THEORIES OF SUSTAINABILITY IN URBANISATION by Preethi C

ABSTRACT

The journey of urbanisation has evolved through numerous revolutions and peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mindsets. From my lens, urbanisation is also a product like everything else, designed for the benefit of the consumers. These approaches through the years have affected the planet and people but often people weigh comfort over environment. This journal is of three folds THE ISSUE, THE APPROACH, THE SOLUTION, with a focus on the triple bottom line: people, planet and prosperity. The issue of urbanisation arose with industries needing for employment and in turn providing consumers the luxury and comfort they never knew they needed. The various reports and approaches taken forward to analyse and solve the issue at stake. The solutions are the focus for a better world for the living people without compromising the basic needs of the future.

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Why do we see urbanization as a problem? And why do cities get blamed for so many problems? Why is urbanization seen as a constraint to sustainable development? “One mayor of a successful city in Africa was asked what would help him most to support local development and he said – keep people in rural areas.” I would like to explore in this presentation is the link between urbanisation and the people responsible for this. Fig1- Urbanisation with relation to sustainability

https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news

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APPROACH 4

ISSUES

2.1 LIMITS TO GROWTH.................18 2.2 WHICKED PROBLEM................20 2.3 TRAPS.......................................22 2.4 LEVERAGE POINT...................23 2.5 EXPANSION MODEL.................24

2.6 ETHICAL CHOICES 2.6.1 SUSTAINABLE MODEL .......26 2.6.2 THE EGGS OF SUSTAINABILITY .......28 2.6.3 ROLE OF A DESIGNER .......30 2.6.4 ROLE OF A CONSUMER.......31 2.6.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPEMENT........34 2.6.6 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPEMENT........36

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LIVING IN LOOP

3.1 DOUGHNUT ECONOMICS ........38 3.2 CIRCULAR ECONOMICS ........40

SOLUTIONS

FUTURE

1.1 INDUSTRIALISATION ................6 1.2 HOW IT ALL STARTED...............8 1.3 URBANISATION.........................12 1.4 TIMLINE OF VARIOUS ORGANISATIONS...14 1.5 TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE..............16

SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION

PUBLICATION

PRESENT

HISTORY

CONTENT

5.1 SOCIAL ASPECT 5.1.1 CRADLE TO CRADLE ......44 5.1.2 RESILIENCE ......48 5.2 POLITICAL ASPECT 5.2.1 GENUINE PROGRESS INDICATOR ......49 5.3 ECONOMIC ASPECT 5.3.1SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPEMENT GOALS ......50

REPORTS

4.1 OUR COMMON FUTURE

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.......42

5.4 REGENARATIVE URBAN DEVELOPEMENT ......51 5.5 FROM VISION TO REALITY ......51

INTRODUCTION HISTORY â&#x20AC;&#x153;Industrialisation is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society, involving the extensive re-organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing.â&#x20AC;?

Industrial revolution and urbanisation have gone hand in hand for several years. The extensive re-organisation of an economy and has given birth to numerous societies scattered all around the world. The concentration of labour in factories has increased urbanisation and the size of settlements, to serve and house the factory workers. The industrial revolution has been the birthplace of numerous modern technologies to enhance their economy and this has been a boon and bane for the environment in terms of urbanisation. The contributions of the designers and consumers play the vital role in the revolution and changes that has taken place through centuries.

-wikipedia

Agriculture being one of the major occupation in countries like India has seen a major downfall in the last twenty years due to the rapid migration of generation of people to cities for economic growth and welfare, luxurious lifestyles.

People are being drawn towards the cities for better employment, social wellbeing, which has eventually led to the urbanisation which is growing into a major depletion of the rural and sub urban spaces. Perception of the people towards a better lifestyle in the cities has been drawing them towards a more product-based lifestyle. Over the years there have been several economists and environmentalists who have been working towards a sustainable planet.

Fig 2- Industrialisation

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1.2

HOW IT ALL STARTED?

INDUSTRIALISATION TO URBANISATION The 18th century saw the major development in the industrial field. The last stage of industrialisation being â&#x20AC;&#x153;Proto Industrialisationâ&#x20AC;? witnessed the early stages of commercial agriculture. Industrialisation has historically led to urbanisation by creating economic growth and job opportunities the has drawn people to cities for decades now. The use of surplus labour, initially during slow agricultural harvest seasons, increased rural incomes in the industries, weakened rural traditions that had limited population growth. The resulting increase in population led to further growth in production, in a self-sustaining process that, created the labour, capital and entrepreneurial skill that eventually led to industrialization. The late 18th century saw a major shift in the economic growth which pathed the development to a wider manufacturing and industrial sector.

FEEDBACK LOOP

The industrial revolution had provided greater demand of labor for the betterment and developement of the company and economic growth of the nation on the whole. These labourers were provided with priviledges and advanced hospitality and wages for their work which eventually drew them away from their primary occupation, agriculture to labor based occupation. They were being provided with all the basic services and technologies which ket moving in a feedback loop for the advancement of their economic growth.

Fig 3- Transition between industrialisation to urbanisation

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Since then industrialisation has risen to greater extent than imaginable. In todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s conditions industries are required to provide sustainable solutions for the urban developments. This is a major result of the industrial domination. Industrialisation is capable of interacting with urbanisation in a positive way if both are harnessed in harmony, a balanced and sustainable manner. Industries can provide sustainable urbanisation with immense driving force. This is particularly critical for the spatial planning of special economic zones.

RURAL DEVELOPEMENT

In the modern era, manufacturing facilities like factories are often replaced by technology-industry hubs. These technological hubs draw workers from other areas in the same way factories used to, contributing to urbanization. Once an area is industrialised, the process of urbanisation continues for a much longer period as the cities goes through multiple phases of economic and social growth. This a continuing feedback loop.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION LEADING UPTO URBAN DEVELOPEMNET

Fig 4 : Migration from rural to urban

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1.3

URBANISATION Urbanization (or urbanisation) refers to the population shift from rural areas to urban areas, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this change. It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in central areas. - wikipedia

This is the century of the ‘urban revolution’ in the 35 years since 1950, the number of people living in cities almost tripled, increasing by,.25 billion. In the more developed regions, the urban population nearly doubled, from 447 million to 838 million. In the less developed world, it quadrupled, growing from 286 million to 1.14 billion.

% In 1940, only one per, one in eight lived in an urban centre. while about one in 100 lived in a city with a million or more inhabitants (a ‘million city’). By 1960, more than one in five persons lived in an urban centre, and one in 16 in a ‘million city’ By 1980, nearly one in three persons was an urban dweller and one in 10 a ‘million city’ resident.

1960

1965

1970

1975

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1995

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2010

2015

Fig 6: Population growth

Fig 5:United Nations Population Division’s World Urbanization Prospects: 2018 Revision

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1.4 TIMELINE

OF VARIOUS AGENEVOLUTION WITH TIME

Several agencies and reports have been released over the years towards the sustainable and unsustainable world with the focus on government, society, and industries. The timeline below showcases the evolution of these policies and reports over the several years.

18th Between 1880 and 1929, industrialisation and urbanisation expanded in the United States faster than ever before. Industrialization and urbanisation began the late 19th century and early 20th century but it accelerated greatly during the period because of technological innovation., social changes, and political system increasingly apt to favour economic growth beyond any other concern.

1968 Created by Dr. Aurelia Peccei, to examine the complex of problems troubling men of all nations: poverty in the midst of plenty: degradation of the environment: loss of faith in institution : uncontrolled urban spread: insecurity of employment alienation of youth: rejection of traditional value: and inflation and other monetary and economic disruptions.

1972 The limits to growth are a 30year update was published in 2004 with a 2012, a 40-year forecast. The report is 1972 report on the computer stimulation of exponential economic and population growth with a finite supply resource. The report was an argument for the need to achieve a global equilibrium based on limits to population growth.

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19th century

1987

1992

The relationship between the industrial revolution and urbanisation was finally broken and an unprecedented growth in urban population took place over the course of the 19th century. Urbanisation occurs either organically or planned as a result of individual, collective and state action.

Brundtland Report was published in 1987 by the United Nations, World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). This laid the groundwork for the convening of the 1992 Earth summit and the adoption Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration and to the establishment of the Commission on sustainable development.

Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organisations of the United Nations system, in every area in which human impacts on the environment.

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1.5 TRIPLE

CASE STUDY

BOTTOM LINE

COPENGEHAN, GERMANY

The triple bottom line aims to measure the financial, social, and environmental performance of a company over time. The TBL consists of three elements: profit, people, and the planet. TBL theory holds that if a firm looks at profits only, ignoring people and the planet, it cannot account for the full cost of doing business.

-wikipedia

Several industries have started taking several initiative to address the triple bottom line but have failed to succedd over the years. In todays urban stratergic world, the companies have apdopted a communal interactive design stratergy which includes the inputs and involvement of the community. this has been proven successful by Copenhagen. With a decades-long commitment to building a “city for people,” it has become one of the world’s healthiest, happiest, and most livable places to be. Copenhagen’s municipal government is powerful, and that enhances the city’s ability to make strategic decisions that span decades and mayoral terms. According to the United Nations Program for Human Settlements (The Global Campaign for Good Urban Governance, 2000), inclusive cities are the “space where all people, regardless of their economic condition, gender, age, ethnicity or religion, can participate productively in all the opportunities that cities offer.”

The triple bottom line is an accounting framework with three parts: people, planet and prosperity which in turn affects the social, environmental and economy. The phrase “triple bottom line” was articulated more fully by John Elkington in 1997. The main relation between them are interwoven and intersected to each other both for the development and downfall of a nation’s well-being. The people and planet are interconnected by the main aspect being product. People are referred to as: designers and consumers. The product is being constructed with the elements obtained from the planet. The conceptualisation of the products success and failure is contradicting in ways when the comfort and advantages of the consumer opposes the irreversible damage it causes to the environment.

From the urban perspective, the triple bottom line clearly applies to the urban development that is rapidly growing in the fast-moving world. Local governments have been increasingly paying attention to the other elements of community development work in order to build healthy communities, realising that they cannot foster a strong economy in isolation from social and environmental factors. Experts say that the triple bottom line sustainability is most achievable at the regional and local scale. Urban design seeks to enhance the life of the city and its inhabitants in socio-economic & environmental terms. However, the current approach to urban design is mainly top down, i.e., generally the architects or the planners design the urban environment and at the implementation stage the community may have some involvement. There are serious criticisms of this approach as it may not touch the “ground” community level and therefore there is a serious risk these projects will fail to create sustainable environments.

The development of inclusive public spaces allows for a healthy public life where planned and spontaneous social interactions can occur on all platforms like bus stops, parks, fairs, urban plazas, outdoor concerts and around public facilities. In this sense, the planning, design, and development of public spaces must be a process that is embedded with fundamental principles that guarantee the inclusion of citizens.

Fig 7 : All of the stalls have to follow the sustainable dogmas “Reduce and Reuse”: Use compostable food service, reduce food waste, use organic, free-range and local ingredients wherever possible.

Fig 7 : Restaurants use a special organic garden for their use.

https://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen/eat-drink/restaurants-take-sustainability-another-level

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SCENERIO 7

POPULATION GROWTH PRESENT

The slower population growth permits industrial output to rise faster, until it stopped by the rising pollution. Slower population growth, consumer goods per capita, and life expectancy are all higher. The larger capital plant emits more pollution, which has a negative effect on agricultural production. If the model society both adopts a desired family size of two children and sets a fixed goal for industrial output per capita, it can extend somewhat the golden age of high human welfare.

2.1 LIMITS TO GROWTH

The driving force for the exponential growth is population and industrial production. One of the major growths in population in the several years have been termed as OVERSHOOT, the root cause of urbanisation.

The 1972 report mainly discussed the overshoot scenario. The three causes of overshoot are always the same, which are: 1. There is a growth, acceleration, rapid change, 2. There is some form of barrier, beyond which the moving system may not safely go, 3. There is a delay or perception and the responses that try to keep the system within limits.

“A better world is not one man’s task or solution.”

Fig 8 : Graph with an emphasis on population overshoot

With the exponential growth in the population, product and resource consumption has also increased tremendously. This is in turn affects the balance in the triple bottom line between people, planet and prosperity. Exponential increase in the population, increases resource consumption, in turn increases the extraction of renewable and non-renewable resources in an irregular manner. Limits to growth include both material and energy that are extracted from the earth, and the capacity of the planet to absorb the pollutants that are generated as those materials and energy are used exponential growth has transformed the world from land abundance to land scarcity. Between 1970 and 2000, even though billions of barrels of oil and trillions of cubic feet of natural gas were burned, ratio of known reserves to production rose, due to the discovery of new reserves. Fig 9 : Overshoot from the central safe space from Doughnut Economics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth

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2.2 WICKED

PROBLEM

A wicked problem as a class of social system problems which are ill formulated, where the information is confusing, where here are many clients and decision makers with conflicting values and where ramifications in the whole system are thoroughly confusing.

Designers need to be more responsible of the choices they make in a product they exhibit to the consumer. They need to consider not just to satisfy the needs of their intended target but also the efforts taken to reach the goal should not affect the environment in ways where the planet cannot rectify themselves back. It turns out that the nature of cities is one of fundamental system complexity, and this complexity can be wicked to understand, wicked to manage. Wicked problems are those that have multiple interacting systems — social, ecological, and economic — several social and institutional uncertainties, and imperfect knowledge. Cities are well placed to operate as laboratories where, with the active participation of their citizens, they can explore problems and develop smart technologies, services and business models. Design thinking is a creative process that can help cities design meaningful solutions to wicked problems with their citizens

CASE STUDY CARS

RITTLE’S BOOK Fig 10 : Horst Rittel, design theorist

Philosopher’s perspective of the wicked problem has always been diverse in terms of their comparison to the designer’s, governments, or consumers role. Like previously discussed it is important to consider the four domains of design to sort problems. Buchanan say “connect the product design to a larger situation of production and use.”

The most obvious form of wicked problem we face is the car. People take them for granted, and the fact the cost should be borne by us, but we don’t take into account the negative impact that they’re having on the world and people around us. The existence of cars has allowed us to use land in different ways, to develop houses where it’s convenient rather than where it’s right, and build workplaces that cannot be easily accessed by public transportation. All these decisions that have arisen as a result of the convenience of the car have led to poor planning decisions, because we haven’t had the tools at our disposal to make smarter ones.

In recent conditions and trends, a product is being designed by too many designers and for a wide variety of consumers. Consumers are at the liberty and luxury to choose from varied choices which has become a threat in the recent years.

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2.3 TRAPS

2.4 LEVERAGE

POINTS

Components or variables in systems undergo change, but the rate of change varies. Some variables may change quickly, others slowly. Understanding slow and fast variables is critical to understanding how changes in one part of the system may affect other areas. Slow changing variables can be problems when trying to alter the system, such as making it more resilient or more sustainable.

Identify the syestem structure that leads tot he problem, with great accuracy to look for leverage points - places in the system where a small change could lead to a large shift in behaviour

Over the years, there have been a number of things gone wrong in a system in the cultural, political and economic aspects. When these are gone unidentified, the problem widens and creats a whole in the system which fails the system. But the system can be escaped by recogonising them in advance and not getting tangled in the system. That is the reason for naming the traps as oppourtunities than as problems.

The leverage points are the places within the complex systems where a small shift in one thing can produce a big change in everything. The leverage points are not intuitive.

With the rapid urbanisation happening over the several decades, there have been a number of traps, these are the various number of things that can go wrong which is the trap in the system.

BUFFER - THE SIZE OF BUFFERS AND OTHER STABILIZING STOCKS AND RELATIVE TO THEIR FLOWS

ESCALATION The overshoot analysed in the limits to growth is the escalation trap in which the growth of population moving towards the urban city from rural, surpasses the other to excel the other. This competition occurs between the industries and industries bringing people into the urban surrounding as labourers into cities. Unbalanced growth in the population results in escalation. This escalation can be decreased when the policies are being framed properly and within the balancing loop or another way is to avoid the escalation to even occur in the first place.” escalation” TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS Urbanisation has also seen the system mis-haps from the societal perspective, especially with the actions of the people for the benefits of themselves. This escalation of growth in the urban lands demanded the manufacturing of numerous products for the settlements in the urban environment. This is the tragedy of the commons trap. SEEKING THE WRONG GOAL

The ability of a buffer to slow the flow of a system is important for the stabilization of the systems inflow and outflow. This buffer possesses and importance when the stock is greater than the potential amount of inflow or outflow. In the urban development strategies, if the inflow/outflow of population is more than the city can capacitize there need to be a leverage point “slower cities”.

DELAYS - THE LENGTH OF TIME RELATIVE TO THE RATES OF SYSTEM CHANGE Despite great detailing and analysis the systems in the industries of the world undergo great oscillations between over and undercapacity. The feedback loop plays a major role in this process of maintaing and identifying the leevrage points. The delay plays a vital role in the stock flow in the system and needs to be overlooked with atmost care and accuracy.

This trap can be rectified by educating the people, privatising land by the various organisations. The above being the societal point of view, the governmental perspective of the trap being the seeking the wrong goal and success to successful. The industries migrating to the cities demand to be successful. But the goal they set for their business is which is not intended but end up being harmful to their environment. This can be easily rectified by the clear definition of their goals and their welfare towards the society and environment. “seeking the wrong goal.”

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Another of Forrester’s classics was his urban dynamics study, published in 1969 which demonstrated that subsidized low-incoming housing is a leverage point. The less of low incoming housing there is, the better the city is. This model was published at a time when national policies dictated massive low-income housing projects.

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Dubai in the last ten years has found a tremendous growth in their urban interventions. But in the recent years they have been identified as SLOWER CITIES. They have identified the exact leeverage point to slow down their developement to stay within their feedbackloop rather than concentrate only on their economic developement and extracting their existing natural resources.

SUSTAINABLE MODEL

2.5 EXPANSION

EXPANSION MODEL

MODEL

IMBALANCE IN THE SYSTEM DUE TO POPULATION

Fig 11 : Ezio Manzini, designer of social innovation and sustainability

Limits to growth argued, constant expansion of a subsystem cannot continue indefinitely without eventually causing a collapse of the whole system. Inability of this model to accommodate the dynamic growth of production and trade that is driving the development of an emerge global economy has caused many in the business community as well as large segments of the public in industrialisation countries to either pay lip service to it or ignore it altogether. The world consists of markets in which products function first and foremost as tokens of economic exchange. They attract capital which is either recycled back into more production or becomes part of the accumulation of private or corporate wealth. The wealth accumulated is being invested into the production of newer products with advanced technology for the efficiency and increased economics. The design of the urban fabric for the comfort of the people migrating from the rural background enhances their employment with material satisfaction. This migration not only provokes the inhibition of the migration but also enhances the comfort of the people in terms of economy and product-based lifestyle. This gave rise to the expansion model which was created by the imbalance in the system due to dynamic growth. If the elements of the sustainable system are damaged or thrown out of balances or if essential resources are depleted, the system will suffer severe damage and will possibly collapse.

EZIO MANZINI â&#x20AC;&#x153;What is taking place today is actually a structural crisis, and that the global model of development is the true issue under discussion. â&#x20AC;&#x153;

The creation of numerous products in the industrialised countries especially has been growing drastically rather than declining which eventually means the urban developments have been in the expansion model rather than the sustainability model.

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The way the expansion model works is through the creation of new technological products for the market, a prediction that these poducts provide satisfaction. The main consequence is the quality of the product. Exponential product uses are made with technologies for the satisfaction of the user. Once the products which were the emergency use products have now become a part of their daily life process. This has lead to constant unpgrading of the existing products.

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CASE STUDY

MASDAR CITY, DUBAI

APPROACH PRESENT 2.6

2.6.1 SUSTAINABLE MODEL - BALANCE IN THE

SYSTEM

The sustainable model is that the world is a system of balances that consists of finite resources. The sustainable society would never arise within a world economy which relied exclusively on the operation of the market forces, important as these may be, for the maintenance of vitality and creative innovation.

The normative approach to future world development at this moment of turbulence and change, it is vital to discover whether the present levels of material prosperity in the rich industrialised countries are compatible with global sustainability or better perhaps whether a world economy driven by stimulated consumer demand can continue for long. When these imbalances are out of proportion, the entirety of the model is at jeopardy. This sustainability model does not mean there is absolutely no growth but means it can accommodate the growth at a regular speed with the resources produced by the environment. The urban development has shown its ability for the growth over the years because of its model being within the balance, but once the growth of the people increased the demand of these finite resources have imbalnced the model and is depleting faster than the production. This eventually has led the sustainable model to move towards the expansion model.

To accommodate the increasing growth and accommodate the growing population with the benefits of the economy, Dubai is developing the MASDAR city in its urban fabric. To describe the project in a nutshell, the complete construction and techniques are native and sustainable. The city is a commercially viable city offering the highest quality of life with the lowest environmental footprint. The sustainable approaches from the reduction of demand for energy and water and recycling and reuse of waste material particularly during the construction activities. The three pillars of sustainability that are equal and important, environmental, economic, and social sustainability are expressed in the city. Environmental sustainability was intended to be the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first carbon-neutral planned city. The city is promoting the development of technologies that reduce energy consumption and rely on more renewable sources. Economic sustainability involves revenue generated from the rental properties in the city. This revenue is used to fund services for the residents, including the community golf carts, sumptuous equestrian centre, two community pools, and biodome projects. Social sustainability is also very important which makes the residents very involved in the community so that they know their responsibilities. To achieve social sustainability, the city offers weekly educational and sports programming. Residents have also begun to start community initiatives of their own, she says.

Fig 12 : Masdar city, Dubai

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2.6.2 THE

EGG OF SUSTAINABILITY Expand the role of design in sustaining, developing, and integrating human beings into broader ecological and cultural environments, shaping these environments when desirable and possible or adapting to them when necessary. — Richard Buchanan, 1992

“The ethics of responsibility would decline into an ethics of success regardless of disposition, for which the end justifies the means. without an ethics of responsibility, dispositional ethics would decline into the fostering of self-righteous inwardness.”

THE EGG OF SUSTAINABILITY The shift from the expansion to the sustainable model depends majorly on the thical choices the designer and consumer makes for a design product. Manzini argued that the redesign of existing products was insuffecient and that a drastic change in consumption patterns was required. He had proposed four different scenerios for the particular shift, Designers would need to develope products that could survive as technical and cultural artifacts for a longer period of time than that demonstrated by the lifespans of previous artifacts. The user and consumer would have to develope relationship with the product and change for attachment and care. Acquisition of products to the utilizationof services such as one might envision envision. The nehanced engagement with the fewer objects through decreased consumption.

Fig 13 : Egg of sustainability

Prof. Scott Boylston lecture

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2.6.3 DESIGNER C O N S U M E R

P R O D U C T

D E S I G N E R

Represents a steady broadening of scope in theory and practise and to a certain extent, an increasingly critical perspective on ecology and design. — PAULINE MADGE , 1992

CULTURE OF SUSTAINABILITY Designers capability to envision and give form to materials and immaterial products that can address human problems on a broad scale and contribute to social wellbeing. According to the handbook of design for sustainability, the “life cycle” refers to the stages of an artefact’s lifespan from its initial conceptualization through manufacture, use, maintenance and eventual final disposal, including the raw materials acquisitions required to fabricate it.

Designers must rethink their practice both individually and collectively in order to find ways of engaging with the massive problems that confront humankind. One of the greatest of these is the accelerating growth of cities, in the developing countries where urban populations are expected to double in the next twenty-five years. AGENDA 21 now where is the designers are mentioned. Although various groups whose participation is deemed crucial for achieving sustainable development. These include women, youth, indigenous people, farmers, and labour unions.

CRISIS OF WILL The designers will necessitate confronting the full force of the current ecological crisis in order to help return Planet Earth to a condition of sustainability. If this exists among designers, it will surely be possible to reinvent design. If it doesn’t, it will simply remain as a part of the problem whose solution other professions will need to invent.

CRISIS OF IMAGINATION Projects that are socially directed to serve to stimulate or inspire designers. The belief that product design is a way to cultivate artistic sensibilities and make a lot of money is still quite strong within design culture.

Fig 14 : Numerous designers

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2.6.4 CONSUMER C O N S U M E R

P R O D U C T

D E S I G N E R

IS THERE SUCH A THING AS A SUSTAINABLE CONSUMER? Every living system in this world is a consumer. In the current trends there have been various opportunities for the consumption of greener products, yet the ratio of the consumption of these materials just for the sake of the environment is not taken into consideration. Consumers are selfish just like designers. Consumption of the products for the benefits of the environment does not drive more sustainable consumers. The prospects of having less and consuming less is not very appealing to most of the society. During several research on the various green products, the consumption of these green products does not reduce the consumption of the products but just enhances the products towards a sustainable future.

Fig 15 : Consumers

During urbanisation, the labourers recruited by the various industries for a profitable wage when compared to the nominal agricultural costs drew them to varied jobs in the cities. The past never understood the damage they were created to the environment or the society but mainly focused in the economy of the society and nation. With the damage accumulated over the several tens of hundreds of years, the consumers have now become more green consumers. But a certain level of hesitation still prevails among the green consumers on how green the products and the cost of each of the products are. With the various satellite cities being formed as an extension of the urban cities is now being utilised by the industries for the housing of their employers to reduce commute and making these societies more self-sustained. Fig 16 : For the consumer

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2.6.5 PRODUCT C O N S U M E R

- SUSTAINABLE

P R O D U C T

D E S I G N E R

The product is the result of both the consumer and the designer, it is articulated by the designer to enhance the comfort or satisfy the needs of the consumers. The products can both be a boon or bane to the environment that we live in because designers and consumers fail to address the raw material extraction from environment which inturn deplets the earth’s natural resources and the end product being the unsustainable planet. Urbanisation being the product for the developement of the economic status of the industries and incresing the number of employers who are also considered the consumers of urbanisation failed to address issues but put forth comfort rather than concerns towards the environment.

INCREASE ECONOMICAL ASPECT There is a need for structural changes rather than simply using new technology to achieve more sustainable businesses. New scenarios of business with greater economic, social and environmental values are being explored rather than just reducing the resource use. Design has a major part in the change in the business dynamics. The possibility of seeing a continual improvement over the products life is innovative and improves sustainability.

As the IT hubs have been one of the major reasons for the rapid urbanisation in developing countries like India, the companies have been in a position to give back to environment and a sustainable outlook for its employers. Mahindra city in Chennai, India is a green hub for the employers of the Mahindra IT company. From the landscape to the building materials and the employers commute, the company has given back tons and millions back tot he environment. This was one of the major ethical choices the company took as a stepping stone towards sustainability.

INCREASE ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS DESIGN OF SYMBOLIC AND VISUAL COMMUNICATIONS DESIGN OF MATERIAL OBJECTS DESIGN OF ACTIVITIES AND ORGANIZED SERVICES DESIGN OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS OR ENVIRONMENTS FOR LIVING, WORKING, PLAYING AND LEARNING

Fig 17 : Cycle for the need of products

INCREASE SOCIETAL ASPECT

CRITICAL INNOVATION

The designers are at the liberty to make ethical choices towards the products they provide to their intended target consumers.

Sustainable design has been termed as incremental change to innovation all through the years. Some of the criteria’s to take into consideration are; • Creating lasting attachment between prod ucts, services or system • Using industrial ecology • Fostering resilient communities • Designing to increase quality of life.

DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN GREEN DESIGN ECO DESIGN Buchanan says, From the macro to the micro level accessing the varied products produced by the designers have four main domains of design, The handbook of design for sustainability

The best way to minimise any ecological impact, a proper evaluation of the full effect of the life cycle must be made, LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS(LCA). Once the assessment of the existing product has been successfully carried out, the analysis determines the embodied energy, carbon footprint, and water usage and redesign strategies can be quantified and implemented to enhance the product design. A full LCA does not require expertise to produce the required results, because this it self could possess as a barrier to the smaller organisations.

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Fig 18: Innovation influences sustainability

The handbook of design for sustainability SUST - 704 l APPLIED THEORIES OF SUSTAINABILITY l FALL 2019

2.6.6 SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPEMENT HUMAN WELLBEING + SOCIAL WELLBEING

Jay W. Forrester was an early architect of systems thinking. As he puts it: “Systems of information-feedback control are fundamental to all life and human endeavour, from the slow pace of biological evolution to the launching of the latest space satellite… Everything we do as individuals, as an industry, or as a society is done in the context of an information-feedback system.”

Achieving a sustainable standard of living for all people requires a bold new approach – an environmentally responsible global approach to confront these problems. As the rate of urbanization has increased, numerous social, cultural, and political factors have influenced the development of urban areas. A large variety of techniques can be used to accomplish this goal. Greater efficiency in the use of the Earth’s limited resources, minimization of waste and fundamental changes in production processes are some methods that can be employed.

CASE STUDY

SLUM DWELLINGS IN MUMBAI

Mumbai and many other cities in India, the amazing partnerships that have been developed between government agencies and the federations of slum dwellers and pavement dwellers. In Mumbai, one of the most successful cities in Asia, around half the population live in slums or on pavements lacking provision for basic services. Living in very poor-quality overcrowded dwellings. But this is beginning to change, through partnerships between government agencies and two federations: The National Slum Dwellers Federation and Mahila Milan (a federation of savings groups formed by women living in slums or on pavements). In most slums in Mumbai there are now community police stations where local police and slum residents work together. In many slums in Mumbai, there are now community-managed toilets and washing facilities that were built and are managed by resident committees.

AGENDA 21, identifies many problems areas that can engage designers through some of these falls outside the traditional sphere of design activity. The main objectives of Agenda 21 are to promote patterns of consumption and production that reduce environmental stress and will the basic needs of humanity. To develop a better understanding of the role of consumptions and how to bring about more sustainable consumptions patterns. In dealing with the challenges that cities face, it is often changing to the structure and organisation of society that are needed, rather than quick ‘technology fixes’. Changing behaviour – the way we live, work and play – will be critical for cities if they are to become smart. However, technology can play an important role in facilitating behaviour change, for example in helping to reduce energy demand or change travel patterns. Cities are well placed to operate as laboratories where, with the active participation of their citizens, they can explore problems and develop smart technologies, services and business models. Design thinking is a creative process that can help cities design meaningful solutions to wicked problems with their citizens Fig 19 : Societal Sustainability

Sustainable Typologies - Prof. Scott Boylston

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DOUGHNUT LIVING INECONOMICS LOOP 3.1

An economics that helps one to live within the doughnut would seek to reduce inequalities in wealth and income. The area between the two rings – the doughnut itself – is the “ecologically safe and socially just space” in which humanity should strive to live. The purpose of economics should be to help us enter that space and stay there. The diagram consists of two rings. The inner ring of the doughnut represents a sufficiency of the resources we need to lead a good life: food, clean water, housing, sanitation, energy, education, healthcare, democracy. Anyone living within that ring, in the hole in the middle of the doughnut, is in a state of deprivation. The outer ring of the doughnut consists of the Earth’s environmental limits, beyond which we inflict dangerous levels of climate change, ozone depletion, water pollution, loss of species and other assaults on the living world. As well as describing a better world, this model allows us to see, in immediate and comprehensible terms, the state in which we now find ourselves. The excess of any one of these will also cause an overshoot like the one mentioned in the limits to growth. The people in the urban fabric needs to stay in the centre of the doughnut for balance in the system and to lead a sustainable life in a self-sufficient society.

Fig 20: Doughnut Economics Doughnut Economics - Kate Raworth

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3.2 CIRCULAR

DESIGN

CASE STUDY AMSTERDAM

“Circular design thinking allows you to explore new ways to create sustainable, resilient, long-lasting value in the circular economy — giving you the creative confidence to redesign the world around you.” We live in a society where the products we own are not designed to last. Rapid urbanisation, globalisation and population growth are affecting the amount of waste we produce. Mass production has made goods cheaper and easier to purchase, encouraging us to always buy more. Companies produce new goods at a frenetic pace to keep up with demand – consuming finite resources as if there were an infinite supply. Circular economy is redesigning products and processes in such a way that goods can be used longer, repurposed, or recycled more economically to reduce costs and waste. With an increasing share of the world’s population, urban areas demand significant energy, materials, food and water, products, services and human capital. Their operation leads to negative impacts on a global scale, and the cities themselves also suffer from repercussions. Urban areas must change their methods of operation, with a two-fold goal of helping to achieve international goals to limit climate change and preparing to adapt to climate change as it takes place. Cities play an increasingly decisive role in actions to address climate and sustainability issues. Cities are naturally positioned to rise and face the world’s many energy and environmental challenges. Their human and intellectual capital, along with their economic and political power, will drive the expanded use of clean energy. The significant constraints they face make them hubs for technological and societal innovation, to accelerate transformation on a global scale. Energy and environmental issues are clearly key, to the extent that they drive (and limit) all aspects of urban development.

The environment that respects both local and global ecological boundaries can only be achived through the circular economy. CLOSING THE LOOP to harvest, recycle and re-use natural resources. Along side having the economy policies work for all citizens.

Circular food production in urban areas: Local initiatives in regenerative food production, foster local nutrient cycles while creating business opportunities for local communities.

Prevent over-consumption and minimise use of fast-moving consumer goods: By extending the life of materials, city residents gain access to a range of quality products, while reducing overall resource consumption.

Circular building development through flexible zoning and regenerative design: to promote sustainable and healthy lifestyles for all, urban districts should adapt to evolving area-specific demands in the provision of regenerative energy, water and waste systems, To realise its ambition, the municipality focuses on becoming a circular and climate-neutral city. The circular city: The city of Amsterdam wants to become a circular city, and aims to use 50% fewer primary raw materials by 2030 and become 100% circular by 2050 at the latest.

However, cities and urban areas are not isolated systems; they constantly interact with the outside world, the territories or the regions where they are located. There can be no global or local efficiency without cooperation among the various regions, including agreements on energy transactions between high consumption areas and low production areas. This relationship can be ironically summed up by the saying “Smart City versus Stupid Country”. Several challenges must be overcome to achieve a typical sustainable city. Until recently, the transformation of cities has been a slow process, but a radical transformation is now needed. It must happen over the coming decades, but on a citywide scale it will unavoidably lead to widespread disruption, which must be managed.

Fig 21 : Buiksloterham – Future-proof redevelopment

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CASE STUDY

RURAL AND URBAN FABRIC IN AFRICA

OUR COMMON FUTURE REPORTS 4.1

Over 400 million people in Africa currently live in urban areas, a number that will triple by 2050. Rapid urbanisation in many industrialising countries can be traced to push factors such as displacement due to violent conflict and a worsening of livelihoods due to natural disasters, including climate change. The mass migration into cities can also be attributed to the attractive pull factors of urban areas from improved access to food, healthcare and education and perceived prospects of a better life. We can trace the increasing resource intensity of the urbanisation process back to the industrial revolution. Since then, disregard for resource generation and use has significantly contributed to climate change and the loss of soil carbon, natural fertility of farmland and biodiversity all over the world.

“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Sustainable development is not enough anymore. This is because “the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” is already compromised.

An overwhelming share of charcoal produced in rural areas in Africa is transported to urban areas to be used for cooking. This is one of countless examples illustrating the dependency of a metropolis on the area outside its borders. Almost everything we touch in a city is manufactured and originally sourced from the hinterland. That is, most of the raw materials a city absorbs are not generated from inside the city itself but rather from the rest of the planet. It is high time the city gave back.

Fig 22 : Sub urban Africa

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5.1 SOCIAL

ASPECTS

5.1.1 CRADLE TO CRADLE

Cradle to Cradle Certified is a globally recognized measure of safer, more sustainable products made for the circular economy. Product designers, manufacturers and brands around the world rely on the Cradle to Cradle Certified Product Standard certification, products are assessed for environm ental and social performance across five critical sustainability categories: material health, material reuse, renewable energy and carbon management, water stewardship, and social fairness.

SOLUTIONS FUTURE

McDonough and Braungart split their vision of how materials will be recovered into two sectors: the biosphere and the Technosphere. The biosphere represents materials that come from nature and so can either easily be returned to nature or reused for additional purposes, an example may be a resource as simple as wood or gold. The Technosphere includes materials that are not found in nature and are instead produced by humans. These materials cannot be returned to nature so caution must be utilized when considering their use in manufacturing, as an ideal closed-loop Technosphere would not produce waste or degradation to the integrity of the material during the production process or its eventual recapture into the production process.

WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE? SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS

Urbanisation in present conditions have had a major impact on the people, planet and prosperity. As the rate of urbanization has increased, the international community has increasingly sought to achieve sustainable urban development, which â&#x20AC;&#x153;strives to meet the essential needs of all, without overstepping the limitations of the natural environment. The various aspects in which the urbanisation have been dealt with has been: Building sustainable and environmentally friendly cities Provision of essential services Creation of more jobs Population control. The increasing role played by urbanization in sustainable development has been recognized by numerous recent documents, most recently with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda) (2015) and the New Urban Agenda (2016).

S OC IAL AS PEC T

BIOLOGICAL CYCLE Fig 23 : Cradle To Cradle cycle

TECHNOLOGICAL CYCLE

EC ONOM IC AL AS PEC T ENVIRONM ENTAL AS P EC T https://epea-hamburg.com/cradle-to-cradle/

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CASE STUDY

PEOPLE BEFORE BUSINESS Park 20|20 The planned development, called Park 20|20, is located just outside of Amsterdam, Netherlands. A business park that fully incorporate the cradle-to cradle principles. with the design of buildings, streets, irrigation, lighting, community parks, and all other infrastructure necessary. The difficulty in the project has been in understanding how all aspects of the buildings, infrastructure, and human behaviour interact in the proposed system. The primary goals and objectives of the project were aligned to the three pillars of sustainability. SOCIAL ASPECT Socially, they wanted to develop a business park that was united with the cultural integrity of the Dutch people. The landscape and natural areas have for centuries been a point of incredible pride for the Dutch, something that is emulated in the work of some of their most celebrated artists. The firm also aimed for the park to create social wealth with neighbouring communities by creating a healthy connectivity with local communities and reducing traffic congestion through “transit-oriented development”. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT A major goal of the environmental aspect was to eliminate contributions to climate change by creating renewable energy from on-site sources and introducing cradle-to-cradle cycles to eliminate waste while promoting health and 36 enhancing regional ecological systems. ECONOMIC ASPECT The aim is to promote the economic pillar by differentiating the park, leading to a greater attraction and retention of employees, and by extending the life cycle of the buildings. Adhering to the principles of cradle-to-cradle and creating zero waste, the firm has also incorporated into the business park a wastewater treatment plant to eliminate sewage discharge. In the time since tenants have begun to move into the Park 20|20 offices, rents have averaged a staggering 80 percent above the general market, despite an ongoing real estate and financial crisis in the Netherlands. Additionally, it has been discovered that productivity of workers has increased after organizations have moved into the Park 20|20 offices. “Something as simple as creating a healthier environment for employees that results in each employee taking just one less sick day a year could have staggering results on the bottom line of an organization with high levels of personnel.”

Fig 24 : Park 20l20

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5.2 POLITICAL

5.1.2 RESILIENCE CAN SYSTEMS THINKING ENABLE US TO DESIGN, BUILD, AND RENOVATE CITIES TO BE MORE RESILIENT?

ASPECT

5.2.1 GENUINE PROGRESS INDICATOR The welfare of a nation can scarcely be inferred from a measure of national income. Distinctions must be kept in mind between quantity and quality of growth, between costs and returns, the short and long run. Goals for more growth should specify more growth OF WHAT and FOR WHAT. – SIMON KURNETS Genuine progress indicator (GPI) is a metric that supplements, gross domestic product (GDP). The GPI is designed to take fuller account of the well-being of a nation, by incorporating environmental and social factors which are not measured by GDP.

IMPACT ON HEALTH AND WELL BEING OF HUMANS

POSITIVE IMPACT ENVIRONMENT

GPI PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION

NEGATIVE IMPACT GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

SOCIAL

Since we live in an era of rapid change, including urbanization, population growth, and climate change, we have the challenge of rapid and flexible response at all levels. Resilience theory is one of the major conceptual tools we must deal with change at multiple levels of organization, from local to global. Common people to government policies need to work together towards the betterment of the nation and the livelihood of the people. In social–ecological systems theory, resilience is the capacity of the system to continually change and adapt and yet remain within critical thresholds.

There are 26 variables related to economics, and environment progress. The three main indicator include: economic, environmental, social indicators. ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS These indicators include the cost of water pollution, air pollution, climate change, wetlands depletion, forest cover change, and non-renewable energy resources. SOCIAL INDICATORS They are the value of housework, higher education and volunteer work as well as the cost of commuting and crime. ECONOMIC INDICATORS They include inequality and the cost of unemployment.

== MONEY SPENT FOR NEW MONEY SPENT FOR NEW PRODUCTS PRODUCTS

F.BERKLES & ROSS https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/

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MONEY SPENT FOR REPAIR

MONEY SPENT FO REPAIR

treat as equivalent one million dollars spent to build new homes and one million dollars ItIt would would treat equivalent one million spent to build new homes spent in aid relief toas those whose homes have been destroyed,dollars despite these expenditures arguably not representing the same kind of progress. This one is relevant for example when considering costsrelief of development that destroys and million dollars spenttheintrueaid to those whose homes have wetlands and hence exacerbate flood damages. been destroyed, despite these expenditures arguably not representing the same kind of progress. This is relevant for example when considering the true costs of development that destroys wetlands and hence exacerbate flood damages.

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The king of Bhutan had brought in a notion by using GROSS NATIONAL HAPPINESS. GNH happiness is a holistic development paradigm to make human society resilient it motivates an individual and society to consciously balance material wants with spiritual growth wherein the needs of the body and those of the mind are addressed in equal measure within a stable and sustainable environment.

5.3 ECONOMICAL

5.4 REGENERATIVE

ASPECTS

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

5.3.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPEMENT GOALS

Goal 11 – ‘make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable’ – where urbanisation gets its focus. Targets cover access to safe and affordable housing and transport (including road safety). Here women are mentioned as one of the groups in a potentially vulnerable position. Urbanization is not only the subject of SDG 11 specifically, but is also a key driver for achieving other SDGs; Goals 8 and 9 specifically highlight and support the benefits of urbanization.241 Access to jobs, higher wages, education, and healthcare, which are often missing in rural regions, are found in urban areas, as 55% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in low-income states, 73% of GDP in middle-income states, and 85% of GDP in high-income states originate in urban regions.

A new urban agenda is necessary in ensuring that cities not only become resource-efficient and low carbon-emitting but go beyond that to positively enhance the ecosystems which provide them with goods and services. The solution lies in thinking beyond the vague and unambitious notion of sustainability and, instead, actively working towards regenerating soils, forests and watercourses. The aim is to improve rather than merely sustaining their currently degraded condition. This new urban agenda transforms urban areas into regenerative cities that dramatically reduce their dependency on fossil fuels, boost the deployment of renewable energies, reintroduce water to the hydrological cycle and make sewage reprocessing and nutrient capture a central plank of urban waste management. A wide range of technical and management solutions towards this end are already available, but so far implementation has been too slow and too little.

Several other goals including those on ending poverty, food security, health, education, water and sanitation, sustainable energy, resilient infrastructure, inclusive economic growth and productive employment, gender equality and climate change action are intimately linked to urban areas and SDG 11.

5.5 FROM

VISION TO REALITY Enabling policy frameworks constitute the foundation of progressive social and economic development, achieving climate protection goals, and meeting ever-increasing global energy demand. The political environment plays a critical role in enabling businesses to invest in future-just and sustainable technology. Transforming urban infrastructure into regenerative systems consequently requires an integrated approach, coordinated action and policy dialogue. It looks to straddle the public, private and civil society spheres in a multi-stakeholder participatory process. It also asks for a cross-sector approach among authorities. One advantage of urban centres in the global south in this context is that often the need is not so much to transform existing infrastructure. In the absence of such, it is possible to establish regenerative systems from the beginning. This allows cities and countries to leapfrog the development agenda of the industrialised countries in order to implement regenerative visions from scratch.

Fig 25 : Sustainable Developement Goals

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300

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