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REGENERATIVE DESIGN AND NET POSITIVE DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA
SUBMITTED BY PRANEETA MOORTHY
A0151370R
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ABSTRACT
Regenerative design acts as a healer and focuses on restoring and repairing a site or environment and bringing it back to life. Urbanisation today is rapidly growing and changing the face of the world, and regenerative deign becomes a key facilitator to improving the urban context. These designs have a net positive approach with their impact on their site as well as the surrounding context. A few questions which then arise are,”Why and where do we need net positive buildings? “, “Where do we then draw notional boundaries of the site’s impact?”, “Does the program of a building restrict it to its function?” To answer these questions and more, I have studied the following cases. The programs for each case pertain to an institution, a park and malls. Also keeping I mind the rural and urban contexts of the case to provide a wider understanding of regenerative design with respect to the physical, social, economic and environmental context.
Tipu Sultan Merkez Earthen School, a school in rural Lahore, Pakistan designed by Roswag Architekten which received the Holcim Ward for GOLD 2011 Asia Pacific.
Daan forest park and Daan Park Metro station, in Taipei, capital city of Taiwan by Che Fu Chang Architects. The park acts a green lung to the city’s dense urban fabric, while the metro station seamlessly finds its way into the park’s edge.
K11 mall in Shanghai, China, by Kokai Studios and Siam mall in Bangkok, Thailand by OBA (Office of Bangkok Architects). A study of both malls, to understand, the impact of urban farming and social space. Consequently a discussion on the above cases will summarise how regenerative architectural projects will have a say in net positive built environment.
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CONTENT 1.
INTRODUCTION
4
2.
LITERATURE REVIEW
4-6
3.
CASE STUDIES 3.1 Daan Forest Park and Daan Park Station, Taipei
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3.1.1 Human Capital
7-8
3.1.2 Social Capital
8-9
3.1.3 Built Capital
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3.1.4 Natural Capital
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3.1.5 Economic Capital
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3.1.6 Symbolic Capital
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3.2 Tipu Sultan Merkez Earthen School
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3.2.1 Human Capital
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3.2.2 Social Capital
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3.2.3 Built Capital
12-13
3.2.4 Natural Capital
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3.2.5 Symbolic Capital
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3.3 K11 Mall And Siam Square One Mall
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3.3.1 Human Capital
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3.3.2 Social Capital
17-18
3.3.3 Built Capital
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3.3.4 Natural Capital
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3.3.5
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Symbolic Capital
4.Discussion
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5.Limitations
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6.Conclusion
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1. Introduction In Asian context, regenerative design is slowly catching up, where design meets the needs of the site as well as beyond it. Regenerative design ,after sustainable design, caters to the social, economic and environmental needs of the site and its context. The need to understand the complex integration and overlapping of systems in a design becomes the main driver for a design to be regenerative. Asia has seen an increased rise in urbanisation. From being only 2% in 1800 to an estimated 55% in 2020. Urbanisation brings with it challenges to cater to such a large number of people. Making a city’s liveability quotient high, being the biggest challenge. Infrastructure, water and energy demand, sanitation, healthcare, recreation and housing will have to cater to the large numbers effectively and efficiently. A rise in demand, will lead to depleting natural resources. Water and ecological green (the blue and green systems) will be in shortage. The need will then be to collect, recycle and reuse water. Restoring and cleaning of rivers and water bodies, and increasing the quality of water will make it usable and cater to more people. While increasing or greening a space, not only to increase per capita green and meet a target, but also to connect to a larger network of green. The use of native species of plants and attracting native species of fauna will enrich the ecosystem. This then will bring about a need to design not only sustainably but to look further and have a net positive impact. Asia being home to a wide range of climates, physical features, ecology and natural features has lost and is losing a lot of its treasured resources. Buildings and other designed spaces being a large part of the urban environment can address these issues. Human interaction and engagement with nature also becomes a priority. We as humans have a larger responsibility to co-exist with nature and our surroundings, and this complexity must be addressed in a regenerative design. To understand the ever changing environments and consequently design will reap regenerative benefits.
2. Literature Review John Tillman Lyle introduced the term “regenerative design” for landscape design, so as to revive lost ecosystems. The term “regenerate” is very different from “sustain”, as explained in the paper by Matt Frank. He defines regenerate in the permaculture context. Regenerate is to ensure replenishment, rejuvenation, and establishment of natural resources and social capital while ensuring the future security of natural resources. Sustain is to maintain a systems’ ability to provide resources at present conditions and consumption levels.
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In an article by Daniel Christian Walh, from Regenesis, he explains at the different development levels of design. He describes how design has moved from a conventional design to green to sustainable to restorative design to reconciliatory and finally to regenerative design. Conventional being a typical building design catering to its programmatic needs, using resources and not looking at any sustainable measures. Sustainable being, a conscious design thought to become energy efficient, increase in ecological greening and reduction in depletion of natural resources. Reconciliatory design, being reconciliation between humans, and nature, including the cultural aspect as well. Finally, on top of all this is regenerative design, which they describe as, creating communities and cultures that can create design that goes into the systemic understanding of nature and built. Furthermore to be resilient to change, and create designs and environments that can sustain future generations. Regenesis, and their strong thought about how we as humans have disconnected ourselves from nature, and function independently, questions a lot of issues. An epiphenomenal relationship with nature and man is integral to our sustenance on Earth. He explains how we have already caused damage, sometimes irreversible, to the Earth’s face. Technological advancement made us oblivious to certain ground basics; therefore buildings were designed in isolation. He also states the integration of ancient wisdom and modern technology. Nature gives us answers and listening to it and designing accordingly will give a more wholesome approach to regenerative design. Designing “regenerative cultures” can then be our goal on varying scales of local to global. His theory shows how we grow from the “use of abundant resource use” to accept the fact that we can “be nature”.
Figure 1 Integratio of Human consciousness
An interesting term “biobecoming” – the development of a whole system of interrelated living consciousness – a new mind, is used by Pamela Mang and Bill Reed to describe new built environments. Also stated is “Design inevitably instructs us about our relationships to 5|Regenerative Design and Net Positive Developments
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nature and people that makes us more or less mindful and more or less ecologically competent. The ultimate object of design is not artefacts, buildings, or landscapes, but human minds.” Furthermore they discuss the four premises which are, (a) Place and potential, (b) Goals for regenerative capacity, (c) Partnering with place and (d) Progressive Harmonisation. The first premise talks of “place”, which is described as a living system or entity, with layered patterns that interlink with other patterns, while endlessly changing, evolving and growing in complexity. Secondly, potential of regenerative design which is the understanding of the place and the networks it forms with the larger systems in place. The Second premise, “Goals for regenerative capacity “is for a design to be evolutionary and address systemic engagement. Quoting Joshua Ramo,”change the role we imagine for ourselves from architects of a system we can control and manage to gardeners in a living, shifting ecosystem.” This explains the fourth premise. Stakeholders in the project should be able to grasp the core of the place to make its identity and relationship with context seamless and strong. Finally, the fourth premise states that “harmony” forms the crux of the concept of regeneration. However, with the constant change in context, physical, economic, social and cultural, a design solution needs to be forward looking. Accepting constant change is a challenge that must be faced in the design stage itself and addressed, to getting closer to regenerative design. To achieve a regenerative design, which can have, as mentioned above, a set of challenging goals, Regenesis, highlights the Law of the Three Forces. It explains that two conflicting ideas that are used in the decision making phase at the same time, while leaving a gap for the third idea to emerge. The result of this, is, a third idea that arises from the idea to improve the value of all levels of the system. Consequently it can harmonise and adapt to change, of the, context. To execute a regenerative design project, Chrisna Du Plessis, explains how the design must integrate with the patterns of the land and cultural ecosystems, to improve all, including the people using the place. Permaculture, defined as, “the development of agricultural ecosystems intended to be sustainable and self-sufficient.” This concept as stated in the paper, as “useful for understanding the unique relationships that a site offers and then, what engineering and design solutions can be used”. An added team, called the core team would look into the higher goals or aspirations of the project, to make sure the results are met. An added value would be the engagement of the community, getting answers from the inhabitants. An approach described as “collaborative dialogue of discovery”, developed by BNIM, involves face to face conversations and social media for interaction with the stakeholders and experts for developing a project. Chrisna Du Plessis urges that we look at the world in terms of systems and relationships. The role of us humans as, co-evolutionary, symbiotic partners. Instead of a building, just being energy efficient or net zero and providing some green pockets, it must also look “above the line” and have the potential to evolve. Inclusive of ecological, infrastructural and natural 6|Regenerative Design and Net Positive Developments
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systems, it must also address the economic and cultural aspect. She also talks of introspection of each individual and communities, to answer the questions of responsibility towards the larger network. 3. Case Studies 3.1 Daan Park and Daan Park Station, Taipei
Figure 2.An aerial view of Daan Park and the Metro station
Located in the Daan district of Taipei, this 26 hectare park was in the crowded city. Taipei, the capital of Taiwan, is the economic and political centre. Being a densely populated city, it is packed with built and asphalt. Green areas are mainly urban verges and parks, which are in small numbers. In 1949, Nationalised Army soldiers and their families resided there. The site also housed squatter settlements and illegal buildings which were demolished to make way for the park. The park was built in 1994, by the then mayor Huang To-Choa. The park consists of wellness, recreation and social spaces. Wellness spaces include jogging tracks, pathways with tree canopies for shading, children’s play area and open air spaces. Recreation and social spaces include an open air amphitheatre, where musical performances are conducted, public square, ecological ponds, a bamboo patch and kiosks. Flora and fauna can be seen in abundance. The park is accessed with entrances from the south, west and east sides. The north side of the park connects to the Daan Park MRT, an award winning design by Che Fu Chang Architects.
3.1.1 Human Capital Introduction of a green lung to the dense city fabric was essential for the dense city fabric. Spaces for social interaction, like plazas. Wellness spaces include jogging tracks, with shading from canopies of trees and bicycle tracks. Bicycles can be rented at the park as well for use. The addition of this green space reduces stress levels and brings about a feeling of wellness to the users. Tai Chi and yoga are also practised by people usually early in the morning Playing areas and spaces for outdoor activities for kids are provided. Including skating rinks, a large sandpit, an outdoor stage and outdoor spaces are used for exhibits. 7|Regenerative Design and Net Positive Developments
Green buildings in tropics|ISD05103 Users also spent time bird watching. The trees, some fruit bearing, and the central lake attract terrestrial and aquatic birds.
Figure 3 Graph showing user review of the park
Figure 4 people interacting with pigeons
Figure 5 A family outing at the park
3.1.2 Social Capital
The open air auditorium provides a space for musical performances and ballroom dancing. Abundance of outdoor space, allows for exhibits. Schools conduct tours to the park, educating students about the wide range of birds and variety of trees and plants. Events and shows take place during festivals. Apart from being a green space, the park also adopts measures for conserving water as a natural resource. Water saving apparatus is installed in the park, along with a demo for public toilet and a water purification apparatus for experiments.
Figure 6 An art installation in Daan Park
Figure 7 Social space within the metro station
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“While travellers alight at the station, they will be driven by their biological instinct, seeking sunlight and breeze to lead their way to the park,” cited the architects. The metro station has sunken layers of plaza space, landscaped areas and transition spaces, with sunlight penetrating through, making the transition enjoyable for the user.
3.1.3 Built Capital The site for the Daan Park Metro station, which also connects the subway to the park, lies on the edge of the park’s site. The existing park gave the station a strong context to design. This station has pockets of green entering its built spaces,to form links with the green in the park. It has increased the number of people visiting the park.
Figure 8 Site planof Daan Park Metro station
Figure 9 Section showing the sunken layers of the station
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Figure 10 The edge of the park, showing the metro station
3.1.4 Natural Capital The park has a very high species richness of 92, as seen from the paper(x) when compared to other riverside parks and urban verges. Designed to be a natural subtropical forest, it has ecologically inserted habitats. The park along with other parks in the city offers 4.95sq m of per capita green space (Dept. of Budget, Accounting and statistics, 2005) and 736 hectares.
Figure 11 Terrestrial and aquatic birds seen at the park
3.1.5 Financial Capital The cost of properties and rentals has increased tremendously, after Daan Park was built. It is ranked among the second most expensive property in Taiwan 3.1.6 Symbolic Capital Daan Park is the city’s largest park. The metro station on the other hand has received the gold for infrastructure and amenities of the 2015 World Prix d'Excellence Awards from Federation Internationale des Administrateurs de BienConselis Immobiliers(FIABCI)
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3.2 Tipu Sultan Merkez Earthen School
Figure 12 Site plan
Figure 13 Ground floor plan indicating farms
As the name suggests, this school located in the rural Jar Maulwi District (70km away from the capital city Lahore) of Pakistan, was built of cob and bamboo in 2011. Lahore being the second largest city in Pakistan has the most number of educational institutions in Pakistan. Rural areas however lack educational facilities for its inhabitants. The area has reduced earning opportunities and minimum health care facilities. The new building is an extension to the existing school building. The context around the school is a river and agricultural farmlands.
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Figure 14 Views of the ground built with earth and the first floor built with bamboo
The school consisting of 8 classrooms is made with heavy cob work on the ground floor and a light structure of bamboo on the first floor. The bamboo structure on the first floor also has an extension to house the study area, balcony and staircase. The building is made moisture resistant and termite proof. The building was built by the local craftsmen and masons using local techniques and materials. 3.2.1 Human Capital The school provides a place for the local residents for education, which is lacking in rural areas of Pakistan. Some classes are restricted only for girls, culturally respecting some communities. The locals, who were going to use the space, were being provided with training and a skillset for them to use in the future. It offered the locals a platform for honing sustainable building techniques, using local building techniques that catered to the physical and climatic context of the site. The idea of using these techniques was to carry forward tradition and techniques that were being used previously in the area. The use of human and animal resources as seen from the images indicates a self- sustaining approach.
Figure 15 Locals during construction using locally sourced materials
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Green buildings in tropics|ISD05103 3.2.2 Social Capital Apart from its programmatic function of providing education for academic purposes, it also provides education for the locals to learn ecological agricultural practices. The construction of the building itself has lent its hand to educating the locals of techniques that had existing over the years. Each phase of the project was considered to build the structure such that it benefits the users. Seminars and theory based learning for bamboo and earth construction is intended by the Tipu Sultan Merkez association(TSM).The locals will be able to specialise in techniques and get certifications. This will lead them to their goal of transferring these techniques to future generations as well. TSM offers self-help programs for the women and small scale industries. Tractors and trailers are also lent to the farmers for agricultural use. For the last ten years TSM has offered medical services and emergencies. Local architects were involved in the construction phases, giving them employment as well as experience. A local network formed to foster natural building systems. The Institute of Architects of Pakistan, the architects and Tipu Sultan Merkez, supported by German Society of International Coopertaion (GIZ)
Figure 16 Sketches showing the construction process of cob walls
3.2.3 Built Capital Being an extension to an existing building, it only added to the value of the building and gave more areas of study. It has provided a space for social activities, training and healthcare.
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Green buildings in tropics|ISD05103 3.2.4 Natural Capital
Figure 17 Section indicating nature to nature relationship
Use of natural materials like wood and bamboo; sunlight for drying the cob walls and rain fall for mixing the ear The school has a garden for growing fruits and vegetables, along with paddy and wheat fields are grown organically. This aids in teaching the locals about organic farming and thereby continuing these techniques.
3.2.5 Symbolic Capital The school is a landmark on its own, encouraging people to advocate similar principles for any future schools in the area. This school has received the The architects have built handmade schools in Bangladesh for which they were awarded the Aga Khan Award for Architecture. They also designed eleven schools in Mozambique and are also looking forward to building a convention centre in Ghana
3.3 K11 Mall And Siam Square One Mall A shopping mall in today’s day has changed the idea of public space. The mall has evolved in the way it functions and its activities over time, catering to all age groups. The designing of a mall has to address the following, as mentioned by Barry Maitland, catchment area, location, and tenant mix, style of retailing and physical form. It also looks at the kind of users and age groups. The two malls being studied are K11 Mall in Shanghai, China and Siam One mall, in Bangkok, Thailand. Apart from their programmatic function of being a mall, they have gone an extra mile and provided urban farming, art and culture as part of their designs.
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Figure 18 Google Earth map indicating the context of K11 mall
The K11 mall is located in the central shopping street of Huai Hai Lu. The building located in the podium levels of the existing New World Tower, an iconic building of Shanghai built during the commercial renaissance. The building’s concept revolves around “Art, people and nature� It has an inner courtyard, featuring the tallest waterfall in Asia. The highlight is the 2000 sq. m of vertical gardens The design team from Kokaistudios worked with K11 to design a mall with a different shopping experience, integrating city life with nature. Art is displayed throughout the year, sourced from locals, and changes every three months.
Figure 19 A view of K11 mall
Siam Square One mall was built on land belonging to the Chulalongkorn University, so as to bring in rental income for the university. It is connected to surrounding malls by a pedestrian bridge. Apart
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Green buildings in tropics|ISD05103 from its programmatic function, it has a sky garden located on the 7th floor of the mall.
Figure 20 Google Earth image showing the context of the Siam One mall
Figure 21 View of the mall
3.3.1 Human Capital
Figure 22 User review for K11 mall
K11 mall has a better response to from its users, where importance given to art highlights the user appeal. While the vertical gardens apart from produce provide visual green space, increasing the wellness factor of the space. The current monthly traffic is one million. Siam Square Mall is frequented by younger age groups. The Thai way of life has seen changes, as mentioned in the paper by Somsamorn Singhasani, where malls have replaced museums, art galleries, cultural centres and other recreation centres. 16 | R e g e n e r a t i v e D e s i g n a n d N e t P o s i t i v e D e v e l o p m e n t s
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Figure 23 User review for Siam One mall
3.3.2 Social Capital K11 mall sources all its art pieces from the local artisans, herby promoting local art and culture, all housed in 3000sqm dedicated to art space. The public areas of the mall are integrated with art displays all along. Shifting to more private art galleries, one can attend art related events and also view the permanent art collection that is displayed around the mall. Activities like lectures and design competitions also cater to their concept of drawing in “art� in a commercial space like a mall.
Figure 24 Art installations(both images)
The urban farm in the mall acts as a visual feature alone, and produce from here is used by the tenants on the food courts. The farm conducts bi monthly activities to encourage participation of people, resulting in imparting knowledge of farming for use in their homes.
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Figure 25 Urban farmin seen inside K11 mall;it is visible to people from the foodcourts
SiSiam Square mall on the other hand ,has a complete floor dedicated to an urban agricultural centre. It is the largest rooftop farm in Bangkok. It aim is to provide awareness of agriculture, be a learning centre and a social networking space. The concepts it wants to propagate are innovative agriculture, landscape management, urban ecology and food safety. The agricultural awareness is to bring the local way of life of the farmers to the city folks. There are three zones in the farm i.e. a solar cell system for farming, a demo for fertiliser production and plots to grow rice and herbs.
Siam Green offers visitors a free tour two days a week, in addition to workshops and a green market. The green market further networks with other producers of organic food from Green World Education Foundation, KonKinKao Network, AgriNatureTwo Centre, Memo Design & Make, Eco Shop Common.
Figure 26 Urban rooftop farm in Siam mall; People participating in a learning session
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Figure 27 A local food tasting carried out at the mall from the farm produce; School students enjoy a class visit(right)
3.3.3 Built Capital K11 mall has dedicated 2000 sq. m of faรงade area to vertical green, which helps in the collection of rainwater, which is then reused in the cooling system of the mall. For energy efficiency they have adopted methods to decrease UHI and effecting artificial lighting. The skylight in the atrium allows for natural light to penetrate through, saving on artificial lighting. A nine-floor high waterfall runs on an inductor system which optimises water consumption.
Figure 28 Elevation of K11 mall, showing facade green
3.3.4 Natural Capital K11 mall flaunts a rooftop garden with a variety of local plants.
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Green buildings in tropics|ISD05103 Figure 29 Urban rooftop farm in Siam mall; Floor plan showing roof farm(right)
The Siam Green roof top garden, acts as green roof that slows down the rain water flow to prevent local flooding. It also decreases the temperature of the building by 3-4deg Celsius. It also has biodiverse plants been grown, increasing the ecological green in its urban context. 3.3.5 Symbolic Capital The K11 mall, with the goal of creating a more wholesome experience at the mall, will expand in other cities. (Beijing, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Tianjin, Qingdao, Shenyang, Haikou, Ningbo, Guiyang)This acts as an example for other buildings to adopt a similar approach, using the roof space and façade for green. It also highlights the importance of art and culture. Siam Square’s green roof has created a bench mark with its greening initiative and can therefore serve to connect the green network of the city.
4. Discussion The urgency to the issue is what sometimes seems missing. Greening a space, with lack of understanding about how best can it give back to its ecological context or simply adding a solar roof without looking at how the form can maximise its potential, are blinders to design .Designed spaces are not isolated masses or areas, but instead spaces that can do more than their program to live a symbiotic life with the human, physical, economic and cultural context. ”Why and where do we need net positive buildings? “, “Where do we then draw notional boundaries of the site’s impact?”, “Does the program of a building restrict it to its function?” The cases studied offer some answers to these questions. Firstly, the need for regenerative or net positive buildings. The cases studied show that, be it a rural or urban context, a net positive building caters to people, who are the main users of the space. The need also arises so as to engage community participation in activities so as to foster better living conditions. The Tipu Sultan Merkez Earthen School, reflects how local inhabitants can build their own structures and sustain themselves. Human participation in the construction of the building, not only gets the job done, but addresses the larger issue at hand. Providing employment to the locals of the village and simultaneously giving them a skill set for the future. This is a clear example of sustaining for the future. It is regenerative in the sense that it caters to to a bigger context. The use of natural materials, bamboo and earth, locally sourced gives back to the local economy, and responding to the climate. Being recyclable and biodegradable materials, there will be minimal toxic waste generated. The locals, with lack of knowledge build homes with brick and concrete. Lack of knowledge leads to buildings forming cracks and having leaks. This school by harnessing old building techniques, imparts learning to the locals for a long time to come. It also focuses on their main occupation of farming and provides education for the same, while also leasing out equipment for farming. 20 | R e g e n e r a t i v e D e s i g n a n d N e t P o s i t i v e D e v e l o p m e n t s
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While we look at the urban context studies, their main challenge seems to be to cater to larger, more diverse set of users and other challenges of resources. Daan Park forest, offers an ecologically rich hub in the centre of the city, giving the city itself a green lung. It caters to the larger context. Ecological ponds sustain aquatic life. Trees of various species become habitats for a wide variety of birds and smaller animals. Being a park, the focus of a user will be to interact with nature(flora and fauna). The metro station also responds to this by introducing green into its form and design. By providing a connect to the park visually and physically, it makes the transition journey enjoyable, increasing the wellness quotient of the user. It has also increased the economic value of the plots around it, making it the second most expensive area to live in Taipei, satisfying the larger economic goal, without having vested interests. The malls also situated in busy central areas of their respective cities show examples of extended thought considering art, culture and social engagement a as strong driver. In the case of the K11 mall, this goal was initiated at its inception, however Siam sky green was an inclusion to the existing mall. Designing a mall is complex as it keeps evolving, with the change in target audience, age groups and activities it offers to the growing urban dwellers. Increasing users either by imparting knowledge (urban farming) or showcasing art can increase influx of people and revenue generation. The notional boundary of these sites spread further from its actual boundary, however the overlap is hard to detect. The answer that it gives is that connection to a larger context is far more meaningful than looking at its extent. Engaging the user and sensitising him/her to the environment through a conscious design development can have a higher regenerative impact. 5. Limitations The limitations of the study include not having actual statistical studies from users of the sites to understand human capital. A general survey of the online reviews have been used however give an overall understanding. Actual statistical studies for economic capital would give more accurate results
6. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that regenerative design certainly has a wholesome approach to the complexity of growth. The programmatic function of the building does not stop the project from offering more for the greater good or larger impact on its surrounding context.The projects studied give hope to other projects in the context to have similar approaches .With a rise in this type of design, the goodness quotient increases and the value and richness of an environment is greatly impacted.
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REFERENCES
Barry Maitland, 1990 .The new architecture of the retail mall De Boer, beluthai. 2015. http://beluthai.org/2015/06/de-boer-involved-in-new-rooftop-greenspace-in-the-heart-of-bangkok/ Ronald Orenstein, 2014 .http://ronorenstein.blogspot.sg/2014/11/taiwan-in-daan-park.html
Daniel Sánchez,2013 . http://www.archdaily.com/409841/k11-art-mall-shanghaikokaistudios/51f9e911e8e44e3ef70001d2-k11-art-mall-shanghai-kokaistudios-photo Press release ,June 2013, Shanghaihttp://www.k11.com/corp/press/k11-shanghai-grandopening/ 2016. http://w ww.archdaily.com/786776/taipei-mrt-daan-park-station-che-fu-chang-architects
Changfang luo,2011. http://www.architectureindevelopment.org/project.php?id=177 2011. http://www.designboom.com/architecture/ziegert-roswag-seiler-architekten-ingenieureearthen-school-in-pakistan http://www.indesignlive.sg/articles/K11-Art-M all-Shanghai Richard Barrow ,2015 .http://www.thaitravelblogs.com/2015/05/siam-green-sky-is-thelargest-urban-rooftop-garden-in-bangkok/ Roswag Architecten, 2011 http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/project/2011/18240/roswag-architekten/earthenschool-tipu-sultan-merkez-in-jar-maulwi.html Daniel Christian Wahl, Biomimicry and Climate Change, Blog.2016 https://biomimicry.org/learningnature-designing-nature-regenerative-cultures-create-conditions-conducive-life/
ziegert | roswag | seiler architekten ingenieure https://divisare.com/projects/309226-ziegertroswag-seiler-architekten-ingenieure-earthen-school-tipu-sultan-merkez-pakistan Pamela Mang, Bill Reed, Regenisis Group and Story of Place Institute. “Regenerative Development and Design”, Chapter 303 Planning. March 2008. “Pattern and divergence of tree communities in Taipei's main urban green spaces” Volume 84, Issues 3–4
Singhasani Somsamorn, 1994. “Young Thai adults in Bangkok’s Shopping Malls”. Asian studies and Graduate School of Oregeon
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Green buildings in tropics|ISD05103
APPENDIX 1.Jade Bamboo Culture Plaza,Shenzen,China The terrace,which has crops,flowers and grass planted in its surface, engage children and residents to involve in planting and agriculture. The people were also encouraged to protect the community environment. The developer on whose land this was built, negotiated with the government, and provided this publicly accessed space. He was then compensated with 50 parking lots for his development.
Figure 30 View of the terrace
2.Teshima Art Museum,Japan This art gallery, located on a hill, where local residents restored a paddy field. It has an organic form and a water body that continuously flows through it. The variations seen, in the light and water, throughout seasons, makes it, interesting and engaging for the viewer.
Figure 31 View of the meuseum
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Green buildings in tropics|ISD05103
3.Norbulingka Institute,India A site initially a vast paddy field, was chosen for Norbulingka. It previously has a disintegrated masterplan .The natural environment controlled every move the designer made. The village brook(Cul) and numerous water streams which drain the entire site into it guides the user through the site. sustainable business model and a strong social mission: keeping Tibetan culture alive by training people for the future.
Figure 32 Site plan,Norbulingka Institute
Figure 33 Various images of the site
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Green buildings in tropics|ISD05103
Table of figures Figure 1 Integratio of Human consciousness .......................................................................................... 5 Figure 2.An aerial view of Daan Park and the Metro station.................................................................. 7 Figure 3 Graph showing user review of the park .................................................................................... 8 Figure 4 people interacting with pigeons Figure 5 A family outing at the park 8 Figure 6 An art installation in Daan Park Figure 7 Social space within the metro station .................................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 8 Site planof Daan Park Metro station......................................................................................... 9 Figure 9 Section showing the sunken layers of the station .................................................................... 9 Figure 10 The edge of the park, showing the metro station ................................................................ 10 Figure 11 Terrestrial and aquatic birds seen at the park ...................................................................... 10 Figure 12 Site plan................................................................................................................................. 11 Figure 13 Ground floor plan indicating farms ....................................................................................... 11 Figure 14 Views of the ground built with earth and the first floor built with bamboo ........................ 12 Figure 15 Locals during construction using locally sourced materials.................................................. 12 Figure 16 Sketches showing the construction process of cob walls ..................................................... 13 Figure 17 Section indicating nature to nature relationship .................................................................. 14 Figure 18 Google Earth map indicating the context of K11 mall .......................................................... 15 Figure 19 A view of K11 mall ................................................................................................................. 15 Figure 20 Google Earth image showing the context of the Siam One mall .......................................... 16 Figure 21 View of the mall .................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 22 User review for K11 mall ....................................................................................................... 16 Figure 23 User review for Siam One mall ............................................................................................. 17 Figure 24 Art installations(both images) ............................................................................................... 17 Figure 25 Urban farmin seen inside K11 mall;it is visible to people from the foodcourts ................... 18 Figure 26 Urban rooftop farm in Siam mall; People participating in a learning session ...................... 18 Figure 27 A local food tasting carried out at the mall from the farm produce; School students enjoy a class visit(right) ..................................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 28 Elevation of K11 mall, showing facade green ....................................................................... 19 Figure 29 Urban rooftop farm in Siam mall; Floor plan showing roof farm(right) ............................... 20 Figure 30 View of the terrace ............................................................................................................... 23 Figure 31 View of the meuseum ........................................................................................................... 23 Figure 32 Site plan,Norbulingka Institute ............................................................................................. 24 Figure 33 Various images of the site ..................................................................................................... 24
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