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The Watchtower (ISSN 0043-1087) is published semimonthly by Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.; M. H. Larson, President; G. F. Simonis, Secretary-Treasurer; 25 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, NY 11201-2483. 5 2011 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of PennsylvaniaD 4/*b1Wnab,\B Wachtturm Bibel- und Traktat-Gesellschaft der Zeugen Jehovas, e. V., Selters/ Taunus. Verantwortliche Redaktion: Ramon Templeton, Selters/Taunus. a1 ]`*,* a\f`*ZqpbaqD Printed in Germany.
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26
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27
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Tablet: ˘ The Trustees of the British Museum
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Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum
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