CHIPS Janaury/February 2019 by Potatoes South Africa

Vol 33 No 1 January • February 2019

CHIPS

Die enigste tydskrif vir die aartappelbedryf • The only magazine for the potato industry

Beheer van aartappelmot

Impact of the increasing electricity, labour and chemical prices on sustainability CHIPS • January/February 2019

Page 1

Lepidoptera halt, stuit 1, 2...!

D AG 1 EERSTE SIGBARE SIMPTOME BINNE URE

D AG 3 EERSTE LARWES BEGIN VREK

GEEN OORLEWENDES

DAG 2

vinnige uitklopaksie stop voeding onmiddellik met geen verdere gewasskade

stabiliseer die produk in die spuittenk

lang nawerking verseker effektiewe beheer met minder toedienings

verseker beter bedekking

beskerm die produk teen afbraak deur sonlig

met gepatenteerde Zeon tegnologie is AMPLIGO geformuleer as unieke en uniforme mikro-kapsules

beheer alle lewenstadia

motte, eiers en larwes

LEES DIE ETIKET VIR VOLLEDIGE BESONDERHEDE. AMPLIGO® bevat chloorantraniliprool en lambda-sihalotrien (Reg. Nr. L8685, Wet Nr 36 van 1947) SKADELIK. Syngenta Suid-Afrika, Privaatsak X60, Halfway House, 1685. Tel: 011 541 4000. www.syngenta.co.za Alle gelyste produkte is geregistreerde handelsmerke van ’n Syngenta Group Maatskappy.

@SyngentaSA @SyngentaSA @SyngentaSA

CHIPS is die amptelike tydskrif van Aartappels Suid-Afrika. CHIPS is the official magazine of Potatoes South Africa. Redakteur/Editor Gawie Geyer Advertensies/Advertisements Gawie Geyer Sel/Cell: 082 388 0524 gawie@potatoes.co.za E-faks/E-fax: 086 685 6524 Aartappels Suid-Afrika, De Havillandsingel 6, Persequor Technopark, Persequor Park, Pretoria, 0020. Tel: 012 349 1906. Faks: 012 349 2641

COVER | VOORBLAD

Potatoes South Africa, 6 De Havilland Crescent, Persequor Technopark, Persequor Park, Pretoria, 0020. Tel: 012 349 1906. Fax: 012 349 2641 Ontwerp en uitleg: Henco Schoeman (HJ Ontwerp) Gedruk deur BusinessPrint vir die eienaar en uitgewer: Aartappels Suid-Afrika, Privaatsak X135, Pretoria, 0001. Design and layout: Henco Schoeman (HJ Design) Printed by BusinessPrint for the owner and publisher: Potatoes South Africa, Private Bag X135, Pretoria, 0001. Die menings wat uitgespreek word is die menings van die skrywers en verteenwoordig nie noodwendig die mening van die redaksie van CHIPS of die mening van Aartappels Suid-Afrika nie. Aartappels Suid-Afrika aanvaar geen verantwoordelikheid vir aansprake wat in advertensies en artikels gemaak word nie. The opinions expressed are the opinions of the writers and do not necessarily portray the opinion of the editorial staff of CHIPS or that of Potatoes South Africa. Potatoes South Africa does not accept any responsibility for claims made in advertisements and articles. Alle regte voorbehou. Geen gedeelte van hierdie publikasie mag op enige wyse gereproduseer word nie. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form. www.potatoes.co.za

Beheer van aartappelmot onder hoĂŤ temperatuur

The impact of the increasing electricity, labour and

en droogtetoestande

chemical prices on the sustainability of potato production

CHIPS

INHOUD | CONTENT ARTIKELS | ARTICLES Januarie / Februarie – 2019

GESPREK / CONVERSATION 6

Procedures to be followed when a new pest/regulated pest of plants have been detected in South Africa 39

NUUS / NEWS Plaaslike nuus / Local news

EKONOMIESE NUUS / ECONOMIC NEWS

International news

The impact of the increasing electricity, labour and chemical prices on the sustainability of potato production 40

BEMARKING / MARKETING

Wat het in 2018 met aartappels op die varsprodukte-

Potato consumption in South Africa: An observation

markte gebeur? 44

of price vitality on potato demand

Potato South Africa attends Intra-Africa Trade Fair 20

BEDRYFSDIENSTE / INDUSTRY SERVICES Erratum 49

TEGNIESE NUUS / TECHNICAL NEWS

Noordoos-Kaap kultivarproef onder besproeiing op

The sustainability of potatoes

Ugie in 2017/2018 50

Bespreking van die aartappelmot

Oos-Vrystaat kultivarproef onder besproeiing op

Beheer van aartappelmot onder hoë temperatuur en droogtetoestande

Oranjeville in 2017/2018 60 29

Series: Effect of nitrogen management on tuber

KONTREINUUS / REGIONAL NEWS

initiation, growth and yield. VI: Summary of the

KwaZulu-Natal potato workgroup held successful

most important findings 32

information day at Cedara 69

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CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

PLANTOVITA Na-kontroletoetse

PROKON Potato deliveries to fresh produce markets – November / December 2018

ADVERTENSIES ADVERTISEMENTS Syngenta

Binneblad - voor

ANSA

RSA Saad Beurs

Wesgrow 14

ALGEMEEN / GENERAL

Durban Market

APAC tree op teen markagente 77

Haifa

Elemente van ŉ basiese permanente dienskontrak 78 UIT DIE ARGIEWE – FROM THE ARCHIVES

FPD 22 Kynoch 23 Inteligro 23

SKYFIE SÊ – SKYFIE SAYS

DAGBOEK / DIARY

APAC Markagente – Market agents

Uniekum 31 Ivanhoe Seed Potatoes

LWO

CHIPS (Advertensietariewe)

GWK

Agterblad

CHIPS • January/February 2019

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Dit is nie besigheid soos gewoonlik nie

Met die skryf van hierdie “Gesprek” het die jaar met die spreekwoordelike BOEM begin, maar ek wil steeds elke belanghebbende in die aartappelbedryf 'n voorspoedige 2019 toewens. Dié jaar gaan ons gekonfronteer word deur uitdagings soortgelyk as die van 2018. In realiteit gaan sommige van die uitdagings meer prominent na vore tree, soos byvoorbeeld die verkiesing wat in Mei gehou word gekombineer met politieke onsekerheid, die negatiewe impak as gevolg van die voortslepende droogte in baie dele van die land, bykans onvoorspelbare weerstoestande en -patrone en landboumarkte wat gekenmerk word deur onsekerheid. In die lig van voorgenoemde en gegewe landbou se potensiaal om Page 6

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

by te dra tot ekonomiese groei, landelike ontwikkeling en indiensneming, en dus ekonomiese stabiliteit, sou mens verwag dat die regering 'n meer pro-aktiewe benadering sou inneem om stabiliteit in die sektor te verseker. Hierdie kwessie raak nog meer belangrik binne die sfeer van die grondhervormingskwessie aangesien enige wesentlike vordering slegs gemaak sal kan word indien hierdie sektor stabiel is en nuwe toetreders tot die sektor volhoubare geleenthede vir groei gebied word. Anders gestel, die regering op sigself het 'n swak rekord vir sover dit grondhervorming betref asook om te verseker dat nuwe toetreders in eie reg tot kommersiële produsente vorder. Die regering moet die speelveld vir landbouers voorberei om dit te kan doen wat hulle die beste doen by wyse van

GESPREK CONVERSATION

beleidsinisiatiewe, d.i. beleide wat insentief-gedrewe is eerder as van 'n bestraffende aard (die wortel versus die stok). Dit kan belastingtoegewings en -kortings insluit asook handelsbeleide om plaaslike produsente te beskerm. Buitelandse markontwikkeling, gesubsidieerde private steun en voorligtingsdienste, ens moet ook aandag geniet. Ek kry egter die gevoel dat ons steeds vasgevang is in die blaamspel ten opsigte van wat ookal bereik en nie bereik is nie – dit alles met 'n sterk politieke ondertoon. Dit is 'n feit dat indien kommersiële landbou sukkel om kop bo water te hou, dan soveel te meer die nuwe toetreders tot die bedryf. Die volgende aanhaling van Albert Einstein slaan die spyker op die kop: “We cannot solve today’s problems by thinking in the same way when we created them”. Vir te lank het ons verwag dat die regering ons uitdagings moet oplos of regstel. Ons moet anders dink en optree, wat op sigself 'n uitdaging is in 'n milieu waar produsente (kommersieel en nuwe toetreders) 'n ongunstige omgewing in die gesig staar. Maak geen fout nie, daar is sekere dinge wat slegs die regering in staat is om te doen, en dit moet erken word. Trouens, die beleids- en regulatoriese milieu het in die laaste jare van kardinale belang geword in die bepaling van die Suid-Afrikaanse landbousektor se pad vorentoe. Dit is gevolglik krities belangrik dat daar noue samewerking is tussen belanghebbendes in die landbousektor en regulerende instansies en regeringsdepartemente om, onder andere, te verseker dat 'n bevorderlike landbou-omgewing geskep word vir die regering om sy ontwikkelingsdoelwitte te bereik. Dit is 'n gegewe, een belanghebbende kan nie sy doelwitte sonder die hulp van die ander belanghebbende bereik nie.

optredes en gepaardgaande suksesse aan die groot klok te hang laat veels te wense oor. Heelwat meer intensiteit is nodig om die behaalde suksesse te kommunikeer sodat dit nie vir ander nodig is om weer die wiel te ontwerp nie, en terselfdertyd vordering maak om 'n inklusiewe en voorspoedige landbousektor te bou. Landbouers moet die leiding neem, wat nie maklik sal wees nie, maar ons het min keuse. Ons kan nie moed verloor nie, want hoop beteken onder andere dat die beleids- en regulatoriese omgewing die voorbeeld sal volg soos wat vertroue opgebou word – stadig maar seker, een baksteen op die ander – oor tyd. Een van ons grootste uitdagings vir die jaar sal wees om ons paradigma te verskuif en steeds te glo dat ons ons situasie kan verander, maar die voorvereiste is dat dit nie besigheid soos gewoonlik kan wees nie. Elkeen van ons sal diep moet nadink oor ons eie unieke situasie en bepaal wat is die mees-optimale manier om die storms te trotseer. Een ding weet ek en dit is dat ons produsente reeds hul deursettingsvermoë bewys het, en gevolglik is daar hoop vir almal in hierdie land. Ek wens u die beste toe vir 2019 en het geen twyfel nie dat teen hierdie tyd volgende jaar ons sal terugkyk op 'n jaar gekenmerk deur talle ten goede veranderinge as gevolg van ons produsente se harde werk. Aartappelgroete Dr. André Jooste Hoofuitvoerende Beampte

Een van die grootste struikelblokke in hierdie geval is die gebrek aan vertroue wat bestaan, en so lank as wat belanghebbendes en die regering mekaar as opponente ag sal dit moeilik bly om enige duik te maak ten opsigte van die opbou van vertroue. Ek kan met veiligheid postuleer dat dit nie langer besigheid soos gewoonlik kan wees as ons verwag dat ons situasie moet verander nie. Dit sal samehorigheid tussen die verskillende belanghebbendes en alle vlakke van regering verg, en die beste plek om te begin, is in ons eie agterplaas. Inderwaarheid is daar reeds heelwat voorbeelde waar hierdie proses 'n aanvang geneem het, maar ons pogings om ons CHIPS • January/February 2019

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It is not business as usual

With the writing of this â&#x20AC;&#x153;Conversationâ&#x20AC;? the year has started with the proverbial BANG, but I still want to wish every stakeholder in the potato industry a prosperous 2019. This year we will be confronted with similar challenges as in 2018. In fact, some of the challenges might even be more daunting, for example, we have the elections in May combined with political uncertainty, in many parts of the country agriculture is suffering from the ongoing drought, near unpredictable weather conditions/patterns and agricultural markets

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CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

are characterised by uncertainty. In light of the aforementioned and given the potential of agriculture to contribute to economic growth, rural development and employment, and hence economic stability, one would have expected government to take a much more pro-active approach to ensure stability in the sector. This notion becomes even more important within the ambit of the land reform question, as any significant progress can only be made if this sector is stable and present new entrants into the sector with sustainable growth opportunities. In addition, sustained progress will be largely dependent on the

GESPREK CONVERSATION

buy-in of the commercial sector to ensure the success of new entrants. Stated differently, government per se has a poor record in so far as land reform is concerned and ensuring that new entrants graduate to commercial producers’ in their own right. Government needs to prepare the playing field for agriculturalists to do what they do best through policy initiatives, i.e. policies must be incentive driven rather than being of a punitive nature (the carrot vs the stick). This could entail tax incentives and rebates, trade policies to protect local producers, foreign market development, subsidised private support and extension services, etc. I, however, get the feeling we are still caught up in the blame game for whatever has or has not been achieved – all this with a strong political undertone. The fact is that if commercial agriculture is struggling to make ends meet, the more so for new entrants into the industry. The quote by Albert Einstein comes to mind: “We can’t solve today’s problems by thinking in the same way when we created them”. We have expected for to long for government to fix or rectify all our challenges. We need to think and operate differently, which in itself is challenging in an environment where producers (commercial and new entrants) are faced with an adversarial environment. Make no mistake, there are certain things that only government can do, and that should be acknowledged. In fact, the policy and regulatory environment has become of paramount importance in recent years in determining the road map for agriculture in South Africa. It is hence critically important that there is close cooperation between the stakeholders in the agricultural sector and regulators to, amongst others, ensure that a conducive environment for agriculture is created to achieve the growth objectives of government. In other words, the one can’t achieve its objectives without the other.

and all tiers of government, and the best place to start is in our own backyard. In fact, there are ample examples where this process has already commenced, but our efforts to showcase our efforts and successes have been less than ideal. Much more effort is required to communicate the successes achieved so that others do not have to reinvent the wheel, while at the same time progress is made to build an inclusive and prosperous agricultural sector. Agriculturalists must take the lead, which will not be easy, but we have little choice. We can’t lose hope, and hope amongst others, means that the policy and regulatory environment will follow suite as trust is build – slowly one brick on another – over time. One of our biggest challenges this year will be to shift our paradigm and to still belief we can change our situation, but a prerequisite is that it cannot be business as usual. Each one of us will have to reflect closely on our own unique situations and determine the most optimal manner on how to weather the storms. One thing I know is that our producers have already proven their resilience, and hence there is hope for all in this country. I wish you all the best for 2019 and by next year this time I have no doubt that we will look back to a year characterised by many changes for the good as a result of our producers’ hard work. Potato regards Dr André Jooste Chief Executive Officer

One of the biggest stumbling blocks in this regard is the lack of trust that exist, and as long as stakeholders and government view each other in an adversarial manner it will be very difficult to make any in roads to build trust. I can safely postulate that it can’t be business as usual if we expect our situation to change. It will require cohesion between different stakeholders

CHIPS • January/February 2019

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plaaslike NUUS APAC AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AGENTS COUNCIL

APAC kry nuwe Registrateur Mnr. Francois Knowles is met ingang 1 November 2018 aangestel as Registrateur van die Agricultural Products Agents Council (APAC). Francois het 24 jaar ondervinding in die varsproduktebedryf en was voor sy aanstelling by APAC die Tshwane Varsproduktemark se adjunk-direkteur (Operasioneel). Hy was ook reeds aktief betrokke by verskeie landbou-verwante projekte soos onder andere Project Rebirth. Hy beskik oor 'n BCom in Rekeningkunde en Meesters Graad in Publieke Administrasie met die fokus op varsprodukmarke (spesifiek die Tshwane Mark) wat hy aan Universiteit van Pretoria verwerf het. Hy is steeds aktief betrokke by die Universiteit met projekte

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CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

soos Enactus en tree ook van tyd tot tyd as spreker en aanbieder op. Francois het ’n ongelooflike passie vir die Suid-Afrikaanse landbou en sy visie is om APAC as reguleerder onmisbaar vir die boer en die landbou-waardeketting te maak. Sy leuse is dan ook geen boer, geen ekonomie en geen landbousektor nie. “Ek glo dat alle rolspelers in landbou hande moet vat om te verseker dat hierdie sektor kan floreer en APAC beskik oor ’n ongelooflike span om die nodige steun te verskaf”, het Francois Knowles ten slotte gesê. C

APAC het in 1993 tot stand gekom in gevolge die Wet op LandbouprodukteAgente, Wet 12 van 1992. As ’n statutêre liggaam het, is APAC se mandaat die regulering van sekere aktiwiteite van die varsprodukte-, uitvoer- en lewendehaweagente. As reguleerder het APAC dan ook ’n verantwoordelikheid om toe te sien dat die status en aansien van die drie bene of beroepsrigtings in stand gehou en bevorder word. APAC wil die boer gemoedsrus gee om van ’n geregistreerde agent gebruik te maak ten opsigte van die bemarkingsgedeelte van sy besigheid.

GEORGINA | JELLY | RUMBA | VALOR

YEARS OF EXCELLENCE

Landswye Verskaffers Van : Gesertifiseerde Moere | Aartappelsakkies | Plakkers | Paletnet | Polipropsakke bk cc

CHIPS â&#x20AC;¢ January/February 2019

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international Shoprite opens first of its own distribution centres in Nigeria

Substantial and ongoing investment in its supply chain is the reason why the Shoprite Group enjoys unmatched levels of competitiveness and consistently delivers on its promise of everyday low prices. The greatest benefit of the Lagos distribution centre is that it allows small farmers and producers to deliver directly to Shoprite for ease of distribution, and allows the retailer to further add value through repackaging. Source: FreshPlaza / arcalata@shoprite.co.za Potato growers concerned about ban of an anti-germinative

Photo: Shoprite Holdings The Shoprite Group recently opened a new worldclass distribution centre in Lagos, Nigeria. The 4 700 m² facility is the first property owned entirely by the retail giant in Nigeria. Most of the space - some 2 560 m² - will be occupied by Freshmark, Shoprite’s fruit and vegetable procurement, buying and distribution arm. An additional 1180 m² will be used to house dry goods. It has taken 12 months to renovate and retrofit the existing property into a specialist facility that complies with the Group’s high standards, including a banana ripening room.

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CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

The European potato sector is concerned by the possible ban from 31 July 2019 of the antigerminative, Chlorpropham (CIPC), which is used to prevent the germination of the tubers while in storage. It is currently approved for the 2018/19 campaign, but it seems that it could not be authorized for the next campaign, as the European Food Safety Authority has advised against it. The vote on the renewal of the authorization, both for its use as herbicide and anti-germinative, had been scheduled for last December's meeting of the Permanent Committee for Plants and Animals, but in the end, no voting took place. French producers believe that if the anti-germinative is banned, the storage period will be shorter, so one

NUUS NEWS of the solutions would be to stagger the crops from spring to autumn. The fear that the authorization will not be renewed has motivated the interprofessional (AHDB de patata) to create a storage aid fund to the sum of 900,000 Euro in view of the uncertainty and challenges British potato growers will be facing this year (after a difficult campaign).

Plants with high levels of hormone release and fungi treated with an artificial strigolactone hormone were found to thrive well in nutrient-poor soils and weightlessness. Source: Nau.ch / FreshPlaza Less copper for crop protection

Source: agrodigital.com Planting potatoes on the moon Future long-term manned space missions will raise the question of how food can be supplied to astronauts. Plant biologists from the University of Zurich (UZH) have now studied how agriculture on the moon – or other planets – would be possible. A nearly weightless environment and soils that contain significantly less nutrients than those on Earth, are not good conditions for lush plant growth. Transporting nutrient-rich soil and fertilizer into space is an ecologically and economically very questionable project, as the UZH announced Wednesday. However, the research group headed by Lorenzo Borghi from UZH and Marcel Egli from Lucerne University of Applied Sciences have come up with a possible solution: the plant hormone strigolactone promotes the symbiosis between fungi and fine roots, thus supporting plant growth. In this symbiosis called 'mycorrhiza', the fungi supply the roots of the plants with additional water, nitrogen, phosphates and trace elements from the soil. Conversely, the fungal threads gain access to sugars and fats produced by the plant. Most plants excrete hormones of the strigolactone family around the root area. Because crops in space have to cope not only with nutrient-poor soils, but also with virtual weightlessness, the researchers have tested how this influences plant growth. For this purpose, petunias and mycorrhizal fungi were cultured in simulated weightlessness. Petunias are a model organism for nightshade plants such as potatoes, tomatoes and aubergines. The experiment has shown that a lack of gravity hinders mycorrhization, i.e. the colonization of the roots by the fungi. This reduces the nutrient uptake of the petunias from the soil. However, the plant hormone strigolactone counteracts this effect.

More restrictive regulations on the use of copper for crop protection. In a few years, it could be completely banned. On the first of January, the new EU regulations started taking effect, and consequently the restrictions regarding both the organic and the integrated. When we called Michelangelo Garaffoni, a technician for the Europfruit PO, he was outlining the new guidelines, together with his colleagues, “We need to rethink how we carry out the protection, as some crops cannot do without copper. In addition, it is one of the very few remedies available in the organic sector”. The regulation states that the use of phytosanitary products containing copper compounds should be reduced to the application of 28 kg/hectare, over seven years. That is, an average of 4 kg/hectare/ year. In this way, it should be possible to highly reduce the potential soil accumulation and the harm to non-target organisms, while at the same time it would allow controlling the climate conditions that facilitate the growth of fungus infections. Andrea Grassi is the technical manager for Aprofruit and he said, “We will need common sense in order to respect the parameters. However, sometimes it seems as if behind these decisions there is no technical knowledge of the subject but rather mere political interests”. According to Luca Molinari from the Consorzio Agrario Adriatico, “Companies producing the substances have to re-design the labels in order to suggest effective protections which would respect the new constraints. It will not be easy”. The quantity was estimated on a seven year period because, during this medium-long time, dry and rainy seasons would follow one another. If the climate is mostly humid, fungus infections have an easier life and therefore we need copper to counteract them, especially with regard to the organic”. Source: FreshPlaza

CHIPS • January/February 2019

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CHIPS â&#x20AC;¢ January/February 2019

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Potato consumption in South Africa: An observation of price volatility on potato demand Xolisiwe Yolanda Potelwa / Contributor: Immaculate Zinde, Potatoes South Africa

patterns in order to establish the most effective way of communication whilst encouraging increased per capita consumption, e.g. including potatoes as a superior and perfect carbohydrate replacement during meal times. Television, radio, print, public relations and digital marketing have been the foremost tools of consumer marketing and advertising in the preceding years, due to them ranking high scores as preferred sources of communication during the 2014 study.

Potatoes are the number one vegetable that can be consumed as the starchy part or vegetable in a meal. The consumption of potatoes has been in question in South Africa in view of its increase over the last decade. To substantiate this statement it is assumed that adverse climatic condition and fuelled consumer education has role-played towards the increase in consumption. In 2014, Potatoes South Africa conducted a study aimed at gauging perceptions and attitudes towards the consumption of potatoes. The study focused on several product-related factors such as the price, size, variety and quality of potatoes. Interestingly enough, the study found that price was not to be a deciding factor when purchasing potatoes, but rather size and quality. The study also focused on media communication and product consumption Page 16

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

The consumption of potatoes has increased over the last couple of years, with the per capita consumption reported at an estimated 40 kilograms in 2017. The graph below shows that there is a positive correlation between potatoes consumed and potatoes produced. During periods of lower production due to either controllable or non-controllable factors, consumption declines to match supply, as was the case in 2016, when per capita consumption dropped from 39.5 kg to 32.5 kg. In 2016 the consumption of potatoes was mainly affected by the drought that significantly impacted on the supply of potatoes. The aim of the article is to look at the effects of the price of per capita consumption of potatoes. Food prices have been on the rise with consequent pressure on consumer spending. As a result of increasing food prices, consumers are buying alternative food products that are cost-effective to adjust to their income. Fortunately the rise in food

BEMARKING MARKETING

Production

Consumption 45 40

2500

2000

30 25

1500

1000

15 10

500

Consumption per captia income

Production in 1000 tons

3000

Figure 1: Production versus consumption of potatoes Source: Potatoes South Africa

The average prices and volumes sold on the fresh produce markets were used to determine the effect of price on the consumption of potatoes. Volumes sold on the national fresh produce markets are assumed to be potatoes consumed as fresh potatoes. Figure 2 shows the volumes sold on the national fresh produce markets versus the average prices. The price variation of potatoes depends on the available stock on the said markets and the number of bags sold during that

The country has been experiencing one of the most difficult period in decades in terms of the economic climate that has put pressure on fuel and food prices. This has, in turn, put pressure on the producers who have just recently started to recover from the effects of the droughts. In response to the excess supply on the local fresh produce, the prices of potatoes sold have

Average Price

Consumption per capita

140

120

100

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

20 2005

Volumes sold in 1000 tons

Volume Sold in NFPM

specific period. According to the statistics potatoes sold on the local markets had no influence on price variation and we can therefore conclude that the price of potatoes does not influence potato consumption, but is influenced by the quality and size of the potatoes.

Price (R/T & Consumption per capita

prices has not affected the consumption of potatoes in South Africa. Calculations reveal that, in real terms, consumers are spending R1 billion rand more on potatoes per annum than ten years ago.

Figure 2: Fresh potatoes sold on the local fresh produce markets between 2005 and 2017 Source: Potatoes South Africa CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ January/February 2019

Page 17

4,5 4

3,5

3 2,5

2 1,5

0,5 0

R/10kg

Potatoes sold in tmillion per 10kg bag

BEMARKING MARKETING

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Volume sold

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Average prices

Figure 3: Fresh potatoes sold in the local fresh produce markets between Jan- Dec 2018 Source: Potatoes South Africa potatoes regardless of their price tag. The fact that the demand for potatoes is moving in the rights direction is testament that consumers are becoming more enlightened about the attributes and benefits of potatoes. Potatoes South Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s marketing division is commissioning a national consumer research survey to look at consumer attitudes and perceptions towards potatoes in South Africa. Once the results of the study are available they will be shared. Most importantly, the results will help help shape, formulate and carve the strategic course for potato marketing in South Africa. C

been declining. The latest value added tax increase and the construction of the GDP have also had little impact on potato prices. This is an indication that the consumer is benefitting as a result of the price decrease although living under the toll of adjusting in the current economic climate. In conclusion, consumption does not depend on the price of potatoes, but rather on the quality and size of potatoes. To substantiate, as long as the potatoes are available in the market place the demand for potatoes will increase. Therefore, it is important for the consumers to understand the benefits of eating

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Tel: +27 31 311 5100 Fax: +27 31 465 4222 www.durban.gov.za/durbanfreshproducemarket

FRESHNESS FOR THE ZULU KINGDOM @durbanmarket

durbanmarket

@durbanmarket

Potatoes South Africa attends Intra-Africa Trade Fair Xolisiwe Potelwa, Potatoes South Africa

Potatoes South Africa was funded by Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) to attend the Intra- Africa Trade Fair through the incentives known as Export Marketing and Investment Assistance (EMIA). The EMIA is an incentive that seeks to partially compensate exporters for costs incurred in respect of developing export markets for South African products

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and services; recruiting foreign direct investment into South Africa and identifying new export markets through market research. The Trade show was held in Cairo, Egypt between 11-17 December 2018. Intra-African Trade Fair (IATF) was one of its first kind in Africa. It was a 7-day trade show that provided a platform for sharing trade, investment and market

BEMARKING MARKETING

information to enable buyers, sellers, investors and countries to engage and take advantage of available business opportunities and conclude business deals. It also provided an opportunity for exhibitors to showcase their goods and services, engage in Business to Business (B2B) exchanges and build intelligence about intra-trade. This is a platform to enter a single market of over one billion people joined together under the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). Potatoes South Africa (PSA) took part in this trade show to promote potatoes produced in South Africa and identify potential market access opportunities in Egypt. The trade show assisted Potatoes South Africa to gain an understanding of how to unlock Africa’s trade potential through regional value chains, safety standards, accessing finance as well as meeting payments within AfCFTA context. PSA met the Egyptian Agricultural Export Council to discuss trade opportunities between Egypt and South Africa. The Egyptian potato industry 4 – 5 million tons per annum. Of the total produced, more than 60% is sold in the local market for fresh consumption and 11% is used for seed utilisation. Egypt produces enough to meet its local demand and exports the excess to the international market.

Potatoes South Africa have learnt the following during the trade show: 1. Issues of border regulation within the African context (Trade facilitation); 2. Regional value chains through cross border production; 3. Compliance of safety and quality as market requirements; 4. Opportunities for funding of export & import projects; 5. Infrastructure-based project for value-added exports. Conclusion The assistance offered by the DTI for export promotion is a viable platform for Potatoes South Africa to incorporate in its strategic efforts to develop new markets for South African potatoes. Based on the intelligence gathered, South African potatoes cannot be exported to Egypt yet due to a number of factors such as distance; sufficient local supply in Egypt tastes and preferences. C

The African continent presents an opportunity for South African potato exports as their income and population are expected to rise by 2030. Potatoes South Africa met with several role players in the value chain that are interested in sourcing and support potatoes from South Africa:

Name of the companies

Partnership with Potatoes South Africa

AFREXIMBANK

To explore the opportunities to fund import and export based projects

Mawared International Trading & Investments

To source potatoes from South Africa

Zimbabwe Agricultural Society

To determine the possibility of sourcing potatoes and seed potatoes from South Africa.

The representative of Trade and industry from South Sudan

To identify the likelihood of sourcing potatoes from South Africa

CHIPS • January/February 2019

Page 21

Vra vir die Beste

Hoë kwaliteit kunsmisse vir groente produksie

Pioneering the Future Kontak ons gerus vir u naaste verspreider: Haifa Suid-Afrika Posbus 1409, Brackenfell, 7561, Suid-Afrika Tel: 021 982 0309, Faks: 021 981 7637 Epos: Dawie.Fourie@haifa-group.com www.haifa-group.com

• Multi-K™ - die beste kaliumdraer vir groente • Vinnig en effektiewe plantvoedingstofopname • Nutrigation™ deur spilpunte en druppers

FPD Seed and Development supplies potato varieties from Agrico and Meijer in Holland to South African farmers. FPD Seed and Development is the sole agent for:

• FIANNA

• ALMERA

• MARKIES

FPD Seed also produces and sells open varieties, which include: U

LY PERFE

• UTD T

• BP1

9 9 1 E C N I S

• HERTHA

& WARE PO

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: Morkel - 079 884 9341 morkel@fpd.co.za

www.fpd.co.za Page 22

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

Theuns - 082 775 1787 theuns@fpd.co.za

Daan - 082 492 5082 daan@fpd.co.za P

0861 7 6 8 2 8 6

Voeding volgens plantontwikkeling MIDDEL VEGETATIEF

KynoPop®/ KynoPop® vir Aartappels Vir ‘n vinnige wegspring en groeikragtigheid.

KynoPlus®-NPKSplantermengsels soos Zest®, Blitz en Finesse® Plantermengsels met verhoogde doeltreffendheid om veral in die vroeë behoeftes, maar ook in die latere voedingbehoeftes van die aartappelplant te voorsien.

LAAT VEGETATIEF EN KNOLVORMING

Met Kynoch se innoverende en pasmaakprodukte kan jy bemesting toedien volgens jou aartappelplant se behoeftes en groeistadiums. So verseker Kynoch dat jou aartappels kry wat hulle nodig het, wanneer hulle dit die nodigste het.

CalciBor™, GreenGold 30® Achilles™, Seniphos, CalciBor™ , GreenGold 30® Foli-Grande® en Achilles™, Foli-Grande®, Foli-Plus® Gebruik in kombinasie as top- Foli-Plus® en Unika Calcium™ bemesting om knolinisiasie en opbrengs te bevorder.

Veggie Oemff® Starter

’n Blaarvoeding om vroeë wortelontwikkeling te help en om knolinisiasie te verbeter. Zintrac or Zink Sulfaat kan ook gebruik word.

Veggie Oemff® Grow

Gebruik in kombinasie na knolinisiasie vir opbrengs en aanleg tot beter kwaliteit.

Gebruik in kombinasie as topbemesting om opbrengs en kwaliteit te bevorder.

Veggie Oemff® Fruit

Gebruik gedurende knolgroei vir verbeterde werkverrigting wat lei tot beter opbrengs en kwaliteit.

KynoPop® Reg. No: K9101, KynoPop® Aartappels Reg. No: In proses, KynoPlus® is geregistreer as kunsmis groep 1 – Reg. No: K8024, GreenGold 30® Reg. No: K8034, Achilles™ Reg. No: K8967, Foli-Grande® Reg. No: K8045, Foli-Plus® Reg. No: K9397, CalciBor™ Reg. No: K9739, Seniphos Reg. No: K7682, Veggie OEMFF® Grow Reg. No: K9090, Veggie OEMFF® Fruit Reg. No: K9091, Veggie OEMFF® Starter Reg. No: K9088, Blitz Reg. No: K10049, Zest® Reg. No: K10048, Finesse® Reg. No: K10051, Unika Calcium™ Reg. No: K6641 (Alle produkte is geregistreer onder Wet 36 van 1947)

Kynoch – verbeterde doeltreffendheid deur innovasie. 011 317 2000 | info@kynoch.co.za www.kynoch.co.za Farmisco (Edms) Bpk. h/a Kynoch Fertilizer Reg. No. 2009/0092541/07

CHIPS • January/February 2019

uppe marketing A16340

AARTAPPELS

VROEG VEGETATIEF, MET PLANT

Page 23

The sustainability of

potatoes

Carmen Muller, Beulah Pretorius and Hettie Schรถnfeldt, University of Pretoria

A projected world population of 9.5 billion people by 2050 dictates that future food-related policies must support a sustainable food system. To support this statement, an urgent need to define recommendations and actions is high on the international agenda and a new set of Sustainable Development Goals has thus been implemented to ensure improved quality of life for all. Continued growth of human influences on the environment contributes significantly to climate change, which poses a threat to the environment and its inhabitants. The agricultural sector is often Page 24

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

placed under the spotlight within these sustainability discussions. Thus, this sector has a historic opportunity to become more involved in the shaping of the definition of sustainable food systems and healthy, sustainable food baskets that will feed future populations sustainably and nutritionally. Such actions aim at "doing more and better with less" while improving quality of life through policies and programmes. Governments around the world are aiming to implement such policies to promote healthier, sustainable diets. These fairly vague plans, which

TEGNIESE NUUS TECHNICAL NEWS

country-specific level and even more specifically an industry-specific level (Lee et al., 2013). Addressing and overcoming issues of sustainability requires a systemic approach and cooperation among all actors operating in the supply chain, from the producer to the final consumer of the product.

This study delivered the following main findings: •

Potatoes are the South African staple crop that has the lowest greenhouse gas emission

•

Potatoes have the highest energy output of all the staple crops per unit of water used

•

In South Africa, under-nutrition is persisting in the midst of overweight and obesity. There is also an increased focus on nutrient quality within food security debates in the various countries. It is becoming increasingly important to consider concerns about nutrient density in relation to environmental impact in local food systems. The role which nutrients from staple foods could thus play in improving the nutritional status of communities, while contributing to their economic viability and social progress (Sibhatu & Qaim, 2017), presents a unique opportunity for the potato industry to present potatoes as part of a sustainable food system at a local level, feeding into the global debate.

Potatoes have the highest nutrient density of all staple crops per unit of water used

•

Potatoes are the South African staple crop that has the highest nutrient density

fundamentally aim to provide the growing population with affordable, acceptable, healthy food while taking environmental concerns into account, require a multi-sectoral approach. Solutions to these issues require action plans that need to be coordinated at a global level along with international buy-in. However, the root of the problem needs to be addressed at a

The premise of this study is based on the hypothesis that minimally processed potatoes would have a low

Potato

18 16 14

Brown Bread

Maize Meal

White Bread

6 4

Pasta

Wheat flour

Rice

2 0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

GHGE Figure 1: Nutrient density scores of some of the most commonly consumed foods in South Africa compared to their greenhouse gas emission data (expressed as embodied carbon produced per kg raw product) CHIPS • January/February 2019

Page 25

400

Embodied Water

350

Rice

300 250 200 150

Pasta

100 50 0

Wheat flour 0

Maize Meal Brown Bread White Bread

Potato 15

ND Figure 2: Nutrient density scores of the most commonly consumed staple foods in South Africa compared to their embodied water values carbon footprint (greenhouse gas emission or GHGE) per 100 g product, along with high nutrient density scores per 100 units of energy if compared to other local staple foods such as maize meal and bread. Such interpretive data places these nutrient-dense tubers in a beneficial light when developing healthy, sustainable dietary recommendations, finding their place in the greenhouse gas emission versus nutrient density matrix. Summary of methodology Phase 1: Determine the nutrient density of commonly consumed foods in South Africa Phase 2: Adapt and apply the Nutrient Density Scores to the Climate Impact (NDCI) Index Results and discussion Comparisons between different food production systems are notoriously complex, with this research revealing a huge variability between different ways of producing the same food. Some of the more extreme findings report significant differences in values observed over diverse farming systems and subsequently differences between countries which do not reflect the local context. Therefore, the proposed project was done on common production practices followed in South Africa along with the nutrient values of tubers produced in the country. Page 26

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

In Figure 1, the nutrient density (ND) scores of some of the most commonly consumed foods in South Africa are compared to their GHGE data. From this figure, potatoes have the highest ND per 100g product associated with the lowest GHGE. Figure 2 shows the embodied water content of various staple foods compared to GHGE. Embodied water refers to all the water that is required to get the product to its final consumable state. Once again, potatoes proved to provide the greatest ND for the lowest amount of water used when compared to other staple products. Figure 3 shows the 16 different production regions found in South Africa and the most commonly consumed tubers in these regions. Of the selected cultivars, Mondial had the highest ND followed by Sifra and Fianna. The Eastern Free State had the lowest GHGE associated with production, with Gauteng and the Sandveld delivering the highest values for GHGE. Conclusion This study found that potatoes have a vital role to play over various sectors, reaching from a food security crop all the way to a water-use efficient crop. Potatoes are the staple food in South Africa that has the highest ND score associated with the lowest GHGE score. Potato crops not only use the least amount of water to produce the highest kilojoule output, but also have the

TEGNIESE NUUS TECHNICAL NEWS

18,5

KZN,Mon

EFS, Mon

WFS, Mon

NEC, Mon

LIM, Mon

EC, Mon

GT, Mon

NC, Sif SWFS, Sif

MH, Sif

SAND, Sif

NW, Sif

17,5

Ceres, Fian

HV, Fian

16,5 SC,BP1 16

100

150

200

250

300

350

GHGE Figure 3: GHGE versus ND over specific regions and most commonly consumed cultivar

highest ND score per litre of water used. In order to address and overcome concerns pertaining to the environment, a wider societal, inter-sectoral and population-based public health approach is needed. The problem that was created by everyone needs input from everyone to be solved. Small behavioural changes by all individuals create a multiplier effect with mostly positive outcomes for the environment. What is of greater concern is that this multiplier effect also works vice versa. As there is only one planet to live on, taking care of it and ensuring a sustainable future for all is of the utmost importance. Attention should be paid to the different agricultural practices used in the different regions to ensure that optimal input-use efficiency is achieved. Overall potatoes proved to be an ND crop that uses fewer resources when compared to other commonly consumed staple crops. C

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Bespreking van aartappelmot in Limpopo Dr. Fienie Niederwieser, Aartappels Suid-Afrika

Meer probleme as gewoonlik is in die vroeë somer van 2018 in Limpopo met aartappelmot ondervind. Hoewel hittegolwe gereeld in Augustus en September in Limpopo, ondervind word, het die 2018-hittegolwe langer geduur as in vorige jare. Dr. Diedrich Visser van ARC-VOP op Roodeplaat het ingestem om ’n reeks besprekings in die produksiestreek aan te bied om ons kennis te verbreed oor die aartappelmot en hoe temperatuur dit beïnvloed. Die eerste sessie het op 11 Desember

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naby Polokwane plaasgevind. Die geleentheid is deur 21 persone (insluitend tien boere van die omgewing) bygewoon. Uit dr. Visser se lesing was dit duidelik dat hittegolwe veroorsaak dat die vermeerdering van motte so vinnig plaasvind en dat dit moeilik is om die insek te beheer. Lees die artikel wat deur dr. Visser geskryf is vir meer inligting. Soortgelyke besprekings word in die vooruitsig gestel vir ander substreke in Limpopo in Maart ten April 2019. C

TEGNIESE NUUS TECHNICAL NEWS

Beheer van aartappelmot onder hoë temperatuuren droogtetoestande Diedrich Visser, ARC-VOP Die aartappelmot is een van die belangrikste insekplae vir die aartappelbedryf. Dit is een van die vier sleutelplae waarvoor gewoonlik in spuitprogramme voorsiening gemaak word (die ander drie is blaarmyner, nematodes en plantluise, laasgenoemde hoofsaaklik as virusvektore). Die aartappelmot is bekend om vinniger as normaal aan te teel onder hoë temperatuuren droogtetoestande. Hierdie toestande word gewoonlik gedefinieer as twee weke of langer sonder enige harde reënval met heersende temperature hoër as normaalweg. Onder sulke toestande kan ’n sesvoudige verhoging in skade verwag word. Die gemiddelde oesverlies vir Suid-Afrika is normaalweg ongeveer 8%, maar gedurende sommige jare, tydens droogtetoestande, kan oesverliese tot so hoog as 40% styg. Meer as 30 insekdoders (verskillende aktiewe bestanddele) is vir die beheer van die aartappelmot in Suid-Afrika geregistreer. Daar is dus genoegsame groepe om van te kies en om af te wissel om die beheer van die aartappelmot te verseker. Die vraag mag dus gevra word hoekom beheer onvoldoende is onder toestande wat die mot bevoordeel, soos uitgebreide warm, droëtoestande. Om te help met die antwoord, is dit eers nodig om die mot se ekologie van nader te beskou. Die volwasse mot lê omtrent al haar eiers (200 tot 300), binne vyf dae na verskyning uit die papie op plante of op die grond onder plante. Eiers broei binne drie tot vyf dae uit, die larwes neem slegs nege tot twaalf dae om te ontwikkel en om papies te vorm, en papies sal binne vier tot ses dae in motte verander. Onder baie gunstige toestande (bv. warm, droë toestande en hoë nagtemperature), sal die mot dus elke drie weke ’n nuwe generasie voortbring. As lande vroeg in die seisoen geïnfekteer word, sal die mot dus maklik tot soveel as vyf generasies kan voortbring in

Eerste instar larwes van die aartappelmot is slegs 0,2 mm breed. Hulle bereik knolle onder die grond deur mikroskopiese klein krakies. lande met aartappels met ’n groeiperiode van vier maande. Hoewel mot-infestasie van die lower nie direkte oesverliese tot gevolg het nie, speel dit ’n uiters belangrike rol wat tot hewige oesverliese later in die seisoen kan lei. ’n Larwe het net een klein syblaartjie nodig om sy siklus te voltooi. Daarbenewens kom motinfestasies nooit in sulke groot getalle voor dat plante “ontblaar” word nie. Die aartappelplant produseer gewoonlik meer blare as wat dit nodig het, en gevolglik is dit soms moeilik om motmyne raak te sien in lande wat welig of geil groei. Motmyne wat op blare laer af in die plantedek voorkom word nie opgemerk nie, en word ook nie maklik met spuitmiddels bereik nie. Die vermeerdering in getalle kan dus soms ongesiens voortgaan deur die seisoen om tot ’n baie hoë vlak te eindig tydens natuurlike loofdood (of met loofdoderbespuitings).

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gevolg hê. Hierdie krakies (meestal mikroskopiese klein) in die grond dien as ideale toegangsroetes aan die aktiewe eerste instar larwes wat op die grond rondbeweeg op soek na kos. Eerste instar larwes is slegs 200 mikron (0,2 mm) dik, en kan daarbenewens hulself deur nog kleiner areas as hulself forseer; krakies wat dus baie moeilik met die blote oog gesien kan word, kan as afvoerkanale vir die motlarwes dien. In hierdie proses bereik die larwes die knolle onder die grond, waarna infestasie plaasvind. Knolbesmetting gedurende loofafsterwing lei tot die meeste ernstige oesverliese.

Larwes is volgroeid binne nege dae, waarna hulle kokonne spin waarbinne hulle pupeer. Tydens loofdood bly die meeste motte in landery agter – slegs ’n klein getal sal nuwe lande bereik. Derduisende motte sal rondvlieg en aanhou eiers lê terwyl die lower en groen materiaal al hoe skaarser raak. Selfs ná loofafsterwing sal die meeste motte nie die land verlaat nie, maar voortgaan om eiers op dooie plantmateriaal en op die grond te lê. Honderdduisende eerste instar larwes kan gevolglik in ’n land voorkom al is daar geen bogrondse groen materiaal vir hulle beskikbaar nie. Die baie klein eerste instar larwes beweeg dan af in krakies in die grond terwyl hulle na kos soek. Die uitsetting van knolle (knolset) net voor loofafsterwing, tesame met benatting (besproeiing of reën) van die bogrond, gevolg met uitdroging, sal talle krakies in gronde tot

Motlarwes vermeerder tydens die seisoen in blaarmyne, maar val knolle aan die einde van die seisoen onder die grond aan. Page 30

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

Die rede hoekom knolbesmettings gedurende jare met hoë temperatuuren droogtetoestande hoër is as normaalweg, is omdat motte vinger aanteel en daar dus meer motte en larwes in landerye teenwoordig is. Insekdoders sal nooit 100% van alle motte en larwes doodmaak nie, daar sal altyd ’n gedeelte van die bevolking wees wat ontsnap. Tydens jare met hoër motgetalle sal daar dus relatief meer motte ontsnap, en dit is hierdie motte wat verantwoordelik is vir die verhoogde getal klein larwes wat knolle onder die grond bereik. As produsente se spuitprogramme korrek uitgewerk en toegepas word, wat kan dan nog gedoen word om motgetalle laag te hou gedurende die seisoene wat met droogtetoestande gepaard gaan? Die produsent weet gewoonlik watter aspekte in sy beheerprogram opgeskerp kan word. Die basiese beginsel is om alle produksietegnieke wat insekbeheer aanhelp, op te skerp. Hierdie beginsels word ook na verwys as Geïntegreerde Plaagbeheer.

Hewige knolinfestasies kan verwag word tydens droogtetoestande.

TEGNIESE NUUS TECHNICAL NEWS

Sommige van hierdie beginsels sluit die volgende in: 1. Wisselbou (plant sover moontlik vanaf onlangs geoeste lande). 2. Operd (erd op ten minste 5 cm bo die vlakste knol). 3. Verminder kraakvorming deur besproeiing of ander meganiese aksies. 4. Oes so gou as moontlik na loofdood (infestasies neem toe na loofdood). 5. Sanitasie (vernietig opslag in ou lande, verwyder afval-hope). 6. Gebruik geregistreerde middels om na loofdood te spuit. 7. Gebruik feromoonvalle vir monitering van motgetalle in ou lande om die oorsprong van infestasies te probeer bepaal. 8. Sagter middels kan natuurlike vyande soos parasitoiede aanhelp.

seisoen gewoonlik afgeskaal word en dit juis dan is wanneer motlarwes afbeweeg na knolle onder die grond. Weerstandbiedende kultivars is nie â&#x20AC;&#x2122;n opsie nie aangesien alle kultivars ewe vatbaar is vir motbesmettings. Geneties-gemanipuleerde aartappels wat 100% bestand is teen die aartappelmot bestaan wel, maar geen kommersialisering is tot dusver in SuidAfrika gedoen nie. C

Indien produsente enige verdere navrae het oor die beheer van die aartappelmot, kan dr. Diedrich Visser gekontak word by dvisser@arc.agric.za.

Daar moet egter gelet word dat baie van bogenoemde aksies teen die einde van die

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SERIES: Effect of nitrogen management on tuber initiation, growth and yield.

VII: Summary of the most important findings Chantel du Raan (Potatoes South Africa) & Prof Martin Steyn (University of Pretoria)

Introduction Although tuber initiation has been studied extensively before, the precise mechanism and factors influencing tuber initiation, are still not fully understood today. Researchers have previously discovered that tuber initiation is regulated by photosynthesis and hormone levels, whereas nitrogen directly affects photosynthesis rate and the hormone balance in the plant. A study was recently conducted with the aim to better understand how nitrogen (N) management can be manipulated and optimised so that producers

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can achieve high yields of desired size and quality, especially for some of the lesser known new potato cultivars available in the country. The findings of such a study should also contribute to improved economic and environmental sustainability for the producer, due to less wastage and losses of nutrients to the environment. Field trials were conducted under irrigation at the University of Pretoriaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hillcrest experimental farm on a soil with 15% clay content to determine the effect of N management on tuber initiation, growth and yield.

TEGNIESE NUUS TECHNICAL NEWS

Summary of treatments • 3 cultivars: BP1 (C1; standard), Eos (C2) and Lanorma (C3) • 3 different N levels were applied, based on the soil clay content and target yield:

- Spring trial: 160 kg/ha N (R1), 240 kg/ha N (R2) and 320 kg/ha N (R3)

- Autumn trial: 140 kg/ha N (R1), 220 kg/ha N (R2) and 300 kg/ha N (R3).

• 3 N timing scenarios were applied to both trials:

30% N at planting and 70% after tuber initiation (T1),

50% N at planting and 50% after tuber initiation (T2), and

70% N at planting and 30% after tuber initiation (T3)

The N fertiliser applied after tuber initiation was done three to four weeks after the date of 50% emergence.

Summary of results Stolon number and length There was a trend that the number of stolons, and subsequently also the number of tubers initiated, increased with an increase in the stem count. This is expected since stolon development is closely related to the number of haulms produced, whereas the initiation of tubers depends on the number of stolons present, since stolon tips differentiate and swell to initiate tubers (Ewing and Struik 1992). Furthermore, cultivar Lanorma formed longer stolons throughout the season (weeks 2 to 9), although by the end of the season (11 weeks after 50% emergence) the cultivars did not differ significantly in stolon lengths anymore. Nitrogen rate The highest N rate resulted in significantly longer stolons, compared to the lowest N rate, resulting in tubers developing close to the edge of the hill, which increased the possibility of tubers turning green due to exposure to sunlight (Millard and MacKerron 1986, Rens et al. 2015). Similar to the study by Millard and MacKerron (1986), we also observed that a low N rate resulted in an N deficiency, causing the plant to deplete all its N reserves, which resulted in the dying off of existing stolons before tubers could initiate. Nitrogen application timing Previous studies performed by Ewing and Struik (1992), O’Brien et al. (1998), Alva et al. (2004), and Rens et al. (2015) suggested that too much N, especially early in the season, will delay tuber

initiation and thus yield. In contrast to these findings, our results indicated that excess N did not affect stolon numbers (as was also reported by Porter and Sisson 1991b). An increase in the amount of N at planting did, however, result in the formation of longer stolons. Nitrogen rate and application timing interaction effect It is interesting to note that even at the highest rate of 320 kg/ha N in combination with a timing option of 30% applied at planting (320 kg/ha N x 30% = 96 kg/ha N), there was still insufficient N to maintain stolon numbers early in the season. It, therefore, appears that at least 120 kg/ha N to 170 kg/ha N at planting is needed to ensure the maintenance of sufficient solons. The treatments between120 kg/ha N to 170 kg/ha N at planting includes treatment: • 240 kg/ha N of which 50% is applied at planting and 50% after emergence; • 240 kg/ha N of which 70% is applied at planting and 30% after tuber initiation, or; • 320 kg/ha N of which 50% is applied at planting and 50% after tuber initiation. Significant differences were also detected in stolon length regarding the interaction effect between cultivar x N application timing during the first week, as well as rate x time during the ninth and eleventh weeks. Concerning cultivar x N application timing interactions, cultivar BP1 showed no significant differences in stolon length between the three N timing

CHIPS • January/February 2019

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treatments. Eos and Lanorma, on the other hand, had longer stolons when 50% or 70% of the total N was applied at planting. The latter two treatments did not significantly differ from each other. The interaction between N rate x N application timing showed significantly longer stolons for the treatment combination of 320 kg/ha N, of which 70% N was applied at planting in both weeks nine and eleven, whereas 160 or 240 kg/ha N of which 30% or 50% N was applied at planting both showed the shortest stolon lengths in week nine. At week eleven the treatment that received 160 kg/ha N of which 50% was applied at planting showed significantly shorter stolons.

Tuber initiation Cultivar Lanorma tended to produce a higher yield of medium and large tubers, as well as higher final total tuber yield, compared to BP1 and Eos. The timing of tuber initiation played a crucial role in Lanormaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s high marketable yield, because this cultivar initiated most of its tubers within the first two weeks after emergence and resorbed very few tubers later. This extended the bulking period of initiated tubers compared to the other cultivars, resulting in a higher proportion of medium and large tubers. In contrast, BP1 initiated tubers continuously throughout the growing season, which shortened the bulking period for tubers that initiated later in the season, and as a result produced a large proportion of small tubers. N rate Tuber initiation was hampered by a low N level due to stolons that died off before tubers could initiate. Furthermore, the plants depleted all N reserves before tubers could bulk efficiently, resulting in smaller tubers and lower final yield. This corresponds with the findings of Lovell and Booth (1969). Contrary to previous literature reports, high N levels did not inhibit or delay the number of tubers, onset and duration of tuber initiation. N application timing Nitrogen application timing resulted in significant treatment differences three weeks after emergence. The treatments that received 50% and 70% of total N at planting and the remainder after tuber initiation, initiated significantly more tubers than the treatment that only received 30% of total N at planting. This is due to the fact that for the latter treatment the amount of N early in the season was not sufficient to produce a well-developed leaf canopy, affecting tuber initiation

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negatively. In addition, stolons died off before tubers could be initiated due to an N deficiency. This corresponds with the findings of Millard and MacKerron (1986) and suggests that too little N early in the season (only 30% at planting) is not sufficient to produce a well-developed leaf canopy. This hampers tuber initiation as stolons die off before tubers can be initiated due to the exhaustion of N reserves. Nitrogen rate and application timing Interaction: During the second and third week after emergence, the interaction effect between cultivar, N rate and N timing was significant. Cultivar BP1 did not respond significantly to N rate and timing in the second week after emergence, but in week three showed a higher number of tubers initiated when treated with the highest N level and 70% of N applied at planting. Eos initiated significantly more tubers at the two highest N levels in combination with N timing application option of 70% at planting and 30% after tuber initiation. Lanorma, on the other hand, performed best at the lowest (160 kg/ha) and recommended (240 kg/ha) N rates, but no significant differences were, however, observed for N timing. It was also clear from the data that Eos and Lanorma had initiated significantly more tubers early in the growing season.

Yield and tuber size distribution Nitrogen rate Final tuber yield as well as medium and large tuber yield significantly increased from the lowest to the highest N rate (Figure 1). This was due to the fact that the highest (320 kg/ha N) and recommended (240 kg/ha N) N rate treatments were able to produce an efficient crop canopy already early in the season. There were enough N reserves to maintain the canopy and also ensure adequate bulking of the tubers. These results also correspond with the studies by Arsenault et al. (2001) and Zebarth et al. (2004), who found that a higher amount of N resulted in a higher final total tuber yield for cultivar Russet Burbank, whereas the study by McPharlin and Lancaster (2010) showed the same effect up to a certain N amount, where after no further significant yield increase occurred. Contrary to this, the lowest N rate resulted in a reduction in photosynthesis, growth and leaf area, which delayed the formation of an efficient leaf canopy, resulting in lower light interception, which could thus not maintain growth and resulted in early senescence of the plant. The study by Rens et al. (2015) also indicated that under their specific trial conditions, biomass accumulation decreased when the N level was below 112 kg/ha.

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Figure 1: Summary of the effect of N rate, N timing and cultivar on yield and size distribution Nitrogen application timing Nitrogen timing had a significant influence on final tuber yield as well as the yield of medium and large tubers, with the treatment receiving 70% N at planting and 30% after tuber initiation producing the highest final tuber yield for all three cultivars, while the treatment receiving 50% N at planting and 50% after tuber initiation resulted in the second highest final tuber yield. A tendency was thus observed that the highest N proportion at planting resulted in the highest final tuber yield for medium and large sized tubers (Figure 1). Previous studies also confirmed that a higher amount of fertilizer early in the season resulted in a higher marketable yield (Zotarelli et al. 2015) and final total tuber yield (Ojala et al. 1990), whereas Zotarelli et al. (2015) came to the conclusion that tuber yield did not increase further if the N level during tuber initiation increased above 56 kg/ha N. A higher proportion of N at planting ensured sufficient canopy cover throughout the season, which promoted optimum growth and tuber bulking. On the contrary, 30% N at planting and 70% after tuber initiation resulted in a small crop canopy, which senesced early. These findings agree with the study of Millard and MacKerron (1986), who also reported that a N deficiency early in the season caused a reduction in photosynthesis rate and plant growth and thus a

reduction in leaf area, which led to early senescence of the plant. The plant therefore depleted most N reserves before tubers could bulk sufficiently. Similar studies by MacLean (1984), Westermann and Kleinkopf (1985), Westermann et al. (1988), Millard and MacKerron (1986), Ojala et al. (1990), Porter and Sisson (1991a), Biedmond and Vos (1992) as well as McPharlin and Lancaster (2010) confirm these findings. Nitrogen rate and application timing interaction effect Cultivars BP1 and Eos performed best in terms of final tuber yield, when the recommended and highest N levels in combination with 70% N at planting and 30% N after tuber initiation. Lanorma, on the other hand, responded less to the N treatments, especially for N levels, which indicates that each cultivar has its own unique optimal nutritional needs.

Harvest index N rate Although the highest N level produced a large and efficient canopy early in the season as well as the highest final tuber yield, a lower harvest index was attained, which suggests that excessive canopy growth was stimulated at the expense of tuber development

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and bulking. This corroborates with the findings of Biemond and Vos (1992), Vos (1997), Alva (2004), Abbasi et al. (2009) as well as Peres et al. (2005), who generally reported significant decreases in HI as the N level increased. The highest N rate also extended the vegetative stage, delaying maturity and consequently delayed skin set as well as the accumulation of starch in the tubers. N application timing Early in the season the N timing treatments that received 30% N at planting and 70% N after TI, as well as 50% N at planting and 50% N after TI had a higher HI than the treatment that received 70% N at planting and 30% N after tuber initiation. The higher N level at planting (70% at planting) thus stimulated a larger canopy early in the season in comparison with 30% and 50% N at planting. After the second fertilizer application the order of treatments changed. From the fifth week onwards the treatment that received 30% N at planting and 70% N after tuber initiation had the lowest HI. The large amount of N later in the season (70% N after TI) stimulated secondary canopy growth at the expense of tuber growth, whereas a larger amount of N at planting (70% and 50% of total N at planting) on the other hand produced sufficient canopy early in the season to ensure optimum tuber initiation, bulking and high final yield. This relates to the findings by Ojala et al. (1990) who concluded that high amounts of N applied late in the season resulted in the promotion of excessive vegetative growth, which also delayed tuber maturation. Interaction effect Sampling the results in the fourth week (after the second N application) indicated that treatments 160 kg/ha N together with 50% N at planting; 50% N after emergence as well as 160 kg/ha N with 70% N at planting; 30% N after emergence showed a higher harvest index compared to the treatment combination of 160 kg/ha N together with 30% N at planting; 70% N after emergence and 320 kg/ ha N in combination with 70% N at planting; 30% N after emergence. Treatment combinations 160 kg/ha together with 30% N at planting; 70% N after emergence and 320 kg/ha N in combination with 70% N at planting; 30% N after emergence thus stimulated the canopy at the expense of tuber yield. The autumn season generally showed similar significant differences during the second week and although the third week did not show significant differences, the same trend was observed.

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Thus at low rate (140-160 kg/ha N) the higher percentage of 50-70% at planting gave best the results, but at higher levels (220-300 kg/ha N), the lower % at plant (30%) gave best results. Overall it seems that approximately 100 kg/ha N at planting (approximately 40-50% of recommended N) for this soil type gives best results for TI, HI and yield.

Tuber quality Cultivar Cultivar had a highly significant effect on tuber specific gravity (SG), with BP1 and Lanorma (which did not differ significantly from each other) showing higher and more acceptable SGs than Eos. Previous studies such as those by Schark et al. (1956), Werner et al. (1998), McPharlin and Lancaster (2010) showed that SG is a cultivar characteristic and each cultivar responds differently to various climatic, soil as well as cultural aspects. BP1 showed a significantly higher occurrence of hollow heart, compared to Eos and Lanorma, which did not differ significantly from each other. Hollow heart occurrence varies from cultivar to cultivar, due to site-specific environmental conditions as well as agricultural practices (Rex and Mazza 1989, McPharlin and Lancaster 2010). Also, BP1 is known to be prone to the development of disorders such as hollow heart (Visser 2012), while the results showed that Eos and Lanorma are not very susceptible to hollow heart defects. Nitrogen management had no significant effect on chip colour, which corresponds to various studies such as those of Kunkel and Holstad (1971), Kumar (2004) and Zebarth et al. (2004). Cultivar, on the other hand, influenced chip colour significantly, with BP1 showing higher (better) colour values compared to Eos, whereas Lanorma did not differ significantly from BP1 or Eos. This corresponds to an earlier study by McPharlin and Lancaster (2010), which showed that genetics is the dominating factor that influence chip colour. N rate The highest N rate extended the vegetative stage, delaying maturity and skin set, as well as starch accumulation in the tubers, which lowered specific gravity, whereas hollow heart occurrence increased. Numerous studies such as those by Teich and Menzies (1964), Kunkel and Holstad (1972), MacLean (1984), Westerman and Kleinkopf (1985), Santerre et al. (1986), Ojala et al. (1990), Porter and Sisson

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(1991a), Westermann et al. (1994), Belanger et al. (2002), Zebarth et al. (2004) as well as McPharlin and Lancaster (2010), concur with the findings of our study, that an increase in N rate decreased SG. Hollow heart occurrence, on the other hand increased as the N rate increased for all three cultivars, as it caused the tubers to grow very fast, causing tissues to rupture and to form hollow heart cavities. The same was reported for the studies of Kalio (1960) as well as Porter and Sisson (1991a). N application timing A decrease in SG was observed when 70% N was applied at planting and the remaining 30% after tuber initiation. This was unexpected and needs further investigation. A high proportion (70%) of N applied after tuber initiation caused the tubers to grow fast and develop hollow heart defects. Hollow heart is known to develop when excessive N is applied late in the season (between the tuber initiation stage and when the tubers reach a mass of about 60 g). This supports the findings of Rex and Mazza (1989), McPharlin and Lancaster (2010), Theron and Pieterse (2012) and Rens et al. (2015). Nitrogen application timing also had no significant effect on chip colour, which corresponds with studies by Kunkel and Holstad (1971), Kumar (2004) and Zebarth et al. (2004). Nitrogen application timing treatments did not affect accumulation of N in the tuber. The mechanism in which N influences reducing sugar content of tubers and consecutively chip colour is still inconclusive (Hope et al. 1960, Kunkel and Holstad 1971, Kumar 2004) and warrants further studies.

Residual soil N N rate An increasing N rate showed a tendency of increasing residual NO3- and NH4+ content in the soil. This corroborates with the findings of Jiang et al. (2012) and Zotarelli et al. (2014). The highest N rate thus resulted in a large amount of N that was not utilized by plants remaining in the soil, which increases leaching risks and input costs. N application timing The influence of N timing on residual N present in the soil varied between seasons. Nitrogen timing in the spring trial showed no significant differences in residual NH4+ and NO3- present in the soil after final harvest. On the contrary, in autumn the treatment with 30% N at planting and 70% N after tuber initiation resulted in higher residual NO3- and NH4+ levels in the soil, compared to the other two N timings. This

variation between the two seasons can be as a result of varying climatic conditions, which consequently influenced N mineralization, N uptake and loss. Zotarelli et al. (2015) also observed a higher residual soil N when a large amount (above 65 kg/ha N) of N is applied at tuber initiation. Zotarelli et al. (2015) furthermore also observed that environmental conditions, such as climate, play an important role in N treatment performance. The autumn trial was planted later than planned due to very wet soils caused by heavy rain. The high rainfall after planting was followed by close to a month of overcast weather and thus low radiation levels. Weather conditions then went from one extreme to the other, with extremely dry, hot conditions prevailing thereafter. The plants struggled to adapt to the sudden change in environmental conditions, and as a result they never reached their full potential, whereas the spring trial experienced reasonably optimal climatic conditions and thus could utilized more N. Nitrogen use efficiency Nitrogen use efficiency decreased significantly with an increase in N level, especially when in combination with a high proportion (70%) of N applied after TI. Contrary to that, a decrease in N level in combination with an increase in the N proportion (70%) applied at planting resulted in the highest NUE. Westermann and Kleinkopf (1985) as well as Zebarth et al. (2004) also concluded that NUE decreases curvilinear with increasing N level applied, whereas Zotarelli et al. (2015) and also Westermann and Kleinkopf (1985) reported that a higher N rate applied at tuber initiation influenced NUE negatively. Recommendations These findings confirm that current N rate and timing guidelines (Steyn and Du Plessis 2012) still apply to the newer potato cultivars that were included in this study. Cultivars did, however, react differently to N management and there is room for improvement regarding further optimisation to reduce fertiliser input costs for each cultivar. This study focused on three cultivars and one soil type. This presents an opportunity for further research to explore N management effects on tuber initiation, growth and yield of other new local potato cultivars and to optimise practices for other soil types. The results of this research improved our understanding of how nitrogen management (rate and timing) can be manipulated so that producers achieve optimum yields of desirable tuber size distribution and quality for specific cultivars. C

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TEGNIESE NUUS TECHNICAL NEWS References Abbasi A, Tobeh A, Shiri-e-janagrad M, Jamaati-esomarin SH. 2009. Response of growth and yield of potato crop cultivars to nitrogen levels. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 2:35-42. Alva AK. 2004. Effects of pre-plant and in-season nitrogen management practices on tuber yield and quality of two potato cultivars. Journal of Vegetable Crop Production 10:43-60. Arsenault WJ, Leblanc DA, Tai GCC, Boswall P. 2001. Effects of nitrogen application and seedpiece spacing on yield and tuber size distribution in eight potato cultivars. American Journal of Potato Research 78:301-309. Belanger G, Walsh JR, Richards JE, Milburn PH, Ziadi N. 2002. Nitrogen fertilization and irrigation affects tuber characteristics of two potato cultivars. American Journal of Potato Research 79:269279. Biedmond H, Vos J. 1992. Effects of nitrogen on the development and growth of the potato plant. 2. The partitioning of dry matter, nitrogen and nitrate. Annals of Botany 70:37-45. Ewing EE, Struik PC. 1992. Tuber Formation in Potato: Induction, Initiation, and Growth. Horticultural Reviews 14:89-195. Hope GW, Mackay DC, Townsend LR. 1960. The effect of harvest date and rate of nitrogen fertilization on the maturity, yield and chipping quality of potatoes. American Potato Journal 37:2833. Ipenkwe OP, Allen EJ, Wurr DCE. 1974. Factors affecting the relationship between tuber size and dry-matter content. American Potato Journal 51:233-243. Jiang Y, Zebarth BJ, Somers HS, Macleod JA, Savard MM. 2012. Nitrate leaching from potato production in Eastern Canada. In: Zhongqi HE, Larkin R, Honeycutt W (eds), Sustainable Potato Production: Global Case studies Netherlands: Springer. Kallio A. 1960. Effect of fertility level on the incidence of hollow heart. American Potato Journal 37:338-343. Kumar D, Singh BP, Kumar P. 2004. An overview of the factors affecting sugar content of potatoes. Annals of Applied Biology 145:247-256. Kunkel R, Holstad N. 1971. Potato chip color, specific gravity and fertilization of potatoes with N-P-K. American Potato Journal 49:43-62. Lovell PH, Booth A. 1969. Stolon initiation and development in Solanum tuberosum L. New Phytologists 68:1175-1185. Maclean AA. 1984. Time of application of fertilizer nitrogen for potatoes in Atlantic Canada. American Potato Journal 61:23-29. Mcpharlin IR, Lancaster RA. 2010. Yield and quality response of crisping potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) to applied nitrogen. Journal of Plant Nutrition 33:1195-121. Millard P, MacKerron DKL. 1986. The effects of nitrogen application on growth and nitrogen distribution within the potato canopy. Annals of Applied Biology 109:427-437. O’Brien PJ, Allen EJ, Firman DM. 1998. A review of some studies into tuber initiation in potato (Solanum tuberosum) crops. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 130:251-270. Ojala JC, Stark JC, Kleinkopf GE. 1990. Influence of irrigation and nitrogen management on potato yield and quality. American

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Potato Journal 67:29-43. Peres LEP, Carvyalho RF, Zsogon A. 2005. Grafting of tomato mutants onto potato rootstocks: an approach to study lead-derived signalling on tuberization. Plant Science 160:680-688. Porter GA, Sisson JA. 1991a. Response of Russet Burbank and Shepody potatoes to nitrogen fertilizer in two cropping systems. American Potato Journal 68:425-443. Porter GA, Sisson JA. 1991b. Petiole nitrate content of mainegrown Russet Burbank and Shepody potatoes to nitrogen fertilizer in two cropping systems. American Potato Journal 68:493-505. Rens LR, Zotarelli L, Cantliffe DJ, Stoffella PJ, Gergela D, Fourman D. 2015. Biomass Accumulation, marketable yield, and quality of Atlantic potato in response to nitrogen. Agronomy Journal 107:931-942. Rex BL, Mazza G. 1989. Cause, control and detection of hollow heart in potatoes: A Review. American Potato Journal 66:165-183. Santerre CR, Cash JN, Chase RW. 1986. Influence of cultivar, harvest date and soil nitrogen on sucrose, specific gravity and storage stability of potatoes grown in Michigan. American Potato Journal 63:99-110. Schark AE, Peterson CE, Carlin F.1956. The influence of variety on the specific gravity-mealiness relationship of potatoes. American Potato Journal 33:79-83. Steyn JM, Du Plessis HF. 2012. Fertilisation and nutrient deficiencies of potatoes. In: F.D.N., Denner; S.L., Venter and J.G., Niederwieser (eds). Guide to potato production in South Africa. Potatoes South Africa: Pretoria. Teich AH, Menzies JA. 1964. The effect of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium on specific gravity, ascorbic acid content and chipping quality of potato tubers. American Potato Journal 41:169-173. Theron DJ, Pieterse BJ. 2012. Fertilisation and nutrient deficiencies of potatoes. In: Denner FDN, Venter SL, Niederwieser JG (eds). Guide to potato production in South Africa. Potatoes South Africa: Pretoria. Visser AF. 2012. Selecting a suitable potato cultivar. In: Denner FDN, Venter SL, Niederwieser JG (eds). Guide to potato production in South Africa. Potatoes South Africa: Pretoria. Werner BK, Love SL, Shafii B. 1998. Comparison of seasonal development of tuber specific gravity among seven potato clones. American Journal of Potato Research 75:121-127. Westermann DT, Kleinkopf GE. 1985. Nitrogen requirements of potatoes. Agronomy Journal 77:616-621. Westermann DT, Tindall TA, James DW, Hurst RL. 1994. Nitrogen and potassium fertilization of potatoes: Yield and specific gravity. American Potato Journal 71:417-431. Zebarth BJ, Leclerc Y, Moreau G. 2004. Rate and timing of nitrogen fertilizer on Russet Burbank potato: Nitrogen use efficiency. Canadian journal of plant sciences 84:845-854. Zotarelli L, Rens LR, Cantliffe DJ, Stoffella PJ, Gergela D, Burhans D. 2015. Rate and timing of nitrogen fertilizer application on potato ‘FL1867’. Part I: Plant nitrogen uptake and soil nitrogen availability. Field Crops Research 183:246-256.

Procedures to be followed when a new pest/regulated pest of plants has been detected in South Africa

1. Any user of land and/or land owner including any individual, municipal authorities, traditional authorities, community members, farmers, fruit and vegetable industries, universities and other affected role players in the Republic of South Africa must immediately notify the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) of any suspected occurrence or detection of a new pest/ regulated pest/s in their area. 2. The above triggers the required regulatory actions and DAFF shall launch an investigation to determine whether the detected pest is a regulated pest or not. 3. If the pest in question is not a regulated pest, the land user/ owner shall be notified. 4. If the detected pest is regulated in terms of the Agricultural Pests Act, 1983 (Act No.36 of 1983), the area concerned shall be declared a quarantine area by the executive officer of the said Act. The DAFF shall initiate awareness actions in collaboration with the land owners/ users and other role players within the affected area on the appropriate management practices for the regulated pest. 5. The land user/ owner of the affected land shall be served with an official order in terms of Section 7 of the Agricultural Pests Act, 1983 (Act No. 36 of 1983). 6. The land user/ owner of the affected land shall be advised accordingly about the phytosanitary control measures to be complied with in terms of Section 6 of the Agricultural Pests Act, 1983 (Act No. 36 of 1983) as prescribed by the official order served. 7. The prescribed measures may include specific management practices to control the pest and prohibition of movement of host plants or plant products in and out of the area concerned as per the official order served. NB: The above measures will assist in protecting our plant and plant resources against phytosanitary pests in order to maximise crop yield and to safeguard our export markets. To report occurrence or suspected occurrence of the pest contact:

For inspection and removal permit contact:

For awareness and promotion contact:

Directorate: Plant Health

Directorate: Inspection Services

Directorate: Food Import & Export Standards

Division: Early Warning Systems Tel: 012 319 6384

Tel 012 319 8735/8795/8763

Division: Plant Health Promotion

Email: JanHendrikV@daff.gov.za

Email: removalpermits@daff.gov.za

Tel: 012 319 6295/6475 Email: Info.sps@daff.gov.za

Bactrocera dorsalis. Photo courtesy: Bob Copeland

Fall armyworm (larva) Photo courtesy: Desiree van Heerden

agriculture, forestry & fisheries Department: Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

Banana Bunchy Top Virus symptoms (Typical dwarfed, upright growth and bunched at the top) Photo courtesy: Dr Elize Jooste

The impact of the increasing electricity, labour and chemical prices on the sustainability of potato production Potatoes South Africa in collaboration with the Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP)

Recent months have seen significant upward pressure on inputs costs in the potato industry. Some of these costs are considered as being administered costs, e.g. fuel, electricity and labour. The annual increase in input costs for potato farming are higher than inflation, i.e. real input costs are increasing. At the same time real market prices are moving sideways and hence a significant price-cost squeeze effect impacting on the sustainability of potato production. It is noteworthy that the number of potato producers has declined from 2 000 in the early 1990s to 560 in 2017. There are a number of ways in which the impact of increasing costs on the profitability of agriculture can be measured. This includes, for example, measures such as gross and net farm income (NFI1) to measure returns on investment. The latter is a more appropriate measure since it reflects the returns on investment (ROI)2 in a manner that can be compared with inflation and alternative investment options within

a risky environment. Typically returns on investment should outperform inflation in order for your money to grow in real terms. Furthermore, a more risky investment typically requires a higher return than a low risk investment, e.g. a bank deposit versus buying shares on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). Farmers` investment decisions are directly influenced by the investment climate within which they operate and obviously the ROI. In the absence of an enabling environment and low ROI, farmers will not invest adequately in agriculture. Investing in agriculture is one of the most effective strategies for reducing poverty and hunger and promoting sustainability. The regions where agricultural investment has stagnated or fallen during the past three decades are also the epicentres of poverty and hunger in the world today, according to a 2012 report of the Food and Agricultural Organisation (â&#x20AC;&#x153;Investing in agriculture for a better futureâ&#x20AC;?).

Net Farm Income (NFI) = All cash receipts minus all cash expenses, excluding family living costs, principal debt payments and income and land taxes. Return on investment (ROI) = Net Farm Income (NFI) divided by investment in land and machinery.

1 2

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120% 100% 80%

60% 40% 20%

2016

2017

2018

2019

Limpopo

Sandveld

2020

2021

Graph 1: Limpopo & Sandveld typical potato farms - Baseline Net Farm Income (Index: 2016 = Base year)

R0 -R 500 000 -R 1 000 000

-R 1 500 000 -R 2 000 000 -R 2 500 000

-R 3 000 000 -R 3 500 000 -R 4 000 000

-R 4 500 000 -R 5 000 000

2018

2019

2020

2021

Minimum wage

Electricity tariff scenario

Increase in plant protection

Combined: Wage, electricity & chemicals

Combined difference: 20182021

Graph 2: Effect of different scenarios on the Net Farm Income of a potato farm in Limpopo

The discussion that follows evaluates the impact of certain scenarios on the ROI for a typical potato farm in the Sandveld and Limpopo regions for 2019 to 2021. Limpopo is the largest and the Sandveld the third largest producing region in South Africa. Cognisance must be taken that potato farming is not only costly in terms of production costs, but it is also highly capital intensive. For example, the cost structure for a typical potato farm in Limpopo is as follows: total cash expenses total R22.5 million and total investment in land, irrigation infrastructure, machinery

and pack-house facilities total R42.2 million. Annually 165 hectares of potatoes are being planted on the farm. The cost structure for a typical potato farm in the Sandveld is as follows: total cash expenses total R31.9 million and total investment in land, irrigation infrastructure, machinery and pack-house facilities total R36.4 million. Annually 214 hectares of potatoes are being planted on the farm. The aforementioned provides an indication of the amount of money that is required to produce potatoes that are generally considered as a risky crop due to, for example, it being prone to disease attacks. More than 2.4 million

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R0 -R 1 000 000 -R 2 000 000 -R 3 000 000 -R 4 000 000 -R 5 000 000 -R 6 000 000

2018

2019

2020

2021

Minimum wage

Electricity tariff scenario

Increase in plant protection

Combined: Wage, electricity & chemicals

Combined difference: 2018 2021

Graph 3: Effect of different scenarios on the Net Farm Income of a potato farm in the Sandveld

12%

ROI in percentage

10%

10,0%

9,5%

8,9%

8,8% 7,3%

8% 6%

4% 2% 0%

Baseline

Minimum wage scenario 2019

Electricity tariff scenario

2021

Increase in plant Combined effect: protection Wage, electricity & chemicals

Graph 4: Limpopo farm - Return on investment 2019 versus 2021

tons of potatoes are being produced annually in South Africa. The baseline scenario that represents the status quo without any major external shocks indicates the yearly change in NFI from 2016 (base year) till 2021 (Graph 1). The NFI is down significantly in 2017 due to lower market prices for potatoes. The following factors are putting NFI and ROI under pressure; namely the demand for higher wages, the sharp increase in the expected prices for plant protection chemicals and the expected hike in the electricity price. An external shock was used to test the impact of a 19.4% rise in electricity costs for 2019,

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a 14.4% increase in 2020 and a 14.5% increase in 2021. This will lead to an increase of almost R200 000 in the electricity costs for 2019 for the Limpopo farm (Graph 2) and almost R290 000 in the Sandveld (Graph 3). The yearly average nominal return on investment for 2019 for the Limpopo farm will therefore decrease to 9.5% in comparison with the 10.0% of the baseline (Graph 4) and to 4.4% in the Sandveld (Graph 5) in comparison with the 5.1% of the baseline. Cognisance must also be taken of other cost drivers that, together with the proposed electricity price

EKONOMIESE NUUS ECONOMIC NEWS

6% 5%

5,1%

4,6%

Percentage in ROI

4,8%

4,4%

4,2%

2,7%

3% 2%

1,9%

0,5%

0,9%

-1% -2% -3%

-1,8% Baseline

Minimum wage scenario 2019 2021

Electricity tariff scenario

Increase in plant protection

Combined effect: Wage, electricity & plant protection

Graph 5: Sandveld farm - Return on Investment 2019 versus 2021

hike, will also have an effect on the sustainability of potato production. It is expected that plant protection chemicals may increase by 30% in 2019, as a result of recent developments in China. This will result in the total plant protection chemicals for the typical farm in Limpopo for 2019 to increase by more than R500 000 (Graph 2) and consequently the NFI decreased with the same amount. A lower NFI means the â&#x20AC;&#x153;margin for errorsâ&#x20AC;? is getting smaller. According to Graph 3 the NFI for the Sandveld farm will decrease by more than R1.2 million. The yearly nominal return on investment for 2019 for the Sandveld farm will accordingly decrease to 1.9% in comparison with the 5.1% of the baseline (Graph 5). If the assumption is made that the daily wage of farm labourers is increased by 9.7% in 2019 and 10% in 2019 to comply with the implementation of the National Minimum Wage, the total labour cost for the Limpopo typical farm will increase by R250 000 from 2018 to 2019 and by more than R450 000 towards 2020 (Graph 2). This includes a rise in the permanent labourers' wages as well. The assumption is also made that no workers are being laid off. The yearly nominal return on investment for 2019 will decrease to 8.9% in comparison with the 10.0% of the baseline (Graph 4). However, the yearly nominal return on investment for 2019 for the Sandveld farm will decrease to 4.8% in comparison with the 5.1% of the baseline (Graph 5). The combined impact of sharp increases in plant protection chemical prices, the costs of electricity and labour is also depicted in Graphs 2 and 3, as well as Graphs 4 and 5. The low NFI for 2019 for the Sandveld farm results in a 0.9% ROI. The NFI is almost R350 000, meaning there is no money

available for family living costs, principal debt payments and taxes. It is clear that the financial performance of the Sandveld typical potato farm is under severe pressure. The farm will experience a negative cash flow for 2019, given the three external price shocks in chemicals, electricity and labour. Continuous negative cash flows are the first step to bankruptcy as the farm cannot generate enough cash to pay all expenses. Unfortunately farmers are pricetakers which mean they cannot easily pass on inflated costs to the consumer. Clearly sharp increases in costs can have a tremendous impact on the sustainability of agriculture and for that matter also food security. In conclusion, the return on investment in agriculture (which is already low compared to other investment opportunities such as the JSE) will be a vitally important variable that will determine the future investment in agriculture. Demand growth for agricultural products over the coming decades will put tremendous pressure on the natural resource base. Eradicating hunger and rural development will require a significant increase in agricultural investment. The higher the ROI the more investments will flow into agriculture. Governments are responsible for creating the legal, policy and institutional environment that enables investors (farmers) to respond to market opportunities. Sub-optimal investment in agriculture will put to risk the ability of the agricultural sector to produce sufficient food in general and certain commodities in particular, the ability of agriculture to earn foreign exchange and provide jobs, and finally to play its rightful role in rural development, poverty elevation and economic growth. C

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Wat het in 2018 met aartappels op die varsproduktemarkte gebeur? Pieter van Zyl en Laryssa van der Merwe, Aartappels Suid-Afrika

In Figuur 1 word 2018 se daaglikse beskikbare voorraadvlakke (alle markte en alle klasse) vergelyk met die daaglikse gemiddelde prys (alle markte en alle klasse). Begin Januarie het pryse skerp gedaal tot einde Maart (normaal vir daardie tyd van die jaar) met gepaardgaande effens hoër voorraadvlakke. Pryse het egter begin styg oor die Paasnaweek maar daarna weer skerp gedaal. Gedurende die wintermaande het pryse sywaarts beweeg met gepaardgaande hoë voorraadvlakke. Die OosVrystaat, Wes-Vrystaat en die Noord-Kaap streke het bemark en het rekord hoeveelhede aartappels na die markte gekanaliseer.

Figuur 3 dui die negatiewe verband aan tussen verkope op die nasionale varsproduktemarkte en die gemiddelde reële markprys (nadat vir inflasie voorsiening gemaak is). Elke keer wanneer ’n groter oes bemark word, daal die reële prys, of anders om. Let op die groot styging in reële pryse in 2009 en 2016 wat gepaard gegaan het met redelike groot volumedalings. Dit is ook duidelik uit die figuur dat die reële prys oor tyd sywaarts beweeg. Markpryse klop dus nie inflasie nie. Let egter op die gemiddelde markpryse vir 2015, 2017 en 2018, die drie grootste oeste tot dusver. Dit is duidelik dat 2017 en 2018 se reële pryse opwaarts beweeg.

Figuur 2 dui die weeklikse gemiddelde pryse vir alle markte en alle klasse oor tyd aan. Let op die hoë gemiddelde weeklikse pryse vir 2016. Abnormale weersomstandighede in feitlik alle streke was hiervoor verantwoordelik.

Maandelikse verkoopsvolumes op markte word aangedui in Figuur 4. Die drie grootste oeste tot dusver, naamlik 2015, 2017 en 2018 se volumes word aangedui. Gedurende Junie 2015 is die eerste keer meer as tien miljoen sakkies per maand verkoop.

Page 44

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

Beskikbare voorraad

21-Dec

11-Dec

30-Nov

21-Nov

12-Nov

23-Oct

01-Nov

12-Oct

03-Oct

21-Sep

12-Sep

03-Sep

23-Aug

14-Aug

24-Jul

02-Aug

13-Jul

04-Jul

25-Jun

14-Jun

05-Jun

25-May

16-May

24-Apr

07-May

13-Apr

04-Apr

22-Mar

12-Mar

20-Feb

01-Mar

31-Jan

09-Feb

22-Jan

11-Jan

66 64 62 60 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26

R per 10 kg sakkie

1 600 000 1 550 000 1 500 000 1 450 000 1 400 000 1 350 000 1 300 000 1 250 000 1 200 000 1 150 000 1 100 000 1 050 000 1 000 000 950 000 900 000 850 000 800 000 750 000 700 000 650 000 600 000 550 000 500 000 450 000 400 000 350 000

02-Jan

10 kg sakkies

EKONOMIESE NUUS ECONOMIC NEWS

Prys: Alle klasse

Figuur 1: RSA Daagliks: prys (alle klasse) versus voorraad vanaf Januarie 2018 E:\HJ Design\ASA\CHIPS\2019\CHIPS Jan Feb 2019\Chips 1 2019 Jan Feb Arts\11 Wat het met aartappels gebeur op VPMe in 2018.xlsx

70 65 60 55

R per 10 kg

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15

J J J J J F F F F MMMM A A A A A MMMM J J J J J J J J J A A A AS S S S O O O O O N N N N D D D D

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Figuur 2: Weeklikse gemiddelde prys - alle markte en alle klasse E:\HJ Design\ASA\CHIPS\2019\CHIPS Jan Feb 2019\Chips 1 2019 Jan Feb Arts\11 Wat het met aartappels gebeur op VPMe in 2018.xlsx Sedertdien is hierdie kerf gereeld oortref. Die hoogste kalenderjare bemark. Dit is duidelik dat Limpopo die verkope per maand tot dusver was gedurende Julie streek is wat die markte die meeste ondersteun. Hulle 2018 met net oor die elf miljoen sakkies wat verkoop voorsien 27% van alle aartappels aan die markte met is. â&#x20AC;&#x2122;n gemiddelde prys van R40.44 per 10 kg sakkie. Die gemiddelde prys vir die kalenderjaar was R36.83 per Verskillende produksiestreke se voorsiening sakkie. In 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013 en aan varsproduktemarkte 2014 het Limpopo die hoogste gemiddelde prys per sakkie gerealiseer, maar hulle gemiddelde prys vir In Tabel 1 word die verskillende produksiestreke 2006 en 2010 was onder die nasionale gemiddeld se verkope op die markte uiteengesit vir die omrede hulle toe uitermatige groot oeste gerealiseer 2018 kalenderjaar, alhoewel sommige streke oor het (saam met ander streke) en pryse dus onder druk

CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ January/February 2019

Page 45

125 120

118

116

118

110

105

100

R 49

103

R 44

103

R 39

R per sakkie

R 54

115

Miljoen sakkies

R 59

R 34

R 29

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Verkope op markte

R 24

Reële markprys

Figuur 3: Verkoopsvolume versus reële pryse vir aartappels op markte (kalenderjare)

was. Tydens hulle hoofseisoen lewer hulle maklik 70% van alle aartappels landswyd en is hulle dus eintlik “prysbepalers”. Limpopo se produksiekoste is dan van

die hoogste in die land, onder andere, omdat hulle ver van markte geleë is.

11 500 000 11 000 000 10 500 000

10 kg sakkies

10 000 000 9 500 000

9 000 000 8 500 000 8 000 000 7 500 000 7 000 000

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Mei

2015

Jun

2017

Jul

Aug

Sep

Okt

2018

Figuur 4: Maandelikse verkoopsvolumes op markte - rekord jare van 2015, 2017 en 2018 Page 46

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

Nov

Des

EKONOMIESE NUUS ECONOMIC NEWS Tabel 1: 2018-kalenderjaar - Voorsiening aan varsproduktemarkte (VPMe) Produksiestreek

Totale sakkies

% van totaal

(10 kg)

Gem prys

Persentasie van lewerings by VPMe Klas 1

Klas 2

Klas 3&4

Klas 1 M

(R/10 kg)

Limpopo

31 364 379

27%

40,44

86%

11%

51%

Wes-Vrystaat

24 612 085

21%

33,05

70%

22%

48%

Oos-Vrystaat

20 110 984

17%

33,72

70%

22%

39%

Noord-Kaap

8 063 150

31,41

61%

24%

15%

41%

Sandveld

7 836 906

40,64

78%

20%

46%

KwaZulu-Natal

5 891 936

40,75

77%

16%

46%

Noordwes

5 620 910

39,54

82%

11%

52%

Suidwes-Vrystaat

5 486 691

38,86

79%

14%

55%

Noordoos-Kaap

3 153 245

33,75

65%

23%

12%

43%

Gauteng

2 432 805

37,79

87%

11%

50%

Mpumalanga

1 649 770

39,95

78%

18%

40%

Oos-Kaap

1 165 372

43,32

80%

13%

44%

Suidwes-Kaap

172 411

0,15%

43,77

87%

12%

50%

Ceres

49 782

0,04%

44,82

81%

18%

43%

Suid-Kaap

49 347

0,04%

40,14

65%

24%

11%

35%

117 659 773

100%

36,83

76%

17%

46%

Loskopvallei

Totaal

Verskil van 84 Limpopo is dan ook die grootste produksiestreek in terme van volumes en plant jaarliks meer as 10 000 hektaar aartappels, alles onder besproeiing. Sowat 60% van hulle totale oes word na die varsproduktemarkte gekanaliseer, terwyl die res plaaslik in die streek verkoop word. Aartappels word ook na verwerkingsmaatskappye gekanaliseer. Hulle stuur dan ook feitlik net Klas 1 aartappels na die markte. Volgens die tabel is 86% van hulle lewerings Klas 1. In 2018 was 51% van hul aanbieding op die markte Klas 1 Medium, feitlik dieselfde syfer as in die vorige vyf jaar. Laasgenoemde is dan ook een van die redes hoekom hulle deurgaans elke jaar ’n goeie gemiddelde prys realiseer.

Die Oos-Vrystaat was in 2018 die derde grootste voorsiener van aartappels aan die markte. ’n Gemiddelde prys van R33,72 per sakkie is behaal wat ook laer is as die gemiddelde prys vir alle varsproduktemarkte. Gedurende die jare 2015 tot 2018 het hulle maklik sowat 20 miljoen sakkies per jaar markte toe gestuur.

Die nasionale gemiddelde prys van R36.83 per 10 kg sakkie vir 2018 is bykans R2.33 per sakkie hoër as die vorige jaar. Gedurende 2018 is ongeveer 65 000 sakkies meer markte toe gestuur as in 2017. Die Wes-Vrystaat was in 2018 die tweede grootste voorsiener van aartappels aan die markte met ’n gemiddelde prys van R33,05 per sakkie wat laer is as die gemiddelde prys vir alle varsproduktemarkte.

Verskillende varsproduktemarkte se verkope

Let op die lae gemiddelde prys van die Noord-Kaap, die vierde grootste voorsiener aan die markte. Dit gebeur gereeld dat die Noord-Kaap se gemiddelde prys vir die kalenderjaar laer is as die land se gemiddelde prys. Noord-Kaap het in 2018 dan ook ’n rekord oes opgelewer.

In Tabel 2 word 18 varsproduktemarkte se ontvangste, en gevolglik verkope van aartappels, aangetoon vir die 2018 kalenderjaar. Joburg Mark verkoop die meeste, naamlik 39% van die totaal van sowat 117.7 miljoen sakkies vir die 2018 kalenderjaar. CHIPS • January/February 2019

Page 47

EKONOMIESE NUUS ECONOMIC NEWS In geheel gesien beland na raming effens minder as 60% van alle tafelaartappels op die varsproduktemarkte. Hierdie syfer daal oor die langtermyn en is rede tot kommer aangesien die varsproduktemarkte as “prysbepalers” dien. Die vier grootste markte verkoop steeds sowat 75% van alle aartappels wat na die markte gekanaliseer word. Joburg Mark het nie net die meeste aartappels verkoop nie, maar sy gemiddelde prys van R36.91 per sakkie is ook effens hoër as die nasionale gemiddeld van R36.83 (sien Tabel 2). Sedert 2007 styg Joburg Mark se markaandeel elke jaar en kon die gemiddelde nasionale prys ook elke jaar geklop word. Tshwane Mark (Pretoria), die tweede grootste mark met ’n gemiddelde prys van R37.00 vir 2018, kon in die vorige twee jaar ook daarin slaag om die nasionale gemiddelde prys te klop. Die laaste elf jaar

kon Durban Mark net in een jaar die nasionale prys klop, naamlik in 2010. Slotgedagtes Ten slotte is dit belangrik om te besef dat produsente gedurig hul huiswerk sal moet doen oor waarheen om hul aartappels te stuur. Pryse varieer nie net op ’n dag op dieselfde mark nie, maar varieer ook tussen markte. Onthou dat slegs gemiddelde pryse op die tabelle aangedui word en ook net vir die 2018 kalenderjaar. Dit is belangrik dat elke produsent na afloop van elke seisoen sy/haar bemarkingstrategie sal evalueer. Het hy/sy na die regte markte gestuur en hoe vergelyk die pryse wat hy/sy gerealiseer het met sy/haar streek se gemiddeld? Hoe vergelyk sy/haar klasverspreiding met sy/haar streek se gemiddeld? Sodanige data is by Aartappels SA beskikbaar. C

Tabel 2: 2018-kalenderjaar - Verkope op varsproduktemarkte (VPMe) Varsproduktemarkte (ligging)

Totale sakkies

% van totaal

(10 kg)

Gem prys

Persentasie van verkope/lewering Klas 1

Klas 2

Klas 3&4

Klas 1 M

(R/10 kg)

Johannesburg

45 981 779

39%

36,91

82%

13%

49%

Pretoria, Tshwane

21 383 008

18%

37,00

73%

21%

44%

Durban

11 251 822

10%

35,78

73%

17%

10%

51%

Kaapstad

10 018 856

39,47

75%

22%

46%

Springs

4 096 617

36,47

75%

18%

43%

Port Elizabeth

3 857 134

35,12

66%

24%

10%

43%

Klerksdorp

3 574 688

35,03

71%

20%

44%

Pietermaritzburg

3 566 597

31,94

63%

25%

12%

40%

Oos-London

3 562 410

37,01

69%

20%

11%

45%

Bloemfontein

3 073 682

37,69

72%

20%

49%

Mpumulanga

2 067 590

41,33

80%

16%

52%

Welkom

1 918 204

37,33

71%

14%

15%

42%

Vereeniging

1 532 969

34,93

75%

19%

46%

Witbank

817 509

38,70

80%

14%

45%

George

509 895

0,4%

38,18

76%

15%

31%

Kimberley

255 869

0,2%

30,53

81%

14%

60%

Umtata, Kei Mark

102 614

0,09%

28,32

59%

26%

16%

43%

Nelspruit

88 530

0,08%

40,28

73%

26%

47%

117 659 773

100%

36,83

76%

17%

47%

Totaal

Verskil van 84

Page 48

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

BEDRYFSDIENSTE INDUSTRY SERVICES

Erratum Drukkersfoute het ingesluip in CHIPS November/Desember 2018 en twee verkeerde figure is gepubliseer. Hiermee die korrekte figure en verduidelikende notas. / Printer’s mistake crept into CHIPS November/ December and two incorrect figures were published. Herewith the correct figures and explanatory notes. Sandveld kultivarproef onder besproeiing op Aurora in 2017/2018 (pp. 70 tot 79) Die weerstasie was foutief. Daar het wel reën voorgekom gedurende die groeiseisoen en die waardes is deur die boer verskaf. Totale reënval per maand 2017/2018

Langtermyn gemiddelde reënval

Kumulatiewe reënval 2017/2018

Langtermyn kumulatiewe reënval

90 80

Reënval (mm)

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Okt

Plant

Nov

Des

Jan

Feb

Groeiseisoen = 151 days

Mrt

Oes

Maand

Figuur 2: Reënval gedurende die groeiseisoen (2017/2018) asook die langtermyn gemiddelde reënval. KwaZulu-Natal cultivar trial under irrigation at Cedara in 2017/2018 (pp. 80 to 88) Total heat units 2017/2018

Long term average heat units

Cumulative heat units 2017/2018

Long term cumulative heat units

2000 1800

Heat units

1600

39.7%

1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 September Plant

October

November

December

2017/2018

January

February Harvest

Month

Figure 4: Heat units during the growing season (2017/2018) as well as long term average. *Total heat units specifically determined for potatoes (threshold temperature = 5°C) as a crop [calculated from hourly data]. (Die outeur en redakteur maak verskoning vir die publisering van die verkeerde grafieke / The author and editor apologise for the incorrect graphs published.) C CHIPS • January/February 2019

Page 49

Noordoos-Kaap kultivarproef onder besproeiing op Ugie in 2017/2018 Sean Bell (produsent), Chantel du Raan en Louis Pretorius (Aartappels Suid-Afrika)

Die Noordoos-Kaap produksiestreek produseer sowat 3% (gebaseer op 2016-oesjaar) van die totale aartappelproduksie in Suid-Afrika. Hierdie streek voorsien hoofsaaklik aartappels vir die gebruik van tafelaartappels waarvan meeste gaan vir stedelike handel. Slegs 'n klein hoeveelheid moere word in die streek geproduseer. Die hoofkultivars vir moere, tafelen verwerkingsaartappels is Mondial, Sifra en Fabula. Proewe is in Ugie-area uitgevoer wat geleë is aan die suidelike voet van die Drakensberge op die oewer van die Inxu rivier, 21 km suidwes van Maclear. Ugie ontvang baie reën, selfs in die droogste maand is dit die geval. Dit is 'n somerreënvalgebied met 'n jaarlikse gemiddelde reënval van tussen 693 en 751 mm

Page 50

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

(Figuur 1). Warm gematigde somers kom voor terwyl die winters koud is. Die planttyd vir die produksie-area is tussen Maart tot einde Julie. Die opbrengs vir die betrokke tyd van die jaar is nie baie hoog nie, maar bemarkingsgeleenthede is gewoonlik beter teen die einde van die jaar as gevolg van minder mededinging uit die Vrystaat. Die proefperseel het bestaan uit 'n leemgrond en is geplant in 'n ewekansige blokontwerp met drie herhalings. Verdere tegniese inligting rakende die proefperseel en uitleg is opgesom in Tabel 1. Verteenwoordigende grondmonsters is voor plant geneem en ontleed om die grondvoedingstatus van die proefperseel te bepaal. Die resultate van die

BEDRYFSDIENSTE INDUSTRY SERVICES

grondontleding vir hierdie proef word aangedui in Tabel 2. Let daarop dat min K toegedien is gedurende die groeiseisoen aangesien die grondontleding (Tabel 2) 'n groot hoeveelheid (259 mg/kg) K aangetoon het.

Figure 1: Ligging van Ugie in die Noordoos-Kaap produksiegebied

Tabel 1: Opsomming van tegniese inligting rakende proef area en uitleg. Plaas:

Agassiz

Boer:

Mnr. Sean Bell

Plantdatum:

19 September 2017

Oesdatum:

27 Februarie 2018

Besproeiing / Droëland:

Besproeiing

Dubbel- of enkelrye:

Dubbelrye

Loofafsterwe:

Natuurlik

Tussen-ryspasiëring:

0.9 m

Proefperseel per eenheid:

18 m2

Populasie:

44 444 plante/ha Bemestingsprogram: Voedingswaarde: N (kg/ha)

P (kg/ha)

K (kg/ha)

133.2

100

Opkoms

Agt weke na plant

239.58

110

146.3

Plant

Totaal

Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat groeiperiodes die oesopbrengs van kultivars kan beïnvloed. Groeiperiodes word gedefinieer as die aantal dae vanaf opkoms tot natuurlike loofafsterwe, afhangend van die seisoen. Die presiese tydsberekening van vyf groeifases (spruitontwikkeling, vegetatiewe groei, knolinisiasie, knolvulling en volwassenheid) hang af van die omgewing en die bestuurspraktyke wat wissel tussen lokaliteite asook kultivars, onder andere as gevolg van verskillende groeiperiodes (Tabel 3). Oesopbrengs en knolgrootte word ook beïnvloed deur die aantal hoofstamme per area en dus deur die aantal moere geplant asook die aantal halms per moer. Die aantal halms per moer is andersyds afhanklik van die aantal ogies, die aantal spruite per ogie en die aantal halms per spruit. Die aantal ogies per knol is kultivar-afhanklik, terwyl die aantal spruite per ogie en die aantal halms per spruit beïnvloed word deur die plantgereedheid van die moere. Dit is egter belangrik om daarop te let dat die aantal ogies tussen kultivars varieer. Die kultivars, plantgereedheid van moere,

CHIPS • January/February 2019

Page 51

(mg/kg)

4.12

% of KUK1

(mg/kg)

pH (KCl)

1190

Ammonium asetaat

(mg/kg)

Brutodigtheid (kg.m-3)

P-Bray

Tabel 2: Grondontledingsresultate vir Ugie (2017/2018) kultivarproef voor plant.

121

259

369

141

20.41

56.7

12.61

1.41

KUK = Katioon-uitruilkapasiteit

Klei (%)

Silt (%)

Sand (%)

Totale reënval per maand 2017/2018

Langtermyn gemiddelde reënval

Kumulatiewe reënval 2017/2018

Langtermyn kumulatiewe reënval

500 450 400

Reënval (mm)

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Sept

Okt

Plant

Nov

Des

Groeiseisoen - 180 dae

Jan

Feb

Oes

Datum Figuur 2: Reënval gedurende die groeiseisoen (2017/2018) asook die langtermyn-gemiddelde reënval. Page 52

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

BEDRYFSDIENSTE INDUSTRY SERVICES Tabel 3: Karaktereienskappe ten opsigte van groeiperiode, plantgereedheid, stand (%) en halmtellings vir elke kultivar in 2017/2018. Kultivar

Groeiperiode (Dae)1

Allison Bonnata Challenger Electra El Mundo Essenza Fandango Georgina Jelly Joly Labadia

Medium tot lank Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium tot lank Medium Medium tot lank Medium Kort tot medium

Lanorma Libertie Markies Mondeo Mondial Panamera Rumba Savanna Sifra Taisiya Tyson Valor

Kort Medium Medium Medium Kort tot medium Kort tot medium Medium Medium Kort tot medium Kort tot medium Kort tot medium Medium

(120) (90-110) (110) (110) (90-100) (120) (90-110) (120) (100-110) (100)

Plantgereedheid2 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 4 3 3 2

Stand (%) 100 100 97 100 91 100 100 100 97 65 100

Halms per plant 3.6 5.7 6.3 4.9 5.9 4.5 4.5 5.3 6.3 3.6 3.3

Halms per hektaar 159 998 253 331 271 597 217 776 238 620 199 998 199 998 235 553 271 597 103 999 146 665

(80-90) (90-110) (110) (90-110) (95-100) (95-100) (90-110) (110) (90-100) (100) (90-100) (100-110)

2 5 1 3 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 1

59 78 100 100 97 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

2.4 4.2 3.6 5.8 2.9 5.8 3.5 4 4.7 2.7 4.4 3.6

62 933 145 599 159 998 257 775 125 021 257 775 155 554 177 776 208 887 119 999 195 554 159 998

Algemene riglyne en kategorieë (dae van opkoms tot natuurlike loofafsterwe, afhangend van die seisoen): Kort = 70-90 dae; Kort tot Medium = 80-100 dae; Medium = 90-110 dae; Medium tot Lank = 90-120; Lank = 90-140 dae.

Plantgereedheid van moere 1 – Vars; 2 – Effens vars; 3 – Plantgereed; 4 – Effens oud; 5 – Oud.

stand (%) en halmtelling van hierdie proef word aangedui in Tabel 3. Temperatuur, dagliglengte en water is die belangrikste abiotiese faktore wat die groeipatroon, opbrengs en kwaliteit van aartappels beïnvloed. Om te bepaal wat die aanpassingsvermoë van nuwe kultivars in die Ugie-omgewing is, is dit belangrik om hierdie faktore in aanmerking te neem wanneer die prestasie van verskillende kultivars geëvalueer word. Dit is

ook belangrik dat die kultivars vir 'n aantal seisoene geëvalueer word omdat klimaat van seisoen tot seisoen verskil. Die daaglikse en langtermyn-weerdata is verkry vanaf die LNR se Funeray-weerstasie (-31.35266, 28.04738). Die reënval was regdeur die 2017/2018-groeiseisoen aansienlik laer as die langtermyn-data (Figuur 2). Die minimum- en maksimumtemperature (Figuur 3) vir die 2017/2018-groeiseisoen het dieselfde patroon

CHIPS • January/February 2019

Page 53

Maksimum temperatuur 2017/2018

Minimum temperatuur 2017/2018

Langtermyn gemiddelde maksimum temperatuur

Langtermyn gemiddelde minimum temperatuur

25 20 15 10 5 0 -5

01-Sep-17 07-Sep-17 13-Sep-17 19-Sep-17 25-Sep-17 01-Oct-17 07-Oct-17 13-Oct-17 19-Oct-17 25-Oct-17 31-Oct-17 06-Nov-17 12-Nov-17 18-Nov-17 24-Nov-17 30-Nov-17 06-Dec-17 12-Dec-17 18-Dec-17 24-Dec-17 30-Dec-17 05-Jan-18 11-Jan-18 17-Jan-18 23-Jan-18 29-Jan-18 04-Feb-18 10-Feb-18 16-Feb-18 22-Feb-18 28-Feb-18

Temperatuur (°C)

Plant

Groeiseisoen - 180 dae

Oes

Datum Figuur 3: Minimum- en maksimumtemperatuur (°C) gedurende die groeiseisoen (2017/2018) asook langtermyn. as vorige jare gevolg. Gedurende Oktober en Desember was die maksimumtemperatuur egter laer in vergelyking met die langtermyn-data. Vroeg in die groeiseisoen het die minimumtemperatuur 'n paar keer 0°C bereik. Tydens die groeiseisoen het beide die minimum- en maksimumtemperatuur aansienlik gewissel en was vir 'n aantal dae tussen 30-35°C. Wanneer die temperatuur bo 29°C styg, sal min of selfs geen knolinisiasie of knolgroei voorkom nie as gevolg van die feit dat die koolhidrate gebruik word vir respirasie. Hitte-eenhede is ook 'n belangrike faktor om in ag te neem aangesien die ontwikkeling van die plant hoofsaaklik gebaseer is op die versameling van hitte-eenhede. Daar word dus aanvaar dat die plant 'n sekere aantal hitte-eenhede moet versamel om 'n ontwikkelingsfase te voltooi. Die hitte-eenhede van die 2017/2018-groeiseisoen het omtrent dieselfde patroon gevolg as die langtermyn-gemiddelde hitte-eenhede en word aangedui in Figuur 4. Aan die einde van die seisoen was die langtermyn-data se kumulatiewe hitte-eenhede 6.04% laer as die kumulatiewe hitte-eenhede vir die betrokke jaar se groeiseisoen. Die opbrengsdata is statisties verwerk met behulp Page 54

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

van die GenStat® program en die gemiddelde was geskei deur gebruik te maak van die Tukey KBV-toets. Die kultivareffek gedurende die 2017/2018-proef (Figuur 5) was statisties hoogs beduidendend (p<0.01) ten opsigte van opbrengs terwyl die koëffisiënt van variasie laag (11.9%) was. Dit dui daarop dat die proef uitstekend uitgevoer is en die resultate betroubaar is. Die proefgemiddeld van al die kultivars word as 100% geneem. Die opbrengs van die individuele kultivars word dan deur die proefgemiddeld gedeel en elke kultivar se opbrengsprestasie word as 'n persentasie van die proefgemiddeld uitgedruk (opbrengsindeks). Die gemiddelde opbrengs (87.9 t/ha) vir die 2017/2018-groeiseisoen was 36.8 t/ha hoër in vergelyking met die proefgemiddelde van die vorige twee jaar (51.12 t/ha). Die boer het min of meer dieselfde opbrengs verkry in sy kommersiële aanplantings. Die rede vir die groot gaping in opbrengs is dat daar in die vorige jaar hewige haelen aalwurmskade ondervind is, en wat aanleiding gegee het tot ‘n opbrengs van 23.15 t/ha. Ten opsigte van die 2017/2018-proef (Figuur 5) het die kultivars Mondial, Sifra, Allison, Valor, Essenza, Panamera, Tyson, Labadia, Lanorma en Electra die hoogste opbrengste gelewer. Libertie, het andersyds

BEDRYFSDIENSTE INDUSTRY SERVICES

Totale hitte-eenhede 2017/2018

Langtermyn gemiddelde hitte-eenhede

Kumulatiewe hitte-eenhede 2017/2018

Langtermyn kumulatiewe hitte-eenhede

1200

Hitte-eenhede

1000

6.04%

800 600 400 200 0 Sept

Okt

Nov

Maand

Des

Jan

Feb

Figuur 4: Hitte-eenhede gedurende die groeiseisoen (2017/2018) asook langtermyngemiddeld. *Totale hitte-eenhede spesifiek bepaal vir aartappels (drumpeltemperatuur = 5Â°C) as gewas [bereken vanaf uurlikse data]. Bemarkingsindeks (%)

Opbrengs verskil nie statisties nie

123.0 a 116.1 ab 115.8 a-c 114.8 a-d 114.1 a-e 112.0 a-f 110.7 a-g 109.5 a-h 108.9 a-i 108.7 a-j 104.1 b-k 102.8 b-l 100.2 b-m 100.2 b-n 97.6 d-o 93.4 h-p 91.1 k-q 85.2 m-r 82.9 o-s 80.0 p-t 75.1 q-u

Opbrengs verskil nie statisties nie

Kultivar

Opbrengsindeks (%) Mondial Sifra Allison Valor Essenza Panamera Tyson Labadia Lanorma Electra Joly Fandango Taisiya Mondeo Savanna El Mundo Jelly Challenger Rumba Bonnata Georgina Libertie

Proefgemiddeld = 87.9 t/ha

p > 0.05 LSD = 17.2 CV% = 11.9

53.9 v

100

120

140

Opbrengs- en bemarkingsindeks as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld (%) vir 2017/2018

160

Figuur 5. Totale opbrengs en bemarkingsindeks per kultivar as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld. *Waardes gevolg deur dieselfde letter is nie beduidend verskillend van mekaar nie.

CHIPS â&#x20AC;˘ January/February 2019

Page 55

Baby

Klein

Medium

Groot medium

Groot

Proefgemiddeld

120

Grootteverspreiding (t/ha) in 2017/2018

100

2017/2018 = 87.9 t/ha

Proefgemiddeld van vorige 3 jaar = 51.12 t/ha

Kultivar

Figuur 6. Groottegroepverspreiding van elke kultivar tydens finale oes.

120

Uitskot

Klas 3

Klas 2

Klas 1

Proefgemiddeld

Gradering (t/ha) vir 2017/2018

100

2017/2018 = 87.9 t/ha

Proefgemiddeld van vorige 3 jaar = 51.12 t/ha

Kultivar

Figuur 7. Gradering van elke kultivar tydens finale oes. Page 56

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

BEDRYFSDIENSTE INDUSTRY SERVICES

Tabel 4: Hoofredes vir afgradering tydens die 2017/2018 Ugie oes.

Challenger

x x

El Mundo

x x

Joly

Labadia

Lanorma

Libertie

Mondeo

x x

Panamera

x x

Rumba

Savanna

Sifra Taisiya

x x

Jelly

Mondial

x (min)

Georgina

Essenza Fandango

Misvorming

Waterpuisies

Bonnata Electra

Motskade

x (min)

Vergroening

Allison

Nerflos

Meganiese beskadiging

Insekskade

Bruinskurf

Aalwurm

Kultivar

Hoofredes vir afgradering

x x

Tyson Valor

die swakste opbrengste gelewer. Hoër opbrengste as die proefgemiddeld (87.9 t/ha) was behaal deur die kultivars Mondial, Sifra, Allison, Valor, Essenza, Panamera, Tyson, Labadia, Lanorma, Electra, Joly, Fandango, Taisiya en Mondeo. Ten einde die prestasie van die kultivars in terme van opbrengs en kwaliteit te bepaal, is die opbrengs, groottegroepverspreiding en klas gebruik om teen die gemiddelde markpryse vir die betrokke dag 'n bemarkingsindeks te bereken. Die opbrengs, vermenigvuldig met die heersende prys wat bepaal word deur die groottegroepverspreiding en gradering, gee die bemarkingsindeks (Figuur 5). Mondial, Allison, Panamera en Electra het 'n aansienlike

x x

hoër bemarkingsindeks behaal wat toegeskryf kan word aan hoë opbrengste en 'n hoë persentasie groot groottegroepverspreiding (Figuur 6) en klas 1 (Figuur 7) wat die kultivars gelewer het. Liberty het die laagste bemarkingsindeks getoon hoofsaaklik omdat die kultivar 'n lae opbrengs gehad het asook 'n lae persentasie groot groottegroepverspreiding (Figuur 6). Groottegroepverspreiding en gradering word ook gebruik om aartappels te klas en is daarom belangrike faktore om in ag te neem ten einde 'n optimale ekonomies-bemarkbare opbrengs te verseker. In Figuur 6 word die groottegroepverspreiding, in Figuur 7 die gradering van die opbrengs en in Tabel 4 die hoofredes vir afgradering van die onderskeie kultivars aangetoon.

CHIPS • January/February 2019

Page 57

2017/2018

2016/2017

2015/2016

Opbrengs as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld (%)

140.0

120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0 Electra

Lanorma

Mondial

Panamera

Savanna

Sifra

Taisiya

Kultivar

Figuur 8. Prestasie van kultivars oor drie jaar uitgedruk as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld.

Die LINTUL-POTATO-DSS plantgroeimodel is gebruik om potensiële opbrengs van die kontrole kultivar, Mondial te bereken. Potensiële opbrengs kan gedefinieer word as die teoretiese boonste opbrengsgrens in 'n situasie waar water, voedingstowwe en biologiese faktore optimaal is vir die seisoen waarin die proef gegroei het. Die inligting stel ons in staat om te evalueer hoe die werklike opbrengs behaal deur proef vergelyk met gesimuleerde potensiële opbrengste. Die verskil tussen die potensiële en werklike proef opbrengs verwys na die opbrengsgaping. Die verhouding tussen werklike opbrengs (108.1 t/ha) en potensiële opbrengs (119.2 t/ha) is 90.7% wat 'n klein opbrengsgaping verteenwoordig. Dit dui daarop dat die beskikbare hulpbronne en omgewing doeltreffend benut word. Dit is ook belangrik om te let op die kultivars se vermoë om konsekwent te presteer, ongeag fluktuasies in die klimaat oor tyd. In Figuur 8 word die drie-jaar

Page 58

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

data aangetoon vir die kultivarproewe in die Ugie produksie-area. Dit blyk dat kultivar Taisiya die minste variasie toon vir hierdie area. Voorts is dit ook belangrik om op die interne kwaliteit van die produk te fokus om 'n optimale ekonomiesbemarkbare opbrengs, en dus winsgewendheid, te verseker. Dit sluit belangrike faktore in soos die kook- en prosesseringseienskappe, soortlike gewig (SG) asook inwendige defekte (holhart, bruinvlek en vaatbundelverkleuring) wat opgesom word in Tabel 5. Ten opsigte van die 2017/2018-groeiseisoen het die kultivars Bonnata, Challenger, Fandango, Georgina, Jelly, Lanorma en Libertie aan die skyfiekleurnorm van >50 voldoen vir prosessering. In die geval van soortlike gewig (SG) het slegs die kultivar Rumba aan die norm van ≥1.075 voldoen vir prosessering. Wat inwendige defekte betref het bruinvlek slegs by Essenza voorgekom. C

BEDRYFSDIENSTE INDUSTRY SERVICES

Tabel 5. Kook- en prosesseringseienskappe en interne kwaliteit van opbrengs vir 2017/2018 (Uitgevoer deur LNR-Roodeplaat). Kultivar

Skyfiekleur2

SG3

Droë materiaal (%)3

Holhart (%)

Bruinvlek (%)

Allison

1.067

17.41

Bonnata

1.065

17.05

Challenger

1.068

17.60

Electra

1.055

14.85

El Mundo

1.005

4.39

Essenza

1.064

16.88

√

Fandango

1.005

4.43

Georgina

1.005

4.43

Jelly

1.069

17.83

Joly

1.053

14.50

Labadia

1.058

15.49

Lanorma

1.063

16.65

Libertie

1.069

17.98

Mondeo

1.065

17.01

Mondial

1.006

4.51

Panamera

1.068

17.70

Rumba

1.079

20.09

Savanna

1.064

16.84

Sifra

1.063

16.54

Taisiya

1.058

15.61

Tyson

1.062

16.46

Valor

1.073

18.67

Skyfiekleur met waarde >50 en sonder defekte is aanvaarbaar vir die

droëskyfiebedryf.

≥ Norm (Aanvaarbaar vir prosessering)

Soortlike gewig van >1.075 is aanvaarbaar vir die prosesseringsbedryf.

Die persentasie droë materiaal is 'n berekende waarde:

DM% = 24.182 + 211.04 * (SG-1.0988)

< Norm (Onaanvaarbaar vir prosessering)

Die werklike persentasiewaarde sal effens verskil tussen variëteite uit hierdie berekeningswaarde.

CHIPS • January/February 2019

Page 59

Oos-Vrystaat kultivarproef onder besproeiing op Oranjeville in 2017/2018 Stephan Fourie (produsent), Chantel du Raan en Enrike Verster (Aartappels Suid-Afrika)

Die Oos-Vrystaat produksiestreek produseer sowat 21% (gebaseer op 2016-oesjaar) van die totale aartappelproduksie in Suid-Afrika. Hierdie streek plant aartappels vir moerproduksie asook vir die tafelen verwerkingsmark. Die streek se enorme bydrae aan die verwerkingbedryf beloop sowat 22% (gebaseer op 2016-oesjaar) en is die hoogste van al die streke in Suid-Afrika. Die hoofkultivars vir tafelen verwerkingsaartappels is Mondial, Up-to-Date en Sifra terwyl die populêre kultivars vir moerproduksie Mondial, Lanorma, Sifra, Markies, Almera en Up-toDate is. Die proef is op Oranjeville uitgevoer wat aan die suidelike oewer van die Vaaldam in die Vrystaat lê. Oranjeville is in 'n gematigde somerreënval-gebied

Page 60

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

geleë met 'n jaarlikse gemiddelde reënval van 535 mm (Figuur 1). Matig tot baie warm somers (Januarie) kom voor, terwyl die winters weer baie koud is en ryp in Junie voorkom. Aanplantings geskied gedurende Augustus tot Desember. Die proef is in 'n ewekansige blokontwerp uitgevoer in sandleem-grond met drie herhalings. Verdere tegniese inligting rakende die proefperseel en uitleg is opgesom in Tabel 1. Verteenwoordigende grondmonsters is voor plant geneem en ontleed om die grondvoedingstatus van die proefperseel te bepaal. Die resultate van die grondontleding vir hierdie proef word aangedui in Tabel 2.

BEDRYFSDIENSTE INDUSTRY SERVICES

1. Gematigde somer reënval

2. Tropiese somer reënval

PTA

JHB

NEL

3. Droë kontinentaal

Oranjeville

U BF

WK PMB DBN

4. Winter reënval

BW CT

EL G

Figuur 1: Ligging van Oranjeville in die Oos-Vrystaat produksiegebied

Tabel 1: Opsomming van tegniese inligting rakende proefperseel en uitleg. Plaas:

Potato Pride - Leeubank

Boer:

Mnr. Stephan Fourie

Plantdatum:

24 Oktober 2017

Oesdatum:

9 Mei 2018

Besproeiing / Droëland:

Besproeiing

Dubbel- of enkelrye:

Dubbelrye

Loofafsterwe:

Natuurlik

Tussen-ryspasiëring:

0.8 m

In-ryspasiëring:

0.30 m

Proefperseel per eenheid:

15 m2

Plantestand:

44 444 plante / hektaar Bemestingsprogram: Voedingswaarde:

Totaal

N (kg/ha)

P (kg/ha)

K (kg/ha)

350

140

Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat groeiperiodes die oesopbrengs van kultivars kan beïnvloed. Groeiperiodes word gedefinieer as die aantal dae vanaf opkoms tot natuurlike loofafsterwe, afhangend van die seisoen. Die presiese tydsberekening van die vyf groeifases (spruitontwikkeling, vegetatiewe groei, knolinisiasie, knolvulling en volwassenheid) hang af van die omgewing en die bestuurspraktyke wat wissel tussen lokaliteite asook kultivars, onder andere as gevolg van verskillende groeiperiodes (Tabel 3). Oesopbrengs en knolgrootte word ook beïnvloed deur die aantal hoofstamme per area en dus deur die aantal moere geplant asook die aantal halms per moer. Die aantal halms per moer is andersyds afhanklik van die aantal ogies, die aantal spruite per ogie en die aantal halms per spruit. Die aantal ogies per knol is kultivar-afhanklik, terwyl die aantal spruite per ogie en die aantal halms per spruit beïnvloed word deur die plantgereedheid van die moere. Dit is egter belangrik om daarop te let dat die ogies tussen kultivars varieer. Die kultivars, plantgereedheid van moere, stand (%) en halmtelling van hierdie proef word aangedui in Tabel 3. Temperatuur, dagliglengte en water is die belangrikste abiotiese faktore wat die groeipatroon, opbrengs en kwaliteit van aartappels beïnvloed. Om te bepaal

CHIPS • January/February 2019

Page 61

P-Bray

Tabel 2: Grondontledingsresultate vir Oranjeville (2017/2018) kultivarproef voor plant.

(mg/kg)

6.4

% of KUK1

(mg/kg)

pH (H2O)

Ammonium asetate

46.8

135

426

8.6

19.4

1.5

KUK = Katioon-uitruilvermoë

Klei (%)

Silt (%)

Sand (%)

Totale reënval per maand 2017/2018

Langtermyn gemiddelde reënval

Kumulatiewe reënval 2017/2018

Langtermyn kumulatiewe reënval

700 600

Reënval (mm)

500 400 300 200 100 0 Oktober November Desember Januarie Februarie Plant

Groeiseisoen = 218 dae

Maart

April

Oes

Mei

Datum Figuur 2: Reënval gedurende die groeiseisoen (2017/2018) asook die langtermyn-gemiddelde reënval.

Page 62

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

BEDRYFSDIENSTE INDUSTRY SERVICES Tabel 3: Karaktereienskappe ten opsigte van groeiperiode, plantgereedheid, stand (%) en halmtellings vir elke kultivar in 2017/2018. Kultivar

Groeiperiode (Dae)1

Almera Fandango Lanorma Ludmilla Markies Mondial Panamera Sifra Taisiya Tyson

Kort Medium tot lank Kort Kort Medium Kort tot medium Kort tot medium Kort tot medium Kort tot medium Kort tot medium

(85) (120) (80-90) (70-80) (110) (95-100) (95-100) (90-100) (100) (90-100)

Plantgereedheid2 1 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 2

Stand (%) 80 95 100 90 100 100 100 100 95 100

Halms per plant 1.9 3.2 2.4 4.5 2.9 3.4 3.2 4 3.9 3.7

Halms per hektaar 67 555 135 110 106 666 179 998 128 888 151 110 142 221 177 776 164 665 164 443

Plantgereedheid van moere 1 – Vars; 2 – Effens vars; 3 – Plantgereed; 4 – Effens oud; 5 – Oud.

wat die aanpassingsvermoë van nuwe kultivars in die Oranjeville-omgewing is, is dit belangrik om hierdie faktore in aanmerking te neem wanneer die prestasie van verskillende kultivars geëvalueer word. Dit is ook belangrik dat die kultivars vir 'n aantal seisoene geëvalueer word omdat klimaat van seisoen tot seisoen verskil. Daaglikse en langtermynweerdata is verkry vanaf die LNR se Rusoordweerstasie (-26.81693, 28.314). Die gemete reënval gedurende die seisoen was deurentyd minder as die langtermyn-data. Daar was egter 'n uitsondering in Maart (tydens die einde van vullingstydperk en skilset) toe dit 166 mm gereën het in vergelyking met die langtermyn se 44 mm (Figuur 2). Die kumulatiewe reënval gedurende die 2017/2018-groeiseisoen was deurentyd laer as die langtermyn-gemiddelde reënval. Die minimum- en maksimumtemperature (Figuur 3) vir die 2017/2018-groeiseisoen was baie wisselvallig. Dit is opvallend dat vanaf middel November tot en met Februarie (vegetatiewe groei en vullingstydperk) beide die maksimum- sowel as die minimumtemperature aansienlik hoër was in vergelyking met die langtermyn-data. Regdeur die groeiseisoen was die temperature vir 'n aantal dae tussen 30-37°C. Wanneer die temperatuur bo 29°C styg, sal min of selfs geen knolgroei voorkom nie as gevolg van die feit dat die koolhidrate gebruik word vir respirasie.

Hitte-eenhede is 'n verdere belangrike faktor om in ag te neem aangesien die ontwikkeling van die plant hoofsaaklik gebaseer is op die versameling van hitte-eenhede. Daar word dus aanvaar dat die plant 'n sekere aantal hitte-eenhede moet versamel om 'n ontwikkelingsfase te voltooi. Die hitte-eenhede van die 2017/2018-groeiseisoen het omtrent dieselfde patroon gevolg as die langtermyn-gemiddelde hitteeenhede en word aangedui in Figuur 4. Aan die einde van die seisoen was die kumulatiewe hitte-eenhede 6% hoër as die kumulatiewe langtermyn-data. Die opbrengsdata is statisties verwerk met behulp van die GenStat® program en die gemiddelde was geskei deur gebruik te maak van die Tukey KBV-toets. Die kultivareffek gedurende die 2017/2018-proef (Figuur 5) was statisties hoogs beduidendend (p<0.01) ten opsigte van opbrengs terwyl die koëffisiënt van variasie laag (11.8%) was. Dit dui daarop dat die proef goed uitgevoer is en die resultate betroubaar is. Die proefgemiddeld van al die kultivars word as 100% geneem. Die opbrengs van die individuele kultivars word dan deur die proefgemiddeld gedeel en elke kultivar se opbrengsprestasie word as 'n persentasie van die proefgemiddeld uitgedruk (opbrengsindeks). Die gemiddelde opbrengs (99.3 t/ha) vir die 2017/2018-groeiseisoen was 30.9 t/ha hoër

CHIPS • January/February 2019

Page 63

in vergelyking met die proefgemiddelde van die vorige twee jaar (68.4 t/ha). Ten opsigte van die 2017/2018-proef (Figuur 5) het die kultivars Taisiya, Fandango, Sifra, Tyson, Mondial, Panamera, Lanorma en Almera die hoogste opbrengste gelewer. Ludmilla, het andersyds die swakste opbrengs gelewer. Hoër opbrengste as die proefgemiddeld (99.3 t/ha) was behaal deur die kultivars Taisiya, Fandango, Sifra, Tyson, Mondial, Panamera en Lanorma.

word om aartappels te klas, is dit belangrike faktore om in ag te neem ten einde 'n optimale ekonomiesbemarkbare opbrengs te verseker. In Figuur 6 word die groottegroepverspreiding aangetoon, in Figuur 7 die gradering van die opbrengs en in Tabel 4 die hoofredes vir afgradering van die onderskeie kultivars.

Ten einde die prestasie van die kultivars in terme van opbrengs en kwaliteit te bepaal, is die opbrengs, groottegroepverspreiding en klas gebruik om teen die gemiddelde markpryse vir die betrokke dag 'n bemarkingsindeks te bereken. Die opbrengs, vermenigvuldig met die heersende prys wat bepaal word deur die groottegroepverspreiding en gradering, gee die bemarkingsindeks (Figuur 5). Mondial, Taisiya en Panamera het die hoogste bemarkingsindeks behaal wat toegeskryf kan word aan 'n kombinasie van hoë persentasie groot groottegroepverspreidings (Figuur 6) asook 'n klas 1 gradering wat die kultivars gelewer het. Dit is opvallend dat Tyson 'n laer bemarkingsindeks het as gevolg van 'n hoë persentasie klein groottegroepverspreiding (Figuur 6). Ludmilla het egter die laagste bemarkingsindeks getoon. Aangesien groottegroepverspreiding en gradering ook gebruik

Dit is opvallend dat daar baie motskade op al die kultivars voorgekom het. Dit kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan die feit dat die proef lank gelê het na loofafsterwe. Hoe langer die aartappels in die grond gelaat word, hoe groter is die risiko van infestasie. Die LINTUL-POTATO-DSS plantgroeimodel is gebruik om potensiële opbrengste van die kontrole kultivar, Mondial, te bereken. Potensiële opbrengs kan gedefinieer word as die teoretiese boonste opbrengsgrens in 'n situasie waar water, voedingstowwe en biologiese faktore optimaal is vir die seisoen waarin die proef gegroei het. Die inligting stel ons in staat om te evalueer hoe die werklike opbrengs behaal deur proef vergelyk met gesimuleerde potensiële opbrengste. Die verskil tussen die potensiële en werklike proefopbrengs verwys na die opbrengsgaping. Die verhouding tussen werklike opbrengs (105.6 t/ha) en potensiële opbrengs (155.3 t/ha) is 68%.

Maksimum temperatuur 2017/2018

Minimum temperatuur 2017/2018

Langtermyn gemiddelde maksimum temperatuur

Langtermyn gemiddelde minimum temperatuur

Temperatuur (°C)

35 30 25 20 15 10 5

-5

01-Oct-17 09-Oct-17 17-Oct-17 25-Oct-17 02-Nov-17 10-Nov-17 18-Nov-17 26-Nov-17 04-Dec-17 12-Dec-17 20-Dec-17 28-Dec-17 05-Jan-18 13-Jan-18 21-Jan-18 29-Jan-18 06-Feb-18 14-Feb-18 22-Feb-18 02-Mar-18 10-Mar-18 18-Mar-18 26-Mar-18 03-Apr-18 11-Apr-18 19-Apr-18 27-Apr-18 05-May-18 13-May-18 21-May-18

Plant

Groeiseisoen = 218 dae

Datum

Oes

Figuur 3: Minimum- en maksimumtemperature (°C) gedurende die groeiseisoen (2017/2018) asook langtermyn. Page 64

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

BEDRYFSDIENSTE INDUSTRY SERVICES

Totale hitte-eenhede 2017/2018

Langtermyn gemiddelde hitte-eenhede

Kumulatiewe hitte-eenhede 2017/2018

Langtermyn kumulatiewe hitte-eenhede

2000 1800

Hitte-eenhede

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Oktober

November Desember

Plant

Januarie

Februarie

Maart

April

Mei Oes

Groeiseisoen = 218 dae

Maand Figuur 4: Hitte-eenhede gedurende die groeiseisoen (2017/2018) asook langtermyngemiddeld. *Totale hitte-eenhede spesifiek bepaal vir aartappels (drumpeltemperatuur = 5Â°C) as gewas [bereken vanaf uurlikse data].

Opbrengsindeks (%)

Bemarkingsindeks (%) 118.5 a

Taisiya

108.9 ab

Sifra

107.6 a-c Opbrengs verskil nie statisties nie

Fandango

Kultivar

Tyson Mondial

107.0 a-d 106.3 a-e 105.7 a-f

Panamera

103.8 a-g

Lanorma

Proefgemiddeld = 99.3 t/ha

99.7 a-h

Almera

92.0 b-i

Ludmilla

statisties nie

Opbrengs verskil nie

Markies

p < 0.05 KBV = 20.3 KV% = 11.8

50.6 j

100

120

140

Opbrengs- en bemarkingsindeks as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld (%) vir 2017/2018

160

Figuur 5. Totale opbrengs en bemarkingsindeks per kultivar as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld. *Waardes gevolg deur dieselfde letter is nie beduidend verskillend van mekaar nie.

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Page 65

Baby

Klein

Medium

Groot medium

120

Groot

Proefgemiddeld van vorige 3 jaar = t/ha 2017/2018 = 99.3 t/ha

100

Grootteverspreiding (t/ha) in 2017/2018

Proefgemiddeld

Proefgemiddeld van vorige 3 jaar = 68.4 t/ha

0 Taisiya

Fandango

Sifra

Tyson

Mondial

Panamera Lanorma

Almera

Markies

Ludmilla

Kultivar

Figuur 6. Groottegroepverspreiding van elke kultivar tydens finale oes.

120

Uitskot

Klas 3

Klas 2

Klas 1

2017/2018 = 99.3 t/ha

100

Gradering (t/ha) vir 2017/2018

Proefgemiddeld

Proefgemiddeld van vorige 3 jaar = 68.4 t/ha

0 Taisiya

Fandango

Sifra

Tyson

Mondial

Panamera Lanorma

Kultivar

Figuur 7. Gradering van elke kultivar tydens finale oes.

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CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

Almera

Markies

Ludmilla

BEDRYFSDIENSTE INDUSTRY SERVICES Tabel 4: Hoofredes vir afgradering tydens die 2017/2018 Oranjeville oes.

x x

Almera Fandango

Sandspleet

Misvorming

Motskade

Vergroening

Bruinskurf

Insekskade

Kultivar

Hoofredes vir afgradering

x x

Markies

x x x

Mondial

Lanorma Ludmilla

Panamera

Sifra

x x

Taisiya

Tyson

2017/2018

x x

2015/2016

2014/2015

Opbrengs as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld (%)

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Almera

Fandango

Lanorma

Markies

Mondial

Panamera

Sifra

Taisiya

Kultivar

Figuur 8. Prestasie van kultivars oor drie jaar uitgedruk as persentasie van die proefgemiddeld.

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BEDRYFSDIENSTE INDUSTRY SERVICES Tabel 5. Kook- en prosesseringseienskappe en interne kwaliteit van opbrengs vir 2017/2018 (Uitgevoer deur LNR-Roodeplaat). Kultivar

Skyfiekleur2

SG3

Droë materiaal (%)3

Holhart (%)

Bruinvlek (%)

Almera

1.067

17.43

Fandango

1.070

18.08

Lanorma

1.008

5.08

Ludmilla

1.079

19.90

Markies

1.065

17.11

Mondial

1.072

18.53

Panamera

1.068

17.72

Sifra

1.073

18.67

Taisiya

1.076

19.26

Tyson

1.077

19.64

Skyfiekleur met waarde >50 en sonder defekte is aanvaarbaar vir die

droëskyfiebedryf.

≥ Norm (Aanvaarbaar vir prosessering)

Soortlike gewig van >1.075 is aanvaarbaar vir die prosesseringsbedryf.

Die persentasie droë materiaal is 'n berekende waarde:

DM% = 24.182 + 211.04 * (SG-1.0988) Die werklike persentasiewaarde sal effens verskil tussen variëteite uit hierdie berekeningswaarde.

Dit is ook belangrik om te let op die kultivars se vermoë om konsekwent te presteer, ongeag fluktuasies in die klimaat oor tyd. In Figuur 8 word die driejaar data aangetoon vir die kultivarproewe in die Oranjeville produksie-area. Dit blyk dat kultivars Sifra en Almera die minste variasie toon vir die betrokke area. Voorts is dit ook belangrik om op die interne kwaliteit van die produk te fokus om 'n optimale ekonomiesbemarkbare opbrengs, en dus winsgewendheid, te verseker. Dit sluit belangrike faktore in soos die kook- en prosesseringseienskappe, soortlike gewig (SG) asook inwendige defekte (holhart, bruinvlek en vaatbundelverkleuring) wat opgesom word in Tabel 5. Gedurende die 2017/2018-groeiseisoen het die kultivars Lanorma, Ludmilla en Markies aan die skyfiekleurnorm van >50 voldoen vir prosessering. In die geval van soortlike gewig (SG) het die kultivars Ludmilla, Taisiya en Tyson aan die norm van ≥1.075 voldoen vir prosessering. Wat die inwendige defekte betref, het geen holhart en bruinvlek by enige van die kultivars voorgekom nie. C

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CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

< Norm (Onaanvaarbaar vir prosessering)

KONTREINUUS REGIONAL NEWS

KwaZulu-Natal potato workgroup held successful information day at Cedara Chantel du Raan and Louis Pretorius – Potatoes South Africa

Potatoes South Africa and the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Rural Development jointly hosted this year’s annual potato workgroup information day on 18 January 2019 at the Cedara Research Station. The site was visited by about 100 persons who included commercial farmers, smallholders and extension officers and researchers from Cedara and the University of KwaZulu-Natal which is clear evidence of the importance and success of the event. The trial consisted of 18 cultivars which were statistically laid out. The main attraction of the information day was the 18 cultivars which were all tested under the common practice of spraying

regularly with fungicides as well as with no fungicides being applied. All treatments, however, included the application of insecticides. While moving through the trial the farmers could observe interesting differences and compare cultivars, thus determining which cultivars are more susceptible to late blight and early blight. This trial especially aided the smallholders in making informed decisions of which blight tolerant cultivars to plant since they do not always have the means to spray fungicides regularly. A tolerant cultivar to leaf diseases will possibly reduce already high input costs. Thanks to everyone involved for making this a successful day! C

CHIPS • January/February 2019

Page 69

Na-kontroletoetse Dr. Fienie Niederwieser, Aartappels Suid-Afrika

Agtergrond

riglyne vir saadskemas van die ‘Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development’ (OECD) wat in 1961 gestig is. Die doel van die OECDskemas is om in internasionale belang die gebruik en produksie van saad van konstante hoë gehalte in deelnemende lande aan te moedig. Die OECDskemas bepaal wat die minimum vereistes vir skemas is. Individuele lande kan besluit om die vereistes en toleransies vir siektes strenger te maak sodat plantmateriaal aan die vereistes en omstandighede van daardie bepaalde land voldoen.

Die Suid-Afrikaanse Aartappelmoersertifiseringskema (Skema) was die eerste amptelike plantverbeteringskema in die land. Die Skema is gebaseer op die

Die Suid-Afrikaanse Plantverbeteringswet (Wet no. 53 van 1976) het die beginsels van die OECD Saadskemas aangeneem, maar vir sover dit die

In die aartappelbedryf word twee vrae betreffende na-kontroletoetse dikwels deur beide moer- en tafelkwekers gevra: • Wat is die doel van na-kontroletoetse? • Waarom word na-kontroletoetse deur Plantovita, uitgevoer? Die doel van hierdie artikel is om bogenoemde vrae kortliks te beantwoord.

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CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

PLANTOVITA

“Post-control tests are conducted to ascertain that the Schemes are operating satisfactorily” - die doel van nakontroletoetse volgens die OECD-skemas. Die na-kontroletoets is dus nie om die korrektheid van die landmonstertoetsuitslae van streekslaboratoriumtoetse, te bevestig nie, maar om die virusuitslae van die aanbieding te bevestig. Die uitslag van landmonstertoetse wat deur streekslaboratoriums gedoen word, word gebruik om die virusstatus van ’n moerlot wat aangebied is vir sertifisering te bepaal. reëls van die betref, bepaal genoemde wet wat laasgenoemde behels. Doel van na-kontroletoetse Volgens die OECD-skemas is die doel van na-kontroletoetse om die sukses van die sertifiseringsproses te moniteer: Het die moerlot sy siektestatus sedert die bekendmaking van die landmonstertoetsuitslae behou? Is die kultivar wat gesertifiseer is, die een wat aangebied is vir nakontroletoetse en is dit steeds suiwer? Na-kontroletoetse is dus vir die plaaslike gesag, d.i. die Onafhanklike Sertifiseringsraad vir Aartappelmoere (OSRA), ’n manier om kwaliteitskontrole uit te voer. Na-kontroletoetse word op beide virusstatus en variëteitsegtheid van aartappelmoere gedoen. Alhoewel daar verskille tussen land- en na-kontrole virusuitslae kan voorkom, gebeur dit min en korrelasie tussen die landmonsteren na-kontrole virusuitslae is aanduidend daarvan dat die Skema in sy doel slaag om goeie kwaliteit plantmateriaal deur sertifisering daar te stel. Monsters vir na-kontroletoetse Die manier van neem en toets van monsters vir nakontrole word deur die OECD Skemas se beginsels voorgeskryf. In die plaaslike konteks beteken dit dat die toetse deur OSRA-goedgekeurde en onafhanklike

laboratoriums uitgevoer word. Na-kontrolemonsters word deur gemagtigde sertifiseringsbeamptes van Aartappelsertifiseringsdiens getrek, gemerk, geseël en vergesel van die vereiste dokumentasie, gestuur na die kontrole-laboratorium, d.i. Plantovita, vir die uitvoer van die toetse. Uitvoering van na-kontrole toetse Na-kontrole virusuitslae van monsters wat deur ’n onafhanklike laboratorium getoets is, en die sertifiseringstatus van die aartappelmoere bevestig, ondersteun die integriteit van die proses van sertifisering van moere wat onder die Skema vermeerder word. Dus is die vereiste dat waar daar na-kontroles ter sprake is, die gesag die nodige toetse doen, of indien nie self nie, dit te laat doen. Plantovita (voorheen Coen Bezuidenhout Saadtoetssentrum) is reeds in die 1990s aangewys as die kontrole-laboratorium van die aartappelbedryf. Plantovita is nie verbonde aan enige produksiestreek nie en is ook nie op administratiewe, finansiële of bestuursvlak betrokke by enige van die moerproduksiestreke nie. Slegs gemagtigde sertifiseringsbeamptes mag na-kontrole monsters trek. Waar dieselfde toetslaboratorium ’n volgende toets op dieselfde lot doen, kan dit nie as 'n na-kontroletoets geag word nie aangesien ’n na-kontrole deur ’n ander fasiliteit gedoen moet word as die oorspronklike fasiliteit. So ’n daaropvolgende toets by dieselfde fasiliteit kan hoogstens as interne kwaliteitskontrole beskou word. Die toets van nie-amptelike monsters word egter verbied deur die OSRA-goedgekeurde Aartappellaboratoriumdienste-gedragskode. C

Is die uitslae van na-kontrole toetse aan kopers van moere beskikbaar? Moerkwekers word van die uitslae van hul moere se na-kontroletoetse in kennis gestel. Die beskikbaarstelling van hierdie uitslae kan van die moerkweker versoek word. Dit is dus tussen die koper en die verkoper.

CHIPS • January/February 2019

Page 71

PLANTOVITA

Plantovita • Bedien al die moerkwekers in die land. • Elke streek wys ’n lid aan wat op die direksie van Plantovita dien.

Plantovita is gemagtig en toegerus om: • Na-kontroletoetse vir virus uit te voer. • Toetse te standaardiseer om te verseker dat alle toetse aan spesifieke vereistes voldoen. • Te sorg dat toetse met die nuutste tegnologie uitgevoer word. • Te sorg dat beproefde toetspakkette gebruik word. • Tegniese ondersteuning te verleen aan streekslaboratoriums met die uitvoering van toetse. • Verpligte opleiding aan tegnoloë van streekslaboratoriums te verskaf. • Nuwe laboratoriums te inspekteer en aanbeveling aan OSRA-goedkeuring van nuwe laboratoriums te verleen. Plantovita is bemagtig en toegerus om: • Verdagte bakteriese verwelk Elisa-resultate wat deur streekslaboratoriums verkry word, te bevestig deur konvensionele- en PKR-toetse. • Om in vitro plante en miniknolle te toets vir bakterieë en spesifieke virusse deur Elisa-, konvensionele- en PKR-toetse.

Streekslaboratoriums • Bedien moerkwekers van die spesifieke streek waarin die laboratorium geleë is. Om praktiese en finansiële redes, word landmonstertoetse gewoonlik in die plaaslike laboratorium gedoen. • Moerkwekers kan egter toetse by enige OSRAgoedgekeurde streekslaboratorium laat uitvoer.

Streekslaboratoriums is deur OSRA bemagtig en toegerus om: • Landmonstertoetse vir virus uit te voer. • Elisa-toetse vir teenwoordigheid van bakteriese verwelksiekte uit te voer. • Virus-toetse op blaarmonsters uit te voer.

Streekslaboratoriums is gemagtig om amptelike toetse op blare van kweekhuisplante vir virus deur die Elisa-toets uit te voer.

Erkenning: Insette van Marieta Botha (Hoofuitvoerende Beampte van Plantovita) en Sanette Thiart (Besturende Direkteur Aartappelsertifiseringsdiens).

Page 72

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

Prokon News During November - December 2018, 15 potato producing regions as well as non-producing suppliers, delivered potatoes nationally to the fresh produce markets. Prokon is busy switching-over to a new data system called the Dipar system, which will make the inspections on the floor more efficient. We will be able to create a greater variety of statistics for submission to Potato South Africa and the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. We aim to have the electronic inspection system introduced on all our markets by the end of June 2019.

Average percentage downgraded

Total bags delivered during November / December 2018 = 13 135 506

3.12%

• 1 3 135 806 bags was delivered from 15 regions as well as non-producing suppliers to the Fresh produce markets during November / December 2018. • On average 3.12% were downgraded. • An alarming high number of producers delivered underweight bags to the fresh produce markets. In respect of November / December 2018 nearly 840 000 underweight bags were delivered.

5 845

12 760

13 728

16 074

26 061

42 848

50 584

127 762

180 969

304 568

500 000

410 613

1000 000

418 454

1500 000

1088 977

QUANTITY

2000 000

1458 320

1946 895

FRESHMARK SYSTEM: QUANTITY RECEIVED AT ALL OTHER MARKETS FOR 1 NOV - 31 DEC 2018

REGION

CHIPS • January/February 2019

Page 73

15 159

61 444

4,624,790

122 931

280 174

228 759

350 618

2000 000

289 557

4000 000

717 493

QUANTITY

6000 000

247 734

4624 790

DIPAR SYSTEM: QUANTITY RECEIVED IN PTA, JHB & CPT FOR 1 NOV - 31 DEC 2018

REGION

0,80%

0,86%

1,23%

1,58%

5,00%

2,38%

2,64%

7,03%

3,09%

10,00%

7,18%

7,29%

7,48%

PERCENTAGE

15,00%

9,50%

13,35%

FRESHMARK SYSTEM (6 104 450): DEGRADED PER REGION ON OTHER FRESH PRODUCE MARKETS: 1 NOV - 31 DES 2018

0,00%

REGION

0,00%

REGION

Page 74

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

0,00%

0,21%

0,26%

1,92%

1,96%

2,03%

2,35%

4,05%

6,58%

7,62%

50,00%

8,53%

100,00%

51,19%

PERCENTAGE

DIPAR SYSTEM (7 031 348): DEGRADED PER REGION PTA, JHB & CPT: 1 NOV - 31 DES 2018

PROKON

2,72%

3,12%

3,63%

4,15%

8,81%

10,33%

10,71%

11,51%

12,37%

20,00%

17,19%

PERCENTAGE

FRESHMARK SYSTEM: TOP 10 REASONS FOR DEGRADING PER REGION ON FRESH PRODUCE MARKETS: 1 NOV - 31 DEC 2018

0,00%

REASON

1,50%

2,21%

2,40%

2,72%

3,20%

3,49%

5,15%

6,47%

100,00%

59,23%

PERCENTAGE

DIPAR SYSTEM: TOP 10 REASONS FOR DEGRADING PER REGION ON PTA, JHB & CPT BETWEEN 1 NOV - 31 DEC 2018

0,00%

REASON

0,29%

0,35%

0,47%

0,81%

1,48%

2,14%

2,18%

12,35%

50,00%

18,32%

100,00%

60,16%

PERCENTAGE

FRESHMARK SYSTEM: TOP 10 CULTIVARS DELIVERED PER REGION ON FRESH PRODUCE MARKETS: 1 NOV - 31 DEC 2018

0,00%

CULTIVAR

CHIPS â&#x20AC;¢ January/February 2019

Page 75

PROKON

74,98%

DIPAR SYSTEM: TOP 10 CULTIVARS DELIVERED PER REGION ON PTA, JHB & CPT: 1 NOV - 31 DEC 2018

PERCENTAGE

80,00%

0,22%

0,40%

0,48%

0,75%

0,85%

1,64%

20,00%

2,33%

40,00%

5,62%

12,36%

60,00%

0,00%

CULTIVAR

6000 000

5580 988

FRESHMARK SYSTEM: KG'S RECEIVED ON FRESH PRODUCE MARKETS FOR 1 NOV - 31 DEC 2018

4000 000

10KG

7KG

5KG

115

208

1000 000

416

2000 000

5 968 750

3000 000 516 056

QUANTITY

5000 000

4KG KG

25KG

2KG

6895 677

DIPAR SYSTEM: KG'S RECEIVED ON PTA AND JHB FOR 1 NOV - TO 31 DEC 2018

7000 000 5000 000

10KG

7KG

2KG

1KG

Page 76

CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

8KG

1 680

2 466

2000 000

1000 000

3 257

3000 000

6 000

4000 000 122 268

QUANTITY

6000 000

5KG

ALGEMEEN GENERAL

APAC tree op teen

markagente

APAC AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AGENTS COUNCIL

Die Agricultural Produce Agents Council (APAC) se mandaat is om seker te maak dat die boer in alle gevalle beskerm word wanneer hy van ’n geregistreerde markagent in terme van Wet op Varsprodukte-agente, Wet 12 van 1992, gebruik maak. APAC verseker dan ook dat geregistreerde agente eties, eerbare en deursigtig optree. Volgens mnr. Francois Knowles, die registrateur van APAC, was die Raad in November 2018 suksesvol in sy optrede teen drie markagente wat die gedragskode oortree het. “Die suksesvolle optrede teen markagente wat oneties optree is 'n duidelike voorbeeld van APAC se erns met sy verantwoordelikhede teenoor die boer.” APAC se Dissiplinêre Tribunaal se optrede het die volgende ingesluit: • Wenpro KZN (Pty) Ltd – die agentskap se lisensie is onttrek en hulle besigheid is effektief gesluit. APAC is tans in die proses om ’n rekonsiliasie te doen in terme van gelde wat aan produsente verskuldig is. Enige produsent wat navraag hieroor wil doen is welkom

APAC direk daaroor te kontak. Die Raad benodig genoegsame en behoorlike bewyse dat aflewerings plaasgevind het, dat verkope nie uitbetaal is nie en enige ander inligting wat relevant kan wees om die produsent te kan help. • Squires & Sons Market Agency – die agentskap se lisensie is onttrek en hulle besigheid is effektief gesluit. APAC is tans in die proses om ’n rekonsiliasie te doen in terme van gelde wat aan produsente verskuldig is. Enige produsent wat navraag hieroor wil doen is welkom APAC direk daaroor te kontak. Die Raad benodig genoegsame en behoorlike bewyse dat aflewerings plaasgevind het, dat verkope nie uitbetaal is nie en enige ander inligting wat relevant kan wees om die produsent te kan help. • Matlotsana Market Agency CC – mnr. Marius Dreyer is beboet vir onregmatige optrede. C APAC kontakbesonderhede: Tel: (011) 894-3680, (087) 095 1335, Faks: (011) 894-3761, www.apacweb.org.za

CHIPS • January/February 2019

Page 77

Elemente van ‘n basiese permanente dienskontrak Christo Bester, LWO

Om aan arbeidswetgewing te voldoen is nie ’n luuksheid nie, maar ’n noodsaaklikheid, en hou ’n groot besigheidsrisiko in vir werkgewers. Werkgewers kan grootliks bydra tot hul onderneming se volhoubaarheid en winsgewendheid deur arbeidsrisiko’s proaktief aan te spreek. Hierdeur word ’n gestruktureerde werksomgewing geskep wat ontvanklik is vir groei en waar konflik, wrywing en misverstande beperk word. Arbeidswetgewing is van toepassing op alle werkgewers en werknemers en het ten doel om arbeidsverhoudinge te reguleer met die oog op regverdigheid in die werksplek. ’n Dienskontrak is uiters belangrik in die bestuur van arbeidsverhoudinge aangesien dit die basis vorm van die verhouding tussen die werkgewer en werknemer. Dit is die heelbelangrikste dokument in die werksplek en definieer die bepalings en voorwaardes waarop die partye ooreengekom het en reguleer die verhouding. Neem kennis dat geen deel van die dienskontrak eensydig gewysig mag word sonder om die werknemer te raadpleeg nie. Wanneer ’n

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CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

dienskontrak opgestel word, moet die werkgewer daarop let dat die dienskontrak aan alle toepaslike arbeidswetgewing vir die spesifieke bedryf voldoen. Sektorale Vasstelling 13 reguleer arbeidsverhoudinge in die landbousektor en plaas sekere regsverpligtinge op die boer as werkgewer. Plaaswerkers sluit werknemers in wie hoofsaaklik vir of in verband met boerdery-aktiwiteite in diens geneem is, asook huiswerkers wat in ’n plaashuis werk. Die basiese vereistes van ’n dienskontrak: Die Wet op Basiese Diensvoorwaardes (“WBDV”) stipuleer dat werkgewers ’n werknemer van skriftelike diensvoorwaardes moet voorsien wanneer die indiensname inwerking tree. Dit moet die volgende bevat: • Werkgewer- en werknemerbesonderhede – die werkgewer se volle name en adres, asook die werknemer se naam, posbenaming en ’n kort beskrywing van die werk. • Indiensname-besonderhede – plek/ke van werk, aanstellingsdatum, werksure en werksdae.

ALGEMEEN GENERAL

• Betalingsbesonderhede – salaris/loon of die tarief en wyse waarop lone bereken word, die tarief vir oortyd, enige ander kontantbetalings, enige betalings in goedere en die waarde daarvan, die gereeldheid van betalings en aftrekkings. • Verlofbesonderhede – enige verlof waarop die werknemer geregtig is. • Kennistydperk – die vereiste kennistydperk om die dienskontrak te beëindig. • Kontraktydperk van die dienskontrak – is die pos permanent van aard (vir ’n onbepaalde tydperk), of is die pos tydelik van aard (vir ’n spesifieke tydperk of vir ’n spesifieke projek)? Dit is onwettig om permanente indiensname in die vorm van ’n vastetermyndienskontrak te verdoesel. Proaktiewe klousules om by die dienskontrak in te sluit: Werkgewers kan arbeidswetgewing tot hul voordeel aanwend om hul ondernemings te beskerm deur proaktiewe klousules in die dienskontrak in te sluit om moontlike toekomstige dispute uit te skakel en die werkgewer in die beste posisie te plaas. Proaktiewe klousules kan die volgende insluit: • Verwysings na beleide, prosedures en ’n dissiplinêre kode wat die reëls en prosedures uiteensit waaraan die werkgewer en werknemers moet voldoen. • Tydsperiodes – proeftydperk, aftree-ouderdom, korttyd, etenstye, ens. • Toestemming – mediese toetse, alkohol- en dwelmtoetse. • Toestemming – aftrekkings vir skade, opleiding, ens.

uit

arbeidswetgewing --LWO, LWO,spesialiste specialists in in arbeidsreg labour lawvir fordie thewerkgewer employer

Word

VANDAG

lid by die LWO en ontvang gemoedsrus:

Stresstropie

Gebruik vir spanning gekoppel aan: Swak werksprestasie, Waarskuwings (personeel), Dissiplinêre verhore, KVBA (”CCMA”) sake, Diefstal en misbruik van die werkgewer se eiendom, Herstrukturering, Personeelvermindering, Stakings, Vakbondonderhandelinge, Departement van Arbeid ondersoeke, ens.

Jy as werkgewer voldoen aan arbeidswetgewing EN het 24/7 ondersteuning. Die LWO bied ‘n doelontwerpte oplossing vir werkgewers in die landbousektor. Kontak ons VANDAG vir lidmaatskap opsies!

Voeg aanhangsels by tot die dienskontrak: Die werkgewer kan aanhangsels tot die dienskontrak byvoeg om die onderneming verder te beskerm. Aanhangsels kan die volgende insluit: • Pligstaat – watter take en pligte word van die werknemer verwag en wat is die werkgewer se vasgestelde standaard waaraan die werknemer moet voldoen. • Handelsbeperking en konfidensialiteitsooreenkoms – dit is noodsaaklik vir meer gespesialiseerde boerdery-aktiwiteite om konfidensiële inligting, unieke metodes en prosedures, patente, ensovoorts te beskerm. Dit is so belangrik dat werkgewers aan arbeidswetgewing voldoen en hierdie risiko proaktief bestuur om hul ondernemings met die oog op die toekoms te beskerm. C

CHIPS • January/February 2019

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Uit die Argiewe / From the Archives CHIPS – Januarie/Februarie 1999 Nuwe produk druk aartappelverkope die hoogte in Aartappels SA, Unifoods en Pick n Pay het einde verlede jaar ŉ gesamentlike promosie gehou vir die loodsing van Unifoods se nuutste produk, Royco Potato Bake.

Verkope van die 2 kg aartappelverpakking het tydens die twee-week promosie met 250% gestyg, wat dui op die sukses van die promosie. En die produk verkoop nog steeds!

Pakkies Royco Potato Bake in binne 2 kg aartappelsakkies ingebind, wat in Pick n Pay winkels beskikbaar was. In die promosietydperk is 160 winkeldemonstrasies in Pick n Pay gehou, waar verbruikers die geleentheid gehad het om aartappelgeregte te proe wat met Royco Potato Bake berei is. Gedurende die promosietydperk is die Royco Potato Bake advertensie met gereelde tussenposes op televisie gebeeldsend.

Skyfie sê / Skyfie says Die aartappel was nie alle Engelse se koppie tee nie… Die Engelse kibbelaar William Cobbert skryf honend in 1818 dat dit die mode is om die aartappel op te hemel en om aartappels te eet. Elkeen klim op die wa om aartappels op te hemel – die hele wêreld hou van aartappels, of gee voor dat hulle van aartappels hou, wat in werklikheid dieselfde ding is. Larry Zuckerman sê in sy boek the Potato dat Cobbert geag was as die aartappel se dodelikste vyand in menslike vorm. Hy het dit dan ook die “root” van verslonsheid, vuilheid, ellende en slawerny genoem wat se opgang direk aanleiding gegee het tot die toename in die getal armes. Hy noem verder dat die aartappel in wese sosiale en geestelike dood vergestalt, en dat die voorstanders daarvan óf blind óf goddeloos is. Cobbert het ook in sy verwysing na mnr. Raleigh, wat glo die aartappel Engeland toe gebring het, gesê dat laasgenoemde een van die grootste skobbejakke op aarde was. William Cobbert sluit sy tirade af met die woorde dat hy eerder sal sien dat Engelse arbeiders gehang word – en hy saam met hulle – as om te sien dat hulle van die “lazy root” lewe. C

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CHIPS Januarie/Februarie 2019

ALGEMEEN GENERAL

Dagboek / Diary 2019 Aartappels SA / Potatoes SA Oos-Vrystaat Inligtingsdag / Eastern Free State Information Day: 7 Maart / March Sandveld Aartappelwerkgroep Inligtingsdag / Sandveld Potato Workgroup Information Day: 7 Maart / March Moerkwekersvergadering – Oostelike streek / Seed Potato Growers meeting – Eastern region: 4 April KwaZulu-Natal streeksvergadering / KwaZulu-Natal regional meeting – 4 April Sako AJV / Sako AGM: 11 April Moerkwekersvergadering – Westelike streek / Seed Potato Growers meeting – Western region: 16 April

Potato Industry Development Trust

PIDT

Bedryfsrolspelersvergadering / Industry role players meeting: 4 April

Potato Industry Development Trust

CHIPS • January/February 2019

Page 81

APAC AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AGENTS COUNCIL

REGISTERED FRESH PRODUCE AGENTS BLOEMFONTEIN FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Bloemfontein Market Agency Modise Market Agency RSA Bloemfontein Market Agency Subtropico Bloemfontein Market Agency Vrystaat Market Agency CAPE TOWN FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Boland Market Agency Fine Bros Market Agency Rhoda’s Market Agency RSA Cape Town Market Agency Subtropico/Spes Bona Market Agency DURBAN FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Delta Market Agency Hanly Market Agency Port Natal Market Agency RSA Durban Market Agency EAST LONDON FRESH PRODUCE MARKET AA Market Agency Border Farmers Market Agency Martin & Scheepers Market Agency Subtropico East London Market Agency EPPING MUNICIPALITY Laeveld Somerset Market Agency GEORGE MUNICIPALITY Garden Route Fresh Express Market Agency Maverick Market Agency JOBURG FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Botha Roodt Johannesburg Market Agency C L de Villiers Market Agency Catu-Fresh Market Agency Citi Deep Waatlemoen Market Agency Citifresh Market Agency Dapper Market Agency DW Fresh Produce Johannesburg Market Agency Egoly Johannesburg Market Agency Exec-U-Fruit Market Agency Marco Market Agency Matla Market Agency Metro Market Agency Pula Nala Market Agency RSA Johannesburg Market Agency

Subtropico Johannesburg Market Agency Swartberg Market Agency Uni Dev Market Agency Wenpro Johannesburg Market Agency KEI FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Farmers Direct Market Agency Fenato Trading Market Agency KING WILLIAM’S TOWN FRESH PRODUCE MARKET King William’s Town Market Agency KIMBERLEY FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Kimberley Market Agency Subtropico Kimberly Market Agency KLERKSDORP FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Garfield Market Agency J Frances & Son Market Agency Matlosana Market Agency Subtropico Klerksdorp Market Agency W.L. Ochse & Kie Market Agency LIMPOPO PROVINCE RSA Limpopo Market Agency RSA Mooketsi Market Agency NELSPRUIT MUNICIPALITY Laeveld Nelspruit Market Agency Nelspruit Market Agency NOORDEINDE FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Noordeinde Market Agency PIETERMARITZBURG FRESH PRODUCE MARKET G.W. Poole Market Agency Natalia Market Agency Nkosi Market Agency Peter & Co Market Agency Subtropico Pietermaritzburg Market Agency PORT ELIZABETH FRESH PRODUCE MARKET African Market Agency Algoabaai Market Agency Gouws & Co Market Agency Lansdell Market Agency

W Finlayson & Co Market Agency SPRINGS FRESH PRODUCE MARKET AM Meyer Market Agency New Africa Market Agency RSA Springs Market Agency Springs Market Agency (Vegetables) Subtropico Springs Market Agency TSHWANE FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Botha Roodt Pretoria Market Agency Du Plessis & Wolmarans Market Agency DW Fresh Produce Tshwane Market Agency Farmers Trust Market Agency Fresh Way Market Agency Mabeka Market Agency Noordvaal Market Agency Prinsloo & Venter Market Agency RSA Tshwane Market Agency Subtropico/Protea Market Agency Tshwane Green Market Agency VEREENIGING FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Impala Market Agency Subtropico Vereeniging Market Agency WELKOM FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Botha & Roodt Welkom Market Agency Opkoms Market Agency Subtropico Market Agency WITBANK FRESH PRODUCE MARKET Subtropico Witbank Market Agency Witbank Market Agency OTHER Core Fruit Farm Fresh Direct Farm Market Federated Farmers Freshly Blessed Fruitways Green Network Lucerne Fresh RSA Beyond Stargrow Westfalia

VISIT APAC’S WEBSITE REGULARLY Do you know if your fresh produce agent practise sound financial management? Did your agent received an audit qualification on his last audit report? Does your agent submit their monthly trust reconciliation timeously and has no trust account shortages? Ensure that you visit our website monthly as it is updated regularly with information on the financial status of agencies.

SUITE NUMBER 69, PRIVATE BAG X 9, EAST RAND, 1462 TEL: (011) 894-3680,CHIPS (087) 095 1335, 2019 Page 82 Januarie/Februarie FAX: (011) 894-3761,www.apacweb.org.za

REGISTRATEUR • REGISTRAR: FRANCOIS KNOWLES

2019 CHIPS

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Editor: Gawie Geyer • Advertising: Gawie Geyer Contact Details: Mobile: 082 388 0524, E-fax: 086 218 3462, E-mail: gawie@potatoes.co.za

Lekker Lanorma: Lekker Lanorma: ‘n Kultivar vir óns ‘n Kultivar vir óns wêreld. wêreld. GWK Trading GWK Trading

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GWK Aartappels Kies ‘n kultivar wat aard in Suid-Afrika, vir jou ‘n opbrengs lewer waarvoor die verbruikersmark vra. Een wat die beste aartappelgeregte GWK Aartappels maak. ‘n Kultivar soos Lanorma. Eksklusief by GWK. Kies ‘n kultivar wat aard in Suid-Afrika, vir jou ‘n opbrengs lewer waarvoor die verbruikersmark vra. Een wat die beste aartappelgeregte maak. Kultivar Eksklusief by GWK. Skakel ‘n ons by 053soos 298 Lanorma. 8200 Skakel ons by 053 298 8200

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