ISD5103 - Green Buildings in the Tropics
REGENERATIVE DESIGN AND NET POSITIVE DEVELOPMENTS THE BAIMA CANAL RESTORER, Fuzhou, China FREEDOM PARK, Bengaluru, India THE VALLEY SCHOOL, Bengaluru, India
A0148534B | PRADEEP ATTAVAR ALVA National University of Singapore School of Design and Environment 1
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CONTENT:
1. ABSTRACT– page 3
2. INTRODUCTION– page 3
3. LITERATURE STUDY– page 4,5 & 6
4. CASES: a) The Biama canal restorer, Fuzhou, China– page 7 & 8 b) Freedom park, Bengaluru, India– page 8, 9& 10 c) The valley school, Bengaluru, India– page 12,13,14 & 15
5. DISCUSSION – page 15
6. CONCLUSION – page 16
7. LIST OF FIGURES – page 16
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY – page 17
9. APPENDIX– page 18,19 & 20
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1.ABSTRACT: An attempt to keep humans and nature co-existing in this “end of the world” scenario, a change is much needed to step further ahead from contemporary ideas of sustainability and green design. This paper tries to demonstrate this regenerative approach using three examples at developing nations, India and China. The findings of this study are that these projects have played an important role in creating; a revival towards healthy environment using “living-machines” in the neighbourhood of unhygienic squatter settlements (Biama Canal restorer, Fuzhou, China), a new network of Biodiversity overlapping with public from dilapidated conditions (Brownfield land) in a highly congested urban precinct (Freedom Park, Bengaluru), man-made eco-systems sprawling up to an extent of getting back a robust of nature with community engagement to its fullest (Valley school, Bengaluru).
2. INTRODUCTION: Biological design and eco technology could not be divorced from addressing the issues of the society. As a precept of biological design one unavoidably could persuade the equity in access and distribution of basic resources. Design is something which should co-evolve with the natural world and buildings should try to heal the planet. (Chrisna D. P. and Dominique H. 2014) In form of collective interrelated disciplines for example biology, ecology, cybernetics and more advancement of material technology, the greater motive of restoration is being possible. A process, an organised structure and functions has to be embedded in a way that it becomes merely unpredictable flux like the nature itself. (Nancy J. T. and John T. 1994) As an Epistemology, certain precepts have to be constructed in order to replicate this process of the regenerative thought. From how systems of Biodiversity, Hydrology, community spaces, Food resources and energy inculcates on the successful projects, to the documentation of scale of the impact it has to its surroundings and users.(Nancy J. T. and John T. 1994) Asian cities as a context is quite vibrant, but faces similar problems of high density and diminishing green because of faster developmental strategy whose goal is far away from self sustainability. As 100% renewable energy state goal seems pretty much a utopian concept in this part of the world, European and South American nations announce their achievements, which indeed give a ray of hope for Asian developing nations.
Albenia - 2.8 million population (100% Hydro-electricity), Iceland- 329,100 population (72% Hydro and 28% Geothermal),Paraguay- 7 million population (100% Hydro-electricity)andNorway - 5.1 million population (96% Hydro-electricity and 4% other)
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3. LITERATURE: Regenerative design: With large scale developments and urbanisation, several ecosystems are at the risk of deterioration. Despite recognising these threats, several human interventions and design strategies often fail to respond to these issues and do not help in making the declining ecosystem into better urban landscapes. Regenerative design as a concept approaches the design of urban landscape into those that help regenerate declining ecosystems. This concept helps shape new practices that help create better built environments. Regenerative design, rather than focussing on the mere recovery of the ecosystem at risk, concentrates on creating a ‘change;’ that triggers the efficient functioning of the landscape on the whole. Through regenerative design, it is possible to recover lost ecosystems by the systematic and sustainable management of resources and design strategies. This design concept deals with understanding the given scenario and going beyond the micro scale interventions to create macro scale impacts on the entire system. (A system is a set of interacting components and relationships that combine to form an integrated whole) For example, while designing a storm water management system on the scale of a neighbourhood level, it is necessary to consider the water catchment that the neighbourhood is located in, the various surfaces and other factors that contribute to its functioning as well as its position with respect to the city on the whole. Through regenerative design, it is possible to acknowledge the functioning of the natural system, its complex nature and its ability to adapt and be resilient with respect to change. (Chrisna D. P. and Dominique H. 2014)
The value of the ‘whole’: Regenerative design compels the rethinking of approaching design by shifting attention away from the individual parts and towards the well-being of the whole as expressed through independent relationships – the web of life. Humans are active participants in this web of life and co-creation of the ecosystems that we inhabit. To thrive in a world that is under constant change, there is a need to build resilient socio-ecological systems. In this inter-dependent, constantly changing, unpredictable reality, several values drive the design of regenerative environment. These values are organised into three categories. The first set of values from an understanding of wholeness anchored in the idea of an interconnected, interdependent and integrated world. The values of integrity and inclusivity are also infused into these approaches. The second set of values highlight the importance of positivity and mutually supportive relationships, leading to the values of Mutuality, Fellowship, positivity, responsibility, respect and harmony. The final set of values revolves primarily around the fact that the world is ever changing. It is unpredictable and ultimately impermanent. As a result of these values, we shift from that of a centric basis of assigning valuing to that of a rational kind.
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The Regenerative Methodology: Regenesis, a Santa Fe bases collective of professional in design, land use planning, design and development developed a framework of methodology for approaching regenerative design (Shown in Figure.1). Regeneration is first and foremost “a process of engagement with the purpose of healing living systems and birthing a new spirit to consciously participate in expanding the healing process”. It focuses on working developmentally to improve the value of the ‘whole’.
Figure 1| Components of Regenerative development and design methodology
The methodology elaborates on three approaches for regenerative design namely living systems thinking, permaculture and developmental change practises. Living systems thinking deals with the understanding of place and living systems and the organisations that take place in dynamic ecosystems and the wholes that change and evolve over time through various relationships. It requires that these systems be seen as “a system of energies or life processes, rather than a system of things”. “Imaging these relationships provides the basis for illuminating the core organising principles of the system and the potential that the system can manifest. Permaculture provides the pattern recognition ability that, together with living systems thinking, enables identification of the essence of place, which in turn, reveals the design solutions and management techniques that will enable that potential to manifest. Developmental change processes allow design teams to enter into a co-creative dialogue with the stakeholder communities through storytelling, creating a ‘story field’ that shifts the focus from problem solving and conflict resolution to seeing the potential of the whole system and how this potential can be evolved.” Together, these processes are structured into three phases. Understanding the place, designing for its harmony and the subsequent co-evolution are the three phases through which regenerative design may be practised.
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Figure 2| Regenerative development and design guiding framework
In the first phase of understanding the place, the main agenda is to understand the site and its community, its essence, the dynamics, patterns, relationships and potential. Based on the critical study and analysis of these factors that make up the place, the project may be designed as a ‘regenerative force’. While designing for harmony, the objective is to understand the larger system and develop a pattern for the given place. This phase captures the specifics of the design; it’s potential and aims to regenerate the system. This design is aimed at creating harmony with the built environment or infrastructure with the patterns of land, culture and ecosystem that would improve the quality of the system. Permaculture design principles are useful for seeing the unique site relationships and in turn help in determining the appropriate engineering and design solutions. Any regenerative project aims to set conditions in the place that will ensure the subsequent coevolution between the several components involved in the human and natural systems. Ben Haggard from Regenesis proposes that “to sustain the ongoing enrichment of potential that is the hallmark of regenerative development; projects must act as a continually unfolding source of inspiration and spirit for all of the stakeholder constituencies affected by them”.
Tools for Regenerative Design: Regenerative design goes beyond merely stringing together various technologies, passive design strategies and urban design principles to improve the performance of a building, site or city. As a paradigm born from the ecological field, it has to contend with the complexity of the whole living system. Tools for regenerative development and design consist of a combination of tools for thinking 6
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and making connections rather than those used simple to measure and certify. Based on a processbased approach, these tools enable the following:
Understanding of the project and its contribution to the larger system Creating connections across all scales Meaning and inclusive dialogue that builds ownership, ongoing commitment and personal transformations.
4. CASES: a) The Biama canal restorer : Plot size: 600 meter length Canal Location: Fuzhou, China Programme: Phyto-remediation + Hydrology Client: Govt. of Republic of China Design Team: John Todd Ecological Design, Ocean Arks International Project Completion: 2002 Project Estimate: NA Capital Study: Built, Human, social, Symbolic & Natural
Figure 3| Before (year 1999) and after (year 2006)situation at the site
BUILT & HEALTH CAPITAL: With a population of around 6 million, Fuzhou- a city of china releases its grey and other waste water to 80 km network of water thought out the region through open canals before it leads to the River Minjiang. Biama is a stretch of 600m canal, famous for being the most unhygienic one in 7
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Fuzhou. Influxed by 750,000 galllons/ per day of household waste water, Biama had created the environment of severe problems with foul smell and floating waste particles. Team from US, lead by John Todd (john todd ecological design) collaborating with Ocean Arks International designed a solution using phyto-remediation- in famously called as “living system�. One of the first experiments executed by the man himself who is a founder of a revolution of treating waste water using certain species of plants and technology hand in hand. Now that we know of, its replication model is seen worldwide and celebrating success. Not only it treated the waste water in the case of Biama canal, but also went on to rejuvenate the neighbourhood from the unhygienic environment for living - improving the wellness of the community. From less than 6 inches of clarity of the water in the canal, this hygiene system pushed it to several feet while accomplishing some secondary effluent water standards.
SOCIAL & SYMBOLIC CAPITAL: The people of Fuzhou engaged with the central designed walkway along this new system, eventually becoming a recreation space they would use on a daily basis. As this system dealt with cleansing the existing water system, side by side it had interwoven itself with the social system of the place helping the community to be a part of the whole. There was a drastic change in the aesthetics of the neighbourhood. Biama canal went on to become a famous rejuvenation symbol for the community, further setting an example for the government to take on initiatives of such kind.
b) Freedom Park : Plot size: 8.5 Hectare Location: Bengaluru, India Programme: Recreation (Conservation of old Jail precinct to a public park) Client: Bangalore Agenda Task Force (BATF) Design Team: Mathew and Ghosh Architects Project Completion: 2002 Project Estimate: 2.5 million USD Capital Study: Symbolic, Built, Natural, Human, Social, Symbolic & Political
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Figure 4 |Before (year 2000) and after (year 2015) situation at the site
Bangalore - a growing metropolitan in southern part of India, from being “garden city” now it has moved to be “silicon valley”- a symbol of economic growth of the country. City although lacks an urban forum which opens up to public to its fullest to express themselves though unique activities. Inception of idea of Freedom Park was with the architectural competition to attempt rethink the use of Old Central Jail premises. Located between the old city and new cantonment created by British in 1867, this jail was moved to the new address on the outskirts of Bangalore. All it was waiting to be converted to be a commercial space like the overgrown old city premise. With a new hope of turning this public institution to an interactive social space, (BATF) - Bangalore Agenda Task Force on behalf of the state government invited architects to share their ideas of rejuvenation.
Figure 5 | Old jail transformation and Entry (right)
“Community spaces” defines dynamism to the character of the city, projects such as this is one such example.
BUILT CAPITAL Mathew & Ghosh architects winning the entry of redesign, addresses the restoration of the old structures very strategically by offering intricate details in design of providing a glimpse of historical evidence. As a Brownfield land, there were certain unsafe barracks which has been considered while planning the new development. A design of an effective usage of the dilapidated campus towards an 9
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engaging public forum was carried without leaving behind the enumeration of old.
Figure 6 | Concepts of approach to Freedom park
The fenestration on the wall, barracks with old plinths, wooden truss roofs invites the visitors into its old remains of back in time. The quarantine dormitory, the gallows and barracks of the old British jail design is restored as a key historical feature in the new development. To add to the reminiscent, few sculptures are placed rightly in the cells depicting the prisoners and its keepers of its past. The new design has many layers to unfold within it, while remnants of new programs and recreated buildings emphasise the rejuvenated purpose of the project and the theatrical reinterpretations of old buildings spreads the message of historical importance. “We consciously inserted new markers that anchor onto the old remnants and memory of the panoptical prison typology – to attempt to discover the old spatial history of this space as one negotiates and engages with routes of new sequence and discovery,” says Nisha Mathew from Mathew & Ghosh, about the new additions to the hospital section. A distinct colour differentiation is given to old and new part of the development with architectural styles. As old structures were given a typical shade of period (hue of yellow) and new symbolic architecture embedded in the ruins were marked in stark blue. As the old program (jail) had design concept of having central watchtower for creating a constant fear of being observed and controlled. The new design enforces the large public free flowing in the campus surpassing this negative imagery into an expression of positivity and freedom. This has been a key design rethinking in the project. Mathew himself says, “Thus, in a complete reversal of roles, what was the origin of oppressive power was reduced to being a mere spectator of people’s freedom.” 10
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Now this old watchtower is standing with its external layer uncovered into an original core for visitors to access freely to the top, revealing the panoramic view of the entire new development.
NATURAL CAPITAL: The new development was principally envisioned as a landscape project with less of buildings to intervene. This is evident as patterns of topography planning which leads on to the lower most part of the site towards the surface water. These water networks marks the landscape within to increase the water recharging of the soil; intricately positioned berms goes on to add to this layer of water percolation strategy. The flourishing biodiversity at the site is seen by flowering shrubs in groves, large foliaged trees which attract large species of birds in the campus and also shading the visitors all along the way. In comparison to the old and dry ruins, the new development has given the city new network of public space but also an extended network of green and biodiversity.
SOCIAL CAPITAL: Freedom Park with 8.5 hectares of land also houses its share of museums, commercial outlets and art forums which influence the visitors to unique interactions. 2.5 hectares of land is solely dedicated for the rally space engaging protests and acting as expression of voice for the city.
SYMBOLIC & POLITICAL CAPITAL: This rally point was brought into limelight when a recent movement of corruption (Jan Lokpal Bill) rally was housed within the campus housing thousands of people. The place recalling for its reform was driven back to its origin only with shift of political power – people (earlier known for British rule), continues to serve its purpose. From 1857, the site was devoted to a prison for the ones who opposed the colonial establishment. From taking inspiration from Kensington park of London and Hyde park, freedom park have been successful in being a symbol of public forum in the city for numerous meetings, rallies and protests. The project upholds the legacy of Indian freedom fighters those were in the jail during British rule, and also dedicates itself to the city public who fight the current issues of government, marking a point against political oppression.
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c) Valley School : Plot size: 48.6 Hectare Location: Kanakpura road, Bengaluru,India Programme: School campus Client: Krishnamurti Foundation India Design Team: Jiddu Krishnamurthi, Venkatraman Associates, Shirish Beri & Associates Project Completion: 2002 Project Estimate: NA Capital Study: Natural, Social, Human & Symbolic
Figure 7 | Masterplan of Valley school
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
Mahasagar Senior school Seminar hall Dining hall Gulmohar guest house Hostels Hostels Bamboo cottage Junior school 12
10 11 12 13
Arts village Directors residence Study centre Retreat centre
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The valley school is a co-educational institution campus located at 20 km south of the city of Bengaluru (India). One of the many alternative school philosophy envisioned by the founder himself Jiddu Krishnamurthi. It houses around 350 students from age of 6 to 17 years. The school campus is on 48 hectares of land with a natural lake, two artificial man made ponds, constructed dams, three heritage banyan trees (over hundred years) and vegetated hill contour. Academic structures are planned flanking the main school with an art village with amphitheatre on east of campus site; student dorms, residential buildings and visitors section is carefully placed at the west of site.
HUMAN CAPITAL: -The project helps in healing people with spaces designed for meditation using Biophilia. -Kids and elderly, artist and teachers all have the designated spaces in campus; amphitheatres and few spots help them unite and participate towards welfare of humanity.
Figure 8 | Building design incorporating social spaces
Figure 9 | Amphitheatre serving Community
SOCIAL CAPITAL:  
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Campus beholds an extended community serving as a outing/ tourism spot Resorts and mediation centre around the biodiversity acting as interactive social space
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NATURAL CAPITAL: The valley school is a hotspot for 215 species of birds (recorded on campus) and fifteen species of mammals including snakes (20 species -5 venomous), deer, wild boars, elephants, and resident panthers. This attracts a bunch of people from the city core for weekend getaway, including Birdwatchers field club of Bangalore. The students are trained to deal with the habitat in the campus, marking human and nature symbiosis for existence.
Figure 10 | Natural Habitat on site. (Heritage Banyan tree - right)
These are the few bird species listed found in the campus: “Laughing Dove, Rose Ringed Parakeet, Indian Roller, Green Bee eater, Jungle Babbler, Red vented, Bulbull, White Bowed Wagtail, Indian Peafowl, Asian Koyal, Blue Bearded Bee eater, Oriental White Eye, Tickles Blue Fly catcher, Shikra, Grey Horn-Bill, Black Headed Golden Oriole, Golden Oriole, Greenish Warbler, Spotted Owl, White Cheeked Barbet, Coppersmith Barbet, Small Minivet, Jerdon’s Leaf bird, Red Wattled Lapwing, Brahmini Kite, Black Kite, Swallows, Red Whiskered BulBul, Sirkeer Malkoha, Asian Paradise Flycatcher, Indian Pitta. Etc “
Figure 11 | Water network system in the site
The site connects to the large water system of Agara lake, continuously forming a biodiversity network along it. This water network system is constructed using man made dams, a huge bund 14
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connecting Agara lake to the small lake within the site. Over the time this planning have been fruitful in adding the layers of green in and outside the site scale, being a part in whole of larger network. A Neem tree is at highest level of contours in the site marking the symbol of the project and also part of logo of the school.
SYMBOLIC CAPITAL:
The project have expressed itself and been recognised as one of the pioneers of alternative education system demonstration in India. The biodiversity of the place is such that Bird and animal lovers come to enjoy the location on a weekly basis.
5. DISCUSSION: “Housing
world’s largest share of slum population (505.5 million people) and wide disparity in the culture, wealth and health aspects in the continent, Asia has been proven to be a region seeking better life. Although this race towards good state of being, environmental impacts are day by day rising. China is the currently world’s highest CO2 emitter 10,540,000kT (6.19 metric tons per capita 2014), accounting for 30% of total emissions.”
“With
excessive growing population (100,000 per day), Asian urban density is day by day embedding more complexities within it. With this sprawl moving over the fruitful agricultural lands (1,000 Hectares per day). Incorporating an ecological approach design to any development seems quite mandatory, acting as punctures of green design revolution.”
“Countries like Vietnam
(50% primary forest loss year 2000-2005), Indonesia (840,000 hectares in 2012), Philippines (lost 90% of its original habitat) and Malaysia (1,920,000 Hectares) facing deforestation issue contributing to climatic changes including Haze in Singapore.”
“As
the asian cities increase its density to 20,000 people per sq.km., congestion builds up in the urban areas by migrants. Making people exposed to deteriorated water systems and poor air quality. In Asia itself air quality issues leads to death of 500,000 people each year.”
“Contradictions come to
surface when we speak of Green assessment tools as they show progress in energy efficiency attained upto 45% and primary energy consumption at year 2006 from burning fossil fuel is 80%. Disparity is quite evident, making reduction of greenhouse gas (by net 50-80%) to stabilize global warming by 2100 year pretty much a delusion.” In order to overcome this, Asia need beyond the predefined limits of thinking of systems. Also redefine its boundaries which would go beyond plot/site, short term profits and design for programmatic need. A regenerative approach is to be taken by rectifying damaged networks, coexisting with nature in harmony, look for long lasting effectiveness and embed integrated design process (IDP) with community welfare at priority. 15
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6. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, one understands that the various capitals work in tandem with each other. Regenerative design is primarily an outcome of the ecological worldview which asserts reparation of the derelict system networks. At first, there needs to be consciousness, to understand the drivers amongst capitals. After gauging its impacts, and possible returns – the designer/developer needs to negotiate the need for an ideal decision. One begins to assess that regenerative design is at its base a complexity science, that cannot be addressed generically. System specific approaches and Capital Theory assessments are only methods of understanding the interlinkages. The actual mode to design an intended regenerative development can be determined by engaging in pattern reading that should be fed into a systems framework. This framework, can be generated only when many samples have been studied and generalised statement specific to a context can be formed. Otherwise, the move from green to sustainability will not transition easily into regenerative realm. Beyond the framework and the designer’s vision, stakeholder involvement is crucial. In Asia, with a teaming, diverse resident population and an equally vibrant floating population with a constant demand for ‘eco-system services’ to function adequately – regenerative design is viable solution. The damage cannot be undone, but before it’s too late – one must attempt to repair it and set closed loop cycles, which will function independent of the grid. If every project, was regenerative, one can imagine system revival at work, with the partial dependence on the grid for supply of resources. If Asia, moves to off-grid – then a large amount of pressure is lifted off the earth’s resource generation, and the world will be on its road to a better future.
7. LIST OF FIGURES: Figure 1| Components of Regenerative development and design methodology .................................. 5 Figure 2| Regenerative development and design guiding framework ................................................... 6 Figure 3| Before (year 1999) and after (year 2006)situation at the site ................................................ 7 Figure 4 |Before (year 2000) and after (year 2015) situation at the site ............................................... 9 Figure 5 | Old jail transformation and Entry (right) ................................................................................ 9 Figure 6 | Concepts of approach to Freedom park............................................................................... 10 Figure 7 | Masterplan of Valley school ................................................................................................. 12 Figure 10 | Amphitheatre serving Community ..................................................................................... 13 Figure 9 | Building design incorporating social spaces ......................................................................... 13 Figure 11 | Natural Habitat on site. (Heritage Banyan tree - right)...................................................... 14 Figure 12 | Water network system in the site ...................................................................................... 14 Figure 13 | Site design approach .......................................................................................................... 18 Figure 14 | Site images ......................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 15 | The design and site plan ..................................................................................................... 19 Figure 16 | Site image ........................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 17 | Site images with community farming................................................................................. 20
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8. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Birkeland, J. (2008), Positive Development: from vicious circles to virtuous cycles through built environment design. Chrisna Du Plessis and Dominique Hes (2014), Designing for hope, pathways to regenerative sustainability. EdwardsA. (2010), Thriving beyond sustainability: pathways to resilient society. GrahamP. (2003), Building ecology. First principles for a sustainable built environment. Hawken P., Lovins A. and Lovins L.H. (1999). Natural Capitalism. Jason F. Mclennan (2012), Transformational thought: radical ideas to remake the built environment. Nancy Jack Todd and John Todd (1994), From Eco-cities to Living Machines. Nirmal Kishnani (2012), Greening Asia, emerging principles for sustainable architecture. Patrick Bingham-Hall (2016), Garden City Mega City: rethinking cities for the age of global warming. Sternberg E.M. (2009), Healing spaces: the science of place and well being. Suzuki D. and McConnell A. (2002), The sacred balance. Van der Ryn S. and Cowan S. (2007), Ecological Design. Walker B. H. and Salt D. (2006), Resilience thinking. Sustaining Ecosystem and people in a changing world.
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9. APPENDIX: Few of the potential cases which were considered while researchingon: 1. Floating Park Yongning river park, Taizhou (Built, Natural, Symbolic & Humancapital)
Figure 12 | Site design approach
Figure 13 | Site images
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2. Quinli Storm water park, Harbin, China (Natural, Built, Symbolic & Human capital)
Figure 14 | The design and site plan
Figure 15 | Site image
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3. Farming Kindergarten, Dongnai, Vietnam (Human, Social, Natural, Built& Symbolic capital)
Figure 16 | Site images with community farming
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