yovlisa, xazgasmiT SevniSnavT, maSin rodesac, saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis me-16 muxliT specialurad gaTvaliswinebulia administraciuli organoebis urTierTdaxmarebis valdebuleba~ (anu, saxeldobr, administraciuli organo valdebulia Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi da mis xelT arsebuli saSualebebiT aRmouCinos aucilebeli samarTlebrivi daxmareba sxva administraciul organos Sesabamisi werilobiTi Txovnis safuZvelze~), TviT am valdebulebis miuxedavadac ki, kanonmdebeli ar avalebs szak-is 371-e muxlSi, rom informaciis mqone dawesebulebam _ sxva sajaro dawesebulebis momarTvis SemTxvevaSi Tavad arkvios da daadginos piris Tanxmoba~ _ neba~.1 anu, es valdebuleba eqskluziurad momTxovn mxares daakisra me-16 muxlis arsebobis miuxedavad. da Tu kanonmdebels es (mizani hqonda) undoda, pirvel yovlisa, 44-e muxlisagan gansxvavebiT, mas aRniSnavda 371-e muxlSi. aRniSnavda rameTu, sajaro dawesebulebis saqmianoba ufro moqnili, efeqtiani, operatiuli da produqtiuli gaexada, rac eWvSeuvlad nebismieri xelisuflebisa da saxelmwifos fuZevitalur, zeaRmatebul ZiriTad miznebSia (anu, misi _ am zeamosaval miznebTan mizanSewonilobis SefasebiT, am ukanasknelT mainc ar mianiWa patriculoba maTi bagatelizirebis miCneviT). zemoaRniSnulisagan gansxvavebiT, araferi msgavsi ram ar xdeba 44-e muxlis SemTxvevaSi _ kerZo piris momarTvisas. anu, mizani aSkarad naklebrelevanturia 371-e muxlisagan gansxvavebiT da miT umetes, kanonmdebels es mizani (informaciis mqone mxare daavaldebulos _ piris Tanxmobis, nebis dadgenaSi~) 44-e muxlSi logikurad ver eqneba. 95

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garda amisa, piris Tanxmobis~ _ nebis garkveva~, rom dainteresebuli mxaris (advokatis) da ara informaciis mqone sajaro dawesebulebis saqmea _ cxadyofs, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 38-e muxlis me-7 da 39-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi,2 legislatiur sityvaTa wyobis mozaika da danawesSi naxmari zmnebi. cnobisamebr, am ukanasknelis datvirTva rebusuli debulebis marTebuli aRqmis konteqstSi, rogorc generalurad gzamkvlevi metamasStabis, fuZesawyisi orientiris pozisubvenciisamebr _ udavod relevanturia. kerZod, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 38-e muxlis me-7 nawiliT braldebuls ufleba aqvs: damoukideblad an advokatis meSveobiT Caataros gamoZieba, kanonierad moipovos da waradginos mtkicebuleba am kodeqsiT dadgenili wesiT; moiTxovos sagamoZiebo moqmedebis Catareba da gamoiTxovos mtkicebuleba, romelic saWiroa braldebis uarsayofad an pasuxismgeblobis Sesamsubuqeblad...~ xolo, amave kodeqsis 39-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi konkretdeba Semdegi normatiuli realoba _ braldebuls ufleba aqvs sakuTari xarjiT, TviTon an/da advokatis daxmarebiT moipovos mtkicebuleba. braldebulis mier mopovebul mtkicebulebas braldebis mxaris mier mopovebuli mtkicebulebis Tanabari iuridiuli Zala aqvs~. cxadia, kanonmdebeli maSinalurad ar iyenebs xsenebul muxlTa frazebSi iseT zmnas, rogoricaa moipovos~ ( kanonierad moipovos mtkicebuleba~; advokatis daxmarebiT moipovos mtkicebuleba~; mtkicebulebis mopovebisaTvis mimarTos sasamarTlos~). legislatiur normaorTografiul WrilSi, etimologiisamebr _ zmna moipovos~ imanenturad miuTiTebs da trinomad gamoyofs sam samarTlebriv postulats: 1. mizans; 2. iniciativas; 3. interess. anu, dainteresebuli mxaris interesebSia mopovebisaTvis~ sxva saWiro qmedebaTa ganxorcieleba (maT Soris, piris Tanxmobis mopoveba da sajaro dawesebulebisaTvis miwodeba _ rogorc misi saboloo miznis, anu mtkicebulebis saxiT Sesabamisi informaciis mopoveba/ miRwevisaTvis). sakuTriv, es calkeuli aqtebi mizanzmna mopovebisaTvis~ warmoadgens vegetatiurad mkvebav safuZvels. aSkaraa, rom am aqtebs (niSnebs) Soris kavSiri ar ikiTxeba uxilavad gadebuli xidis~ formatSi. logikis anbanuri WeSmaritebaa, rom cnebis Semadgenel niSanTa logikuri legirebis gareSe, cnebis Camoyalibebisa da misi marTebuli aRqmis yoveli mcdeloba fuWi da SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, zmna mopoveba~ Tavisi sazrisiT, ar Semoigarseba saboloo miznis misaRwevad mxolod erTjeradi aqtiT (Cvens SemTxvevaSi _ sajaro dawesebulebisadmi mxolod mimarTviT), aramed saWiroebisamebr, moicavs mis misaRwevad rig qmedebaTa (aseve, warudginos piris Tanxmoba~ sajaro dawesebulebas) speqtrsac. es qmedebebi imanenturad warmoadgens, mizan-zmnis mopovebis~ cnebis fuZesawyisSi TanaCakirul, SeduRabebul aqtebs, romelTa xelovnuli stigmatizacia, imavdroulad, asTeniurs xdis TviT cnebis vitalur struqturas da ornamentulad~ gardasaxavs mas. anu, maT Soris kavSiri, erTsaxovnad, difuzurul TanamimarTebaze metyvelebs. Tanmdevad amisa, mizan-zmna 96

mopovebis~ sazrisSi, organulad absorbcirebulia es qmedebebi da maTi separatuli gageba, iuridiuli fiqciaa. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sajaro dawesebulebisadmi mimarTva~ da maTdami piris Tanxmobis~ wardgena, es aris erTi mTliani, integraluri saboloo mizan-zmnis mopovebisaTvis~ (iuridiuli sinkretizmis~ formatiT moculi) misaRwevi calkeuli Semadgeneli (Tvisebrivad e.w. diada-binomi~ aqtebi) qmedebebi, romlis subieqti (gansxvavebiT mompoveblisagan) ver iqneba uflebis dacvis specialuri samarTlebrivi valdebulebis mqone sajaro dawesebuleba, rameTu am ukanasknelTan mimarTebiT bunebrivad iricxeba interesis, iniciativisa da miznis elementebi. winaaRmdeg, masze sxva xedvis azvirTeba udavod dasagmobia. magram, yvela im calkeul SemTxvevaSi, Tu saboloo miznis mopovebis~ miRweva dainteresebul pirs (advokats), mxares ar xelewifeba an calkeul qmedebaTa ganxorcielebaSi dabrkoleba Seeqmna, kanonmdebeli, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis ukve 39-e muxlis me-2 nawilis safuZvelze, mas daxmarebisaTvis aZlevs sasamarTlosadmi da ara sajaro dawesebulebisadmi mimarTvis uflebas. kerZod, xsenebuli muxlis me-2 nawilSi, mis mier imperatiulad cxadyofilia, rom Tu mticebulebis mopovebisaTvis saWiroa iseTi sagamoZiebo an sxva saproceso moqmedebis Catareba, romelsac braldebuli an misi advokati damoukideblad ver atarebs, igi uflebamosilia Sesabamisi ganCinebis gamotanis SuamdgomlobiT mimarTos mosamarTles gamoZiebis adgilis mixedviT. mosamarTle valdebulia miiRos yvela zoma, raTa braldebis mxarisaTvis cnobili ar gaxdes dacvis mxaris mier mtkicebulebis mopoveba~. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, sajaro dawesebulebis calsaxad ukugdebas ki, aqvs samarTlebrivad ganurinebeli maqsima-primatuli~ iuridiuli rezoni, romlis axsnac, imavdroulad, logikurad iZleva saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 44-e muxlis marTebuli aRqmis obieqtur safuZvels. kerZod, xazgasasmelia, rom samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos erT-erT utyuar samxils warmoadgens kerZo da sajaro interesebs Soris prioritetebis sworad da samarTlianad gansazRvra, xelisuflebisa da adamianis urTierTobis gonivrulad dabalansebuli sistemis Seqmna. Sesabamisad, ZiriTadi konstituciuri principebi Tanabrad moiTxovs samarTliani marTlwesrigis~ damkvidrebisaTvis aucilebeli rogorc kerZo, ise sajaro interesebis realizaciis uzrunvelyofas, maT Soris gonivruli, Tanazomieri da proporciuli balansis dacvas. arsobrivad, saqarTvelos konstituciis me-2 Tavis (adamianis uflebebi da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi) debulebebi calsaxad Seexeba kerZo da sajaro interesTa dabalansebas. anu sakuTriv, uflebaSi Carevis konstituciiT dadgenil farglebs.3 am ufleba/TavisuflebaTa erTaderT legitimur, SemzRudvel garant subieqtad~ konstituciaSi moxseniebulia mxolod sasamarTlo organo. Tumca, misi samoqmedo arealic ki, adamianis uflebaTa sensitivizmiT, kanonmdeblis mier restriqciulad, legislatiuri getos~ 97

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formatiT aris Semogarsuli. anu, saxeldobr konstituciaSi saubaria _ misi mxridan ara momSTob~ anomiur kontrolze, aramed mxolod da mxolod samarTlian marTlwesrigze dafuZnebul Carevaze. bunebrivia, metrsawyisi Rirebulebisadmi msgavsi asketizmi, progresuli iuridiuli msoflgancdiT aris nakarnaxevi da empiriulad naWdobi fenomenia. Tumca, imavdroulad, qveynis konstituciuri wyobis, saxelmwifo da erovnuli usafrTxoebis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva, deliqtur qmedebaTa Tavidan acileba, rac emsaxureba adamianis uflebebis efeqtian dacvas _ demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos valdebulebaa. da swored, am sajaro interesebis dacvis uzrunvelyofas emsaxureba uflebis~ SezRudvaze miniSneba _ mxolod sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze dafuZnebiT. zemoaRniSnuli farglebi aseve, dadgenilia 1950 wlis 4 noembris adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis~ evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxliTac,4 sadac calsaxad naTelyofilia, rom ...dauSvebelia am uflebis ganxorcielebaSi sajaro xelisuflebis Careva, garda iseTi SemTxvevisa, rodesac aseTi Careva xorcieldeba kanonis Sesabamisad da aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi erovnuli uSiSroebis, sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis an qveynis ekonomikuri keTildReobis interesebisaTvis, uwesrigobis an danaSaulis Tavidan asacileblad, janmrTelobis an moralis Tu sxvaTa uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad~. amasTan, TviT xsenebul uflebaSemzRudvel mizanTa da meqanizmTa TvalsazrisiT, niSandoblivia isic, rom saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis midgoma met-naklebad identuria, kanonmdeblobaSi misi SezRudvis amocanebisa da safuZvlebis sazris/moculobasTan mimarTebiT. aqve, Tu raoden metarelevanturia RirebulebaTa dacvis segmentSi adamianis ufleba/Tavisuflebebi~ amas xazi gaesmis, araerT saerTaSoriso konvenciaSi. TviT konstitucia, dacul sikeTeTa Rirebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mis struqturaSi mas Segnebulad me-2 TavSi sapatio adgils uTmobs. iusticiuri TvalTaxedviT, midgoma udavod zerelevanturia. faseulia, rameTu igi aris erT-erTi TvalsaCino dasturi ama Tu im qveynis, eris jansaRi ambiciisa, iyos civilizebuli msoflios TanasworTa Soris Tanaswori~. ufro metic, msgavsi masStabis danawesebi Soreul, arqaul epoqebSi legislatiebsac ki, afuZnebda da maT geneziss warmoadgenda. Sesabamisad, SemTxveviT ar aris es udavod maqsima primatuli~ arafasebadi ganZi, sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebs rom droTa ganmavlobaSi mounagrebia da dauunjebia TavianT legislatiur wiaRSi. amdenad, masze aq SemovifarglebiT. konstituciiT gansazRvruli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis imperatiuli daTqma ki, Tavis mxriv, gamiznulad emsaxureba TviT uflebaSi Carevis kontrolis uzrunvelyofas damoukidebeli da neitraluri instanciis mier, rameTu sakuTriv, sasamarTlo aris apolitikuri xelisufleba, rac ganapirobebs da imavdroulad, mas neitralurobas avaldebulebs. cxadia, upirvelesad, es xelSeuvlad gamiznulia, xelisuflebis mxridan uflebis borotad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaTa prevenciisaTvis. inovaciisamebr, msgavsi 98

midgoma ar aris mxolod erovnul legislatiur quraSi nadnobi fenomeni. misi analogi sxva qveynis kanonmdeblobebSic mravlad moZiebadia. Sesabamisad, konstituciuri fuZesawyisidan TanSobili es metadanawesi (anu, ufleba/ TavisuflebaSi sasamarTlos mier Careva) sakuTriv, normaSenakadisamebr, pirdapir proporciulad hipertroful dayvanas povebs, rogorc sss kodeqsis 39-e muxlis me-2 nawilSi, aseve, szak-is 44-e muxlis pirvel nawilSic. dakonkretebisamebr, ra konstituciuri megadatvirTva aqvs sasamarTlos orive SemTxvevaSi? sagulisxmoa, rom dainteresebuli piris (advokatis an sulac sxva subieqtis) mimarTva, sasamarTlosadmi mtkicebulebis saxiT informaciis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb _ bunebrivia ver wvdeba aprioruli aqceptabelurobis samans da rac imas niSnavs, rom dainteresebuli mxaris yoveli msgavsi mimarTva pozitiurad gadawyvetadia. dadebiTi wyveta eqneba mxolod da mxolod im calkeul SemTxvevebs, rodesac sasamarTlo detalurad Seiswavlis (Tanabrad, samoqalaqo da administraciul) saqmeSi (gancxadebaSi) arsebul faqtobriv garemoebebs, gaiazrebs da imsjelebs, Tu ramdenad xels Seuwyobs es mtkicebuleba (informacia) obieqturi WeSmaritebisa da samarTlianobis dadgenas, moTxovnis miuxedavad _ zeprecizulad gaiazrebs, Tu ra moculobiT gamoiTxovos es informacia, da mxolod da mxolod am yovelives urTierTSepirispirebis mizanSewonilobiT midis logikur gadawyvetilebamde, rogorc erTaderTi, konstituciurad legitimuri datvirTvis garant-subieqti~ daupirispirdes~ Careva/ SezRudvis saxiT _ uzenaes, sayovelTaod aRiarebul, konstituciiT dacul adamianis ufleba/Tavisuflebebs. ra xdeba am mxriv informaciis mqone sajaro dawesebulebaSi? arc araferi! pirvel yovlisa, statusiT igi ar aris uflebaSi Carevis konstituciuri garant-subieqti~ da amdenad, verc mis erzacad iqceva; igi ver Seiswavlis da logikurad xeli ar miuwvdeba (Tanabrad, samoqalaqo da administraciul) saqmeSi arsebul faqtobriv garemoebebTan; bunebrivia, ver imsjelebs, Tu ramdenad xels Seuwyobs es informacia obieqturi WeSmaritebisa da samarTlianobis dadgenas; cxadia, verc Seafasebs, sakuTriv, Tu ra moculobiT daakmayofilos es moTxovna; ver imsjelebs mis mizanSewonilobaze; da amasTan, gansakuTrebiT, rac umTavresia, sasamarTlosagan gansxvavebiT misTvis ucnobia, momTxovnisaTvis gadacemuli informaciis gamoyenebis WeSmariti (rom borotad ar gamoiyenebs) mizani. Tumca, szak-is 371-e da 44-e muxlebTan mimarTebiT, aq ukve logikurad dgeba ramdenime kiTxva, rac pasuxisaTvis iuridiul eqsplicikacias moiTxovs. kerZod, gana informaciis mqone sajaro dawesebulebisadmi kerZo piris (advokatis) mimarTvis SemTxvevaSi (saubaria 44-e muxlze), Tu sajaro dawesebuleba Tavad moipovebs da daadgens piris Tanxmobas, es raime formiT SeiZleba iqces misi mxridan uflebaSi Carevisa da dadanaSaulebis sagnad? an maSin rodesac, TviT es Tanxmoba nebayoflobiTia, visac exeba es informacia mas sruli ufleba aqvs survilisamebr, uari ganucxados sajaro 99

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dawesebulebas informaciis kerZo pirisadmi (advokati) gadacemaze _ am nebayoflobiTi Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSic ki, ramdenad SesaZlebelia sajaro dawesebuleba daculi misi uflebis damrRvev (pirdapir an irib) subieqtad iqces? anu sabolood, ra riskis matarebelia informaciis mqone sajaro dawesebuleba _ piris Tanxmobis~ Tavad mopovebis SemTxvevaSi? apodiqtikur samxilad warmovidginoT viTareba _ kerZo piris (advokatis) momarTvisamebr (miuxedavad, es exeba sisxlis, samoqalaqo Tu administraciuli samarTalwarmoebis saqmes), informaciis mqone sajaro dawesebulebam Tavad moipova piris Tanxmoba~ da gadasca es informacia dainteresebul mxares. 1. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, am ukanasknelma marTlac waradgina sasamarTloSi igi, Tumca sasamarTlom saerTod arc ganixila es informacia, vinaidan igi SemxeblobaSi ar aRmoCnda konkretul SemTxvevasTan an SexebaSia, Tumca mas araviTari Rirebuleba ara aqvs saqmeze obieqturi WeSmaritebis dadgenis mizniT. Sesabamisad, arc arsebobda misi gamoTxovis (sayovelTaod garantirebuli da konstituciiT ganmtkicebul uflebasTan Sexebis) araviTari safuZveli. 2. uares SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad momarTvaSi dafiqsirebuli saWiroebisa, kerZo piri (advokati) sxva mizniT (umniSvnelo, primitiuli saWiroebisaTvis an ganzrax borotad iyenebs, rasac Tan sdevs mZime Sedegi) iyenebs mas. orTave SemTxvevaSi sajaro dawesebulebisadmi Tanxmoba _ nebayoflobiTia~. Tumca, piris fsiqikaSi nebayoflobiTobis~, anu Tanxmobis~ qmedebis inicirebis sawyisi (ganzraxvis dambadebeli) da Semoqmedi, uSualo kauzaluri (mizezobrivi) kavSiriT _ misi personaluri informaciis dacvis valdebulebis mqone sajaro dawesebulebaa da ara kerZo piri (advokati). is valdebuli ar aris da obieqturad verc Seafasebs msgavsi Tanxmobis mizan-saWiroebas. Tumca, Tanxmobas iZleva mxolod im imediTa da ndobiT, rom swored saxelmwifos saxeliT moqmedi, misi personaluri informaciis dacvis uSualo valdebulebis mqone garanti~ sajaro dawesebuleba _ ukiduresad gamarTlebuli da aucilebeli saWiroebidan gamomdinare, iRebs gadawyvetilebas, rom mas SeTavazos misi konstituciurad, TviT mis mier daculi uflebis daTmoba. Sesabamisad, massa da misi piradi informaciis damcvel garant~ sajaro dawesebulebas Soris arsebuli gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gamomdinare, logikurad, mis fsiqikaSi ar dgeba da verc wamoiweva sakiTxi, rom eWvqveS daayenos misi SeTavazebis _ ukiduresi saWiroeba, mizanSewoniloba da daTmobili konstituciuri uflebis~ daniSnulebisamebr, gamoyenebis bedi. eWvi calsaxad gamoiricxeba, rameTu is _ misi piradi monacemebis dacvis valdebulebis mqone sajaro dawesebulebas (gansxvavebiT, kerZo pirisa da advokatisagan) ganixilavs _ saxelmwifos saxeliT moqmed, misi konsitutuciuri uflebis damcvel garantad. da swored, rom misadmi ndobis es zeamaRlebuli xarisxi~ biZgs aZlevs, iyoliebs, amyarebs da ayalibebs Tanxmobis gadawyvetilebas piris fsiqikaSi. 100

aRniSnulis, metasarwmuno eWvSeuvalobas cxadyofs isic, rom damkvidrebuli praqtikis Tanaxmad, personaluri informaciis~ dacva/gacemaze valdebul sajaro dawesebulebebSi _ masze uSualo valdebuleba ekisreba iuridiul departaments, sadac gamoiyofa specialurad amisaTvis pasuxismgebeli piri (iuristi). misTvis martivad Secnobadia, rom uneblie stoqastikiT ar secesirebula am zemniSvnelovani miznisaTvis, mxolod da mxolod iuridiuli departamenti da sakuTriv, piri, profesiuli ganaTlebiT _ samarTalmcodne. Sesabamisad, logikurad mis qvecnobierSi (fsiqikaSi) ar dgeba gonebis daZabvis mciredi safuZveli, rom SeTavazeba ukiduresi saWiroebis, mizanSewonilobisa da misi daniSnulebisamebr gamoyenebis aspeqtSi saTuo gaxados. ar dgeba vinaidan, SemTavazeblis saxiT, saxezea _ konstituciuri uflebis~ damcveli, saxelmwifos saxeliT moqmedi, specialuri valdebulebis mqone sajaro dawesebulebis, uSualod samarTlebriv sakiTxebze orientirebuli departamenti, romelsac profesiuli datvirTviT ZaluZs iuridiul niuansebSi marTebuli garkveva da, romelic umniSvnelo riskis SemTxvevaSic ki, ar dauSvebs misadmi msgavs qarafSutul SeTavazebas. pirvel yovlisa, rom Tavad ar iqces dacul uflebasTan araswori Sexebis wyarod, rac cxadia, kontroversad ver iqceva. zemoaRniSnulis, orTave okaziur SemTxvevasTan SepirispirebiT ki, saxezea Semdegi obieqturi viTareba _ piris personaluri monacemebis dacvis valdebuli garanti~ sajaro dawesebuleba, uflebis daTmobis~ SemTxvevaSi ver uzrunvelyofs: 1. ukiduresi saWiroebis dadgenas; 2. ver axdens misi mizanSewonilobis gansazRvras; 3. ver Seicnobs obieqturad, misi gamoTxovis mocemulobis barometrs; 4. ver xdeba pasuxismgebeli, rom es informacia daniSnulebisamebr an sxva mizniT ganzrax borotad ar iqneba gamoyenebuli; 5. Tumca, nebsiT Tu uneblied, masTan uSualo kauzaluri kavSiriT, iqceva piris Tanxmobis~ qmedebis inicirebis pirvelsawyisad (ganzraxvis dambadebeli _ generacia) da Semoqmedad. amdenad, misi formirebis wyarod da avtorad. vgonebT, risk-faqtorTa negativizmis fardagiseuli ganfenilobiT warmoCena, damatebiT samarTlebriv afirmacias ar saWiroebs. ar moiTxovs vinaidan, rogorc wveTi aireklavs zRvas _ es uarsayofi segmenti msgavsad cxadyofs maTi ukugdebis mravalwaxnagovnebas. aq SeiZleba aRiniSnos mxolod da mxolod is, rom aRsaniSnavi araferia. amdenad, unda daisvas wertilic. da rom ara misi SeTavazeba: orTave SemTxvevaSi, dRis wesrigSi ar dadgeboda dacul konstituciur uflebasTan~ arasworad Sexebis da sxva Tanmdev negatiur procesTa rezultati. da igi ar iqceoda, dacul konstituciur uflebaze~, usafuZvlod Sexebis minimum irib Tanamonawiled~, TanxmobasTan _ uSualo, kauzaluri (mizezobrivi) kavSiridan gamomdinare. 101

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da rom ara igi, uflebaze ukanonod Sexebis es riskebi naklebsavaraudoa mocemul SemTxvevebSi damdgariyo, TviT kerZo pirsa (advokatsa) da personaluri monacemebis subieqts Soris bunebrivad ararsebuli gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gamomdinare _ zeamaRlebuli ndobis xarisxis~ nivelirebis gamo. amisda kvalad, swored xsenebul risk-safrTxeTa upirobo eqskludireba iqca kanonmdeblis amosavali miznis genezisad, rom yovelmxriv ganaridos personaluri monacemebis~ dacvis valdebuli sajaro dawesebuleba _ daculi uflebebidan~ gamomdinare, sxva msgavsi SesaZlo pasuxismgeblobisagan. Sesabamisad, am zeaRmatebuli miznis (dawesebulebis risk-faqtorTagan dacvis) legislatiur uzrunvelyofisamebr, kanonmdebelma szak-is 371-e muxlSi Tanxmobis mopovebis~ imperatiuli negirebiT _ erTi mxriv, daicva uflebis dacvis specialuri valdebulebis mqone sajaro dawesebuleba uflebaSi maSinaluri Carevisagan, xolo meore mxriv, TviT es Tanxmoba~ aqcia da srulqmna, piris sruliad nebis absoluciis produqtad, romelic yovelmxriv daclilia fsiqologiuri osmosis pirdapiri Tu iribi zegavlenisgan. anu, Tanxmobis mopovebaSi~ mciredi fluqtuirebiTac ki, gamoricxa pirTan gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi damokidebulebis mqone sajaro dawesebuleba, dacul uflebasTan~ araswori Sexebis safrTxiT. Tanabrad Tqmulisa, es realobac aRar iqceva zeiuridiuli gasxivosnebis noumenis sagnad. amdenad, ontologiuri TvalTaxedviT, ukve pasuxgacemulia szak-is 371-e muxlSi _ me-16 muxlis arsebobis miuxedavad, kanonmdebelma, Tu ratom Tqva uari _ xelisuflebisa da saxelmwifos fuZevitaluri, zeaRmatebuli ZiriTadi miznis (dawesebulebis saqmianoba ufro moqnili, efeqtiani, operatiuli da produqtiuli gaexada) prioritetul primerulobaze _ adamianis ufleba/TavisuflebaTa dacvisa da masTan Semxeb risk-safrTxeTa gamoricxvis sanacvlod. maTgan gansxvavebiT, Tu ratom mianiWa supleturi datvirTva pirvels da daiyvana igi sekundarul xarisxSi. Tanmdevad amisa, 371-e muxlSic msgavsi Canaweris marTebuloba ukve advilad xilvadi obieqturi realobaa, rac aRqmis simartivis sapirwoned egzom sarwmuno sadaria _ sxeulTan, rogorc sulis sapyrobilesTan~. Sesabamisad, igi damatebiT verifikacias ar moiTxovs. magram fuZiseuli dakonkretebisamebr, aq SesaZloa gaCndes kidev erTi kiTxva _ maSin, zemoaRniSnul safrTxeTa gaTvaliswinebiT, kanonmdebelma ratom dauSva imave 371-e muxlSi _ informaciis momTxovni sajaro dawesebulebis mier pirisagan Tanxmobis gamoTxovis~ SesaZlebloba? da msgavsi legislatiuri meoxebiT, ratom ar daicva igi dacul uflebasTan~ araswori Sexebis riskTagan? ra, saxezea ormagi, bilateraluri sakanonmdeblo standarti, Tu kanonmdeblis maSinaluri, iracionaluri cdomileba? arsi imaSia, rom szak-is 371-e muxlSi, es ukanaskneli (gansxvavebiT, informaciis mqone sajaro dawesebulebisagan) ar warmoadgens personaluri monacemebis~ dacvis specialuri valdebulebis matarebel subieqts; Sesabamisad, negirebulia massa da pirs (visi 102

monacemicaa) Soris gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi urTierToba; aqedan gamomdinare, iricxeba maT Soris ndobis zeaRmatebuli xarisxic~, rac zegavlenas axdens, biZgs aZlevs, iyoliebs, amyarebs da ayalibebs Tanxmobis gadawyvetilebas piris fsiqikaSi. legislatiur dRis wesrigSi, swored am safrTxeTa ararsebobiT gamoiricxeba kanonmdeblisaTvis misi mexamridirebis saWiroeba. magram sakmarisia, es ukanaskneli Tavad gaxdes masTan (dawesebulebaSi) arsebuli da daculi personaluri monacemis~ mimarTvis subieqti _ kanonmdebeli, mas igive meoxebiT, rogorc dacvis specialuri valdebulebis mqone sajaro dawesebulebas~ _ xsenebul riskTa warxorcvis mizniT, imave meqanizmiTa da sakanonmdeblo precizulobiT avtomaturad aqcevs szak-is 371 e muxlis dacvis erTian badeqveS. msgavsi midgoma, swored misi codnili qvecnobieris sawyisis produqtia da igi danawesisamebr, sawad kondiciamde srulyofis udavo danabadad unda aRviqvaT. piruTvnelad, kanonmdeblisadmi SevniSnavT _ msgavsi zeinteligibeluri refleqsia sakiTxis legislatiur porcelanad~ srulqmnisa, udavod iuridiuli pietetis sagania! readmisiuli ganmeorebis ukugdebisamebr, yovelive zemoaRniSnuli (risk faqtorTa warmoCena/axsna; kanonmdeblis fsiqikaSi daleqili WeSmariti, vitaluri miznis fenomenis Sinagani naturis garkveva/dadgena), sruli identobiT esatyviseba szak-is 44-e muxlsac. mxolod im gamonaklisiT, rom informaciis momTxovni mxare kerZo piria. Tumca, es mciredaTac ar cvlis arsebul viTarebas. piriqiT, 44-e muxlSi es momenti, ukve TviT dadgenil mizans~ amyarebs orkecad da calsaxad xazs usvams mis eWvSeuvalobas, saTuoobas, rameTu informaciis mqone mxarisaTvis misi mimarTva (gansxvavebiT momTxovni sajaro dawesebulebisagan) cxadad naklebrelevanturia da kanonmdeblis es neba (szak-is me-16 muxlis arsebobis miuxedavad) ki, mkacrad postulirebulia, legislatiur marwuxebSi misi normagansagnebiT. sagulisxmoa, rom kanonmdeblis es mizani (neba) metadre, erTiorad mtkicdeba, sakiTxis normaretrospeqtivis gziTac. kerZod, am TvalTaxedviT interesmomcvelia, szak-Si 43-e muxlis (personaluri monacemebis damuSavebis wesi) nulifikaciis faqti. aRniSnuli Semadgenlobis T~ punqtis Tanaxmad, sajaro dawesebuleba valdebuli iyo dauyonebliv ecnobebina Sesabamis pirze, mis ukanasknel cnobil misamarTze mesame piris an sajaro dawesebulebis mier misi personaluri monacemebis moTxovnis Sesaxeb...~ xolo, amave muxlis i~ punqtis Sesabamisad, konkretdeboda Semdegi realoba _ personaluri monacemebis sxvisTvis gadacemamde kidev erTxel mieRo yvela gonivruli zoma imis gadasamowmeblad, iyo Tu ara isini zusti da saqmesTan kavSirSi myofi...~ bunebrivia, maTi gauqmeba xelSeuval normatiul anabeWds tovebs, sajaro dawesebulebis mier _ pirisagan, Tanxmobis gamoTxova/mopovebis~ uaryofis segmentSi. Tanabarwilad, msgavsi midgomis fabula cxadyofia aseve, personalur monacemTa dacvis Sesaxeb~ 2011 wlis 28 dekembris saqarTvelos kanonis meoxebiTac.5 Tumca, logikurad ismis kiTxva _ szak-is 44-e muxlSi, ukve naTlad garkveuli da dasabuTebuli kanonmdeblis WeSmariti miznis~ miuxedavad, misi hipoTetiuri elimi103

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naciis pirobebSic ki, ra albaTobiT dgeba misi wakiTxvis sxvagvarovneba? da Tu dgeba, maSin ra legislatiuri doziT SeuZlia kerZo pirs idavos, informaciis mqone mxaris mier Tanxmobis mopovebis~ valdebulebis aspeqtSi? Tu es yovelive kvaziirealuri azrovnebis produqtia? pasuxTa simwife pirdapir proporciulad pirobadebulia, muxlis deskripciis normasiuJetuli fragmentulobiT axsnisa. sawyisSive, aqsiomaturad xazs vusvamT, gamonaTqvamTa da sityvaTa wyobis saguldagulo SerCevis miuxedavad, debuleba yovelTvis erTgvarovnad ar iqneba aRqmuli misi wamkiTxvelis mier. ar iqneba rameTu, azri sityvis wyaroa da sityva ver iqneba im azrze ukeTesi, romlisganac is aRmocenda da iSva. amdenad, es iluzoruli ambicia arc kanonmdebels da miT umetes, verc mis wamkiTxvelT eqneba. winaaRmdeg, msgavsi pretenzia _ diletanturi profanizmisa da absoluturi iracionalurobis mkafio paradigmad iqceva. Sesabamisad aRniSnulisa, yvelaze samarTlian kanonsac ki, ar Sewevs Zala iyos, upirobo moraluri avtoriteti yvela moqalaqisaTvis. konsekventuri generalizaciisamebr, pirvel yovlisa yuradsaRebia, TviT 44-e muxlis saTauri _ personaluri monacemebis saidumloeba~. swored saidumloeba~ da ara xelmisawvdomoba~, rogorc es 371-e muxlis saTaurSia aRniSnuli da, rasac kanonmdeblis mier gamowvlilviT daRi daesmis. 44-e muxlis saTauris qargaSive am madefinirebeli niSnis (saidumloebis) legislatiur kvirtobas~ ki udavod aqvs, kanonmdeblis nebis naTlad mcxadyofi niSnuli. sityva saidumloebis~ arsobrivi sazrisi xelmisawvdomobasTan~ mimarTebiT, naklebtevadia. kerZod, Tu pirveli miuTiTebs mxolod raime informaciis latenturobaze~, meore, damatebiT, risames farulobasTan erTad, misi gansajaroebis meqanizmiTac~ kombinirdeba. masStaburi ganzomadobiT meore moicavs pirvels da ara piriqiT. anu, maT Soris kontrasuloba ar dadis uxilav normatiul sinamdvilemde. amavdroulad, es cnebebi Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli qcevis xasiaTiT aisaxeba. kerZod, saidumloeba~, rogorc risames gamxelisagan TavSekaveba, gaumJRavnebloba, dacva _ imanenturad tipizirdeba, umoqmedobis pasiuri qcevis aqtSi~ gamoxatul qmedebad, ukve daculi informaciis SesaZlo gamJRavnebis daSvebisaken mimarTul Semdgom aqtTa ( aqtiur~) ukugdebiT. winaaRmdeg, maSin rodesac xelmisawvdomoba~ organulad warmoadgens sawyisi TavSekavebidan, anu pasiuri qcevis aqtidan~ aqtiur qcevis aqtSi~ bunebrivad gardasaxul moqmedebas, rac sabolood yalibdeba gamJRavnebisaken mimarTul, adamianis aqtiuri sxeulebrivi moZraobis iersaxiT. anu, mokled, rom movWraT _ legislatiuri datvirTviT es cnebebi arakongruenciulia ara mxolod arsobrivi tevadobis sazrisiT, aramed, Tvisobrivad gamoxatul qcevis aqtTa genetikiTac, rasac sabolood, maTi tolfasovnebis araramde mivyavarT. winaaRmdeg, masze sxvagvari xedva, sxva araferia Tu ara tipuri spekulaciuri sqolaqticizmi. Sesabamisad, Tanxmobis gamoTxova~ piris nebis dadgena~, rogorc informaciis mqone sajaro dawesebulebis aqtiur qcevis aqtSi~ asaxuli moqmedeba _ 44-e muxlis saTaurSi 104

saidumloebis~ saxiT warmodgenili iuridiuli mocemulobis farglebs miRmaa da amdenad, araTavsebadia masTan arsobrivi tevadobisa da qmedebis xasiaTis specifikiT. anu muxlis saTaurSi, misi amokiTxvis ( Tanxmobis gamoTxova~) yoveli mcdeloba, logikurad amaoa da samarTlebrivad dauSvebeli. Tanmdevad amisa, masze sxvagvari msjelobis siSiSvle da fuZiseuli postulatis uniadagoba saxezea. kvalad zemoxsenebulisa, interesmomcvelia muxlis saTauris es sinamdvile, ramdenad asaxvadia, TviT mis debulebaSi moqceul danawesTan. arsobrivi tevadobis WrilSi, maT Soris konfliqti xom ar ikiTxeba, saTauris zogadi mocemulobis (rac sakanonmdeblo asTeniis sagania) sazRvris xelyofiT. anu, ramdenad paritetuli korelaciuri realobaa maTi legislatiuri TanamimarTeba, Tu ukanaskneli iZleva erTob kongruenciuli SimSilis mtkicebis sazriss. swored, rom korelacia, rameTu samarTlis alfabeturi logikiT, maTi sworfardovneba egzom cxadmyofi sadaria, erTi mTlianis, rogorc normis qerqisa da Suagulis~ TanaSezomilebisa. muxlSi pirveli nawilis danawesisamebr, xazgasmulia 1. sajaro dawesebuleba valdebulia ar gaaxmauros personaluri monacemebi informacia TviT am piris Tanxmobis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi _ sasamarTlos dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis gareSe, Tanamdebobis pirTa (agreTve, Tanamdebobaze wardgenil kandidatTa) personaluri monacemebis garda~. zedapiruli Tvalis gadavlebiTac ki cxadia, rom debulebaSi kanonmdeblis interesis fokusirebiT, ZiriTadi maxvili daesmis direqtiul frazas _ valdebulia ar gaaxmauros~. Tumca, igi qvemoT msjelobis sagania. sawyisSive, niSandoblivia SevexoT, TviT danawesis stuqturuli sqemis somatur samSvinvels. am TvalsazrisiT ki, miznis xorcSesxmisamebr, upriania debulebaSi segregaciisamebr, gaimijnos da dajgufdes frazebi, _ misi ZiriTadi wesis, pirobisa da gamomricxavi garemoebis prizmaSi, rac ucilod normis gramatikuli ganmartebis produqtia. zemoaRniSnul segmentSi, debulebaSi mzera miqcevadia maerTebeli kavSiris saxiT, sityva _ an~ zogadad, arsisa da sakuTriv, danawesSi misi funqcionaluri raobis mxriv. xazgasasmelia, rom imanenturi genezisis WrilSi sityva an~ aris maerTebeli kavSiri. kavSiri damoukidebeli sazrisis armqone sityvaa, romelic aerTianebs winadadebis or wevrs an or winadadebas da amyarebs ama Tu im mimarTebas maT Soris. maerTebeli kavSirebi aerTeben or iseT sityvas an winadadebas, romlebic erTmaneTis mimarT Tanasworni arian. kavSiri an~ gulisxmobs erT-erTis arCevas an erT erTis Sesrulebas ramdenime SesaZleblobidan sxvebis gamoricxviT. amasTan, Tu es maerTebeli kavSiri meordeba, maSin mis win daismis mZime~.6 maSasadame, xsenebuli ganmartebisamebr, muxlSi ukve emanaciurad warmoCndeba Semdegi saxis normatiuli konfiguracia: 1. ZiriTad wesad _ sajaro dawesebuleba valdebulia ar gaaxmauros personaluri monacemebi~; 2. gamonaklis alternatiul pirobebad _ informacia TviT am piris Tanxmobis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi 105

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sasamarTlos dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis gareSe~; 3. gamomricxvel garemoebad _ Tanamdebobis pirTa (agreTve Tanamdebobaze wardgenil kandidatTa) personaluri monacemebis garda~. aqve, xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom es normatiuli konfiguracia, aRniSnuli ganmartebis safuZvelze SesaZloa erTi SexedviT, eWvs iwvevdes (ZiriTadi wesis alternatiul pirobebTan Serwymis TvalsazrisiT) sityvebs monacemebsa~ da informacias~ Soris sasveni niSnis ararsebobis gamo. Tumca, masze paralogizmis ukugdebisamebr, igi umalve qreba TviT kiTxvis myise SebrunebiT. maSin ra saWiroa Serwymis pirobebSi orTave, identuri datvirTvis sityvis erT pirobaSi arseboba da, Tanac TanmimdevrobiT, rac ucilod e.w. samarTlebrivi kalamburisa~ da normaorTografiuli pleonazmis~ tipuri nimuSia? danawesSi, maTi msgavsi ganlageba uneblie aqcidencia rodia, aramed movlenis arsis utyvi gamomxatvelia. swored, rom maTi gverdigverd konstelaciiT, kanonmdebelma goniTi nebiT~ imperatiulad, calsaxad cxadyo, debulebaSi maTi damoukidebeli Tanaarseboba da TiToeuli sityva moaqcia maT qvemdebare sazris normatyved. xolo, sicxadisaTvis, maT Soris sasveni niSnis dausmeloba, es wminda sakanonmdeblo teqnikis lafsusia, rac imavdroulad zegavlenas ver axdens da, amasTan, gamoricxavs danawesis struqturis marTebuli aRqmis aporiis safuZvels. saSuri utyuarobisaTvis damatebiT, readmisiulad, rom ar ganvmeordeT, TviT muxlis saTauridan nakarnaxevi sinamdvilis _ ZiriTadi wesis~ damoukideblad arsebobis sarwmunoobis mtkicebiT. amdenad, muxlSi am teqnikuri xarvezis arseboba rebusuli bundovnebis Sezomadobisameb, xelSeuvlad ar iZleva myar obieqtur kvintesencias mis legislatiur embazSi~ xelaxali wrTobis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, Canaweris irealur normadilemaze yoveli miniSnebac fantomuria da igi ver iqceva kriticizmis sagnad. yuradsaRebia, 44-e muxlis danawesiT legalur struqturaSi (gansxvavebiT 371-e muxlis Semadgenlobisagan) Tanxmobis gamoTxovis~ meqanizmisa da, TviT subieqtad, misi momTxovni mxaris~ segmentTa ararseboba. interesmomcvelia, Tu ra gulzraxviT (ratom ar moaqcia madefinirebel niSnebad) ar gausva kanonmdebelma debulebaSi maT xazi. motivi axsnadia, legalur formulaSi am niSanTa ars/funqciuri mocemulobis warmodgenis SecnobiT. kerZod, Tanxmobis gamoTxovis~ meqanizmi, rogorc SevniSneT imanenturad miuTiTebs da cxadyofs subieqtis aqtiuri qcevis~ aqts. es ukanaskneli Tavis mxriv, organulad ukavSirdeba ara erT, aramed aqtiur moqmedebaTa mTel (pirisadmi mimarTva, Tanxmobis miReba da misi wardgena daniSnulebisamebr) mwkrivs. amdenad, zemomsjelobis wiliswil, danawesSi madefinirebel elementad misi damkvidreba udavod gamoiwvevda muxlis saTauris (anu saidumloebis~ sazrisTan) fuZiseul realobasTan mis (rogorc struqturis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSnis) konfliqts. aqedan gamomdinare, debulebaSi am ukanasknelis negirebiT, kanonmdebelma cnobierad ukuagdo maT Soris (saTaursa da struqturas) legaluri disbalansi, paritetul Tanamocemulobaze misi mar106

Tebuli dafuZnebiT. Sesabamisad, danawesSi am elementis (anu gamoTxovis meqanizmis) normatiuli ugulebelyofa avtomaturad, mciredi orWofobiTac ki, gamoricxavs sakiTxis dasmas sajaro dawesebulebaze misi davaldebulebis amokiTxvis mxriv. genezisur sawyisad ki, am ukanasknelis uaryofas Tavis mxriv, xelSeuvlad udevs mxolod da mxolod kanonmdeblis zeaRmatebuli miznis (risk-safrTxeTagan sajaro dawesebulebis dacva) fenomeni, ramac upirobod logikuri gamoxatuleba pova muxlSic. da Tu mocemuli movlenis Sesatyvisobis dasabuTeba mainc warmoqmnis rig winaRobas, es mxolod imitom, rom Znelia aixsnas is, rac axsnas ar saWiroebs. rac Seexeba debulebaSi subieqtad momTxovni mxaris~ daufiqsireblobis arss _ jerovnad masze wvdomis wanamZRvars, TviT muxlis konstruqciasTan da sakuTriv, alternatiul pirobebTan _ misi figuraluri~ normatonaloba iZleva. kerZod, rogorc SevniSneT, szak-is 371-e da 44-e muxlTa konstruqciuli sqema aSkarad gansxvavebulia. Tu 371-e muxlSi subieqtad `informaciis momTxovni mxare~ fiqsirdeba _ es mxolod imitom, rom nakarnaxevia xelmisawvdomobis~ cnebis Sinaarsis dilataciuri sivrciT, rac legislatiur orbitaze gardauvlad, TviT Tanxmobis gamoTxovis meqanizmis~ aRbeWvdasac moiTxovs, rameTu alogikuria risames xelmisawvdomobaze~ saubari. saxeldobr, misi meqanizmis Tanxmobis gamoTxovis~ sakanonmdeblo deskrifciis ararsebobis pirobebSi. Tanmdevad amisa, am ukanasknelis dafiqsirebam imanenturad ganapiroba Semadgenlobis struqturaSi subieqtad _ momTxovni mxaris~ suverenul niSnad rezultirebuli Semoyvana. amdenad, 371-e muxlis konstruqciaSi am segmentis arsebobas afuZnebs da fuZiseul bazisad udevs cneba xelmisawvdomobis~ masStaburi sazrisi da piris Tanxmobis gamoTxovis~ meqanizmis danawesSi amsaxveloba. xsenebuli ki, Tavis mxriv, unda Sefasdes rogorc naturiT niadag, saxeucvlel, TviTkmar movlenad. winaaRmdeg zemoaRniSnulisa, arsebiTad cvladi realoba gvaqvs 44-e muxlTan mimarTebiT. aq TviT saidumloebis~ cnebis stenobaTuri sazrisidan gamomdinare, kanonmdeblis mier warmodgenilia muxlis saTaurisa da struqturis marTebulad legaluri balansi, maTi Tanazomadi maJoruli mocemuloba. xsenebuli viTareba ki, uSualod miRwevadia danawesSi Tanxmobis gamoTxovis~ (rogorc aqtiuri qcevis) meqanizmis ukugdebiT, vinaidan konstruqciaSi misi asaxva, ucilod anomaliur kolidirebaSi aqcevda maT. cxadia, msgavsi zeqaoturi sinTezi miuRebelia. Tanabrad ukugdebisa, logikurad ar iqmneba obieqturi aucilebloba, subieqtad momTxovni mxaris~ erTmniSvnelovnad miTiTebis (gamoyofis) Sesaxeb. amrigad, danawesidan misi msgavsi moriskuli gandevnac rezonulia da uaryofa amisa, progresul uwifrobad fasebadi. Tumca, sakuTriv, Tanxmobis daniSnulebisamebr warmomdgenis saxiT~, masze iribi (partikularuli) miniSneba amokiTxvadia, danawesis alternatiul pirobebSi. swored, rom Tanxmobis daniSnulebisamebr warmodgenisa~ da ara mompoveblis saxiT, rameTu, rogorc SevniSneT misi meqanizmi 44-e muxlis areals miRmaa da arc raime formiT misi 107

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(gansxvavebiT, 371-e muxlisa) deskripciuli naraciaa danawesSi asaxuli. alternatiul pirobebSi precizulad moxazulia _ informacia TviT am piris Tanxmobis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi sasamarTlos dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis gareSe~. Tu gaviazrebT sityva warmomdgenis~ sazriss (anu risames vinmesTvis wardgena) implicitur realobad iqceva, rom warmdgen~ pirad (interesis, iniciativisa da miznis elementTa TanxvedriT) mxolod momTxovni mxare~ miiCneva. winaaRmdeg, alogikurad _ sajaro dawesebuleba~ TviT misadmi Tanxmobis warmdgen~ amorful subieqtad mogvevlineba. aRniSnuli naTlad ikiTxeba erT-erT pirobaSi sasamarTlos dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis gareSe~ misi miTiTebiT. winaRobis daZlevisamebr, sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva da gadawyvetilebis daniSnulebisamebr wardgena _ es dainteresebuli mxaris~ mizan/interesSia. es normatiuli sinamdvile, damatebiT, legislatiurad utyuarqmnilia Tematur mimarTulebaTa calkeul (mag.: sssk-is 39-e mux. me-2 naw.) regulaciebSic. amdenad, masze kontradiqciuli sentenciis (mimarTvis subieqtad sajaro dawesebulebis~ miCneva) yoveli mcdeloba _ myife da fuWia. usagnoa, rameTu igi erTob endemur konfliqtSia yvela im komponentTan, rac zemomsjelobiT gamoikveTa. amavdroulad, xsenebuli Tanabarwilad Sesatyvisia, pirvel _ informacia TviT am piris Tanxmobis~ pirobasTanac. Tumca, am ukanasknelTan mimarTebiT, aRniSnuli damatebiT (legalurad) cxadi xdeba _ pirobaTa Soris sityvis an~ ganmartebis amonaridiTac, sadac pirobaTa mimarTebis Tanasworobis~ niSnuls mkafiod gaesmis xazi. Sesabamisad, maTSi Tanxmobis mompovebel pirad~ sxvadasxva subieqtis miCneva zogadad, saeWvos xdis pirobaTa mimarTebis Tanasworobis~ (misi iuridiuli Zalis, mompovebel pirTa statusisa da rezultatTa aspeqtSi), rogorc cnebis _ imanenturad erTian/mTlian, integralur arss. rac Seexeba generalur zeimperativs, _ valdebulia ar gaaxmauros~, _ normis fuZiseuli sazrisi TviTgamoxatvas swored am frazaSi povebs. arsobrivad igi movaleobis gamomxatvelia, rameTu teqstSi xazi gaesmis sityvas valdebulia~. zogadad, sakanonmdeblo praqtikaSi, msgavs SemTxvevaSi danawesis moTxovna sxvadasxva gziT gadmoicema _ upiratesad akrZalvis formiT. enis polivalentovnebis simdidriT, normasamwerlo leqsikaSi akrZalva metwilad asaxulia frazebiT _ ufleba ara aqvs~, ar unda~, dauSvebelia~, ar SeiZleba~ da sxva identur sityvaTa meoxebiT. imanenturad, negatiuri niSnis matarebelia, rameTu aqtiuri qcevisagan TavSekavebis direqtivaa. Tanmdevad amisa, teqstSi igi negirebis sazriss sityvaTa ( dauSvebelia~, akrZalulia~, ar unda~, Tavi unda Seikavos~, ufleba ara aqvs~, ar gaaxmauros~ da sxv.) saxiT gamoiTqmis. anu es terminebi imaze metad ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, vidre sityva, rogorc leqsikuri erTeuli _ Tavisi azrobrivi mniSvnelobisagan. xolo TviT valdebulia ar gaaxmauros~ frazis Sinaarsobrivi tevadoba da masSi moqceul gramatikul individTa~ Sesityveba, yoveli sqolastikuri davis gareSe, aRqmis xilvadobis primitiviT erTgvar legislatiur palindromamdec~ ki, dadis. bunebrivia, es pirvelyovlisa kanonmdeblis legislatiuri qmnadobidan kveTili iuridiuli realobaa. 108

sakanonmdeblo movlenis arsSi precizuli wvdomisamebr, aseve umniSvnelovanesia, gairkves diskreciuli uflebamosilebis~ muxlSi gasivrcebis nairgvarovnebis sakiTxi. aRniSnulis meyseulobisda kvalad SevniSnavT, rom am WrilSi aucilebelia uSualod danawesis Sinaarsis garkveva. cxadia, normatiuli sinamdvilisamebr igi teqstSi sakuTriv ar xvdeba, Tumca, enis polifunqciurobis TaviseburebiT asaxvas povebs iseT frazeologiaSi, rogoricaa ufleba aqvs~, uflebamosilia~, SeuZlia~ da sxv. amisda sapirwoned, Tu muxlSi kanonmdeblis mier mieTiTeba _ ufleba ara aqvs~, unda aikrZalos~, valdebulia~, unda ganaxorcielos~ an saxeldobr, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, valdebulia ar gaaxmauros~ sityvebi _ aq neba, ucilod cxadyofilia diskreciuli uflebamosilebis~ zenegirebis saxiT. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, 44-e muxlis legaluri Canaweri irib miniSnebiTac ki, gamoricxavs Tanxmobis mopovebis~ prizmaSi, sajaro dawesebulebis am uflebiT SesaZlo sargeblobas. amsaxad, danawesis deskrifcia da normatiuli sentencia calsaxad ar iZleva misi Semecnebis obieqtur safuZvels. winaaRmdeg, masze dualisturi angaJireba, erTgvarad iuridiuli dadaizmis~ anareklamde dadis. Sesabamisad yovelive Tqmulisa, reziumirebisamebr lapidarulad SevniSnavT, rom: 1. szak-Si me-16 muxlis arsebobis miuxedavad, 371-e muxlSi informaciis mqone sajaro dawesebulebis mier Tanxmobis mopovebis~ negirebis; 2. mizanzmna mopovebis~, rogorc integraluri cnebis sazrisis; 3. kerZo da sajaro interesTa prioritetebis marTebuli gansazRvris; 4. adamianis uflebaTa sensitivizmiT, sasamarTlo organos raobis; 5. sajaro dawesebulebis mier TviT Tanxmobis gamoTxovis~ mizan/saWiroebis Seufaseblobis; 6. msgavsi gamoTxovis~ risk/safrTxeTa negativizmis warmoCenis; 7. Tanxmobis~ formirebaSi ndobis zeaRmatebuli xarisxis~ zegavlenis faqtoris; 8. 371-e da 44-e muxlTa SemadgenlobaSi, kanonmdeblis fuZevitaluri miznis dadgenis; 9. problemis, normaretrospeqtivis prizmaSi warmoCenis; 10. 44-e muxlis deskrifciis normasiuJeturi fragmentaciis; 11. saidumloebisa~ da xelmisawvdomobis~ cnebaTa arakongruenciis; 12. danawesis struqturuli sqemis agebis; 13. muxlis saTaurisa da TviT danawesis paritetuli korelaciis; 14. debulebaSi, maerTebeli kavSiris saxiT, sityvis an~ datvirTvis; 15. Semadgenlobis struqturaSi, Tanxmobis gamoTxovis~ meqanizmisa da momTxovni mxaris~ segmentTa ararsebobis Secnobis; 16. alternatiul pirobebSi, Tanxmobis daniSnulebisamebr warmomdgenis~ saxiT, momTxovni mxaris~ iribi miniSnebis; 17. momTxovn mxareSi~ interesis, iniciativis da miznis elementTa imanenturi mocemulobis; 18. valdebulia ar gaaxmauros~ frazis, rogorc normis fuZiseuli sazris/ imperativisa da 19. 44-e muxlSi diskreciuli uflebamosilebis~ gasivrcebis uarmyofel garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, Tanxmobis mopovebis~ subieqtad informaciis mqone sajaro dawesebulebis miCneva absurdia da igi udavod warmoadgens vizionuri fantosmagoriis sagans.

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SeniSvnebi: 1.

saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi, me-16, 371-e da 44-e

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, 38-e muxlis me-7 da

saqarTvelos konstitucia, me-2 Tavis debulebebi;

adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvencia, romi,

saqarTvelos kanoni Â&#x201E;personalur monacemebTa dacvis Sesaxeb~, 2011 wlis

ix.: a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, morfologia, 1953, aseve, l.

muxlebi; 39-e muxlis pirveli nawili;

1950 wlis 4 noemberi, me-8 muxli; 28 dekemberi; kvaWaZe, qarTuli ena, naw. I, leqsika, fonetika, grafika da morfologia marTlweris sakiTxebiTurT, 1981.

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DOGMATIC ESSENCE OF THE SUBJECTS OBTAINING THE PERSON S CONSENT WHILE CLAIMING THE PERSONAL DATA ACCORDING TO THE ARTICLES 371 AND THE ARTICLE 44 OF THE GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE CODE OF GEORGIA

GIORGI BARABADZE Doctor of Law Associated Professor

In this paper the author discusses the issue of the subject that establishes the person s consent in the Article 44 of the General Administrative Code of Georgia, and points out that it should be determined in accordance with the provision, the whole law and, in general, with the legislation. The author provides a complex review of the essence of the goal/verb to obtain and concludes that the actions of referring to the public institution and submitting a consent are the acts, which are absorbed organically in this concept, and it is a legal fiction to understand them separately. Considering the sensitivity of human rights, he points out the essence of court and clearly presents the negativism of claiming consent by a public institution, providing justification of risks/threats. He describes the process of formulating the consent under the influence of superlative degree of trust between the public institution and a person. Through hypothetical cases he thus makes it clear that it should necessarily be rejected. By analyzing the mentioned segments, he establishes a virtual goal of the legislator in the form of negating the claim of consent by the public agency. At the same time, there is a double justification provided for the established goal, even if considering the problem in the light of a normative retrospective. 111

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By fragmenting the normative description of the article, he makes cross-reference of the concepts confidentiality and accessibility and concludes that it is impossible to put anequalization mark between these two from the viewpoint of essential capacity and nature of action. He provides a gradation in the structural scheme of the established norm: in the form of a basic, alternative condition and an exclusive circumstance; studies their specifics, analyzes the title and parity correlation of the established norm, and rejects any kind of conflict between them. As a conjunctive linkage, he underlines the meaning and essence of the word or in the article. He also studies the absence of the mechanism of claiming consent and claiming party in the Article 44, which he explains by the stenobathic essence of the concept of confidentiality . The author, through the person presenting the consent purposefully in alternative circumstances, substantiates the indirect reference to the requesting party . Besides, he concludes that the interest initiative and signs of goal only coincide immanently in the requesting party , and referring to the directive phrase in the established norm is obliged not to disclose , he studies it from the normative viewpoint. By studying the alleged generalization in the article discretionary power , he clearly rejects the probable enjoyment of this right by the public institution. In the end, as a resume, the author underlines it is an absurd to consider that the public institution is a subject obtaining the consent in the Article 44 and such attempt should be evaluated as a phantasmagoric issue.

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suspenziuri efeqti, rogorc mxaris uflebis winaswari dacvis gansakuTrebuli meqanizmi administraciul samarTalSi nana CarxoSvili kavkasiis samarTlis skolis magistranti

administraciul samarTalSi arsebobs sarCelis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebi. maTgan erT-erTi _ suspenziuri efeqti, aqtis moqmedebis avtomatur SeCerebas gulisxmobs, xolo meore, droebiTi ganCineba _ miiReba sasamarTlos mier mxaris Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze, arsebuli mdgomareobis SenarCunebis an samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis winaswar droebiTi mowesrigebis mizniT.1 statiaSi ganxilulia mxolod saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 184-e da saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 29-e, muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli aqtis moqmedebis SeCereba. mmarTvelobiT sferoSi kanonierebis miRweva SesaZlebelia ori gziT: pirveli, rodesac saxelmwifo aparati axorcielebs TviTkontrols da sworad iyenebs samarTlis aRiarebul da dadgenil normebs, xolo meore, rodesac mmarTvelobiT sferoSi darRveuli kanonierebis aRdgena xorcieldeba sasamarTlos meSveobiT. mmarTvelobiT aparatSi kanonierebis dacvis saSualebas uwodeben administraciul-iurisdiqciul kontrols, xolo mmarTvelobis gareT, administraciuli marTlmsajulebis meSveobiT _

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administraciul iusticias. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sul ramdenime welia, rac administraciulma samarTalma fexi moikida saqarTveloSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes moqalaqeebs SesaZlebloba aqvT daicvan sakuTari uflebebi, rogorc administraciuli iurisdiqciis, ise administraciuli marTlmsajulebis gziT. Tanamedrove msoflioSi arsebuli nebismieri samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos fundamenturi mizani ki, individis keTildReobisa da interesebis dacvaa. ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze, adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi uzenaes faseulobebad gvevlineba. aqedan gamomdinare, samarTlebrivi sistemis mTavar funqcias swored piris uflebebis dacvis realuri garantiebis gansazRvra da darRveuli uflebis efeqtianad da swrafad aRdgenis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens.2 dReisaTvis, samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi mmarTveloba aigeba uflebebis dacvis, xelisuflebis danawilebis, mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis kanonierebisa da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mxridan uflebebis darRvevisagan sasamarTlos dacvis principebze.3 demokratia, rogorc saxelmwifo politikuri wyobilebis forma msoflios TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifoSi, saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis nebismieri gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, prioritetul mniSvnelobas aniWebs calkeuli individis survilsa da azrs. socialuri saxelmwifos arseboba ki, warmoudgenelia samarTlebrivi reJimis gareSe, romelsac moqmedi kanonebi qmnian. amitom, dRemde TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo cdilobs Seqmnas demokratiuli kanonebi, romelSic SeZlebisdagvarad asaxuli iqneba TiToeuli individis interesi. adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvenciis me-6 muxlisa da saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis Tanaxmad, yovel adamians ufleba aqvs Tavis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dasacavad mimarTos sasamarTlos. garda amisa, moqalaqes SeuZlia darRveuli uflebis dasacavad mimarTos administraciul organos, romlis sakanonmdeblo reglamentaciasac axdens zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi. saxelmwifos mier adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa deklarireba, rac ar unda srulyofilad iyos aRiarebuli, iqneba fuWi da arafrismomcemi, Tu ar ganisazRvreba maTi realizaciis konkretuli, efeqtiani meqanizmi. is faqti, rom adamianis uflebebi konstituciurad garantirebulia, sulac ar aris sakmarisi maTi praqtikuli realizaciisaTvis, radgan saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas iseTi kanonieri meqanizmi, romelic aiZulebs, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifos, mis mmarTvel aparats pativi sces adamianis uflebas da uzrunvelyos maTi dacva da meore mxriv, adamians, raTa Seasrulos is valdebulebebi, romelic mas am uflebasTan erTad akisria.4 sasamarTlo dacva efeqtiani SeiZleba iyos mxolod maSin, roca igi droulad xorcieldeba. am ZiriTadi uflebis mTavari moTxovnaa xelisuflebis iseTi gadawyvetilebebis maqsimaluri Semcireba, romlebic dauyovnebliv unda aRsruldnen. administraciuli samarTali iTvaliswinebs rogorc uflebis dacvis represiul aseve, uflebis dacvis prevenciul saSualebebs. aRniSnuli regulacia maqsimalurad Seesabameba adamianis uflebTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis moTxovnebs da amavdroulad, dadgenil konstituciur garantiebs. 114

vidre, uSualod kanonmdeblobiT daregulirebuli aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebis, anu igive suspenziuri efeqtis ganxilvaze gadavidodeT, aucilebelia SevexoT am institutis Camoyalibebis istoriul-samarTlebriv wanamZRvrebs. kerZod, ram ganapiroba misi administraciulsamarTlebriv normebSi asaxva, rogorc savaldebulo institutis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saqmeSi. aqtis moqmedebis SeCereba, romelic suspenziuri efeqtis saxeliTaa cnobili, saqarTveloSi sakmaod gvian Camoyalibda. 2000 wlidan 2005 wlamde aRniSnuli sakiTxi ar iyo mowesrigebuli da samarTlebrivi normebis detaluri saxiT Camoyalibeba administraciul saproceso kodeqsSi swored 2005 wlis 24 ivniss Setanili cvlilebebiT ganxorcielda. saqarTvelo ar miekuTvneba e.w. Â&#x201E;Zveli demokratiis~ qveynebs, Tumca, im droisaTvis, demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos hqonda erT-erTi demokratiuli konstitucia da kanonmdebloba. 1919 wlidan moqmedebda senati, anu igive uzenaesi sasamarTlo. senats hqonda ufleba ekontrolebina ara mxolod Tanamdebobis pirebi, mTavrobisa da TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi, aseve, yovelgvari davis gareSe, nebismieri donis administraciuli aqtis kanonierebis Semowmebisa da gauqmebis ufleba hqonda. yvelze mTavaria, rom me-20 saukunis qarTuli administraciuli samarTali scnobs iseT instituts, rogoricaa Â&#x201E;suspenziuri efeqti~, anu aRiarebs mmarTvelobiTi organoebis gadawyvetilebis Taobaze davis warmoSobis pirobebSi, misi kanonierebis Semowmebamde uzrunvelyos kerZo interesebis maqsimaluri dacva.5 istoriuli usamarTlobis gamo, 1921 wlidan Sewyda saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis arseboba, Sesabamisad, Sewyda erovnuli kanonmdeblobisa da sasamarTlo sistemis funqcionireba. 1921-1990 wlebSi administraciuli samarTlis dargma arseboba Sewyvita. saqarTvelo sagrZnoblad CamorCa Tanamedrove evropul tendenciebs da mxolod, 2000 wlidan gaxda SesaZlebeli administraciuli dargis gamococxleba. 1. suspenziuri efeqti administraciul warmoebaSi administraciuli kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs orsafexurovan proceduras _ administraciul organoSi administraciuli warmoebis saxiT da administraciuli marTlmsajulebis saxiT, romelic sasamarTlos kompetencias warmoadgens. administraciul warmoebaSi suspenziuri efeqti moqmedebas iwyebs saCivris registraciis momentidan. imisTvis, rom administraciuli saCivari, administraciulma organom miiRos, aucilebelia, rom dasaSvebi da dasabuTebuli iyos. Tavdapirvelad mowmdeba saCivris dasaSveboba, xolo Semdgom misi dasabuTeba. Tu aRmoCndeba, rom saCivari dauSvebelia, xdeba mis miRebaze uaris Tqma, misi arsebiTi ganxilvis gareSe. saCivari sasamarTlos unda waredginos werilobiTi formiT. saCivari unda Seicavdes kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul rekvizitebs: administraciuli organos dasaxeleba, romelSic unda 115

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Sevides saCivari; saCivris warmdgeni piris vinaoba da misamarTi; im organos dasaxeleba, romlis aqti an moqmedebac saCivrdeba; gasaCivrebuili aqtis dasaxeleba; moTxovna; garemoebebi, romelTac efuZneba moTxovna; saCivarze darTuli sabuTebis nusxa; Tu saCivari kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs ar pasuxobs, momCivans unda ganesazRvros vada xarvezis gamosasworeblad. amis Semdeg, administraciuli organos mier saCivris ganxilvisas, mowmdeba aqtis formaluri da materialuri kanoniereba. aqtis formaluri kanoniereba gulisxmobs uflebamosili organos mier administraciuli warmoebis Sesabamisi saxiT gamocemas. garda amisa, aucilebelia, aqtis forma iyos daculi. zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis Sesabamisad, administraciuli aqti SeiZleba gamoices werilobiTi an zepiri formiT. garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli rekvizitebisa, aseve aucilebelia, dasabuTebuli aqtis gamocema, sadac miTiTebuli iqneba misi gamocemis samarTlebrivi da faqtobrivi safuZvlebi. administraciul aqtSi savaldebuloa mieTiTos is administraciuli organo, sadac SeiZleba am aqtis gasaCivreba. saCivris ganmxilveli administraciuli organo aseve, amowmebs aqtis materialur kanonierebas, rac gulisxmobs aqtis samarTlebriv normebTan Sesabamisobas. administraciuli saCivris miRebis SemTxvevaSi, mas amowmebs administraciuli saCivris ganmxilveli organo, romelmac mTlianad an nawilobriv unda daakmayofilos administraciuli saCivari an mTlianad uari Tqvas mis dakmayofilebaze. administraciuli organos mier administraciuli saCivris ganxilvis Semdeg, miiReba individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqti. aqtis gamocemis Semdeg, suspenziuri efeqti wyvets moqmedebas, ris Semdegac pirisaTvis dgeba administraciuli warmoebis gziT miRebuli aqtiT dadgenili samarTlebrivi realoba. aqtis gamocemis Semdeg, suspenziuri efeqtis moqmedebis aucilebeloba aRar arsebobs. mas Semdeg, rac moxdeba mxarisaTvis gamocemuli aqtis gacnoba misTvis dgeba sxva samarTlebrivi Sedegi. suspenziuri efeqti moqmedebs yvela ukanono Tu kanonieri aqtis mimarT, vidre sasamarTlos saboloo gadawyvetilebiT ar dadgindeba am aqtis kanoniereba Tu ukanonoba. administraciul saCivarTan dakavSirebuli administraciuli warmoebis aRZvra administraciuli saCivris wardgenas ukavSirdeba. moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT administraciuli saCivris Setana daiSveba administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis, administraciuli organos realaqtis an umoqmedobis mimarT. calke gasaCivrebas ar eqvemdebareba administraciul warmoebasTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli administraciuli organos gadawyvetileba, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa. 2. suspenziuri efeqti administraciul marTlmsajulebaSi administraciuli saproceso kodeqsi gvTavazobs uflebis droebiTi dacvis dualistur sistemas, romelic dakavSirebulia administraciuli sarCelis saxeebTan. Tu sarCelis dasaSvebi saxea sarCeli aqtis baTilad cnobis an Zaladakargulad gamocxadebis moTxovniT, uflebis droebiTi dacva xorcieldeba saqarTvelos administraciuli 116

saproceso kodeqsis 29-e muxlis Sesabamisad, xolo yvela sxva saxis sarCelisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia administraciul saproceso kodeqsis 31-e muxlSi mocemuli meqanizmi. administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 31-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli droebiTi ganCineba, rogorc uflebis droebiTi dacvis saSualeba, gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SeuZlebeli xdeba uflebis droebiTi dacva kodeqsis 29-e muxlis safuZvelze, anu, rodesac jer kidev, SeuZlebelia amkrZalavi (SemzRudveli) administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis baTilad an Zaladakargulad gamocxadebis moTxovniT sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setana. mxaris Suamdgomloba aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba wardgenili iqnas sasamarTloSi sarCelis aRZvramdec. aRniSnuli, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mxaris uflebebis winaswari dacvis kuTxiT, vinaidan, rogorc viciT sarCelis momzadeba da Setana garkveul drosa da procedurebTanaa dakavSirebuli, amitom kanonmdebeli mxares aZlevs uflebas sarCelis aRZvramde daayenos Suamdgomloba, raTa aqtis moqmedebiT mis samarTlebriv interess ar miadges gamousworebeli ziani. saqarTvelos zogad administraciul kodeqsSi Setanili cvlilebebis Tanaxmad (28.12.2007Â w.), sasamarTlo ar miiRebs sarCels administraciuli organos mimarT, Tu mosarCelem zogadi administraciuli kodeqsiT dadagenili wesiT ar gamoiyena administraciuli saCivris erTjeradad wardgenis SesaZlebloba. saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis me-2 muxlis me-5 nawiliT gansazRvruli es debuleba administraciul saCivars aZlevs administraciuli sarCelis dasaSvebobis aucilebeli winapirobis statuss.6 2005 wlis 15 ivlisidan amoqmedda saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 301-e muxli (ganCineba normatiuli administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb), romlis Tanaxmadac, Tu kanoniT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili, sasamarTlos SeuZlia sarCelis aRZvrisas, mxaris SuamdgomlobiT SeaCeros normatiuli administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedeba, Tu arsebobs dasabuTebuli eWvi am aqtis kanonierebis Taobaze an Tu misi gadaudebeli aRsrulebiT pirs miadgeba arsebiTi ziani an SeuZlebeli gaxdeba piris kanonieri uflebisa da interesis dacva, anu 2005 wlis 15 ivlisidan normatiuli administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebasTan dakavSirebiT, gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad.7 zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 184-e muxlis meore nawilSi da administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 29-e muxlis meore nawilSi CamoTvlilia SemTxvevebi, rodesac administraciuli aqtis moqmedeba ar Cerdeba. ZiriTadad, TiToeuli maTgani ganpirobebulia maRali sajaro interesiT. am dros saxezea konfliqti aRsrulebis interessa (administraciuli organos interesi an kerZo interesi) da aRsrulebis gadadebis interess (kerZo interesi) Soris. aRniSnuls literaturaSi moixsenieben, rogorc legalur, kanonier interess.8 SecilebiTi sarCeli aris sarCelis is saxe, romelic reglamentirebulia saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 22-e muxliT. SecilebiTi sarCeli dasaS117

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vebia Tu administraciuli sarCeli uSualo da pirdapir zians ayenebs mxares. rac gulisxmobs mxaris kanonieri interesis arsebobas gadasawyveti sakiTxis mimarT. garda amisa, aqtis dasaSvebobis aucilebeli pirobaa, gasaCivrebisaTvis dadgenili vadis dacva. Tu kanoniT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli administraciuli sarCeli sasamarTlos unda waredginos individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis an administraciul saCivarTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis gacnobidan, aseve, administraciul saCivarTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotanisaTvis dadgenili vadis gasvlidan 1 Tvis vadaSi, xolo normatiuli aqtis SemTxvevaSi _ uSualo zianis miyenebidan 3 Tvis vadaSi. SecilebiTi sarCeli yovelTvis gulisxmobs gamocemuli aqtis arsebobis aucileblobas. administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqti warmoadgens ara mxolod Tavdapirvel gadawyvetilebas, aramed administraciuli saCivris Sesaxeb miRebul gadawyvetilebasac. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu administraciuli sarCeli aRZrulia administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis baTilad cnobis an Zaladakargulad gamocxadebis moTxovniT, romlis Sesaxebac ukve arsebobs zemdgomi administraciuli organos gadawyvetilebac administraciuli saCivris Sesaxeb, maSin SecilebiTi sarCelis sagans warmoadgens Tavdapirveli administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtic da administraciuli saCivris safuZvelze miRebuli gadawyvetilebac. imisaTvis, rom mxaris uflebebis winaswari samarTlebrivi dacva moxdes, aucilebelia, realurad arsebobdes moqmedi administraciulsamarTlbrivi aqti, romelic arRvevs mis uflebebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, suspenziuri efeqti ver SeZlebs mxaris uflebebis dacvas, vinaidan misi moqmedeba dafuZnebulia ara abstraqtul, aramed realur samarTlebriv garemoebaze, romlis mizania winaswar, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis miRebamde daicvas mxaris interesebi, raTa aqtis moqmedebiT gamousworebeli ziani ar miadges mas. uflebis dacvis prevenciuli saSualebis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, saCivris suspenziuri efeqti ar aris dakavSirebuli sarCelis dasaSvebobis sakiTxTan. amas adasturebs szak-is 184-e muxlis Canaweri Â&#x201E;administraciuli saCivris registraciis momentidan~, aseve, ask-is 29-e muxlis daTqma _ Â&#x201E;sarCelis miReba~, rac ar gulisxmobs sarCelis dasaSvebobis aucileblobas.9 administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 29-e muxlis 1-li nawili imperatiulad gansazRvravs, rom sasamarTlos mier sarCelis warmoebaSi miReba avtomaturad aCerebs gasaCivrebuli individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebas. am samarTlebrivi normis imperatiuli xasiaTis miuxedavad, praqtikaSi arc Tu ise iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac sasamarTloebi mis sxvagvar ganmartebebs gvaZleven. yuradsaRebia, rom suspenziuri efeqti gasaCivrebuli aqtis moqmedebis kanonismier SeCerebaSi vlindeba. ufro gasagebad, sarCelis warmoebaSi miReba avtomaturad iwvevs gasaCivre118

buli individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis SeCerebas ise, rom amis Taobaze arc mxare Suamdgomlobs da arc sasamarTlo msjelobs.10 mniSvnelovania ganvixiloT germaniisa da holandiis administraciuli kanonmdebloba, romlebsac aseve, orsafexuriani winaswari prevenciuli dacvis sistema aqvT. holandiaSi moqmedebs zogadi administraciuli aqti, romelic aregulirebs samarTlebrivi dacvis sakiTxebs. aRniSnuli kanoni iTvaliswinebs preiudiciis, anu sasamarTloSi gasaCivrebamde, aqtis zemdgom administraciul organoSi gasaCivrebis aucileblobas, sadac administraciul organoebs kvazi-sasamarTlos funqcia akisriaT. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobisagan gansxvavebiT, holandiis kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris aqtis moqmedebis avtomaturi SeCereba. administraciuli aqtebis gasaCivrebisas, mosarCeles ufleba aqvs moTxovos sasamarTlos administraciuli aqtebis aRsrulebis droebiT gadavadeba. mxolod amis Semdeg, sasamarTlos SeuZlia amgvari moTxovnis dakmayofileba, Tu kerZo piris daintereseba prevalirebs sazogadoebriv interesebze da dainteresebuli mesame piris interesebze.11 holandiis zogadi administraciuli aqti aseve, iTvaliswinebs Sida kontrols administraciuli organoebis sistemaSi. aqve kanoni adgens SezRudvas, ris mixedviTac, zemdgom organoSi aqtis gasaCivrebis Sedegad miRebulma gadawyvetilebam ar unda gaauaresos momCivanis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba. germania, erT-erTi saintereso qveyanaa administraciuli samarTlis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. germanuli kanonmdeblobiT, Tu saxelmwifo organos moqmedebiT moqalaqis uflebebi dairRva, moqalaqes ufleba aqvs mimarTos sasamarTlos. sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis ufleba absoluturia. gansxvavebiT qarTuli administraciuli samarTlisagan, germaniis administraciul samarTalSi, administraciuli saCivrisa da administraciuli sarCelis suspenziuri efeqti erTi kanoniT wesrigdeba. kerZod: Â&#x201E;administraciuli sasamarTlo wesrigis Sesaxeb~ germaniis federaciuli respublikis kanoni, romelic Seicavs Semdeg danawess: saCivars da SecilebiT sarCels aqvT suspenziuri efeqti. aseve, aq pirdapir aris miTiTebuli, rom aRniSnuli moqmedebs ormagi zemoqmedebis mqone aqtebis drosac. suspenziuri efeqtis zust mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT gamoyofen or gansxvavebul Teorias: namdvilobis da aRsrulebis Teorias. namdvilobis Teoriis mixedviT, administraciuli aqti Cerdeba sarCelze an saCivarze saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebamde, manamde ki, igi namdvilad ar iTvleba. sapirispiros adgens aRsrulebis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac suspenziuri efeqti aCerebs mxolod aqtis aRsrulebas _ moqmedebas da ara mis namdvilobas, SeCerebamde ki, aqti namdvilad iTvleba. ZiriTadad, aRsrulebis Teorias uWeren mxars, romlis mixedviTac suspenziur efeqts ar SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos aqtis namdvilobaze. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, qarTul da germanul administraciul samarTals bevri saerTo aqvT. qarTuli administraciuli samarTlis msgavsad, germaniis administraciul samarTalsac aqvs suspenziuri efeqti, anu aqtis gasaCivre119

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bas calsaxa Sedegi moaqvs _ gasaCivrebuli administraciuli aqtis moqmedeba SeCerdeba da administraciul organos aRar aqvs samarTlebrivi safuZveli miiRos samarTlebrivi an faqtobrivi zomebi am administraciuli aqtis safuZvelze. suspenziuri efeqti sakamaod axali institutia qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi, da Sesabamisad, xSirad gvxvdeba sasamarTlo praqtikaSi masTan dakavSirebuli xarvezebi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani problemaa samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsisa da administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis normaTa dublireba, rodesac mosamarTleTa mxridan aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebis dros xdeba samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis sarCelis uzrunvelyofis normebis gamoyeneba, maSin rodesac am sakiTxs srulad aregulirebs administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 29-e muxli. aRniSnul sakiTxze sainteresoa, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba (bs-1147-1115), sadac mxarem gaasaCivra administraciuli organos gadawyvetileba da saapelacio sasamarTloSi moiTxova sarCelis uzrunvelyofis zomis gamoyeneba, kerZod, sadavo qonebis Semdgomi registraciis akrZalva da sask-is 16-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Sesabamisad, mesakuTris savaldebulo mesame pirad CarTva. sakasacio sasamarTlom aRniSnul saqmeze miiRo Semdegi gadawyvetileba: sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsi Tavad aregulirebs sarCelis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxs da iTvaliswinebs sarCelis iseT or RonisZiebas, rogoricaa gasaCivrebuli aqtis moqmedebis SeCereba (sask-is 29-e muxli) da droebiTi ganCineba (sask is 31-muxli). sasamarTlom daadgina, rom aRniSnuli sasarCelo moTxovna 31-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli droebiTi ganCinebiT dasaregulirebel sakiTxs ganekuTvneba, vinaidan es muxli emsaxureba saqmis saboloo gadawyvetamde arsebuli mdgomareobis SenarCunebas, rac mocemul momentSi saxezea. sasamarTlom zemoaRniSnuli gadawyvetilebiT, miuTiTa, rom miuxedavad, imisa, rom SesaZlebelia administraciul samarTalwarmoebaSi gamoyenebuli iqnas samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis normebi, am SemTxvevaSi, es dauSvebelia, radgan administraciuli saproceso kodeqsi Tavad aregulirebs sarCelis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxs da Sesabamisad, sxva normebis gamoyenebis aucileblobac aRar arsebobs. sasamarTlom aseve, ganmarta, rom dauSvebelia 31-e muxlis gamoyeneba, Tu mxares SeuZlia aRZras 29-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli SecilebiTi sarCeli. vfiqrobT, amgvari dublireba gamowveulia, imiT, rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 29-e muxli ar iyo srulyofili da amitom erTaderTi gamosavali swored samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis gamoyeneba iyo. Tumca dRes, miuxedavad imisa, rom am mxriv, sasamarTlo praqtikaSi mainc arsebobs problemebi, ZiriTadi suraTi Secvlilia da ukve xdeba 29-e muxliT mxaris uflebebis winaswar dacvaze gadawyvetilebis miReba. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom saqmeze #3/725-13, sadac mxarem moiTxova piris daniSvnasTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli administraciuli aqtis baTiloba, aseve, daayena 120

Suamdgomloba am aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebis Taobaze. sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 29-e muxlis pirveli nawili iTvaliswinebs aqtis moqmedebis avtomatur SeCerebas misi gasaCivrebisas, Tumca, iqve CamoTvala 29-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli aqtebi, sadac erT-erTs swored aRniSnuli aqti warmoadgenda, romelic pirs aRWuravda uflebiT da misi gauqmebiT SeiZleba ziani misdgmoda. sasamarTlom aseve miuTiTa, rom amave muxlis me-3 nawili aZlevs mxares me-2 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebis uflebas, magram es Suamdgomloba unda iyos Sesabamisad dasabuTebuli, rasac aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, adgili ara aqvs da amitom mxaris moTxovna aqtis SeCerebaze ar iqna dakmayofilebuli. xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi, saqalaqo sasamarTlom imave tipis davaze (saqme #3/684-13) daakmayofila mxaris Suamdgomloba, sadac mosarCele iTxovda misi Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis baTilobas da Tanamdebobaze aRdgenas. aseve, sarCelis uzrunvelsayofad iTxovda gasaCivrebuli aqtis SeCerebas da saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebamde konkursis gadadebas. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom mosarCelis Suamdgomloba unda dakmayofilebuliyo, vinaidan aqtis moqmedebiT SesaZloa mxares gamousworebeli ziani misdgomoda. dakmayofilda 29-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT dayenebuli moTxovna, romlis mixedviTac, sasamarTlos SeuZlia SeaCeros individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis an misi nawilis moqmedeba am muxlis me-2 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebobs dasabuTebuli eWvi individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis kanonierebis Taobaze, an Tu misi gadaudebeli aRsruleba arsebiT zians ayenebs mxares, an SeuZlebels gaxdis misi kanonieri uflebis an interesis dacvas. erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemas sasamarTlo praqtikaSi sarCelTa saxeebis gamijvna warmoadgens. xSirad, arasworad Setanili sarCelis gamo mxaris intersebi ilaxeba, vinaidan gaurkveveli rCeba misi moTxovnis arsi. aseT dros mniSvnelovania sasamarTlos ufleba sarCelis transformaciaze. sarCelis swori formis SerCeva pirdapir kavSirSia suspenziur efeqtTan. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, suspenziuri efeqti~. rogorc instituti SemoRebuli iqna 2005 wels ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT, ramac xeli Seuwyo administraciuli warmoebisa da samarTalwarmoebis xarisxis gazrdas da zogadad, administraciuli organoebisa da sasamarTlo sistemis demokratizacias. suspenziuri efeqtis~ arsebobam moqalaqeebs misca biZgi, maTi uflebebis dacvaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom suspenziuri efeqti~ administraciul kanonmdeblobaSi SemoRebuli iqna, rogorc mxaris uflebebis dacvis meqanizmi, mas aqvs xarvezebic. kerZod, saubaria administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 29-e muxlis me-4 nawilsa da zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 184-e muxlis me-5 nawilze, sadac sasamarTlo da administraciuli organo uflebamosilia mxaris Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze gaauqmos aqtis moqmedebis SeCereba. mniSvnelovania, rom kanonmdebloba mxares SesaZleblobas aZlevs sasamarTlos mimarTos dasabuTebuli SuamdgomlobiT da moiTxovos 29-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT, 121

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anu suspenziuri efeqtiT SeCerebuli individualuri administraciulsamarTlebivi aqtis SeCerebis gauqmeba, Tu arsebobs individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis an misi nawilis gadaudebeli aRsrulebis aucilebloba, rac dakavSirebulia mniSvnelovan zianTan an zRudavs mxaris kanonier uflebebs an interesebs. anu, sasamarTlo Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT auqmebs 29-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebas. es ki, TavisTavad azrs ukargavs Â&#x201E;suspenziuri efeqtis~, rogorc mxaris uflebis winaswari dacvis garantis arsebobas, vinaidan mxares eqmneba saSiSroeba, rom sasamarTlos SeuZlia misi uflebis winaswari dacva safrTxeSi Caagdos. rac Seexeba zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 184-e muxlis me-5 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevas, aqac igive administraciuli organos mxridan Â&#x201E;suspenziuri efeqtis~, dasustebasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac mxares SeuZlia mosTxovos zemdgom administraciul organos SeCerebuli administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis moqmedebis gagrZeleba. suspenziuri efeqti, rogorc mxaris uflebis winaswari samarTlebrivi dacvis berketi, romelic gulisxmobs administraciuli aqtis moqmedebis kanonismier (avtomatur) SeCerebas, Tavisufali unda iyos nebismieri organos zemoqmedebisagan da aZlevdes mxares, sasamarTlos mier saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebamde, misi uflebis dacvis srul garantias.

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salxinaSvili m., meiSvili z., administraciul saqmeebze gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis Taviseburebani, saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociacia, Tbilisi, 2005, gv.140.

Rolf Shmidt, verwaltungsprozessrecht, 7 auflage, Bremen 2003, verlag Rolf Shmidt, GMBH, p. 330.

kopaleiSvili m., sxirtlaZe n., qardava e., turava p., administraciuli saproceso samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, (GTZ), `siesta~, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 389.

Cqareuli c., suspenziuri efeqti administraciul saproceso samarTalSi, Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, 2011, gv. 65-66.

adeiSvili z., samxarauli l., sazRvargareTis qveynebis administraciuli samarTlis momixilva, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 154.

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SUSPENSION EFFECT AS A SPECIAL MECHANISM OF PRELIMINARY PROTECTION OF THE PARTY S RIGHT IN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW NANA CHARKHOSHVILI Master s Student at the Caucasus School of Law

Georgia as the state has undergone various development stages. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the independent country found itself facing many challenges, for example, the necessity to be established as a law-based state. However, it is impossible to achieve this goal without a fair and sound legislation. Administrative law acquired special significance on the way of state development, which was supposed to provide frameworks for regulating the relationship between the citizen and the state. Work of many years resulted in creation of the General Administrative Code and the Administrative Procedure Code, where the contemporary European and especially the German legal experiences were reflected. The administrative legislation includes key principles that enable every citizen to be protected from the state. Among them, one of the main achievements is the suspension effect , which means suspension of an effect of the act while being appealed. In accordance with the Article 42 of the Constitution of Georgia, every citizen has the right to apply to a court for the protection of his/her rights, which means a guaranteed protection of infringed rights. Such request of the constitution would become meaningless without suspension effect , as far as the party s right would incur irrecoverable damage until final judgment of the court. Suspension effect , as a preliminary mechanism for protecting the party s right, technically eliminates such possibility and maintains status quo for the favor of the party, until the final judgment is passed. 124

ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebisa da danaSaulis momzadebis urTiermimarTebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSi arsebuli midgomebis analizi Tamar gegelia kavkasiis universitetis samarTlis skolis doqtoranti

Sesavali statiaSi visaubrebT ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebisa da danaSaulis momzadebis samarTlebriv bunebaze, Tu riT gansxvavdebian isini erTmaneTisgan, aseve, maTi urTierTgamijvnis mniSvnelobaze. statiis mizania gaarkvios danaSaulis momzadebis mniSvneloba, gaaanalizos danaSulis momzadebis ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebisagan gamijvnis problema. danaSaulis momzadebasTan mimarTebiT, aseve, ganxiluli iqneba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT (SemdgomSi _ ssk) gaTvaliswinebuli uSedego waqezeba da danaSaulis dafarvis winaswari Sepireba, ganvixilavT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba maTi dasja danaSaulis momzadebis samarTlebriv bunebas. am mimarTebiT, aseve, visaubrebT ssk-is kerZo nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul ramdenime deliqtze, amasTan, Tu ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli dasja maTi momzadebis stadiaze, ris SesaZleblobasac kanoni iTvaliswinebs. dasaxelebuli

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samarTlebrivi problemebis Cveneba da gadawyveta miznad isaxavs sisxlis samarTlis gaTavisuflebas misTvis ucxo da ararelevanturi dasjadi qmedebebisagan. naSromi efuZneba zogadmecnierul da kerZomecnierul samarTalSemecnebiT meTodebs. problemis kvlevisas gamoyenebulia sistemuri, SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi da sasamarTlo praqtikis ganzogadebis meTodebi. kvleva eyrdnoba sisxlis samarTlis normebs, praqtikul masalebs da mecnier-iuristTa naSromebs. 1. ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebisa da danaSaulis momzadebis mimarTeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT tradiciulad, iuridiul literaturaSi gamoyofen daumTavrebeli danaSaulis sam stadias: ganzraxvis gamomJRavneba, danaSaulis momzadeba da danaSaulis mcdeloba.1 ramdenadac, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTali qmedebis samarTalia da is sjis konkretuli qmedebisaTvis da ara azrebisaTvis an survilebisaTvis, am sami stadiidan sisxlisamarTlebrivad dasjadia mxolod ukanaskneli ori _ qmedebis momzadeba da mcdeloba. iuridiul literaturaSi ganzraxvis gamomJRavneba gagebulia, rogorc `danaSaulebrivi ganzraxvis gamovlineba raime formiT, magaliTad, sityvierad, werilobiT an raime JestiT, saidanac SegviZlia davaskvnaT danaSaulebrivi ganzraxvis arsebobis Sesaxeb, magram aseTi qmedebebi ar warmoadgens konkretuli danaSaulisTvis realurad xelisSemwyob faqtobriv garemoebebs.~2 profesor a. traininis azriT, ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebis qveS SeiZleba moviazroT mxolod da mxolod _ sityva, xolo, rodesac am ukanasknels qmedebac mohyveba, aseT SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvaqvs sisxlis samarTlisaTvis relevantur qmedebasTan _ momzadebasTan.3 swored am mosazrebebis gamo, arc erTi Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTali ar iTvaliswinebs ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebis generalur dasjadobas, rogorc danaSaulis Cadenis dasjad stadias, radgan kriminalizaciis obieqti SeiZleba iyos mxolod qmedeba da ara azrebi da Sexedulebebi. qarTveli mecnier-iuristebi erTxmad uaryofen ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebis dasjadobas, rasac samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos demokratiuli principebiT asabuTeben.4 magram sainteresoa, erTsa da imaves gulisxmoben Tu ara isini ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebis qveS. amis garkvevaSi dagvexmareba maT mier ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebisa da momzadebis sailustraciod motanili magaliTebis analizi. q. mWedliSvili-hedrixis magaliTebi da misi dasabuTeba:5 1. `pirma msxverplis mosaklavad uSedegod scada Tofis yidva _ ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebaa, radgan es jer kidev, ar qmnis danaSaulis Casadenad pirobebs da samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis abstraqtul safrTxes~; 2. `pirma msxverplis mosaklavad iyida Tofi _ danaSaulis momzadebaa, radgan pirma amiT Seqmna piroba danaSaulis Casadenad da abstraqtuli safrTxe adamianis sicoxlis mosaspobad~; 3. `pirma msxverplis mosaklavad samzareulos dana galesa. danis galesva socialurad adekvaturi qmedebaa. momzadeba am SemTxvevaSi dasjad stadias 126

maSin miaRwevs, rodesac sxva obieqturi pirobac (Tundac, mokvlis muqara) danaSaulis momzadebaze migvaniSnebs~; 4. `Zliermoqmedi sxvadasxva mJavis yidva adamianis dasamaxinjeblad~.6 T. wereTelis magaliTebi:7 `danaSaulis momzadebad unda CaiTvalos iaraRisa da saSualebis gamonaxva da maTi momarjveba~. avtori iqve ganmartavs: `gamonaxvad iTvleba iaraRis an saSualebis sakuTari xeliT damzadeba, yidva, gacvla an raime sxva saSualebiT SeZena~. aseve, danaSaulis momzadebis magaliTebia: `TanamonawileebTan SeTanxmeba, uSedego waqezeba da daxmareba, danaSaulis adgilisaken wasvla, msxverplis gatyueba danaSaulis adgilisaken, kibis mitana qurdobis adgilas, TofSi tyviis Cadeba da sxva~.8 irakli dvaliZis magaliTi: `xanjlis damzadeba adamianis mokvlis ganzraxviT danaSaulis momzadebaa~.9 oTar gamyreliZis magaliTi: `sawamlavis damzadeba, cecxlsasroli iaraRis SeZena an damzadeba mkvlelobis momzadebaa, xolo im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac iaraRis SeZena xdeba jer kidev, daukonkretebeli danaSaulis Casadenad, es ver CaiTvleba danaSaulis momzadebad~.10 z. mJavanaZis azriT, `momzadeba xasiaTdeba ara marto danaSaulis Cadenis ganzraxviT, aramed konkretuli saqmiani moqmedebiT, romliTac unda ganxorcieldes praqtikulad danaSaulebrivi qmedeba...~11 _ avtoris TqmiT: `...danaSaulis momzadebas mravali forma aqvs, igi SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT: danaSaulis Casadenad TanamonawileTa gamoZebna; molaparakeba-SeTanxmeba danaSaulis ganviTarebis irgvliv; danaSaulis iaraRebisa da saSualebebis gamoZebna~. al. kvaSilavas magaliTebi: `iaraRis SeZena, danaSaulis Cadenis dagegmva, TanamonawileTa Soris rolebis gadanawileba~.12 b. furcxvaniZis magaliTi: `iaraRis SekeTeba, Sxamiani sasamelis damzadeba, iaraRis wesrigSi moyvana...~13 avtoris azriT, ganzraxvis gamomJRavneba niSnavs `momavalSi romelime konkretuli danaSaulis Cadenis Sesaxeb piris ganzraxvis garegnulad gamovlenas sityvierad, werilobiT da a.S...~14 k. kvirkvelias magaliTi: `morgebuli gasaRebis Sovna binis gasaqurdavad, Zliermoqmedi Sxamis momarageba~.15 ara mxolod qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi, aramed sazRvargareTis qveynebis iuridiul saxelmZRvaneloebSic xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac danaSaulis momzadebas ganmartaven ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebis mniSvnelobiT, gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi, sadac momzadeba dasjad stadias ar warmoadgens. magaliTisTvis movitanT mxolod ramdenimes: i. veselsi qmedebis momzadebas ase ganmartavs: `mosamzadebeli qmedeba is qmedebaa, romlis funqciasac (Semdegi droisTvis dagegmili) ZiriTadi qmedebebis Sesrulebis Seqmna an misi gaadvileba warmoadgens, rogoricaa magaliTad, iaraRis Sovna, qmedebis saSualebis damzadeba, qmedebisaTvis gamiznuli adgilis Seswavla an monaxuleba da iq qmedebis iaraRebis motana~.16 127

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r. singerisa da j. fondas magaliTi: iuridiuli fakultetis studentis mier universitetis kompiuterul sistemaSi SeRwevas da iq arsebuli monacemebis waSlis mizniT hakerobis teqnikis Semswavleli programis gadmoweras danaSaulis momzadebad afaseben.17 studentis qmedeba sinamdvileSi ar gascdenia ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebis etaps. iuridiuli fakultetis students specialuri codna da gamocdileba ara aqvs hakerobisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSi ararealur momzadebasTan gvaqvs saqme, romelic mxolod formalur SesaZleblobas qmnis danaSaulis Semadgenlobis Casadenad da is Tavisi arsiT ganzraxvis ubralo gamomJRavnebaa, radgan qmedeba Zalian Sorsaa danaSaulis Semadgenlobis damTavrebisagan. s. m. v. klarksons da h. m. kitings, sasamarTlo praqtikaze dayrdnobiT, piris qmedeba, romelic sajaro adgilebSi tovebda Setyobinebas, riTac axalgazrda biWebs sTavazobda Tanxas masTan dakontaqtebisa da urTierTobis SemTxvevaSi, danaSaulis momzadebad aqvT Sefasebuli.18 mocemul SemTxvevaSic, saqme gvaqvs ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebasTan imdenad, ramdenadac piris qmedeba (sajaro adgilebSi Setyobinebis datoveba) Zalian aris daSorebuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis damTavrebisagan, ris gamoc, mxolod formaluri SesaZleblobis kategoriaSi SeiZleba moviazroT. Tumca, amerikeli da ingliseli mecnierebis mxridan aseTi Sefaseba gasagebia, radgan anglo-amerikuli sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT, momzadeba ar warmoadgens dasjad stadias da Sesabamisad, ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebasTan misi urTierTmimarTebis problemis garkvevis saWiroeba arc warmoiSoba. maTTvis is, rac kriminalizebuli ar aris _ ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebaa. problema mxolod danaSaulis momzadebisa da mcdelobis urTierTgamijvnasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela zemoT aRniSnuli avtori qmedebis momzadebad kvalifikaciisaTvis gadamwyvetad miiCnevs piris mier nebis garegan gamovlenas, maTTvis swored aq gadis zRvari danaSaulis momzadebasa da ganzraxvis ubralo gamomJRavnebas Soris. sinamdvileSi ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebac gamoixateba obieqtur samyaroSi, radgan is, gansxvavebiT misi adreuli stadiisagan _ ganzraxvis aRmoceneba _ mesame pirebisTvis misawvdomi formiT arsebobs, magram mis dausjelobas ganapirobebs is, rom igi imdenad aris daSorebuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis damTavrebisagan, rom mxolod formalur SesaZleblobas qmnis mis Casadenad, sisxlis samarTlisaTvis ki, aseTi `qmedeba~ ar aris relevanturi. filosofiaSi cnobilia SesaZleblobis ori saxe: formaluri da realuri.19 T. wereTlis TqmiT, `sisxlis samarTals swored es ukanaskneli ainteresebs, radgan mas aqvs sinamdviled gadaqcevis tendencia, unari _ warmoSvas gansazRvruli Sedegi.~20 SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos albaT isic, rom ssk-is me-20 muxliT gamoiricxeba absoluturad uvargisi momzadebisa da mcdelobisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, riTac kanonmdebelma uaryo sisxlis samarTlis ukiduresi subieqtivizmi. q. mWedliSvili mas `ararealur mcdelobas~ uwodebs, radgan is, misi sityvebiT, `realuri 128

samyaros kanonzomierebebis farglebs scildeba~.21 imave avtoris azriT, àrarealuri mcdeloba mxolod pirobiTi cnebaa da masze mcdelobis wesebi ar vrceldeba. ararealuri mcdeloba ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebaa da ara mcdeloba~.22 igive termini SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ssk-is me-20 muxlSi gamoyenebuli momzadebis mimarTac _ ararealuri momzadeba, radgan mocemul SinaarsSi is ararealuria, ver qmnis konkretuli qmedebis Cadenis realur SesaZleblobas. magram sakiTxavia, rodesac ìaraRis damzadebas an sxva saxiT mis SeZenas~, an `danaSaulis adgilisken mimaval gzas~, an ùSedego waqezebasa da daxmarebas~, an kidev, ìaraRSi tyviis Cadebas~ danaSaulis momzadebad afaseben zemoT aRniSnuli avtorebi iseT mniSvnelovan kategoriaze msjelobisagan mowyvetiT, rogoricaa safrTxis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba samarTliT daculi sikeTisaTvis. es ufro ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebis dasjadobis aRiareba ar aris, romelsac danaSaulis momzadebas uwodeben? magaliTad, a-m SeiZina cecxlsasroli iaraRi b-s mokvlis ganzraxviT. aRniSnuli `qmedeba~, zemoT motanili magaliTebis mixedviT, mkvlelobis momzadebaa. radgan, jer erTi, a-m Tavisi ganzraxva, rom moklas b., gamoavlina obieqtur samyaroSi konkretuli qmedebiT _ SeiZina cecxlsasroli iaraRi, da meore, a-s qmedeba (iaraRis SeZena) ar aris socialurad adekvaturi. qmedebis momzadebad kvalifikaciisaTvis zemoT motanili kriteriumebi ar aris sakmarisi. qmedebis momzadebad SefasebisaTvis mniSvnelovania samarTliT daculi sikeTisaTvis Seqmnili safrTxis xarisxi (romelic SesaZleblobis kategorias ekuTvnis23), Tu ramdenad axlos aris Cadenili qmedeba danaSaulis Semadgenlobis aRsrulebis dawyebasTan. a-m cecxlsasroli iaraRi SeiZina b-s mosaklavad, romelic a-gan 300 km-is daSorebiT imyofeba, am SemTxvevaSi, a-s qmedeba SeiZleba miviCnioT sisxlis samarTlisaTvis relevantur qmedebad? kanonmdebels sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlad samarTlebrivi sikeTis dazianebis mxolod survili rom ekmara, swored am ukanasknels gansazRvravda pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlad (ix.: ssk-is me-7 muxli) da arc absoluturad uvargisi momzadebisa da mcdelobis dasjadobaze ityoda uars. am sakiTxebSi ukeT garkvevisaTvis mniSvnelovania sakuTriv danaSaulis momzadebis gansazRvreba da sisxlis samarTalSi mis mniSvnelobaze saubari. mosamzadebeli moqmedeba daumTavrebeli danaSaulis adreuli stadiaa, romelic daSorebulia danaSaulis Semadgenlobis damTavrebis stadiisagan, magram mosamzadebeli qmedeba ise Zalian ar unda iyos daSorebuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis damTavrebisagan, rom àbstraqtul safrTxesac~24 ar qmnides kanoniT daculi samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis. aseT SemTxvevas iuridiul literaturaSi `momzadebis momzadebasac~25 uwodeben. garda amisa, piris qmedebis danaSaulis momzadebad Sefaseba maSin aris mizanSewonili, rodesac es mosamzadebeli qmedebebi Zalian axlos arian mcdelobasTan.26 magaliTad, pirma cecxlsasroli iaraRi SeiZina mokvlis ganzraxviT, es yovelTvis sakmarisi safuZveli ar unda iyos imisTvis, rom am etapze ukve momzadebad Sefasdes misi qmedeba, gansxvavebiT im piris qmedebisagan, romelic cecxlsasroli iaraRiT 129

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momarjvebuli Casafrebulia da elodeba msxverpls, romelic wuTi-wuTze gamova Senobidan, rom esrolos mokvlis ganzraxviT. bolo magaliTSi piris qmedeba Zalian axlos aris danaSaulis mcdelobasTan e.i. konkretuli danaSaulis obieqturi Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebis dawyebasTan27 da swored amitom aris sisxlis samarTlisaTvis relevanturi qmedeba, gansxvavebiT pirvel magaliTSi motanili piris qmedebisagan. swored amis gamo, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom danaSaulis momzadebad moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kanoni ar miiCnevs sakmarisad mxolod erTi pirobis arsebobas, gamomdinare ssk-is me-18 muxlis 1-li nawilis Sinaarsisagan, pirma ara erTi, aramed ori, sami an ufro meti piroba unda Seqmnas danaSaulis Semadgenlobis Casadenad. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi danaSaulis momzadebas ase gansazRvravs: `danaSaulis momzadebad iTvleba danaSaulis CadenisaTvis pirobebis ganzrax Seqmna~. sainteresoa, ra SeiZleba miviCnioT pirobebis ganzrax SeqmnaSi danaSaulis Casadenad? am kiTxvaze zusti pasuxis gacema damokidebulia imaze, Tu konkretulad romeli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis Casadenad amzadebs piri pirobebs. magaliTad, mkvlelobis momzadebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos cecxlsasroli iaraRiT SeiaraRebuli piris SenobaSi Casafreba, piris gamotyueba konkretul adgilze misTvis SemdgomSi Tavisuflebis ukanonod aRkveTis mizniT;28 qurdobis Casadenad pirobebis Seqmnad CaiTvleba kibis midgma sxvis saxlTan29 iq ukanonod SeRwevisa da arsebuli nivTebis farulad dauflebis mizniT da sxva mravali qmedeba, mimarTuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis Casadenad, romelTa amomwuravi CamoTvla, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia, radgan mraval faqtorzea damokidebuli. kerZod, Tu rogoria im danaSaulis Semadgenlobis sakanonmdeblo gansazRvreba, romliskenac piris qmedebaa mimarTuli; ra samarTlebrivi sikeTis dazianebisaken aris is mimarTuli; ra pirobebSi imyofeba qmedebis Camdeni piri da potenciuri dazaralebuli; ra xerxsa Tu saSualebas iyenebs subieqti da a.S. iuridiul literaturaSi gamoiTqva azri, rom qmedebis momzadebad kvalifikaciisaTvis aseve aucilebelia, rom is pirobebi, romlebsac piri qmnis danaSaulis Semadgenlobis Casadenad, aucileblad dakonkretebuli unda hqondes, Tu romeli danaSaulis Casadenad sWirdeba.30 zemoT aRniSnuli individualuri garemoebebis Seswavla da analizi gvexmareba gavarkvioT, konkretul situaciaSi qmedebam Seqmna Tu ara danaSaulis Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebis realuri piroba, Seuqmna Tu ara kanoniT dacul sikeTes abstraqtuli safrTxe da aris Tu ara qmedeba sakmarisad axlos danaSaulis Semadgenlobis damTavrebasTan. 2. uSedego waqezeba _ danaSaulis momzadeba Tu ganzraxvis gamomJRavneba? uSedego waqezebis, rogorc danaSaulis momzadebis dasjadobaze saubroben rogorc Zvel, ise Tanamedrove iuridiul literaturaSi. jer kidev, T.Â wereTeli werda: 130

`...ramdenadac piris ganzraxva mimarTuli aris imisken, rom sxvaSi aRZras danaSaulis Cadenis gadawyvetileba da, maSasadame, sxvisi meSveobiT Caidinos danaSauli, gaugebaria, ratom ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT igi, rogorc mosamzadebeli moqmedebis Camdeni, Tu misi waqezeba uSedego aRmoCnda~.31 wereTeli iqve aRniSnavs, rom uSedego waqezeba da daxmareba warmoadgens pirobebis Seqmnas danaSaulis Casadenad, e.i. danaSaulis mosamzadebel stadias. T.Â wereTelis mosazrebaze dayrdnobiT, uSedego waqezebasa da daxmarebas danaSaulis mosamzadebel stadiad afaseben o. gamyreliZe32 da l. surgulaZec.33 al. kvaSilavas ki, yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe miaCnia, rom uSedego waqezeba ara momzadebad, aramed mcdelobad unda Sefasdes, risTvisac kanonmdebels Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebisken mouwodebs.34 T.Â wereTlis aRniSnuli mosazreba aisaxa saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi. kerZod, ssk-is 25-e muxlis me-7 nawilis bolo winadadebaSi weria: `danaSaulis mozadebisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisreba imasac, vinc misgan damoukidebel garemoebaTa gamo ver SeZlo sxva piris dayolieba danaSaulis Casadenad~. zemoT aRniSnuli mosazrebis sapirispirod SeiZleba iTqvas, rom im pirisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba, romelic cdilobda danaSaulis Cadenas sxva piris meSveobiT da ver SeZlo misi dayolieba danaSaulis Casadenad, imdenad daSorebulia danaSaulis mcdelobisaganac ki, rom ufro ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebasTan gvaqvs saqme, vidre danaSaulis momzadebasTan. amitom uSedego waqezeba ar unda ganixilebodes danaSaulis Cadenis dasjad stadiad.35 garda amisa, uSedego waqezebis danaSaulis momzadebad aRireba erTgvarad ewinaaRmdegeba danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis aqcesorul bunebas, romelic aRiarebulia saqarTvelos ssk-is 25-e muxlis me-7 nawiliT, sadac pirdapir weria: `Tu amsrulebels danaSauli ar daumTavrebia, Tanamonawiles sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisreba danaSaulis momzadebaSi an danaSaulis mcdelobaSi TanamonawileobisaTvis~. uSedego waqezebis dasjadobis aRiarebiT ki, gamodis, rom wamqezebels ufro manamde vsjiT danaSaulis momzadebisaTvis, vidre amsruleblis qmedeba miaRwevda am stadiamde.36 im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac piri moaxerxebs sxvis dayoliebas danaSaulis Casadenad, magram amsrulebeli cecxlsasroli iaraRis SeZenis an sawamlavis damzadebis procesSi gadaifiqrebs danaSaulis Cadenas, wamqezeblis qmedeba ar unda Sefasdes danaSaulis momzadebad Semdegi garemoebis gamo: 1. amsruleblis qmedeba ar gascdenia ganzraxvis ubralo gamomJRavnebis etaps (igi Zalian aris daSorebuli danaSaulis damTavrebisagan); 2. wamqezeblis danaSaulis momzadebisaTvis dasja ewinaaRmdegeba danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis aqcesorul bunebas. zemoT motanili bolo argumentis sapirispirod SeiZleba Tqvan, rom uSedego waqezebis dros piri isjeba ara rogorc Tanamonawile, aramed rogorc damoukidebeli subieqti da Sesabamisad, Tanamonawileobis aqcesorul bunebasTan winaaRmdegoba ar 131

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arsebobs. aRniSnuli poziciis sapirispirod unda iTqvas Semdegi: potenciuri amsruleblis dayoliebis SemTxvevaSi xom amsruleblis qmedebaze iqneboda damokidebuli wamqezeblis qmedebis kvalifikacia, Sesabamisad, amsruleblis mier danaSaulis mosamzadebel stadiamde miRweva aucilebeli iqneboda wamqezeblis Sesabamisi pasuxismgeblobisaTvis da ratom viyenebT gansxvavebul wess individualuri subieqtis mimarT? ra logikiT vsjiT im pirs, romelmac scada, magram ver daiyolia mavani, gansaxvavebiT im pirisagan, romelmac scada da moaxerxa kidec sxvisi dayolieba? rac Seexeba uSedego daxmarebas, gansxvavebiT uSedego waqezebisagan misi kriminalizeba ar momxdara saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT. sworad aRniSnavs profesori qeTevan mWedliSvili-hedrixi, rom ssk-is 25-e muxlis me-7 nawilSi mxolod uSedego waqezebis dasjadobazea saubari e.i. uSedego daxmarebis dasjadobasTan dakavSrebiT adgili aqvs kanonmdeblis `kvalificiur dumils~,37 xolo normis sapirispirod uSedego daxmarebis danaSaulis dasjad stadiad miCneva da kanonis analogiiT gamoyeneba, mas dauSveblad miaCnia. zemoT motanili msjelobidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebisagan gansxvavebiT, danaSaulis momzadeba warmoadgens piris mizanmimarTul saqmianobas danaSaulis Casadenad, romelic obieqtur samyaroSi aris gamoxatuli konkretuli qmedebebiT da romelic axlos aris qmedebis obieqturi Semadgenlobis aRsrulebis dawyebasTan, riTac qmnis abstraqtul safrTxes kanoniT daculi samarTlebrivi sikeTisaTvis. swored amis gamo, dauSvebelia uSedego waqezebis dasjadoba, radgan am ukanasknelis danaSaulad aRiareba sxva araferia, Tu ara ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebis kriminalizeba da imis naTelyofa, rom ssk-is me-18 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis momzadebis samarTlebrivi buneba swored ase esmis kanonmdebels. amis dasturia ssk-is me-18 muxlis me-2 nawilis 2008 wlis sakanonmdeblo damatebac,38 romelzec qvemoT iqneba saubari. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia, rom moxdes uSedego waqezebis dekriminalizeba. uSedego waqezebasTan mimarTebiT saintereso unda iyos anglo-amerikuli sisxlis samarTlis mokle SedarebiTi analizi, romelic icnobs msgavs instituts da romelsac daumTavrebel danaSaulTa ricxvs miakuTvnebs,39 mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs e.w. "incitement" da "solicitation",40 romelic rogorc precendentuli samarTlis, ise e.w. MPC-is41 mixedviT, dasjad qmedebas warmoadgens imis miuxedavad, piri SeZlebs Tu vera danaSaulis Semadgenlobis Casadenad sxva piris dayoliebas.42 amis ramdenime magaliTs movitanT amerikisa da inglisis sasamarTlo praqtikidan, romelTa mokle analizic dagvanaxebs, rom aseTi qmedebis kriminalizebiT ufro pirovnebis saSiSroebas aRiareben da ara qmedebis saSiSroebas.43 magaliTebi: 1. a-m b-s mokvlis ganzraxviT nacnob g-s, romelic `daqiravebuli mkvleli~ iyo, eleqtronul misamarTze gaugzavna b-s mokvlis Sesaxeb dakveTa. g. dakavebul iqna policiis 132

mier adre Cadenili mkvlelobis SemadgenlobisaTvis iqamde, vidre naxavda a-s gamogzavnil werils.44 2. a-m, romelsac Tavisi ufrosis, b-s poziciis dakaveba surda, ganizraxa misTvis janmrTelobis imgvari dazianebis miyeneba, rom am ukanasknels veRar SesZleboda samsaxurebrivi saqmianobis Sesruleba. ganzraxvis sisruleSi moyvanis mizniT a-m mis fsiqikurad daavadebul mezobel g-s STaagona b-s janmrTelobis dazianeba. g-m mousmina a-s daJinebul Txovnas, ris Semdegac gaecala iqaurobas, Cajda saqalaqTaSoriso avtobusSi da wavida qalaqidan ise, rom azradac ar mosvlia b-s janmrTelobis dazianeba.45 orive zemoT motanili SemTxveva e.w. "incitement"46 magaliTebia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qmedebis kvalifikaciis dros aqcents akeTeben ara imaze, Tu ramdenad axlos iyo Cadenili qmedeba danaSaulis Semadgenlobis damTavrebasTan an ramdenad iZleoda realur SesaZleblobas mis Casadenad da qmnida konkretul safrTxes kanoniT daculi sikeTisaTvis, aramed piris ganzraxvaze da qmedebis subieqtis saSiSroebaze.47 rogorc pirvel, ise meore magaliTSi saxeze gvaqvs ganzraxvis gamomJRavneba, romelic wesiT, liberalur sisxlis samarTals ar unda ainteresebdes.48 rogorc irkveva, sisxlis samarTlis subieqturi orientacia ucxo ar aris angloamerikuli sisxlis samarTlisaTvis da arc sasamarTlo ambobs uars piris ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebaze, miuxedavad imisa, rom danaSaulis momzadebis dasjadobaze principulad uars amboben.49 iuridiul literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, ssk-is zogadi nawiliT kriminalizebuli ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebis kidev erT magaliTia danaSaulis dafarvis winaswari Sepireba.50 aRniSnulTan dakavSrebiT unda iTqvas, rom ssk-is 25-e muxlis me-7 nawilis Tanaxmad, winaswar Sepirebuli daxmarebisaTvis piris pasuxismgebloba damokidebulia amsruleblis qmedebaze, rac niSnavs, rom winaswar Sepirebuli daxmarebis dasjadobisaTvis aucilebelia amsrulebelma minimum, momzadebis stadias miaRwios, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, is ver Seqmnis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisaTvis sakmaris safuZvels. danaSaulis dafarvis winaswari Sepirebis kriminalizeba samarTliania, radgan pirs aseT dros wvlili Seaqvs danaSaulis Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebaSi, is fsiqologiurad exmareba da uadvilebs qmedebis Cadenas amsrulebels. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac daxmarebis winaswari Sepireba ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebis dasjadobis magaliTia, ver gaviziarebT. 3. danaSaulis Semadgenlobebi, romelTa momzadeba samarTlebrivad SeuZlebelia saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs ramdenime iseTi danaSaulis Semadgenlobas, romelTa momzadebis etapze dasjac SeuZlebelia samarTlebrivad, gamomdinare am danaSaulebis sakanonmdeblo konstruqciidan. maT ricxvs SeiZleba 133

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mivakuTvnoT danaSaulTa Semadgenlobis ori jgufi: 1. danaSaulis Semadgenlobebi, romelTac kanonmdebeli dasjadad acxadebs momzadebis etapze (SemdgomSi _ danaSaulis SemadgenlobaTa pirveli jgufi); 2. danaSaulis Semadgenlobebi, romelTac dasjadad acxadebs kanonmdebeli ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebis etapze (SemdgomSi _ danaSaulis SemadgenlobaTa meore jgufi). danaSaulis SemadgenlobaTa pirvel jgufs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT ssk-iT akrZaluli Semdegi qmedebebi: adamianiT vaWroba (ssk-is 1431-1432-e muxlebi); yalbi fulis an fasiani qaRaldis damzadeba (ssk-is 212-e muxli); ukanono SeiaraRebuli formireba (ssk-is 223-e muxli); banditizmi (ssk-is 224-e muxli); teroristuli organizaciis Seqmna, xelmZRvaneloba anda masSi monawileoba (ssk-is 327-e muxli); omis momzadeba (404-e muxli)51 da sxva. magram, miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa, kanonmdebeli mainc iTvaliswinebs momzadebis etapze ukve damTavrebul danaSaulad gamocxadebuli deliqtebis daumTavrebel stadiaze, momzadebis etapze dasjadobas, ris Sesaxebac pirdapir aris miniSnebuli saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 151-e muxlis me-2 nawilSi, sadac weria: `...qonebaze yadaRis dadeba aseve, gamoiyeneba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 323-330-e da 3311-e muxlebiT gaTvaliwinebuli erT-erTi danaSaulis an sxva gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulis momzadebisas...~ miTiTebuli sisxlis samarTlis saproceso normis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT, rom mTeli rigi danaSaulis Semadgenloba, romlebic momzadebis etapze (xSirad, ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebis etapze) ukve isea warmodgenili sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi, rogorc damTavrebuli danaSauli. sisxlis samarTlis politikis amocanebidan gamomdinare, kanoniT isjeba maTi momzadebis etapic e.i. sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba sjis Â&#x2018;momzadebis momzadebas.~ danaSaulis SemadgenlobaTa me-2 jgufs ki, SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT ssk-iT akrZaluli Semdegi qmedebebi: saqveynod mowodeba terorizmisken (ssk-is 3301-e muxli), qrTamis aReba (muxli 338), qrTamis micema (muxli 339), zegavleniT vaWroba (muxli 3391) da sxva. am danaSaulTa Semadgenlobebis momzadebis an kidev mcdelobis stadiaze dasja dauSvebelia, radgan bevrad ufro adreul stadias warmoadgens, vidre momzadeba da mcdelobaa. miuxedavad msgavsi konstruqciis danaSaulis SemadgenlobaTa momzadebis stadiaze dasjis aranormalurobisa, kanonmdebelma mainc moaxdina maTi momzadebis stadiis kriminalizeba. ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebis momzadebis aRiarebas warmoadgens ssk-is me-18 muxlis me-2 nawiliT zogierTi naklebad mZime danaSaulis momzadebis kriminalizeba (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs qrTamis micema, zegavleniT vaWroba, muqara), rac sisxlis samarTlis politikis amocanebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. kanonmdeblis ganzraxva kargad ikiTxeba ssk-Si cvlilebebis da damatebebis Sesaxeb ganmartebiT baraTSi, sadac weria, rom `kanonproeqtis miRebis mizezia korufciis winaaRmdeg gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis konvenciis moTxovnebTan moqmedi kanonmdeblobis SesabamisobaSi moyvanis aucilebloba~. 134

ssk-is me-18 muxlis me-2 nawilSi CamoTvlil Svid naklebad mZime danaSauls kanonmdebeli ganmartebiT baraTSi gansakuTrebiT saSiS korufciul danaSaulebs uwodebs.52 rom ara sisxlis samarTlis politika, sufTa samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, absoluturad gaugebaria, damatebiT ratom unda isjebodes qrTamis micemis an zegavleniT vaWrobis mosamzadebeli stadiebi, roca aRniSnul danaSaulTa Semadgenlobebi, maTi sakanonmdeblo konstruqciidan gamomdinare, damTavrebulia ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebis momentidan. igive iTqmis ssk-is 372-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul danaSaulze, romelic damTavrebulia dazaralebulisaTvis, mowmisaTvis, eqspertisaTvis an TarjimnisaTvis mimarTvis momentidan. im danaSaulTa Semadgenlobebi, romlebsac kanonmdebeli nebis ubralod gamovlenis momentidan damTavrebulad acxadebs, maTi mosamzadebeli stadiis dasjadad gamocxadeba samarTlebrivad arasworia. aseve, aRniSvnis Rirsia ssk-is me-18 muxliT gansazRvruli 365-e muxlis 1-li, me-2 da me-3 nawilebiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Semadgenloba (muqara an Zaladoba samarTalwarmoebis ganxorcielebasTan an gamoZiebasTan dakavSirebiT). aRniSnuli qmedebis Semadgenloba, normis dispoziciidan gamomdinare, SedeggareSe deliqtia. igi damTavrebulad iTvleba dazaralebulis mimarT muqaris warmoTqmis momentidan, agreTve werilobiTi an sxva formiT Setyobinebis momentidan. rogorc zeviT araerTxel aRiniSna, sisxlis samarTali qmedebis samarTalia, is sjis konkretuli qmedebisaTvis da ara mxolod ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebisaTvis. is, rom gansxvavebiT ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebisagan sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 151-e muxliT isjeba muqara da 365-e muxliT muqaris specialuri Semadgenloba, aixsneba imiT, rom muqaris dros piri cdilobs SeaSinos is, visac emuqreba, riTac `moqalaqes urRvevs cxovrebis normalur ritms~.53 amasTan muqaris dros sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqti aris ara is, rasac emuqreba piri (sicocxle, janmrTeloba da a.S), aramed adamianis fsiqikuri xelSeuxebloba.54 swored amis gamo aris moqceuli muqara (151-e muxli) sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebis TavSi. sxva danarCen SemTxvevaSi, rodesac muqara pirs jer ar ganuxorcielebia, misi wina mosamzadebel etapze dasja sxva araferia, Tu ara ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebis aRiareba da danaSaulad gamocxadeba. aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo damateba kritikas imsaxurebs im TvalsazrisiTac, rom misi ukiduresi subieqtivizmi SeuZlebels xdis mis winaaRmdeg brZolas saqarTvelos saproceso kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli sagamoZiebo da saproceso moqmedebebiT, rac dRis wesrigSi ayenebs faruli mosmenebisa da sxva operatiuli samZebro RonisZiebebis gamoyenebis aucileblobas, rac Tavis mxriv, Zalian dabla wevs am RonisZiebebis gamoyenebis standarts, rac dauSvebelia samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi. zemoT aRniSulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba ganisazRvros problemis (ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis Tavidan acileba) gadaWris Semdegi gza: sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo nawilis Sesabamis muxls daematos SeniSvna, 135

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sadac aRiniSneba konkretuli danaSaulis momzadebis dausjelobis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, ssk-is 339-e muxls (qrTamis micema) daematos SeniSvna Semdegi sityvebiT: `am danaSaulis momzadeba ar isjeba~. msgavsi sakanonmdeblo regulireba dagvexmareba Sekvecili deliqtebis momzadebis dasjis gamoricxvasa da adamianis TavisuflebaSi TviTneburi SeWris Tavidan acilebaSi. daskvna zemoT ganviTarebuli msjelobidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebisa da danaSaulis momzadebis urTierTgamijvnisaTvis aucilebelia, TiToeulis arsSi da maT samarTlebriv bunebaSi ukeT garkveva, risi miRwevac SesaZleblobis kategoriis ugulebelyofiT arafriT ar SeiZleba. imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebisaTvis ar daekisros pirs pasuxismgebloba, danaSaulis momzadebis muxlze miTiTebiT, mniSvnelovania, jer erTi, danaSaulis momzadebis samarTlebrivi bunebis sworad gageba da meore, danaSaulTa Semadgenlobebis amomwuravi CamoTvla, romelTa momzadebis etapze dasja ar daiSveba maTi sakanonmdeblo konstruqciidan gamomdinare. aseTi midgoma sul ufro metad `gawmends~ sisxlis samarTals misTvis ucxo da ararelevanturi qmedebebisagan, rac met garantias Seqmnis sisxlissamarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtisaTvis, kanonis sagarantio funqcia ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, sisxlis samarTlisaTvis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. momzadebisa da ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebis urTierTgamijvnisaTvis aseve mniSnelovania, rom Tavad kanonmdebelma daicvas is zRvari, rac aucilebelia maTi gansxvavebisaTvis, aRniSnulis miRwevisaTvis ki, saWiroa uSedego waqezebis dekriminalizeba da im danaSaulTa Semadgenlobebis momzadebis dauSveblobis aRiareba, romlebic TavianTi sakanonmdeblo konstruqciidan gamomdinare, amis SesaZleblobas ar iZleva.

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gamoyenebuli literatura: 1.

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, 1999;

ganmartebiTi baraTi kanonproeqtze `sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi

kaxa wiqariSvili, ramdenime mosazreba danaSaulis momzadebisa da

cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Sesaxeb~, #403, 23 oqtomberi, 2008; mcdelobis gamijvnis Sesaxeb evropul da amerikul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, #1, 2010; 4.

TinaTin wereTeli, danaSaulis momzadeba da mcdeloba, 1961;

boris furcxvaniZe, sabWoTa sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawili, 1971;

kapiton kvirkvelia, sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawili, 2004;

nona Todua da sxvebi, sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni 1, 2008;

TinaTin wereTeli, sisxlis samarTlis problemebi, 2007;

merab turava, sisxlis samarTali _ zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, 2008;

10. merab turava, sisxlis samarTali _ zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, 2013; 11. oTar gamyreliZe, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, 2010; 12. oTar gamyreliZe, brZola samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosTvis, wigni pirveli, 1998; 13. qeTevan mWedliSvili-hedrixi, danaSaulis gamovlinebis calkeuli formebi, 2011; 14. merab turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba, 2011; 15. irakli dvaliZe da sxvebi, sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, 2004; 16. guram naWyebia, sisxlisamarTlebrivi urTierToba da danaSaulis cneba, 2002; 17. petre dauTaSvili, aleqsandre kvaSilava, sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, 2003; 18. Temur fanjikiZe, sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, 2003; 19. lamara surgulaZe, sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli, 2005; 20. al. kvaSilava, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis zogadi nawili komentarebiT, 2006; 21. z. mJavanaZe, o. mindaZe, sisxlis samarTali _ zogadi nawili, 2005; 22. g. xubua, samarTlis Teoria, 2004; 23. ir. dvaliZe da sxvebi, sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, 2007; 24. i. veselsi, v. boilke; ir. dvaliZe (red), sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili _ danaSauli da misi agebuleba (z. arseniSvili, mTargmneli), 2010; 25. qeTevan mWedliSvili-hedrixi, sisxlis samarTlis mecniereba erTiani evropuli ganviTarebis procesSi, 2013; 26. Richard G. Singer & John Q. La Fonda, Criminal law Examples and Explanations, Fifth edition, 2010; 27. Clarkson and Keating, Crimina law Texts and Materials, Six Edition, 2007; 28. Diana Roe, Criminal law, 3rd Edition, 2005; 29. Òðàéíèí, À.Í., óãîëîâíîå ïðàâî ÷àñòü îáøàÿ, 1929; 30. Í.Â. Ëèàñ, Ñòàäèè ïðåñòóïíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè ïî ñîâåñòñêîìó óãîëîâíîìó ïðàâó. Àâòîðåôåðàò äèññåðòàöèè íà ñîèñêàíèå ó÷¸íîé ñòåïåíè êàíäèäàòà þðèäè÷åñêèõ íàóê, 1952; 31. http://www.shouselaw.com/attempted-crimes.html 10.19. 2013. 32. bernt krogis moxseneba evrokavSiris mier organizebuli RonisZiebis _ `sisxlis samarTlis sistemis reformis mxardaWera saqarTveloSi~ farglebSi, 15-17 marti, 2013.

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SeniSvnebi: am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli pozicia ix.: petre dauTaSvili,

sisxlis samarTali _ zogadi nawili, 2003, gv. 88; Temur fanjikiZe, sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, 2003, gv. 58. TinaTin wereTeli, sisxlis samarTlis problemebi, t. 1, 2007, gv. 336. À.Í. Òðàéíèí, óãîëîâíîå ïðàâî _ ÷àñòü îáøàÿ, 1929, ñò. 324.

2 3

TinaTin wereTeli, dasax. naSr., 2007, gv. 338; oTar gamyreliZe, sisxlis

samarTlis ganmarteba, 2010, gv. 154; ir. dvaliZe, sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, 2007, gv. 157; lamara surgulaZe, sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli, 2005, gv. 294; qeTevan mWedliSvili-hedrixi, danaSaulis gamovlinebis calkeuli formebi, 2011, gv. 17-18. 5

q. mWedliSvili-hedrixi, 2011, gv. 34.

iqve, gv. 25.

TinaTin wereTeli, dasax. naSr., 2007, gv. 381-382.

iqve, gv. 382.

ir. dvaliZe, sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, 2004, gv. 153.

oTar gamyreliZe, dasax. naSr., 2010, gv. 155.

z. mJavanaZe, o. mindaZe, sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, 2005, gv. 179-180.

al. kvaSilava, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis zogadi nawili komentarebiT, 2006, gv. 56. boris furcxvaniZe, sabWoTa sisxlis samarTali _ zogadi nawili, 1971,

gv. 179. iqve, gv. 170.

k. kvirkvelia, sisxlis samarTali _ zogadi nawili, 2004, gv. 190.

15 16

i. veselsi, v. boilke; ir. dvaliZe (red.), sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili _ danaSauli da misi agebuleba, 2010, gv. 602 603.

Richard G. Singer, & John Q. La Fonda, Criminal law Examples and Explanations, Fifth edition, 2010, at 325.

Clarkson and Keating, Crimina law Texts and Materials, Six Edition, 2007, at 495.

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix.: T. wereTeli, danaSaulis momzadeba da mcdeloba, 1961, gv. 102-117.

iqve. gv. 110.

q. mWedliSvili-hedrixi, dasax. naSr., 2011, gv. 52-53. msgavsi mosazreba ix.: veselsi da boilke, dasax. naSr., 2010, gv. 362.

q. mWedliSvili-hedrixi, dasax. naSr., 2011, gv. 52-53.

am sakiTxTan ix.: dakavSirebiT T. wereTeli, dasax. naSr., 1961, gv. 102.

safrTxis kategoriaze ix.: ir. dvaliZe, dasax. naSr., 2004, gv. 156.

T. wereTeli, dasax. naSr., 2007, gv. 381.

o. gamyreliZe, dasax. naSr., 2010, gv. 159.

profesori liasi erT-erTi pirveli iyo vinc danaSaulis mcdelobis aucilebel niSnad, qmedebis obieqturi Semadgenlobis elementis arsebobas miiCnevda. ix.: Í.Â. Ëèàñ, Ñòàäèè ïðåñòóïíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè ïî ñîâåñòñêîìó óãîëîâíîìó ïðàâó. Àâòîðåôåðàò äèññåðòàöèè íà ñîèñêàíèå ó÷¸íîé ñòåïåíè êàíäèäàòà þðèäè÷åñêèõ íàóê, 1952 , ñòð. 12.

lamara surgulaZe, sisxlis samarTali _ danaSauli, 2005, gv. 302.

o. gamyreliZe, dasax. naSr., 2010, gv. 155.

ix.: o. gamyreliZe, dasax. naSr., 2010, gv. 155. aseve, ix.: merab turava, sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, 2013, gv. 307.

T. wereTeli, dasax. naSr., 2007, gv. 383-384.

aRsaniSnavia gamyreliZis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis alternatiuli proeqtis 24-e muxlis me-2 nawili, romelic uSedego waqezebisaTvis, Seqmnili viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT iZleoda sasjelis Semsubuqebis an pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb ix.: o. gamyreliZe, brZola samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosTvis, wigni 1-li, 1998, gv. 278.

138

ix.: o. gamyreliZe, dasax. naSr., 2010, gv. 156. aseve, l. surgulaZe, sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli, 2005, gv. 302.

al. kvaSilava, dasax. naSr., 2006, gv. 70.

uSedego waqezebas ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebad afasebs qeTevan mWedliSvili-hedrixic. ix.: 2011, gv. 20.

aRsaniSnavia, rom 2005 wlis norvegiis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis komentarebis mixedviT, mcdelobad kvalificirdeba wamqezeblisa Tu damxmaris qmedeba, iqamde vidre amsruleblis qmedeba miaRwevs imave stadias. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb ix.: bernt krogis moxseneba, evrokavSiris mier organizebuli RonisZiebis _ `sisxlis samarTlis sistemis reformis mxardaWera saqarTveloSi~ farglebSi, 15-17 marti, 2013.

q. mWedliSvili-hedrixi, dasax. naSr., 2011, gv. 238-239.

aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo damatebiT moxda ara erTi Sekvecili deliqtis momzadebis etapis kriminalizeba, magaliTad rogoricaa: qrTamis micema da zegavleniT vaWroba.

ix.: Clarkson and Keating, Crimina law Texts and Materials, Six Edition, 2007, at 534.

qarTuli Targmani: dayolieba, gamxneveba.

Model Penal Code.

aRniSnuli qmedebis Sesaxeb ix.: Clarkson and Keating, 2007, at 534-537. Richard G.

Singer & John Q. La Fonda, 2010, at 295-298. Diana Roe, Criminal law, 3rd Edition, 2005, at 270-272. 43

am sakiTxze ix.: guram naWyebia, sisxlissamarTlebrivi urTierToba da danaSaulis cneba, 2002, gv. 21-22.

ix.: Richard G. Singer & John Q. La Fonda, 2010, at 305 (me-4 magaliTSi).

iqve. gv. 304 (me-5 magaliTi).

daumTavrebeli danaSaulis am saxes _ "incitement"-s uwodeben inglisur sisxlis samarTalSi, xolo "solicitation"-s amerikul sisxlis samarTalSi.

aRniSnulis Sesaxeb ix.: Richard G. Singer & John Q., 2010, at 295-296.

aRsaniSavia, rom amerikul doqtrinasa Tu sasamarTlo praqtikaSi xSirad vawydebiT ganzraxvis gamomJRavnebis danaSaulis mcdelobad kvalifikaciis SemTxvevebsac. miTiTebul bmulze ix.: kazusi sasamarTlo praqtikidan, sadac piris qmedeba, romelsac dis mokvla hqonda gamiznuli da amisTvis `daqiravebul mkvlels~ (romelic sinamdvileSi policiis agenti iyo) Tanxa gadasca, sasamarTlom es etapi mkvlelobis mcdelobad Seafasa. http:// www.shouselaw.com/attempted-crimes.html; aseve, msgavsi magaliTebi ix.: Richard G. Singer & John Q. La Fonda, 2010, at 325.

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix.: kaxa wiqariSvili, ramdenime mosazreba danaSaulis momzadebisa da mcdelobis gamijvnis Sesaxeb evropul da amerikul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~ #1, 2010.

ix.: o. gamyreliZe, dasax. naSr., 2010, gv. 154. aseve, ix.: q. mWedliSvilihedrixi, dasax. naSr., 2011, gv. 20.

am danaSaulTa SemadgenlobebTan dakavSirebiT msgavs mosazrebas aviTareben: m. turava, dasax. naSr., 2008, gv. 273; q. mWedliSvili-hedrixi, dasax. naSr., 2011, gv. 60; ir. dvaliZe, sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, 2004, gv. 167.

ix.: ganmartebiTi baraTi kanonproeqtze `sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Sesaxeb~, #403, gv. 1, 23 oqtomberi, 2008.

ix.: nona Todua da sxvebi, sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni pirveli, 2008, gv. 271.

iqve, gv. 272.

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ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES IN MODERN CRIMINAL LAW ON THE RELATION BETWEEN THE EXPRESSION OF INTENT AND THE PREPARATION OF CRIME TAMAR GEGELIA Doctoral Student of the Law School of the Caucasus University

In this article the author is speaking about the legal nature of expression of intent and preparation of crime. By providing an overview and analysis of the mentioned stages of crime, the author substantiates the criteria for differentiating them. According to the author, the difference between the preparation of crime and the expression of intent lies in the degree of threat posed by them. According the authorÂ&#x2019;s reasoning, whereas the crime preparation creates an abstract threat, we can only speak about the formal possibility and realistic threat in case of the expression of intent, which cannot be significant for the criminal justice according to her. The author criticizes the modern approaches and opinions regarding the preparation of crime in the article. She thinks that the law scholars and often the legislator misunderstand the preparation of crime envisaged in the Article 18 of the Criminal Code of Georgia, which is proved by the examples that the lawyers provide for demonstrating the preparation, and also by the legislative amendments of 2008, which were made to the criminal legislation of Georgia. The author criticizes the institute of futile instigation envisaged in the General Part of the Criminal Code of Georgia, and considers that it does not represent a preparation of crime as it is indicated in the law, but it is rather an expression of intent, which, according to her, has nothing to do in the modern criminal legislation. The author discusses the elements of a particular crime envisaged in the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Georgia, and thinks that punishment is inadmissible at the preparation stage of such crimes. The author specifically points out that recognition of punishability at the stage of preparing the limited delicts means the criminalization of the expression of intent, which is unacceptable for the law on action, and which should be rejected by the legislator. In regards to this issue the author has reviewed the approaches of Georgia and foreign countries, and based on their analysis and criticism she formulates her opinions and recommendations. 140

nafici Tarjimnis institucia evropul kanonmdeblobaSi naTia javaxiSvili-Sarlati varSavis lazarskis universitetis doqtoranti, poloneTis iusticiis saministros nafici Tarjimani

2004 wlidan, evropuli sazRvrebis gaxsnis momentidan, sazogadoebrivi administraciuli sistema da sasamarTloebi ufro aqtiurad moiTxovdnen nafici Tarjimnebis momsaxurebas. garda amisa, gaCnda iSviaTi enebis Tarjimnebze moTxovna. magaliTad, polonelisaTvis aseTi ena qarTulia. qarTuli enis nafici Tarjimnis institucia yovelTvis ar iyo. amdenad, am funqcias asrulebda ad hoc qarTuli enis Tarjimani. pirvelad, 2008 wels, iusticiis saministroSi moewyo nafici Tarjimnis gamocdebi qarTul enaSi. gamocdis Sedegebis miuxedavad, damatebiTi moTxovna iyo, rom kandidati qarTuli enis filologi yofiliyo, rasac 2004 wels miuTiTebda uwyeba nafic TarjimnebTan dakavSirebiT. mxolod 2011 wels, novelizebuli uwyebis ZalaSi SesvlisTanave, gaCnda SesaZlebloba, raTa arafilologs Seesrulebina nafici Tarjimnis funqcia.1 namdvili `evropuli samarTlebrivi sivrcis~ Seqmnis pirobaa, sasamarTlo Tarjimnis garantireba, razec miuTiTebs adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvenciisÂ (1950) me-5 muxli, romelic `samarTliani procesis~ iuridiuli safuZvelia. Â&#x201E;TiToeul dakavebuls dauyovnebliv unda ecnobos amis Sesaxeb, misTvis gasageb enaze, amasTan, dakavebis mizezsa da wardgenil braldebebze~. konvenciis me-6 muxliT, samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis uflebiT _ yovel pirs, visac brali edeba ufleba aqvs `isargeblos Tarjimnis ufaso daxmarebiT, Tu mas ar SeuZlia gaigos sasamarTloSi gamoyenebuli ena an isaubros am enaze.~2 141

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evropuli SeTanxmeba sasamarTlo daxmarebis gawevis Taobaze gancxadebebis gadacemaze,3 exeba iuridiul daxmarebebs samoqalaqo, savaWro da administraciul saqmeebze im pirebisaTvis, romlebic sxva saxelmwifoebSi cxovroben. muxli 1-li miuTiTebs: Â&#x201E;yvela pirs, romelic mudmivad cxovrobs SeTanxmebuli qveynebis erT-erTi qveynis teritoriaze da romelsac unda da cdilobs SeTanxmebis sxva qveynis sasamarTlo daxmarebis miRebas samoqalaqo, savaWro da administraciul sakiTxebSi, SeuZlia Seitanos aseTi Txovna, saxelmwifoSi, sadac igi mudmivad cxovrobs. am Txovnas saxelmwifo gadascems SeTanxmebis sxva qveyanas~. rezoluciis (78)8 me-3 muxli4 miuTiTebs, rom iuridiul daxmarebaSi SeiZleba Sediodes daxmarebagaweuli pirovnebis mier daxarjuli saxsrebi, gansakuTrebiT, eqspertis xarjebi, mowmeTa da Tarjimnis momsaxurebis Tanxa. ministrTa komitetis miTiTebiT R(81)7, romelic iuridiul sistemaSi xelmisawvdomobis gaadvilebas exeba, saxelmwifoebs akisrebs, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gaamaxvilon, rom materialurad SeWirvebul mdgomareobaSi myofi piri, iuridiuli daxmarebis TvalsazrisiT, ufro mZime situaciaSi ar aRmoCndes _ enis arcodnis gamo an sasamarTlo enis gaugebrobis gamo.5 evrokavSiris qveynebis ministrTa komitetis miTiTebebi R(97) 6 evrokavSiris qveynebs mouwodebs, ganmcxadeblis enaze mosaubre iuristiT dakmayofilebas. evropis radam 1999 wlis oqtomberSi, tamperSi safuZveli Cauyara princips `Tavisuflebis, uSiSroebisa da samarTlianobis~ Sesaxeb, romelic asaxuli iyo 1997 wlis amsterdamis traqtatSi6 da mis safuZvelze Seiqmneboda `evropis samarTlianobis garemo~. sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebSi gamoyofili iqna sami ZiriTadi principi: 1.Â braldebulebisaTvis zusti informaciis gadacema wardgenil braldebaze, daxmarebis gaweva dazaralebulTaTvis da im pirTa mimarT, visac iurisdiqciis sistemasTan aqvs Sexeba, maTTvis pirobebis Seqmna sasamarTlo sistemaSi _ informaciis miReba da mosmena mSobliur enaze. 2. sasamarTlos mier gamotanil dadgenilebaTa urTierTaRiareba rogorc gamoZiebis dros, winasagamoZiebo etapze, aseve, rekviziciuli saqmeebis dasrulebisas, eqstradiciis dros da a.S. amJamad, gaerTianebul evropaSi izrdeba moTxovna maRalkvalificiuri sasamarTlo Tarjimnebis momsaxurebaze. dakavebis Sesaxeb, radis gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad, pirovnebas, romlis eqstradaciis Taobaze iqna mimarTva da romelic dakavebuli iqna evropuli sasamarTlos brZanebis safuZvelze, `iuridiuli daxmarebis da Tarjimnis ufleba aqvs, evrokavSiris im qveynis saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobiT, sadac Sesrulda evropuli sasamarTlos dakavebis brZaneba~.7 iusticiisa da Sinagan saqmeTa generalurma direqciam iusticiis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb seminarze ganixila 10 Teza, romelTagan mniSvnelovania: 1. iuridiuli daxmarebis ufleba. 142

2. kompleqsuri da kvalificirebuli (diplomiani) Tarjimnis ufleba, raTa braldebuli gaecnos wardgenil braldebas da procedurebs. 9. dakavebasTan dakavSirebiT gansazRvruli garantiebi rogorc ganaCenis gamotanamde, aseve ganaCenis gamotanis Semdeg. 10.Sesabamisi dacva safrTxeSi myofi jgufebisaTvis, rogoricaa sxva qveynis moqalaqeebi, romlebmac ar ician ena.8 seminaris dros komisarma aRniSna, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania imis miRweva, rom teqstebi, romlebic CarTulia Â&#x201E;Acquis communautaire~ ar iyos saerTo SeTanxmebis mxolod anarekli, aramed warmoaCinos evropis realuri erTiani brZola moqalaqeTa Tavisuflebis dacvisaTvis, sisxlis samarTlis proceduraSi.9 1. Tu eWvmitanilma ar icis saxelmwifos an regionis ena: a) aris Tu ara Tarjimanis momsaxureba braldebis wardgenamde da wardgenis dros? b) rogor iqna gadaTargmnili sityvierad dasmuli kiTxvebi da werilobiTi dokumentebi? g) enobrivi daxmarebis TvalsazrisiT, aris Tu ara sistema uzrunvelyofili gauTvaliswinebel SemTxvevebSi, policiis ganyofilebaSi dakavebulTa dakiTxvisas (da romeli enebi)? d) aris Tu ara sasamarTlo TarjimanTa arCevis sistema sasamarTloebisaTvis da policiisaTvis? ra gamocdilebaa saWiro Tarjimnisagan? aris Tu ara gansakuTrebuli kvalificireba am specifikuri sferos TarjimanTaTvis (magaliTad, iusticiis saministrosTvis)? 2. winasagamomZiebo proceduraSi, Tu braldebuls ar esmis saxelmwifo an regionis ena, ra enazec waredgineba braldeba. a) ra saxis wesebi aregulireben dokumentebis Targmnas, romelic braldebas exeba? aris Tu ara Sesabamisi dro am miznisaTvis, raTa braldebuls gadaeces dokumentebi misTvis gasageb enaze, rom Tavis dacva SeZlos? 3. procesis farglebSi, saxelmwifo enaze mimdinare sasamarTlo procesi, gaugebaria enis arcodnis an yru-munjobis mizeziT: a) ra saxis wesebi aregulireben Tarjimnis moTxovnas zepiri Targmnis an mimikurJestikulaciis eniT Targmnis dros, procesis msvlelobisas? samarTlisa da Sinagan saqmeTa generaluri direqcia, agreTve evropuli komisia, yvela sakiTxSi did yuradRebas uTmoben sasamarTlo Tarjimnis rols. 2000 wlis 7 dekembers, xeli moewera da gamoqveynda evroparlamentis Tavmjdomaris, komisiisa da radis mier xelmowerili gaerTianebuli evropis ZiriTadi uflebebis baraTi. es aris adamianTa fundamenturi uflebebi miRebuli da xelmowerili ganmeorebiT, umniSvnelo SesworebebiT, am organoebis Sexvedris dros lisabonSi, 2007 wlis 12 dekembers. iuridiuli saxe dokumentma miiRo lisabonis traqtatiT, 2007 wlis 13 dekembers, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 2009 wlis dekemberSi. amJamad, baraTi Seicavs 53 muxls evrokavSiris 143

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moqalaqis uflebebis Sesaxeb, xolo 47_50-e muxlebi miuTiTeben samarTliani procesisa da dacvis uflebaze. konvenciis me-10 muxli, romelic samoqalaqo saqmeebs exeba, miuTiTebs, rom `Sesabamisi werili momzadebuli unda iyos gamomZaxebeli saxelmwifos enaze an enaze, romelzec ori dainteresebuli saxelmwifo SeTanxmdeba~.10 luganoSi momzadebuli konvencia exeba iurisdiqcias, samoqalaqo da savaWro saqmeebze sasamarTlo ganaCenis Sesrulebas. 46-48-e muxlebi miuTiTebs, rom Tu ganmcxadebel mxares mieca Tavis qveyanaSi iuridiuli daxmarebis saSualeba, brZanebulebiT sasamarTlos unda waredginos Targmnili dokumentebi. aseT situaciaSi, Targmna unda moxdes uflebamosili piris mier, romelic gamoyofilia mxareebs Soris, SeTanxmebiT.11 romis konvenciis adamianis uflebebidan dawyebuli, saerTo evropuli iuridiuli regulacia ar iviwyebs TiToeuli adamianis uflebaze sakuTari enis uflebis Sesaxeb, romliTac mas SeeZleba kavSiri daamyaros evropis sammarTveloebTan.12 msgavs garantias Seicavs 1966 wlis saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb.13 Simili modo, polonuri kanonmdeblobiT, pirovneba romelic ar flobs polonur enas ufleba aqvs warsdges sasamarTlos winaSe Tavisi saxelmwifo eniT da ufasod isargeblos Tarjimnis momsaxurebiT~.14 misTvis gasageb enaze adamianTan urTierTobas agreTve, xels uwyobs konstituciuri norma (mux. 41, naw. 3), romelic miuTiTebs yoveli dakavebuli piri, dauyovnebliv da misTvis gasageb enaze Setyobinebuli unda iyos dakavebis safuZvelze ( ).~15 es norma ramdenjerme gameorebuli da miRebuli iqna uwyebis mier, romelic sammarTveloebisa da sasamarTloebis winaSe samarTlianobas aregulirebda poloneTSi (administraciuli saproceso kodeqsi, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, samoqalaqo saproceso da a.S). poloneTis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis Tanaxmad (mux. 256 da 265), sasamarTlom SeiZleba moiTxovos, rom ucxo enaze momzadebuli dokumenti iTargmnos nafici Tarjimnis mier. amasTan, mowmis dakiTxvis dros, romelic ar flobs polonur enas, sasamarTlom SeiZleba gamoiZaxos Tarjimani. nafic TarjimanTa institucia poloneTis teritoriaze iuridiul praqtikaSi cnobilia poloneTis respublikis droidan (gansakuTrebiT, aRmosavleTTan vaWrobis saqmeebSi _ TarjimnobiT dasaqmebuli iyvnen somexi movaWreebi). sayuradReboa, poloneTis respublikis prezidentis 1929 wlis 25 ivnisis brZanebuleba, romelic sisxlis samarTlis proceduraSi mowmeebs, eqspertebsa da Tarjimnebs, aseve, nafic Tarjimnebs exeboda. pirveli muxli miuTiTebda: §1. im pirTaTaTvis, vinc fics ar deben im formebTan dakavSirebiT, romelic miTiTebulia 111-e muxlSi (141, 391 §3, 1928 wlis 19 martis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSi, uwyebaTa krebuli, RP, #33, naw. 313), sisxlis samarTlis procesSi Semoaqvs am brZanebulebiT garantia, rom valdebuleba mowmis, eqspertis, Tarjimnisa Tu nafici Tarjimnisa, kanonis farglebSi Sesruldeba.

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§4. im pirTaTaTvis, romelic memonitebis, baptistebis, evangelistTa da adventistebs Seexeboda, romelTac religia uflebas ar aZlevda ficis dadebas, isini Semdegi saxis fics deben: mosamarTle (Tavmjdomare), romelic fics iRebs Semdegi saxiT (eqspertebisaTvis, 9 TarjimnisaTvis): qristes religiis Tanaxmad, romelic migiTiTebT unda gasceT pasuxi: ki ki, ara ara, gekiTxebiT, Tqven, eqspertis (Tarjimnis) mindobil valdebulebas SeasrulebT Tu ara namusianad da obieqturad? pasuxi gulaxdilad: ki!~ mosamarTlis mimarTvas ficis damdebi pasuxobs erTi sityviT ki~. poloneTis iusticiis ministris 2005 wlis 27 ianvris brZanebulebiT, romelic sasamarTlo eqspertebsa da nafic Tarjimnebs exeba, eqsperti da Tarjimani Tavisi funqciis miniWebamde, prezesis mimarT deben fics Semdegi saxiT: `Cemi sityvebis gacnobierebiT da pasuxismgeblobiT kanonis winaSe, fics vdeb, rom valdebulebebs (sasamarTlo eqspertisa da nafici Tarjimnisa) Sevasruleb mTeli pasuxismgeblobiT da obieqturobiT~.16 amJamad arsebobs uwyeba nafici Tarjimnebis Sesaxeb, romlis me-7 muxli miuTiTebs, rom nafici Tarjimani iusticiis ministris winaSe fics debs Semdegi sityvebiT: `vacnobiereb ra, Cems sityvebs da pasuxismgeblobas kanonis winaSe, fics vdeb sazeimod, rom davalebas, romelic me mekisreba rogorc nafic Tarjimans, Sevasruleb pasuxismgeblobiT da obieqturad, saxelmwifo saidumloebebis dacviT da sxva iuridiuli saidumloebis dacviT, agreTve profesiuli eTikis gaTvaliswinebiT~.17 amdenad, evropuli da polonuri kanonmdebloba obligatorulad moiTxovs nafici Tarjimnis instituciis arsebobas da valdebulebas akisrebs Sesabamis kanonmdeblobas iuridiuli saxiT areguliros normebi, romelic am instituciis arsebobas moawesrigebs. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba jerjerobiT, ar moiTxovs aseTi formiT instituciis arsebobas, Tumca, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, mniSvnelovan rols aniWebs Tarjimans ad hoc sisxlis samarTlis proceduraSi.

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gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. nafic TarjimanTa profesiasTan dakavSirebiT, 2004 wlis 25 noembris uwyeba. (uwyebebi #273, poz. 2702); 2. adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvencia, romi, 1950 wlis 4 noemberi, Sesworebuli Semdegi oqmebiT #3, 5 da 8, agreTve, Sevsebuli oqmebiT #2 (uwyebebi, 1993 wlis 10 ivlisi); 3. evropuli SeTanxmeba Txovnis gadacemaze sasamarTlo daxmarebis miRebis Taobaze, strasburgi, 27 ianvari 1977 w (uwyebebi, 1999 wlis 20 dekemberi); 4. evropis radis ministrTa komitetis rezolucia #(78)8, romelic iuridiul daxmarebas da konsultacias exeba, 2 marti, 1978; 5. evrokavSiris qveynebis ministrTa komitetis miTiTeba R(81)7, romelic samarTlianobis sferos damxmare saSualebebs exeba. 6. amsterdamis traqtati evrokavSiris traqtatis Semcveli, evrogaerTianebis damsaxveli, agreTve sxva aqtebi masTan dakavSirebiT, 2 oqtomberi, 1997; 7. seminaris dokumentebi iurisdiqciis xarisxis Sesaxeb, briuseli, 20-22 marti, 2002; 8.

Vitorino M., 2002, seminari _ Taiex Office The Quality of Justice;

9. konvencia, romelic samoqalaqo procedurebs exeba, haaga, 1 marti 1954 (uwyebaTa krebuli, 1963, #17, poz. 90, mog. ganx.). 10. konvencia iurisdiqciaze sasamarTlo ganaCenis Taobaze samoqalaqo da savaWro saqmeebSi, lugano, 16 seqtemberi, 1988 (uwyebebi, 2000, #10, poz. 132). 11. bialistokis saapelacio sasamarTlos dadgenileba, 21 noemberi, 1995; 12. saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb, 16 dekemberi, 1966 (uwyebebi, #38, poz. 167, danarTi). 13. 2001 wlis 27 ivlisis uwyeba, sasamarTloebis Taobaze (uwyebebi, #153, poz. 1269). 14. poloneTis respublikis konstitucia, 2 aprili, 1997 (uwyebebi, 1997, #78 poz. 483). 15. iusticiis ministris 1987 wlis 8 ivnisis brZanebuleba sasamarTlo eqspertebisa da nafic TarjimanTa Taobaze (uwyebebi, 1987 #18, poz 112). oqmi gauqmda 2005 wlis 27 ianvars; 16. 2004 wlis 25 noembris uwyeba nafic TarjimanTa profesiis Taobaze (uwyebebi, #273, poz. 2702).

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SeniSvnebi: 1

2004 wlis 25 noembris uwyeba, nafic TarjimanTa profesiasTan dakavSirebiT (uwyebebi #273, poz. 2702).

adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvencia, romi, 1950 wlis 4 noemberi, Sesworebuli Semdegi oqmebiT #3, 5 da 8, agreTve, Sevsebuli oqmebiT #2 (1993 wlis 10 ivlisis uwyebebi).

evropuli SeTanxmeba Txovnis gadacemis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo daxmarebis miRebis Taobaze momzadebulia strasburgSi, 27 ianvari, 1977 w. (1999 wlis 20 dekembris uwyebebi).

evropis ministrTa komitetis rezolucia (78)8, romelic iuridiul daxmarebas da konsultacias exeba, 2 marti, 1978Â w.

evrokavSiris qveynebis ministrTa komitetis miTiTeba R(81)7, romelic samarTlianobis sferoSi Sesvlis damxmare saSualebebs exeba.

amsterdamis traqtati evrokavSiris traqtatis Semcveli, aseve, evrogaerTianebis damsaxveli sxva aqtebi masTan dakaSirebiT, xelmowerili 1997 wlis 2 oqtombers.

iqve, Sdr. mux. 11, pnk. 2.

seminaris dokumentebi iurisdiqciis xarisxis Sesaxeb, briuseli, 20-22 marti, 2002w.

Vitorino M., 2002:5 seminari Taiex Office The Quality of Justice.

konvencia, romelic samoqalaqo procedurebs exeba, xelmowerilia haagaSi, 1954 wlis 1 marts (uwyebaTa krebuli, 1963, #17 poz. 90 mog. ganx.).

konvencia iurisdiqciis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo ganaCenis Taobaze, samoqalaqo da savaWro saqmeebze, xelmowerilia luganoSi, 1988 wlis 16 seqtembers (uwyebebi, 2000, #10 poz. 132).

1995 wlis 21 noembers, bialistokis saapelacio sasamarTlom dadgenilebiT (IIAkz 293/95) ganmarta adamianTa uflebebis konvencia. saapelacio sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina evropuli tribunalis interpretacia adamianTa uflebebis Taobaze (vokanda, 1996 wlis ivnisi).

saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb, 1966 wlis 16 dekembri (uwyebebi. #38, poz. 167 danarTi).

2001 wlis 27 ivlisis uwyeba sasamarTloebis Taobaze (uwyebebi #153, poz. 1269).

poloneTis respublikis konstitucia, 2 aprili, 1997w. (uwyebebi, 1997, #78, poz. 483).

iusticiis ministris 1987 wlis 8 ivnisis brZanebuleba, sasamarTlo eqspertebisa da nafic TarjimanTa Taobaze (uwyebebi, 1987, #18, poz 112). oqmi gauqmda 2005 wlis 27 ianvars.

2004 wlis 25 noembris uwyeba nafic TarjimanTa profesiis Taobaze (uwyebebi #273, poz. 2702).

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INSTITUTE OF SWORN TRANSLATOR IN THE EUROPEAN LEGISLATION NATIA JAVAKHISHVILI-SHARLATTY Doctoral Student of the Lazarski University in Warsaw, Sworn Translator of the Ministry of Justice of Poland

Main subject of the paper is a personality of a sworn interpreter within the Polish and EU legislative system. We would like to provide as good answers as possible to the frequently asked questions about the profession of a sworn translator, namely, what a legal translation looks like in the European jurisdiction; besides, whether a sworn translator, as an ancillary institution to the legislation, is always ready to cope with relevant requirements; what the role of an ad hoc translator is; what rights and obligations and professional responsibility the sworn interpreter has. Besides, we would like to lay emphasis on the perspective of Georgia in regards to establishing such an institution. What obligation the Polish lawmaker has in order to ensure participation of a sworn translator in criminal or civil case hearings and what legal regulations there are that create the basis for this. The paper was produced based on the materials that are basically found in legislation and ordinances.

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saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociacia

JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 292 34 90

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo

THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 299 70 01

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