DREAMdev - A Participatory Framework to Catalyze Development in Emerging Economies

A Participatory Framework to Catalyze Development in Emerging Economies Tim Tocci \ MFA IDUS Candidate \ dream.poweredbysilas.com

OVERVIEW 01 INTRO

02 LIT REVIEW

03 RESEARCH

04 FINDINGS

05 DESIGN

06 CONCLUSION

Context Characters Conflict

Categories Authors Toolkits

Site Methods Tools

Synthesis Analysis Heuristics

Ideation Prototypes Frameworks

Future Work Conclusions

Table of Contents

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01

INTRODUCTION

Context / Characters / Conflict

THE (WICKED) PROBLEM Purchasing Power Parity in US Dollars > $20,000

Population in Millions

TIER 1

$1,500-$20,000

TIERS 2-3

$1,500

TIER 4

<$1,500

TIER 5

75-100 1,500-1,750

4,000

C. K. Prahaladâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid (2006)

Introduction

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UN MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

GOAL 1

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Introduction

GOAL 2

Achieve universal primary education

GOAL 3

Promote gender equality and promote women

GOAL 4

Reducing child mortality rates

GOAL 5

Improve maternal health

GOAL 6

GOAL 7

GOAL 8

Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and other diseases

Ensure environmental sustainability

Develop global partnership for development

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ONE LAPTOP PER CHILD

â&#x20AC;&#x153;...the difficulty in getting widespread adoption of even proven innovation due to misunderstanding the social and cultural environment in which the innovation is to be introduced.â&#x20AC;?

(Kraemer, Dedrick and Sharma 2009, 68) Introduction

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HOW DO WE DESIGN FOR THE OTHER 90%?

Introduction

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HOW DO WE DESIGN WITH THE OTHER 90%?

Introduction

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RESEARCH QUESTIONS 01 STAKEHOLDERS

02 PESTEL

03 NEEDS

04 CONSEQUENCES

05 MICROCREDIT

Within participatory design communities, who are the stakeholders and decision makers?

What are the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legislative (PESTEL) factors that influence development?

How can an external agency determine needs and desires of a local population?

How can the participatory design method be designed to mitigate unintended consequences and misuse?

What are community perceptions of microcredit?

Introduction

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02

LITERATURE REVIEW

Categories / Authors / Toolkits

CATEGORIES

Humanitarian Design Social Entrepreneurship

Participatory Design

Sustainability

Literature Review

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NOTABLE AUTHORS

Paul Polak

C.K. Prahalad Literature Review

Victor Papanek

Ezio Manzini

Liz Sanders DREAMdev \ 12

TOOLKITS

Liz Sanders MakeTools

Literature Review

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03

RESEARCH Site / Methods / Tools

CASE STUDY: OMETEPE, NICARAGUA

Research

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OMETEPE, NICARAGUA

Research

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$50 PER MONTH

Research

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SECONDARY RESEARCH ECONOMIC

POLITICAL

SOCIAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

TECHNOLOGICAL LEGISLATIVE

Research

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PRIMARY RESEARCH

Research

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PHOTO JOURNALS & DIARIES

Research

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ASPIRATION CARDS

Research

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WORKSHEETS

Research

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PROJECTIVE STIMULI

Research

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04

FINDINGS

Synthesis / Analysis / Heuristics

SYNTHESIS

Findings

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SWOT PESTEL MATRIX SWOT

CURRENT SITUATION

Categories

Strengths

Weaknesses

Opportunities

Threats

Political

Stability from FSLN

Election Fraud / Arbitrary Action

Green Climate Fund

Instability, Civil Unrest/War

Economic -DREAMdev

Sustainable Innovation Fund

Oil Demand and Cost

Packaged Financing

Global Recession

Economic -Customer

Ecotourism

Low Available Capital

Access MFI Capital

Decreased Tourism

Social

Humanitarian Codesign

Urbanization

Social Networking

Imperialism Stigma

Technological

Mobile Collaboration

Limited internet access

Energy Storage

Material/Tech Cannibalization

Environmental

Strong wind power density

Vulnerable to Natural Disasters

Environmental Preservation

Deforestation Pollution

Legislative

2011 COP17 in Durban

NGO Donor Limitations

Clean energy mandates

Limit foreign involvement

Findings

FUTURE SITUATION

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ENVIRONMENTAL OPPORTUNITIES

Findings

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PHOTO JOURNAL ANALYSIS

Findings

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PHOTO JOURNAL ANALYSIS

Findings

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PHOTO JOURNAL ANALYSIS

Findings

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PHOTO JOURNAL ANALYSIS

Findings

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THE VOLTA “Es cierto que no tenemos energía ahorita, pero hay un sueño en nuestra mente [que] vamos a tener energía mas adelante...Un día vamos a tener energía.”

Findings

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HEURISTICS 01 AFFORDABILITY

Use inexpensive materials and manufacturing methods.

Findings

02 SUSTAINABILITY

Use local labor and materials to promote maintenance and upkeep.

03 DESIRABILITY

?

Combine local symbols of pride with aspirational design semantics.

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05

DESIGN

Ideation / Prototypes / Frameworks

IDEATION

Design

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PARTICIPATORY DESIGN REVIEW

Design

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CRUDE PROTOTYPES

Design

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ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS

Design

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ROTOR COMPARISON

Design

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PROTOTYPE 1

Design

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PROTOTYPE FAIL

Design

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PROBLEM DETAIL

Design

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WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE?

Design

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THE PAPANEK TRAP

Design

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THE PAPANEK TRAP “Of course, the radio is ugly.

But there is a reason for this ugliness.

It would have been simple to paint it ('grey', as the people at Ulm suggested).

But painting it would have been wrong...

I feel that I have no right to make aesthetic or 'good taste' decisions that will affect millions of people…”

– Victor Papanek Design

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NEW HEURISTICS 01 AFFORDABILITY

02 SUSTAINABILITY

03 DESIRABILITY

Use inexpensive materials and manufacturing methods.

Use local labor and materials to promote maintenance and upkeep.

Combine local symbols of pride with aspirational design semantics.

Design

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TAKE 2

Design

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DC MOTORS

Design

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Design

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Design

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Design

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HOW DO WE MAKE THIS DESIRABLE?

Design

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DESIGN LANGUAGE National Pride

Design

Power, Speed, Efficiency, Flight

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EVOLUTIONARY

Design

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COMPONENTS Motor Mounting Hardware

Tail Fin

Ribs

Tail Boom Hub Nose Cone

Motor Housing

DC Motor

Yaw Sleeve

Rotor Hardware Rotors Guy Wires

Brackets Mast

Design

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COST

Item Description 1 Mast

Material / Size 8’ Fence Post

2 Metal Bracket

QTY

Each

Cost

1

$15.98

$15.98

2

$3.35

$6.70

3 Yaw Sleeve

2" PVC, 4" PVC, + 4"-to-2" reducer

1

$11.04

$11.04

4 Motor Housing

ABS

1

$8.38

$8.38

5 Tail Boom

1 1/2" PVC + 3-to-1.5" reducer

1

$6.75

$6.75

6 Ribs

1/4" Plywood (included below)

3

Included

Included

7 Tail Fin

1/4" Plywood

1

$1.74

$1.74

8 Tail Cap

1/4" Plywood (included above)

1

Included

Included

9 Cables

1/8" 230lb limit

1

$28.69

$28.69

10 DC Motor

Average Used Starter Motor Price

1

$51.30

$51.30

11 Hub

PE High Density

1

$9.98

$9.98

12 Rotor

6" PVC

13 Flat Washer

1/4"

14 Hex Bolt 15 Hex Bolt

3

$2.55

$7.64

10

$0.10

$1.00

1/4-20x1"

4

$0.24

$0.96

1/4-20x0.5"

8

$0.15

$1.20

16 Lock Washer

1/4"

8

$0.16

$1.28

17 Hex Nut

1/4-20

8

$0.12

$0.96

18 Nose Cone

4" PVC Cap

1

$5.34

$5.34

19 Electrical Cord

25’ Extension Cord

1

$6.05

$6.05

20 Body Filler

1pint with hardener

1

$6.14

$6.14

21 Paint

3 quarts (Primer, White, Blue)

1

$26.09

$26.09

TOTAL $ 197.31

Design

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HOW DO WE TURN THIS PROTOTYPE INTO A BUSINESS? Design

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CATALYTIC DEVELOPMENT

Design

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CATALYTIC DEVELOPMENT

Design

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CATALYTIC DEVELOPMENT

Design

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CATALYTIC DEVELOPMENT

Design

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CATALYTIC DEVELOPMENT

Design

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DIFFUSION GLOBAL

NATIONAL

REGIONAL

LOCAL

Design

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HOW DOES THE OMETEPE MODEL TRANSLATE INTO A FRAMEWORK?

Design

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PARTICIPATORY DESIGN FRAMEWORK

Design

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PARTICIPATORY DESIGN FRAMEWORK

Design

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PARTICIPATORY DESIGN FRAMEWORK

Design

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PARTICIPATORY DESIGN FRAMEWORK

Design

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PARTICIPATORY DESIGN FRAMEWORK

Design

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PARTICIPATORY DESIGN FRAMEWORK

Design

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06

DENOUEMENT Conclusions / Further Work

TACIT ASPIRATIONS

Denouement

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EXPLICIT ASPIRATIONS

Denouement

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ASPIRATIONAL AESTHETICS

Denouement

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5 STEPS FOR THE NEXT (WICKED) PROBLEM 01 PLAN

02 PRIME

03 DREAM

04 DEVELOP

05 DELIVER

Understand the context

Explore usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; tacit and explicit needs

Refine research findings into heuristics

Develop concepts into prototypes with attention to locally available material and labor assets

Incorporate offerings into a holistic business and marketing plan

Determine involvement for users

Denouement

Discover personal and community values

Use heuristics to guide ideation

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...BUT CO-DESIGN IS NOT AN ALGORITHM

Denouement

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3 DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Prototype Development

System Development Denouement

Implementation Development DREAMdev \ 77

PROTOTYPE

Increase output with planetary gear box or low-speed generator

Denouement

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SYSTEM DreamCatcher Prototype

Battery Bank

Inverter & Fuse Box

Load

Charge Controller

Denouement

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IMPLEMENTATION – THE 4 A’S AWARENESS

Photo diaries and visits suggest prolific DVD player ownership.

Create small business opportunities by formatting internet content for DVD distribution.

Denouement

ACCESSIBILITY

It takes 3 years to build trust with participants.

Create and maintain an access network where designers and researchers can build trust with participants through an ongoing relationship.

AVAILABILITY

“Using local rural workshops to produce prototypes is an advantage....” (Polak 2008). This presents an opportunity for a part substitution database based on locally available technologies.

AFFORDABILITY

Inhabitants living on $2/day cannot afford to take financial risks.

Risk can be mitigated through iterative testing and reduced capital investment through rent-to-own revenue models.

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EPILOGUE “I received this question recently...’Isn’t design a bit of luxury for a product destined for the developing world?’ This typical Western view misses the point completely: quality and values are universally understood! How dare we think that people living in conditions less ideal than ours do not understand, expect, or deserve the same high standards of design?”

- Yves Behar Denouement

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THANK YOU bit.ly/DREAMdev

THESIS COMMITTEE Victor Ermoli Dean of the School of Design, SCAD

Robert Fee Design Management Coordinator, SCAD

Lane Thames, Ph.D. Electrical Engineering, Georgia Tech

Slide 12 • Muhammad Yunus (various sources) • Levitt and Richards. “Beyond Observation” Innovation. IDSA. Spring 2010.

• SELF (http://katerva.org/ ) • IDE (MIT Innovations)

Slide 18 Map of Ometepe (OmetepeNicaragua.com)

PHOTO CREDITS Slides 2 & 11 Photo of Victor Papanek (NC State) Slide 6 • Maria by More Altitude (flickr.com) • USAID (flickr.com) • UNHCR (flickr.com) • United Nations (flickr.com) • Women in the World (flickr.com) • Mother at School – Malawi by Maciej Dakowicz • Robert Douglas • Rencontre au Marrakech by Julie Kertesz Slide 7 OLPC by fuseproject (ArchDaily.org) Slide 10 • Sandinista Silhouette by Stacy • Inter-American Investment Corporation (http://www.iic.org) • Everest Parabolic Solar Cooker • Maslah Camp for Displaced (United Nations)

Slide 13 • Ezio Manzini by jeanbaptisteparis • Victor Papanek (papanek.org) • Paul Polak by Ray Ng (Smithsonian Magazine) • CK Prahalad (World Economic Forum) • Liz Sanders (The Ohio State University) Slide 14 • IDEO HCD Toolkit (ideo.com) • frog Collective Action Toolkit (frodesign.com) • D4S Manual (d4s-de.org) Slide 16 Nicaragua Relief Map (Wikimedia Commons )

Slide 19 Old Man by Marc Vaxineta Slide 29 US National Renewable Energy Lab (nrel.gov) Slides 35 & 48 • Walls and Electrical Conduits (nicaragua365.com) • Furniture Artisan by Eddy G • Nicaragua Flag by Nathaniel Garnick Slides 46-47 Papanek’s Tin Can Radio Slide 79 frog’s Hartmut Esslinger - Advice For Designers (frogdesign.com)