YmVyH$m_ … `§Ì Am{U V§Ì / 1
0 1 2
nwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb, H¡$. {dbmgamd gmiw§Io `m§Zr EH$m _hm{dÚmb`mV àmÜ`mnH$ nX ñdrH$mabo. _mÌ Ë`m§Zm ñdV…Mm ì`dgm` gwé H$am`Mm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio H$mhr dfmªZVa CÚmoOH$ åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr _moQ>g© Xþê$ñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r BboŠQ´>rH$b [admBªqS>JMm n{hbm ì`dgm` gwé Ho$bm
3 4 2 / YmVyH$m_ … `§Ì Am{U V§Ì
AMyH$VoMo n[a_mU
A°Š`yaoQ> JoqOJ
nwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb
4 3
nwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb
Ho$bm.Ë`mV ~OmO Am°Q>moZo pŠbï> Om°~ H$aÊ`mMo AmìhmZmË_H$ H$m_ Ë`m§Zm {Xbo..`m H$m_mgmR>r bmJUmao ßbJ JoO Ë`m§Zm EH$m O_©Z H§$nZrH$Sy>Z Am`mV H$amdo bmJUma hmoVo Am{U Vo gwÕm 1 dfm©Z§Va {_iUma hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr H$mhr ^maVr` H§$nÝ`m§H$Sy>Z hm ßbJ JoO {_idÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm _mÌ Ë`mbm `e Ambo Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr ñdV… b°qnJ _erZ V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`mda Oéar AgUmao ßbJ JoOog ~Zdbo. _mÌ Vo ~Zdbobo JoOogMm XOm© VnmgyZ nmhUo JaOoMo hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r "{H$bm}ñH$a Am°B©b B§{OZ_Ü`o' `mMr VnmgUr
0
A
{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb, H¡$. {dbmgamd gmiw§Io `m§Zr EH$m _hm{dÚmb`mV àmÜ`mnH$ nX ñdrH$mabo. _mÌ Ë`m§Zm ñdV…Mm ì`dgm` gwé H$am`Mm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio H$mhr dfmªZVa CÚmoOH$ åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr _moQ>g© Xþê$ñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r BboŠQ´>rH$b [admBªqS>JMm n{hbm ì`dgm` gwé Ho$bm _mÌ XþX£dmZo 1961À`m nwamV Ë`mMo ZwH$gmZ Pmbo. nwT>o Ë`m§Zr _{eqZJ g§~§{YV ì`dgm` gwé
1
nwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb
2
nwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb
YmVyH$m_ … `§Ì Am{U V§Ì / 3
0 1 nwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo
2
nwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb, nwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb,
3 4 4 / YmVyH$m_ … `§Ì Am{U V§Ì
Pmbr d Vo JoOog `mo1⁄2` Agë`mMo à_mUnÌ {_imbo Am{U {VWoM Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§Mr n{hbr Am°S©>aXoIrb {_imbr, AemàH$mao ^maVmVrb n{hë`m _oQ´>m°bm°Or H§$nZrMr _whÿV©_oT> amodbr Jobr. Ë`mZ§Va ~OmO H§$nZrMo _moO_mn CnH$aUmMo nwadR>mXma ~ZyZ {dbmgamdm§Zr Ë`m§À`m ì`dgm`mMm AmamIS>m ~Xbbm. Am{U \o$~«wdmar 1963_Ü`o EH$ boW _erZ d AJXrM àmW{_H$ AdñWoVrb b°qnJ _{eZgh A°Š`yaoQ>Mm OÝ_ Pmbm d hiy hiy O_ ~gë`mZ§Va J«mhH$m§H$Sy>ZM Amboë`m {dMmaUm_wio [a¨J JoOog, W«oS> JoOog, ñZ°n OoJog B.Mo CËnmXZ gwé Pmbo. hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo _moO_mn CnH$aUo (Measuring instruments) ho EH$ AmìhmZmË_H$ joÌ Amho. `m joÌm_Ü`o gJù`mV _moR>o AmìhmZ Ago Amho H$s, H$maImÝ`m_Ü`o Á`m AMyH$VoZo H$m_ Ho$bo OmVo (_{eqZJÀ`m à{H«$`o_Ü`o), Ë`m AMyH$VoMr VnmgUr H$aUmar CnH$aUo Amnë`mbm V`ma H$am`À`m AgVmV. Ë`m_wio _moO_mn CnH$aUm§Mr {Z{_©Vr BVa CËnmXm§nojm
A{YH$ AdKS> Am{U {H«${Q>H$b AgVo. Amåhr Ooìhm gwédmV Ho$br Voìhm ^maVm_Ü`o `mgmR>r bmJUmao Hw$eb H$m_Jma KS>dbo OmV ZìhVo VgoM H$m°boO_Ü`o `m Jmoï>r {eH$dë`m OmV ZìhË`m. Ë`m_wio hm ì`dgm` gwédmV H$aVm§Zm ZdrZ bmoH$ KS>dmdo bmJbo, V`ma H$amdo bmJbo. VgoM `m JoO _oqH$JgmR>r bmJUmè`m Á`m H$mhr à{H«$`m AgVmV, Ë`m à{H«$`m Ë`m CËnmXZmH$So> nmhÿZ, Ë`mÀ`mVrb {H«${Q>H$b Jmoï>r bjmV KoD$Z {S>PmB©Z H$amì`m bmJVmV. åhUOo AJXr gmYm ßbJJoO V`ma H$am`Mm Va ßbJJoOMr AMyH$Vm hr gmYmaU 1 Vo 2 _m`H«$m°Z AgVo Ë`mgmR>r _J J«mBªqS>J _erÝgÀ`m _`m©Xo_Ü`o 10-15 _m`H«$m°Z n`ªV nmohMVm `oVo. Ë`mZ§Va _mÌ Hw$eb H$m_JmamH$Sy>Z b°qnJ à{H«$`oÛmao 15 _m`H«$m°ZnmgyZ 2 _m`H«$m°Zn`ªV AMyH$Vm AmUmdr bmJVo. ho H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vr b°qnJ _erÝg hr gwÕm Amåhmbm V`ma H$amdr bmJbr. VgoM Amåhmbm JoO J«mBªqS>J Am{U b°qnJgmR>r EH$mM goQ>An_Ü`o J«mBªqS>J Am{U b°qnJ EH$Ì hmoUmao `§Ì JaOoMo hmoVo. Vo `§Ì Amåhmbm nadSy> eH$V ZìhVo. Am_Mr JoO V`ma H$aUmar H§$nZr Agë`mZo
4 3
nwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _ hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb,
gr. E_. E_.(H$moAm°S>uZoQ> _oP[a¨J _erZ)Mm àdmg gr. E_. E_.Mr à{H«$`m gwé Pmbr Ë`mdoir Amåhr EH$m `wamo{nAZ H§$nZrgmo~V H$m_ H$aV hmoVmo. Ë`m§Mr `§Ìo ^maVmV {dH$Uo hm Ë`m§Mm EH$
2
nwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _ hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb, H¡$.gmiw§Io `m§Zr EH$m
nwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _ hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb, gmiw§Io `m§Zr EH$m
1
ZìhVr åhUyZ Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z Amåhmbm {S>PmB©Z {_iV Jobo. Ë`mdê$Z _J Amåhr âbmoqQ>J H°arEO _m`H«$mo_rQ>a `§Ì V`ma Ho$bo. Ago doJdoJio CËnmXZo, _moO_mn CnH$aUogwÕm Am_À`m ì`dgm`mMm ^mJ åhUyZ BWo V`ma hmoV Jobo. Aem àH$mao 1972 nmgyZ A°Š`yaoQ>Mm àdmg gwé Pmbm. àË`oH$ doir ZdrZ CËnmXZ åhQ>bo H$s Ë`mbm bmJUmar _{eZar, gd© à{H«$`m, Ë`mbm bmJUmar _moO_mn CnH$aUo Ago gd© V`ma hmoV Jobo. `mV àm°S>ŠQ> So>ìhbn_|Q> gm`H$b Iyn _moR>çm hmoË`m. 1991 Z§Va YmoaUm§_Ü`o ~Xb Pmbo, Ë`m_wio Amåhmbm H$ÀÀ`m _mbmÀ`m nwadR>m ghO hmoD$ bmJbm, CËnmXZm§Mr CnCËnmXZo Amåhmbm CnbãY hmoV Jobr , Ë`m_wio `§Ìo V`ma H$aUo AOyZ gmono Pmbo.
0
Amåhmbm OmñV `§Ìm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr. d{S>bm§Zr (lr. {dbmgamd gmiw§Ho$) Vo `§Ì Á`m§Zr ~Zdbo hmoVo Ë`m óyS>a H§$nZrer MMm© H$ê$Z Ë`m `§ÌmMo {S>PmB©Ýg KoVbo d Ë`mdê$Z Amåhr Vo `§Ì ñdV… V`ma Ho$bo. _w»` AmìhmZ ho hmoVo H$s CËnmXZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo bmJUmè`m à{H«$`m§Mr pñH$ëg V`ma H$aUo, Ë`mbm bmJUmar gd© hË`mao Am{U CnH$aUo V`ma H$aUo. VgoM Vo _moOÊ`mgmR>rgwÕm bmJUmar CnH$aUo hr nU VerM AdKS> hmoVr. CXm- Amåhr W«oS> JoOog H$am`bm gwédmV Ho$br Voìhm W«oS> JoO _moOm`Mo âbmoqQ>J H°arEO _m`H«$mo_rQ>a ZmdmMo CnH$aU AgVo, {VWohr AmìhmZ hmoVo. Hw$R>ë`mhr Jmoï>r Am`mV H$am`bm H$mhr bm`gÝg bmJm`Mo Am{U Ë`m_wio Iyn doi Om`Mm. Ë`m_wio Amåhr _°{Q´>Šg H§$nZrgmo~V ~mobyZ Ë`m§Mr {S>PmB©Z KoVbr. gwX¡dmZo `m àË`oH$ {R>H$mUr Aer n[apñWVr hmoVr, `wamo{nAZ B§S>ñQ´>r Aem EH$m \o$O _YyZ OmV hmoVr H$s, `m gd© Jmoï>r Ë`m§Zr 30-40 dfmªnydunmgyZ Ho$ë`m hmoË`m Am{U AmVm Ë`m§Zm Ë`mMr JaO
YmVyH$m_ … `§Ì Am{U V§Ì / 5
0 1 2 3
nwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb, H¡$. {dbmgamd gmiw§Io `m§Zr EH$m _hm{dÚmb`mV
4
CÔoe hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Amåhmbm Aem àH$maÀ`m AË`mYw{ZH$ _erÝggmR>r BVa H$moUË`m Jmoï>tMr Amdí`H$Vm bmJVo ho g_Obo, CXm. Ë`mgmR>r grEZgr H§$Q´>moba bmJVmV, àmo~ `§ÌUm bmJVmV VgoM Ë`mMr BH$mo {gñQ>r_, Or ^maVm~mhoa hmoVr ,Ë`mMr AmoiI Pmbr. gr. E_. E_. _Ü`o J«°ZmB©Q> hm EH$ _hËdmMm ^mJ hmoVm. _r ñdV… ^maVm_Ü`o Am_Mo Oo _hËdmMo J«°ZmB©Q> So>ìhbn_|Q> nwadR>mXma hmoVo Ë`m§À`mer ~mobbmo. Ë`mdoir Am_À`m Ago bjmV Ambo H$s ho nwadR>mXma Iyn nma§nm[aH$ nÕVrZo H$m_ H$aV AmhoV. naXoem_Ü`o _r n{hbo hmoVo H$s J«°ZmB©Q>gma»`m Jmoï>rMo _{eqZJ ho
H$ÝìhoÝeZb _erZda hmoVo, åhUOo ñbm`S> do J«mB§S>a `m _erZda J«°ZmB©Q>Mo _{eqZJ hmoVo.AWm©V Ë`mbm bmJUmar Qy>ëg doJir AgVmV. hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo gmYmaU 1995-96 _Ü`o EH$m H§$nZrMo ñbmB©S> do J«mBªqS>J _erZ, {bbmdmV Amåhmbm A{Ve` H$_r {H$_VrV {_imbo. Vr Am_Mr gdm©V _moR>r Jw§VdUyH$ hmoVr. Vo _erZ AmUbo, ~gdbo Am{U J«°ZmB©Q>Mr gd© So>ìhbn_|Q> Amåhr gwé Ho$br. EH$Ì _{eqZJ, Ë`mMr b°qnJ à{H«$`m Agm gd© goQ>An Amåhr gwé Ho$bm.
4 3 2
nwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb, H¡$. {dbmgamd gmiw§Io `m§Zr EH$m _hm{dÚmb`mV
1
J«°ZmB©Q>Mr à{H«$`m Amåhr {dH${gV Ho$br. {Vgar _hËdmMr Jmoï> hmoVr Vr åhUOo Ë`mbm bmJUmè`m {S>{OQ>b pñH$ëg, Am°ßQ>rH$b pñH$ëg. Amåhr gwédmVrbm 80 À`m XeH$mV _erZ Qy>bÀ`m aoŠQ´>mo{\$qQ>J_Ü`o EH$m OnmZr H§$nZrgmo~V H$m_ H$am`Mmo. Ë`m§Mo BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ pñH$ëg, {S>{OQ>b pñH$ëg Oo _erZ Qy>b_Ü`o dmnabo OmV hmoVo, Vo nmhVm ho bjmV Ambo H$s hoM V§ÌkmZ gr. E_. E_._Ü`o WmoS>çm doJù`m àH$mao dmnabo OmVo` gr E_ E_ Mr OwiUr Mmby AgVmZm ho VrZhr V§ÌkmZ EH$Ì H$ê$Z Ë`mgmR>r bmJUmao gm°âQ>doAa {dH${gV H$ê$Z 1988 _Ü`o gr. E_. E_.Mo H$m_ gwé Pmbo. d 1991À`m Imtex_Ü`o n{hë`m§Xm ho _erZ XmIdbo Jobo. Ë`mZ§Va Amåhmbm n{hbr Am°S©>a {_imbr. nwT>o Xþgar EH$ Mm§Jbr g§Yr Amåhmbm
0
gr E_ E_ _erZMo gd© JmB©S>do J«°ZmB©Q>Mo AgVmV. gr E_ E_ _erZ_Ü`o XmoZ Q>oŠZm°bm°Or Iyn _hËdmÀ`m AmhoV, EH$Va Ë`mMr aMZm (ñQ´>ŠMa) A{Ve` pñWa Am{U ^¸$_ bmJVo, Ë`mbm J§O MT>Vm H$m_m Z`o. Ë`mMo Am`wî` ^anya nm{hOo Am{U Vmn_mZmMm H$_rV H$_r n[aUm_ Ë`mÀ`mda Pmbm nm{hOo. Am{U Ë`mM~amo~a OmñV A°Š`yaogrbm Ë`mZo H$m_ Ho$bo nm{hOo Ago Vo ñQ´>ŠMa bmJVo. {VWo J«°ZmB©Q>Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Vmo EH$ ^mJ hmoVm Am{U Xþgam ^mJ hmoVm Vmo "EAa ~oA[a¨J V§Ì'. H$maU `mMo Oo gJio hmbMmb H$aUmao JmB©S²g AgVmV Vo Xm~`wº$ hdoÀ`m ~oA[a¨Jda MmbVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm A_`m©X Am`wî` {_iVo. Amåhmbm WmoSo> JoqOJMo kmZ hmoVo Va Ë`mVyZ Amåhr ^maVm_Ü`o Vo EAa ~oA[a¨JMo V§ÌkmZ {dH${gV Ho$br.
0 1
BboŠQ´>rH$b emIoMr nXdr
2
nwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb, H¡$. {dbmgamd gmiw§Io `m§Zr EH$m _hm{dÚmb`mV nwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb, H¡$. {dbmgamd gmiw§Io `m§Zr EH$m _hm{dÚmb`mVnwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb, H¡$. {dbmgamd gmiw§Io `m§Zr EH$m _hm{dÚmb`mVnwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb, H¡$. {dbmgamd gmiw§Io `m§Zr EH$m _hm{dÚmb`mVnwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb, H¡$. {dbmgamd gmiw§Io `m§Zr EH$m _hm{dÚmb`mVnwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s
3 4
8 / YmVyH$m_ … `§Ì Am{U V§Ì
{_imbr 2002_Ü`o. Am_À`mM joÌmVrb EH$ BQ>br_Ü`o H§$nZr hmoVr, 50 df} H$m_ Ho$boë`m H§$nZrMm H$mhr H$maUmñVd {bbmd Pmbm. Ë`m_Ü`o Ë`m H§$nZrÀ`m gd© `§Ìo Amåhmbm {_imbr, Ë`mdoir 2002 _Ü`o Amåhr Vr gd© \°ŠQ>ar ^maVm_Ü`o {eâQ> Ho$br. `m Jmoï>r KoVmZm Amåhmbm {VWbo H$mhr {S>PmB©qZJMo bmoH$ Amåhmg {_imbo . Ë`m§Zm Voìhm ZmoH$arMr Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr. _J Vo bmoH$ d Am_Mr _mUgo `m§Mr EH$ Amåhr Q>r_ ~Zdbr. Ë`m§Mm AZw^d d Am_À`m bmoH$m§Mr EZOu Aem Jmoï>r EH$Ì Amë`m d {VWyZ Iè`m AWm©Zo gr. E_. E_.Mm àdmg gwé Pmbm. AmVm Amåhr N>moQ>çm _erZnmgyZ _moR>çm _erZn`ªV, OmñV A°Š`yaogr _erZ nmgyZ ~m°S>r BÝìhmB©Q> ApßbHo$eZ n`ªV OdiOdi dfm©bm 125 _erÝg ~ZdVmo. d AmO Amåhr O_©Zr, A_o[aH$m, _opŠgH$mo, Wm`b§S>, MrZ Aem {R>H$mUr _erÝg nmR>dVmo. d OdiOdi 1000 _erÝg Amåhr ^maVm_Ü`o {Xë`m AmhoV. hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo _mÌ AOyZhr hr `§Ìo ^maVmV H$_r à_mUmV ~ZVmV, A°Š`yaoQ>gmaIr d AmUIr H$mhr ~moQ>mda _moOÊ`m BVnV H§$nÝ`m gmoS>ë`m Va `m joÌmV \$ma H$_r bmoH$ AmhoV, Ë`mbm XmoZ Jmoï>r H$maUr^yV AmhoV. n{hbr åhUOo Amnbo Oo nyduMo dmVmdaU hmoVo Ë`m_Ü`o Hw$R>ë`mhr Aem àH$maÀ`m CËnmXmbm `mo1⁄2` Ë`m g§»`oV (ìhm°ë`y_) CËnmXZ H$aUo ho EH$ à_wI AmìhmZ hmoVo. d Xþgao Ago H$s, CÚmoJm§À`m Ñï>rZo gwÕm _moO_mn CnH$aUo hr Hw$R>ë`mhr H$maImÝ`mV
A{Ve` H$_r g§»`oZo bmJUmar dñVy Amho. _J ~aoMdoim EH$M CnH$aU ¿`m`Mo Amho Va _J naXoer ~«±S>MoM H$m KoC Z`o Agm {dMma ìhm`Mm H$maU BånmoQ>}S> _erZ Agbo H$s Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m J«mhH$m§Zm gm§Jm`bm gmono nS>Vo, H$s Vwåhr Oo dmnaVm VoM _erZ _mÂ`mH$So> Amho. hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV Vo EH$ AmìhmZ hmoVo H$s Á`m_Ü`o Amåhmbm bmoH$m§Mr ImÌr nQ>dmdr bmJm`Mr H$s Oo BånmoQ>}S> _erZ Vw_À`mH$So> Amho Ë`mÀ`mM VmoS>rMo _erZ, Amåhr Vwåhmbm XoVmo` VgoM Ë`mnojm Mm§Jbr gpìh©ggwÕm Amåhr Vwåhmbm XoVmo`. VgoM `m _erZ ~ZdÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$`o_Ü`o Oo kmZ Amåhmbm àmá Pmb` Vo Amåhr Vw_À`mer eoAa H$aVmo`. `mgmR>r nwT>o OmD$Z J«mhH$m§À`m ¹$m{bQ>r àmogog_Ü`ohr Amåhr Ë`m§Mo nmQ>©Za AmhmoV Agm Ñï>rH$moZ Amåhr R>odbm. Ë`mdê$Z _J J«mhH$m§Mm Am_À`mdarb {dœmg dmT>V Jobm. nwT>o AZoH$ Mm§Jë`m H§$nÝ`m§Zr Amåhmbm Am°S©>g© {Xë`m. Ë`m§Mo ao\$aÝg Amåhmbm BVa H§$nÝ`m§Zm gm§Jm`bm gmono Pmbo. Amboë`m AS>MUr Amboë`m AS>MUr ìh{Z©`a gmaIr CnH$aUo ~Z{dÊ`mVë`m AS>MUr AOyZM doJù`m AmhoV. Ia§ Va ^maVmV H°{bna ~Z{dUmao Amåhr n{hbo hmoVmo. Ë`mdoiMr AmìhmZohr Iyn hmoVr. `m_Ü`o EH$m doJù`m AmìhmZmbm Amåhmbm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJbo, Amåhmbm `m H°{bnagmR>r AMw§~H$s` nmobmX (Zm°Z _°3⁄4o{Q>H$ ñQ>rb) Am`mV H$amdo
hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo hoqS>J XoUo {dH«$s Am{U {dnUZ `mgmR>r Am_Mr H$mhr YmoaUo hmoVr. Amåhr Ago R>adbo hmoVo H$s `m CÚmoJmgmR>r {OVH$m _mb Amåhr Am`mV H$aV AmhmoV {VVH$m Var {Z`m©V ì`m`bm hdm. Var `m dfu Am_À`m H§$nZrMm Amåhr 25 Q>¸o$ {Z`m©V H$aV AmhmoV Am{U Vmo dmT>V OmD$Z 40 Q>¸o$ ìhmdm Aer BÀN>m Amho. AWm©VM ^maVmVbo _mH}$Q> Am_À`m Ñï>rZo gdm©V _moR>o _mH}$Q> Amho. gÜ`m ^maVm_Ü`o A°Š`yaoQ>Mo _ mH}$Q> ho OdiOdi 40 Q>¸o$ Amho d Cabobob 60 Q>¸o$ BVa H§$nÝ`m§_Ü`o {d^mJbo Amho. Ë`m_wio AmVm Am_Mr _erÝg ^maVm~mhoa H$er {dH$Vm `oVrb `mda Amåhr bj H|${ÐV Ho$bo Amho. CMM² gmo~VM Amåhr BVahr
3
4 nwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb, H¡$. {dbmgamd gmiw§Io `m§Zr EH$m _hm{dÚmb`mV nwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb, H¡$. {dbmgamd gmiw§Io `m§Zr EH$m _hm{dÚmb`mVnwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb, H¡$. {dbmgamd gmiw§Io `m§Zr EH$m _hm{dÚmb`mVnwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb, H¡$. {dbmgamd gmiw§Io `m§Zr EH$m _hm{dÚmb`mVnwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ BboŠQ´>rH$b ({dÚwV) emIoMr nXdr KoD$Z ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va Am_Mo dS>rb, H¡$. {dbmgamd gmiw§Io `m§Zr EH$m _hm{dÚmb`mVnwUo A{^`m§{ÌH$s
2
BboŠQ´>rH$b emIoMr nXdr
1
H$aV Joë`m, Ë`mM {Q>H$ë`m AmhoV. Am{U Amåhmbm A{^_mZ dmQ>Vmo H$s A°Š`yaoQ> Ë`mVrb EH$ Amho. `m gdmª_Ü`o BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠgMm nU Iyn _moR>m gh^mJ Amho. AmVm "B§S>ñQ´>r 4.0' ZmdmMo Am¡Úmo{JH$ ñQ>±S>S©> àñWm{nV hmoV Amho Á`m_Ü`o ñd`§M{bV H$m°ånoÝgoeZ qH$dm H$m_ Mmby AgVmZmM àmogog H$aoŠeZ H$go H$aVm `oB©b `mda ^a Agob. {OWo doJdoJù`m CnH$aUm§Zm EH$_oH$m§er ~mobmdo bmJUma Amho Am{U Ë`mMr AmVm ZdrZ H$m`©nÕVr gd©Ì ñWmnZ hmoV Amho Ë`m_Ü`o BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠg \$ma _hËdmMo Agob. XþX£dmZo Aem àH$maMo BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠg (hmS©>doAa) ^maVm_Ü`o hmoV Zmhr. H$maU BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠg_Ü`o Oo doJdoJù`m àH$maMo goÝgg© AmhoV Ë`mMo ^maVm_Ü`o CËnmXZ hmoV Zmhr. `wamon Am{U MrZ _Ü`o Ago CËnmXZ KoVbo OmVo.
0
bmJV Ago. Ë`mgmR>r 410 Am{U 420 J«oS>Mo ñQ>oZbog ñQ>rb bmJV Ago. _mÌ Ë`mdoir bKw CÚmoJm§_Ü`o _moS>V Agboë`m ^m§S>rH$m_mbm, ñQ>oZbog ñQ>rbMr ^m§S>r YmoH$m Amho Ago ^maV gaH$mabm dmQ>bo, åhUyZ gaH$maZo Vr ^m§S>r V`ma H$aUmè`m bmoH$m§À`m g§ajUmW© Ë`m ñQ>rbda 300 Q>¸o$ Am`mV H$a bmdbm. `m dmXmV Amåhr AS>H$bmo, H$maU `m ^m§S>çm§Zm Oo ñQ>rb bmJV hmoVo VoM 410, 420 J«oS>Mo ñQ>rb Am_À`m Qy>bbm bmJm`Mo. Ë`mda Cnm` åhUyZ Amåhr BVa Xþgè`m ñQ>rb H§$nÝ`m§gmo~V ñQ>rbhr ~Zdbo. nU OmñV H$mhr \$m`Xm hmoD$ eH$bm Zmhr. nU nwT>o MrZ_Ü`o ñQ>rbMo _moR>çm à_mUmda CËnmXZ KoVbo OmD$ bmJbo Am{U {VWë`m {d{eð> CËnmXZnÕVr_wio Ë`m§Zr àM§S> g§»`oV `m CnH$aUm§Mo CËnmXZ gwê$ Ho$bo d Vmo EH$ ñdñV n`m©` Iwbm Pmbm. Ë`m_wio `m H§$nÝ`m§Zr gd© OJmbm _mJo Q>mH$bo. nwT>o boPa V§ÌmMm dmna B§S>ñQ´>r_Ü`o gwê$ Pmbm Am{U ìh{Z©`a gma»`m CËnmXZmÀ`m _m{Hª$JÀ`m Á`m nÕVr hmoË`m Ë`m gd© boPabm {eâQ> Pmë`m (nydu \$moQ>mo_m{Hª$J nÕV dmnam`Mo). ho boPa _erZ MrZ_Yrb àË`oH$ amÁ`mZo {dH$V KoD$Z Vo V§ÌkmZ A§_bmV AmUbo. Ë`m_wio g§nyU© à{H«$`m ~Xbbr, CËnmXZ IM© ~Xbbm. Am{U Vo OJmÀ`m ~mOmamV nwT>o {ZKyZ Jobo. Ë`m_wio AmVmMr n[apñWVr Aer Amho H$s, Á`m CËnmXZm§Zm {dH«$sZ§Va gpìh©g bmJV Zmhr Aem CËnmXZm§gmR>r, ^maVM H$m` nU AmO OJmVbm Hw$R>bmM Xoembm MrZgmo~V ñnYm© H$aUo ho IaM AdKS> Amho. `m joÌmVrb Á`m H§$nÝ`m ñdV:Mo Ago EImXo {deof àm°S>ŠQ> KoCZ Ë`mV {dH$mg
YmVyH$m_ … `§Ì Am{U V§Ì / 9
0 _moO_mn CnH$aUo {Z`m©V H$aVmo, gÜ`m Am_Mo EHy$U CËnmXZmn¡H$s 15 Q>¸o$ CËnmXZ naXoer H§$nÝ`m§H$Sy>Z Amho Am{U gÜ`mMm {dH$mg nmhVm nwT>À`m 5 dfmªV Vmo 35-40 Q>¸o$ hmoB©b.
1 2
A_}ŠgboPa V§Ìmgh g§emoYZ Am{U {dH$mg ([agM© A±S> So>ìhbn_|Q>) g§emoYZ Am{U {dH$mgmgmR>r Am_À`mgma»`m H§$nÝ`m§Zr `mV `mo1⁄2` Vmo g_Vmob gmYbm Amho. Amnbo A{^`§Vo Am{U ~mhoê$Z {_iUmao _mJ©Xe©Z (Jm`S>Ýg) `m§À`mVrb nañna gm_§Oñ`mZo Amåhr ho H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Aem àH$maÀ`m joÌmV H$m_ H$aVm§Zm AMyH$VoÀ`m Ñï>rZo H$mhr Jmoï>r _hËdmÀ`m AmhoV, Vwåhr dmnaUmao CnH$aU Am{U Vo CnH$aU dmnaÊ`mMr n[apñWVr (Vmn_mZ) hm _wX²Ôm \$ma
3 4 10 / YmVyH$m_ … `§Ì Am{U V§Ì
_hËdmMm Amho. åhUOo `mo1⁄2` Ë`m Vmn_mZmbm Vo CnH$aU dmnaVm `oUo _hËdmMo Amho. CnH$aU ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r `mo1⁄2` Am°naoQ>a Am{U Ë`mMo ñH$sb, Aem AdKS> Am{U {H$MH$Q> à{H«$`oMr g§nyU© Am{U `mo1⁄2` _m{hVr AgUo JaOoMo Amho. A°Š`yaoQ>_Ü`o `m VrZhr Jmoï>tMm g_Ýd` gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. A°Š`yaoQ> hr \$º$ EH$ H§$nZr ZgyZ Vr EH$ BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Amho, {OWo Am_Mo gd© H$m_Jma ho ho Hw$eb H$m_Jma ~ZVrb `mda Am_Mo bj AgVo. àË`oH$ H$m_Jmambm gd© àH$maMr _m{hVr Agm`bm hdr VgoM Ë`m gd© àH$maMo H$m_ H$aVm `m`bm hdo ho gwÕm Amåhr nmhVmo. `m§{ÌH$, BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠg, gm°âQ>doAa Aem gd©M joÌmV Amåhr gj_ hmoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AgVmo. g§emoYZmgmR>rMo A{^`§Vohr
AmåhmbmM V`ma H$amdo bmJVmV. Ë`m_wio Amåhr AZZw^dr A{^`§Vo KoD$Z Ë`m§Zm CËnmXZ joÌmV AmYr H$m_ H$am`bm bmD$Z V`ma H$aVmo _JM Vo {S>PmBZ_Ü`o `oVmV. nydu EImXo CËnmXZ {dH${gV H$am`bm, Vo pñWamdm`bm Omo doi bmJm`Mm Vmo AmVm Am_À`mH$So> Iyn H$_r Pmbm Amho. ZdrZ ZdrZ à{H«$`m Ë`mÀ`m ImMm ImoMm, g_ñ`m {ZamH$aU V§Ìo g_Obr AmhoV Am{U Ë`m_wio gd© à{H«$`m gwb^ Pmë`m AmhoV. Aem AdKS> Am{U {H$MH$Q> à{H«$`oMr g§nyU© Am{U `mo1⁄2` _m{hVr AgUo JaOoMo Amho. _m{hVr AgUo JaOoMo Amho.A°Š`yaoQ>_Ü`o `m VrZhr Jmoï>tMm g_Ýd` gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. A°Š`yaoQ> hr \$º$ EH$ H§$nZr ZgyZ Vr EH$ BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Amho.