Wp u 20110301

Page 1

34567 5 6>55

w ) ˚ &

˚x ˚ ˚˚ &H

34567

MARCH 1, 2011

S`*3 V*3/\-\ ,m]daV*B 86 5:6 >>> 5<9 )Ë›%

Ëš & Ë? w b\`\31,*q +*jZqx a\ab\Sb , ]`\aW*,W1ZSS 1-\,m \-* P 1`f\,Z\-\ `*,Sb1Wq a1O W1ZZ\yD /`1,ZS1 ,`1Y1Z* ab\`\31,m1 +*jZS ]\4,\WqWS Wp/qY Z*+Wp/*bn 4* ]`\Saf\/qkSYD \/\+ZmY \+`*4\YE ob\b 3d`Z*W ]\V*4m,*1bE V*V\1 4Z*h1ZS1 YS`\,m1 a\+mbSq SY1pb , a,1b1 +S+W1yaVSf ]`\`\h1ab,D Z db1j*1b Wp/1y +W*-\y ,1abnp \ b\YE hb\ *`ab,\ \-* P `1*WnZ\1 ]`*,Sb1Wnab,\ Z* Z1+1 P ,aV\`1 ]\V\ZhSb a\ 4W\Y S ,aq 41YWq ab*Z1b `*1YD 'b\b 3d`Z*W dV`1]Wq1b ,1`d , Sada* `Sab*E V\b\`my dY1`E hb\+m Ym Y\-WS \+`1abS ,1hZdp 3S4ZnE S V\b\`my a1yh*a ]`*,Sb V*V *`n \3n1-\ *`ab,*D ,S/1b1WS 1-\,m S4/*pb ob\b 3d`Z*W Z1]`1`m,Z\ a 5<;= -\/*D Z ]\WSbSh1aVS Z1yb`*W1Z S ]\WZ\abnp \aZ\,*Z Z* S+WSSD 1a]W*bZ\D 4/*ZS1 w b\`\31,\y +*jZSx P h*abn ,a1YS`Z\y +S+W1yaV\y ]`\a,1bSb1WnZ\y /1qb1WnZ\abSE V\b\`*q ]\//1`3S,*1baq /\+`\,\WnZmYS ]\31`b,\,*O ZSqYSD ËšaWS Z1 dV*4*Z\ SZ*h1E +S+W1yaVS1 gSb*bm ,4qbm S4 w ,qk1ZZ\-\ Sa*ZSq P 1`1,\/* Z\,\-\ YS`*xD

Ëš Ëš

7

`\`\h1ab,\ \-`\YZ\y ,*3Z\abS

8

b\ b*V\1 *`ab,\ \-*H

:

b\ b*V\1 +W*-*q ,1abnH

;

b\ ]`\]\,1/d1b +W*-dp ,1abnH

<

1Yd w]`S/1b V\Z1gxH

Ëš "

˚ % ˚ ˚ ˚ •D

˚) 68B58 %˙˚ ˚ From the book Facsimile of the Washington Manuscript of the Four Gospels in the Freer Collection 1912

) %˚ 5: 4dh*yb1 W\,\ \-*D b\ b*V\y Sada `Sab\aH 65 Sb*b1WS SZb1`1adpbaq 66 `S+WS3*yb1an V \-dD w m 4*b\aVd1jn ]\ /1Wd a,\Sf `dVx 67 ˛Z*1b1 WS ,mH

& 68 SanY\ S4 1VaSVS 7> ˙Wq pZmf hSb*b1W1yD ˛*kSk*y SabSZZ\1 ]\VW\Z1ZS1I

Ë?Ëš Ëš Ëš 5> *`ab,\ \-* P a\ab\qZS1 a1`/g*H 56 ad3/*pbaq WS , S+WSS *4*`bZm1 S-`mH 59 wË›1YWqE -/1 b1h1b Y\W\V\ S Y1/x 5< mW WS Sada `Sab\a V*4Z1Z Z* V`1ab1H

& 6: +W*abZm1 V\Z-`1aam , \aaSS P Sab\hZSV `*/\abS 76 Sada w+1`1b -`1f YS`*x

(

`\`\h1ab,\ \-`\YZ\y ,*3Z\abS w'b* +W*-*q ,1abn \ g*`ab,1 +d/1b ]`\]\,1/*Z* ]\ ,a1y \+Sb*1Y\y 41YW1 /Wq a,S/1b1Wnab,* ,a1Y Z*`\/*YE S b\-/* ]`S/1b V\Z1gx L Ëš) 68B58MD Ëš +\-\aW\,m af\/qbaq ,\ YZ1O ZSSE hb\ ob\b abSf Z1\+mh*yZ\ ,*31ZD Z ,*31ZE ]\b\Yd hb\ /1qb1WnZ\abnE \ V\b\O `\y , Z1Y -\,\`SbaqE \f,*bSb ,1an YS`D `\O Y1 b\-\E \Z ,*31ZE ]\b\Yd hb\ dV*4m,*1bE h1Y /\W3Zm +mbn 4*Zqbm f`SabS*Z1 P ]`\]\,1O /npD W*-\/*`q ob\y ]`\]\,1/S Wp/S daWmO j*b \ h`14,mh*yZ\ 4Z*hSY\Y a\+mbSSE V\b\O `\1 Sada Z*4,*W wV\Zg\YxD `\`\h1ab,\ S4 ob\-\ abSf* Sa]\WZq1baq , Z*jS /ZSD Z\ 4*b`*-S,*1b S ,*aE ]\aV\WnO Vd +W*-*q ,1abn a\/1`3Sb V*V ]`S-W*j1O ZS1E b*V S ]`1/d]`13/1ZS1D Z* ]`1/\ab*,O Wq1b ,*Y ,m+\`B ]`SZqbn *`ab,\ \-* SWS \b,1`-Zdbn 1-\D *j1 `1j1ZS1 ]\,WSq1b Z* ,ap ,*jd 3S4ZnD Ë™*,*yb1 `*aaY\b`SY ob\b abSf , V\ZO b1Vab1D Ë›* Z1aV\WnV\ /Z1y /\ b\-\E V*V Sada +mW V*4Z1ZE V Z1Yd ]\/\jWS dh1ZSVS S a]`\aSWS 1-\ \ +d/dk1YD ZS f\b1WS 4Z*bnE V\-/* +d/1b dab*Z\,W1Z\ *`ab,\ \-*E \ V\O b\`\Y b*V YZ\-\ -\,\`SW SadaD Y b*V31

f\b1W\an d4Z*bn \ w4*,1`j1ZSS aSab1Ym ,1O k1yxE SWSE a\-W*aZ\ /`d-SY ]1`1,\/*YE wV\Zg1 a,1b*x L *be1q 68B7E \,`1Y1ZZmy ]1`1,\/MD b,1h*q SYE Sada ]`1/aV*4*W V`d]Z\Y*aO jb*+Zm1 ,\yZmE -\W\/E o]S/1YSS S `*4`dO jSb1WnZm1 41YW1b`qa1ZSqD b\Yd 31 \Z aV*4*WE hb\ +144*V\ZS1 Z1\+mh*yZ\ dYZ\O 3SbaqE hb\ `1WS-S\4Zm1 W31dhSb1WS +d/db ,,\/Sbn YZ\-Sf , 4*+Wd3/1ZS1 S hb\ SaO bSZZmf f`SabS*Z +d/db Z1Z*,S/1bn S ]`1aO W1/\,*bnD a1 ob\ +mW\ ]W\f\y ,1abnp L *bO e1q 68B8P57C dVS 65B55MD \ +mW* S +W*-*q ,1abnD Z* 4*VWph1Z* , aW\,*f Sada*E ]`S,1/1ZZmf ,Z*h*W1D 'bS aW\,* ,1V*YS ,\WZ\,*WS Wp/1y S ,a1WqWS , ZSf Z*/13/dD /Z*V\E f\bq YZ\-S1 ]`S4Z*O pb ,*3Z\abn b1f aW\,E \ZS ]\O`*4Z\Yd Sf ]\O ZSY*pbD b\ 31 b*V\1 +W*-*q ,1abnH b\ b*O V\1 *`ab,\H \-/* S V1Y +d/1b Sa]\WZ1Z\ ob\ ]`\`\h1ab,\H \ V*V\Y V\Zg1 S/1b `1hnH Ë™*,*yb1 d4Z*1YD Ë?Ëš ) " ) Ë™ 5 6>55

3

b\ b*V\1 *`ab,\ \-*H w'b* +W*-*q ,1abn \ g*`ab,1DDDx L Ëš) 68B58MD

˚• 4Z*Y1ZSb\y *-\`Z\y ]`\O ]\,1/S Sada /*W \+`*41g Y\WSbO ,mE , V\b\`\yE ]\YSY\ ]`\h1-\E a\/1`3SbO aq ]`\an+*B w dabn ]`S/1b b,\1 g*`ab,\xD SWWS\Zm Wp/1y 4Z*pb obd Y\WSb,d Z*S4dabn S h*ab\ ]\,b\`qpb 11D \/O Z\y oZgSVW\]1/SS -\,\`SbaqE hb\ ob\ P w-W*,Z*q Y\WSb,*E V\b\`dp ,\4Z\aqb ,a1 f`SabS*Z1xD /Z*V\ YZ\-S1E Vb\ ]`\S4Z\O aSb 11E Z1 SY1pb ]`1/ab*,W1ZSq ZS \ b\YE hb\ b*V\1 *`ab,\E ZS \ b\YE hb\ \Z\ a\O ,1`jSbE V\-/* ]`S/1b L *be1q :B=E 5>MD Z1d/S,Sb1WnZ\D ˙df\,1Zab,\ f`SO abS*ZaV\-\ YS`* /*1b ]`\bS,\`1hS,m1E 4*]db*ZZm1 S Z1]\ZqbZm1 \+lqaZ1ZSq b\-\E hb\ b*V\1 *`ab,\D /SZ ]`\]\O ,1/ZSV -\,\`SbE hb\ *`ab,\ \-* P ob\ wZ1hb\ a,1`fl1ab1ab,1ZZ\1xE w,ZdbO `1ZZqq a,q4n a 3S,mY \-\YxE w1/SZ1ZS1 a \-\YE , V\b\`\Y Yd3hSZm S 31ZkSO Zm \+`1b*pb a]*a1ZS1xD ˙`d-\y \]`1/1O Wq1b 1,*Z-1WS1 \ *`ab,1 V*V wZ*ab*,W1O ZS1 \ g1`V,SxD , w *b1fS4Sa1 *b\WSh1O aV\y g1`V,Sx -\,\`SbaqB w *`ab,\ \O 3S1 P ]`*,1/Z\abn S YS` S `*/\abn ,\ ˙df1 ,qb\YxD * ,b\`\y ab`*ZSg1 ob\-\ 3d`Z*W* ,m Z*y/1b1 +\W11 qaZ\1 \+lqaZ1ZS1D *Y -\O ,\`SbaqE hb\ w *`ab,\ \-* P `1*WnZ\1

34567 ËšaWS ,m 31W*1b1 ]\WdhSbn +\Wnj1 SZe\`Y*gSS SWS f\bSb1E hb\+m a ,*YS ]`\,\/SW\an +1a]W*bZ\1 /\O Y*jZ11 S4dh1ZS1 S+WSSE ]\3*Wdyab*E ]SjSb1 ,S/1O b1WqY 1-\,m ]\ \/Z\Yd S4 ZS31dV*4*ZZmf */`1a\,D

\WZmy a]Sa\V */`1a\, eSWS*W\, Y\3Z\ Z*ybS Z*

www.watchtower.org/address.

4

]`*,Sb1Wnab,\ Z* Z1+1xE V\b\`\1 ,aV\`1 ]\V\ZhSb a\ 4W\Y S ]`1,`*bSb 41YWp , `*yD Ë™*,*yb1 `*aaY\b`SYE V*V S+WSq ]\//1`3S,*1b obd b\hVd 4`1ZSqD

`*,Sb1WS Z*/ ,a1y 41YW1y *`ab,\ P ob\ ]`*,Sb1Wnab,\E ,\ -W*O ,1 V\b\`\-\ ab\Sb g*`nD *`n \3n1-\ *`ab,* P ,\aV`1ajSy Sada `Sab\aD ˚-\ ,\g*`1ZS1 Z* Z1+1a*f \]Sa*Z\ , VZSO -1 ]`\`\V* ˙*ZSSW*B w) ,S/1W , Z\hO Zmf ,S/1ZSqfE V*V a Z1+1aZmYS \+W*O V*YS j1W Vb\Ob\E ]\/\+Zmy amZd h1W\,1O h1aV\Yd Sada D ˚Yd +mW\ ]\4,\W1Z\ ]\/\ybS V ˙`1,Z1Yd ˙ZqYS 1-\,1 \O -d E S \Z +mW ]\/,1/1Z V 1YdD 1Yd +mO W\ /*Z\ ]`*,W1ZS1E /\ab\SZab,\ S g*`O ab,\E hb\+m ,a1 Z*`\/mE ]W1Y1Z* S q4mO VS aWd3SWS 1YdD ˚-\ ]`*,W1ZS1 P ]`*,O W1ZS1 Z* ,1V*E V\b\`\1 Z1 ]`1V`*bSbaqE S 1-\ g*`ab,\ Z1 +d/1b `*4`dj1Z\x L˙*ZSO SW ;B57E 58MD 4 VZS-S ˙*ZSSW* Ym b*V31 d4Z*O 1YE hb\ *`ab,\ +d/1b db,1`3/1Z\ \O -\Y S hb\ \Z\ ]\W\3Sb V\Z1g ,a1Y h1W\O ,1h1aVSY ]`*,Sb1Wnab,*YE * a*Y\ ZSV\-O /* Z1 +d/1b ZS4,1`-Zdb\D \ ,b\`\y -W*,1 ob\y VZS-S a\\+k*1baqE hb\ g*`p *,SO W\Z* ]`SaZSWaq a\Z \b \-*D Z1Y g*`n

`Y1ZSqB >>5>E Ëš`1,*ZE *Nq ;9D 1W*`danB 1WS-S\4Z\1 \+l1/SZ1ZS1 ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m , 1a]d+WSV1 1W*`danE 66>>7>E SZaVE *Nq =D 1WSV\+`Sb*ZSqB The Ridgeway, London NW7 1RN. 1`Y*ZSqB Am Steinfels, 65617 Selters. `d4SqB >5>6E +SWSaSO6E *Nq 67;D 4`*SWnB P.O. Box 29345, Tel Aviv 61293. *4*fab*ZB >9>>>>E WY*bmE *Nq 5=<D m`O -m4ab*ZB ;6>><>E SjV1VE *Nq <>D *b,SqB A.k. 15, Rıga, LV-1001. Sb,*B P.d. 2632, LT-48022 Kaunas. \W/*,SqE ‘ 1a]d+WSV*B PO Box 472E MD-2005 Chi Ÿsinau. \aaSqB ,S/1b1WqY 1-\,mE *Nq 5<6E *ZVbO 1b1`+d`-E 5=>>>>D " B 25 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, NY 11201-2483. V`*SO Z*B ;=8=5E n,T,O `pf\,ShTE */a =99D SZWqZ/SqB Postbox 68, FI-01301 Vantaa. 'ab\ZSqB PO Box 1075, 10302 Tallinn.

The Watchtower (ISSN 0043-1087) is published semimonthly by Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.; M. H. Larson, President; G. F. Simonis, Secretary-Treasurer; 25 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, NY 11201-2483. 5 2011 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of PennsylvaniaD 4/*b1Wnab,\B Wachtturm Bibel- und Traktat-Gesellschaft der Zeugen Jehovas, e. V., Selters/ Taunus. Verantwortliche Redaktion: Ramon Templeton, Selters/Taunus. a1 ]`*,* a\f`*ZqpbaqD Printed in Germany.

Vol. 132, No. 5

Semimonthly

RUSSIAN

d,S/1W \-`\YZdp ab*bdpE V\b\`*q ]`1/ab*,Wq1b aY1ZqpkS1 /`d- /`d-* YSO `\,m1 /1`3*,mD `\`\V Ë™*ZSSW Sab\WO V\,*W ob\b a\Z S `*aaV*4*WE hb\ ]`\O S4\y/1b w, ]\aW1/ZS1 /ZSxB w \- Z1+1aO Zmy dab*Z\,Sb g*`ab,\E V\b\`\1 ZSV\-O /* Z1 +d/1b `*4`dj1Z\D 'b\ g*`ab,\ Z1 +d/1b ]1`1/*Z\ /`d-\Yd Z*`\/dD Z\ a\O V`djSb ,a1 obS g*`ab,* S ]\W\3Sb SY V\O Z1gE * a*Y\ +d/1b ab\qbn ,1hZ\x LË™*ZSSW 6B6<E 88MD *`n \3n1-\ *`ab,* ]`*,Sb Z1 \/SZD \-/* Sada +mW Z* 41YW1E \Z 4*O ,1`SW a,\Sf ,1`Zmf *]\ab\W\,E hb\ \ZS ,\y/db , hSaW\ b1fE Vb\ ,\aV`1aZ1b V Z1O +1aZ\y 3S4ZS S aq/1b Z* ]`1ab\Wm L dVS 66B6<P7>MD Z Z1 ]\/`*4dY1,*W +dV,*WnO Zm1 ]`1ab\WmE ]\aV\WnVdE V*V \Z \+lqaO ZSWE ob\ *`ab,\ P Z1+1aZ\1D S+WSS -\,\`SbaqE hb\ a\]`*,Sb1WS Sada* +dO /db S4+`*Zm wS4 ,aqV\-\ ]W1Y1ZSE q4mV*E Z*`\/* S Z*gSSxD ZS ab*Zdb wg*`ab,\Y S a,qk1ZZSV*YS Z*j1-\ \-*E S \ZS +dO /db g*`ab,\,*bn Z*/ 41YW1yx L bV`\,1O ZS1 9B=E 5>MD

\h1Yd ,1abn \ *`ab,1 P +W*-*q +`*bSb1 ,ZSY*ZS1E hb\ Sadad `SO abd /*Z* ,W*abn Z*/ ,a1YS wZ*`\/*YSE ]W1Y1Z*YS S q4mV*YSx S hb\ 1-\ a\]`*O ,Sb1WS w+d/db g*`ab,\,*bn Z*/ 41YW1yxD Vb\ ]\//*ZZm1 *`ab,*H 'b\ b1E Vb\ \bVWSV*1baq Z* +W*-dp ,1abnE V\b\`*q ]`\,\4-W*j*1baq , Z*jS /ZSD `\Y1 b\O -\E ]\//*ZZmYS ab*Zdb S b1E Vb\ ,\aV`1aO Z1b /Wq 3S4ZS Z* 41YW1 S \+`1b1b Z*/13O /d 3Sbn ,1hZ\D

˛˙ ˚ ) 5<9 )˛% B *41`+*y/3*ZaVSyE *41`O +*y/3*ZaVSy LVS`SWWSg*ME *yY*`*E *W+*ZaVSyE *Yf*`aVSyE *Z-WSyaVSy67 Lb*V31 j`Seb `*yWqME *`*+aVSyE *`YqZO aVSyE *`YqZaVSy L4*]*/ZmyME *e`SV**ZaE +*dW1E +1Z-*WnO aVSyE +SV\WnaVSyE +SaW*Y*E +\W-*`aVSyE ,*Wqyb*E ,*`*yO,*O `*yE ,1Z-1`aVSy67E ,1Z/*E ,\ab\hZmy d,1*E ,n1bZ*YaVSyE -*E -*SbqZaVSy V`1\WnaVSyE -*ZE -`1ZW*Z/aVSyE -`1h1aVSyE -`dO 4SZaVSyE -d*`*ZSE -d/3*`*bSE /*baVSy7E 4*Z/1E 4dWdE S,`SbE S-+\E SW\V*ZaVSyE SZ/\Z14SyaVSyE SaW*Z/aVSyE Sa\V\E Sa]*ZO aVSy67E Sb*WnqZaVSy67E y\`d+*E V*4*faVSyE V*ZZ*/*E V*\Z/1E V,*Z-*WSE V1hd* L ZV*jME V1hd* L qVdh\ME V1hd* L \WS,SqME V1hd* L daV\ME V1hd* L'V,*/\`ME VSV\Z-\E VSVdypE VSWd+*E VSY+dZ/dE VSZnq`d*Z/*E VS`-S4aVSyE VS`S+*bSE VS`dZ/SE VSO b*yaVSy Lb`*/SgS\ZZmyM7 L*d/S\4*]SaS b\WnV\ Z* ]dbdZfd*ME

S+WSq V`*a\hZ\ \]Sam,*1b +W*-\aW\O ,1ZSqE V\b\`m1 +d/db S4WSbm Z* Wp/1y ]\/ ]`*,W1ZS1Y *`ab,*D \b Z1V\b\`m1 S4 ZSfB w \- ]`1V`*k*1b ,\yZm /\ V`*q 41YO WSE W\Y*1b WdV S `*4`d+*1b V\]n1E V\W1aZSgm a3S-*1b \-Z1Yx L a*W\Y 8:B=MD w p/S +d/db ab`\Sbn /\Y* S 3Sbn , ZSfE +d/db `*4,\/Sbn ,SZ\-`*/ZSVS S 1abn Sf ]W\/mD 1 +d/1b b*VE hb\ \ZS ]\ab`\qbE * 3Sbn +d/1b /`dO -\yE ]\a*/qbE * 1abn +d/1b /`d-\yx L a*Sq :9B65E 66MD w \- \b`1b ,aqVdp aW14d a Sf -W*4E S aY1`bS d31 Z1 +d/1bE ZS aV\`+SE ZS ,\]WqE ZS +\WS d31 Z1 +d/1bD `13O Z11 ]`\jW\x L bV`\,1ZS1 65B7E 8MD w \-/* `*aV`\pbaq -W*4* aW1]mf S djS -WdfSf \bV`\pbaqD \-/* f`\Y\y +dO /1b aV*V*bnE V*V \W1ZnE S q4mV Z1O Y\-\ +d/1b `*/\abZ\ ,\aVWSg*bnx L a*Sq 79B9E :MD w *ab*1b h*aE , V\b\`my ,a1 Z*f\/qO kS1aq , ]*YqbZmf aVW1]*f daWmO j*b 1-\ Sada* -\W\a S ,my/dbB Vb\ /1W*W /\+`\ P /Wq ,\aV`1a1ZSq 3S4ZSx L \*ZZ* 9B6<E 6=MD w `\bVS1 Z*aW1/dpb 41YWp S Z*aW*O /qbaq \+SWS1Y YS`*x L a*W\Y 7;B55MD

\SabSZ1E ob\ +W*-*q ,1abnI \W11 b\-\E Sa]\WZ1ZS1 +S+W1yaVSf ]`\`\h1ab, ]\O V*4m,*1bE hb\ ,`1YqE V\-/* *`ab,\ dab*O Z\,Sb ]`*,1/Z\1 ]`*,W1ZS1 Z*/ ,a1y 41YW1yE \h1Zn +WS4V\D

VSb*yaVSy Ld]`\k1ZZmyME V\Z-\E V\`1yaVSy67E V\a*E Vd*ZnqO Y*E VfY1`aVSyE W*bmjaVSyE WSZ-*W*E WSb\,aVSyE W\4SE Wd,*O W1E Wd-*Z/*E WdZ/*E Wd\E Y*,`SVSyaVSy V`1\WnaVSyE Y*yqE Y*V1/\ZaVSyE Y*W*-*aSyaVSyE Y*W*qW*YE Y*WnbSyaVSyE Y*O `*bfSE Y*`j*WWnaVSyE YS4\E Y\`1E YnqZY*ZaVSyE Z/1+1W1E Z/\Z-*E Z1Y1gVSy67E Z1\a\W\Y\ZSVE Z1]*WnaVSyE Z4SY*E ZSO /1`W*Z/aVSy67E ZSdoE Z\`,13aVSy67E ZnqZ1V*E \`\Y\E \a1O bSZaVSyE \b1b1W*E ]*W*dE ]*Z-*aSZ*ZaVSyE ]*Z/3*+SE ]*]nqO Y1Zb\ L p`*a*\ME ]1`aS/aVSyE ]\WnaVSy67E ]\Z*]1E ]\`bdO -*WnaVSy687E `*`\b\Z-*E `dYmZaVSyE `daaVSy67E a*Y\*ZaVSyE a*Z-\E a*]\b1V LSabYdaME a,*bSE a1+d*ZaVSyE a1yj1WnaVSy V`1\WnaVSyE a1]1/SE a1`+aVSyE a1`+aVSy LW*bSZSg*ME a1a\b\E aSZ-*WnaVSyE aW\,*gVSyE aW\,1ZaVSyE a`*Z*ZOb\Z-\E ad*fSO WSE b*-*WnaVSy7E b*SbSE b*yaVSyE b*YSWnaVSyE b*b*`aVSyE b,SE

b1Wd-dE b1bdYE bS,E bS-`*yE b\VO]SaSZE b\Z-*E b\b\Z*VE b`dVE ba,*Z*E ba\Z-*E bd,*WdE bdY+dV*E bd`1gVSyE d4+1VaVSyE dV`*O SZaVSy7E dY+dZ/dE d`/dE d`ddZ/E eS/3SE eSZaVSy7E e`*Zgd4O aVSy687E f*da*E fSWS-*yZ\ZE fSZ/SE fS`SOY\bdE f\`,*baVSyE g\gSWnE h1jaVSy7E hS+1Y+*E hSWd+*E hSb\Z-*E hSh1,*E j,1/O aVSy7E j\Z*E o,1E oab\ZaVSyE oeSVE q]E q]\ZaVSy67D 6 *V31 Z* CD. 8 *V31 , e\`Y*b1 MP3 (CD-ROM). 7 *V31 *d/S\4*]SaS Z* www.jw.org.

b\ b*V\1 +W*-*q ,1abnH w'b* +W*-*q ,1abnDDDx L ˚) 68B58MD ]\`dh1Z\ ]`\]\,1/\,*bn w+W*-dp ,1abn \ g*`ab,1xE b\ 1abn `*aaV*O 4m,*bn \ Z1Y /`d-SYE \+lqaZqqE hb\ \Z\ q,WqO 1baq ]`*,Sb1Wnab,\YE V\b\`\1 +d/1b a]`*,1/O WS,\ ]`*,Sbn ,a1y 41YW1yD \ ab\Sbn \bY1O bSbnE hb\ ,m`*31ZS1 w+W*-*q ,1abnx Sa]\WnO 4d1baq , S+WSS , a\h1b*ZSS a `*4ZmYS aW\,*YSE Z*]`SY1` w+W*-*q ,1abn \DDD a]*a1O ZSSxE w \3nq +W*-*q ,1abnxE w+W*-*q ,1abn \+ Sada1 `Sab1x L a*W\Y =:B6C SYWqZ*Y 59B5:C *`V* 5B5MD ˚aWS aV*4*bn ]`\ab\E +W*-*q ,1abn ,VWph*O 1b , a1+q ,a1E h1Yd dhSW Sada S \ h1Y ]SO a*WS 1-\ dh1ZSVSD 1`1/ b1Y V*V ,\4Z1abSan Z* Z1+\E Sada ]\,1W1W a,\SY ]\aW1/\,*b1O WqYB w /Sb1 S ,\ ,a1f Z*`\/*f ]\/-\b*,WSO ,*yb1 dh1ZSV\,E V`1abq Sf ,\ SYq bg*E mZ*

W*-*q ,1abn P ob\ ,1abn \ *`ab,1 \-* S a]*a1ZSS +W*-\/*`q ,1`1 , Sada* `Sab* S a,qb\-\ /df* S dh* Sf a\+Wp/*bn ,a1E hb\ q ,*Y ]\,1W1Wx L *be1q 6<B5=E 6>MD ˛Z*hSbE SaO bSZZm1 f`SabS*Z1 /\W3Zm Z1 b\WnV\ `*aaV*O 4m,*bn /`d-SY \ *`ab,1E Z\ S ]\/-\b*,WSO ,*bn dh1ZSV\,D a]\WZqpb WS g1`V,S ob\ ]\,1W1ZS1H 1E Vb\ Z1 ]\ZSY*1bE hb\ b*V\1 *`ab,\ \-*EP * b*VSf Z1Y*W\EP Z1 Y\-db /*bn \ Z1Y b\hZm1 4Z*ZSq /`d-SYD Y1ab\ ob\-\ \ZS ]`\S4Z\aqb ]`SqbZm1 ]`\]\,1/S \ ]`\k1ZSS -`1f\, S ,1O `1 , Sada*D b\Yd 31 \ZS ]mb*pbaq ]\]\WO ZSbn `q/m a,\Sf ]`S,1`31Zg1,E 4*ZSY*qan a\gS*WnZmYS ]`\+W1Y*YSE ab`\q +\WnZSgmE jV\Wm S ]`Spbm /Wq +14/\YZmfD \4Y\3O Z\E ob\ S ]`S,W1V*1b Z\,mf ]`Sf\3*ZE \/Z*O V\ ob\ Z1 /1W*1b Sf SabSZZmYS f`SabS*Z*YSE 6

˝˚ ) " ) ˙ 5 6>55

V\b\`m1 +m SaV`1ZZ1 ab*`*WSan 3Sbn , a\O -W*aSS a b1YE h1Yd dhSW SadaD /SZ +\-\aW\, ]Sj1bB w f`SabS*ZaVSf V`d-*f Z*y/1baq Z1 b*V YZ\-\ dh1Zmf SWS `dO V\,\/Sb1W1yE V\b\`m1 ab*Zdb \b`Sg*bnE hb\ Ym /\W3Zm ]\/-\b*,WS,*bn /Wq Sada* dh1O ZSV\, SWS ]\aW1/\,*b1W1y S dhSbn Sf Sa]\WO Zqbn ,a1E hb\ \Z ]\,1W1WD DDD V*4*ZSq SO ada* ]\ ob\Yd ,\]`\ad ]`1/1WnZ\ qaZmD m ]`\ab\ Z1 Sa]\WZq1Y b\-\E hb\ \Z aV*4*WD /*31 Z1 ]mb*1YaqD ˙*E Z*,1`Z\1E S Z1 4Z*O 1YE V*V ob\ /1W*bnxD \ /*ZZmY \/Z\-\ \]`\a*E ]`\,1/1ZZ\-\ , \1/SZ1ZZmf "b*b*f a`1/S V*b\WSV\,E =9 ]`\g1Zb\, \]`\j1ZZmf ]`S4Z*pbE hb\ ]`\]\,1/n +W*-\y ,1abS P ob\ b`1+\,*ZS1 Sf ,1`mD \ ]\hbS ,a1 \ZS ahSb*pbE hb\ Wdhj1 ]`\]\,1/\,*bn Z1 aW\,*YSE * WShZmY ]`SY1O `\YD /Z* S4 \]`\j1ZZmf aV*4*W*B w˚,*Z-1O WS4*gSq P ob\ Z1 ]`\ab\ aW\,*E aW\,*E aW\,*D *Y Zd3Z\ ab*bn W*-\y 1abnpxD 3d`Z*O W1 w(D D V*b\WSVxE V\b\`my ]`\,\/SW /*ZO Zmy \]`\aE \bY1h*W\anE hb\ YZ\-S1 Z1 f\bqb -\,\`Sbn \ a,\1y ,1`1 a /`d-SYSE ]\b\Yd hb\ Sf aYdk*1b w]W\f*q `1]db*gSq g1`V,SE a,qO 4*ZZ*q a Z1/*,ZSYS aV*Z/*W*YS ,\V`d- a,qO k1ZZSV\,O]1/\eSW\,E * b*V31 a]\`Zm1 dh1O ZSq g1`V,Sx LUDSD CatholicMD /SZ Y1b\/SabaVSy 1]SaV\] a\V`dj*WaqE hb\ ]`Sf\3*Z1 1-\ g1`V,1y `*4\+k1Zm S ]\WZm a\YZ1ZSyE SY Z1/\ab*1b aY1W\abS SaO ]\WZqbn a,\p YSaaSpE * Sf Z`*,ab,1ZZm1 Z\`Ym ZShdbn Z1 ,mj1E h1Y d \+k1ab,* , g1O W\YD Z `*4\h*`\,*ZZ\ a]`\aSWB w b\ 31 /\O ab\SZ Z1abS 1,*Z-1WS1 \ *`ab,1 S Vb\ /1W*O 1b ob\Hx 1]SaV\]* Z1 Z*jW\an \b,1b* Z* ob\b ,\O ]`\aD \ \b,1b 1abnD m Z*y/1b1 1-\ , aW1/dO pk1y ab*bn1D

b\ ]`\]\,1/d1b +W*-dp ,1abnH wDDD+d/1b ]`\]\,1/*Z* ]\ ,a1y \+Sb*1Y\y 41YW1x L ˚) 68B58MD

˙˚ ˚ ˚ % ]`\]\,1/dpb +W*-dp ,1abn ]\ ,a1Yd YS`d a*YmYS `*4ZmYS a]\a\+*YSE Z*]`SY1`DDD abZmY aW\,\YD W1/dq ]`SY1`d Sada* S 1-\ dh1ZSV\,E ,S/1b1WS 1-\,m Z1adb WpO /qY +W*-dp ,1abn L dVS <B5C 5>B5MD ZS Z1 3/dbE hb\ Wp/S ]`S/db V ZSY a*YSD a1

,S/1b1WSE * Sf Z*ahSbm,*1baq +\W11 a1YS YSWWS\Z\,E `*aaV*4m,*pb Wp/qY \ *`O ab,1 \-*D ZS ]`\]\,1/dpb ]\ /\Y*YE Z* dWSg*fE ]\ b1W1e\ZdE * b*V31 Sa]\Wn4dpb Wp+dp /`d-dp ,\4Y\3Z\abnD ]`\jW\Y -\/d ,S/1b1WS ]\a,qbSWS ob\Yd /1Wd +\O W11 ]\Wdb\`* YSWWS*`/\, h*a\,D ZS Z1 b\WnV\ -\,\`qb Wp/qY \ *`ab,1 \-*E Z\ S dh*b ,a1YdE hb\ Sada ]\,1W1W a\+Wp/*bn L *be1q 6<B6>MD \ob\Yd \ZS `1O -dWq`Z\ ]`\,\/qb a,mj1 ,\anYS YSWWS\O Z\, +1a]W*bZmf /\Y*jZSf S4dh1ZSy S+O WSSD

,S/1b1WS 1-\,m ]`\]\,1/dpb ]\ ,a1y 41YW1E , 67: ab`*Z*f S b1``Sb\`SqfD ZS +1a1/dpb a Wp/nYS a*Y\-\ `*4Z\-\ ]`\O

Saf\3/1ZSqE -/1 +m b1 ZS 3SWSB , -\`\/*f S /1`1,ZqfE *Y*4\ZaVSf /3dZ-Wqf S aS+S`O aV\y b*y-1E *e`SV*ZaVSf ]dabmZqf S SO Y*W*yaVSf -\`*fD ,S/1b1WS Z1 ]\Wdh*pb 4* ob\ ]W*bdD \+d3/*1Ym1 Wp+\,np V \O -d S +WS3Z1YdE \ZS b`*bqb Z* ob\ a,\S ,`1O Yq S a`1/ab,*D b\Yd 31 \ZS ,\4,1k*pb +W*-dp ,1abnDDD

1h*bZmY aW\,\YD S`*3 V*3/\-\ ,m]dO aV* 3d`Z*W* w b\`\31,*q +*jZq ,\4,1k*O 1b *`ab,\ 1-\,mxE S4/*,*1Y\-\ Z* 5<9 q4mV*fE a\ab*,Wq1b +\W11 86 YSWWS\Z\, oV41Y]Wq`\,D ˝d`Z*W w `\+d/Sb1anIxE V\O b\`my b\31 ]`\,\4-W*j*1b ,1abn \ *`O ab,1E S4/*1baq Z* <7 q4mV*f bS`*3\Y \V\W\ 8> YSWWS\Z\, oV41Y]Wq`\,D ZS-SE +`\jp`mE b`*Vb*bmE *d/S\O S ,SO /1\/SaVSE ]d+WSV*gSS , e\`Y*b1 MP7E g1Wn V\b\`mf \+lqaZqbn +S+W1yaVS1 dh1O ZSqE /\abd]Zm , \+k1y aW\3Z\abS Z* 98> q4mV*fD ˛* ]\aW1/ZS1 5> W1b ,S/1b1WS 1-\,m ,m]dabSWS S `*a]`\ab`*ZSWS +\O W11 6> YSWWS*`/\, oV41Y]Wq`\, ob\y ]`\O /dVgSSE b\ 1abn , a`1/Z1Y Z* V*3/\-\ 3SO b1Wq ]W*Z1bm ]`Sf\/Sbaq ]\ b`S oV41YO ]Wq`*I

,S/1b1WS 1-\,m b*V31 ]1h*b*WS SWS 4*V*4m,*WS , /`d-Sf bS]\-`*eSqf `*4O WShZm1 ]1`1,\/m S+WSSD w ,qk1ZZ\1 Sa*ZS1 P 1`1,\/ Z\,\-\ YS`*x P S4O /*ZS1E V\b\`\1 ]1`1,\/qbE ]1h*b*pb S `*aO ]`\ab`*Zqpb ,S/1b1WSEP /\abd]Z\ ]\WO Z\abnp SWS h*abShZ\ Z* =: q4mV*fD * a1O -\/ZqjZSy /1Zn `*a]`\ab`*Z1Z\ +\W11 5:: YSWWS\Z\, oV41Y]Wq`\, ob\-\ ]1`1,\O /* S+WSSD `\Y1 b\-\E ,S/1b1WS /1WqbO aq +W*-\y ,1abnp \ *`ab,1DDD * f`SabS*ZaVSf ,ab`1h*fD ˚31Z1/1WnZm1 ,ab`1hSE V\b\`m1 ]`\,\/qbaq , ˛*W*f ,S/1b1WS 1-\,m ]`\]\,1/dpb +W*-dp ,1abn ]\ ,a1Yd YS`d

*`ab,*E Z1 ]`\ab\ `1WS-S\4Zm1 aWd3+mE Sf g1Wn P \+dh1ZS1D * obSf ,ab`1h*f 4,dO h*b +S+W1yaVS1 /\VW*/m S a ]\Y\knp `*4O WShZmf ]d+WSV*gSy S4dh*1baq S+WSqD *V31 Z* ZSf ,S/1b1WS dh*baq dY1W\ ,\4,1k*bn +W*-dp ,1abnD

,S/1b1WS +\W11 h1Y , 5>; >>> a\+`*O ZSy ,\ ,a1Y YS`1 S4dh*pb S+WSp ]\ \/O Z\y ]`\-`*YY1E S ob\ a]\a\+ab,d1b Sf 1/SZab,dD ˙,1`S ˛*W\, *`ab,* \bV`mbm /Wq ,a1fD * ,ab`1h*f Z1 ]`\,\/Sbaq ZSO V*VSf /1Z13Zmf a+\`\,D \Z1hZ\E ,a1 ob\ +mW\ +m +1aaYmaW1ZZ\E 1aWS ,S/1b1WS Z1 3SWS +m , a\-W*aSS a b1YE \ h1Y ]`\]\,1O /dpbD \ob\YdE ]\YSY\ ]`\h1-\E \ZS ]`SO ,W1V*pb Wp/1y V +W*-\y ,1abSDDD

`SY1`ZmY ]\,1/1ZS1YD ,S/1b1WS 1O

-\,m ab`1Yqbaq +mbn \+`*4g\,mYS f`SabSO *Z*YS S \+`*k*pbaq a /`d-SYS b*VE V*V f\bqbE hb\+m b1 \+`*k*WSan a ZSYS L *bO e1q ;B56MD \bq ,S/1b1WS Z1a\,1`j1ZZm S SZ\-/* \jS+*pbaqE \ZSE ]`\q,Wqq SaO V`1ZZpp Wp+\,n V\ ,a1Y Wp/qYE Z1 b\WnV\ /1Wqbaq a ZSYS +W*-\y ,1abnpE Z\ S ]`\bqO -S,*pb SY `dVd ]\Y\kSE V\-/* ob\ ,\4O Y\3Z\D ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m Z1b g1WS \+`*bSbn , a,\p ,1`d ,1an YS`D ZS 4Z*pbE hb\E V\-/* a b\hVS 4`1ZSq 1-\,m ]`\]\,1/n +d/1b 4*O ,1`j1Z*E ]`S/1b V\Z1gE V*V S ]`1/aV*4*W SadaD b\ ob\ +d/1b \4Z*h*bn /Wq 41YWS S h1W\,1h1ab,*H

1Yd w]`S/1b V\Z1gxH wDDDS b\-/* ]`S/1b V\Z1gx L ˚) 68B58MD " /ZS SZb1`1a Wp/1y V b1Y1 \ V\Zg1 a,1b*E V*31baqE Z1 d-*a*1bD ZS-SE eSWnYmE 3d`Z*WmE \b pY\`SO abSh1aVSf /\ Z*dhZmfE `Sadpb 4W\,1kS1 V*`bSZm ad/Z\-\ /ZqE Z*]`SY1`B dZShO b\31ZS1 , q/1`Z\y ,\yZ1E ab\WVZ\,1ZS1 a *ab1`\S/\YE `*a]`\ab`*Z1ZS1 aY1`b\Z\aO Z\-\ ,S`da*E V*b*ab`\eSh1aV\1 S4Y1Z1O ZS1 VWSY*b* SWS ,b\`31ZS1 ]`Sj1Wng1,D \ ob\Yd ,\]`\ad Z1b 1/SZ\-\ YZ1ZSq S , `1WS-S\4Zmf V`d-*fD Z\-S1 dh*bE hb\ ]`1/aV*4*ZZmy wV\Z1gx dZShb\3Sb ,a1 3S,\1 Z* 41YW1D \YY1ZbS`dq *be1q 68B58E \/SZ +\-\aW\, Z*]Sa*W b*VS1 Y`*hO Zm1 aW\,*B w'b\b abSf P \/SZ S4 Z*S+\O W11 ,*3Zmf ,\ ,a1Y W\,1 \-*DDD DDD DDD *O j1 ]\V\W1ZS1 ab\Sb ]1`1/ d-`\4\y b\O b*WnZ\-\ dZShb\31ZSqE \ V\b\`\Y ab`*jO Z\ S ]\/dY*bnxD 1E Vb\ `*4/1Wq1b b*VS1 ,4-Wq/mE d]dO

8

˝˚ ) " ) ˙ 5 6>55

aV*pb S4 ,S/d ,*3Zdp SabSZdB 1-\,* \- wdb,1`/SW 11 41YWp E a\b,\`SW 11 Z1 Z*]`*aZ\E a\4/*W 11 /Wq b\-\E hb\+m \Z* +mW* Z*a1W1Z*x L a*Sq 89B5<MD \ob\YdE V\-/* Sada -\,\`SW \ wV\Zg1xE \Z Z1 ]\/O `*4dY1,*WE hb\ ]W*Z1b* S Wp/S Z* Z1y +d/db dZShb\31ZmD Z SY1W , ,S/dE hb\ +d/db Sab`1+W1Zm Z1h1abS,m1 P b1E Vb\ d]`qY\ \bV*4m,*1baq 3Sbn ]\ 4*V\Z*Y Wp+qk1-\ \-*D *aaY\b`SY ]`SY1`D `1/]\W\3SYE d ,*a 1abn ]`1V`*aZmy /\Y S ,m `*4`1j*O 1b1 Wp/qY +1a]W*bZ\ , Z1Y 3SbnD /O ZS 3SWngm 3S,db , YS`1 /`d- a /`dO -\Y S 4*+\bqbaq \ ,*j1Y /\Y1D ˙`d-S1 31 /\ab*,Wqpb ,*Y a]W\jZm1 +1a]\V\yab,*E dab`*S,*pb /`*VS S \aV\`+Wqpb ]\`q/\hO Zmf 3SWng\,D ZS ]\`bqb ,*jd a\+ab,1ZO Z\abn S d]`qY\ \bV*4m,*pbaq aWdj*bn ,*jS ]`1/d]`13/1ZSqD

b\ +m ,m ]`1/]`SZqWSH Z1aWS +m /\YH V\`11 ,a1-\E Z1bD 1`\qbZ\E ,m +m ,ma1WSWS ]W\fSf 3SWng\, S \b`1Y\ZbSO `\,*WS b\E hb\ +mW\ aW\Y*Z\D *V 31 ]\abd]Sb S \-D Z ,/\fZ\,SW ]a*WY\]1,g* 4*]Sa*bn aW1/dpkS1 aW\,*B w˙1W*pkS1 4W\ +d/db Sab`1+W1ZmE * Z*O /1pkS1aq Z* 1-\,d Z*aW1/dpb 41YWpD ˚k1 Z1YZ\-\E S d31 Z1 +d/1b Z1h1abS,\O -\C ]\aY\b`Sjn Z* 1-\ Y1ab\E S Z1b 1-\D V`\bVS1 Z*aW1/dpb 41YWp S Z*aW*/qbO aq \+SWS1Y YS`*x L a*W\Y 7;B=P55MD + ob\Y 31 -\,\`SW *]\ab\W 1b`B w ]`\jW\Y +mWS Z1+1a*E * b*V31 41YO WqE V\b\`*q ]\ aW\,d \-* ]W\bZ\y Y*aa\y ,mabd]*W* S4 ,\/m S a`1/S ,\/mE ]\a`1/O ab,\Y h1-\ adk1ab,\,*,jSy b\-/* YS` +mW ]\-d+W1ZE V\-/* 1-\ 4*b\]SWS ,\/mx L6 1b`* 7B9E :MD ˛/1an *]\ab\W aamW*1baq Z* \b\] ,\ /ZS \qD \-/* +mW dZShb\O 31Z YS` Z1h1abS,mfE \/Z*V\ a 41YW1y ZSO h1-\ Z1 aWdhSW\anD *,1/q \b\]E 1-\,* w]\V*4*W Z1h1abS,g*Y ]`SY1` b\-\E hb\ +d/1bx L6 1b`* 6B:MD ˛*b1Y 1b` /\+*,SWB w mZ1jZS1 Z1+1O a* S 41YWqDDD a\f`*Zqpbaq /Wq \-ZqxD ˚aWS Z1 hSb*bn ob\b abSf /\ V\Zg*E b\ Y\3Z\ ]`SybS V Z1,1`Z\Yd ,m,\/dD \ 4*Y1bnO b1E hb\ , Z1Y /*W11 -\,\`SbaqB wDDDS -S+1WS Z1h1abS,mf Wp/1yxD \-S+Z1b Z1 ]W*Z1O

*`ab,\ ]\W\3Sb V\Z1g ,a1Yd 4Wd Z* 41YW1

b*E * Z1h1abS,m1 Wp/SD b\ +d/1b ]\b\YH 1b` Z*]Sa*WB w mE ]\ 1-\ \+1k*ZSpE \3S/*1Y Z\,mf Z1+1a \3n1-\ 1aaSO *ZaV\-\ *`ab,* S Z\,\y 41YWS ]`*,1/O Z\-\ h1W\,1h1aV\-\ \+k1ab,* E Z* V\b\O `mf +d/1b \+Sb*bn ]`*,1/Z\abnx L6 1b`* 7B;E 57MD S+W1yaVS1 ]`\`\h1ab,* ]\V*4m,*pbE hb\ +WS4V\ b\ ,`1YqE V\-/* w]`S/1b V\O Z1gxD b\+m , ob\Y d+1/SbnaqE ]`\hSb*yO b1 *be1q 68B7P58 S 6 SY\e1p 7B5P91D 1 d/S,Wq1b WS ,*a b\E hb\ , b\WV\,*O ZSS aW\, S4 *be1q 68B58E V\b\`m1 Y\31b ]\Zqbn /*31 `1+1Z\VE adk1ab,d1b ]db*ZSO g*H \Yd 1abn ]`ShSZmD *b*Z* \aW1]SW dYm Wp/1yE hb\+m \ZS Z1 ]\ZqWS /`*-\O g1ZZ\y SabSZm S4 \3n1-\ W\,* L6 \O `SZeqZ*Y 8B8MD b\Yd 31 \- aV`mW a,\y 4*Yma1W \b ,ma\V\Y1`Zmf S \bV`mW 1-\ aYS`1ZZmYD + ob\Y Sada aV*4*WB w b1gE \a]\/n Z1+* S 41YWSE aW*,Wp b1+q ]1`1/ ,a1YSE 4* b\ hb\ bm aV`mW ob\ \b Yd/`mf S dYZmf S \bV`mW YW*/1Zg*Yx L *be1q 55B69MD *V*q h1abn +mbn a`1/S aYS`1ZO Zmf Wp/1yE V\b\`m1 ]\ZSY*pbE hb\ b*V\1 *`ab,\ \-*E S \3S/*pb 1-\ +W*-\aW\,1O ZSyI 1 \Wnj1 SZe\`Y*gSS ,m Y\31b1 Z*ybS , =Oy -W*,1 VZS-S w 1Yd Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 dhSb S+WSqHxD 4/*Z* ,S/1b1WqYS 1-\,mD

P

a\ab\qZS1 a1`/g*H w *`ab,\ \3S1 ]`Sf\/Sb h1`14 `*4dYZ\1 a1`/g1xEP Z*]Sa*W *]* SYaVSy 1Z1/SVb XVI , a,\1y VZS-1 w Sada S4 *4*`1b*xD ˙Wq Z1V\b\`mf *`ab,\ \-* P ob\ ,a1-\ WSjn S4Y1Z1ZSq ,Zdb`S h1W\,1V*E V\b\`m1 ]`\Saf\/qbE V\-/* \Z ]`SZSY*1b Sada* `Sab* S `*4,S,*1b , Z1-\ ,1`dD * a*Y\Y WS /1W1 *`ab,\ \-* Z1 +\W11 h1Y WShZ\abZ\1 ]`1\+`*4\,*ZS1E b\ 1abn g*`ab,\ wb\WnV\ , ,*j1Y a1`/g1xH

) Sada* `Sab* *`ab,\ \-* SY1O W\ \-`\YZ\1 4Z*h1ZS1D \ aW\,*Y 1O Z1/SVb* XVIE *`ab,\ +mW\ wab1`3Z1Y ,a1y ]`\]\,1/S Sada*xD \ ,`1Yq a,\1-\ \bZ\aSb1WnZ\ V\`\bV\-\ aWd31ZSq Sada f\/SW ]\ ,a1y *W1abSZ1E w]`\]\,1/dq +W*-dp ,1abn \ g*`ab,1x L *be1q 8B67MD

,\SYS dh1ZSqYS S hd/1a*YS Sada /*W ]\ZqbnE hb\ *`ab,\ P ob\ +\Wnj1E h1Y ]`\ab\ ]`S4Z*ZS1 ,W*abS \-* S ]\,SZ\O ,1ZS1 1YdD Z\ a,q4*Z\ a ]`*,W1ZS1YE adO /\Y S ,1hZmYS +W*-\aW\,1ZSqYSD

Ë™

`*,W1ZS1 S ad/ /Z*3/mE V\-/* aWd31ZS1 Sada* +WSO 4SW\an V V\ZgdE V Z1Yd ]\/\jW* Y*bn /,df 1-\ +WS4VSf dh1ZSV\,E *V\,* S \*ZZ*E S aV*4*W*B w \\+1k*yE hb\ \/SZ S4 /,df Y\O Sf amZ\,1y aq/1b ]\ ]`*,dp `dVd \b b1+qE * /`d-\y ]\ W1,dp , b,\1Y g*`ab,1x L *be1q 6>B65MD )aZ\E hb\ \Z* Z1 -\,\`SW* \ h1YOb\ , a1`/g1 11 amZ\,1yD Z* ]\ZSY*O W*E hb\ +mbn , *`ab,1 P 4Z*hSb ]`*,Sbn ,Y1ab1 a Sada\YE S SY1ZZ\ ob\-\ \Z* f\O b1W* /Wq a,\Sf amZ\,1yD `\Y1 b\-\E SO ada ]\\+1k*W 55 ,1`ZmY *]\ab\W*YE hb\ \ZS aq/db Z* ]`1ab\Wm , 1-\ *`ab,1 S +d/db ad/Sbn a ZSY L dVS 66B7>MD \ob\O Yd , ]\ZSY*ZSS dh1ZSV\, Sada* *`ab,\ +mW\ `1*WnZmY ]`*,Sb1Wnab,\YD b\ Y\3Z\ aV*4*bn \+ \ab*WnZmf WpO /qfE 3S,jSf ,\ /ZS Sada*H hSb*WS WS 10

Ë?Ëš ) " ) Ë™ 5 6>55

\ZSE hb\ *`ab,\ P ob\ ,a1-\ WSjn S4Y1O Z1ZSq ,Zdb`S h1W\,1V*H \-/* Z14*/\W-\ /\ *afS 77 -\/* ZD oD Sada ,l143*W Z* \aW1ZV1 , 1`da*WSYE b\W]m Wp/1y ]`SO ,1bab,\,*WS 1-\ S ,\aVWSg*WSB w \WSY b1+qE a]*aS mZ* Ë™*,S/*Ix L *be1q 65B=MD h1Y -\,\`qb Sf aW\,*H \ ,a1y ,S/SO Y\abSE b1 Wp/S ]`S4Z*,*WSE hb\ Sada P \+1k*ZZmy 1aaSq S hb\ \- /*ab 1Yd ,1hZ\1 *`ab,\E w]`1ab\W 1-\ \bg* Ë™*,SO /*xD ZS 3*3/*WS a]*a1ZSqE YS`* S a]`*O ,1/WS,\abSE V\b\`m1 \Z\ ]`SZ1a1b L dVS 5B76C Ë›*f*`Sq =B=MD 1hZm1 +W*-\aW\,1ZSq Ë™*31 Wp/SE V\b\`m1 Y*W\ SZb1`1a\,*O WSan aWd31ZS1Y Sada*E aWmj*WS \+ \/O Z\Y S4 1-\ dh1ZSyD `1abd]ZSVE ,Sa1,O jSy Z* ab\W+1 `q/\Y a Sada\YE ]\]`\O aSW 1-\B w a]\YZS \+\ YZ1E V\-/* ]`SO /1jn , a,\1 g*`ab,\xD b\ Sada 1Yd \b,1bSWH w m +d/1jn a\ YZ\y , *pxEP 4*,1`SW \Z dYS`*pk1-\ h1W\,1V* L dVS 67B86E 87MD \b `*4+\yZSVE ,1`\qbZ\E ,1`SWE hb\ SadaE ]\aW1 b\-\ V*V ,\aV`1aZ1b S4 Y1`bO ,mfE ,\y/1b , *`ab,\E SWSE /`d-SYS aW\O ,*YSE ]\WdhSb 1-\D Sada* +d/1b Z1 b\WnV\ ,W*abn ,\aV`1aSbn b\-\ h1W\,1V* S ]\Y\hn 1Yd Sa]`*,SbnaqE Z*`q/d a YSWWSO \Z*YS /`d-Sf Wp/1yE Z\ S -\`qh11 31W*O ZS1 a/1W*bn ob\D *V ]\WZ\]`*,Zmy *`n

Z1+1aZ\-\ *`ab,*E Sada S4\Wn1b ,1hZm1 +W*-\aW\,1ZSq Z* ,a1 h1W\,1h1ab,\ L \O *ZZ* 9B6<E 6=MD w *`ab,\ \-* a`1/S ,*ax \ `*4,1 Sada Z1 aV*4*WB w *`ab,\ \O -* a`1/S ,*axH Ë™*E ob\ b*VD 'bS aW\,* 4*O ]Sa*Zm , dVS 5;B65D \/ZSf ]1`1,\/*f S+WSS \ZS ]1`1/*Zm V*V w *`ab,S1 \O 3S1 ,Zdb`n ,*axE * , /`d-Sf P w *`O ab,S1 \3S1 ]\a`1/S ,*axD L Y\b`Sb1E V ]`SY1`dE SZ\/*WnZmy ]1`1,\/ SWS ]1O `1,\/ D ,1`SZg1,*DM b\ 31 Sada SY1W , ,S/dH 4 V\Zb1Vab* ,S/Z\E hb\ Sada */`1a\O ,*W obS aW\,* e*`Sa1qY P ,`*3/1+Z\ Z*O ab`\1ZZ\y Sd/1yaV\y `1WS-S\4Z\y -`d]O ]1D ZSf +mWS a,\S ]`1/ab*,W1ZSq \ 1aaSS S \ 1-\ *`ab,1D \ Sf YZ1ZSpE 1aaSq /\W31Z +mW ]`SybS wa Z1+1aZmYS \+W*V*YSx V*V ]`\aW*,W1ZZmy *`nE hb\O +m \a,\+\/Sbn Sd/11, \b `SYaV\-\ -\aO ]\/ab,* S ,\aab*Z\,Sbn g*`ab,\ 4`*SO Wp LË™*ZSSW ;B57E 58MD Sada dV*4*W Z* Sf 4*+Wd3/1ZS1E aV*4*,B w *`ab,\ \-* Z1 ]`S/1b q,ZmY \+`*4\YxD Ë›*b1Y \Z /\+*O ,SWB w 1/n g*`ab,\ \-* a`1/S ,*ax L dVS 5;B6>E 65MD \bq Sada dhSW \ *`ab,1 \-* S a\,1`j*W hd/1a*E V\b\`m1 qaZ\ ]\V*4m,*O WSE hb\ \Z \+1k*ZZmy *`n \3n1-\ *`O ab,*E e*`Sa1SE V\b\`mY Z1/\ab*,*W\ SaO V`1ZZ\abS S ]\/WSZZ\y ,1`mE ]`\/\W3*O WS 1Yd ]`\bS,\/1yab,\,*bnD ZS ]\/,1`O -*WS a\YZ1ZSp b\E hb\ Sada P 1aaSqD \ob\Yd \Z ]`qY\ aV*4*WE hb\ *`ab,\E ]`1/ab*,W1ZZ\1 Z*4Z*h1ZZmY *`1YE +mO W\ a`1/S ZSfD Z Z1 ]\+d3/*W Sf 4*-WqO Zdbn , a,\1 a1`/g11D 1`1/ ZSYS ab\qW Sada a\ a,\SYS dh1ZSV*YSD w *`ab,\ \O -* `q/\Y a ,*YSxEP aV*4*W \Z L dVS 5;B65E Contemporary English VersionMD 1 1ab\SY1ZS1 w,mx \bZ\aSbaq V e*`Sa1qYE V V\b\O `mY \+`*k*Waq SadaD h1,S/Z\E hb\ \Z Z1 -\,\`SW \+ Sf ,Zdb`1ZZ1Y ]`1\+`*4\,*ZSS SWS \ a\ab\qZSS Sf a1`/1gD

\-W\ WS

*`ab,\ \-* Z*f\/Sbnaq , a1`/g*f Z1]`SYS`SYmf ]`\bS,ZSV\, Sada*H

*`ab,\E +WS4V\1 ,*j1Yd a1`/gd \bq *`ab,\ \-* Z1 Z*f\/Sbaq , a1`/O g1E \Z\ /\W3Z\ +mbn +WS4V\ Z*j1Yd a1`/gdD ,\SYS dh1ZSqYS S Y\-dk1O ab,1ZZmYS /1W*YS Sada ab`1YSWaq a\O 4S/*bn , a1`/g*f aWdj*b1W1y ,1`d , ]`*O ,1/Z\1 ]`*,Sb1Wnab,\E V\b\`\1 dab*Z\,Sb ]`\hZmy YS` S +14\]*aZ\abnD Z 31W*WE hb\+m d ZSf +mW* ,1`*E a]\a\+Z*q S4Y1O ZSbn Sf 3S4Zn V Wdhj1YdD `Sab\a dhSW Sf Y\WSbnaqB w *j b1g Z* Z1+1a*fE ]dabn a,qbSbaq b,\1 SYqD dabn ]`S/1b b,\1 g*`ab,\D dabn b,\q ,\Wq +d/1b S Z* 41YW1E V*V Z* Z1+1x L *be1q :B=E 5>MD Z\O -S1 S4 b1fE Vb\ aWdj*W Sada*E +mWS -WdO +\V\ b`\Zdbm 1-\ aW\,*YS S `*4,SWS ,1O `dE V\b\`*q ]\+d3/*W* Sf aW1/\,*bn 4* ZSY S \3S/*bn +W*-\aW\,1ZSy *`ab,*D \b1WS +m ,m \+`1abS b*Vdp ,1`dH b\ /Wq ob\-\ Zd3Z\H a]\YZSb1 ,abd]Sb1WnO Zm1 aW\,* 4Z*Y1ZSb\y *-\`Z\y ]`\]\,1O /S Sada*B w h*abWS,m \a\4Z*pkS1 a,\S /df\,Zm1 ]\b`1+Z\abSE ]\b\Yd hb\ SY ]`SZ*/W13Sb Z1+1aZ\1 g*`ab,\x L *bO e1q 9B7MD \h1Yd +m Z1 ]\]`\aSbn ,S/1O b1W1y 1-\,mE V\b\`m1 /*WS ,*Y obd ]d+O WSV*gSpE S4dh*bn a ,*YS S+WSpH *V ,m aY\31b1 Z1 ]`\ab\ ]`1\+`*4\,*bn a,\p WShZ\abnE Z\ S \+`1abS Z*/13/d Z* ]`*O ,1/Z\1 S a]`*,1/WS,\1 ]`*,Sb1Wnab,\ P *`ab,\ \-*E V\b\`\1 ]`SZ1a1b ,a1Y YS` S +14\]*aZ\abnD Ë?Ëš ) " ) Ë™ 5 6>55

11

Ë?Ë™ ( ) eSWnY*f S b1W1j\d *4*`O bZm1 S-`mE \a\+1ZZ\ , V*4SZ\E h*ab\ S4\+`*3*pbaq V*V ]`SqbZ\1 ,`1Yq]`1]`\O ,\3/1ZS1 V`*aS,mfE +\-*bmf S db\Zh1ZZmf Wp/1yD \Z1hZ\E +\WnjSZab,\ 4`Sb1W1y ]\O ZSY*pbE hb\ ob\ Z1 +\W11 h1Y e*Zb*4SS `1O 3Saa1`*D

a1 31 , `1*WnZ\y 3S4ZS W\b1`1SE +dVY1O V1`aVS1 V\Zb\`m S *4*`bZm1 S-`m , V*4SZ\ S , Zb1`Z1b1 \h1Zn ]\]dWq`ZmD *V \bY1h*O 1baq , \/Z\y VZS-1E *4*`bZm1 S-`m P ob\ w4*]\W\ZS,jSy ,1an YS` ]\`\VE V\b\`my ]`Sbq-S,*1b Wp/1yE V*V Y*-ZSbx LInternet GamblingMD \V1`E V ]`SY1`dE a1-\/Zq ahSb*O 1baq ,S/\Y a]\`b*E 1-\ ]\V*4m,*pb ]\ b1W1O ,S/1ZSp S , Z1-\ S-`*pb , Zb1`Z1b1D \/O Z\y -*41b1 a\\+k*W\anE hb\E ]\ /*ZZmY oVaO ]1`b\,E , \1/SZ1ZZmf "b*b*f 4* ]\aW1/O ZS1 ]\Wb\`* -\/* hSaW\ S-`\V\, , ]\V1` d/,\SW\anD 4*`bZm1 S-`m \]`1/1Wqpbaq V*V S-`m Z* /1Zn-SE , V\b\`mf ,mS-`mj 4*,SaSb -W*,O ZmY \+`*4\Y \b aWdh*q SWS ,141ZSqD Z\O -S1 /dY*pbE hb\ 1aWS h1W\,1V S-`*1b Z* a,\S /1Zn-S S d Z1-\ Z1b ]`Sab`*abSqE b\ , *4*`O bZmf S-`*f Z1b ZSh1-\ ]W\f\-\D w \,\y V*b\WSh1aV\y oZgSVW\]1/SSx -\,\`SbaqE hb\ S-`* Z* /1Zn-S wZ1 ahSb*1baq -`1f\YE 1aWS d,W1h1ZS1 1p Z1 ]`1]qbab,d1b h1W\,1Vd ,mO ]\WZqbn a,\S \+q4*ZZ\abSx LNew Catholic EncyclopediaMD /Z*V\ , ]\//1`3Vd ob\-\ ,mO

12

Ë?Ëš ) " ) Ë™ 5 6>55

*4*`bZm1 S-`mH aV*4m,*ZSq Z1 ]`S,1/1Z\ ZS \/Z\-\ +S+O W1yaV\-\ abSf*D *V f`SabS*Z*Y aW1/d1b \bO Z\aSbnaq V *4*`bZmY S-`*YH ad3/*pbaq WS \ZS , S+WSSH

W1/d1b \bY1bSbnE hb\ , ,qk1ZZ\Y Sa*O ZSS Z1b ]`qYmf d]\YSZ*ZSy \+ *4*`bZmf S-`*fD \ ob\ Z1 4Z*hSbE hb\ ]\ /*ZZ\Yd ,\O ]`\ad S+WSq Z1 /*1b ZSV*V\-\ `dV\,\/ab,*D Z* Z1 dab*Z*,WS,*1b ]`*,SW /Wq V*3/\y V\ZV`1bZ\y aSbd*gSSE Z\ ]\+d3/*1b Z*aB w \abS-*yb1E , h1Y ,\Wq 1-\,mx L'e1aqZ*Y 9B5;MD \ aW\,*Y +S+W1Sab* 'D dWWSZ-1`*E -`1h1aV\1 aW\,\E ]1`1,1/1ZZ\1 V*V w]\abSO -*yb1xE \4Z*h*1b a,q4m,*bn ,\1/SZ\ h*abS g1W\-\E 4*/1yab,dq wYmaWSb1WnZm1 a]\a\+O Z\abS S 4Z*ZSqE ]\Wdh1ZZm1 ]db1Y `*4O YmjW1ZSqxD *VSY \+`*4\YE f`SabS*ZSZ Y\O 31b ]\abShnE , h1Y ,\Wq \-* V*a*b1WnZ\ *4*`bZmf S-`E a,q4m,*q ,\1/SZ\ \bZ\aqkS1O aq V ob\y b1Y1 +S+W1yaVS1 ]`SZgS]m S `*4O YmjWqq Z*/ ZSYSD \-/* ,m +d/1b1 hSb*bn +S+W1yaVS1 abSfSE ]`S,1/1ZZm1 , ob\y ab*O bn1E a]`*jS,*yb1 a1+qB w \-W*ad1baq WS dh*O abS1 , *4*`bZmf S-`*f a b1YE hb\ -\,\`Sbaq , obSf abSf*fH *V ,\Wq \-* ]\ ob\Yd ,\]`\O ad `*aV`m,*1baq , 1-\ W\,1Hx

a1bqf d/*hS \aV\WnVd *4*`bZm1 S-`m a,q4*Zm a\ aWdO h*yZ\abnpE d/*h1 P YSabSh1aV\y aSW1E V\b\O `*qE V*V ahSb*1baqE ,WSq1b Z* aWdh*yZm1 a\O +mbSqEP ]`S/*1baq \-`\YZ\1 4Z*h1ZS1E S

Z1d/S,Sb1WnZ\E ,1/n Z* V\Z ]\ab*,W1Zm /1Zn-SD *]`SY1`E Wp/S ]\Vd]*pb W\b1O `1yZm1 +SW1bm a\ wah*abWS,mYSx Z\Y1`*YSE S4 ad1,1`Z\-\ ab`*f* S4+1-*pb \]`1/1W1ZO Zmf aW\, ,\ ,`1Yq Z1V\b\`mf S-` S /dpb Z* S-`*WnZm1 V\abSE ]1`1/ b1Y V*V Sf +`\aSbnD Ë›*h1Y \ZS ob\ /1W*pbH ZS ,1`qbE hb\ d/*h* ]\,WSq1b Z* `14dWnb*b SWS ]\ V`*yZ1y Y1`1 Y\31b ob\ a/1W*bnD \ +14\+S/Z* WS ,1`* , d/*hdH *V ahSb*O WS Z1V\b\`m1 S4`*SWnbqZ1 , /`1,Z\abSD ZS Z*/1qWSanE hb\ d/*h* ]`SZ1a1b SY ]`\g,1b*O ZS1D V*V Z* ob\ aY\b`1W 1-\,*H 1`14 ]`\`\V* a*Sp \- \ad/SW S4`*SWnbqZE w\ab*,WqpkSf 1-\,dE 4*+m,*pkSfDDD 1-\ a,qbdp -\`dE Z*V`m,*pkSf ab\W /Wq +\-* /*hS S Z*WS,*pkSf ]`S]`*,W1ZZ\1 ,SZ\ /Wq +\-* d/n+mx L a*Sq :9B55MD *V ,S/SYE a b\hVS 4`1ZSq \-*E ,1`* , d/*hd P ob\ S/\O W\]\VW\Zab,\D Z* Z1 a\,Y1abSY* a SabSZO ZmY ]\VW\Z1ZS1YD Z1y \b`*3*1baq Z*/13O /* Z* YZSYdp aSWdE * Z1 Z* SabSZZ\-\ \-*D 1b \aZ\,*ZSy ]\W*-*bnE hb\ YZ1ZS1 1-\,m S4Y1ZSW\anD

mS-`mj P 4* h1y ah1bH *V ]`*,SW\E ]\Vd]*q W\b1`1yZmy +SW1bE /1W*q ab*,VS , +dVY1V1`aV\y V\Zb\`1E S-`*q , V*4SZ\ SWS , Zb1`Z1b1E Wp/S Z1 4*/dYmO ,*pbaqE \bVd/* +1`dbaq /1Zn-S /Wq ,mS-`mO j*D 4*`bZm1 S-`m \bWSh*pbaq \b h1abZmf eSZ*Za\,mf \]1`*gSy b1YE hb\ S-`\V 31W*O 1b ,mS-`*bn /1Zn-SE V\b\`m1 /`d-S1 ]`\O S-`*pb1D w * V*3/\-\ h1W\,1V*E ,mS-`*,j1O 1 1Y S-`* Z* +S`31 \bWSh*1baq \b *4*`bZmf S-`E \+lqaZqW\an , 3d`Z*W1 w `\+d/Sb1anIx \b < \Vbq+`q 6>>> -\/*E ab`*ZSgm 69P6;D 4/*Z ,S/1b1WqYS 1O -\,mD

nS /1Zn-S Z*/1pbaq ,mS-`*bn *4*`bZm1 S-`\VSH

q-* V S-`1

\31b WS h1W\,1V ]`Sab`*abSbnaq V *4*`bZmY S-`*YH aaW1/\,*, `1*VgSp *4*`bZmf S-`\V\, Z* ,mS-`mjS S ]`\S-`mO jSE /\Vb\` *Za `*yb1` aV*4*WB w `S Y\O /1WS`\,*ZSS *4*`bZmf S-` \+Z*`d3SW\anB ,mS-`mj ,m4m,*1b , Y\4-1 b*VS1 31 ]`\O g1aamE hb\ S ,,1/1ZS1 V\V*SZ* Z*`V\Y*ZdxD

-\ YSWWS\Z , W\b1`11EP a\\+k*1b V*Z*/O aVSy 1Zb` SaaW1/\,*ZSq 4*,SaSY\ab1y S ]aSfSh1aV\-\ 4/\`\,nqEP ]`Sf\/qbaq YSWO WS\Zm WSjS,jSfaq a,\Sf /1Z1-Ix *VS1 +S+W1yaVS1 ]`SZgS]m ]\Y\-db f`SabS*ZSZd ]\ZqbnE hb\ \+ ob\Y /dY*1b \-H \aW1/Zqq S4 ˙1aqbS 4*]\,1/1yE /*ZZmf Z*`\/d 4`*SWnE -W*aSW*B w 1 31W*y 31Zm a,\1-\ +WS3Z1-\E 1-\ `*+*E 1-\ `*+mZSE 1-\ +mV*E 1-\ \aW* SWS h1-\OWS+\ /`d-\-\ S4 b\O -\E hb\ ]`SZ*/W13Sb b,\1Yd +WS3Z1Ydx L af\/ 6>B5;MD \-W*aZ\ ob\y 4*]\,1/SE 31O W*bn +\-*bab,*E SYdk1ab,* S /1Z1- +WS3O Z1-\ b*V\y 31 bq31Wmy -`1fE V*V 31W*bn

31Zd +WS3Z1-\D ]dabq YZ\-\ ab\W1bSy *]\O ab\W *,1W a\aW*Waq Z* obd 4*]\,1/nE aV*O 4*,B w 1 31W*y hd3\-\x L SYWqZ*Y ;B;MD *4O ,1 f`SabS*ZSZE 31W*pkSy ,mS-`*bn b\E hb\ ]`\S-`*1b /`d-\y h1W\,1VE Z1 ]`\q,Wq1b 3*/Z\abnE Z*`dj*q b*VSY \+`*4\Y obd 4*]\O ,1/nH ‹ w `S4Z*pbaq \ZS +\WnjSZab,\ *4*`bZmf S-`\V\, , ob\Y SWS Z1bE V*3/my S4 ZSf ,b*yZ1 Y1hb*1bE hb\ a/1W*ZZ*q SY ab*,O V* P ]dabn /*31 ]*`* /\WW*`\, P \4\W\bSb 1-\xEP aV*4*W \+\4`1,*b1Wn SWS]] \-1WnD *VS1 Wp/S Y1hb*pb `*4+\-*b1bn +mab`\ S +14\ ,aqVSf daSWSyD 1a\YZ1ZZ\E ob\ ]`\bSO ,\`1hSb +S+W1yaV\Yd d,1k*ZSp \ b\YE hb\ f`SabS*ZSZ /\W31Z da1`/O `SabS*Z1 Z\ b`d/SbnaqE w/1W*q a,\SYS da1`/Z\ `dV*YS ]\W14Z\1E hb\+m 1Yd b`d/qbaqE +mW\ h1Y ]\/1WSbnaq a Zd3O /*pkSYaqx L'e1aqZ*Y 8B6<MD hb\+m ]\ab\W *,1W Z1/,daYmaO 4*`*+\b*bn W1ZZ\ ]\,1W1WB w˚aWS Vb\Ob\ Z* 3S4Zn Z1 f\h1b `*+\b*bnE ]dabn S Z1 1abxD ˛*b1Y \Z /\+*,SWE hb\ f`SabS*Z1 /\W3Zm w 1abn 4*`*+\b*ZZ\1 a,\O SY b`d/\Yx L6 1aa*W\ZSVSyg*Y 7B5>E 56MD \ Y\3Z\ WS Z*4,*bn *4*`bZm1 S-`m h1abZmY b`d/\YH \bq *4*`bZ*q S-`* Y\31b b`1+\,*bn +\Wnj\-\ oY\gS\Z*WnZ\-\ Z*]`q31ZSqE h1O W\,1V ,mS-`m,*1bE * Z1 4*`*+*bm,*1b /1Zn-SE b\ 1abn ]\Wdh*1b Sf Z1 4* ,m]\WO Z1ZZdp `*+\bd SWS \V*4*ZZm1 daWd-SD \O bq j*Zam ,mS-`*bn ZShb\3Z\ Y*WmE S-`\V /1W*1b ab*,VSE Z*/1qanE hb\ `*Z\ SWS ]\4O /Z\ 1Yd ]\,141bD \ adbSE \Z f\h1b ]\WdhSbn hb\Ob\ ]`\ab\ b*VD /Z*V\ S+WSq ]`S4m,*O 1b SabSZZmf f`SabS*Z 4*`*+*bm,*bn /1Zn-S da1`/ZmY b`d/\YD d/`my g*`n \W\Y\Z Z*O ]Sa*WB w 1b /Wq h1W\,1V* ZSh1-\ Wdhj1E h1Y 1abn S ]Sbn S /*,*bn a,\1y /dj1 Z*O aW*3/*bnaq /\+`mYS ]W\/*YS a,\1-\ b`dO /*D DDD'b\ P \b `dVS SabSZZ\-\ \-*x L'VO VW14S*ab 6B68MD \3nS aWd3Sb1WS Z1 Y1hb*O pb \ W1-VSf /1Zn-*fD ZS Z1 Z*/1pbaq Z* ah*abWS,my aWdh*yE * \3S/*pb +W*-\aW\,1O ZSy \-*D 14

˝˚ ) " ) ˙ 5 6>55

]*aZ*q W\,djV* ˙*31 1aWS V\YdOb\ ]\,141b S \Z ,mS-`*1bE Z1 ab\Sb 4*+m,*bn \ ]\aW1/ab,SqfE V V\b\O `mY ]`S,\/qb *4*`bZm1 S-`mD w *aW1/ab,\E ]`S\+`1b1ZZ\1 a 3*/Z\abnp ,Z*h*W1EP -\O ,\`Sbaq , `Sbh*f 6>B65EP Z1 +d/1b +W*-\O aW\,W1Z\ , +d/dk1YxD Z\-S1 S4 b1fE Vb\ ,mS-`*W , W\b1`11 SWS , /`d-Sf *4*`bZmf S-`*fE Z* -\`nV\Y \]mb1 d+1/SWSanE hb\ ]\O Wdh1ZZ\1 b*VSY a]\a\+\Y +\-*bab,\ Z1 ]`SO Z\aSb ah*abnqD *aV\WnV\ 31 Wdhj1 ,ZSY*bn +S+W1yaV\Yd a\,1bd wZ*/1qbnaq Z1 Z* S4Y1ZO hS,\1 +\-*bab,\E * Z* \-*E V\b\`my \+SWnO Z\ ]`1/\ab*,Wq1b Z*Y ,a1 /Wq Z*aW*3/1ZSqx L5 SY\e1p :B5;MD \ /1W\ /*31 Z1 , b\YE ,mS-`*1b h1W\,1V SWS ]`\S-`*1bE *4*`bZm1 S-`m b*qb , a1+1 a1`n14Zdp \]*aZ\abnD \3n1 W\,\ ]`1/\ab1O `1-*1bB w 1E Vb\ `1jSWS `*4+\-*b1bnE ,]*O /*pb , SaVdj1ZS1E S , W\,djVdE S ,\ YZ\-S1 +14`*aad/Zm1 S ]*-d+Zm1 31W*ZSqE V\b\`m1 ]`S,\/qb Wp/1y V dZShb\31ZSp S -S+1WSx L5 SY\e1p :B=MD 1Wn Wp+\y W\,djVS P ]\yY*bn 31`b,dD -`\YZ\1 hSaW\ Wp/1yE V\O b\`m1 ]\Z*h*Wd b,1`/\ `1j*WS \-`*ZSO hSbnaq Z1+\WnjSYS ab*,V*YS SWS ]\S-`*bn b\WnV\ `*4O/`d-\yE ]\]*WS , W\,djVd S Z1 aY\-WS \a,\+\/Sbnaq \b S-`\,\y 4*,SaSY\O abSD Sb\-1 YZ\-S1 WSjSWSan `*+\bmE ]`SO hSZSWS +\Wn Wp+SYmYE * Sf a1YnS `*a]*O WSanD \Y\-WS WS ,*Y +S+W1yaVS1 abSfSE \+ad3O /*1Ym1 , ob\y ab*bn1E ]\abShnE , h1Y 4*O VWph*1baq ,\Wq \-* , \bZ\j1ZSS *4*`bZmf S-`H ]\ab\W *,1W ]\+d3/*W f`SabS*ZB w 1 a\\+`*4dyb1an +\Wnj1 a ob\y aSab1Y\y ,1k1yE Z\ ]`1\+`*4dyb1anE \+Z\,Wqq a,\y dYE hb\+m ,*Y d/\ab\,1`qbnaqE , h1Y a\ab\Sb /\+`*qE 31W*ZZ*q S a\,1`j1ZZ*q ,\Wq \O -*x L SYWqZ*Y 56B6MD b*VE f`SabS*ZSZ /\WO 31Z `dV\,\/ab,\,*bnaq , a,\1y 3S4ZS Z1 ]`1\+W*/*pkSYS , \+k1ab,1 Z*ab`\1ZSqO YSE * ,\W1y \-*D 1-\,*E wah*abWS,my \-xE f\h1bE hb\+m 3S4Zn ]`SZ\aSW* Z*Y `*O /\abn S Ym ZSV\-/* Z1 Sa]mb*WS Z* a1+1 ]*O -d+Zmf ]\aW1/ab,Sy *4*`bZmf S-` L5 SY\O e1p 5B55MD

Institute of Archaeology/Hebrew University 5 Tel Rehov Excavations

w˛˚ )E ˙˚ ˚ ˚

˚˙x ˙ \- 1-\,* \a,\+\/SW S4`*SWnbqZ S4 1-S]1baV\-\ `*+ab,*E \Z ]\\+1k*W ]`S,1abS Sf w, f\`\jdp S ]`\ab\`Zdp 41YO WpE , 41YWpE -/1 b1h1b Y\W\V\ S Y1/x L af\/ 7B<MD +1b\,*ZZ\y 41YW1 S4`*SWnbqZ1 `*4,\O /SWS aV\bB V\`\,E \,1g S V\4E ]\ob\Yd d ZSf ,a1-/* +mW\ YZ\-\ Y\W\V*D hb\ Y\3Z\ aV*O 4*bn \ Y1/1H 1V\b\`m1 ]\W*-*pbE hb\ , S+O WSS ]\/ aW\,\Y wY1/x ]\/`*4dY1,*1baq aSO `\]E V\b\`my -\b\,SWS S4 eSZSV\,E SZ3S`* SWS ,SZ\-`*/*D `\Y1 b\-\E , +\WnjSZab,1 aWdO h*1,E V\-/* , Z1y d]\YSZ*1baq \ ]h1WSZ\Y Y1/1E `1hn S/1b \ Y1/1 /SVSfE * Z1 /\Y*jZSf ]h1W L d/1y 58B<E =C 5 *YdSW* 58B6;C *bO e1q 7B5E 8MD * a*Y\Y WS /1W1 , +1b\,*ZO Z\y 41YW1 +mW\ S4\+SWS1 Z1 b\WnV\ Y\W\V*E Z\ S Y1/*H 1/*,Zqq *`f1\W\-Sh1aV*q Z*f\/V* Z* b1`O `Sb\`SS a\,`1Y1ZZ\-\ 4`*SWq ]`\WS,*1b a,1b Z* ob\b ,\]`\aD ]`1aaO`1WS41 ˚,`1yO aV\-\ dZS,1`aSb1b* \ /*ZZ\y Z*f\/V1 -\,\`SO W\anB w \ aW\,*Y ]`\e1aa\`* L YSf*qM *4*O `*E Z* a1-\/ZqjZSy /1Zn ob\ P a*Y*q /`1,O Zqq ]*a1V* S4 ,a1f \+Z*`d31ZZmf Z* WS3Z1Y

\ab\V1D Z* /*bS`d1baq X P Z*h*W\Y IX ,1O V* /\ ZD oDxD `f1\W\-S \+Z*`d3SWS +\W11 7> dWn1,E `*aO ]\W\31ZZmf , b`S `q/*D \ ]`S+WS4Sb1WnZmY \g1ZV*YE ,a1-\ Z* b\y ]*a1V1 Y\-W\ +mbn \V\O W\ 5>> dWn1,D dWnqf +mWS Z*y/1Zm \ab*bVS ]h1W S h*abSgm ,\aV*D \ ]\/ah1b*Y dh1ZmfE wobS dWnS Y\-WS /*,*bn ]\Wb\ZZm Y1/* , -\/xD /`1,Z\abS Y1/ ahSb*Waq W*V\Yab,\YE * ,\aV Sa]\Wn4\,*Waq ]`S ]`\S4,\/ab,1 Y1b*WO W* S S4/1WSy S4 V\3SD `\Y1 b\-\E ,\aV j1W Z* S4-\b\,W1ZS1 /\k1h1V /Wq ]SanY*E ]`1/ab*,O Wq,jSf a\+\y /1`1,qZZm1 ]W*abSZVS a d-Wd+O W1ZS1YE 4*]\WZ1ZZmY ,\aV\YE V\b\`my ]W*O ,SWS /Wq ]\,b\`Z\-\ Sa]\Wn4\,*ZSqD V*V\O Yd ,m,\/d ]`SjWS *`f1\W\-SE SaaW1/\,*, obd /`1,Zpp ]*a1VdH Ë™*W11 , ]`1aaO`1WS41 \bY1h*W\anB w \bq , S+WSS Z1 a\\+k*1baq \ ]h1W\,\/ab,1 , 4`*O SW1 b1f ,`1Y1ZE \+Z*`d31ZZ*q , 1WnO 1f\,1 ]*a1V* a,S/1b1Wnab,d1b \ b\YE hb\ ]h1W\,\/O ab,\ S /\+mh* Y1/* +mWS f\`\j\ `*4,Sbm 1k1 , ]1`S\/ 1`,\-\ \W\Y\Z\,* f`*Y*D \oO b\Yd ,]\WZ1 ,\4Y\3Z\E hb\ aW\,\ tY1/r , S+O WSS \bZ\aSbaq SY1ZZ\ V ]h1WSZ\Yd Y1/dxD

˛ • ˚

b\ b*V\y Sada `Sab\aH

ob\y ab*bn1 ]\/ZSY*pbaq ,\]`\amE V\b\`m1E ,\4Y\3Z\E d ,*a ,\4ZSV*WSE S \+lqaZq1baqE -/1 , a,\1y S+WSS ,m Y\31b1 Z*ybS Z* ZSf \b,1bmD *V31 ,m Y\31b1 \+ad/Sbn Sf a\ ,S/1b1WqYS 1-\,mD

5D b\ b*V\y Sada `Sab\aH ˙\ a,\1-\ `\3/1ZSq Z* 41YW1 SadaE , \bWSO hS1 \b \ab*WnZmf Wp/1yE 3SW V*V /df\,Z*q WShO Z\abn Z* Z1+1 L \*ZZ* <B67MD Z +mW ]1`,mY b,\`1ZS1Y \-*E S a 1-\ ]\Y\knp +mW\ a\O 4/*Z\ ,a1 \ab*WnZ\1D Sada P 1/SZab,1ZZmyE

Vb\ a\4/*Z Z1]\a`1/ab,1ZZ\ \-\YE ]\ob\Yd \Z Z*4,*Z w1/SZ\`\/ZmY amZ\YxD \aV\WnVd SO ada +mW \3nSY `1/ab*,Sb1W1YE \Z b*V31 Z*O 4,*Z w W\,\YxD L \*ZZ* 5B5P7E 58C ]`\hSb*yb1 `SbhS <B66E 67E 7>C \W\aaqZ*Y 5B59E 5:DM

6D ˛*h1Y Sada ]`Sj1W Z* 41YWpH \- ]\aW*W a,\1-\ mZ* Z* 41YWpE ]1`1Z1aq 1-\ 3S4Zn a Z1+1a , db`\+d Sd/1yaV\y /1,djVS ]\ SY1ZS

*`SqD \ob\Yd d Sada* Z1 +mW\ 41YZ\-\ \bg* L dO VS 5B7>P79MD Sada ]`Sj1W Z* 41YWpE hb\+mB 5M dhSbn SabSZ1 \ \-1E 6M ]\V*4*bn ]`SY1` b\-\E V*V Sa]\WO Zqbn \3np ,\WpE S 7M \b/*bn a,\p a\,1`j1ZZdp 3S4Zn wV*V ,mVd]xD L `\hSb*yb1 *be1q 6>B6<C \*ZO Z* 5<B7;DM

7D \h1Yd Ym Zd3/*1Yaq , ,mVd]1H mVd] P ob\ ]W*b* 4* \a,\+\3/1ZS1 h1W\O ,1V* \b Z1+W*-\]`SqbZ\-\ ]\W\31ZSqD b*`\abn S aY1`bn Z1 ,f\/SWS , ]1`,\Z*h*WnZmy 4*Yma1W \-*D bVd/* ob\ S4,1abZ\H \- aV*4*W ]1`,\O Yd h1W\,1VdE /*YdE hb\ b\b dY`1bE 1aWS ]`\qO ,Sb Z1]\aWdj*ZS1E hb\E a\-W*aZ\ S+WSSE q,WqO 1baq -`1f\YD ˚aWS +m /*Y Z1 a\-`1jSWE \Z ZSO V\-/* Z1 dY1` +mD \bq /*Y ]`\3SW Z1 \/Z\

16

˝˚ ) " ) ˙ 5 6>55

ab\W1bS1E a\ /ZqE , V\b\`my \Z ]`\q,SW Z1]\aWdO j*ZS1 \-dE \Z ab*W ab*`1bn S , V\Zg1 V\Zg\, dY1` L mbS1 6B5:E 5;C 9B9MD /*Y ]1`1/*W ,a1Y a,\SY ]\b\YV*Y -`1fE * a ZSY S aY1`bn P Z*V*4*ZS1 4* -`1fD *V ]\ ,SZ1 /*Y* ,a1 Wp/S ab*WS dYS`*bnD \ob\Yd Ym Zd3/*1Yaq , ,mVdO ]1D L `\hSb*yb1 SYWqZ*Y 9B56C :B67DM

8D \h1Yd Sada dY1`H b\ Y\31b 4*]W*bSbn ,mVd]E hb\+m S4+*,Sbn Z*a \b aY1`bSH YS`*qE Wp/S `*a]W*hS,*pbaq WSjn 4* a,\S -`1fSD S \/SZ Z1a\,1`j1ZZmy h1W\,1V Z1 Y\31b 4*O ]W*bSbn 4* -`1fS /`d-\-\ h1W\,1V*D L `\hSb*yb1 a*O W\Y 8=B;P=DM \aV\WnVd Sada Z1 dZ*aW1/\,*W Z1a\,1`j1Zab,\ \b 41YZ\-\ \bg*E \Z dY1` Z1 4* a,\S -`1fSE * 4* -`1fS Wp/1yD 4 Wp+,S V Z*Y \- ]\aW*W a,\1-\ mZ* dY1`1bn 4* Z*aD Sada b\31 ]\V*4*W a,\p Wp+\,n V Z*YE ]`\q,S, ]\WZ\1 ]\aWdj*ZS1 bgd S \b/*, 3S4Zn 4* Z*jS -`1fSD L `\hSb*yb1 \*ZZ* 7B5:C SYWqZ*Y 9B5<E 5=DM

9D b\ Sada `Sab\a /1W*1b a1-\/ZqH Sada \b/*W 3S4ZnE hb\+m S4+*,Sbn Wp/1y \b -`1f* S aY1`bSD `\Y1 b\-\E \Z Sag1WqW +\WnZmf S ,\aV`1j*W Y1`b,mfD *V \Z ]\V*4*WE hb\ \Z a/1W*1b , +d/dk1Y /Wq ,a1-\ ]\aWdjZ\-\ h1O W\,1h1ab,* L dVS 5<B79P86C \*ZZ* 9B6<E 6=MD \aW1 b\-\ V*V Sada dY1`E \- ,\aV`1aSW 1-\ V*V /df\,Zdp WShZ\abn L5 1b`* 7B5<MD Ë›*b1Y Sada a1W ]\ ]`*,dp `dVd \b \-*E \3S/*qE V\-O /* Z /*ab 1Yd g*`aVdp ,W*abn Z*/ ,a1y 41YO W1y LËš,`1qY 5>B56E 57MD 1yh*a Sada ]`*,Sb

Z* Z1+1 V*V *`nE * 1-\ ]\aW1/\,*b1WS Z* 41YO W1 ]`\,\4-W*j*pb +W*-dp ,1abn ]\ ,a1Yd YS`dD L `\hSb*yb1 Ë™*ZSSW* ;B57E 58C *be1q 68B58DM aV\`1 Sada ,\a]\Wn4d1baq a,\1y g*`aV\y ,W*abnpE hb\+m ]\W\3Sbn V\Z1g ,a1Y ab`*/*O ZSqY S dZShb\3Sbn b1fE Vb\ Sf ]`ShSZq1bD SWO WS\Zm Wp/1yE V\b\`m1 ]`\q,Wqpb ,1`d , SadO a* S aWdj*pbaq 1-\E +d/db 3Sbn Z* `*yaV\y 41YO W1D L `\hSb*yb1 a*W\Y 7;B=P55DM

SWWS\Zm Wp/1yE V\b\`m1 ]`\q,Wqpb ,1`d , Sada* S aWdj*pbaq 1-\E +d/db 3Sbn Z* `*yaV\y 41YW1

\Wnj1 SZe\`Y*gSS Y\3Z\ Z*ybS , 8Oy -W*,1 ob\y VZS-SE S4/*ZZ\y ,S/1b1WqYS 1-\,mD

Ëš Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 )H

mW WS Sada `Sab\a V*4Z1Z Z*

V`1ab1H

Ë› Ë?Ëš Ëš Ë› Ëš Ë› wDE CRUCEx LXVII ,1VM

18

˙ • oZgSVW\]1/SS -\,\`SbaqE hb\ V`1ab P ob\ w\/SZ S4 -W*,Zmf f`SabS*ZaVSf aSY,\W\,xD h1Zn h*ab\ , `1WS-S\4Z\y 3S,\]SaS S , ]`\S4,1/1ZSqf SaVdaab,* SadO a* S4\+`*3*pb `*a]qbmY Z* V`1ab1D \h1Yd ob\b aSY,\W ]\O WdhSW b*V\1 jS`\V\1 `*a]`\ab`*Z1ZS1 , f`SabS*Zab,1H Y1` WS Sada Z* V`1ab1H Z\-S1 db,1`3/*pbE hb\ ob\Yd dhSb S+WSqD *]`SY1`E a\-W*aZ\ SZ\/*WnZ\Yd ]1`1,\/dE Wp/SE ,S/1,jS1E V*V dYSO `*W SadaE Z*aY1f*WSan Z*/ ZSY S -\,\`SWSB w \y/S a V`1O ab*x L *be1q 6;B8>E 86MD \ YZ\-Sf /`d-Sf ]1`1,\/*f ob\b \bO `m,\V ]1`1/*Z ]\/\+ZmY \+`*4\YD w \,`1Y1ZZ\Y ]1`1,\/1x \ SY\Z1 S4 S`1Zm aV*4*Z\E hb\ w1-\ 4*ab*,SWS Z1abS V`1abE ]`1/Z*4Z*h1ZZmy /Wq Sada*x L *`V* 59B65MD obSf abSf*f ‚ aW\,\Y wV`1abx ]1`1,\/Sbaq -`1h1aV\1 aW\,\ ab*d`\aD ˚abn WS \aZ\,*ZSq ]1`1,\/Sbn ob\ aW\,\ SY1ZZ\ b*VH *V\,\ 4Z*O h1ZS1 ob\-\ -`1h1aV\-\ aW\,*H

mW WS ob\ V`1abH

]1gS*WSab ]\ /`1,Z1-`1h1aV\Yd q4mVd D ˚D *yZ \bY1O h*1bB w b*d`\aDDD \+\4Z*h*1b , \aZ\,Z\Y t,1`bSV*WnZmy V\W SWS ab\W+rD * b*VSf ab\W+*f V*4ZSWS ]`1abd]ZSV\,E ]`S+SO ,*q Sf -,\4/qYSD *V adk1ab,Sb1WnZ\1E b*V S -W*-\W ab*dO ‚ `\\ Lt]`SV`1]Wqbn V ab\W+d SWS V\WdrM , Sf ]1`,\Z*h*WnZ\Y 4Z*h1ZSS Z1 ]\/`*4dY1,*pb g1`V\,Zmy aSY,\W , ,S/1 /,df ]1`1V`1k1ZZmf +*W\VxD

\/Z\Y +S+W1yaV\Y aW\,*`1 -\,\`SbaqE hb\ aW\,\ ab*d`\a w]\ adbS \4Z*h*W\ ab\W+E ,1`bSV*WnZmy j1ab SWS V\W S4O -\`\/SE Z* V\b\`my Y\3Z\ +mW\ hb\OZS+d/n ]\,1aSbn S V\b\O `my Y\3Z\ +mW\ Sa]\Wn4\,*bn ]`S \-`*3/1ZSS dh*abV* 41YO WSxD ˙*W11 , aW\,*`1 \bY1h*1baqB w˙*31 d `SYWqZ aW\,\ V`dVa L\b V\b\`\-\ ]`\S4\jW\ Z*j1 *Z-WSyaV\1 aW\,\ V`1abM ]1`,\Z*h*WnZ\ \4Z*h*W\ ,1`bSV*WnZmy ab\W+x LThe Imperial BibleODictionaryMD \ob\Yd Z1d/S,Sb1WnZ\E hb\ , w *O b\WSh1aV\y oZgSVW\]1/SSx -\,\`SbaqB w Wp+\Y aWdh*1 Y\3Z\ db,1`3/*bnE hb\ S4Z*h*WnZ\ V`1ab +mW ]`\ab\ ,1`O bSV*WnZmY ab\W+\YE 4*\ab`1ZZmY a,1`fdx LThe Catholic EncyclopediaMD ˙Wq \]Sa*ZSq \`d/Sq V*4ZS Sada* , S+WSS b*V31 ‚ Sa]\Wn4d1baq /`d-\1 -`1h1aV\1 aW\,\E VaSW\ZD \/Z\Y b`d/1 VaSW\Z \]`1/1Wq1baq V*V w]*WV*E /1`1,qZZmy ab\W+xD ˙*O W11 , ob\Y b`d/1 \bY1h*1baqE hb\E V*V S ab*d`\aE aW\,\ VaSW\Z w\+\4Z*h*W\ ]`\ab\ ,1`bSV*WnZmy V\W SWS ab\W+E V V\b\`\Yd `SYWqZ1 ]`S+S,*WS -,\4/qYS \ad3/1ZZmf Z* b\E hb\ Z*4m,*W\an `*a]qbS1Yx LA Critical Lexicon and Concordance to the English and Greek New TestamentMD

b\Sb 4*Y1bSbnE hb\ , a\-W*aSS a obSY , SZ\/*WnZ\Y ]1`1,\/1 , ˙1qZSqf 9B7> 4*]Sa*Z\B w \- \bg\, Z*jSf ,\aV`1O

Ë?Ëš ) " ) Ë™ 5 6>55

aSW Sada*E \b\`\-\ ,m dY1`b,SWSE ]\,1aS,jS Z* /`1,1 VaSW\Z xD \bq , /`d-Sf ]1`1,\/*f aW\,\ ab*d`\a b\31 ]1`1/*1baq V*V wV`1abxE aW\,\ VaSW\Z ]1`1,\/Sbaq , ZSf aW\O ,\Y w/1`1,\xD w YmaW\,\Y ]1`1,\/1x , ˙1qZSqf 57B6= \+ SO ada1 aV*4*Z\B w \-/* \ZS Sa]\WZSWS ,a1E hb\ +mW\ \ 1Y Z*]Sa*Z\E \ZS aZqWS ˚-\ a /1`1,* VaSW\Z S ]\W\3SWS , Y\O -SWnZdp ]1k1`dxD

a\\b,1bab,SS a \aZ\,ZmY 4Z*h1ZS1Y -`1h1aVSf aW\, ab*O d`\a S VaSW\ZE , b`d/1E d]\YqZdb\Y `*Z11E \bY1h*1baqB w +* obS aW\,* Z1 ]\//1`3S,*pb a\,`1Y1ZZ\1 ]`1/ab*,W1ZS1 \ V`1ab1E 4Z*V\Y\1 Z*Y ]\ V*`bSZ*Yx LA Critical Lexicon and Concordance to the English and Greek New TestamentMD Z*h1 -\O ,\`qE b\E hb\ 1,*Z-1WSabm Z*4m,*WS aW\,\Y ab*d`\aE Z1 SY11b ZSh1-\ \+k1-\ a V`1ab\YD \ob\Yd ,]\WZ1 dY1abZ\E hb\ , w ,qk1ZZ\Y Sa*ZSS P 1`1,\/1 Z\,\-\ YS`*x , *be1q 6;B8>P86 S /`d-Sf Y1ab*fE -/1 ,ab`1h*1baq aW\,\ ab*d`\aE Sa]\Wn4d1baq ,m`*31ZS1 wab\W+ Ydh1ZSyxD /`d-\Y ]1`1,\O /1 S+WSS Sa]\Wn4d1baq ]\f\311 ,m`*31ZS1E wab\W+ V*4ZSx LComplete Jewish BibleMD

`\Saf\3/1ZS1 V`1ab* \ 1aWS , S+WSS Z1 -\,\`SbaqE hb\ Sada +mW V*4Z1Z Z* V`1ab1E ]\h1Yd 31 b\-/* ,a1 g1`V,SE db,1`3/*pkS1E hb\ aW1O /dpb dh1ZSqY S+WSSE Z*]`SY1` *b\WSh1aV*qE `\b1O ab*ZbaV*q S `*,\aW*,Z*qE dV`*j*pb a,\S 4/*ZSq V`1ab*YS S Sa]\Wn4dpb V`1ab V*V aSY,\W ,1`mH *V V`1ab ab*W b*VSY `*a]`\ab`*Z1ZZmY aSY,\W\YH `SY1h*b1WnZ\E hb\ V`1ab ]\hSb*pb Z1 b\WnV\ Wp/SE V\b\O `m1 d,*3*pb S+WSpE Z*]`SY1` ]`Sf\3*Z1 g1`V,1yE Z\ S Wp/SE Z1 SY1pkS1 a ob\y VZS-\y ZSh1-\ \+k1-\ S ]`S/1`3SO ,*pkS1aq `1WS-S\4Zmf ,4-Wq/\, 4Z*hSb1WnZ\ +\W11 /`1,O ZSfE h1Y d wf`SabS*ZaVSfx g1`V,1yD Z\-\hSaW1ZZm1 a]`*O ,\hZSVS ]\ `1WS-SS ]\/b,1`3/*pbE hb\ Sa]\Wn4\,*ZS1 V`1O ab* , `*4WShZmf e\`Y*f ,\af\/Sb V `*ZZSY ]1`S\/*Y h1W\O ,1h1aV\y gS,SWS4*gSSD ]`SY1`dE , /`1,Z11-S]1baVSf b1Vab*f S S4\+`*31ZSqf +\-\, S +\-SZn h*ab\ Y\3Z\ d,S/1bn V`1ab , ,S/1 +dV,m a ]1bW1y Z*,1`fdD Z Z*4m,*Waq *Zf S ahSb*Waq aSY,\W\Y 3S4ZSD \ ,`1Y1Z1Y b*V\y V`1ab Z*j1W jS`\V\1 ]`SY1Z1ZS1 , \]baV\y S /`d-Sf g1`V,qfD

\-W*aZ\ w *b\WSh1aV\y oZgSVW\]1/SSxE w]`\ab1yj*q e\`Y* V`1ab*E Z*4m,*1Y*q b*V31 -*YYS`\,*ZZmY V`1ab\Y LV`dVa -*YY*b*ME S4,1abZ* ,\ab\V\,1/*Y S abd/1Zb*YE S4dO h*pkSY /\Sab\`Sh1aVdp *`f1\W\-SpE ]\/ a*ZaV`SbaVSY Z*O 4,*ZS1Y a,*abSV*xD 'b\b 4Z*V jS`\V\ Sa]\Wn4\,*WS SZ/dam , Z/SS S +d//Sabm ]\ ,a1y 4SSE S 1-\ /\ aSf ]\` Y\3Z\ d,S/1bn , dV`*j1ZSqf S \`Z*Y1Zb*f , b1f Y1ab*fD

\E hb\ \]Sam,*WS 1,*Z-1WSabmE Z1 SY11b ZSh1-\ \+k1-\ a V`1ab\Y

Ëš Ëš • Ëš %• Ë› Ë?Ëš Ëš Ëš E Ë? Ë› L\VD XIV ,1V* /\ ZD oDM

5 DeA Picture Library / Art Resource, NY

%• ˚ ˙

Ëš " )

Ë?Ëš ) " ) Ë™ 5 6>55

19

From the book The Cross in Tradition, History, and Art (1897)

\hZ\ Z1S4,1abZ\E V\-/* V`1ab ab*W wf`SabS*ZaVSYx aSY,\W\YD w \WV\,\Y aW\O ,*`1 aW\, \,\-\ Ë›*,1b*x *yZ* -\,\`SbaqB w a1`1/SZ1 III ,1V* ZD o g1`V,S WS+\ \babdO ]SWS \b Z1V\b\`mf dh1ZSy f`SabS*ZaV\y ,1O `mE WS+\ SaV*4SWS SfD 1`V,S \babd]ZSh1O aV\-\ f`SabS*Zab,*E hb\+m dV`1]Sbn a,\S ]\4SgSSE ]`SZSY*WS q4mhZSV\, , a,\p ,1`d +14 /df\,Z\-\ ]1`1`\3/1ZSq S ]\4,\WqWS SY a\f`*Zqbn q4mh1aVS1 4Z*VS S aSY,\Wmx LAn Expository Dictionary of New Testament WordsMD

`1/S obSf aSY,\W\, +mW S V`1abD 1V\b\`m1 dV*4m,*pb Z* 756 -\/ ZD oDE V\-/* SY]1`*b\` \Zab*ZbSZE ]\VW\Zq,jSyO aq +\-d a\WZg*E ,\ ,`1Yq \/Z\-\ S4 a,\Sf ,\O 1ZZmf ]\f\/\, qV\+m d,S/1W 4Z*Y1ZS1 V`1O ab* Z* a\WZg1 a Z*/]Sanp Z* W*bmZS SZ ‚ ‚ f\V aS-Z\ ,SZg1E hb\ \4Z*h*1b wa obSY 4Z*V\Y ]\+1/SjnxD \4/Z11 Z* 4Z*O Y1Z*f 1-\ *`YSSE * b*V31 Z* kSb*f S /\a]1f*f ,\SZ\, ]\qO ,SWaq wf`SabS*ZaVSyx 4Z*VE S4\O +`*31ZZmy aW1,*D \bqE V*V ahSO b*1baqE \Zab*ZbSZ ]`SZqW f`SO abS*Zab,\E \Z V`1abSWaq WSjn a]dabq 69 W1bE ]1`1/ aY1`bnpD 1V\O b\`mY 1-\ ]\+d3/1ZSq ]`1/ab*,Wqpbaq a\YZSb1WnZmYSD VZS-1 w `1ab , Z1f`SabSO *ZaVSf `1WS-Sqfx Z*]Sa*Z\B w Y1ab\ b\-\ hb\+m a*Y\Yd ]`SZqbn dh1ZSq Sada* S4 *O 4*`1b*E \Z ]mb*Waq a/1W*bn S4 f`SabS*Zab,* b\E hb\E ]\ 1-\ YZ1ZSpE \f\bZ11 ,a1-\ ]`SYdb 1-\ ]\//*ZZm1EP ,a1W1ZaVdp dZS,1`a*WnO Zdp `1WS-Spx LThe NonOChristian CrossMD

b1f ]\` , \+Sf\/ ,\jW\ YZ\-\ V`1ab\, a*Ymf `*4Zmf e\`YD *]`SY1`E , \/Z\Y +S+O W1yaV\Y aW\,*`1 -\,\`SbaqE hb\ V`1ab a,qO b\-\ Zb\ZSq w, e\`Y1 +\Wnj\y +dV,m E ]\ YZ1ZSp Z1V\b\`mfE ]`\S4\j1W \b aSY,\O W* ,*,SW\ZaV\-\ +\-* *YYd4*E +dV,m b*dxD *V31 S4,1ab1Z Z/`11,aVSy V`1ab , e\`O Y1 +dV,m S 4Z*V\Ymy YZ\-SY V`1ab S4 /,df +*W\V a \]dk1ZZ\y ]1`1VW*/SZ\yD \O aW1/ZSyE Z*4m,*1Ymy W*bSZaVSYE \jS+\hZ\ wahSb*1baq b1Y V`1ab\YE Z* V\b\`\Y dY1` Z*j \a]\/nx LThe Illustrated Bible DictionaryMD 20

Ë?Ëš ) " ) Ë™ 5 6>55

\ hb\ ,1`SWS ]1`,m1 f`SabS*Z1 4 S+WSS ,S/Z\E hb\ YZ\-S1E Vb\ , ]1`,\Y ,1V1 aWdj*W Sada*E ab*WS ,1`dpO kSYS S ]`\q,WqWS +W*-\/*`Z\abn 4* 1-\ SaO Vd]Sb1WnZdp 31`b,dD b\YE hb\ ]`\S4\jW\E ]\aW1 b\-\ V*V *]\ab\W *,1W ]`\]\,1/\,*W Sd/1qY , \`SZe1E /\V*4m,*qE hb\ Sada P ob\ `Sab\aE , S+WSS a\\+k*1baqB w *h*WnO ZSV aSZ*-\-S `Sa] S ,a1 1-\ /\Y*jZS1 ]\O ,1`SWS , \a]\/*D YZ\-S1 V\`SZeqZ1E V\O b\`m1 aWmj*WSE ]\,1`SWS S V`1abSWSanx L˙1qZSq 5<B9P<MD *,1W Z1 -\,\`SW \ Z1\+f\O /SY\abS ]\hSb*bn Z1VSy `1WS-S\4Zmy aSYO ,\W SWS S4\+`*31ZS1 , ]\VW\Z1ZSS \-dE Z\E Z*]`\bS,E ]`S4m,*W f`SabS*ZB w +1-*yb1 \b S/\W\]\VW\Zab,*x P S ]\\k`qW ab\`\ZSbnO aq Wp+mf b`*/SgSyE 4*SYab,\,*ZZmf S4 q4mh1ab,* L5 \`SZeqZ*Y 5>B58MD ab\`SVS S /`d-S1 dh1Zm1 Z1 Z*jWS ZSO V*VSf ]\/b,1`3/1ZSy b\YdE hb\ ]1`,m1 f`SO abS*Z1 ]\hSb*WS V`1abD ˛*aWd3S,*pb ,ZSO Y*ZSq aW\,* \/Z\-\ ]Sa*b1Wq ,b\`\y ]\W\,SO Zm XVII ,1V*E ]`S,1/1ZZm1 , VZS-1 w ab\`Sq V`1ab*xB w 1d31WS d-\/Z\ ]`\aW*,W1ZZ\Yd Sadad ,4S`*bn Z* ,\Sf dh1ZSV\,E ]`1,\4O Z\aqkSf \+`*4 \`d/Sq V*4ZSE Z* V\b\`\Y Z V*V ahSb*1baq b1`]1WS,\ S +14,SZZ\ ab`*O /*WE ]`14`1, ]\4\`Hx LHistory of the CrossMD *V +m \b,1bSWS ,mH b\+m ]\VW\Zqbnaq \-d d-\/ZmY 1Yd \+O `*4\YE Z1 b`1+dpbaq ]`1/Y1bm SWS S4\+`*O 31ZSqD w *V\1 a\-W*aS1 Y\31b +mbn Y13/d \3nSY f`*Y\Y S S/\W*YSHx P a]`\aSW *O ,1W L6 \`SZeqZ*Y :B58P5:MD S-/1 , ,qO k1ZZ\Y Sa*ZSS Z1b S Z*Y1V* Z* b\E hb\ f`SabS*Z1 /\W3Zm Sa]\Wn4\,*bn , ]\VW\Z1O ZSS \-d ]\/\+S1 \`d/Sq d+Syab,* `Sab*D L `*,ZSb1 *be1q 59B7C *`V* ;B57DM b\ 31 b\-/* aWd3Sb \bWShSb1WnZmY 4Z*O V\Y SabSZZmf f`SabS*ZH 1 V`1ab SWS V*O V\yOb\ /`d-\y aSY,\WE * Wp+\,nD Sada aV*O 4*W a,\SY dh1ZSV*YB w) /*p ,*Y Z\,dp 4*]\O ,1/nB Wp+Sb1 /`d- /`d-*D *V q Wp+Wp ,*aE b*V S ,m Wp+Sb1 /`d- /`d-*D a1 d4Z*pbE hb\ ,m Y\S dh1ZSVSE 1aWS Y13/d ,*YS +d/1b WpO +\,nx L \*ZZ* 57B78E 79MD

˚ ˚ ˚ ( )

\4/*W WS \- ˙nq,\W*H ˇ *V V*V , S+WSS -\,\`SbaqE hb\ \- wa\b,\O `SW ,a1xE Z1V\b\`m1 ]\W*-*pbE hb\ \ZE /\W3Z\ +mbnE a\4/*W S ˙nq,\W* L bV`\,1ZS1 8B55C 'e1aqZ*Y 7B=MD /Z*V\ S+WSq qaZ\ ]\V*4mO ,*1bE hb\ ob\ Z1 b*VD 1-\,* a\4/*W b\-\E Vb\ ab*W ˙nq,\W\YD ˙*,*yb1 ]\aY\b`SYE V*V adk1ab,\,*ZS1 -W*,Z\-\ ]`\bS,ZSV* \-* a\-W*ad1baq a b1YE hb\ -\,\`Sb ,qk1ZZ\1 Sa*ZS1 \+ 1-\,1 V*V \ \4/*b1W1D S+WSS \ Z1Y aV*4*Z\B w˚-\ /1W* a\,1`j1ZZmE S ,a1 1-\ ]dbS a]`*O ,1/WS,mD Z P \- ,1`Z\abSE d V\b\`\-\ Z1b Z1a]`*,1/WS,\abSE \Z ]`*,1/1Z S h1O ab1Zx L b\`\4*V\ZS1 76B7P9MD af\/q S4 ob\O -\E Y\3Z\ 4*VWphSbnE hb\ ,Z*h*W1 *b*Z* +mW ]`*,1/ZmY S a\,1`j1ZZmYE \/ZSY S4 \3nSf *Z-1W\,D \*ZZ* <B88 4*]Sa*Zm aW\,* SO ada* \ b\YE hb\ ˙nq,\W wZ1 dab\qW , SabSZ1xE * 4Z*hSbE V\-/*Ob\ *b*Z* +mW h1abZmY S +14dO ]`1hZmYD /Z*V\E V*V S \ab*WnZm1 `*4dYZm1 a\O 4/*ZSq 1-\,mE *Z-1WE ]\4/Z11 ab*,jSy *b*O Z\yE \+W*/*W a,\+\/\y ,m+S`*bn Y13/d /\O +`\Y S 4W\YD 4+`*, ]dbn Z1]\,SZ\,1ZSq \O -d S aVW\ZS, V ob\Yd ]1`,dp h1W\,1h1aVdp ]*`dE \Z ab*W *b*Z\yE hb\ \4Z*h*1b w `\bS,O ZSVx L mbS1 7B5P9MD 'b\ 4W\1 /df\,Z\1 a\4/*ZS1 b*V31 ab*W\ ˙nq,\W\YE hb\ \4Z*h*1b w W1,1bZSVxD Y1ZZ\ *b*Z*E Z1,S/SY\1 /Wq Wp/1y adk1ab,\E W\,O V\ ,\a]\Wn4\,*Waq 4Y11Y S ]`S+1- V\ W3SE hb\+m ]\/b\WVZdbn ˚,d V Z*`dj1ZSp qaZ\ S4O W\31ZZ\-\ 4*V\Z* ,\`g*D \b ]\h1Yd Sada Z*4,*W ˙nq,\W* w\bg\Y W3Sx L \*ZZ* <B88MD \ V*V d a\,1`j1ZZ\-\ /df\,Z\-\ a\4/*ZSq Y\-WS ]\q,Sbnaq ]\`\hZm1 Z*VW\ZZ\abSE 1aWS \Z\ Z1 SY1W\ Z1/\ab*bV\, S Z1 ]\/,1`-*W\an ]W\f\Yd ,WSqZSpH h1,S/Z\E *b*Z* ,\431O W*W ]\VW\Z1ZSqE V\b\`\1 ]`SZ*/W13Sb SaVWpO hSb1WnZ\ \-dE S d,S/1W ,\4Y\3Z\abn \b,1abS

Wp/1y \b 1-\ S ]\/hSZSbn Sf a,\1y ,W*abSD Y1ab\ b\-\ hb\+m \b+`\aSbn YmaWS \ ]`*,O W1ZSSE \Z ab*W `*4,S,*bn Sf S Z*ab\WnV\ d,O W1Vaq a,\1y S/11yE hb\ , V\Zg1 V\Zg\, \Z* ]\+d/SW* 1-\ V /1yab,SpD \b V*V ob\b ]`\O g1aa \]Sam,*1baq , ]SanY1 *V\,*B w *3/my Sa]mbm,*1baqE d,W1V*qan S a\+W*4Zqqan a\+O ab,1ZZmY 31W*ZS1YD ˛*b1Y 31W*ZS1E 4*h*,E `\3/*1b -`1fE * a\,1`j1ZZmy -`1f `\3/*1b aY1`bnx L *V\,* 5B58E 59C 5 SY\e1p 7B:MD `1/ab*,nb1 a1+1 +df-*Wb1`*E V\b\`my d,SO /1W ,\4Y\3Z\abn ]\//1W*bn /\VdY1ZbmE hb\O

4+`*, ]dbn Z1]\,SZ\,1ZSq \-dE a\,1`j1ZZmy *Z-1W ab*W *b*Z\y

+m ]`Sa,\Sbn h*abn /1Z1- V\Y]*ZSSD Z Y\O 31b a`*4d \b\-Z*bn obd YmaWnD \ 1aWS \Z \+O /dYm,*1b b*Vdp ,\4Y\3Z\abnE b\ YmaWn ]1`1`*ab1b , 31W*ZS1E S b\-/* ,]\WZ1 ,1`\qbO Z\E hb\ \Z ,\]W\bSb 11 , 3S4ZnD \abd]S, b*VE \Z ab*Z1b ,\`\YD 1aWS \ZE 31W*q aV`mbn ]`1abd]W1ZS1E ]`S+1-Z1b V\ W3SE b\ ab*Z1b 1k1 S W31g\YD \/\+ZmY \+`*4\YE `*4,S, Z1]`*,SWnZm1 31W*ZSq S ,\]W\bS, Sf , 3S4ZnE *Z-1WE V\b\`\-\ a\4/*W \-E ,\a]\Wn4\,*Waq a,\+\/\y ,\WSE hb\+m \+Y*Zdbn Wp/1y S ,\aO ab*bn ]`\bS, a,\1-\ bg*D *V \Z ab*W *b*O Z\y ˙nq,\W\YD ah*abnpE , dab*Z\,W1ZZ\1 \-\Y ,`1Yq *b*Z* ˙nq,\W +d/1b dZShb\31Z L SYWqZ*Y 5:B6>MD a1yh*a aWd3Sb1WS 1-\,m \-* 4Z*pb \+ dYmaW*f *b*Zm S 4*kSk1Zm \b 1-\ ]`\SaV\, L6 \`SZeqZ*Y 6B55C 'e1aqZ*Y :B55MD b*VE w]`\bS,\ab*Znb1 ˙nq,\WdE S \Z d+13Sb \b ,*ax L *V\,* 8B;MD ˝˚ ) " ) ˙ 5 6>55

21

˝ • ˚ &

w m 4*b\aVd1jn ]\ /1Wd a,\Sf `dVx +\WnZ\ ,S/1bn ab`*/*ZSq S aY1`bn Wp+SO Y\-\ h1W\,1V*I b*V\y db`*b1 Z1,\4Y\3O Z\ Z1 aV\`+1bnD a1 31 db1jSb1WnZ\ 4Z*bnE hb\ Z*j \4/*b1WnE 1-\,* \-E ]\ZSY*1b Z*jd +\WnD `\Y1 b\-\E \Z -\`qh\ 31W*1b ,\a]\Wn4\O ,*bnaq a,\1y +14-`*ZShZ\y aSW\y S ,1`Zdbn dY1`jSf V 3S4ZSD b\+m d+1/Sbnaq , ob\YE /*O ,*yb1 `*aaY\b`SY Sa]\WZ1ZZm1 Z*/13/m aW\O ,* \,*E 4*]Sa*ZZm1 , VZS-1 \, 58B57P59D \,E h1W\,1V ,m/*pk1yaq ,1`mE ]`1b1`]1O ,*1b ad`\,m1 Sa]mb*ZSqB \Z b1`q1b a,\1 SYdO k1ab,\E ,a1 1-\ Wp+SYm1 /1bS ]\-S+*pbE * 1-\ a*Y\-\ ]\`*3*1b YdhSb1WnZ*q +\W14ZnD \bO h*qZSS \Z ,4m,*1b V \-dB w E 1aWS +m bm a]`qb*W Y1Zq , j1\W1 \+k1y Y\-SW1 h1W\,1O h1ab,* Ix LabSf 57MD \, ahSb*1bE hb\ j1\W ]`SO Z1a1b 1Yd 31W*ZZ\1 S4+*,W1ZS1 \b ab`*/*ZSyD *YE a]`qb*ZZmy \-\YE aW\,Z\ a\V`\,Sk1E \Z \a,\+\/Sbaq \b Z1ah*abSy S +\WS1D b*Z1b WS j1\W /Wq \,* Y1ab\Y ,1hZ\-\ ]\V\qH \, b*V Z1 ahSb*1bD ˙*Wnj1 \Z -\,\`Sb , Y\WSb,1B w E 1aWS +m bmDDD Z*4Z*hSW +m YZ1 a`\V S ,a]\YZSW \+\ YZ1Ix \, ]Sb*1b b,1`/dp Z*/13/dE hb\ Z1 \ab*Z1baq , j1\W1 Z*,a1-/*D Z d,1`1ZB 1-\,* Z1 4*+d/1b 1-\D \,E aW\,O Z\ `*+E ,mZd3/1Z \3S/*bn , j1\W1D *V /\WO -\H w \V* Z1 ]`S/1b Y\1 \a,\+\3/1ZS1xEP -\O ,\`Sb \Z LabSf 58MD 'b\ \4Z*h*1b \a,\+\3/1ZS1

1 \/Z\Y a]`*,\hZ\Y b`d/1 -\,\`SbaqE hb\ aW\,* \O ,* w\E 1aWS +m bm a]`qb*W Y1Zqx ]1`1/*pb aW1/dpkdp YmaWnB w +1`1-S Y1Zq , a\f`*ZZ\abSE V*V /`*-\g1ZO Z\abnxD , /`d-\Y b`d/1 aV*4*Z\E hb\ obS aW\,* ]\/`*O 4dY1,*pb ]`\an+dB w ]`qhn Y1ZqE V*V a\V`\,Sk1xD

S4 j1\W*E SWSE /`d-SYS aW\,*YSE ,\aV`1a1ZS1 S4 Y1`b,mfD \h1Yd \, d,1`1ZE hb\ 1-\ \a,\+\3/1O ZS1 ]`S/1bH \b\Yd hb\ \Z 4Z*1bE V*VS1 hd,O ab,* Z*j \4/*b1Wn Sa]mbm,*1b V a,\SY ,1`O ZmY aWd3Sb1WqYE daZd,jSY aY1`bZmY aZ\YD \, -\,\`SbB w m ]\4\,1jnE S q \b,1hd b1+1D m 4*b\aVd1jn ]\ /1Wd a,\Sf `dVx LabSf 59MD \, ]`S4Z*1bE hb\ \Z b,\`1ZS1 \3nSf `dVD ˝S4Z1O /*b1WnE \+`*4\,*,jSy \,* , db`\+1 Y*b1`SE Z1a\YZ1ZZ\E aY\31b ,1`Zdbn 1-\ V 3S4ZS L \, 5>B<E =C 75B59MD 4 aW\, \,* ,S/Z\E Z*aV\WnV\ Z13Zmy S a\O hd,ab,dpkSy \- 1-\,*B \Z Sa]mbm,*1b -WdO +\Vdp ]`S,q4*ZZ\abn V b1YE Vb\E ]\/\+Z\ \,dE ,,1`q1b a1+q , ˚-\ `dVS S ]\4,\Wq1b e\`YS`\O ,*bn a1+qE hb\+m ab*bn /`*-\g1ZZmY , 1-\ -W*O 4*f L a*Sq :8B<MD 1-\,* /\`\3Sb a,\SYS ,1`O ZmYS aWd3Sb1WqYSD Z b\aVd1b ]\ ]`1/*ZZmY 1Yd Wp/qYE V\b\`mf +\Wnj1 Z1b , 3S,mfD *V 4*Y1bSW \/SZ +S+W1SabE 1,`1yaV\1 aW\,\E ]1`1O ,1/1ZZ\1 V*V w4*b\aVd1jnxEP ob\E w+1aa]\`Z\E \/Z\ S4 a*Ymf aSWnZmf aW\,E ,m`*3*pkSf -\O `qh11 31W*ZS1xD ˙*E 1-\,* Z1 ]`\ab\ ]\YZSb a,\Sf aWd3Sb1W1yE \Z -\`qh\ 31W*1b ,1`Zdbn Sf V 3S4ZSD *V 31 4*Y1h*b1WnZ\E hb\ , VZS-1 \,E \/O Z\y S4 ]1`,mf Z*]Sa*ZZmf VZS- S+WSSE 1O -\,* ]\ahSb*W Z1\+f\/SYmY \bV`mbn a,\1 Z*O Y1`1ZS1 ,\aV`1aSbn dY1`jSfI1 Z f\h1bE hb\+m ,m ,Z\,n +mWS ,Y1ab1 a\ a,\SYS +WS4VSYSD 'b* YmaWn ]\Y\-*1b ]1`1Z\aSbn +\Wn db`*bmD \h1O Yd +m Z1 d4Z*bn +\Wnj1 \ b*V\Y Wp+qk1Y \-1 S \ b\YE hb\ Zd3Z\ /1W*bnE hb\+m \V*4*bnaq /\O ab\yZmY d,S/1bn Sa]\WZ1ZS1 1-\ 4*YmaW*H 1 \Wnj1 SZe\`Y*gSS \ +S+W1yaV\Y \+1k*ZSS ,1`O Zdbn dY1`jSf V 3S4ZS , ]`*,1/Z\Y Z\,\Y YS`1 ,m Y\O 31b1 Z*ybS , ;Oy -W*,1 VZS-S w 1Yd Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 dhSb S+WSqHxD 4/*Z* ,S/1b1WqYS 1-\,mD

˚ ˚ ˙ ˚ ˚ ˚ ˚ ˚B ˛ 'aeS`n 5P \, 59

˛ ˚ ˚ %H

b\ wS4 /\Y* g14*`qx ]\aW*W f`SabS*ZaVSy ]`S,1b eSWS]]Syg*Y h1`14 *,W*H

ˇ `SY1`Z\ , :>P:5 -\/d ZD oD *]\O ab\W *,1WE Z*f\/qan , SY1E Z*O ]Sa*W ]SanY\ a\+`*ZSp , SWS]O ]*fE S g14*`nE V\b\`\-\ \Z d]\YSZ*WE +mW SY]1`*b\` 1`\ZD \ Vb\ S4 /\O Y* 1`\Z* Y\- aW*bn ]`S,1b eSWS]O ]SyaVSY f`SabS*Z*YH L SWS]]SyO g*Y 8B66MD mW\ +m \jS+V\y ]\W*-*bnE hb\ ]\/ w/\Y\Y g14*`qx ]\/`*4dY1,*O WSan +WS4VS1 `\/ab,1ZZSVS SY]1`*O b\`*D 'b\ ,m`*31ZS1 \bZ\aSW\an V\ ,a1Y Wp/qYE a\ab\qkSY d SY]1`*O b\`* Z* aWd3+1E V*V V `*+*YE b*V S V ,\WnZ\\b]dk1ZZSV*YE V*V , SY1E b*V S , ]`\,SZgSqfD *VSY \+`*4\YE w/\Y g14*`qx Y\- ,VWph*bn , a1+q bmaqhS Wp/1yD ZS Y\-WS d]`*,Wqbn

/1W*YS SY]1`*b\`* SWS +mbn aWd-*O YS , 1-\ ,W*/1ZSqf SWS /,\`g*fD 1V\b\`m1 /*31 ,m]\WZqWS \]`1O /1W1ZZm1 \+q4*ZZ\abS , ]`*,Sb1WnO ab,1D h1,S/Z\E Vb\Ob\ S4 aWd- SY]1`*O b\`* , SY1 ab*W f`SabS*ZSZ\YD `\]\,1/\,*W WS SY *,1WE /\]\/O WSZZ\ Z1S4,1abZ\D Wp+\Y aWdh*1E Sf SZb1`1a V a\+`*ZSp , SWS]]*fE ]\O,S/SY\YdE +mW Z1 aWdh*1ZD *V V*V -\`\/ SWS]]m +mW `SYaV\y V\O W\ZS1yE , V\b\`\y ]`\3S,*W\ YZ\-\ \bab*,Zmf ,\SZ\, S -\ad/*`ab,1ZO Zmf aWd3*kSfE b\ ,]\WZ1 ,\4Y\3Z\E hb\ Z1V\b\`m1 f`SabS*Z1 , b\Y -\O `\/1 +mWS /`d4nqYS b1fE \b V\-\ *O ,1W ]1`1/*,*W ]`S,1bD

b\ b*V\1 W1,S`*bZmy +`*VE d]\YSZ*1Ymy , \Sa11,\Y 4*V\Z1H ˇ \-/* , /`1,Z1Y 4`*SW1 Yd3O a*//dV11,E 4*]Sa*ZZmf , *`V* hSZ* dYS`*WE Z1 \ab*,Wqq ]\aW1 a1+q 56B6>P66D d/1yaVSy Sab\`SV ]1`O amZ*E \b 1-\ +`*b* \3S/*W\anE hb\ \Z ,\-\ ,1V* \aSe W*,Sy -\,\`SWE 31ZSbaq Z* ,/\,1E hb\+m `\/S,jSyO hb\ W1,S`*bZmy +`*V ]\4,\WqW Z1 aq d ZSf amZ ]`\/\W3SW `\/\,dp WSO b\WnV\ ]`\/\W3Sbn `\/\,dp WSZSpE ZSp ]\V\yZ\-\ L mbS1 7<B<MD 'b\ Z\ S a\f`*ZSbn SYdk1ab,\ , a1Yn1 S dab*Z\,W1ZS1E ab*,j11 ]\4/Z11 h*O \+W1-hSbn dh*abn ,/\,mD b1 ,`1O abnp \Sa11,* 4*V\Z*E +mW\ S4,1abO Y1Z* 31Z* Z1 SY1W* ]`*,* Z*aW1O Z\ V*V W1,S`*bZmy +`*V L b\`\4*V\O /\,*ZSqD /Z*V\ `1+1Z\VE `\3/1ZO ZS1 69B9E :MD 4 /1yab,Sy \\4*E \]SO Zmy \b W1,S`*bZ\-\ +`*V*E Z*aW1/\O a*ZZmf , VZS-1 denE ,S/Z\E hb\ /*ZO ,*W ,W*/1ZS1 ]\V\yZ\-\D Z*q \+q4*ZZ\abn `*a]`\ab`*ZqW*an S ˛*V\Z /\]daV*WE hb\ `\/ab,1ZZSV Z* /`d-Sf `\/ab,1ZZSV\, ]\V\yZ\-\E dY1`j1-\ Y\- \bV*4*bnaq \b ,abd]O 1aWS d b\-\ Z1 +mW\ +`*bn1, L den W1ZSq , W1,S`*bZmy +`*VD \ \bV*4 5B7E 8C 6B5=E 6>C 8B5P:MD w]`\/\W3Sbn `\/ a,\1-\ +`*b*x \E hb\ ob\b \+mh*y adk1ab,\,*W ahSb*Waq ]\4\`\Y L b\`\4*V\ZS1 S , /ZS Sada*E ,S/Z\ S4 aW\, 69B;P5>C den 8B;E <MD ˝˚ ) " ) ˙ 5 6>55

23

& ˛

˚

w 1d31WS 1-\,* Wp+Sb Z*aE SZ/1yg1,Hx ˚ ˚ E Yd3hSZ* S4 ]W1Y1ZS \/*YE ,`1Yq \b ,`1Y1ZS , ]\SaV*f `*+\bm a]dO aV*Waq a -\`E -/1 3SWD Z +m,*W Z* ,ab`1O h*f ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m S +`*W a a\+\y +S+O W1yaVdp WSb1`*bd`d /Wq Wp/1y a,\1-\ Z*O `\/*D 1W1aS\ ]`\aSWE hb\+m Vb\OZS+d/n ]\O a1bSW Sf S `*aaV*4*W SY +\Wnj1 \ S+WSSD W1Yq \/*Y P ob\ S4\WS`\,*ZZ*q obO ZSh1aV*q -`d]]*E V\b\`*q 3S,1b ,ma\V\ , -\O `*f ˛*]*/Z\y n1``*O */`1 , 1Zb`*WnZ\y 1VaSV1E ]`SY1`Z\ , 68> VSW\Y1b`*f \b +WSO 3*yj1-\ a\+`*ZSq ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,mD m `1jSWS bd/* ]\1f*bnD \-`d4S, , ]SV*] ]*W*bVSE a]*WnZm1 Y1jO VSE * b*V31 b`1f/Z1,Zmy 4*]*a 1/m S +1Z4SO Z*E , h1bm`1 h*a* db`* Ym \b]`*,SWSan , ]dbn S4 -\`\/* ˙d`*Z-\D m 1f*WS ,\a1Yn h*O a\, ]\ ]mWnZ\y -\`Z\y /\`\-1E ]\V* \Z* Z1 4*V\ZhSW*anD *Y Z*hSZ*W*an 41YWq ]W1Y1ZS \/*YD 1`1/ Z*YS W13*W\ -Wd+\V\1 dk1Wn1E 4* V\b\`mY ,\4,mj*W*an -\`*D ‹ m \ab*,SWS Z*j ]SV*] , `*ZhSb\E Y*O W1ZnV\y /1`1,djV1E S 4*b1Y b`S h*a* a]daV*O WSan a Z*jSY aZ*`q31ZS1Y Z* /Z\ dk1WnqD *Y Ym `*4+SWS W*-1`n S a\+`*WS /\ab*b\hO Z\ /`\, /Wq +\Wnj\-\ V\ab`*E hb\+m \b]d-SO ,*bn /SVSf 4,1`1yD ap Z\hn Ym ]\//1`3S,*O WS \-\ZnE aY1Zqq /`d- /`d-* V*3/m1 b`S h*a*D *Z\ db`\Y Ym Z*h*WS ]\/ZSY*bnaq Z* -\`dD ,1`f ,1W\ YZ\-\ b`\]E S Ym Z1aV\WnV\

24

˝˚ ) " ) ˙ 5 6>55

`*4 a+S,*WSan a Y*`j`dO b*D /SZ S4 Z*a Z1YZ\-\ -\,\`SW Z* q4mV1 \/*YE ]\ob\Yd Ym /1WSWSan +W*-\y ,1abnp a f\4q1,*O YS /\Y\,E ]\]*/*,jSfO aq Z*Y Z* ]dbSD Z*O j1Yd d/S,W1ZSpE Z*Y -\,\`SWSE hb\ , ]\a1O W1ZSS \aO `1Z*W1aE Vd/* Ym Z*]`*,WqWSanE 1abn Wp/SE V\b\`m1 Z*4m,*pb a1+q ,S/1b1O WqYS 1-\,m S /*31 ]`\,\/qb +S+W1yaVS1 ,ab`1hSD 'b* Z\,\abn +mW* Z1\3S/*ZZ\yE Z\ ]`SqbZ\yD

b1`1, Z\-S /\ ,\W/m`1yE Ym ]`SjWS , \aO `1Z*W1aD ob\Y ]\a1W1ZSS b\ bdbE b\ b*Y ab\qb -WSZ\+SbZm1 /\Y* a b\W1,mYS V`mO j*YSD 1b ZS jV\WmE ZS oW1Vb`Sh1ab,*D bO `14*ZZm1 \b ,Z1jZ1-\ YS`*E Wp/S 3S,db ,

1W1aS\ a 31Z\yE h1bm`nYq /\h1`qYS S b1k1y

4dh1ZS1 S+WSS S f`SabS*ZaV*q ,ab`1h* , \aO `1Z*W1a1

\aZ\,*ZSS S+WSSE Ym a `*/\abnp 4*,1`SWS obSf aYS`1ZZmf Wp/1yE hb\ 1-\,* 4*+\bSbaq \ V`\bVSfE Z* V*V\Y +m q4mV1 \ZS ZS -\,\`SO WS S V*V +m /*W1V\ \ZS ZS 3SWSD ZS \h1Zn ]`\aSWS Z*a ]`SaW*bn V\-\OZS+d/n 1k1E hb\O +m SY `*aaV*4*WS +\Wnj1D \aW1 ,ab`1hS Ym d-\abSWS Z*jSf Z\,mf /`d41y b1YE hb\ ]`S,14WS a a\+\yD *abd]SW* Z\hn P * , -\`*f Z\hS f\W\/Zm1E ]\ob\Yd Ym \h1Zn \+`*/\,*WSanE V\-/* Z*Y ]`1/W\3SO WS ]1`1Z\h1,*bn , Z1/\ab`\1ZZ\Y /\Y1D bO `\Y Z*a ]`\,1WS ]\ V\`\bV\Yd ]dbS V Z*j1y Y*jSZ1E S Ym \b]`*,SWSan /\Y\y , ˙d`*Z-\E dab*Wm1E Z\ /\,\WnZm1D *V 31 Ym +mWS `*/mE hb\ ]\4Z*V\YSO WSan a obSYS SaV`1ZZSYS Wp/nYSI \bq d ZSf Z1b +S+W1yaV\y WSb1`*bd`m Z* `\/Z\Y q4mV1E \ZS f\bqb d4Z*bn +\Wnj1 \+ SabSZZ\Y \-1 S ]\VW\Zqbnaq 1YdD \4/Z11 V ZSY Z* b`S Z1O /1WS ]`S1f*W\ j1abn ,S/1b1W1yD ZS ]`\O ,\/SWS +S+W1yaVS1 S4dh1ZSq a 89 3Sb1WqO YSD a1 b1 Wp/S -\`qh\ 31W*pb aWd3Sbn 1O -\,1 S `1-dWq`Z\ ]\a1k*pb f`SabS*ZaVS1 ,ab`1hSD ˙*E hdbn Z1 4*+mWSD 1/SZab,1ZO Z\Y Y*W1ZnV\Y Y*-*4SZ1 , \aO `1O Z*W1a1 +\Wnj1 Z1 ]`\/*pbaq aS-*`1O bmD f ]`\ab\ Z1V\Yd ]`\/*,*bnE ]\O b\Yd hb\ YZ\-S1 S4dh*pb S+WSp S +`\aSWS Vd`SbnD b\Yd 31 \ZS 4*`1O -Sab`S`\,*WS a,\S +`*VSD ˝˚ ) " ) ˙ 5 6>55

25

Servicio Postal Mexicano, Correos de Mexico

V`*yZ1y ZSk1b1 S ]Sb*pbaq , \aZ\,Z\Y VdVdO `d4ZmYS b\`bSWnqYSD m Z*jWS 1W1aS\E fd/\k*,\-\ Y\W\/\-\ h1W\,1V*D Z \h1Zn \+O `*/\,*WaqE d,S/1, Z*aD Z ]`S-W*aSW Z*a , a,\1 aV`\YZ\1 3SWSk1 S `*aO aV*4*WE hb\ V*3/my /1Zn Y\O WSWaq \ b\YE hb\+m 1-\,* ]\O aW*W V Z1Yd a,\Sf ,S/1b1W1yD 1W1aS\ f\b1WE hb\+m \ZS ]\O /1WSWSan 4Z*ZSqYS S4 S+WSS a 1-\ a1Yn1y S a Wp/nYS 1-\ Z*`\/*D Z ]\ZSY*WE hb\ Z1 Y\31b \b,1bSbn Z* ,a1 Sf ,\O ]`\amD

`1/S Wp/1y ]W1Y1ZS \/*Y `*a]`\ab`*Z1Z\ j*Y*Zab,\D ZS Z\aqb *YdW1bmE Z*]`SY1` \`WSO Zm1 ]1`nq S V\abSE ]\VW\Zqpbaq aSW*Y ]`S`\/m S 3S,db , ab`*f1 ]1`1/ j*Y*O Z*YSE V\b\`m1 obSY ]\Wn4dpbaqD *V `*aaV*O 4*W Z*Y 1W1aS\E \Z d4Z*WE hb\ 1-\,* P SaO bSZZmy \-E S ]\ob\Yd dZShb\3SW ,a1 ]`1/O Y1bmE a,q4*ZZm1 a S/\W\]\VW\Zab,\YD aq \+kSZ* \3S/*W*E hb\ +\-S ]\V*`*pb 1-\ aY1`O bnpD /Z*V\ ZSh1-\ Z1 aWdhSW\anE S Wp/S ]\O ZqWSE hb\ 1-\,* aSWnZ11 Sf +\-\,D \-/* \ZS ab*WS ]`Sf\/Sbn Z* S4dh1ZSq S+WSSE V\b\O `m1 1W1aS\ ]`\,\/SW a\ a,\1y a1Yn1y ]\ +S+O W1yaVSY ]d+WSV*gSqYD w) aV*4*W SYE hb\ aZ*h*W* \ZS /\W3Zm a31hn *YdW1bm S S/\W\,xEP ]\/1WSWaq 1O W1aS\D Z\-S1 ]1`1+\`\WS a,\S ad1,1`Zm1 ab`*fSE S Z* ,ab`1hSE V\b\`m1 \Z ]`\,\/SWE ab*W\ ]`Sf\/Sbn +\W11 <> h1W\,1VD ]1h*bO W1ZZm1 daWmj*ZZmYE Ym `1jSWS ]`\,1abS a\+`*ZS1 , b\b 31 /1ZnD m ]\aW*WS -\Zg\, Z* W\j*/qf a\\+kSbn \+ ob\Y b1YE Vb\ `1-dO Wq`Z\ ]\a1k*W ,ab`1hS d 1W1aS\ /\Y*D 1O aY\b`q Z* b\ hb\ +mW* a1`1/SZ* Z1/1WS S ,`1O Y1ZS Z* a+\`m ]\hbS Z1 \ab*,*W\anE Z* ,ab`1O hd a\+`*W\an 69 h1W\,1VB Vb\Ob\ ]`Sj1W ]1jO V\YE * Vb\Ob\ ]`S1f*W ,1`f\Y Z* \aW1D m \b,1h*WS Z* ,\]`\am Y1abZmf 3SO b1W1y a ]\Y\knp S+WSSE * 1W1aS\ ]1`1,\O /SWD ZS a]`*jS,*WSB w 1d31WS 1-\,* Wp+Sb Z*aE SZ/1yg1,H WmjSb WS \Z Y\WSbO ,m Z* q4mV1 \/*YH V\-/* ]`S/1b `Y*-1/O /\ZE ,a]\YZSb WS Z*a 1-\,*E ,1/n Ym 3S,1Y b*V /*W1V\ \b +\WnjSf -\`\/\,Hx b,1h*q Z*

%˚ ˚ %

˙ ˝˙ ˚ W1b\ +\Wnj\y ]\b\V `\aaSqZ dab`1YWq1baq S4 -\`\/aVSf YZ\-\ob*31V Z* /*hSE ]\+WS31 V ]`S`\/1D ˙Wq ZSf ob\ ]`1V`*aZ*q ,\4Y\3Z\abn \b/\fZdbn \b ad1O bm +\Wnj\-\ -\`\/*D \aW1/ZS1 -\/m , W1bO ZS1 Y1aqgm YZ\31ab,\ ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m , \aaSS b\31 ,m143*pb 4* -\`\/E Z\ \ZS 1/db bd/* Z1 /Wq b\-\E hb\+m Wp+\,*bnaq ]`S`\O /\yD 1aY\b`q Z* \-`*ZSh1ZSqE Z*W\31ZZm1 Z* ]`\]\,1/ZSh1aVdp /1qb1WnZ\abn , Z1V\O b\`mf -\`\/*f \aaSSE ,S/1b1WS 1-\,m ]`\/\W3*pb \bV`mb\ ]`\,\/Sbn ,ab`1hSE ]\Wn4dqan a,\SY V\ZabSbdgS\ZZmY ]`*,\Y Z* a,\+\/d ,1`\Sa]\,1/*ZSqD /Z*V\ SZ\-O 26

˝˚ ) " ) ˙ 5 6>55

/* S4O4* ]`\bS,\/1yab,Sq a\ ab\`\Zm /14SZO e\`YS`\,*ZZmf hSZ\,ZSV\, SWS Y1abZ\-\ ]`*,\aW*,Z\-\ /df\,1Zab,* ,S/1b1WS Z1 Y\-WS ]`\,1abS 131-\/Zmy \+W*abZ\y V\ZO -`1aa , ]\/f\/qk1Y Y1ab1D b*VSf aWdh*qf V\Z-`1aam ]`\f\/SWS , W1ad SWS , ]\W1D

6>>; ]\ 6>>= -\/ , 69 Y1ab*f ]\ ,a1y \aO aSS a\ab\qW\an ]`SY1`Z\ 8> b*VSf /df\,Zmf w]SVZSV\,xD /SZ ,S/1b1Wn 1-\,mE V\b\`my d31 YZ\-\ W1b ]\a1k*1b V\Z-`1aamE ,a]\YSZ*1bB w *Znj1E V\-/* Ym a\+S`*WSan Z* ab*/S\Z*f S , *`1Z/\,*ZZmf ]\Y1k1ZSqf , +\WnjSf -\`\/*fE Z* ,S/d d ,a1fE YZ\-S1 SaV`1ZZS1 Wp/S S ]`1/ab*,Sb1WS ,W*abS Y\-WS a\ab*O

,Sbn \ Z*a a,\1 YZ1ZS1E ,S/q d/S,Sb1WnZdp hSab\bd S ]\`q/\VE V\b\`m1 ,S/1b1WS 1O -\,m ]\//1`3S,*pb ,\ ,`1Yq V\Z-`1aa\,D 1O ]1`n Ym ,mZd3/1Zm a\+S`*bnaq , W1adE -/1 4* Z*YS Y\-db Z*+Wp/*bn b\WnV\ ]`1/ab*O ,Sb1WS W1aZ\y e*dZmD *V 3*WnE hb\ a1-\/O Zq YZ\-S1 , Z*j1y ab`*Z1 WSj1Zm ,\4Y\3O Z\abS ,S/1bn a,\SYS -W*4*YSE V*V ]`\f\/qb Z*jS 4*Y1h*b1WnZm1 ]`*4/ZSVSE Z* V\b\O `mf ]`Sadbab,dpb Wp/S ,a1f Z*gS\Z*WnZ\O ab1yE aW\1, \+k1ab,* S `*4Zmf `1WS-S\4Zmf ,4-Wq/\,xD \bq b*VS1 ,ab`1hS ]`SZ\aqb YZ\-\ `*O /\abSE \ZS Z1 \+f\/qbaq +14 b`d/Z\ab1yD \b hb\ aV*4*W \/SZ ,S/1b1WnB w */\abZ\ ,SO /1bn a*Y\\b,1`31ZZ\abn S ]`1/*ZZ\abn aWdO 3Sb1W1y 1-\,mE -\b\,mf ]`Sa]\a\+Sbnaq V `*4WShZmY daW\,SqYD /Z*V\E 1aWS h1abZ\E b`d/Z\abS a ]`\,1/1ZS1Y \+W*abZmf V\ZO -`1aa\,E ,m4,*ZZm1 , ]\aW1/Z11 ,`1Yq ]`\O bS,\/1yab,S1Y ]`1/ab*,Sb1W1y ,W*abSE \bO ZSY*pb Z1Y*W\ eS4Sh1aVSf S oY\gS\Z*WnO Zmf aSWE * b*V31 Y1j*pb Z*Y ]\VW\Zqbnaq

a1,mjZ1Yd \-d 1-\,1 /\ab\yZmY \+`*O 4\YxD b\ ]`1/]`SZSY*pb ,S/1b1WS 1-\O ,m , ob\y Z1]`\ab\y aSbd*gSSH

\Z-`1aam ]\/ \bV`mbmY Z1+\Y

\ YZ\-Sf aWdh*qf /\-\,\` \+ *`1Z/1 ]\O Y1k1ZSq `*ab\`-*Waq , ]\aW1/ZSy Y\Y1ZbE ]\ob\Yd d +`*bn1, +mW\ b\WnV\ Z1aV\WnV\ /Z1yE hb\+m \`-*ZS4\,*bn V\Z-`1aa , /`dO -\Y Y1ab1D *]`SY1`E , 6>>< -\/d , 1+\Va*O `*f L d,*jSqM ,S/1b1WqY ]`SjW\an ]`\O ,1abS \+W*abZ\y V\Z-`1aa Z* bd`+*41E , 3SO ,\]SaZ\Y Y1ab1 a`1/S +1`14E \bVd/* \bV`mO ,*Waq ,S/ Z* \W-dD 1`1/ +`*bnqYS ab\qW* bq31W*q 4*/*h*D 4 5 =7> /1W1-*b\,E ]`S-W*O j1ZZmf Z* V\Z-`1aaE 5;>> Zd3Z\ +mW\ `*4O Y1abSbn Z* bd`+*41D `1+\,*W\an dab*Z\,Sbn `*V\,SZm S /dj1,m1 a f\W\/Z\y S -\`qh1y ,\/\yE bd*W1bmE * b*V31 ]`\,1abS oW1Vb`SO h1ab,\D b\Yd 31 Zd3Z\ +mW\ Z*V\`YSbn ,a1f /1W1-*b\,D `*bnq ]`SZqWSan 4* `*+\bdD *jWSan ]W\bZSVSE oW1Vb`SVSE a*Zb1fZSVSD 79> /\O +`\,\Wng1, S4 hSaW* ,S/1b1W1y ,m4,*WSan ]\Y\-*bn , `*+\b1E 58 S4 ZSf 3SWS 5> /Z1y

]`qY\ Z* b\y bd`+*41D ZS ]SWSWS /\aVSE dVW*/m,*WS a\W\YdE dab*Z*,WS,*WS ]*W*bO VSE /dj1,m1 V*+SZVS S bd*W1bmD Ë™`d-S1 +`*bnq ]\ab\qZZ\ 14/SWS , -\`\/E hb\+m 4*O Vd]*bn ,a1 Z1\+f\/SY\1D *V V*V f`*ZSbn aV\`\]\`bqkS1aq ]`\/dVbm +mW\ Z1-/1E +`*O bnq `1jSWS \+1a]1hSbn ,a1f b`1f`*4\,mY -\`qhSY ]Sb*ZS1YD ZS Z*ZqWS d */YSZSO ab`*gSS bd`+*4m Z1aV\WnV\ `*+\bZSV\,E hb\+m b1 -\b\,SWS 1/d /Wq /1W1-*b\,D *jO W\an 3SWn1 /Wq ,a1fB 9>> ]`SZ1aWS a,\S ]*O W*bVSE 59> `*4Y1abSWSan , *`1Z/\,*ZZmf /\O YSV*fE 59 ah*abWS,g1, a]*WS Z* a1Z\,*W1 , V\ZpjZ1E * \ab*WnZm1 Z\h1,*WS , ]*W*bV*fE a\\`d31ZZmf +`*bnqYSD \-/* /1W1-*bm ]`S+mWSE \ZS d,S/1WS YZ\31ab,\ q`VSf ]W*abSV\,mf abdWn1,E *VO Vd`*bZ\ `*aab*,W1ZZmf , `q/mD ]1`1/S ab\qWS /,1 ]`\abm1 ag1ZmE dV`*j1ZZm1 g,1b*YSB \/Z* /Wq ]`\-`*YYm Z* `daaV\Y q4mV1E /`d-*q /Wq ]`\-`*YYm Z* hd,*jO aV\YD a1Y /1W1-*b*Y \h1Zn ]\Z`*,SW\an /dO f\,Z\1 \+dh1ZS1E b*V31 \ZS +mWS ]`S4Z*O b1WnZm 4* b`d/ /\+`\,\Wng1,D /SZ S4 `*O +\bZSV\, bd`+*4mE V\b\`my -\b\,SW 1/dE ,\aVWSVZdWB wËšaWS +m q Z1 ,S/1W ,*a a,\SYS -W*4*YSE ZSV\-/* Z1 ]\,1`SW +mE hb\ 1abn b*O VS1 \`-*ZS4\,*ZZm1 S /SagS]WSZS`\,*ZZm1 Wp/SE V*V ,mIx Z1V\b\`m1 ,S/1b1WS a`*,O ZSWS ob\b V\Z-`1aa a `*4/ZSV\Y j*W*j1yE V\b\`my \bY1h*WS S4`*SWnbqZ1 , +S+W1yO aVS1 ,`1Y1Z*D

Z1V\b\`mf -\`\/*f d ,S/1b1W1y +mW ,a1-\ WSjn \/SZ /1Zn Z* b\E hb\+m Z*ybS S

/SZ S4 /\+`\,\Wng1,E dh*ab,\,*,jSf , ]\/-\b\,V1 V\Z-`1aa*

˙\+`\,\Wngm b`d/SWSan ]W1h\Y V ]W1hdE hb\+m ]\/-\b\,Sbn dh*ab\V V V\Z-`1aad S Z*V\`YSbn bmaqhS /1W1-*b\,

]\/-\b\,Sbn /`d-\1 Y1ab\ /Wq ]`\,1/1ZSq \+W*abZ\-\ V\Z-`1aa*D *V +mW\ , S3Z1Y \,-\`\/1E -/1 /\+`\,\WngmE aY1Zqq /`d/`d-*E b`d/SWSan g1Wm1 adbVSD * h*abZ\Y 41Y1WnZ\Y dh*abV1 SY Zd3Z\ +mW\ a`d+Sbn /1`1,nq S VdabmE aV\aSbn b`*,d S \+`*+\b*bn 41YWpE hb\+m S4+*,Sbnaq \b VW1k1y S Yd`*,n1,D ˙\ b\-\ V*V , ]qbZSgd db`\Y ]`SO +mWS /1W1-*bmE /\+`\,\Wngm `*aab*,SWS 6 >>> ]W*abSV\,mf abdWn1,E dab*Z\,SWS dYmO ,*WnZSVS S 5> +S\bd*W1b\,E a\\`d/SWS ag1O ZdE 4*]dabSWS -1Z1`*b\` S ]\/VWphSWS 4,dO V\daSWSb1WnZdp aSab1YdD /SZ +`*b aV*4*WB w *YmY ]\`*4Sb1WnZmY +mW\ b\E hb\ +`*bnqE b`d/S,jS1aq g1Wm1 adbVSE Z1 hd,ab,\,*WS a1+q -1`\qYSE * aYS`1ZZ\ ]`\/\W3*WS aWdO 3Sbn /`d-SY ,\ ,`1Yq V\Z-`1aa*D ZS b`dO /SWSan Z1 3*W1q aSWE hb\+m Sf +`*bnq S a1O ab`m hd,ab,\,*WS a1+q V\Ye\`bZ\ S ,\,`1Yq ]\WdhSWS /df\,Zdp ]SkdxD ˙`d-\y +`*b ]Sj1bB w m \kdbSWS Z*O ab\qkSy /df a\b`d/ZSh1ab,*D \bq V\Z-`1aa , ]\W1 Ym ]`\,\/SWS ,]1`,m1 S ,`1Y1ZS Z* ]\/-\b\,Vd +mW\ \h1Zn Y*W\E +`*bnq ]`\O /dY*WS ,a1 /\ Y1W\h1yE b*V hb\ ,\ ,`1Yq ]`\-`*YYm b`d/Z\ab1y ]`*VbSh1aVS Z1 ,\4O ZSV*W\D \aW1 V\Z-`1aa* Ym Z1 hd,ab,\,*O WS dab*W\abSD 1-\,* V*V +d/b\ ]\/*`SW Z*Y V`mWnqIx

\Y\kn \3n1-\ /df* 1j*q ]`\+W1YmE a,q4*ZZm1 a ]`\,1/1ZSO 1Y V\Z-`1aa\,E ,S/1b1WS 1k1 +\Wnj1 a+WSO 3*WSan /`d- a /`d-\YD `\Y1 b\-\E \ZS hd,O ab,\,*WS ]\Y\kn \3n1-\ /df*D Y\W1ZO aV1 YZ\-S1 /\-\,\`m \ `*4Y1k1ZSS /1W1-*O b\, +mWS `*ab\`-Zdbm Z*V*ZdZ1 V\Z-`1aa*D 28

˝˚ ) " ) ˙ 5 6>55

\b hb\ `*aaV*4*W \/SZ ab*`1yjSZ*B w \-/* , h*a Z\hS ]`S1f*W\ Z1aV\WnV\ *,b\+da\, a /1W1-*b*YSE * Wp/1y `*4Y1k*bn +mW\ Z1-/1E d Y1Zq ]\b1VWS aW14mD ) ]\ZSY*WE hb\ ZSh1O -\ Z1 Y\-d a/1W*bnD ) \+`*bSWaq , Y\WSb,1 V 1-\,1 S ]`\aSW 1-\ ,Y1j*bnaq , obd aSbdO *gSpD *V 31 q \+`*/\,*WaqE V\-/* +dV,*WnO Z\ , b1h1ZS1 h*a* Ym Z*jWS Y1ab* /Wq ,a1fI 'b\ +mW\ d/S,Sb1WnZ\E S Ym 1k1 `*4 d+1O /SWSanE hb\ 1-\,* Z1 \ab*,Sb ]`*,1/ZSV* , +1/1xD /`d-\Y aWdh*1 +`*bnq \+`*bSWSan V 3Sb1WqY a\a1/Z1y /1`1,ZS a ]`\an+\y ]`1O /\ab*,Sbn Z\hW1- /Wq /1W1-*b\, Z* ,`1Yq ]`\,1/1ZSq V\Z-`1aa*E SE b*V V*V ,S/1b1O WS ]\Wn4dpbaq ]`1V`*aZ\y `1]db*gS1y , b\y Y1abZ\abSE 3Sb1WS /1`1,ZS `*4Y1abSWS d a1O +q 6 >>> h1W\,1VD w \E hb\ ob\b V\Z-`1aa a\ab\qWaqE d+13/*1b Y1ZqB Z* 1-\,d Y\3Z\ ]\W\3Sbnaq , Wp+mf \+ab\qb1Wnab,*fxEP -\,\`Sb \/SZ ,S/1O b1WnD \Y\kn 1-\,m +mW* \a\+1ZZ\ \h1O ,S/Z*E V\-/* Z* V\Z-`1aa ]`Sf\/SWS Z1]`\O j1Zm1 -\abSE 31W*,jS1 a\`,*bn 1-\D \O ,\j*fbSZaV1 ]`1/ab*,Sb1WS /df\,1Zab,* `*,\aW*,Z\y g1`V,S S /`d-S1 /1Y\Zab`*ZO bm , YSV`\e\Z `*a]1,*WS `1WS-S\4Zm1 ]1aO Z\]1ZSqE hb\+m 4*-WdjSbn /\VW*/hSV*E ,mO abd]*,j1-\ Z* V\Z-`1aa1D /Z*V\ YSWSgSq Z1 ]\4,\WSW* SY a\`,*bn ,ab`1hdD \-/* \/O Z* ]`*,\aW*,Z*q /1Y\Zab`*ZbV* S4O4* 3*`m d]*W* , \+Y\`\VE +`*bnq \bZ1aWS 11 , ]dZVb ]1`,\y ]\Y\kS S ]\4*+\bSWSan \ Z1yD ˙Wq Z11 ob\ +mW\ ]\WZ\y Z1\3S/*ZZ\abnpD

]1h*bW1Zm d,S/1ZZmY

\aaSS Y1`\]`SqbSqE Z* V\b\`m1 a\+SO `*1baq YZ\-\ Wp/1yE ]`S,W1V*pb ,ZSY*ZS1

a1Y /1W1-*b*Y \h1Zn ]\Z`*,SW\an /df\,Z\1 \+dh1ZS1E b*V31 \ZS +mWS ]`S4Z*b1WnZm 4* b`d/ /\+`\,\Wng1,

Z1 b\WnV\ Wp+\]mbZmf Y1abZmf 3Sb1W1yE Z\ SE , a,q4S a d-`\4\y b1`*Vb\,E a\b`d/ZSV\, ]`*,\\f`*ZSb1WnZmf \`-*Z\,D ]`SY1`dE Z* V\Z-`1aa , -\`\/1 \W3aVSy ]`SjWS ]`1/O ab*,Sb1WS \b/1W* ]\ +\`n+1 a oVab`1YS4O Y\YD \ ,`1Yq ]`\-`*YYm \/SZ S4 ZSf ]\b1O `qW Y\+SWnZmy b1W1e\ZD `*bnq 1-\ Z*jWS S \bZ1aWS , +p`\ Z*f\/\VD aV\`1 ]\aW1 b\-\ V*V b1W1e\Z ,1`ZdWS ,W*/1WngdE 1Yd ]\4,\O ZSW Z*h*WnZSV S a]`\aSWE Z1 +mW\ WS Z* V\Z-`1aa1 4*Y1h1Z\ V*VSfOZS+d/n ]`\q,W1O ZSy oVab`1YS4Y* SWS ]\/ab`1V*b1Wnab, V Z*aSWSpD \b \b,1bSWB w a1 , ]\`q/V1D ˛/1an ]qbn bmaqh h1W\,1V S ZSV*VSf Z*`dj1ZSyD *V\y bdb oVab`1YS4YH ˚abn Z*/ h1Y ]\/dO Y*bnI ) ]\b1`qW Y\+SWnZmy b1W1e\ZE * 1-\ Z*jWS S ,1`ZdWSxD * \/Z\-\ \f`*ZZSV* ]`\S4,1W* ,]1h*bO W1ZS1 hSab\b* Z* V\Z-`1aa1D *V31 1-\ d/SO ,SW\ b\E hb\E f\bq b*Y +mW\ \h1Zn YZ\-\ /1O b1yE \Z Z1 d,S/1W Z* 41YW1 ZS \/Z\y +dY*3O

,S/1b1WS 1-\,m , \aaSS ,1/db wa]\V\yZdp S bSfdp 3S4Zn , ]\WZ\y ]`1/*ZZ\abS \-dx

VSD W*/1W1g dh*abV*E -/1 ]`\f\/SW /`dO -\y V\Z-`1aaE ,ab`1bSWaq a a\b`d/ZSV*YS YSWSgSSE V\b\`mY a\\+kSWS \ +\Wnj\Y `1O WS-S\4Z\Y a\+`*ZSSD Z \b,1W YSWSgS\Z1O `* Z* b`1bSy ob*3 4/*ZSqE \bVd/* +mWS ,S/O Zm ]`Sadbab,dpkS1E ,m,1W 1-\ Z* +*WV\Z S aV*4*WB w \WnV\ ]\aY\b`Sb1 Z* ZSfI *O V\y ]\`q/\VIx W*/1W1g dh*abV* +mW ]\`*O 31Z b1YE hb\ ,S/1b1WS Z1 `*a]S,*WS *WV\O -\WnZmf Z*]SbV\, S Z1 Vd`SWSD V\-/* V\ZO -`1aa 4*V\ZhSWaqE ,S/1b1WS \ab*,SWS ]\aO W1 a1+q S/1*WnZdp hSab\bd S /*31 4*+`*WS Yda\`D Z ,\aVWSVZdWB w W\,Z\ , `*p ]\+mO ,*WIx

˚/SZab,\ \3n1-\ Z*`\/* \aW1 \/Z\-\ V\Z-`1aa*E ]`\,1/1ZZ\-\ , W1adE ab*`\ab* +WS4W13*k1y /1`1,ZS aV*O 4*WB w) ]\ZSY*pE hb\ ,m aV`\YZm1E Z\ ]`S ob\Y \h1Zn aSWnZm1 Wp/SD m dY11b1 \+l1O /SZqbn Wp/1yE * Ym ]`qh1Yaq V*3/my , a,\O 1y `*VdjV1xD ˝Sb1WS \aaSSE \b *WSZSZO -`*/* /\ *Yh*bVSE Z1 ]1`1ab*pb d/S,WqbnO aq 1/SZab,d \3n1-\ Z*`\/*E V\b\`\1 \a\+1ZO Z\ \h1,S/Z\ Z* +\WnjSf /df\,Zmf ,ab`1h*fD +ab\qb1Wnab,* aWd3Sb1W1y \-* Y\-db Y1O Zqbnaq +mab`\ S Z1\3S/*ZZ\E Z\ Sf d,*31O ZS1 V ,W*abS S ,\\+k1 V\ ,a1Y Wp/qY \ab*O 1baq Z1S4Y1ZZmYD *V +m ZS `*4,S,*WSan a\+mbSq /*Wnj1E

,S/1b1WS 1-\,m , \aaSS +d/db ]\O]`13O Z1Yd a `*/\abnp a\+S`*bnaq ,Y1ab1E hb\+m ]\Wdh*bn /df\,Z\1 Z*ab*,W1ZS1D ZS Y\WqbO aq w4* g*`1y S ,a1f 4*ZSY*pkSf ,ma\V\1 ]\O W\31ZS1E hb\+mDDD S ,]`1/n ,1abS a]\V\yZdp S bSfdp 3S4Zn , ]\WZ\y ]`1/*ZZ\abS \-d S a1`n14Z\abSx L5 SY\e1p 6B6MD ˝˚ ) " ) ˙ 5 6>55

29

˙ ) ( % ˚ ˚•

˛*kSk*y SabSZZ\1 ]\VW\Z1ZS1I ˛*/*ZS1D m]\WZS ob\ 4*/*ZS1 , a]\V\yZ\y \+ab*Z\,V1D Sb*q +S+W1yaVS1 abSfSE ]`1/ab*,Wqy a1+q dh*abZSV\Y b1f a\+mbSyD 3S,S , dY1 ob\b o]S4\/D `SaWdjS,*yaq V -\W\a*YD `\ZSVZSan hd,ab,*YS -W*,Zmf /1yab,dpkSf WSgD ˙1yab,dpkS1 WSg*B WnqE g*`n f*, S 89> ]`\`\V\, **W*D `*bV\1 S4W\31ZS1B Wnq /\V*4m,*1bE hb\ 1-\,* Y\-dk1ab,1ZZ11 **W*D

–

˙ • ' ˛ ˙D • 5 ˚• 5<B5;P8>D

* \b/1WnZ\Y WSab1 +dY*-S Z*`SadyE -/1E V*V b1+1 V*31baqE ab\qW WnqE -/1 P ]`\`\VS **W* S -/1 P 31`b,1ZZSVSD *VS1 4,dVS bm waWmjSjnx , o]S4\/1E \]Sa*ZZ\Y , abSf*f a 6:O-\ ]\ 6=OyH

*V ]\Ob,\1YdE V*VS1 hd,ab,* aWmjZm , -\W\a1 WnSE V\-/* \Z \+`*k*1baq V ]`\`\V*Y **W*H

—

˝˚D

\h1Yd Wn1 +mW\ Z1\+f\/SY\ Yd31ab,\E hb\+m ,ab`1bSbnaq a f*,\YE * 4*b1Y dab`\Sbn Sa]mb*ZS1E V\b\`\1 \]\4\`Sb a\bZS ]`\`\V\, **W*H L \/aV*4V*B ]`\hSb*y 5 *`1y 5<B8E 57E 58DM

\Wn4dqan ]\a\+SqYS /Wq SaaW1/\,*ZSqE ]\]`\+dy d4Z*bn +\Wnj1 \ ]\VW\O Z1ZSS **WdD b\ /1W*WS Wp/SE ]\VW\Zqqan 1YdH *V ]\VW\Z1ZS1 **Wd ,WSO qW\ Z* S4`*SWnbqZH

30

˝˚ ) " ) ˙ 5 6>55

*V bm /dY*1jnE ]\h1Yd Wnq ,m`mW V*Z*,d ,\V`d- 31`b,1ZZSV* 1-\,mE * 4*b1Y Z*]\WO ZSW 11 ,\/\yH

˜

˚ E ˚ % )D " E % ˛ DDD

b\YE ]\h1Yd Z1\+f\/SY\ Yd31ab,\E hb\+m 4*kSk*bn SabSZZ\1 ]\VW\Z1ZS1D

b\YE V*VS1 /\+`m1 ]W\/m ]`SZ\aSb Yd31ab,\D

˚#˚ % ˝˚"& ' ˚ &D

V*VSf aSbd*gSqf bm Y\31jn Yd31ab,1ZZ\ 4*kSk*bn SabSZZ\1 ]\VW\Z1ZS1H

' ˚ ˛ ˚ ) &"˚ ˚ ˚ H

˚ ˚

E ˚ & ˙˚ ˚ ) ˚ % • ˚ ˚˚ • ˚

www.watchtower.org °

™

w Ëš Ëš Ëš x \*ZZ `1abSb1Wn aV*4*WE hb\ Sada w+1`1b -`1f YS`*x L \*ZZ* 5B6=MD *V \Z dV*4*W Z* `\Wn Sada* , a]*a1ZSS ]\aWdjZmf Wp/1yD

\h1Yd Sada /\W31Z +mW dY1`1bnE hb\+m a]*abS -`1jZSV\,H b\ +mW\ /\abS-Zdb\ +W*-\/*`q 1-\ 31`b,1ZZ\y aY1`bSH b\ ]\Wdh*1b ]`\k1ZS1 -`1f\, Z* \aZ\,*ZSS 1-\ 31`b,mH *V ob\ 4*b`*-S,*1b ,*aH

*3/my -\/ ,S/1b1WS 1-\,m \bY1h*pb -\/\,kSZd aY1`bS Sada*D ob\Y -\/d ]`*4/Z\,*ZS1 a\ab\Sbaq , ,\aV`1a1Zn1E 5; *]`1WqE ]\aW1 4*f\/* a\WZg*D ,S/1b1WS 1-\,m a1`/1hZ\ ]`S-W*j*pb ,*a ,Y1ab1 a ZSYS ]\`*4YmjWqbn Z*/ 4Z*h1O ZS1Y aY1`bS Sada*D * ob\y ,ab`1h1 +d/db \+ad3/*bnaq ,mj1]`S,1/1ZZm1 ,\]`\amD +`*bSb1an V ,S/1b1WqY 1-\,m , ,*j1y Y1abZ\abSE hb\+m d4Z*bn b\hZ\1 ,`1Yq S Y1ab\ ]`\,1/1ZSq ob\-\ Y1`\]`SqbSqD www.watchtower.org

wp11 03/01-U

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.