A Participatory Framework to Catalyze Development in Emerging Economies Tim Tocci \ MFA IDUS Candidate \ dream.poweredbysilas.com
OVERVIEW 01 INTRO
02 LIT REVIEW
03 RESEARCH
04 FINDINGS
05 DESIGN
06 CONCLUSION
Context Characters Conflict
Categories Authors Toolkits
Site Methods Tools
Synthesis Analysis Heuristics
Ideation Prototypes Frameworks
Future Work Conclusions
Table of Contents
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01
INTRODUCTION
Context / Characters / Conflict
THE (WICKED) PROBLEM Purchasing Power Parity in US Dollars > $20,000
Population in Millions
TIER 1
$1,500-$20,000
TIERS 2-3
$1,500
TIER 4
<$1,500
TIER 5
75-100 1,500-1,750
4,000
C. K. Prahaladâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid (2006)
Introduction
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UN MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
GOAL 1
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Introduction
GOAL 2
Achieve universal primary education
GOAL 3
Promote gender equality and promote women
GOAL 4
Reducing child mortality rates
GOAL 5
Improve maternal health
GOAL 6
GOAL 7
GOAL 8
Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and other diseases
Ensure environmental sustainability
Develop global partnership for development
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ONE LAPTOP PER CHILD
â&#x20AC;&#x153;...the difficulty in getting widespread adoption of even proven innovation due to misunderstanding the social and cultural environment in which the innovation is to be introduced.â&#x20AC;? (Kraemer, Dedrick and Sharma 2009, 68) Introduction
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HOW DO WE DESIGN FOR THE OTHER 90%?
Introduction
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HOW DO WE DESIGN WITH THE OTHER 90%?
Introduction
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RESEARCH QUESTIONS 01 STAKEHOLDERS
02 PESTEL
03 NEEDS
04 CONSEQUENCES
05 MICROCREDIT
Within participatory design communities, who are the stakeholders and decision makers?
What are the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legislative (PESTEL) factors that influence development?
How can an external agency determine needs and desires of a local population?
How can the participatory design method be designed to mitigate unintended consequences and misuse?
What are community perceptions of microcredit?
Introduction
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02
LITERATURE REVIEW
Categories / Authors / Toolkits
CATEGORIES
Humanitarian Design Social Entrepreneurship
Participatory Design
Sustainability
Literature Review
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NOTABLE AUTHORS
Paul Polak
C.K. Prahalad Literature Review
Victor Papanek
Ezio Manzini
Liz Sanders DREAMdev \ 12
TOOLKITS
Liz Sanders MakeTools
Literature Review
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03
RESEARCH Site / Methods / Tools
CASE STUDY: OMETEPE, NICARAGUA
Research
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OMETEPE, NICARAGUA
Research
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$50 PER MONTH
Research
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SECONDARY RESEARCH ECONOMIC
POLITICAL
SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
TECHNOLOGICAL LEGISLATIVE
Research
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PRIMARY RESEARCH
Research
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PHOTO JOURNALS & DIARIES
Research
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ASPIRATION CARDS
Research
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WORKSHEETS
Research
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PROJECTIVE STIMULI
Research
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04
FINDINGS
Synthesis / Analysis / Heuristics
SYNTHESIS
Findings
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SWOT PESTEL MATRIX SWOT
CURRENT SITUATION
Categories
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
Political
Stability from FSLN
Election Fraud / Arbitrary Action
Green Climate Fund
Instability, Civil Unrest/War
Economic -DREAMdev
Sustainable Innovation Fund
Oil Demand and Cost
Packaged Financing
Global Recession
Economic -Customer
Ecotourism
Low Available Capital
Access MFI Capital
Decreased Tourism
Social
Humanitarian Codesign
Urbanization
Social Networking
Imperialism Stigma
Technological
Mobile Collaboration
Limited internet access
Energy Storage
Material/Tech Cannibalization
Environmental
Strong wind power density
Vulnerable to Natural Disasters
Environmental Preservation
Deforestation Pollution
Legislative
2011 COP17 in Durban
NGO Donor Limitations
Clean energy mandates
Limit foreign involvement
Findings
FUTURE SITUATION
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ENVIRONMENTAL OPPORTUNITIES
Findings
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PHOTO JOURNAL ANALYSIS
Findings
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PHOTO JOURNAL ANALYSIS
Findings
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PHOTO JOURNAL ANALYSIS
Findings
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PHOTO JOURNAL ANALYSIS
Findings
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THE VOLTA “Es cierto que no tenemos energía ahorita, pero hay un sueño en nuestra mente [que] vamos a tener energía mas adelante...Un día vamos a tener energía.”
Findings
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HEURISTICS 01 AFFORDABILITY
Use inexpensive materials and manufacturing methods. Findings
02 SUSTAINABILITY
Use local labor and materials to promote maintenance and upkeep.
03 DESIRABILITY
?
Combine local symbols of pride with aspirational design semantics. DREAMdev \ 33
05
DESIGN
Ideation / Prototypes / Frameworks
IDEATION
Design
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PARTICIPATORY DESIGN REVIEW
Design
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CRUDE PROTOTYPES
Design
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ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS
Design
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ROTOR COMPARISON
Design
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PROTOTYPE 1
Design
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PROTOTYPE FAIL
Design
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PROBLEM DETAIL
Design
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WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE?
Design
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THE PAPANEK TRAP
Design
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THE PAPANEK TRAP “Of course, the radio is ugly. But there is a reason for this ugliness. It would have been simple to paint it ('grey', as the people at Ulm suggested). But painting it would have been wrong... I feel that I have no right to make aesthetic or 'good taste' decisions that will affect millions of people…” – Victor Papanek Design
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NEW HEURISTICS 01 AFFORDABILITY
02 SUSTAINABILITY
03 DESIRABILITY
Use inexpensive materials and manufacturing methods.
Use local labor and materials to promote maintenance and upkeep.
Combine local symbols of pride with aspirational design semantics.
Design
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TAKE 2
Design
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DC MOTORS
Design
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Design
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Design
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Design
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HOW DO WE MAKE THIS DESIRABLE?
Design
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DESIGN LANGUAGE National Pride
Design
Power, Speed, Efficiency, Flight
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EVOLUTIONARY
Design
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COMPONENTS Motor Mounting Hardware
Tail Fin
Ribs
Tail Boom Hub Nose Cone
Motor Housing
DC Motor
Yaw Sleeve
Rotor Hardware Rotors Guy Wires
Brackets Mast
Design
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COST
Item Description 1 Mast
Material / Size 8’ Fence Post
2 Metal Bracket
QTY
Each
Cost
1
$15.98
$15.98
2
$3.35
$6.70
3 Yaw Sleeve
2" PVC, 4" PVC, + 4"-to-2" reducer
1
$11.04
$11.04
4 Motor Housing
ABS
1
$8.38
$8.38
5 Tail Boom
1 1/2" PVC + 3-to-1.5" reducer
1
$6.75
$6.75
6 Ribs
1/4" Plywood (included below)
3
Included
Included
7 Tail Fin
1/4" Plywood
1
$1.74
$1.74
8 Tail Cap
1/4" Plywood (included above)
1
Included
Included
9 Cables
1/8" 230lb limit
1
$28.69
$28.69
10 DC Motor
Average Used Starter Motor Price
1
$51.30
$51.30
11 Hub
PE High Density
1
$9.98
$9.98
12 Rotor
6" PVC
13 Flat Washer
1/4"
14 Hex Bolt 15 Hex Bolt
3
$2.55
$7.64
10
$0.10
$1.00
1/4-20x1"
4
$0.24
$0.96
1/4-20x0.5"
8
$0.15
$1.20
16 Lock Washer
1/4"
8
$0.16
$1.28
17 Hex Nut
1/4-20
8
$0.12
$0.96
18 Nose Cone
4" PVC Cap
1
$5.34
$5.34
19 Electrical Cord
25’ Extension Cord
1
$6.05
$6.05
20 Body Filler
1pint with hardener
1
$6.14
$6.14
21 Paint
3 quarts (Primer, White, Blue)
1
$26.09
$26.09
TOTAL $ 197.31
Design
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HOW DO WE TURN THIS PROTOTYPE INTO A BUSINESS? Design
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CATALYTIC DEVELOPMENT
Design
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CATALYTIC DEVELOPMENT
Design
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CATALYTIC DEVELOPMENT
Design
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CATALYTIC DEVELOPMENT
Design
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CATALYTIC DEVELOPMENT
Design
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DIFFUSION GLOBAL
NATIONAL
REGIONAL
LOCAL
Design
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HOW DOES THE OMETEPE MODEL TRANSLATE INTO A FRAMEWORK?
Design
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PARTICIPATORY DESIGN FRAMEWORK
Design
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PARTICIPATORY DESIGN FRAMEWORK
Design
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PARTICIPATORY DESIGN FRAMEWORK
Design
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PARTICIPATORY DESIGN FRAMEWORK
Design
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PARTICIPATORY DESIGN FRAMEWORK
Design
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PARTICIPATORY DESIGN FRAMEWORK
Design
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06
DENOUEMENT Conclusions / Further Work
TACIT ASPIRATIONS
Denouement
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EXPLICIT ASPIRATIONS
Denouement
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ASPIRATIONAL AESTHETICS
Denouement
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5 STEPS FOR THE NEXT (WICKED) PROBLEM 01 PLAN
02 PRIME
03 DREAM
04 DEVELOP
05 DELIVER
Understand the context
Explore usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; tacit and explicit needs
Refine research findings into heuristics
Develop concepts into prototypes with attention to locally available material and labor assets
Incorporate offerings into a holistic business and marketing plan
Determine involvement for users
Denouement
Discover personal and community values
Use heuristics to guide ideation
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...BUT CO-DESIGN IS NOT AN ALGORITHM
Denouement
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3 DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Prototype Development
System Development Denouement
Implementation Development DREAMdev \ 77
PROTOTYPE
Increase output with planetary gear box or low-speed generator
Denouement
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SYSTEM DreamCatcher Prototype
Battery Bank
Inverter & Fuse Box
Load
Charge Controller
Denouement
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IMPLEMENTATION – THE 4 A’S AWARENESS
Photo diaries and visits suggest prolific DVD player ownership. Create small business opportunities by formatting internet content for DVD distribution.
Denouement
ACCESSIBILITY
It takes 3 years to build trust with participants. Create and maintain an access network where designers and researchers can build trust with participants through an ongoing relationship.
AVAILABILITY
“Using local rural workshops to produce prototypes is an advantage....” (Polak 2008). This presents an opportunity for a part substitution database based on locally available technologies.
AFFORDABILITY
Inhabitants living on $2/day cannot afford to take financial risks. Risk can be mitigated through iterative testing and reduced capital investment through rent-to-own revenue models.
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EPILOGUE “I received this question recently...’Isn’t design a bit of luxury for a product destined for the developing world?’ This typical Western view misses the point completely: quality and values are universally understood! How dare we think that people living in conditions less ideal than ours do not understand, expect, or deserve the same high standards of design?” - Yves Behar Denouement
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THANK YOU bit.ly/DREAMdev
THESIS COMMITTEE Victor Ermoli Dean of the School of Design, SCAD
Robert Fee Design Management Coordinator, SCAD
Lane Thames, Ph.D. Electrical Engineering, Georgia Tech
Slide 12 • Muhammad Yunus (various sources) • Levitt and Richards. “Beyond Observation” Innovation. IDSA. Spring 2010. • SELF (http://katerva.org/ ) • IDE (MIT Innovations)
Slide 18 Map of Ometepe (OmetepeNicaragua.com)
PHOTO CREDITS Slides 2 & 11 Photo of Victor Papanek (NC State) Slide 6 • Maria by More Altitude (flickr.com) • USAID (flickr.com) • UNHCR (flickr.com) • United Nations (flickr.com) • Women in the World (flickr.com) • Mother at School – Malawi by Maciej Dakowicz • Robert Douglas • Rencontre au Marrakech by Julie Kertesz Slide 7 OLPC by fuseproject (ArchDaily.org) Slide 10 • Sandinista Silhouette by Stacy • Inter-American Investment Corporation (http://www.iic.org) • Everest Parabolic Solar Cooker • Maslah Camp for Displaced (United Nations)
Slide 13 • Ezio Manzini by jeanbaptisteparis • Victor Papanek (papanek.org) • Paul Polak by Ray Ng (Smithsonian Magazine) • CK Prahalad (World Economic Forum) • Liz Sanders (The Ohio State University) Slide 14 • IDEO HCD Toolkit (ideo.com) • frog Collective Action Toolkit (frodesign.com) • D4S Manual (d4s-de.org) Slide 16 Nicaragua Relief Map (Wikimedia Commons )
Slide 19 Old Man by Marc Vaxineta Slide 29 US National Renewable Energy Lab (nrel.gov) Slides 35 & 48 • Walls and Electrical Conduits (nicaragua365.com) • Furniture Artisan by Eddy G • Nicaragua Flag by Nathaniel Garnick Slides 46-47 Papanek’s Tin Can Radio Slide 79 frog’s Hartmut Esslinger - Advice For Designers (frogdesign.com)