The history of graphic design
35000BCE 3000BCE
1600
1700
394BCE
1450AD
1520AD
1800
1900
2000
TIMELINE PROJECT By: Pratiksha Khadka
Early writing systems Major steps in development of species ● Tools ● Speeches ● Writing Prehistoric: ● Paleolithic period and Neolithic period - 35-40000BCE ● Africa and Europe ● Pictograph (Rock engravings) Mesopotamia: “FertileCrescent” ● Land between Tigris and Euphrates ● VillageCulturetoHighCivilization ● Social Order It was the first writing system. During this time the clay was in abundance that is why it was used. It was this time when the first development in the feild of art and communication took place
Early writing systems
Cuneiform
Papyrus
Cuneiform is called “wedge-shaped” in Latin. It is achieved by pressing a wedge-shaped stylus made of reed or wood into soft clay tablets.
Detail from Papyrus of Hunefar C. 1370 BCE
Clay and writing tool Cylinder seal and clay imprint of mythological scene, Assyria c. 800 BCE
Alphabets
Greek Cylinder seal and clay imprint of mythological scene, Assyria c. 800 BCE
Roman
Serif
The serif typface
Etruscan
The Pyrgi Lamellae: Phoenician and Etruscan Panels, gold c. 500BCE,
Asian contribution During this time of the world people had started using more advance form for printing than the usual ones that they had been using. They started woodblock printing. They would usually print that picturres and text in the paper using a blovk of wood. Ehile other people where using forms like cuneiforms which was done with the clay it was quiet fascinating how they came up withtechnique where they print text, images, patters yhrough the wood. They carve the wood out and pint it on the paper. They made a whole lot of beautiful prints which were also representational and it was one of the steps towards the evelopment in the field of art.
Asian contribution
Woodblock In a woodblock print the wood around each calligraphic character is painstakingly cut away.
Illuminated Manuscript At this time the hand written books were produced and they were all illustrated until around 1450 AD when typography was developed in Europe and it replaced the illustrated handwritten books to the printed and more advance books. We can say that at this time the communicationg and information tools had developed to a greater extent. These illuminated handwritten books were very useful for the people who could not read as everything was illustrated into picture or some kind of designs. These books were initially produced for Monasteries libraries and wealthy individual.
Illuminated Manuscript Classical
Celtic
Historical re-enactment of monks transcribing books from scrolls, Nomad Films Inc.
Spanish
Romaneque Book of Kells, c.800 AD, Chi-Rho page
Beatus of Fernando and, 1047AD
Douce Apocalypse, c.1265 AD
Illuminated Manuscript
Gothic
Ormesby Psalter, early 1300s
Parchment
thin material made out of animal skin
Codex
manuscript book
Rise of Printing in Europe At this time the development was taking place in a very fast pace around the Europe. Like, the demand for books were increasing in a fast pace also the production of the paper. Also, many kinds of printing press was developing. THe block printing was popular at this time. But the most important press that was introduced by Gutenberg was the concept of movable type. Gutenberg was German. He was the one who brought the terms for printing with independent, movable, reusable.The Gutenbergd press was used for 400 years with only moderate improvements. ALso there came one of the most important printing firm and they became the bookseller for next 100 years.
Newpaper
Rise of Printing in Europe
Johann Gutenberg
He was a german metalsmith. He introduced concept of movable press/
movable resuable type
Mass Communication Gutenberg press
Rise of Printing in Europe
Broadsides (posters):
Copperplate engraving
German illustrated book
Anton Koberger, press from Nuremberg Chronicle, Paper and ink, 1493
Rise of Printing in Europe
Aldine Press
Aldus Manutius, printer’s trademart, c.1500
French Printing
spec. Troy
the french printing press
Geoffroy, capital from series of crible initials, c.1526
Garamond Garamond typeface cut during 1540s
Rise of Printing in Europe
MAP
Nuremberg, Germany Venice, Italy Paris, France Basel, Switzerland Lyons, France
Typography in 18th century As we all know by this time of the world the communication through words and alphabets were already developed. However, from this rime more beautiful typeface were being introduced by and developed by some great artists from some beautiful countries in Europe. The beautiful typefaces like Bodoni, Didot and many more were created. The typefaces created during this time wherever more functional with great usage of white space and spacing between letters. All in all, the typography developed was beautiful and effective both in designs and the way it built.
Typography in 18th century
France Louis Simonneau, Romain du Roi, 1695 ● “They had strong interest on printing” ● “new letters to be deisgned by scientific principles” ● “1692 King Louis XIV” ● “ wealthy unware or poverty stricken masses”
Typography in 18th century
Rococco
Pouce and Manuel Typographique
Fournie Je Jeune
Typography in 18th century
Artist
Caslon
William Caslon, type specimen sheet
Didot
Pierre Didot, pages from Vergil’s Buscolica, Geogica, et Aeneis, 1798
Bodoni
Giambattista Bodoni, Saggio Tipogrofico, 1771
Baskerville
John Baskerville, title page for Vergil’s Buscolica, Geogica, et Aeneis, 1757
Information Graphics
Foundation in analytical developed and first used in 1637
Industrial Revolution At this time development was taking place at its rapid pace. All industrial revolutions were taking place. All machineries and technologies were developing. These machines and technologies were overpowering everything and hand made stuffs was becoming less popular and less used. However, it brought positive change in the economy of the countries. New kinds of methods were introduced for the first time ever by some great people like Photography, lithography, press and many more. These advances brought positive change in the world of art.
Industrial Revolution
Steam engine and factories The industrial revolution brought lots of changes at that period of time. The production process was advancing at rapid pace. People were less attached to the nature and hand made stuff. The living standard of the people was increasing. Also, there was mass production of stuffs due to technological advances at that time.
Industrial Revolution Typeface Categories Fat-face
Robert Thorne, fat-face types, 1821 from New Specimen of Printing Types
Egyptian
Antique
● It is created by Vincent Figgins ● “It is first Egyptian typeface”
Slab Serif
● Slab serif is the serif typeface ● It was first created in the name of Antique typeface on 1814
Industrial Revolution
Tuscan
Robert Thorne, fat-face types, 1821 from New Specimen of Printing Types
Reversed
Robert Thorne, fat-face types, 1821 from New Specimen of Printing Types
3-D
Vincent Figgins, In Shade, 1815
First san serif
William Caslon IV, 2-Line English Egyptian type specimen, 1816
Printing revolution
Press Construction
1815 by William Cowper Its like a patent using curved stereotyped plates wrapped around a cylinder
Paper Improved
Printing revolution brought improvement in the Paper. It took place in 1803 in Frogmore, England. At that time unending sheets of paper could be produced.
Mechanization of Typography By Ottmar Mergenthaler Trying to figure out an automatic setting
Printing revolution
Photography
Louis Jacques Daguerre, Paris Boulevard, 1839
Chromolithography
The image to be printed is neither raise nor incised Oil and water do not mix
Victorial Era By this time new kinds of designs and styles were being introduced and used all over. It lasted about 2.3 of the whole 19th century. Designers had absolute freedom to convert their ideas into design forms the way wanted without any restrictions. They had complete freedom to get crazy with their design and experiment with their ideas and arts. Complete new styles of magazines with new ÂŹÂŹkinds of fun designs were made. The pictorial magazine came into light, which was designed, by Harper and brothers. And it became the largest printing and publishing firm in world by mid-1800s. All in all it was the era of fun and new designs and art that bloomed.
Victorian Era Great Exhibition of 1851 This exhibition was the largest exhibition consisting thousands of visitor and thousands of artist
Era of Pictorial Magazine
Richard G. Tietze, poster for Harper’s Magazine, 1883
Arts and crafts movement
This art and crafts movement was started in England during the last of 19th century. This movement was reaction against the social, moral, artistic confusions of industrial movement. This movement largely influenced William Morris. All the beautiful things were being valued for its beauty. It tried to remove the negative affect of industrial revolution as it rejected mercantile economy. During this time the people were more concerned for social justice, national education system and elderly. At this time of world things were becoming more and more artistic and workers were more enjoying their work. During this time lots of things were going on among them the philosophy and the meaning of arts and crafts were being spread over whole Europe. The designs during this time are more classic and more artistic. Also, some of the famous and used typefaces were developed during this time of the world.
Arts and craft movement
Mackmurdo
Arthur H Mackmurdo, title page for Wren’s City Churches, 1883
Morris
William Morris, trademark for the Kelmscott Press, 1892.
Arts and craft movement
Century Guild
Arthur H Mackmurdo, title page for Wren’s City Churches, 1883
Goudy
Arthur H Mackmurdo, title page for Wren’s City Churches, 1883
Art Nouveau This is the time when the art nouveau started and we started to see changes like in subject matters and different approach towards art. During this time they claimed that the applied art is equal to the traditional thus, they began experimenting. New colorful approaches to the designs were made. Basically during this time the posters were stick to the walls expect the ones that were designated for the official purpose. Thus, the street was like the art studio full of colorful posters. Even advertisements were considered to be an art thus; we got to new artistic advertisement during this period.
Art Nouveau Ukiyo-e and resulting Japonisme
Attributed to Katsushika Hokusai, C. 180 Kitagawa Utamaro, portrait of a courtesan, Late 1700s
Art Nouveau
resulting Japonisme Ando Hiroshige, Evening Squall at Great Bridge near Atake, c, 1856-59
Mucha
Alphonse Mucha, poster for Job cigarette papers, 1898
Beardsley
First cover for the studio, 1893
Art Nouveau
Toulouse-Lautrec
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, poster “La Goulue au Moulin Rouge�, 1891
van de Velde
Henri van de Velde, poster for Tropen food concentrate, 1899
Behrens
Peter Behrens, The Kiss, 189
Modernism During this time too many things were happening around the world. Frank loyd brought different concept in the world of art. He was the one who started form follow function and incorporated white space in his work. ‘Symbolic imagery and stylized forms� were seen during this period. People started doing grid system to give the design very structured shape. Then, we got to see Cubism, Futurism, Dada, Surrealism and expressionism forms of art. One of the most remarkable event in the world happened during this time and that was the very First World War in 1914. Thus, during that time people started making war posters. All in all, during this time different kinds of designs and architectural designs were made.
Modernism Frank Lloyd Wright – America Frank Lloyd Wright, first chapter opening spread for The House Beautiful, 1896–97
The Four (The Glasgow School) Margaret and Frances Macdonald with J. Herbert McNair, poster for Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts, 1895
Vienna Secession - Austria Gustav Klimt, poster for first Vienna Secession exhibition, 1898
Modernism
Peter Behrens
Peter Behrens, AEG trademark and collateral using Behrens-Antiqua, 1907-8
Influence of Modern art
Futurism
Pablo Picasso, Man with Violin, 1911-12
Cubism
Ardengo Soffici, “Bifszf + 18 Simultaneite Chimismi Iirici”, 1915
Modernism
Pictorial Modernism
Peter Behrens, AEG trademark and collateral using Behrens-Antiqua, 1907-8
Leading to Akzidenz Grotesk Anton Stankowski, cover for Berlin-Layout, 1971
DeStijl – Netherlands Henrik Berlewi, Plutos Chocolates brohchure, p. 6, 1925
Leading to Bauhaus – Germany Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, title page Staatliches Bauhaus in Weimer, 1919-1923, 1923
Bauhaus At this time of the world, the very first design school Bauhaus (1919-1933) was opened in Germany. This design school believed in distinction between fine arts and applied visual arts. Bauhaus believed in destijl. During this time people developed an understanding of the physical nature of materials and purpose of the design. All of the professors in the Bauhaus were extremely creative and artistic in their own way thus, the it was great opportunity for students to learn many things. However, Nazis disliked Bauhaus as Bauhaus used different typeface than what they had been using thus, Nazis closed Bauhaus.
Bauhaus Laszlo Moholy-Nagy Lazlo Moholy-Nagy, proposed title page for Broom, 1923
Herbert Bayer
Herbert Bayer, Universal typeface design, 1925
Bauhaus Albers
Josef Albers, Homage to the Square: Glow, 1966
Schmidt
Joost Schmidt, Bauhaus exhibition poster, 1923
Kandinsky
Wassily Kandinsky, Swinging, Oil paint on board, 1925
Bauhaus
Klee
Paul Klee, Fish Magic, 1925
Gropius
Walter Gropius, Dessau Bauhaus building, 1925–26
Bauhaus
Mondrian
Piet Mondrian, oil on canvas, Composition with Red, Yellow, and Blue, 1927
Van Doesburg
ThĂŠo van Doesburg and Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, book cover, 1925
The new typography During this time, many well known typefaces that are still in use was developed. Like times new roman and gill sans. Also, some designers started using asymmetrical designs, and sans serif typeface was famous and used all over. The use of white space was integrated in the design. The more of a geometric designs aligned with each other were more of use during this period. Also, “objectivity of photography was preferred� at this time.
The new typography Tschichold (1925)
Jan Tschichold, cover for “Elementare Typographie� insert, 1925
Gill
Eric Gill, Gill Sans type family, 1928-30
Renner (Futura)
Futura was designed by Paul Renner on 1927 for the Bauer foundry in Germany.
The new typography
Koch
Rudolf Koch, Kabel Light, c. 1928
More
Morrison
Otto Neurath and others, 1930-40.
Stanley Morison, Typeface, Times New Roman, 1932
Isotype
Henry C. Beck, map for London Underground, 1933
American Modernism During this time of the world, Paul Rands legacy began. Paul rand believed strictly in modernism. At this time clean design that had a purpose was designed all over. At this time of the world modernism design introduced book design, editorial design for fashion business magazines for affluent audience, promotional and corporate graphics. Different form of designs was just growing into new level. Also, the typefaces Futura and kabel were available in USA.
American Modernism
Beall
Lester Beall, Poster for Rural Electrification Administration C.1937
Matter
Brodovich
Herbert Matter, advertisement for Knoll Associates
Aexey Brodovich, Haper’s Bazaar, 1934
Cassandre
A.M. Cassandre, advertisements for CCA, late 1930s
American Modernism
The Works Progress of America, the WAP Works Program Administration posters, 1935-41
CCA, Great Ideas of Western Man
Herbert Bayer, CCA “Great Ideas” advertisements, 1954
International Typographic Style International Typographic style is also known as swiss style. This time of the world Sans serif was the most poplar. The styles with asymmetrical organization on mathematically constructed Grid. One of the biggest thing happened in the world of design during this time; the birth of Helvetica. People were tired of all typographies they all were looking for one thing that was clean perfectly structured and that would fit in all the design. During this time in Europe people were starting to use clean, minimal design and type. The design became very important activity and very useful socially. Everyone were focusing only in Clarity and Order. Europe shoed some of the very clean clear and aligned styles and designs. They were often theoretical and highly structured and more socialist. However in American pragmatic, intuitive, less formal approach to organizing space/ They were more democratic and capitalist.
Internation typographic style Frutiger
Adrian Frutiger, schematic drawing of the 21 Universe typefaces, 1954
Neue Haas Grotesk, 1957
The typeface Neue Haas Grotestk made by Miedinger and Hoffman which was alter named Helvetica.s
Zapf (Palatino, Optima, etc) Herman Zapf, typefaces: Palatino(1950); Melior(1952); Optima(1958)
Internation typographic style Hoffman
Armin Hoffman, poster for the Basel Civic Theater production of Giselle, 1959
Müller-Brockman
Joseph Muller-Borckman, poster for the Basel Civic Theater production of Giselle, 1959
More
Joseph Müller-Brockman, “Musica Viva” concert poster, 1959
New York School, Corporate Identity and Visual Systems, Advertising
During this time of the year, the most popular typeface was and still is the Helvetica first created in Switzerland. All the designs made during this time were clean, simple and had a purpose. The birth of the type face Helvetica solved problems for designers who were seeking for perfect typefce that is perfectly structured and would not need any further correction in the structure. Everywhere you go you would be Helvetica. Also, advertising took a big step ahead in this time of the world. Advertising became the most important tool for marketing and for the success of the business. The logos and the brand were being designed to compete in the job market.All in all at this time the advertisement was into new heights.
New York School
Rand
Logos made by Paul Rand
Bass
Saul Bass, poster for Exodus, 1960
New York School
Lubalin
Herb Lubalin, proposed magazine logos, late 1960s
Doyle Dane Bernbach
Bob Gage (art director), Bill Bernbach and Judy Protas (writers), Ohrbach’s advertisement, 1958
POST
MODERN During this time of the world, important new changes took place. However, many did not liked this change like Paul rand. Some people completely changed the clean geometric design into chaos one. Before, artist would make a piece with one intention on mind and urge people to get his intention or get the same meaning as artist intended but at this time post modern artist started making a design that anyone can get any conclusion or any meaning out of it thus, it was as open as possible to interpretations. Postmodern valued the audience first. The era of chaos designs that was not bound by any rules in fact was breaking all the strict rules of design. They brought the concept of decontextualizing However they purpose was not to destroy but “to dismantle and re-inscribe the certainties they has inherited� Thus, by this time there were two separate groups of people 1) modern artist 2) postmodern artist whose designs, ideas were completely different from each other.
POST MODERN Reid
Jamie Reid God Save the Queen UK, 1977
Scher
Paula Scher and Terry Koppel Great Beginnings Self-Promo Book USA, 1984
Greiman
Design Quarterly #133 Magazine Poster USA, 1986
POST MODERN Carson
David Carson, Raygun, USA
Sagmeister
Stefan Sagmeister, AIGA poster, 1999, Knife, bandages
Chantry
Art Chantry, The night gallery (Performance Art Poster)
POST MODERN Sources Unknown
Made in 1990 for Paul Rand
Adbusters
Mike Simons adbusters #37 Canada, 2001
Nerville Brody
The Face (progressive breakdown of magazine’s contents page logo), UK, 1984
? Post - Post modern
?
Post-Postmodern And It continues..........
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