ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÔÒÀÔÄÂÉÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÖÒÈÉÄÒÈÏÁÀÈÀ ÊÅËÄÅÉÓ ×ÏÍÃÉ
GEORGIAN FOUNDATION FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
eqspertis azri
vladimer papava
`postvardisferi~ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi gamowvevebi
4 2013
publikacia daibeWda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos finansuri mxardaWeriT.
mTargmneli:
rusudan margiSvili
teqnikuri redaqtori:
artem meliq-nubarovi
saavtoro uflebebi daculia da ekuTvnis saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis fonds. werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe wignis arc erTi nawili ar SeiZleba gadaibeWdos nebismieri, maT Soris, eleqtronuli an meqanikuri formiT. Š saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa kvlevis fondi 2013 weli
ISSN 1512-4835 ISBN 978-9941-0-5483-9
ekonomikuri reformebi postkomunistur saqarTveloSi
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdgom ocwleulSi saqarTvelos ekonomikam didi cvlilebebi ganicada.1 gansakuTrebiT mZime gamodga damoukideblobis pirveli wlebi, roca yovelgvari gaazrebuli ekonomikuri politikis gareSe myofi qveyana2 SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi aRmoCnda CaTreuli. mniSvnelovani Secdomebi iqna daSvebuli mbrZanebluridan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlisas, gansakuTrebiT _ sawyis etapze.3 yvela am Secdomis Sedegad 1993 wels mTlianma Siga produqtma 1990 wlis mTliani Siga produqtis 30,73 procenti Seadgina; 1994 wels inflaciis wliurma donem ki, 7 840 procents gadaaWarba.4 am periodSi saqarTvelos ekonomikis postkomunisturi transformacia, samwuxarod, gegmurobidan hiperinflaciaze gadasvla iyo.5 1995 wels warmatebiT ganxorcielebulma fulis reformam6 makroekonomikuri stabilurobis miRwevasa7 da 19961997 wlebSi mTlianma Siga produqtis TiTqmis 24-procentian zrdas Seuwyo xeli.8 warmatebul reformebs mxars uWerda saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebi.9 saqarTvelos ekonomikaze 1998 wlis ruseTis defoltis uaryofiTma gavlenam,10 xolo Semdgom ekonomikis reformirebisas daSvebulma Secdomebma11 qveyanaSi sabiujeto da energetikuli krizisi gaamwvava.12 2003 wlisTvis saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 52 procents saarsebo minimumze naklebi Semosavali hqonda.13 2003 wlis „vardebis revoluciis“ Semdeg saqarTveloSi daiwyo korufciasTan brZola,14 ris Sedegadac sabiujeto da energetikuli krizisi daiZlia. 2005 wlidan, axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis wyalobiT, sagadasaxado tvirTi mniSv3
nelovnad Semcirda, biznesis wamosawyebad saWiro procedurebi arsebiTad gamartivda, ZalaSi Sevida axali SromiTi kanonmdebloba, romelmac daqiravebulebTan urTierTobebSi damqiraveblebs sruli Tavisufleba mianiWa.15 aman saqarTvelos neoliberaluri reformebis gamtarebeli qveynis imiji Seuqmna.16 magram imavdorulad dafiqsirda sakuTrebis uflebis Selaxvis uamravi faqti,17 msxvili biznesi mTlianad mTavrobis kontrols daeqvemdebara;18 antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobisa da Sesabamisi samsaxuris gauqmebam ekonomikis mZlavri monopolizacia gamoiwvia,19 xolo masobrivi korufciis gaqrobas, rac ZiriTadad meqrTameobaSi gamoixateboda, elitaruli korufciis SemaSfoTebeli masStabebi mohyva.20 es darRvevebi xasiaTiT neobolSevizmis sadaria, xolo saqarTvelos ekonomika saakaSvilis mTavrobis xelSi ufro iyo „neoliberaluri fantazia“,21 „avtoritaruli liberalizmi“,22 „neoliberalizmisa da neobolSevizmis simbiozi“.23 mmarTvelobis avtoritarulma stilma, romelic despotizmis elementebiT iyo gaZlierebuli, saakaSvilis reJimi neobloSevikurad, xolo misi mTavroba „vardisfrad“ ori mizezis gamo aqcia: jer erTi, xelisuflebaSi vardebis revoluciiT movida, meore ki – gaxunebul bolSevikur „wiTels“ mogvagonebda.24 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis25 Semdeg evrokavSirma saqarTvelosaTvis Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis SeTavazebis mzadyofna gamoavlina,26 Tumca winaswar mTeli rigi pirobebis Sesrulebac moiTxova. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania bazris regulirebis evropuli tipis antimonopoliuri institutis Seqmna-amuSaveba da momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva, kerZod ki – sasursaTo usafrTxoebis nawilSi. samwuxarod, saakaSvilis mTavrobam, am pirobebis dakmayofilebis Seferxebis gziT,27 evrokavSirTan molaparakebebis procesis dawyebis gasaWianureblad Zala ar daiSura. 2009 wlis dasawyisSi xeli moewera SeerTebul Statebsa da saqarTvelos Soris strategiuli partniorobis qartias, romelic SeerTebuli Statebis mxridan saqarTvelos4
Tvis Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis SemoRebis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebs.28 am mimarTulebiT realuri nabijebi, Tundac molaparakebebis dawyebis doneze, dRemde ar gadadgmula.
Raribi qveynis momxmarebluri ekonomika
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos ekonomikis modeli, samwuxarod, dafuZnebulia ara imdenad warmoebis zrdaze, ramdenadac moxmarebis stimulirebaze, ramac mravali uaryofiTi Sedegi moitana. ekonomikis realuri seqtoris saTanado ganviTrebis gareSe moxmarebis stimulirebam moitana is, rom importi eqsports TiTqmis 4-jer aRemateba.29 eqsportis struqturaSi 22 procenti msubuq avtomobilebze modis, 8 procenti ki _ jarTze. radganac saqarTveloSi avtomSenebloba ar arsebobs, eqsportis es 22 procenti Sedegia imisa, rom saqarTvelo mezobel qveynebSi msubuqi avtomobilebis gasayidad Semomtanis saSuamavlo funqcias asrulebs. importisgan eqsportis mniSvnelovani CamorCena, is, rom eqsportis 30 procenti saqarTvelos ekonomikis realuri seqtoris produqts ar warmoadgens, saqarTvelos ekonomikis SedarebiTi ganuviTareblobis dasturia. saqarTvelos ekonomikis warmoebaze ufro moxmarebaze orientaciis faqts isic mowmobs, rom kerZo da saxelmwifo moxmarebis jamuri moculoba mTliani Siga produqtis 90 procents Seadgens.30 warmoebis SedarebiTi CamorCenilobis pirobebSi moxmarebis zrdas sazRvargareTidan Semodinebuli fuladi saxsrebi uzrunvelyofs: „vardebis revoluciis“ pirvel wlebSi es upiratesad pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebisa31 da sazRvargareT mcxovrebi saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisa da maTi naTesavebis fuladi gzavnilebis xarjze xdeboda.32 pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi, rogorc wesi, uZrav qonebaSi akumulirdeboda, rac mTlianobaSi qveynis SigniT damatebiT finansur resurss qmnida. ZiriTadad sabanko sistemiT Semodinebuli es finansuri resursi binaTmSeneblobis zrdas uwyobda xels, romelic, Sesabamisi saxelmwifo kon5
trolis ararsebobis pirobebSi, kargad cnobil „safinanso piramidis“ sistemad iqca.33 saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg saqarTvelos mravalma moqalaqem sxvadasxva mizeziT datova qveyana. amJamad saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa TiTqmis 20 procenti (milionze meti) sazRvargareT cxovrobs (maT Soris 2/3 _ ruseTSi, danarCenebi ki _ ZiriTadad saberZneTSi, TurqeTSi, ukrainaSi, aSS-sa da espaneTSi).34 mxolod sabanko arxebiT Semosuli fuladi gzavnilebis odenoba yovelwliurad 1 miliard aSS dolars aWarbebs. es fuli ZiriTadad pirveladi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad gamoiyeneba. danazogebis dabali maCveneblidan gamomdinare, komerciuli bankebis sakredito resursebis zrdisa da Sevsebis ZiriTad wyaros evropul safinanso bazrebze aRebuli sesxebi warmoadgenda, riTic, Tavis mxriv, ZiriTadad sayofacxovrebo teqnikis SeZenisa da samSeneblo biznesis dakrediteba xdeboda. magram radgan saqarTvelo sayofacxovrebo teqnikas ar awarmoebs, gamodioda, rom saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebis samomxmareblo kreditebi ekonomikis realuri seqtoris ganviTarebas xels uwyobda am teqnikis mwarmoebel qveynebSi. maSasadame, saqarTvelos sabanko seqtori aRmoCnda mesame qveynebis ekonomikis realuri seqtoris ganviTarebis dakreditebisTvis sazRvargareTidan sasesxo saSualebebis mozidvis finansuri rgoli.35 amrigad, „vardebis revoluciis“ Semdeg saqarTveloSi finansuri resursebis Semodinebis zrdam axali moTxovna gaaCina, magram warmoebis ganviTarebas xeli ver Seuwyo. globaluri safinanso-ekonomikuri krizisis dawyebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis Semosvla mkveTrad daeca. es 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos ommac ganapiroba, Tumca, rogorc am omSi dazaralebul mxares, saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam finansuri daxmarebis saxiT saqarTvelos 5,8 miliardi aSS dolari gamouyo,36 ramac mas globaluri safinanso-ekonomikuri krizisis zemoqmedeba SedarebiT iolad gadaatanina. ekonomikis realuri seqtoris arasakmarisad ganviTa6
rebis gamo sakmaod maRalia umuSevrobis done _ 13-15 procentis farglebSi meryeobs,37 Tumca adgilobrivi da ucxouri arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier Catarebuli mosaxleobis sxvadasxva sociologiuri gamokiTxvis mixedviT, respondentTa 70 procenti Tavs umuSevrad miiCnevs.38 es, pirvel rigSi, imiT aixsneba, rom samuSao Zalis 50-57 procenti TviTdasaqmebulia,39 xolo am SromiT mopovebuli Semosavali imdenad dabalia, rom es adamianebi amgvar samuSos dasaqmebad ver aRiqvamen. TviTdasaqmebuli mosaxleobis 80 procenti soflis meurneobis wilad modis. soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli mTliani samuSao Zalis 54 procenti mxolod mTliani Siga produqtis 8 procentze odnav mets qmnis. es viTareba aCvenebs, rom soflis meurneobis gansaviTareblad saukeTeso bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis mqone saqarTveloSi aris naklebwarmoebis agraruli krizisi. Tavis mxriv, es garemoeba pasuxobs kiTxvas, Tu ratom modis sasursaTo kalaTis 80 procenti importul saqonelze. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba aseve daazarala 2006 wels dabali xarisxis momizezebiT ruseTis mTavari sanitarisgan wamosulma qarTuli warmoSobis sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis ruseTis bazarze Setanis akrZalvam.40 turizmis ganviTarebis stimulirebam saqarTveloSi sursaTze moTxovna gazarda, rac agraruli krizisis pirobebSi mxolod importis zrdis xarjze kmayofildeba. msoflio ekonomikaSi agflaciuri procesebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi agflaciis `importic~ mimdinareobs. gasakviri araa, rom mosaxleobis 40 procenti siRaribis zRvars miRma cxovrobs, xolo TviTdasaqmebuli mosaxleobis 64 procentis Semosavali saarsebo minimums ar aRemateba.41 ekonomikuri ganviTarebis modelis ZiebaSi42 saqarTvelo formalurad (realurad gadadgmuli nabijebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe) aqtiur propagandas uwevda evropul orientacias.43 amis naTeli magaliTia mTavrobis qceva evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis miRwevis saqmeSi.44 7
amasTan, prezident saakaSvilis azriT, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo singapuris modelis mixedviT unda viTardebodes. saqarTvelos ekonomikis e.w. „singapurizaciis“ gzaze dayenebiT saakaSvilis mTavroba sul ufro da ufro aSorebda saqarTvelos evrokavSirsa da, mTlianobaSi, ekonomikis mowyobis evropul tips.45
ras unda velodoT 2020 wlisaTvis?
2020 wlamde ekonomikis ganviTarebis SesaZlo scenarebidan formalurad SesaZlebelia gamoiyos moxmarebis mastimulirebeli ekonomikuri politikis SenarCunebaze dafuZnebuli zemoxsenebuli scenari. 2012 wlis 1 oqtombris saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT (anu `postvardisfer~ saqarTveloSi), am scenaris ganxorcielebis albaToba faqtobrivad nuls gautolda, vinaidan arCevnebSi miliarder biZina ivaniSvilis opoziciurma koaliciam „qarTulma ocnebam“ gaimarjva. saarCevno kampaniisas koalicia „qarTuli ocneba“, akritikebda ra saakaSvilis mTavrobis ekonomikur politikas, mosaxleobis Raribi fenis socialuri mxardaWeris paralelurad aqcents ekonomikis realuri seqtoris ganviTarebis stimulirebaze akeTebda.46 biZina ivaniSvili, Caudga ra saTaveSi Tavisive Camoyalibebul mTavrobas, winasaarCevno dapirebebis Sesrulebas Seudga. axali realiebidan gamomdinare, ufro realisturad gamoiyureba evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis miRwevis mizniT briuselTan molaparakebaTa procesis daCqarebis scenari.47 amis imeds axali xelisuflebis mier antimonopoliuri regulirebisa48 da momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli tipis sistemis SemoRebis Taobaze gakeTebuli gancxadebebi iZleva. antimonopoliuri regulireba konkurenciis ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels. „qarTuli ocnebis“ liderebma araerTxel ganacxades mkafiod,49 rom ar apireben biznesSi araoficialurad Carevas, rac saqarTvelos ekonomikis demonopolizaciasTan erTad mniSvnelovnad daexmareba biznesis ganviTarebas. 8
savsebiT realisturia, rom evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis miRweva moxdeba ara ugvianes 2014 wlisa. es ki, Tavis mxriv, Seqmnis pirobebs, rom kerZo investiciebis mozidva moxdes saqarTvelos ekonomikis realur seqtorSi, radgan samuSao Zalis SedarebiTi siiafe (evrokavSirTan SedarebiT), biznesis registraciis gamartivebuli sistema da arcTu maRali gadasaxadebi (kvlav evrokavSirTan SedarebiT) SesaZloa saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis mastimulirebeli faqtori aRmoCndes. radgan amJamad evrokavSiris ekonomika saqarTvelos ekonomikas 2 000jer aRemateba,50 evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimi saqarTvelos ekonomikas, bazris masStabis gasafarToeblad, xarisxobrivad ukeTes pirobebs Seuqmnis. Tuki saqarTveloSi evrokavSiris bazrisTvis gankuTvnili maRalxarisxiani produqciis warmoeba daiwyeba, maSin, 2008 wels TurqeTTan miRweuli Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis gaTvaliswinebiT,51 warmoebul produqciaze moTxovna Turqul bazarsac gauCndeba. saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis mocemuli scenari, romelic efuZneba evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimsa da evrokavSirsa da TurqeTSi eqsportis zrdas, sakmaod realisturad gamoiyureba. gamomdinare iqidan, rom SeerTebul Statebsa da saqarTvelos Soris zemoxsenebuli qartiis xelmoweridan oTxi wlis Tavze Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis Taobaze molaparakebaTa procesi jerac ar dawyebula, savaraudoa, rom Sesabamisi SeTanxmeba, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, 2020 wlisTvis iqneba miRweuli, es ki niSnavs, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikaze am hipoTeturi SeTanxmebis zegavlena 2020 wlisTvis ukve praqtikulad umniSvnelo iqneba. naklebad eqvemdebareba prognozebs ruseTTan savaWro urTierTobebis sruli masStabiT aRdgenis SesaZlebloba,52 vinaidan es sakiTxi ufro politikuri, vidre ekonomikuri xasiaTisaa.53 msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi saqarTvelosa da ruseTis wevroba sulac ar warmoadgens sakmaris pirobas am qveynebs Soris vaWrobis sakiTxebis mosagvareblad.54 am 9
viTarebidan gamomdinare, ruseTTan savaWro urTierTobebis mogvarebis gaTvaliswineba 2020 wlisTvis saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis prognozSi praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. ruseTTan srulmasStabiani savaWro urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba, Tavis mxriv, aqtualobas ubrunebs afxazeTis teritoriaze gamavali da jer kidev 1992 wlis agvistoSi gaCerebuli ruseTis somxeTTan saqarTvelos gavliT damakavSirebeli transkavkasiuri sarkinigzo magistralis aRdgenis mizanSewonilobis sakiTxs.55 evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis miRwevisa da mis bazaze TurqeTTan savaWro urTierTobebis gafarToebis realistur scenarze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom 2013-2020 wlebSi saqarTveloSi ekonomikis saSualo zrda 5-10 procenti iqneba, anu ufro pesimisturi – saSualod 5-procentiani ekonomikuri zrda – SesaZloa globaluri krizisuli movlenebiT iyos ganpirobebuli, xolo ufro optimisturi, saSualod 10-procentiani zrda – msoflio ekonomikis stabiluri ganviTarebiT. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, mTliani Siga produqti mosaxleobis erT sulze 2020 wlisTvis, 2011 welTan SedarebiT, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, 2,3-ze metad gaizrdeba da mosaxleobis erT sulze 7 395,4 aSS dolars Seadgens (2011 wels es maCvenebeli 3 215,4 aSS dolars gautolda56). msoflio qveynebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis Sesaxeb msoflio bankis maCveneblebze dayrdnobiT, 2020 wlisTvis ekonomikuri viTareba saqarTveloSi TiTqmis iseTive iqneba, rogoric 2011 wels iyo evrokavSiris qveynebSi _ bulgareTsa (mTliani Siga produqti mosaxleobis erT sulze 7 158 aSS dolars Sedagens) da rumineTSi (mTliani Siga produqti mosaxleobis erT sulze 8 405 aSS dolars Sedagens), magram uaresi, vidre latviasa (mTliani Siga produqti mosaxleobis erT sulze 12 726 aSS dolars Sedagens) da litvaSia (mTliani Siga produqti mosaxleobis erT sulze 13 339 aSS dolars Sedagens).57 investiciebi unda Caidos mrewvelobasa da soflis meurneobaSi, romelTac aqvT zrdis didi potenciali.58 10
saqarTvelos ekonomikis SedarebiTi upiratesobebis gamosavlenad Catarebulma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom misi ZiriTadi seqtorebia: transportireba, uwinares yovlisa – energetikuli resursebisa, agreTve – soflis meurneoba da kvebis mrewveloba, hidroenergetika, turizmi.59 bunebrivia, rom zemoxsenebuli ekonomikuri zrda swored am seqtorebis xarjze miiRweva, sadac saqarTvelo SedarebiT upiratesobas flobs. ekonomikis realuri seqtoris ganviTareba, evropuli tipis axali SromiTi kanonmdeblobis miReba60, agreTve saTanado socialuri politika xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebas. daskvna saqarTvelos mTavrobisTvis pirveli rigis amocana evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis miRweva da yvela im potenciuri SesaZleblobis amoqmedebaa, rasac evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia moitans. amisaTvis saqarTvelos mTavrobis ekonomikurma politikam yuradReba unda gaamaxvilos antimonopoliuri regulirebis evropuli modelis pirobebSi warmoebis ganviTarebaze, momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvasa da SromiT urTierTobebze. aSS-sa da saqarTvelos Soris strategiuli partniorobis Sesaxeb qartiis farglebSi aucilebelia aSS-sTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis miRwevaze molaparakebaTa procesis dawyeba. Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom aSS-sTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis pirobebi ar iyos evrokavSirTan Tvisufali vaWrobis reJimis pirobebis sawinaaRmdego. amisTvis Tbilisis aqtiuri CarTviT saWiro gaxdeba am procesSi briuselsa da vaSingtons Soris damyarebuli Sesabamisi koordinacia. saqarTvelos axalma mTavrobam ruseTis bazarze qarrTuli firmebis dabrunebas xeli ar unda SeuSalos. TviT firmebma ki ruseTis mTavari sanitariuli eqimis samsaxurs unda warudginon TavianTi warmoebuli produqciis xarisxis damadasturebeli aucilebeli dokumentacia, romelsac unda daurTon am saqonlis msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis bazar11
ze (aSS, evrokavSiris qveynebi, CineTi, iaponia da sxv.) daSvebis mowmobebi. ruseTis bazarze maTi produqciis daSvebaze morigi uaris SemTxvevaSi ki, saqarTvelos mTavrobas am firmebis interesebis dacva ukve msoflio savaWro organizaciis farglebSi mouwevs. am rekomendaciebis realizeba saqarTvelos saeqsporto potencialis gafarToebis stimulirebas Seuwyobs xels, rac sacialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis umniSvnelovanes amocanas warmodgens. gamoyenebuli literatura 1 V. Papava, Economic Reforms in Post-Communist Georgia: Twenty Years After. New York: Nova Science Publishers. 2013. 2 V. Papava. On the First-Generation Post-Communist Reforms of Georgia’s Economy (A Retrospective Analysis). The Caucasus & Globalization, Vol. 5, Issue 3-4. 2011. 3 V. Papava. The Georgian Economy: Problems of Reform. Eurasian Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2. 1995. 4 N. Khaduri. Economic System in Georgia. In Moving Closer to Europe? Economic and Social Polities in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Tbilisi: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Centre for Economic Problem Research. 2010, p. 71. 5 L. Gurgenidze, M. Lobzhanidze, and D. Onoprishvili, 1994. Georgia: From Planning to Hyperinflation. Communist Economies & Economic Transformation, Vol. 6, No. 2. 1994. 6 M. Kakulia. Before and After the Introduction of the Lari: Georgian National Currency in Retrospect. In Central Eurasia: National Currencies, E. M. Ismailov, ed. Stockholm: CA&CC Press. 2008. 7 V. Papava. The Georgian Economy: From ‘Shock Therapy’ to ‘Social Promotion’. Communist Economies & Economic Transformation, Vol. 8, No. 2. 1996; J.-Y.Wang. From Coupon to Lari: Hyperinflation and Stabilization in Georgia. Caucasica. The Journal of Caucasian Studies, Vol. 1. 1998; S. Wellisz. Georgia: A Brief Survey of Macroeconomic Problems and Policies. Studies & Analyses, Working Papers, No. 87. Warsaw: CASE. 1996. 8 N. Khaduri. Economic System in Georgia, p. 72. 9 V. Papava. On the Role of the International Monetary Fund in the Post-Communist Transformation of Georgia. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, Vol. 39, No. 5. 2003. 10 M. Kakulia. Before and After the Introduction of the Lari: Georgian National Currency in Retrospect, pp. 183-184.
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11 N. Khaduri. Mistakes Made in Conducting Economic Reforms in Postcommunist Georgia. Problems of Economic Transition, Vol. 48, No. 4. 2005. 12 V. Papava. Georgia’s Macroeconomic Situation Before and After the Rose Revolution. Problems of Economic Transition, Vol. 48, No. 4. 2005. 13 I. Meskhia. Living Standards and Poverty in Georgia. Georgian Economic Trends, May. 2008. p. 57. 14 Fighting Corruption in Public Services. Chronicling Georgia’s Reforms. Washington DC: The World Bank. 2012. 15 V. Papava. Georgia’s Macroeconomic Situation Before and After the Rose Revolution. 16 L. Gurgenidze. Georgia’s Search for Economic Liberty: A Blueprint for Reform in Developing Economies. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Development Policy Outlook, No. 2, June, 2009. http://www.aei.org/outlook/foreign-and-defensepolicy/regional/europe/georgiassearch-for-economic-liberty; M. Udensiva-Brenner. Kakha Bendukidze Analyzes Georgia’s Economic Strategy: How Georgia Handled Its Economy After the War and the Economic Crisis. At The Harriman Institute, April 7, 2010. http:// www.harrimaninstitute.org/MEDIA/01716.pdf. 17 The Big Eviction. Violations of Property Rights in Georgia. Tbilisi: Human Rights Information and Documentation Center, 2008. http://www.humanrights.ge/admin/editor/ uploads/files/Big%20Eviction.pdf. 18 P. Rimple. Who Owned Georgia. Tbilisi: Transparency International Georgia, Open Society Georgia Foundation. 2012. http://transparency.ge/sites/default/files/post_attachments/ Who%20Owned%20Georgia%20Eng.pdf. 19 Competition Policy in Georgia. Tbilisi: Transparency International Georgia. 2012. http://transparency.ge/sites/default/files/post_attachments/Report%20%20Competition%20 Policy%20in%20Georgia%20--%20for%20website%20(final).pdf. 20 Z.Anjaparidze. Georgian Government Questioned about Secret Funds.Eurasia Daily Monitor, The Jamestown Foundation, Vol. 3, Issue 71, April 12, 2006. www.jamestown.org/single/?no_ cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Bswords%5D=1ae3e&tx_ttnews%D=Anjaparidze0Zaal&tx_ ttnews%5Bpointer%5D=1&tx_ttnews%ws%5BbackPid%5D=b; N. Gujaraidze. Aggressive Statet Property Privatization Policy on “Georgian-Style Privatization”-2. Tbilisis: Green Alternative, OSI, 2010. www.greenalt.org/webmill/data/file/publications/privatization_report_GA_2010(1).pdf; N. Gujaraidze, M. Barbakadze, K. Gujaraidze, R. Mchedlishvili, and R. Kakhaberi. Aggressive Statet Property Privatization Policy on “Georgian-Style Privatization.” Tbilisis: Green Alternative, OSI, 2007. www.greenalt.org/webmill/data/file/publications/Privatizeba-Eng4.pdf. 21 S. F. Jones. Democracy in Georgia: Da Capo? Cicero Foundation Great Debate Paper, No. 13/02, April, 2013. http://www.cicerofoundation.org/lectures/Stephen_Jones_Georgia. pdf.
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22 M. Jobelius. Georgia’s Authoritarian Liberalism. South Caucasus—20 Years of Independence. Tbilisi: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2011. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/georgien/08706.pdf. 23 V. Papava. Anatomical Pathology of Georgia’s Rose Revolution. Current Politics and Economics of the Caucasus Region, Vol. 2, Issue 1. 2009; T. De Waal. Georgia’s Choices. Charting a Future in Uncertain Times. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 2011. http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/georgias_choices.pdf. 24 V. Papava. US Elections: Hopes and Expectations from a ‘Post-Rosy’ Georgia. Open Democracy, October 23, 2012. http://www.opendemocracy.net/odrussia/vladimerpapava/ uselectionshopesandexpectations-from-%E2%80%98post-rosy%E2%80%99-georgia. 25 The Guns of August 2008: Russia’s War in Georgia, S. E. Cornell, and S. F. Starr, eds. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe. 2009. 26 Extraordinary European Council, Brussels. 1 September, 2008, 12594/08. Presidency Conclusions. Brussels: Council of the European Union, 2008. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/102545.pdf. 27 Georgia: Letter of Intent, Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies, and Technical Memorandum of Understanding. September 9. Washigton, DC: The International Monetary Fund, 2008, p. 10. http://www.imf.org/External/NP/LOI/2008/geo/090908.pdf. 28 United States—Georgia Charter on Strategic Partnership. Civil.Ge, January 9, 2009. http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=20249. 29 External Trade. National Statistics Office of Georgia, 2012. http://geostat.ge/index. php?action=page&p_id=137&lang=eng. 30 I. Samson. Medium-Term Prospects for the Georgian Economy. Georgian Economic Trends, February, 2008, p. 73. 31 M. Shmidt. Foreign Direct Investment to Georgia: Can Active Investment Promotion Policies Make a Difference? Georgian Economic Trends, January. 2007. 32 M. Kakulia. 2007. Labour Migrants’ Remittances to Georgia: Volume, Structure and Socio-Economic Effect. Georgian Economic Trends, October. 2007. 33 V. Papava. The Economic Development Complex in the Black Sea Area: The Impact of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis. Xenophon Paper, No. 9. Athens: ICBSS, 2010, p. 46. http://icbss.org/media/113_original.pdf. 34 I. Samson. Medium-Term Prospects for the Georgian Economy, p. 74. 35 V. Papava. The Economic Development Complex in the Black Sea Area: The Impact of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis, p. 46. 36 V. Papava. Post-War Georgia’s Economic Challenges. Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, Vol. 10, No. 23, November 26, 2008. http://www.cacianalyst.org/?q=node/4991. 14
37 M. Tokmazishvili. Socio-Economic and Institutional Aspects of Labour Market. Georgian Economic Trends, July, 2007, p. 49. 38 Unemployment the Major Problem in Georgia. The Messenger, May 10, 2010. http:// www.messenger.com.ge/issues/2102_may_10_2010/2102_econ_one.html. 39 I. Samson. Medium-Term Prospects for the Georgian Economy, p. 71; M. Tokmazishvili. Socio-Economic and Institutional Aspects of Labour Market, p. 49. 40 E. Livny, M. Ott, and K. Torosyan. Impact of Russian Sanctions on the Georgian Economy. Georgia in Transition, L. King, and G. Khubua, eds. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. 2009; A. Uzagalieva. Economic Sanctions and Exports in Georgia. Georgian Economic Trends, April, 2007. 41 I. Meskhia. Living Standards and Poverty in Georgia, p. 57. 42 T. Beridze. The National Economic Model and Globalization (the Case of Georgia). Georgia in Transition, L. King, and G. Khubua, eds. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. 2009; K. Gogolashvili. In Search of Georgia’s Economic Model. South Caucasus—20 Years of Independence. Tbilisi: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2011. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ georgien/08706.pdf; I. Samson. The Search for a Development Path: Challenges for Georgia. Georgian Economic Trends, No. 4, March. 2006. 43 V. Papava, and M. Tokmazishvili. Becoming European. Georgia’s Strategy for Joining the EU. Problems of PostCommunism, Vol. 53, No. 1. 2006. 44 V. Papava. The Essence of Economic Reforms in Post-Revolution Georgia: What about the European Choice? Georgian International Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 1, Issue 1. 2008. 45 Я. Исраелян. Экономика Южного Кавказа: сближение с Европой? Кавказский акцент, № 11. 2010; В. Максоева. Не Сингапур, а Кипр! Кавказский акцент, № 10, 2010. 46 S. F. Jones. Democracy in Georgia: Da Capo?, pp. 8-10. 47 J. Kobzova. Georgia’s Bumpy Transition: How the EU Can Help. The European Council on Foreign Relations Policy Memo, April 4, 2013. http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR75_georgia_MEMO_AW.pdf. 48 100 Days in Power: Rule of Law and Human Rights Conference. Tbilisi: Transparency International Georgia, February 18, 2013, pp. 9-10. http://transparency.ge/en/node/2791. 49 Ivanishvili Meets Business Leaders. Civil.Ge, October 6, 2012. http://civil.ge/eng/ article.php?id=25324. 50 I. Samson. Medium-Term Prospects for the Georgian Economy, p. 75. 51 K. Tsikhelashvili, I. Chkhutishvili, T. Shergelashvili, and A. Geybullayeva. Georgian— Turkish Free Trade Agreement 2008: Implications Two Years After. Tbilisi: The European
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Initiative Liberal Academy Tbilisi, 2011. http://iliablog2011.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/ attachment.pdf. 52 N. Silaev, and A. Sushentsov. Georgia after the 2012 Elections and Prospects for Russo-Georgian Relations. Moscow: Moscow State Institute (University) of International Relations. The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2012, p. 62; http://www.mgimo.ru/ georgiareport/i/Silaev-Sushentsov_MGIMO-Georgia-Report_Eng.pdf. 53 V. Papava. Economic Component of the Russian-Georgian Conflict. The Caucasus & Globalization, Vol. 6, No. 1. 2012. pp. 65-66. 54 V. Papava. The Evolutionof Economic Relations Between Georgia and Russia in the Post-Soviet Period: Past Trends and Perspectives. In Russia and Georgia: Searching the Way Out. Tbilisi: GFSIS, 2011, p. 60. http://www.gfsis.org/media/download/library/articles/ RUSSIA_AND_GEORGIA_SEARCHING_THE_WAY_OUT_English_Publication.pdf. 55 E. Ismailov, and V. Papava. The Central Caucasus: Essays on Geopolitical Economy. Stockholm: CA&CC Press. 2006, pp. 114-115. 56 GDP Per Capita (Current US$). The World Bank, 2013. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD. 57 GDP Per Capita (Current US$). 58 V. Burkadze. Structural Adjustments of the Georgian Agricultural Sector. Georgian Economic Trends, July. 2007; C. Cordonnier. Georgian Industry: Situation and Prospects for Development. Georgian Economic Trends, January. 2007; C. Cordonnier. Financing Georgian Industry. Georgian Economic Trends, May. 2008.. 59 A. Papaphilippou. Risks for the Sustainability of Georgia’s Economic Growth. Georgian Economic Trends, February, 2008. p. 49; I.Samson. Medium-Term Prospects for the Georgian Economy, p. 76. 60 100 Days in Power: Rule of Law and Human Rights Conference, p.10.
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