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101 facts about Vernacular Architecture Techniques for Smart and Bioclimatic Architecture

Introduction : When designing for extreme environments, passive climate control techniques are key to a successful result. In vernacular architecture, the designer-user tends to meet all his needs by using the opportunities offered by nature (Rudofsky, 1964), as is done by the animal kingdom.

Accordingly, bioclimatic design aims at optimizing the ambient energy of the localities by designing contextually (Yeang & Powell, 2007).

The following manual aims at connecting these two concepts, through 101 concise lessons in vernacular architecture, extreme climates and bioclimatic design, a walk-through the basic passive techniques implemented in the extremes. The 101 Bioclimatic Vernacular Techniques gives insight into the solutions locals developed, to use natural elements towards their advantage. The manual is an informative resource for students, general readers, and even experienced architects, for inspiration and a guide back to the basics.

How to use: The facts are organized by three different levels: Climate :

Scale :

Aspect :

Desert

Urban

General

Tropical

Architecture

Ventilation

Polar

Material

Heating

The facts are organized to understand their implication from a macro-level to a micro-level.

This helps us understand that small solutions can have large impacts.

Cooling Day Light

Sketch

Fact No.

Fact

Categories

Each fact is presented in a two-page format, with a brief description and an explanatory illustration.

Climate Scale Aspect

For the ease of the readers, the facts are marked by the proper icons. The icons indicate under which categories the fact falls.

The reversed process can be done through the table of contents.

Depending on what each reader is interested in, one can easily locate the wanted combination of categories and immediately proceed to these facts.

This page is left blank intentionally.

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101 facts about Vernacular Architecture Techniques for Smart and Bioclimatic Architecture

1 Orientation and geometry are designed so as to allow optimal natural ventilation and natural light intake improving the occupant comfort.

2 The smart use of planted perimeters in the close proximity of the building is a major tool in bioclimatic design to improve the flow of cool air into the buildings.

3 Daylight is an important factor influencing occupant health and well-being, especially in polar regions.

4 In regions with a dominant wind direction wind towers are used to enhance the ventilation.

5 Buildings are obstacles to laminar wind flow pattern and create a turbulent flow for the buildings downstream.

6 The best orientation of main facades and the distribution of primary mass is done in order to achieve maximum solar shading or solar gain respectively.

7 Using the earths magnetic fields, termites can orient their mounds in the north-south direction to reduce excessive heat absorption from the sun path during the day. This is a useful study in building orientation for heat and light exchange optimization.

8 The unique serpentine branching of the streets in desert climates is charecterised by its wind tunnel behaviour that keeps the sand and dust out to enter from houses.

9 In Desert regions, houses are often arranged in rows with common shared walls reducing the external surfaces exposed to direct sunlight.

10 The massive walls act as heat reservoirs and are used to delay the heat flow from the outside to the inside during daytime.

11 Courtyards are used to naturally ventilate the internal space by the principle of stack effect during the day and night in tropical climates.

12 Courtyards also bring the daylight into the internal spaces

13 Clay plates fixed to the external face of the walls in tropical and desert regions to provide improved insulation of the internal spaces from the outside heat.

14 Triangular spaces between the clay plates are fitted with mirrors to reflect sunlight, reducing the heat absorbed by the walls.

15 Compressed stabilized earth blocks are favored over mud due to their high compressive strengths.

16 Rat-trap bonds with an air cavity are used to improve heat insulation while also reducing the amount of material used in the construction.

17 Adoption of passive ventilation strategies with optimized window placement are used to cool the internal spaces naturally.

18 Structurally integrated wind scoops or ‘Badgeers’ are recesses in the external walls used to cool the internal spaces by “scooping” the wind to the interiors.

19 Curved roofs increase the velocity of air flow on the outside, reducing the air pressure at the apex vent. This allows the release of the internal warm air to cool the building on the inside.

20 In regions where the sun’s rhythm is distorted people suffer various diseases from a disturbance of their natural rhythm.

21 Engineers in Norway designed system of three 17sq meter glass mirrors on top of the mountain to reflect the sun down into the city center.

22 The mirrors in the polar city Rjukan are computer-controlled and continuously track the rays of the sun,reflecting it downward.

23 Perforated acrylic plates or vertical mirrors are used in polar regions within skylight walls to absorb and scatter the light penetrating the skylight.

24 In polar climates, the low angles and horizontal movement of the sun in regions of high altitude govern the orientation and design of the buildings to optimize natural light and reduce glare

25 Polar regions are characterized by very short period of functional daylight hours during winter season as well as unnaturally long during summer days

26 When openings on facing walls are placed on different locations, cross ventilation is more effective.

27 Specular materials such as mirrors are used with skylights to resist external diffusion and improve internal reflection of light.

28 In polar regions, light shelves are positioned inside instead of outside to prevent deposition of snow on the shelves.

29 Orientation of buildings along the wind direction in Polar climates reduces the accumulation of snow on the building.

30 In polar regions, open spaces between buildings are restricted to 30m and building heights are dominated by wind directions.

31 Use of chopped straw or chaff in specified proportions within mud bricks is common to compensate for shrinkage and act as reinforcement.

32 Whitewashing of the roofs is done to reflect the sun rays and reduce the solar heat gain.

33 Wind catchers used in tropical regions are shafts that rise above the building to catch the prevailing wind to circulate cool air within the buildings.

34 In hot tropical regions, roof spaces are designed with special openings where earthen water jugs are placed to facilitate evaporative cooling and improve air circulation.

35 Vertical Shading Devices protect from sun at sides of the elevation such as east and west side.

36 Horizontal shading devices protect from sun at high angles and opposite to the wall to be shaded such as North and South sides.

37 The Combination of horizontal and vertical shading devices protect from sun in all orientation.

38 Thick roof slabs are used to improve thermal mass and reduce heat gains.

39 Flat roof spaces on different levels are designed and in combination with wind catchers to increase ventilation and lighting.

40 Advancements in mud brick construction strength and reinforcement possibilities have allowed for the creation of tall buildings, as high as 53m.

41 Tiled marble plates with decorative patterns are placed within living spaces over which water poured slowly evaporates to improve the humidity in hot and dry climates.

42 Wind catchers are often incorporated with water retaining porous clay pots, charcoal grill and a water pond in series through which air captured is passed to cool the air further

43 Unsalted soil is preferred in construction because it is stronger, and is usually found in area’s with occasional floods.

44 Earth excavated from the soil on site, compacted into formwork manually or mechanically in layers forms rammed earth walls, commonly used in tropical regions

45 Compressed stabilized earth blocks are sun dried blocks made by molding a mixture of gravel, sand , soil and clay of specific proportions in a block press.

46 n very dry regions of Iran, thorn-bushes are placed in holes made in the wall to use the water in the bush for cooling and humidity.

47 Compressed stabilized earth blocks can be made of various different shapes and sizes based on their purpose, from hollow blocks to cylindrical units.

48 Innovations in the field of earth construction have developed moisture resistant admixtures and binders helps protect buildings from moisture in humid climates.

49 Arches, vaults and domes are popular elements of earth architecture used to create load bearing structures.

50 Earth buildings show small indoor temperature variations for large variations in the outdoor temperature as a result of their high thermal mass.

51 Local, on site production of blocks or in-situ walls reduces the environmental and financial costs of transport of the bulk of the material.

52 Earth construction is one of the oldest forms of architecture, and proved itself in the test of time. Earth construction has also been used to build the great wall of china.

53 Use of straw or bale in sun dried adobe blocks was discovered in Egypt, to increase strength and durability of the blocks.

54 With developments in polymers and binders, earth construction has the possibilities of being a zero carbon emissions material.

55 Earth-bag construction is the process of building with earth filled bags layered one on top of the other in a manner similar to brickwork, and reinforced in between with barbed-wire.

56 Earth construction is often left un-plastered due to its high aesthetic value, but natural earth and lime plastering is used wherever necessary.

57 Earth construction, especially with interlocking blocks has popular usage in seismic resistant construction.

58 Hollow blocks and hollow circular units of earth blocks are used to incorporate steel reinforcement and allow grouting to enable the construction of taller buildings

59 Rammed earth is non-toxic, non-polluting and ‘breathes’.

This creates safer, more people-friendly buildings

60 The thickness and density of the walls reduces noise transmission to provide acoustically well insulated spaces.

61 Urban green spaces in polar cities create a positive temperature feedback that enhances Urban Heat Island which, in turn, facilitates greening.

62 In northern cities, green spaces have a cultural and psychophysiological significance. They relieve the psychological pressure on the inhabitants by providing more traditional and comfortable visual spaces

63 Use of deciduous trees allows for summer shade and winter sun penetration.

64 Urban architecture in Russian Arctic is predominantly represented by a mixture of brick and standard-design prefabricated panel buildings, ranging from five to nine floors in height.

65 Permafrost is used as the solid foundation base and is protected from thawing during construction and throughout the lifespan of the structure.

66 Climate-induced near-surface permafrost warming and an increase in annual thaw propagation can reduce the bearing capacity of frozen ground to support structures and can lead ro permafrost-related deformations of buildings

67 The optimal placement of building’s vertical service cores in different climate.

68 When the window screens are made of wood and the latticework is dense, the screens give up some humidity to the dry air passing through

69 Built forms such as the igloo, can be recognize as “Nordic vernacular�. This dwelling shape incorporate an understanding of the climate imperatives trough small spaces, a sense of enclosure, minimal openings and massive materials.

70 The Climate Severity Index for Canadians can be a useful tool for designers as it evaluates the human requirements in cold regions taking into consideration four major elements: comfort of individuals, psychological state, hazardousness and outdoor immobility.

71 The pattern of the latticework is denser at the lower part of the window to reduce glare and has larger openings higher to facilitate improved ventilation.

72 Multi storey buildings is desert climates have passages connecting two structures to facilitate comfortable movement of inhabitants while also shading the streets below.

73 Earth being impervious to large variations of temperature are often used as heat sinks by directing the hot air from the buildings into the earth and recirculating the cool air generated in a concept called Earth Air tunnels.

74 Trees can take up to 120 years to fully age and be suitable for construction, while bamboo only needs 6 years to mature.

75 Bamboo has extremely high tensile strength, significantly higher than even steel, making it a possible alternative to steel reinforcement.

76 If bamboo is curved while the shoot is still drying, once it is fully dry, the curved shape will remain in place.

77 Bamboo structures are usually built standing on stone or building blocks to protect them from parasites and their roofs are expanded to protect the exterior walls from rainwater.

78 Traditional hat and basket weaving, are often used as inspiration for bamboo roof structures.

79 Bamboo is a very efficient material, because all parts of the plant can be used, either as structural components, or as surfaces for partitions and screens.

80 Bamboo can be used to design buildings that allow natural ventilation by creating breathable walls, floor and roof structure, suitable in areas like the tropics which tend to have a humid and hot climate.

81 As a material bamboo is highly renewable resource, as even after the culm of bamboo is cut, the roots inside the earth will grow a new shoot, like grass.

82 Use of deciduous trees allows for summer shade and winter sun penetration and coniferous trees are used for winter color and year-round wind buffering.

83 Canopies, arcades and other overhead shelter systems are used in primary pedestrian circulation areas and in densely built up areas, to protect from the harsh weather and retard outgoing radiation at night.

84 Provision of paved areas and of rock or masonry surfaces on south facing slopes or, in general, surfaces maximize the heat gain from solar radiation.

85 Social interactions in Inuit houses are favored by common areas connected to the sleeping platforms.

86 Richard Fuller presented the first demountable building designed for harsh climatic conditions.

87 Using a combination of geometry and heterogeneous thermal mass, termite mounds circulate air flow based on the temperature oscillations between day and night, for ventilating their colony. Such principles can be adopted in building design.

88 Termites place openings at different heights against different wind speeds . The shape and the placement of the openings promote wind-induced ventilation, venturi effect, in the presence of the wind. The same principles can be used in buildings to have wind induced ventilation.

89 To provide thermal stability and comfort, termites build their nests deep underground to use soil as their insulation. The same principal happens in Iranian traditional houses. They built their house around a sunken courtyard in the ground to use ground as a insulator.

90

40% of the world’s population lives in earthen dwellings.

91 In tropical regions with Laterite soil, the earth blocks are cut out from soft soil surfaces that harden on exposure to air in a natural process known as in-duration.

92 Cooling systems in vernacular architecture in hot climate zones are based on natural ventilation. There are three basic models that may be applied in contemporary bioclimatic architecture: cross ventilation , chimney ventilation , the wind catchers and wind towers

93 Bioclimatic design deals with avoiding complete dependence on mechanical systems, which are regarded as support.

Example of this is using natural ventilation for heating or cooling strategies.

94 One of the finest examples of insulators for heat retention is the feather of the Gentoo Penguins from Antarctica.

Maximum insulation is achieved due to the closely packed arrangement of the feather on the body of the penguin, it minimize very well the heat lost.

95 Diagram with parameters of bio-mimicry can be used in conjunction with different design approaches to achieve the best design solution .

96 The shape of termite mounds change according to the needed insolation and precipitation patterns from hemispherical shapes to cones or earthen hillocks

97 Termite mound walls are made of clay soil with high porosity and small pore diameter to make the mound resistant to wind flow pressures and also allow diffusion of gases. This is the governing principle for natural building materials also functioning as air filtration systems.

98 Some termites build their mounds in a way that some surface shades the other surfaces inducing a temperature difference in the skin which increases airflow. Temperature difference created in the skin of the building improves ventilation.

99 Some domed ceilings are made of two layers to minimize heat exchange between inside and the roof. A specific type of dome called Rok even three layer ceilings are adopted.

100 In traditional Iranian buildings, glazings colors are chosen from a range of colors that aid in protecting interior spaces from severe sun radiation and also prevents insects from disturbing residents.

101 In Persian vernacular architecture a semi open space between the outside and the building wall called Shenashil is used to buffer the intense solar radiation to the inside and also reduces the inner wall temperature.

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(2017). Investigating climate responsive solutions in vernacular architecture of Bushehr city. HBRC Journal. 10.1016/j. hbrcj.2016.08.001

Free vector icons - SVG, PSD, PNG, EPS & Icon Font - Thousands of free icons. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2018, from https://www.flaticon. com/ All the images used in this manual are created by the authors.

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Compiled by : Aarabhi Balasubramanian Alessio Vigorito Hamidreza Shahriari Maria Dimas Prateek Wahi Weronika Gras

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