DELTA LANDSCAPES
Protection and restoration
Tourism development protecting the habitat
Reasoning - Contact with the Black Sea, Danube river and the surrounding lands -2.5 % of Romanian territory - area in decline - the river logic and the delta (natural) - administrative logic
Terminology Objectives. Challenges History Location
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY
Ostrovul Bobină, Danube Delta, Romania Kissemme River, Florida, USA Biesbosch Stad, Rotterdam, Netherlands Mekong Delta, Vietnam
CASE STUDIES Synthesis socio-economic
SUMMARY OF SYNTHESIS © Ionel Onofras, Danube Delta, Romania
Mezzo Strategy Mezzo Concept Macro Strategy
VISION
Cold season Amplification of existing natural elements Planting waterways Landscaping routes Development plan Ecological reconstruction Regulations ZUP
INTERVENTION FICTIONAL SCENARIO Role model
CONCLUSIONS © Ionel Onofras, Danube Delta, Romania
Thematic Introduction
Thematic Introduction Location - the richest delta in Europe from the fauna point of view; - the biggest reservation of compact reed on the globe; - most preserved delta in Europe: - the only delta in the world that got the title of biosphere; - 22% on Ukraine territory; - the limit of UNESCO reservation only includes the romanian territory;
Thematic Introduction History 1850 - restructuring approach management and rivers - intensity economic development - naval traffic control, flood protection, development of agriculture / fisheries 1860-1880 - remodeling of Danube canals Sulina canal, Systematization plan 1885
(Sulina 95km - 63km)
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Profile section
1700
1800
1860-18801900 Channels: Sulina, Chilia - before sistematization
Thematic Introduction History
1980 - unclogging 1/4 of delta for agriculture and pisciculture (the only natural habitat that controls floodable surfaces; which acts like a sponge and absorbs the surpluse of water and eliberates it gradually); - annealing actions made in Danube Delta; - phenomenon found throughout the Danube meadow; in 2006 more then 90% of the delta suffered of severe floods;
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al re ist c Bo veg log bi eta gin na ti g an on d isl en C an er d pr din no s oc g vc es the s m a on ito rin se g ve re flo od in g de ec lta Ba on st om ro ic ie c ca ry na sis l
1 - systematized area of lakes and channels that have unbalanced the natural ecological system 2 - major canal portion of the main rectification - works with the addition agricultural / fishery 3 - portion correcting main canal - with major focus on agricultural activities / fishery 4 - significant landscape character unit - current protection and high ecological importance
1900
1980 1994
2004 2006
2011
2016 9
Thematic Introduction Assumptions. Challenges. Danube Delta Different goals
Actors involved:
economic development scenario
National Institute of Research “Delta Dunarii” WWF World Wildlife Fund UNESCO National Institute of Research - Development for urban areas and planning (PATZ) -Urban Project
UNESCO objectives:
biodiversity conservation scenario
- biodiversity conservation - improving the quality of life - conservation delta
- understanding how the nature hosts humans - natural and cultural context of the population living in the delta - conflict administrative logic and logic river and delta (natural)
Methodology
Methodology Research
- Research - new tools for research - Review - understanding the landscape scale (using satellite maps) - Synthesized - understanding the complexity of the site
- process planning as the landscape in the oďŹƒce - ďŹ rst step towards responsible use of ecological landscape
MACRO SCALE
- Vision
MEZZO SCALE
- Actions - Actors - Implementation
- the project can be improved - Monitoring
Case studies
Case Study Ostrov Bobina, Danube Delta, Romania - the first ecological reconstruction project in Europe - project had success
- return to the structures similar to those of natural landscape - a model for other moist areas of the human transformed - Utricularia vulgaris grown at the reed extremities that makes a natural filter
- monitoring - at least 10 years - identifying time frames: hydrologic regime (3 years after the introduction breaches the pier), habitats and native plants (2 years after the introduction breaches the pier), additional measures to improve water circulation (4 years after the introduction of breaches in dam ) - positive effect on fauna and wild life - encourages use of natural resources for the benefit of locals - development of tourism through wetland with high impact project
Case Study Kissemme River, Florida, SUA.
- started in 1999 and completed in 2012 - 1999-2009 creation of models, prototypes, testing to predict river behavior after intervention - 11 000 ha restoration in 4 stages - removal of the canal and restoring river meanders - keeping channels around towns - expensive project ($ 576 million) - restricted navigability
Phase1
Phase2
Case Study Biesbosch Stad, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- ooding from rivers Rhine and Meuse - damming and draining for agriculture - former mark has sandy rivers - builted - breaking dams for nature restoration - reusing dams material foundation for creating new buildings - the importance of using satellite maps for understanding the structure of the archipelago landscape
Case Study Mekong Delta, Vietnam.
- 39 000 sqm - the main objectives of the project - economic development and improving the quality of life of local people - increasing pressure from population growth - expanding arable land - the leading cause of habitat loss - pressure on wetlands, lakes and ponds delta - negative impact on biodiversity in areas dammed
Synthesis analysis
Š Ingo Arndt Corbis, Delta sarata Peninsula CapeMay, New Jersey, SUA
Synthesized analysis Natural potential - >78% reed and freshwater (344,553 ha) - fisheries and agriculture (101,050 ha) - non-productive areas (7.563 ha) - integral protection areas (50 901 ha) - buffer areas (120 000 ha) - use of natural capital for the benefit of the local population
Forest
Dunes
Zona umeda - lunca
Hydrological system
Industrial activities
settlements agriculture
Total area 580 000 ha full protection area 50 901 ha economic areas: ecological reconstruction areas 15 712 ha farm design 39 947 ha pisciculture 39 507 ha management planning 6 442 ha buffer areas: delta buffer 119 996 ha marine buffer zone 103 000 ha
Transition area meadow-forest
Natural resources
waters wetland forests dunes transition area meadow-forest
Pasture area
Setlements
Synthesize analysis Socio-economic Agriculture
- poverty - aging population - decrease in population - low level of education Population density
- low level of health - low level of quality of life - premises does not favor agricultural and ďŹ shery from local population
Synthesize analysis Tourism
Birds, ďŹ sh - colonies
Natural heritage - anthropogenic
Accommodation - trails
tourism diversity underdeveloped tourism management high tourism potential
Vision
Š George Steinmetz / Corbis, Rapa River Delta, National Park Sarek, Switzerland
Vision Macro Strategy
Poly activity- hierarchy and economic growth through tourism Tipologii de peisaje
Ax tourism development (cultural tourism). C. Sulina - economic importance Tipologii de peisaje propus
The proposal for modifying the morphology of the system landscape of the Danube Delta: '' break '' large units of agricultural landscape by encouraging revegetation and forest system extend along channels hydrologically
Vision Concept
- structural organization - the concept of descentralization - higher organizational model - poly center - localities - ribs - interest areas natural / semi-natural
centralization
descentralization
distribution
Shaul I, Kaiser G (1995), A Paradigm for Decentralized Process Modeling
Vision Mezzo Strategy - gradually Built environments Joint development pole
1 Anthropic - development services 2 Ecological reconstruction of decorations produced after 1980 (Agricultural and fishery areas non-functional) 3 Reconnect former agricultural areas in the natural hydrological system (Public open - agricultural parks and fishery parks) 4 Creating an infrastructure for visitors
development and tourism promotion
develop and promote cultural tourism anthropogenic develop and promote ecotourism
Distribution and Correlation tourism
Areal tourism development (facilities, sustainable infrastructure) Links distributive type of tourist routes and polarities, transversal to the main arms of the Danube.
Natural enviroment
Ecological vision ○ Agricultural and fishery premises reintegrated in an economically efficient sistem ○ Restoration of functions specific to wetlands ○ Hydrologic balance and ecological restoration ○ Renovation of traditional fishing activities, harvesting of reeds, livestock and ecotourism.
expanding forest fund related to the hydrological system
rice fields in agricultural park planning regime
Intervention
Intervention ZUP regulations for ecological restoration area
- phasing in the reconstruction process by ecological principles - creating meandering edges - high structural diversity (flora and fauna) - creating small areas (biodiversity) between different types of limits - administrative (ATU) and the natural limit (channels) to create a buffer zone
serpentine edge encourages flora
meandering movement promotes cross
use area within the limits substandard
development of different widths edge
serpentine edge encourages fauna
small areas = diversity Dramstad W.E., Forman R.T.T., Olson J.D. (1996) Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning, Island Press, Cambridge, England.
Intervention Ecological reconstruction
natural forms
fish channels
- the intervention steps - reuse principles used for ecological reconstruction of premises "Ostrov Bobina” 1. Areal agricultural / fishery disposed in Danube Delta
forest fund
2. Proposal for breaches in the levee in relevant points
ponds
dam break
3. Treating border islands
new islands with reinforced edges
4. Plantations reed marshes to filter water and newly created
system of existing channels
masses of vegetation - emphasizing natural forms
reed plantations monitored dig
5. Creating water trails and cycling and pedestrian promenade overland tourist route
water tourist route
rest and recreation type of tourism activities
channel system proposed
habitat natural regeneration
Intervention Development plan
- lane wooden for promenade (0.5m) - observation towers - areas pontoon - boat route boat - dry areas - habitat areas - use of the reeds as a biologically ďŹ lter - mosaic rivers freestanding (refreshing water)
Legenda c - zona de campare p - ponton trazitie uscat - canal h - habitate de interes t - turnuri de observatie s - sport si activitati navale
Intervention Landscaping route
Canal refreshing water
Round Lake
Wooden promenade alley Observation tower
Intervention Planting waterways
Channels circulated by boats
Wicket
ooded area favorable for fauna and ora
Intervention AmpliďŹ cation of existing natural elements highlighting existing natural forms
Promenade cycling / pedestrian Consolidated shore islands
34 Examples of landscapes created
Examples of landscapes created
Intervention Cold season - bird-watching - naval routes - routes on the ground (proposed)
Fictional scenario Macro Strategy - ďŹ ctional hypothesis
- premise: C. Sulina comply annealing course meanders its natural systematization of interventions before 1860 Ecological Ideal scenario: Regaining initial rate of Sulina arm regeneration ecological systems of the same type. Morphology of the territory according to the next Delta scenarios can tabulate as follows:
Organic 'A'-lakes and wetland system with increased biodiversity, the protection type buers. Organic 'B'- ecological system with strict protection, extremely high biodiversity. Organic 'C' - agricultural system integrated in the channels hidologic historical renaturalizate. Organic 'D' - renaturalizate ďŹ sh ponds system. Organic 'Habitat type F'- sea beach with access controlled tourism.
Fictional scenario Settlements developed on dams
Macro Strategy - ďŹ ctional hypothesis
Principle of developing settlements on dammings Existing situation Settlement Protection now
Sulina Canal
Settlement Protection Proposed situation Settlement Sulina Canal
Protection proposed Floodplain
Houses on dams Protection
Fictional scenario Macro Strategy - fictional hypothesis Lacustrine dwelling in an area of ecological revegetation
Simple form so as to minimize exposure to winds
Ability to float in case of floods
pontoons linking houses and boats Rigid structure
pond
external routes
forest system
Fictional scenario Raw model
- understanding the logic of the river - source of food, ora, fauna, natural resources - provision with services - correlating landmarks - natural, human and cultural (ethnographic) - regaining tourism potential by visiting open design (integrated tourist routes in the Delta)
Lighthouse,Sulina, Danube Delta, Romania