A(MA) Shared Habitat: Towards Socio-Ecological Developments of the AMA Region by Prinka A. Choesin

A ( M A ) S H A R E D H A B I TAT

Towards social-ecological developments of the AMA region

Delft University of Technology - MSc Urbanism AR2U086 Research & Design Studio: Spatial Strategies for the Global Metropolis AR2U088 Research & Design: Methodology for Urbanism Authors: Prinka Anandawardhani, 4944968 / Wendy van der Horst, 4310942 / Hanwen Hu, 4919602 / Shuyu Lin, 4803892 Tutors: Diego Sepulveda, Alex Wandl 12 April 2019 All images, graphics, diagrams are by the authors unless otherwise mentioned. Source for all maps: Map data copyrighted OpenStreetMap contributors and available from https://www.openstreetmap.org. Sources for additional data in the maps are mentioned in the caption of the maps. 2

ABSTRACT The Shared Habitat project proposes social-ecological project transformation for the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (AMA) in order to create a resilient region towards 2040 that serves biophysical well-being. Housing developments are used as an engine for these social-ecological transformations, taking places in porous areas of the AMA as a form of land-circularity. The project departs from an analysis of its current environmental problems caused by intensive agriculture practices, pollution and urban growth. Following a conceptual framework that puts forth the term social-ecological transformation, it sets out to create a toolkit for regenerative design that can be adopted on a regional scale. The principles of regenerative design mimick the qualities of ecosystems that provide, regulate, and support human life. For example, the incorporation of urban agriculture on a neighbourhood-level mimicks the provisioning quality of the ecosystem, while also strengthening community engagement. The regional structure of the green corridor is suggested to regulate the negative environmental impacts caused by urban growth and pollution. The regeneration of biomass is also amplified to be able to support the activities in the AMA, exploring ways to make its sources more sustainable. Aside from the ecological aspects, the distribution of equal opportunities is assessed to achieve well-being. By first addressing diversity, housing demand and public goods, the implementation of regenerative developments aims to benefit different social groups. In the end, the Shared Habitat project should aims to achieve biophysical well-being in the metropolitan area.

TABLE OF CONTENTS I.

CHANGING DEPENDENCIES_____________________________ 06

II.

SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATIONS______________12

I. II. III. IV.

INTRODUCTION PROBLEM STATEMENT RESEARCH QUESTION METHODOLOGY

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN SPATIAL PLANNING REGENERATIVE DESIGN ON A REGIONAL LEVEL SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATIONS AN ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK

III.

ANALYSIS_______________________________________________ 19

IV.

VISION__________________________________________________ 30

I. LANDSCAPE RESILIENCE II. POLLUTION III. AGRICULTURAL WASTE IV. FLOW AND DENSITY V. SUMMARY & CONCEPT

I. II. III.

URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE THE ENHANCED NEN CIRCULAR AMA

STRATEGY______________________________________________ 37

VI.

TOWARDS A SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL AMA__________________ 49

I. STAKE HOLDERS II. APPROACH III. DESIGN PRINCIPLES

I. OUDER AMSTEL II. WEESP III. AALSMEER

VII. ACTIONS________________________________________________ 74 I. POLICY II. TIMELINE

VIII. CONCLUSIONS__________________________________________ 78 IX. REFERENCES____________________________________________ 83 X. APPENDIX_______________________________________________86 4

I. CHANGING DEPENDENCIES AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

1.1 Introduction

1850

1900

1950

1975

2000

2018

fig. 1. Growth of the AMA Region

The project is located in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (AMA), which is home for 2.3 million people. With the ongoing housing demands, the region is set to welcome 250,000 more households by 2040. The AMA is the strongest economy amongst other metropolitan areas within Randstad region which, on top of AMA, consists of Utrecht, The Hague and Rotterdam. With the region being amongst one of the leading European economic regions in terms of knowledge, innovation and connectivity, the area shows tremendous potentiality. The main industries in the region include three logistic main ports: the Aalsmeer greenport, the Amsterdam sea port and the Schiphol international airport. Amsterdam also hosts high numerous services sectors and is becoming an increasingly high-educated knowledge HUB.

However, with such development comes with a price, when considering the history of the growth in the region, increasing urban expansion throughout the years has been slowly pushing away natural habitats, causing the loss of biodiversity and land quality. These perceived challenges hinder the social, environmental and spatial sustainability in the region. This report will further identify some of these challenges and propose a vision, a strategy and projects/policies to tackle these challenges. The project will use regenerative design and ecosystem service as tools to solve multiple challenges at once, while being realistic about the impact on the current system.

1.2 Problem Statement Progressively, we depend on the metropolitan landscape to provide us with a certain quality of life: pleasant and healthy urban living. However, current urban ways of living are under pressure, and hence there is a necessity to rethink how we could ensure the well-being of future inhabitants of the AMA as the region faces a variety of challenges.

Increased human activity effects land-use

Progressive urbanisation spurs on a growing demand for housing stock in the proximity of public amenities and jobs that should accommodate a diversity of incomes and lifestyles. The Dutch government has set a target to build another one million homes in the country by 2040, of which the AMA aims to build 230.000 by that year (VDM, 2018). A gravitational pull towards the city as the preferred place to live, and as the preferred place to establish companies due to its agglomeration effect, is especially prominent in the city of Amsterdam. Due to a current period of economic growth, the housing- and employment demands remain at the top of the political agenda (ibid.). As a result of increasing human activity, land use intensifies to accommodate growth in the metropolitan landscape as the growing population demands an infrastructure for energy, mobility and recreation, and requires larger amounts of waste to be handled. One of the largest categories of land-use in the AMA is agriculture (see fig. 2). The Netherlands has a very competitive agrofood-sector that in 2017 ranked largest exporter in Europe and second largest in the world after the United States (Ministerie van Economische Zaken, 2017). In the AMA, approximately one third of land use is devoted to the agro-sector (CBS, 2016). In this highly competitive sector, the trend of intensive agriculture will remain dominant (VDM, 2018). The effects of this type of agriculture were extensively discussed during the recent Provincial Council elections in March 2019. The quality of the soil, for which the absence of biodiversity indicates its impoverished quality, soil subsidence in peat landscapes and water quality are at stake (NOS, 2019). At the same time, the changing climate creates an urgency within the region. Heavy rainfalls, drought and heat in inner city areas due to the urban heat island effect (UHI) present problems, respectively causing flooding of neighbourhoods, a shortage of water supply for the agro-sector, and health risks for vulnerable inhabitants like the elderly. Moreover, since the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015, pressures on climate policy have grown as well, underlining the urgency for a transition to renewable sources of energy and looking for potentialities of circularity. The way in which the current urban growth paradigm uses the available land, puts a strain on provisional, regulating and 8

cultural qualities land has to offer. It is the provider, the habitat, of a careful balance of ecosystems that are indispensable for human well-being. Current practices that regard land as a commodity problematize its potential for urban growth, and may result in a growing region that is unable to ensure the well-being of its inhabitants.

Goal

This project departs from the statement that the growth potential of the AMA is dependent on the quality and health of the available land. It will look for synergies between different complex challenges to create quality needed to sustain the well-being of its inhabitants, its biodiversity, and its soil. PRESSURE

urban growth

agrosector

climate change

PROBLEM

ecology

energy

gentrification

CO2

TRANSFORMATION

well-being housing

energy

ecology fig. 2. Diagrammatic representation of project challenges, problems and goals.

TOP AGRIFOOD EXPORTER

2/3 OF NETHERLANDS IS AGRICULTURE!

1/3 OF AMA IS AGRICULTURE!

24,7%

11,2%

9,2%

#1 GERMANY

IN EU

IN THE WORLD

MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGY €9.1 billion

FLOWERS €9.1 billion

#2 BELGIUM

DAIRY & EGGS €8.9 billion

#3 UNITED KINGDOM

MEAT €8.3 billion

VEGETABLES €6.7 billion

GRONINGEN FRIESLAND DRENTHE OVERIJSSEL GELDERLAND FLEVOLAND UTRECHT

AGRICULTURE BUILT AREA NATURE, FOREST, AND GREEN RECREATION

infrastructure houses buildings other built-up area recreation park agriculture nature woodland in-land water

NOORD-HOLLAND ZUID-HOLLAND ZEELAND NOORD-BRABANT LIMBURG

TOTAL EXPORT OF €101 BILLION IN 2017

THE NETHERLANDS

Source: Land Registry CBS January 2016, www.clo/en006110 / Wageningen University & Research 2017

fig. 3. Importance of the agro-sector for Dutch economy.

1.3 Research Question Where in our report will we address the different parts of the research question?

3. analysis: Where in the AMA are these challenges spatialized? How do these challenges effect the metropolitan landscape? 5. strategies: Where in the AMA can transformation be spatialized? 6. design: What configurations of this distribution could support transformation in the AMA?

5. strategies: What technologies can address these challeges? How can these challenges address spatial justice and circularity? How are these challenges interrelated? Where are their synergies? 6. design: What spatial transformations are needed to mitigate the effect of these challenges?

How can the spatial distribution of human activities and natural processes in the AMA mitigate the impact of landscape degradation, pollution and climate change while contributing to the housing demand for the more vulnerable population within the AMA, to create a social-ecological region that contributes to biophysical well-being ?

2. conceptual framework How can these concepts be applied to this project? How can these concepts be assessed in spatial projects?

3. analysis The demand of which social groups could be targeted in this project? What housing do they need? 5. strategies What housing solutions/technologies are in synergy with other challenges? 6. design What is the growth potential for the AMA?

1.4 Methodology This project departs from a the idea of a design-oriented research. It uses both methods from empirical science (intra-scientific, knowledge as truth) and practical science (extra-scientific, knowledge as effective action in a specific situation) (Klaasen, 2007). As the nature of Urbanism as a discipline is transdisciplinary, it adopts a mixed methods approach combining empirical argumentation with case study design.This approach is suitable due to the exploratory nature of design and the transformative nature of the data sources.

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Methods of data collection: Methods of analysis:

DESIGN

Landscape resilience, agro-sector, pollution and housing demand

Ecosystem Services (ES) analysis for regeneration, social analysis

Designing for social-ecological (SE) developments

Contextual analysis AMA and defining spatial synergies

Integrating ES and regeneration into assessment framework

Designing scenarios for SE developments in critical areas

Relevant policies, statistics and spatial strategies

ES, Regenerative design, social-ecological systems

The use of relevant design principles

Maps, spatial data set GIS

Literature review

Literature review, reference projects

Spatial syntax analysis, network analysis

Stakeholder analysis, barrier analysis

Problem: landscape degradation

Landscape restoration

Problem: pollution

CO2 storage capacity

Problem: agro-sector waste

Biomass synergy

Problem: gentrification

Entrepreneurial communities

Phasing and execution

Scenario design for critical areas

Stakeholder analysis

Literature review on:

ASSESSMENT

Design principles for regeneration

Main objective:

This project is rooted in values of biophysical equality, spatial justice and well-being. It provides an assessment approach and design toolkit that could potentially be adapted to a variety of scenarios in different configurations to result in an urban design. Therefore, the project is rooted in the conviction that there is not one reality, but multiple solutions to a problem and that the design is validated by the discussion amongst its users.

fig. 4. Overview of research design.

II. SOCIALECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATIONS A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR TRANSFORMATION IN THE AMA

This project is based on three concepts that together inform this project’s vision and strategy: Ecosystem Services (ES), Regenerative Design (RD) and Social-Ecological Systems (SES) (also see fig. 5). This chapter discusses these three concepts individually, as well as how they function together to support this project, answering the following two sub-questions of this project: How can these concepts be applied to this project? and How can these concepts be assessed in spatial projects?

2.1 Ecosystem Services in Spatial Planning Everyone alive depends on the earth’s ecosystems and the services that they provide us (such as food, fresh water, disease management and spiritual and aesthetic enjoyment) (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005, 1). In line with the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, Article 2, ecosystems are here defined as a dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. However, according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment coordinated by the United Nations, the last 50 years have seen more damage to ecosystems than any other period in

HOW

WHO

WHAT

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES (ES)

human history (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005, 1). The degradation of ecosystems causes significant harm to human well-being (measured as quality of livelihood, health and effects on local and national economies) (ibid., 6). What furthermore problematizes the degradation of ecosystems, is that the current neoliberal climate that dominates the global market provides no incentive to maintain or restore the services they provide as public goods: no market mechanisms exist to prevent damage done, even though these “public goods” are at society’s interest (also known as the tragedy of the commons) (ibid., 10). According to Sylvia Ronchi, researcher on Ecosystem Services (ES) at the department of Architecture and Urban Studies at Milan Polytechnic, it is therefore fundamental to include information on ES to support spatial planning processes in order to ultimately conserve, protect and manage natural resources (Ronchi, 2018, 1). The relationship between ES and human well-being is summarized in fig. 6. Ronchi cites the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) to state that Ecosystem Services are the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. Although ES departs from a human-centred

REGENERATIVE DESIGN (RD)

SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS (SES)

The benefits people obtain from ecosystems. We use it to understand the human relationship with the environment and the dependence of human well-being on ecosystems.

Regenerative design addresses the degradation of ES by designing and developing the built environment to restore the capacities of ecosystems to function optimally.

Integrated system of ecosystems and human society with reciprocal feedback and interdependence. The concept emphasizes the humans-in-nature perspective.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Washington D.C.: Island Press.

Zari, M.P. (2018). Regenerative Urban Design and Ecosystem Biomimicry. New York: Routledge.

Folke, C., et al. (2010). Resilience Thinking: Integrating Resilience , Adaptability and Transformability. Ecology and Society, 15(4).

Assessment: we use ES to assess the neccessities for biotic and abiotic well-being.

Adopt design principles: we use the principles of permaculture, biomimicry and systems-thinking that are fundamental to the concept of RD.

Analysis and ES principles: we use the concept of SES to integrate a social spatial analysis and add cultural ES to the assessment framework.

fig. 5. Overview of concepts used and their application in the project.

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

CONSTITUENTS OF WELLBEING

SECURITY PROVISIONING

BASIC MATERIAL

REGULATING HEALTH

SUPPORTING

CULTURAL

Potential for Mediation by Socio-Economic Factors

SOCIAL RELATION

FREEDOM OF CHOICE AND ACTION

Intensity of Linkage between ES and CW

high medium low

weak medium strong

fig. 6. Framework for Ecosystem Services as constituents of well-being (visualisation based on Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005, vi).

view ecosystems, the concept is helpful to understand the relationship of dependency that humans have towards ecosystems. Ill-functioning ecosystems would defer from regulating diseases or sequestrating CO2 in the soil through nutrient cycling. Hence, human well-being is dependent on optimally functioning ecosystems. Ronchi provides an overview of the ways in which ES can be included in spatial planning, most notably as a framework for impact assessment. More recent additions to the concept of ES have been around recognizing the importance of and interrelations with soil properties (Adhikari & Hartemink, 2016). The functions that soil provides for critical ES (notably in provision and regulating services) contain one-quarter to one-third of all living organisms on the planet (Ronchi, 2018, 9). Moreover, only 1% of soil microorganisms have been identified, meaning that our knowledge on the key functionalities that soil provides might not be known to us (Adhikari & Hartemink, 2016, 108; Ronchi, 2018; 9). This causes Adhikari & Hartemink, who in their article review a recent body of literature that links soil to ES, to argue that soil is a key component in global sustainability issues and should therefore receive more attention in the United Nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Sustainable Development Goals 14

(SDGâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s) (Adhikari & Hartemink, 2016, 106). Fig. 7 shows all ES as listed by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. And although all services indicate ecosystem health, this project focuses specifically on housing demand as an engine to mitigate the effects of landscape degradation, pollution and climate change. Therefore, not all ES are relevant to discuss in transforming the built environment. In that respect, this project looks at the concept of Regenerative Design which borrows from ES to create design principles.

2.2 Regenerative Design on a Regional Level Regenerative design as a concept aims to design and develop the built environment in order to restore the capacities of ecosystems to function optimally (Zari, 2018). It assumes that current built environment works with a concept of sustainability that only aims at reducing environmental impact instead of providing environmental benefits (ibid., 4).

P5: FRES H WATE

RESOUR

RIE NT CY CL IN S3 :N UT

BITA T PR OVIS IO S2: H A

OF N Y O TI ERG A IX EN : F AR 4 S OL S

S S5:

C2: AES

CES

R5: DECOMPOSITION

EVEN DIST TION O F URB ANC E

R4: P R

CL IM R3 :

E AC PL ITY OF ERS SE IV EN L D : S RA C5 LTU CU

N ATIO RIFIC

AT E

L RO T ON

U R6: P

BI 2:

THETIC

C3 : PS RECR YC OLO EATIO GIC N AL WE LLB

ON ATI N I LL : PO

A IC G O OL

OIL

DIN

IL BU

N AND RMATIO C1: INFO DGE KNOWLE

AT IO

AT ER IA

RE GU L

ETIC P6: GEN

S1: SPECIES MAINTENANCE

EN ERG

OOD

P4 : FU EL

L CA

:R AW

P1: F

I EM CH IO :B P2

PI RI TU AL

IN SP

EIN

IR AT IO N

fig. 7. All Ecosystem Services listed, including interrelations between the regenerative variables as defined by Zari (visualisation based on Zari, 2018).

Making incremental steps along the regenerative design approach will allow design to make a neutral impact and ultimately restore environmental damage that was previously done (ibid.) (see fig. 8). Regenerative design does not only seek to redefine sustainability, but also wants to redefine the role of the built environment into a more integrated, whole-systems based definition (Mang & Reed, 2012, 9). The concept of regenerative design was coined by Pamela Mang and Bill Reed, two educators in the field of ecological design and permaculture. Mang and Reed (ibid.) suggest that practices of biomimicry and permaculture can be used to spatially translate the concept of regenerative design. Biomimicry involves the emulation of strategies seen in the living world as a basis for human design. It is the mimicry of an organism, an organismâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s behaviour or an entire ecosystem in terms of forms, materials, construction methods, processes or functions (Zari, 2018, 7). Permaculture is a contraction of permanent agriculture or permanent culture, and was developed as a system for designing ecological human habitats and food production systems based on the relationships

and processes found in natural ecological communities, and the relationships and adaptations of indigenous peoples to their ecosystems (Mang & Reed, 2012, 2). Zari introduces a theoretical framework for mapping ecosystem processes in relation to place (a mapping assessment) that could be used to enhance understanding between ecology and urban design. This understanding is necessary, she argues, in order to be able to mimic whole ecosystems, rather than just aspects of individual organisms, which is in turn imperative order to be able to use the regenerative design paradigm on a regional scale (ibid., 69). Zariâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s theoretical framework defines ecosystem processes that can be incorporated into a context of regenerative design. Our project uses the ecosystem services she defines are necessary to assess regenerative design on a regional scale (see fig. 9). The dotted lines show the possible synergies between the ES that can be maximized through design. Although Zariâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s theoretical framework that maps ES for regenerative design on a regional level, and the design principles of biomimicry and permaculture that could spatialize these ES,

Scales of Pattern Harmonisation Global

Regenerative Development

Biome/Region less energy required

Regenerative Design

Watershed(s)

Community Restorative Neighborhood

Site

Biophilia / Bioethics

Ecological Sub-systems

Organisms

Reg

n rati

ene

Sustainable

Buildings/Shelter

LEED Conventional INTEGRAL

ANTHROPOCENTRIC

Efficient Resource Use

Indiscriminate Resource Use

Affiliate with Nature

n rati

ene

Deg

Conserve Resource Use

more energy required

fig. 8. Upscaling regenerative design (visualisation based on Zari, 2018).

Mimic Nature

Restore Nature

Tend Nature

Be Nature

the framework does not recognize the urban ecosystem or human society. And as this project proposes spatial strategies for an existing metropolitan region, it is important to be able to assess and think about transformations in relation to the existing structure. A conceptual framework would need to be able to spatialize transformation within the urban ecosystem, to ensure a spatially just environment. Therefore, this project considers the concept of Social-Ecological Systems (SES) in addition to Ecosystem Services and regenerative design.

Obtain and maintain license to operate

consent Characterize the connections between possible decisions, socioecological components, ES and values

decision

socioecological context

influence diagram

2.3 Social-ecological Transformations

benefits ES values

Social-Ecological Systems (SES) are an integrated system of ecosystems and human society with

Clarify who is making the decision and why?

Describe the biophysical, social and socioecological context of the decision

Identify the benefits associated with ecosystems, how they are produced through ES and what their value is to people

OD : FO P1

S2 : PR H A B OV I ISIO TAT N

fig. 10. The proposed framework for characterizing ES that might be affected by management or planning (visualisation based on Chan et al., 2012).

P4: F U

NT UTRIE S3: N ING CYCL

EL EN

ERGY

H ES

UR IF I

CA TI ON

R3: CLIMATE REGULATION

R :F P5

R6 :P

ER AT W

fig. 9. ES for regenerative design on regional scale as defined by Zari (visualisation based on Zari, 2018).

reciprocal feedback and interdependence. The concept emphasizes the humans-in-nature perspective (Folke, et al., 2010). In this projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s conceptual framework, this underlines that there is not only an interdepency relationship between natural ecosystems and humans, but also a relation of feedback to one another that assumes the adaptability and resilience of both systems. This is important to recognize in this project, as it envisions the urban ecosystem to be the engine for ecological restoration. How could this concept change the framework proposed by Zari in fig. 8? Chan et al. (2012) recognize that many ES have a non-material or intangible dimension. This dimension (often of a psychological nature) may be valued as highly as the material benefits of an ES (for example: fishing might provide food, but also a way of life with spiritual, political or ethical aspects) (Chan, et al., 2012, 745). Therefore, the authors argue the ES framework must add cultural ES to its conception, but must also go beyond it in making changes to the research and decision-making processes that are triggered by ES. They propose the following framework to go about the planning practice (see fig. 10), which aligns with reciprocal feedback relationship addressed by SES. Another important addition that addresses the absence of the current metropolitan structure in Zariâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s framework, is found in the analysis of the socio-ecological context, that centres the decision in the metropolitan structure. Furthermore, an important addition for spatial justice are the components of identifying values involved in the project through qualitative methods, and obtaining consent to operate (ibid., 750). 17

2.4 An Assessment Framework How can these concepts be applied to this project? and How can these concepts be assessed in spatial projects? To conclude the conceptual framework, from the concepts of ES, regenerative design and SES an assessment framework was created (see fig. 11). The framework guides in thinking about the ecosystem services that regenerate the optimal functioning of natural ecosystems. It also recognizes that natural ecosystems are in an interdepency- and feedback relationship with human society, which in turn has the ability to exert agency to restore the ecological and cultural qualities of these ecosystems. The project

adopts the term social-ecological transformations to denote that the proposed change in the AMA results from this relationship between human society and natural ecosystems. Through the below framework, this project will suggest critical spatial interventions that mitigate the effects of landscape degradation, pollution and climate change through housing developments. The framework will be the yardstick that measures growth for biophysical well-being in the AMA

FRAMEWORK FOR SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION REGENERATIVE VARIABLES P1: FOOD

HOUSING AGENDA

ensure minimum footprints from farmers to consumers as well as optimizing biochemicals and plant-based medicines

P4: FUEL ENERGY

maximize the potential of renewable energy (e.g: biogas from waste) and ensure itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s process is not harmful to animals

P5: FRESH WATER

ensure the accessibility and hygiene of freshwater, recycling waste water, as well as the storage for drought seasons

R3: CLIMATE REGULATION

plotting measures for urban heat island, ensure the availability of sequestration landscape, and provide water buffer areas for heavy rainfall on the peatland areas

R6: PURIFICATION

purifying air, water, and soil by by remediating their causes of pollution through increased urban vegetation or public transport regulations

C1: INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

make compulsory for people to understand ecosystem service and the adherence towards regenerative design

C2: AESTHETIC

nourish the ecosystem service stability in a way that it becomes a cultural landscape value

C3: RECREATION / PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING

ensure accessibility of people towards public goods and landscape

C4: SPIRITUAL INSPIRATION

allow spiritual experience for the people for the formation of identity or ethical developments

C5: SENSE OF PLACE CULTURAL DIVERSITY

ensure that the balanced-quality of ecosystem service are not limited to a certain groups of people

S3: NUTRIENT CYCLING

promote developments that uses biodegradable materials and allow different crops on agriculture lands for soil fertility

S2: HABITAT PROVISION

allow suitable habitat for species within the urban built environment for co-inhabitation with human and protect nature areas necessary to prevent disturbances (e.g; erosion, strong winds, wave, & flood)

Source: Zari, M., Regenerative Urban Design and Ecosystem Services, 2018

Chan, K.developments et al., Where are Cultural and Social in thebased Ecosystem 2012 Chan, K. et al., 2012). fig. 11. Framework for assessing social-ecological (visualisation onServices?, Zari, 2018;

SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS

III. ANALYSIS ANALYSING THE EFFECT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND NATURAL PROCESSES ON THE AMA LANDSCAPE

3.1 Landscape Resilience

The first step is to understand the landscape of the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (AMA). We have identified the areas regulated natural areas and places of biodiversity habitat (Natura-2000 areas), soil subsidence, flooding risk, Oxygen stress, risk of drought and extension areas. This map identifies the challenges that ecosystems face in different regions in the AMA. Here we can conclude that in the north of the AMA, there are dry peat lands, that are unable to sequestrate CO2 with high risks of soil subsidence and oxygen stress. This is possibly caused by drainage and agriculture activities. Surrounding Amsterdam and Almere, there are vulnerable urban (extension) areas that are prone to flooding and (or) soil subsidence. Moreover, some Natura- 2000/ EHS (Ecologische Hoofd Structuur) regulated areas have a high risk of flooding and drought. 20

fig. 12. Map of the Landscape Resilient Quality of the AMA

3.2 Pollution

Haarlem also has greater noise and nitrogen pollution,similar to Amsterdam, it has 13% of industry and 34% of business jobs.The average salary here is 25 800 €/year, which is moderate in AMA. 13%Industry

Haarlem

“Water and air, the two essential fluids on which all life depends, have become global garbage cans” JacquesYves Cousteau (1910-1997), French oceanographer. Air pollution is a problem in the global urban area and NO2 is the most heavily legislated air pollutant in the EU (Briggs, 2005). The AMA is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in the Netherlands with a population of over 2 million people. At AMA there is a serious pollution of nitrogen dioxide in the region. At present, the limit value of 40 μg/m3 for nitrogen dioxide is exceeded at many locations in Amsterdam. This has caused health and social problems, especially for the elderly with lower incomes. Income and age are the most significant socioeconomic variables on the health impact of air pollution. Income is taken as indicator for socioeconomic status and the lower the income, the higher the vulnerability for air pollution. Including noise, co2 and water, pollution has also caused damage to vulnerable groups in the AMA. For instance, more than 10% of all illness and death near Haarlemmermeer is attributable to the noise and air pollution. In many places with severe air pollution, residents’ income is not high, and they also suffer from frequent odour nuisances from water pollution. 22

25 800€/year

More than 10% of all illness and death near Haarlemmermeer is attributable to environmental factors(noise and air pollution). Haarlemmermeer 26 200€/year 12%Transportation

Source: https://www.atlasleefomgeving.nl/en/kaarten / VDM_2018

fig. 12. Map of the Pollution issue in the AMA

Water pollution in Landsmeer,Waterland,Oostzaan cause frequent odor nuisances and cyanobacteria, which can cause illness, and bath water needs to be checked more frequently.WIth more agriculture sectors, the water pollution mainly comes from surrounding agriculture .

8_Ruimtelijke_Opgaven_voor_MRA_Gebiedsatelie / QGis data and analysis

5%Agriculture Landsmeer 27 900€/year Amsterdam 25 200€/year 34%Business

Legend

NO2 Pollution 2016 (µg/m3) 25-30 30-35 >35 Water Pollution Medium High

CO2 Pollution 2018 (TON CO2 / ha) 100-300 300-1000 >1000 Noise Pollution >65 dB

3.3 Agro-sector effects

CONTEMPORARY

URBAN HEAT

HABITAT LOSS

CENTRALIZATION

INTENSIVE AGRICULTURAL

WASTE

NUTRIENT

AEB

GLASSHOUSE

SOLAR

WIND ENERGY

ELECTRICITY GRID

TATA

BIOMASS POWER PLANT FOSSIL FUELS POWER PLANT AEB(WASTE TREATMENT）

WHOLESALER

MARKET

RETAILERS

RESIDENTIAL BLOCKS

PORT

AIRPORT

ELECTRICITY

HEATING

Agriculture

Nature

Industry

Household

Transport

fig. 13. Systemic Section of the Current Agriculture Systems

In the AMA region, most agricultural practices are for export purposes. Total exports from the Netherlands in 2017 reaches €110 billions. This promotes intensive horticulture practices in the AMA which has caused the decline of working farmers from 280.9(×1000) in 2000 to 186(×1000 ) in 2016 (Wageningen Economic Research, 2016). There are varying degrees of water pollution and CO2 pollution around intensive agriculture. Most agricultural practices still use non-renewable sources of gas, and several critical areas are used as areas for waste recycling and agricultural industry concentration. For example, the horticulture near Haarlemmermeer uses up to 1,246,300m³ of gas per farm, that is 6231× of an arable farm (Wageningen University and Research 2018). The grazing animals of the agrisector have contributed to water pollution and the most CO2 emission in AMA of > 1000 TON CO2/Ha. Wind-turbine causes harm to farmland birds despite the abundance of agricultural areas. 24

fig. 14. Map of the Agro-Sector Effects in the AMA

3.4 Density and Flow

With the development of finance and commerce, there is a high availability of jobs in ICT, financial and business services and also in culture, sports and recreation. Most notably, high educated workers commute daily from peripheral areas to Amsterdam. This map shows the commuter flows in and out from the sub-regions to Amsterdam. Each day 288.000 commuters move to the sub-regions and 119.000 leave the sub-region. At the same time, we analysed the accessibility of public goods within a 15-minute walking distance radius and the ethnic immigration majority. This analysis points towards a high concentration of public goods in the Amsterdam city, compared to other municipalities in the AMA. On a regional level, this shows an unfair distribution of public facilities. 26

fig. 15. Map of the Density and People Flow within the AMA

3.5 Problems and Potentialities

* * ** * ** * *** **** * *** *

Legend

NO2 Pollution 2016 (Âľg/m3)

25-30 30-35 >35 Water Pollution Medium High CO2 Pollution 2018 (>1000 TON CO2 / ha)

Noise Pollution (>65 dB)

Flood Risk (>1m water depth)

Soil Subsidence (<-3.5mm/year)

15 mile

Risk of Oxygen Stress Risk of Drought Horticulture Windmills

Source: www.klimaateffectatlas.nl/en/, www.plancapaciteit.nl/map.do, Ecologische Hoofdstructuur, Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedlkwaliteit (2004), VDM_2018_Ruimtelijke_Opgaven_voor_MRA_Gebiedsatelie, https://www.atlasleefomgeving.nl/en/kaarten, https://pico.geodan.nl/pico/map.html, Qgis data

fig. 16. Summary of Environmental Analysis in the AMA

This map shows the most critical areas within the AMA, related to the conditions of the landscape and society. Critical areas are circled because they contain multiple problems of the different categories analysed before. This maps demonstrates that there is a high concentration of pollution in highly urbanized areas. It also shows which areas are problematic due to agro-sector effects, coinciding with biodiversity loss, soil subsidence and pollution. 28

Hence, the circled areas demonstrate the most problems, however this project will use these critical areas as areas of potentiality for transformation. It is in these areas that wellbeing as it highest risk and therefore needs to be tackled.

3.6 Concept for Transformation

fig. 17. Vision Concept Map

Conceptually, we envision the critical areas to be engines of transformation for the metropolitan area. The regenerative change within the critical areas will be connected to the metropolitan structure in order to have a regenerative spill-over effect. This concept will be further explained in this projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vision.

IV. VISION ACTIVATING TRANSFORMATION WITHIN THE EXISTING METROPOLITAN STRUCTURE

In 2040, the AMA is a future-proof region which ensures the well-being of its inhabitants, biodiversity and land. This will be achieved through introducing circularity of land, food, water and energy in critical areas in the AMA. We propose regenerative housing developments as activator projects for transformation towards a social-ecological region. Through these projects, larger ecological connections will be created that are necessary to achieve regeneration of the region.

The formulation of the vision is derived from the key problems analysed. Based on this, the vision proposed can be separated into three visional layers that each deal with transforming a problem into a potential: 1. Urban Green Infrastructure Developing a connection which aims to mitigate the effects of pollution on the urban environment by ensuring better soil, air and water quality. At the same time, the green infrastructure allows additional green routes to Amsterdam where jobs and public goods are centralized. These green routes are aimed to depressurize current highway commuter flows. 2. Enhanced National Ecological Network Providing means of climate regulation that mitigate the effects of drought, heavy rainfall and UHI that would simultaneously diminish the current defragmentation of biodiversity habitat. 3. Circular AMA Support energy transition to renewable fuels within the AMA that benefits its biophysical population. This approach begins with re-evaluating the waste from agricultural practices in which its outcome can be converted to beneficial products instead of negative impacts. 32

fig. 18. Vision Map of The Shared Habitat

4.1 Urban Green Infrastructure

fig. 19. Vision Layer Map 1 - Urban Green Infrastructure

1. ` 2. 3. 4. 34

Propose regenerative housing developments which regulate air, water, and soil quality on pressurized infrastructure corridors through inserting a vegetation buffer. Linking similar housing developments to eventually form a green corridor which mitigates the effects of pollution on the urban environment on a regional scale. Ensure that the green infrastructure supports (fast) cycling routes, public transport, and connects major public goods. This would result in a healthier means of connectivity and allow more opportunities for local business to evolve along these lines. Restoring biodiversity habitat within the urbanized region of the AMA.

4.2 Enhanced National Ecological Network

fig. 20. Vision Layer Map 2 - NEN of the AMA

1. 2. 3. 4.

Propose regenerative housing developments which would be able to withstand the effects of drought and heavy rainfall. Promoting the restoration of peat landscapes to function as climate buffers. Allow wet peatlands to function as energy landscape or to host a variety of wet crops. Link the protecting peat landscape areas that enhance the National Ecological Corridor of the AMA for the resilience of the region.

4.3 Circular AMA

fig. 21. Vision Map Layer 3 - Circular AMA

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Propose regenerative housing developments which serve as a purifying method on the environmental damage caused by current agro-sector practices and which â&#x20AC;&#x153;recycleâ&#x20AC;? unused land as a means of circularity. Circulate waste within problematic regions towards biomass plants. Establish filtration methods to purify water on the polluted water bodies; and derive algae byproducts towards biomass. Encourage energy transition to renewable fuels by using biomass as energy provision. Promote this circularity method towards the greater region of AMA.

V. STRATEGY SPATIALIZING THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND VISION

5.1 STAKEHOLDERS

HIGH

CURRENT AND CONTEXT i. POWER INTEREST DIAGRAM

NGOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

Landscape Designers Urbanist

Farmers

AEB Renewable Energy National Government

SUBJECTS

PLAYERS

Universities

Agriculture Biodiversity

Architects

INTEREST

Supplier(durable) Retail/Processor

Agri-sectors Intermediaries

Media

Restaurant Business

Infrastructure Workers

National Government Finance

Province

CROWD

Municipalities Developers Factory Owner

Consumers

Labours Trade(commodities)

LOW

CONTEXT SETTERS

Supplier(nondurable)

POWER

fig. 22. Stakeholder Power and Interest Diagram

Stakeholder analysis is done through stakeholders in different areas of AMA for pollution control and biodiversity conservation. This involves energy, agriculture, transportation organizations and residents. As shown in the power diagram, agriculture is a major player in this field, followed by landscape and nature conservation related departments, which have the most influence and interest in biodiversity conservation, and also benefit most from rich biodiversity. In addition, there are some stakeholders (farmers,designers) who are interested in biodiversity conservation but with little power, and there are other apartments(housing developers, media) have lower interests but high power. They have other interests goals, and we try to bring together stakeholders, expand their interests, and develop as much as possible toward a unified goal, reducing conflicts and developments that are not conducive to biodiversity. 38

Oil/Gas Companies

HIGH

ii. CONFLICTS

AN A

satio ns rgan i sum er s Con

M AL )

e Inv

owners Private land

n on Envi ronmenta l Law (CE

cial P olic and S o

mit

tee

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m is si o

Ed u

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nomic

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nmen tal, Ec o

cers

an d

Co m

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(C E

eth erla n

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ent (CEM)

em Managem

Enviro

(Na tion al c

Co mp an ies

nal G

Energy produ

m Co

Na tio

cape National Government of lands

IUC N

al viv

Mu nic

O’s NG

ies

on Ecosyst

atio organis ement manag vation

rit tho

Conser

n Commissio

World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA )

fig. 23. The Conflicts of Stakeholders; The co-development of stakeholders in new energy, housing development and landowners have conflicts with stakeholders in nature conservation, which can be mitigated by strengthening innovation and maintenance.

S ies ec Sp

au ter Wa

G (S es

rs sto

ipa liti e

ilc

KEE PS A TIS FIE D

Pub

es vi c ser

L A ND

Civil

Commissi o

als of materi producers

ove r nm en t

Procurement

ENT LOPM E V DE LT I BU

NFORMED KEEP I

Waste management

ns tio a nis ga or

MANAGED CLOSELY

MONIT OR(M INIM

- NMD

D FIE TIS SA P E KE

eudata base

nme nt

MA N

e En viro

MONITOR(MINIMAL)

d th

AG ED C LO SE LY

le Mili

e ad Tr

ED RM FO IN

Nation a

AGRICULTURE

Y EL OS CL

EP KE

rast ruct ure an

KEE P IN FO RM ED

E AP SC

f inf

D GE

SATISFIED KEEP

L) MA INI (M OR IT ON M

ry o

g sin es

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Min ist

l tai Re re ltu

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Farm ers’ o

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Fa rm

m rn ve go

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l na ra b

Research and education

tio lie rs (d u

rie Intermedia

s) good urable nond liers ( Supp

Na Su pp

s) itie d o m om c (

iii. ENHANCEMENT satio ns Con

sum er s

Farm ers’ o

rgan i

e ad Tr

MONIT OR(M INIM

- NMD

EP KE

e Inv

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Policy n on Envi ronmenta l Law (CE L)

and S

Commissi o

nomic nmen tal, Ec o

Ed u

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) SC (S

ent (CEM)

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Enviro

m is si o

ion iss

ocial

nal G

om m

itte e

&I nv es to

Na tio

(Na tion al c

of T he n

m Co

ove rnm ent

ipa liti e

Energy produ

Co mp an ies

al viv

Mu nic

ca National Government of lands

IUC N

ies

on Ecosyst

atio organis ement manag vation

rit tho

Conser

n Commissio

World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA )

fig. 24. The Enhanced Relationship of Stakeholders; Enhance cooperation between different fields. New energy and housing development require more land, which can be achieved by developing urban agriculture, reducing agricultural land and intensive land use, and using pores areas to work with stakeholders in climate-friendly technologies. For example, local farmers and small businesses co-found urban agriculture and biomass cooperatives.

S ies ec Sp

au ter Wa

S s(

) GS

ow Private land

KEE P

rs sto

SA TIS FIE D

es vi c ser

LA ND

Civil

ilc Pub

ENT LOPM E V DE LT I BU

NFORMED KEEP I

D FIE TIS SA

a of materi producers

O’s NG

MANAGED CLOSELY

Procurement

ns tio a is an rg

ners

MONITOR(MINIMAL)

eudata base

nme nt

MA NA GE D C LO SE LY

e En viro

ED RM FO IN

le Mili

d th

AL )

AN A

AGRICULTURE

Y EL OS CL

EP KE

ctur e an

Waste management

KEE P IN FO RM ED

E AP SC

rast ru

Nation a

SATISFIED KEEP

L) MA INI (M OR IT ON M

f inf

Research and education

g sin es

l tai Re re ltu

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ry o

D GE

roc

t en ra b

le go od Fa s) rm ers

Min ist

s) good

m rn ve go

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l na lie rs (d u

rie Intermedia

urable nond liers ( Supp

tio Na Su pp

s) itie d o m om (c

an d

Co m

un ic a

tio n

(C E

eth erla n

ds)

5.2 STRATEGIES AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES

APPLY DESIGN TOOLKIT

LANDSCAPE

AGRICULTURE

ASSESSMENT

DEFINE POROSITY

OVERLAY EXTENSION PLANS

OVERLAY PROBLEM AREAS POLLUTION

CONNECT TO REGIONAL DESIGN GOALS REGENERATIVE DESIGNS FOR HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

fig. 25. The Shared Habitat Strategic Approach

In order to spatialise the conceptual framework, we begin by adopting the idea of porosity, which the ‘pores’ of the built environment perform spatial and social potentiality fordifferent scenarios. Through overlaying these ‘porous areas’ with extension and problem areas, we hence can locate several sites for regenerative housing developments and select three most critical problematic locations to tackle with. These developments will undergo both social and ecosystem service assessments in order to get the grasp of local demands and conditions; the design principles will be applied thereafter, and the final evaluation will be conducted to answer the interrelation between the designs and what they mean in regional context. 41

i. DEFINE POROSITY

fig. 26. Porosity Map

In the first step of our strategy, we explore the potential areas for site development projects using the concept of porosity. Porosity results from missing spatial qualities, but grants (spatial and social) possibilities that strengthen the adaptability of a city. Pores are open to spatial scenario's (ViganĂ˛, P. 2013). We classify these pores as derelict buildings, grey areas, abandoned wastescapes and undeveloped green areas that are adjacent to built infrastructure. 42

ii. OVERLAY EXTENSION PLANS

fig. 27. Overlaying Housing Plans

After defining the porosity, we overlay the housing extension plans of the municipality and narrow down the potential sites for housing developments. The sites chosen are those who are located closeby to the current urban proximity therefore no new networks of infrastructure and public buildings needed to be developed further for the purposes of sustainability.

iii. OVERLAY PROBLEM AREAS

Legend Housing Development for Pollution Problem Housing Development for Landscape Problem Housing Development for Agriculture Problem

NO2 Pollution 2016 (Âľg/m3)

25-30 30-35 >35 Water Pollution Medium High CO2 Pollution 2018

Weesp Ouder Amstel

(>1000 TON CO2 / ha)

Noise Pollution (>65 dB)

Flood Risk

Aalsmeer

(>1m water depth)

Soil Subsidence (<-3.5mm/year)

15 mile

Risk of Oxygen Stress Risk of Drought Horticulture Windmills

fig. 28. Overlayed problem map and chosen critical sites

The approach is followed by overlaying the summary problem maps from the analysis chapter in order to understand which housing developments should aim to tackle which issue; agricultural waste, pollution, and landscape resilience. Afterwards, we select three critical site as exemplatory for developments in respond to the three different issues.

5.3 DESIGN PRINCIPLES PROVISIONING P1: Food P1.1 / Neighbourhood: design for urban agriculture to produce food on a neighbourhood scale.

PLEASE USE THESE P4.2 / Neighbourhood: explore possibilities of installing residual heat networks with local industrial partners. PLEASE USE THESE

PLEASE USE THESE

P4.2 P1.2 / Regional: diversify agriculture land use in proximity of new housing developments to mitigate the effect that single-type agriculture has on the landscape.

P4: Fuel Energy P4.1 / Neighbourhood: adopt use of solar panels and organic food waste composting in housing projects and public buildings.

fig. 29a. Part 1 Design Principles

R3.2

P4.3 / Regional: explore possibilities of storing surplus energy (e.g. solar energy produced in peak moments) in the landscape.

P4.2

R3.2 R3.4 (CHANG

P4.2

R3.2

P4.3

R6.1

P4.3

R6.1

P4.3

R6.1

P4.4 & R3.3

P5.2, R6.2, R6.4

P4.4 & R3.3

P5.2, R6.2, R6.4

P4.4 & R3.3

P5.2, R6.2,45R6.4

P4.4 / Regional: explore possibilities of production of innovative biomass produce to offer local and sustainable input for biomass plants.

fig. 29b. Part 2 Design Principles

DESIGN PRINCIPLES REGULATING P4.5 / Regional: use waste and manure from agro-sector R3.3 to the existing bioplants. P5.2, R6.2, R6.4 toP4.4 supply&biomass

R3: Climate Regulation R3.1 / Neighbourhood: adopt green roofs in housing developments that function as rainwater buffer, provide habitat for biodiversity and reduce UHI.

PLEASE USE THESE P4.5 & R6.3

P5: Fresh Water P5.1 / Neighbouhood: collect rainwater to use for neighbourhood urban agriculture and toilet flushing.

R3.2 / Neighbourhood: in housing developments, at least 50% of the building area must be covered by vegetation PLEASE USE THESE or water bodies that will function as a climate sponge, habitat and reduce UHI (in congruence with local R3.4 (CHANGE provide TO NEW) ecosystem).

R3.2 P4.2

P5.2 / Regional: create water buffers for periods of drought in higher sandlandscapes P4.2 in the west and east of the AMA.

R6.1

R3.3 / Regional: restore peat soils by wettening the R3.2 landscape, creating a regional water buffer and water storage area, providing habitat for biodiversity, and providing space for wet crop biomass produce.

P4.3

P4.3 46

R3.2

R6.1

P5.2, R6.2, R6.4

fig. 29c. Part 3 Design Principles

P4.4 & R3.3

fig. 29d. Part 4 Design Principles

P5.2, R6.2, R6.4

DESIGN PRINCIPLES P4.2

R3.2 R6.3 / Regional: use swamp buffers to filter pesticides from agricultural waste water around the borders of arable farmland.

R3.4 / Regional: connect vegetation on the neighbourhood R6.3 scale to create a green infrastructure on the regional R6.3 scale, mitigating habitat fragmentation and integrating urban and natural areas.

P4.3

C C

R6.1

SUPPORTING S3: Nutrient Cycling

R6:(CHANGE Water Purification R3.4 TO NEW) and Waste Treatment

R6.1 / Neighbourhood: install neighbourhood-level S3.1 compost recycling for use in urban farming and gardenand park maintenance. S3.1

P4.4 & R3.3

P5.2, R6.2, R6.4

S3.1 / Neighbourhood-Regional: recycle nutrients in a nutrient hub on local scale. Waste water and organic waste can be recycled for use in agriculture. This principle can also be applied during festivals or seasonal events.

R3.2

R6.2 / Neighbourhood: use helophyte filters to filter grey P4.5 & R6.3 water to purposes of toilet flushing and to filter rainwater C2 from parking spaces and streets for use in urban farming C2 andR6.1 garden- and park maintenance.

S4: Habitat Provisioning

S4.1 / Neighbourhood: use green roofs and green facades in 50% of the buildings in new developed neighbourhoods.

P5.2, R6.2, R6.4 fig. 29e. Part 5 Design Principles

fig. 29f. Part 6 Design Principles

DESIGN PRINCIPLES S4.2 / Regional: connect a blue and green structures on the neighbourhood level to form regional blue- and green infrastructures, creating corridores between the Natura-2000 areas.

C3 C3

C3: Recreation for Wellbeing

C 3.1 / Regional: connect recreational activities to different possiblities the variety of landscapes has to offer. Along banks of rivers, install places for recreational fishing. Recreational mountainbike paths can be installed in parts of forest. Grassland and pasture areas should be sensitive to recreational cycling, running and horseriding.

R3.4 (CHANGE TO NEW) CULTURAL C1: Information and Knowledge POTENTIAL FOR CULTURAL

C1.1 / Neighbourhood: ACTION POINTS pair urban farming with (primary and secondary) education facilities and community centre classes. C4

UNUSEDC4: STOCK Spiritual Experience

C4.1 / Neighbourhood: water bodies, lake?

C2: Aesthetic [Culture, Art, & Design]

C2.1 / Regional: connect biking paths to green USE THESE infrastructure and borders PLEASE of Natura-2000 areas for enjoyment of the cultural values of agricultural, forest and dune landscape and historic buildings within that landscape.

C5: Sense of Place

C5.1 / Neighbourhood: urban agriculture, providing edible food specific to Dutch soil, at neighbourhood level can provide sense of place and sense of belonging to inhabitants.

C3 48

fig. 29g. Part 7 Design Principles

fig. 29h. Part 8 Design Principles

VI. TOWARDS A SOCIALECOLOGICAL AMA ADOPTING DESIGN PRINCIPLES TO TRANSFORM CRITICAL AREAS

6.1 OUDER-AMSTEL i. Ecosystem Service Assessment

fig. 30. ES Assessment of Ouder-Amstel

CRITICAL AREA 1: OUDER AMSTEL ii. Social Assessment

fig. 31. Social Assessment of Ouder-Amstel

Accessibility ensured accessibility due to surrounding highway and railway, although bus routes might need to be added on the proposed site Income there is a distinctive income gap between the left and right side of the railway, further spatial planning must allow accessibility of public goods for the lesser income backgrounds Diversity high migration rate and a distributed age group could be the leading asset on the proposed site for a sustainable community / high eldery number on site might require spaces for eldery provisions V

Ouder-Amstel

Aalsmeer

Weesp

CRITICAL AREA 1: OUDER AMSTEL iii. Application of Design Principles The aim of the design to ensure that the proposed development area fulfilled the regenerative qualities within 2km radius. From the relevant analysis, the housing development at Ouder-Amstel should focus on the regulating aspect to mitigate the pollution problem from the surrounding infrastructure networks. Frequent common grounds like urban agriculture field and public parks are also provided to prevent the possibility of social gaps due to income difference.

fig. 32. Zoomed-in Neighborhood Design of Ouder Amstel

CRITICAL AREA 1: OUDER AMSTEL iv. Systematic Section of Design Principles The systematic section below introduced the other design principles being applied on the proposed site. The dominant regenerative quality of this site is to requlate the CO2 emitted from the built environment by the green and blue perimeter. This hopes to encourage people to opt for cycling instead of using the four-wheeled 2 with social justice, the allocation of public goods such as retails, plaza transportation to commute. On dealing CO (C3.1), urban agriculture (P1.1), and public parks (C4.1) are essential to encourage social interaction. Housing must also serve multiple demands and allocate 40% of its availability for social housing. WASTE PERMACULTURE

BIOMASS

PUBLIC AREA

PLAZA

SCHOOL

green roofs

plaza for recreation

R6.2

C4.1

S2.2

C1.1 educational institutions

rain water collection tank

C2.1

public park as habitat provision

C3.1

PUBLIC PARK

lake as spiritual experience

R3.1

RE-USED HORTICULTURE

helophyte filtration

P5.1

rejuventae derelict horticulture building for recreation

P4.1 application of solar panels

waste management for biomass

urban agriculture waste for biomass

P1.1 urban agriculture

S3.2 R6.3

HOUSING

CO2

CO2 CO

O2 CO

GREEN CORRIDOR

HOUSING

PERMACULTURE

PUBLIC AREA & PLAZA

PUBLIC PARK C4.1

S2.2

green infrastructure as habitat provision

green infrastructure as climate regulator

urban agriculture

plaza for recreation

public park for spiritual experience

public park as habitat provision

C1.1

P4.1

P5.1

S3.1 neighborhood material/nutrient recycling point

C3.1

rain water collection tank

P1.1

RECYCLING

application of solar panels

R3.4

MIXED HOUSING

educational institutions

S2.2

SCHOOL

fig. 33. Systematic Section of Ouder Amstel BIOREFINERY

EXIS

CRITICAL AREA 1: OUDER AMSTEL v. Regional Scale Overview

Energy

Biomass

Food waste

Food supply

Algae

Fresh water

Filtered

Grey water

fig. 34. Semi-Regional Design Overview of Ouder-Amstel

Combustion

Plants/Crops

Ocean(water)

Fuels

Animals

As the housing developments are zoomed out to a semi-regional scale, the implementation of the vegetation buffer are determined to extend along the infrastructure lines of the AMA. Aside for its sequestrating performance, the green corridor also links all existing/proposed public common grounds of the AMA. This helps to increase the connectivity of economic centres with an alternative route to car transportation. It also enhanced the well-being of both human and biodiversity by provisioning the habitat for biodiversity species within the urbanized region

Biomass

Food

Waste

NO2

CRITICAL AREA 1: OUDER AMSTEL vi. Stakeholder Engagement

Temporary functions added to mitigate social gaps

Heritage Agencies

Public health institutions

Residents,Consumers,Citizens

Ministry of infrastructure

Using abandoned landscapes, unused green spaces and grey spaces to achieve the goal of climate adaptation and spatial justice through the regeneration of infrastructure and public space

Private and commercial business

Economic service Consumers, NGOs and lobby groups (e.g. for composting and recycling)

Knowledge Institutes Retails Labours Increase

Climate regulation organization

Citizens associations

Ministry of Nature and the Environment

Decrease

SOCIALIZING

PLANNING

EXECUTION

EVALUATION

Landowners Water authorities

Transport companies

fig. 35. Stakeholders with Regards to Pollution Issue in Ouder-Amstel

fig. 36. Visualisation of the Green Corridor

6.2 WEESP i. Ecosystem Service Assessment

fig. 37. ES Assessment of Weesp

CRITICAL AREA 2: WEESP ii. Social Assessment

fig. 38. Social Assessment of Weesp V

Weesp

Accessibility in the midst of existing peatlands, bus routes might need to be added on the proposed site Income people surrounding site have an average income of â&#x201A;Ź30.000/year, the planned site should allow provide social housing for people of lesser income and having the rights to live on a rich landscape region Diversity social diversity is within a minimum number of this area, site must be planned to welcome various social groups

CRITICAL AREA 2: WEESP iii. Application of Design Principles Weesp, which focuses on the landscape resilience issue, should be able to provide systems to respond to the uncertainty of the future. For instance, on the crisis of non-renewable energy, the site would have alternative supply to generate renewable energy (P4.3) through: water mills, solar panel landscape, or planting the peatlands with biomass crops. In order to achieve the last point, wettening of the peat (R3.3) will be necessary to support it. Besides, this could also be restored for buffer purposes during flooding period as well as providing habitat for biodiversity.

fig. 39. Zoomed-in Neighborhood Design of Weesp

BIOMASS

WASTE PERMACULTURE

HOUSING

SCHOOL

C4.1

S2.2

lake as spiritual experience

public park as habitat provision

The systematic section shows the other regenerative design principles applied in Weesp. Having the potential site located on a rich landscape, the housing development must not reduce the existing ecosystem service of the area. The smaller scale tools such as the application of urban agriculture (P1.1), solar panels (P4.1), and the installed rain-water collection tanks (P5.1) are also essential of determining the regenerative quality of the neighborhood. Not only that it sustain itself, but also that it is able to provision the surrounding.

RECYCLING S3.1

C1.1

neighborhood material/nutrient recycling point

R6.2

EXISTING HORTICULTURE

educational institutions

C2.1

helophyte filtration

iv. Systematic Section of Design Principles

PUBLIC PARK

rejuventae derelict horticulture building for recreation

R3.1

RE-USED HORTICULTURE

plaza for recreation

P5.1

green roofs

waste management for biomass

urban agriculture waste for biomass

P4.1

rain water collection tank

C3.1

P1.1

application of solar panels

S3.2 R6.3

PLAZA

urban agriculture

CRITICAL AREA 2: WEESP

PUBLIC AREA

CO2 CO

O2 CO

GREEN CORRIDOR

HOUSING

PERMACULTURE

PUBLIC AREA & PLAZA

PUBLIC PARK C4.1

S2.2

green infrastructure as habitat provision

green infrastructure as climate regulator

urban agriculture

plaza for recreation

public park for spiritual experience

public park as habitat provision

C1.1

P4.1

P5.1

RECYCLING S3.1 neighborhood material/nutrient recycling point

C3.1

rain water collection tank

P1.1

application of solar panels

R3.4

MIXED HOUSING

educational institutions

S2.2

SCHOOL

5 0. BIOREFINERY

CO2

0 1. km

HOUSING

PERMACULTURE

PUBLIC AREA

PLAZA

PUBLIC PARK

SCHOOL

PERMACULTURE

HOUSING

RECYCLING

PEAT LANDSCAPE

P5.1

P4.1

C3.1

S2.2

C1.1

C4.1

P1.1

S3.1

R3.3

C2.1

rain water collection tank

application of solar panels

plaza for recreation

public park as habitat provision

educational institutions

lake as spiritual experience

urban agriculture

neighborhood material/nutrient recycling point

peat restorations

cultural landscape aesthetics

fig. 40. Systematic Section of Weesp

CRITICAL AREA 2: WEESP v. Regional Scale Overview

Energy

Biomass

Food waste

Food supply

Algae

Fresh water

Filtered

Combustion

Grey water

Fuels

Biomass

Plants/Crops

Ocean(water)

Food

Waste

NO2

Animals

fig. 41. Semi-Regional Design Overview of Weesp Irrigation

Buffer regulation

Runoff

Water treatment

Source water

Water distribution

Waste water

Drinking water

As the design principles are seen on a semi-regional scale, a line of protected peatlands could be defined to function as a flooding buffer for the existing neighborhood around it. Zoning to classify which of these peatlands are allocated for energy landscape and which for the growing of biomass crops is essential so that a segment of the restored peatlands could further enhanced the connectivity of the national ecological network within the AMA.

CRITICAL AREA 2: WEESP vi. Stakeholder Engagement

A multifunctional land use in which food and feed production is combined with other functions of the landscape, such as water storage and providing a diversity of plant and animal species Biomass crop business

Ministry of infrastructure

Residents,Consumers,Citizens

Increase

Consumers, NGOs and lobby groups (e.g. for composting and recycling)

Research and education

Heritage Agencies Food processing

Use energy from landscape and filtered water for irrigation and flushing Water authorities

Recycling companies

Landowners

Residents,Consumers,Citizens

Animal welfare groups

Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment

Decrease

SOCIALIZING

PLANNING

EXECUTION

Oil/gas industry

EVALUATION

Landowners

Agro-sectors

fig. 42. Stakeholders with Regards to Landscape Resilient Issue in Weesp

fig. 43. Visualisation of Weesp Neighborhood

6.3 AALSMEER i. Ecosystem Service Assessment

fig. 44. ES Assessment of Weesp

CRITICAL AREA 3: AALSMEER ii. Social Assessment

fig. 45. Social Assessment of Weesp V

Aalsmeer

Accessibility being located within the proximity of Schipol airport, the site have close access to public transportations Income no distinctive problem with regards to the economical state of the people in the area Diversity considerably low variety of social backgrounds

Weesp

CRITICAL AREA 3: AALSMEER iii. Application of Design Principles On a site that is prominent of horticultural practices, a new development in Aalsmeer should be able to mitigate the usage of non-renewable energy, waste causing the water pollution, and the continuation in the decline of habitat. Aside from re-evaluating the circularity of the horticulture practice itself, the housing developments could trigger to collection of urban agriculture and household waste for the production of biomass (P4.5). This could also be followed by rejuvenating the current condition of the water bodies in the area through helophyte buffer (R3.3).

fig. 46. Zoomed-in Neighborhood Design of Aalsmeer

CRITICAL AREA 3: AALSMEER iv. Systematic Section of Design Principles The systematic section shows that this critical area is crucial in terms of handling the circularity of the provisioning service. For every urban agriculture field, waste point (S3.2) is placed adjacent to it to be collected and trasported to Biomass plants. By placing urban agriculture central to each housing blocks, the design hopes to increase the awareness of the neightborhood to circulate their food waste. These biomass energy processed from the waste collected from the existing horticulture areas and the households are determined to circulate back to the neighborhood. More over, the filtration of algae (R6.2) from the poluted water could further add up to the biomass processing. Lastly, on the area where habitat are most severerly pushed away by the massive greenhouse horticultures, implementation of greenroofs on neighborhood is a small but sure step (R3.1). The derelict horticulture sites should also be transformed into public parks for added habitat provisioning.

0.2 5 0.5

1.0

CO2

1.0

BIOMASS

WASTE PERMACULTURE

PUBLIC AREA

PLAZA

RE-USED HORTICULTURE

PUBLIC PARK

SCHOOL

EXISTING HORTICULTURE

RECYCLING

P4.1

P5.1

R3.1

C3.1

C2.1

R6.2

C4.1

S2.2

C1.1

S3.1

rain water collection tank

green roofs

plaza for recreation

rejuventae derelict horticulture building for recreation

helophyte filtration

lake as spiritual experience

public park as habitat provision

educational institutions

neighborhood material/nutrient recycling point

waste management for biomass

urban agriculture waste for biomass

P1.1

application of solar panels

S3.2 R6.3

HOUSING

urban agriculture

fig. 47. Systematic Section of Aalsmeer

69 CO2 2

CRITICAL AREA 3: AALSMEER v. Regional Scale Overview

fig. 48. Semi-Regional Design Overview of Aalsmeer

Energy

Biomass

Food waste

Algae

Fresh water

Filtered

Grey water

Food supply

Seen from a semi-regional scale, the site dealing with the issue of agricultural waste could contribute to new form of circularity. Not to mention, the biomass crops planted on the peatlands could also add up to the production of biomass. This energy produced could slowly replace the gas networks that currently provision the site. The goal is to also limit the imported wooden chips that is currently used in the production of biomass. With a step that begins through the housing development, the waste management should aim to expand towards bigger supermarket and other industry wastes ; and the networks of water filtration could extend to regional water bodies.

CRITICAL AREA 3: AALSMEER vi. Stakeholder Engagement

Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment Waste management and industry

Governmental bodies Consumers, NGOs and lobby groups (e.g. for Technology composting and providers recycling)

Residents,Consumers,Citizens

Centre of Crop and Horticulture Protection(BPTPH)

Sustainable Energy for Economic Development (SEED)

Part of benefits from housing construction for waste recycling and biomass energy investment

Governmental bodies

Institutions for environmental control and public health

Animal welfare groups

Housing developers Farmers

Residents,Consumers,Citizens

Biomass suppliers/farmers

Agricultural/Forest Cooperative

Farmers

Increase Decrease

SOCIALIZING

PLANNING

EXECUTION

Fertilizers suppliers

EVALUATION

Oil/gas industry Transport companies Local waste recycling reduces transportation

fig. 49. Stakeholders with Regards to Agro-sector Issues in Aalsmeer

fig. 50. Visualisation of the Rejuvenatioin of Derelict Horticulture Areas in Aalsmeer

VII. ACTIONS ENGAGING POLICIES, STAKEHOLDERS AND NATIONAL GOALS TOWARDS 2040

7.1 PROPOSED POLICY OUTLOOK Agriculture (Waste Management) i. Reorient resources towards agricultural research so as to protect and improve agrobiodiversity, develop new varieties able to cope with drought or excess of water ii. Re-evaluate policies in place that support the use of fossil-fuels and other energy-intensive inputs in agriculture and other sectors, and consider as indicator of productivity not only yield but also eventual degradation of natural resources and emission of green-house gases. iii. Preserve agrobiodiversity by protecting the freedom of producers to use and exchange their seeds and supporting research into developing new varieties.degradation iv. Develop less energy intensive food processing and storage technologies and biomass for recycling waste with a view to producing energy that will be used for food processing and storage. v. Reduce waste and pollution through effective waste management and pollution control

Landscape i. Take measures to reduce deforestation and peatland oxidation (through other dedicated policies) and lower indirect land use change impacts , also for crop based biofuels.degradation of natural resources and emission of green-house gases. ii. Build capacity and support local communities to manage natural resources iii. Grassland and pasture areas should be sensitive to recreational cycling, running and horseriding iv. Connect vegetation on the neighbourhood scale to create a green infrastructure on the regional scale, mitigating habitat fragmentation and integrating urban and natural areas.

Social

vi. Certain percentage of the land under livestock farming and agriculture should be used as rswamp buffers and soil decontamination method to filter waste water

i. Allow some increase in the price of food to reduce waste and compensate the poorer sections of the population through an enhanced social protection system

vii. Use waste and manure from agro-sector to supply biomass to the existing bioplants

ii. Biomass and waste collection creates jobs and income earning opportunities accessible to all people in rural and urban areas.

viii. Provide extra income for the farmer through agricultural nature conservation and landscape maintenance. The current subsidies for agricultural nature management are largely paid from the Rural Development Program (POP) of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union.

iii. Expanding the provision of training for producers on the sustainable use of ESS, including via farmer field schools, farmer group extension programmes or community-based organizations;

fig. 51. Proposed Policy Overview

Economy i. Provide incentives to producers to adopt more climate friendly technologies. ii. Conduct “reform of subsidy and tax systems and consumer awareness campaigns” to “accelerate movement towards more sustainable lifestyle and consumption patterns” while preserving regional cultural specificities. iii. Tracking and removal of all subsidies that support practices generating GHG emissions. This includes subsidies on fossil fuels, on chemical inputs and machinery operating on fossil fuels , in primary production and all along value chains iv. Implement ecological compensation measures and the development of incentives to promote stakeholder participation in biodiversity onservation

Promotion i. In housing developments, at least 50% of the building area must be covered by vegetation or water bodies that will function as a climate sponge, provide habitat and reduce UHI ii. Expand the collective management of natural agriculture and natural landscape management, establish a large continuous area with special management, obtain more profits for biodiversity, and reduce implementation costs.

iv. Integrating biodiversity issues into educational courses on agriculture and waste and other aspects of land and water use so as to promote interdisciplinary skills among practitioners and build strong public involvement

7.2 TIMELINE

Socializing Actions

2020

2025

Environmental assessment of RD

To outline the implementation process and feasibility of our project, we have developed an overall timeline and detailed timeline. The overall timeline shows the implementation of our project in four phases, as shown below. We also showed two prominent timelines, one for social actions and the other for the construction actions of the project. From 2020, policy development, knowledge and localization economies under different projects can begin, and the profits from the development of some housing will be used to protect biodiversity, water resources and soil, and then begin to develop a localized bioenergy economy (biological Plants, energy landscape, heat storage), building trust transparency in the community, transferring or eliminating the resistance of residents to errors or lack of information through information activities, the actual shortcomings (smell or traffic congestion) built on bioenergy production can be produced through bioenergy production The resulting advantages are balanced and offset. This is a favourable option because it has the opportunity to improve living standards in poor rural areas without reinforcing land for competition between energy, feed and land. At the same time, as much as possible to develop urban agriculture, reduce pollution caused by horticulture and transportation, the greater challenge is to provide housing partitions for different categories of vulnerable citizens, reduce local social isolation and reduce the health impact of air pollution. Ultimately, it will improve the local climate situation, enhance the economic cycle, and at the same time achieve the goal of more equal social space. 76

Negotiation with stakeholders and policy making

Construction of re G5

Introduce helophyte system

Landscape Resilience

Porous areas remediation

Restore p

Stre P1 P2 R4

Teaching on RD and ES at educational institutions and agro-sector

Shared knowledge platforms for farmer

Construction of re

Construction of local material recycling points

Agriculture

Construction of regional material recycling points Introduce helophyte system

Education institutions setted

Pollution

Set vegetation buffer

Construction of re

Implementation

Public par

Government

Stakeholders Engagement

Nationgal Governments

Rijksoverheid

Province

Municipalities

Ministry of infrastructure and the Environment

fig. 52. Phasing of The Shared Habitat Project

2030

egenerative housing

2035

Water recycling for crops irrigation and soil drought

Install helophyte filter

peat soils

Create energy landscape

engthen quality and connection of habitat

egenerative housing

Regional buffer for biodiversity and wet crop biomass produce

Diversify agricultural landscapes

Urban agriculture

2040

Varies types of housing to varies groups of people

Build cultural landscape value

P1 P6

Neighbourhood reuse of biomass B2

Horticulture waste and household waste collection P1

Helophyte buffer installed

egenerative housing

Varies types of housing to varies groups of people

Application of solar panels

Creation of local jobs G5

Green infrastructure habitat provision

n of urban agriculture and allotments

rks and plaza for recreation

Public green corridors to mitigate social gaps

Fair distribution in public goods

Temporary functions added

Collect water for local permaculture and household

Varies types of housing to varies groups of people

ublic institutions

More policies for vunerable population

Business B1

Suppliers(durable goods)

Retails

Research and education

Waste treatments

Labours

Commission on Ecosystem Management(CEM)

Intermediaries

citizens

Interest groups

Private landowners

Public services

Trade organisations(commodities)

Farmers (organizations)

Agro industry

Private sector

Environmental protection organization(NGOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s)

Water authorities

B6 B7

Food processing

Corporate companies with buildings(developers)

Renewable energy suppliers

VIII. CONCLUSIONS

8.1 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the aim of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;A Shared Habitatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; project is to tackle the current environmental issues of the AMA through the social-ecological housing developments in order to achieve a future proof region by 2040. These three proposed regenerative layers are envisioned to not only ensure the wellbeing of human and biodiversity in the AMA, but also planned to be extended on a national scale.

fig. 53. Layers of the Social-Ecological Developments in the AMA

8.2 NATIONAL SCALE VISION

fig. 54. Extended Vision Towards National Scale

8.3 RELEVANCE Scientific Relevance

Societal Relevance

This project can be seen as the onset for further research. It aimed to explore the possibilities of regenerative design on a regional level, using ecosystem services as variables for assessing regenerative design. Throughout the project, we noticed these variables were unable to capture the complexity of planning on a regional scale. Regenerative design did not offer a satisfactory framework for assessing and including the existing metropolitan structure. This was necessary however, in order to make regenerative design workable on a larger scale. Our ideas on housing development projects did not aim to negate the societal context and act as a tabula rasa for economic opportunism. As mentioned in the Conceptual Framework of this report, the concept of socialecological systems was adopted to address systems, networks, and flows that operate on a regional scale and that frames human activity as part of the natural system, rather than solely dependent on it.

This projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main societal contributions are the values inclusion and well-being that underpin this project. This was the incentive for the project to look at the implications of 230.000 extra houses in the region and to which demand they could cater, as well as the effects of pollution and landscape degradation on biophysical health. The proposed changes are developments that could support regeneration of the region, without competing with a business sector (in our case, the agro-sector). This is a rather incremental change that most of all needs time to adjust to the idea that a region that provides well-being grows only as much as the natural landscape can support.

This way of combining concepts was meaningful because it provided a concept (which we called social-ecological transformations) that was better suited to tackle the complexities involved in spatial planning on a regional scale. This project spatialized social-ecological transformation in porous areas in the AMA. To borrow the concept of porosity was useful as it aligned with the idea from social-ecological systems that land is not a static good, but rather capable of transformation and resilient. Since land is a scarce good, and its life cycle is very long, including porosity in this project also recognized and designed for landcircularity. The designs in critical areas adopt principles from regenerative design (permaculture, biomimicry), whilst also using knowledge gained through social assessment and regional flow analysis. They are therefore an attempt to make regenerative design regional.

Furthermore, ecosystem services as a form of assessment is not novel to Dutch planning. The TEEB model (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity) is probably the most pervasive in thinking about ecosystem services on a regional planning scale. However, this model departs from an understanding that ecosystem services can be given a monetary or economic value that then informs decision-making. This way of connecting economy and nature fits with the current neoliberal growth paradigm. But this is not the paradigm this project aims to depart from. Based on the values of regenerative design, this projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s core value is biophysical well-being. It would not make sense to monetize biophysical well-being, since the practice is inherently human-centred and unrelevant for and undefendable by abiotic services. The transformation this project proposes is as yet not developed sufficiently seen from an economic perspective. Although the project proposes growth through housing developments, the project lacks a profit model could also support population with low and middle incomes to live in these places. The actions created to make accessible public goods include landscape restoration and connectivity, community building through urban farming practices, strengthening low-cost sustainable transport to Amsterdam, redistributing climate- and pollution health risks, and providing regenerated habitat for biodiversity. The Sustainable Development Goals targeted are displayed below.

Ethical Considerations and Group Reflection As future spatial designers, we understand that designing is not a value-free activity. Framing the problems at hand are themselves not value-free. Therefore, we were very conscious to depart this project from common values, which turned out to be well-being and biophysical inclusivity. These values have informed the spatial structures we analysed, and have informed our approach towards design. We therefore provided a toolkit for design in this project, since we understand that there is no best solution to a problem, but rather scenarioâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s that uphold values which will ratified by the eventual users of the design. The transformation this project proposes uphold the chosen values, without interfering in a jobs market but rather staying with proposed housing elements. The spaces that are marked for redistributing natural processes and human activities are currently unused areas, and brown- and wastescapes. No groups or activities need to be dislocated for our proposed developments. Our proposed biomass production model however interferes with global market forces. Currently, chipped wood is imported from the USA to burn as biomass in Amsterdam. We propose to decrease imported input and replace this with input grown in the AMA. Another potential side-effect is that our project limits urban growth to the limits the landscape can sustain. This means that the AMA cannot keep growing the way it currently does, and will therefore potentially effect the migration to the region and the company establishment climate in the region. The purpose of this project is to serve as a direction. By limiting urban growth and the effects of this growth, the region gains qualities of well-being that are not only beneficial to its human population, but also to its biodiversity and soil.

END

IX. REFERENCES 83

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1–34). Regenesis

Group and Story of Place Institute. Retrieved from http://regenesisgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ Encylopedia_Sustainability_Science_ Ch303.pdf Metropoolregio Amsterdam (2017). Wonen in de metropoolregio Amsterdam 2017: onderzoek, informatie en statistiek. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Washington D.C.: Island Press. Ministerie van Economische Zaken. (2017). https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2017/01/20/export-agri-food-in-2016-naar-recordhoogte Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit (2006). Natura 2000 Doelendocument. Accessed via: https://www.synbiosys.alterra.nl/ natura2000/documenten/gebieden/Natura%202000%20doelendocument.pdf Netherlands Enterprise Agency (2014). Sustainable biomass and bioenergy in The Netherlands. Accessed via: https://english.rvo.nl/sites/default/ files/2014/12/Tools%20for%20Sustainable%20Biobased%20Projects.pdf NOS (2019). Vier op de vijf Nederlanders maken zich zorgen over het landschap. Accessed via: https://nos.nl/nieuwsuur/artikel/2275586-vier-op-de-vijf-nederlanders-maken-zich-zorgen-over-het-landschap.html Het Nederlandse boerenlandschap is dood. Accessed via: https://nos.nl/nieuwsuur/artikel/2275166-het-nederlandse-boerenlandschap-is-dood-geen-dier-of-plant-te-bekennen.html Bodemdaling en broeikasgassen. Accessed via: https://nos.nl/nieuwsuur/artikel/2275421-bodemdaling-en-broeikasgassen-hoe-veengrond-waterschappen-zorgen-baart.html Ronchi, S. (2018). Ecosystem Services and Planning. In Ecosystem Services for Spatial Planning (pp. 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;26). Springer International Publishing AG. Telos Brabants Centrum voor Duurzame Ontwikkeling (2018). Nationale Monitor Duurzame Gemeenten. Accessed via: http://www.telos.nl/894868.aspx?t=Nationale+Monitor+Duurzame+Gemeenten+2017 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. Article 2. Accessed 21-03-2019 via: https://www.cbd.int/kb/record/article/6872?RecordType=article&Subject=CBD Vereniging Deltametropool (VDM) (2018). Ruimtelijke opgaven uitgelicht voor de MRA gebiedsateliers. Zari, M. P. (2018). Regenerative Urban Design and Ecosystem Biomimicry. New York: Routledge.

MAPS Atlas Living Environment. Accessed via: https://www.atlasleefomgeving.nl/en/kaarten/ Atlas Natural Capital. Accessed via: https://www.atlasnatuurlijkkapitaal.nl/kaarten Monitor Plabeka: 2017-2018 Dashboards. Accessed via: https://public.tableau.com/views/MonitorPlabeka2017-2018/MonitorPlabekaStory?%3Aembed=y&%3AshowVizHome=no&%3Adisplay_ count=y&%3Adisplay_static_image=y&%3AbootstrapWhenNotified=true Nederlands Centrum voor Geodesie en Geo-informatica. Bodemdalingskaart. Accessed via: https://bodemdalingskaart.nl/ PWN (2016). Kerngegevens drinkwater. Accessed via: https://www.pwn.nl/overzichtskaart 85

X. APPENDIX 86

PRINKA ANANDAWARDHANI 4944968 Strength The key line of our project is that it is trying to mitigate the current environmental issues in the AMA to allow a future-proof region. Personally, by starting our synthesis on the well-being of human and biodiversity, the project has a strong ground in the planning of resilience. By acknowledging that all raw materials of the human basic needs originates from the ecosystem, we thought that it is essential for a long-term planning to review their performance. In the midst of the agenda to add 250.000 housing in the AMA, our strength lies in believing that this development would not be a dispute towards the environment if dealt in a regenerative manner; instead it would be the engine to solve the problem. Challenges The first challenge met was when we try to incorporate both spatial justice and circularity on our synthesis. It appeared that circularity could be well merged when dealing with the maintenance of ecosystem. However, it seemed like a model for spatial justice would be difficult to integrate. Eventually, we figured that the Ecosystem Service (ES) framework for Regenerative Design could be the umbrella to accommodate both approach--the provisioning, regulating, and supporting aspect of ES aligns well with circularity, and the cultural aspect aligns with spatial justice. Although throughout the journey on formulating the vision, these cultural parameter seems to be vague. Hence, we later tried to incorporate new social analysis that consist of the density, diversity, accessibility, people’s income, and land value on various municipality. Another challenge that we envision if this project would come to execution is on how to convince the government board and developers in the first place. Biodiversity would not be their major concern since it has no direct effect on then. We needed to formulate a strategy in socializing ES to raise people’s awareness on the importance of applying regenerative design. Fields of Improvement During the presentation, we had constructive feedback to re-evaluate our application of the framework on our design. It was, according to Claudiu Forgaci, that the project seemed to forget water being an important substance of the ecosystem service when it is also the most prominent element of Netherlands. We were focusing more on vegetation buffer as a strategy to mitigate the effect of pollution whereas water also has a sequestering quality. By this time we are also still lacking of an economic model that could calculate how these regenerative development can actually boost the economy of the AMA. Hence, the project would not merely be an act of NGOs but also profitable. Lastly, in the spirit of using biomass as an alternative renewable source, it was also later revealed that apparently household waste only contributes very few (quote). A further research on how to maximize this biomass plants are required. In conclusion, a further research is required to have a more concrete framework that argues how a regenerative development can actually generate profit for the AMA.

HANWEN HU 4919602

In AMA, Increased human activity effects land-use Progressive urbanization spurs on a growing demand for housing stock in the proximity of public amenities and jobs. Combining three different dimensional systems (housing, circular economy and space justice) is a challenge. Our project is based on three concepts: Ecosystem Services (ES), Regenerative Design (RD) and SocialEcological Systems (SES). First of all, we use ES to assess the necessities for biotic and abiotic well-being，then use the principles of permaculture, biomimicry and systems-thinking that are fundamental to the concept of RD. Finally, we use the concept of SES to integrate a social spatial analysis and add cultural ES to the assessment framework. Building a socially equitable and circular system to benefit both biodiversity and human well-being in the AMA through housing construction is the value I hope to achieve through the project. After proposing a concept vision, it is a challenge to develop principles for spatial design. This requires us to strengthen our thinking about the region based on the current situation and trends. I always hope to find a strong and specific way to connect with different departments. But we can not always have enough evidence, this made me realize design is the most powerful tool and how to make a choice is the key point. Spatial strategic planning is an important step for us to comprehend more in depth the challenges and necessity of working across scales. We need analysis of different scales (regions and neighborhoods) and the development of policies and principles to help us make decisions. Excluding the pollution of AMA land and air, through some brief social analysis, it is shown that the social spatial polarization of AMA is forming a disproportionate form. Due to the huge social pull factors such as the knowledge economy and high services, the land price in Amsterdam has increased, resulting in low- and medium-degree residents being forced to the edge of the AMA area, away from job opportunities and facilities. When exploring green infrastructure, we can find that the infrastructure at the edge of the city has distinct social groups and incomes. How to change this status through the interaction has become a dilemma for us for some time. In the three problems, we use housing development to spatialize it while implementing our strategy to develop pollution and social problems. 1.pollution：use biomass energy to recycle local waste and achieve the goal of circular economy. 2.landscpe: controls flood and landscape metabolism by setting buffers and plants of different scales. 3.agriculture: reduces the load on the soil through permaculture and resetting crops, providing regional biomass to treat waste to provide energy. In terms of policy, based on solving the housing demands, we try to use the benefits of housing development more for environmental protection, and establish more incentives and ecological compensation mechanisms to ensure the participation of more stakeholders and local people. The localization and biomass waste recycling system, combined with local ecology and local specific norms, creates employment opportunities with low and medium education, which helps to resolve the negative aspects of social spatial polarization. From a broader perspective of the future, the introduction of a regional recycling system can also compensate for the reduced work volume due to industrial agriculture. At the same time, it reduces the transportation mileage and contributes to the development of a sustainable environment.

SHU YU LIN 4803892 When I was first introduced to the idea of regional design, I was rather perplexed about where we should dive our heads into, because there are simply too much information and too many layers, factors and aspects that we need to consider. Our group started with finding a common ground on focusing on biodiversity and how we can achieve well-being in both biotic and abiotic contexts. Through the journey we established a set of analysis which led us to identifying the problems in the region and how we can tackle them through our conceptual framework. The path became clearer from thereon. Our ideas fell into the realm where we used regenerative design and ecosystem service to deal with the critical areas that we identified. Both are the concepts that may not be too familiar to most people, and through the research we found that these ideas are actually complementary to each other. What I found interesting is the fact that there are not so many academic examples about how regenerative design is conducted in a regional scale, which we think that it might be an interesting aspect to experiment on. As tackling the housing demand is also one of the required assignments, we proposed to use regenerative housing developments to help us achieve our goals. A conclusion that actually took a turn for us to reach to as we focused on densification in the beginning, a thought that derived from the fact that the growing built environment is undermining the natural environment, we realised that it would make perfect sense to adopt housing developments as activator projects to meet the demands whilst improving and restoring the land conditions as well as natural habitats. In order to maximise the impact of our proposal, a thorough consideration of actors involved is necessary. I reckoned that our main challenge would be the housing developers, which is an aspect that was pointed out during the critique, how do we align our incentives with theirs? I think the first step would be raising the awareness of the public on regenerative housing and ecosystem service through collaborating with educational institutions, community study groups and seminars. As the developers are pretty much relying on the public demand, a shift of the value may be the most fundamental way to make the transformation for them to collaborate in a more sustainable measures. I think the proposal can contribute to the existing fields of academic in a way that we show there is a possible way to expand the scale and impact of regenerative design, and there is a way to meet human needs without the cost of natural environment, and that this type of innovative housing design does not have to be pricey as we can localise the built materials, make use of the local skilled population and bridge up the gap amongst different social groups, as the project proposes an affordable platform to engage different types of people that will work towards a brighter and more regenerative future.

WENDY VAN DER HORST 4310942

For our proposed project ‘A(MA) Shared Habitat’, we engaged in spatial planning on a regional scale. The relevance of this scale became clear early on in the project: analysing flows and networks shows the ways in which an industrial area, a neighbourhood, a city or a landscape is embedded in other scales, in politics, in economic drivers, … Initial challenges The initial challenge was to embrace the complexity. We adopted common values of biophysical well-being and inclusivity very early on in the process and they have guided our decisions throughout the course. We researched our given topics of circularity and spatial justice spatially, as well as through literature review. It appeared that circularity was not only applicable to waste (this was my initial understanding), but also to land and soil. Researching the concepts of ecosystem services (ES) and regenerative design (RD) provided us with a framework to address circularity alongside our chosen values and interests. Within the design principles that these concepts provided, we realised that housing developments do not need to be at odds with environmental restoration, but could also function as activator projects for regeneration. Adding complexity Having formulated a concept vision that recognized housing developments as activator projects, we needed to allow more complexity in. Thinking about strategies that could work spatially meant connecting the different scales together, and trying to figure out which repercussions a spatial project has on other scales. This was a very challenging part of the course. What aided here was to see which spatial interventions synergized and what their concluding spatial effects could be. It turned out that many improvements to landscape health also reinstated biodiversity habitat and climate resilience (which is to say: the ES framework works out; ecosystems do have a major part to play in different aspects of well-being). We were also able to find synergies with energy production. What was still lacking was a full understanding of how these interventions would act out in the current metropolitan structure. We had to go back and analyse urban ecosystems and human society to understand how these could strengthen each other. Our solution was to re-enact this on a very small scale (street scale to neighbourhood scale) to understand how well-being actually plays out for the population (biotic or abiotic). Another level of complexity was introduced through stakeholders and policies, which forced us to think what actions we were actually proposing, and what resources (from stakeholders) were needed to make transformation possible. The biggest transformation is perhaps in terms of growth paradigm: the potentiality for growth should depend on the limits of the landscape. This is a more incremental change that could not be fully addressed. Topics for further research In all, this project’s biggest contribution is an attempt to design for urban growth on environmental terms. It could improve by elaborating an understanding of the political and economic conditions and policy recommendations that could make such a change possible. Moreover, it could have improved scalar connections. With the end of our project resting in the regional scale, connecting it to larger scale may have aided in finding synergies and political instruments to make the proposed transformation possible.

NATIONAL ECOLOGICAL NETWORK

Legend percentage of target species which the habitat is suitable (%) 0-10 10-25 25-50 50-75 75-90 0

40 km

Source: Wageningen Environmental Research July 2018, www. clo.nl/152306

90-100

ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IN THE AMA

Legend Railway Highway Ecological Network (Nature2000, Agriculture, etc)

Robust Connection Indicative Connection Wet Axis Source: National Spatial Strategy 2014

STATISTICS ON AGRICULTURE

AL NUISANCE THE AGRICULTURAL NUISANCE

FARMLAND NUMBER OF BIRDS EXOTIC IN THE SPECIES NETHERLANDS

RESOLUTION OF NUMBER FRAGMENTATION OF EXOTIC SPECIES DUE TO PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE

200 250

RESOLUTION OF FRAGMENTATION DUE TO PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE

250

100

plants

200 150

150

animals saltwater species

100 100

50 50

200

150

100

00 1900 1960

fish 0

1920 1970 1940

1960 1980 1980

2000 1990

2020 2000

fish 2020

animals saltwater species

2010

2005 2020

2006

0 1900 2007 1920

0 2008 1940

1960 2009 1980

2010 2000

2020 2011

2005

Source: Source: WUR/mrt13 PBL, Naturalis, NHN, Wolff, Gittenberger. www.clo.nl/en205107 CBS/PBL/CLO/1355/1398/1049/1375

Source: Source: CBS/sep18 PBL, Naturalis, NHN, Wolff, Gittenberger. www.clo.nl/en147910 CBS/PBL/CLO/1355/1398/1049/1375

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: WUR/mrt13 www.clo.nl/en205107

Environmental Impact of Agriculture and Horticulture Environmental in Netherlands Impact2000-2015 of Agriculture and Horticulture in Netherlands 2000-2015 2000 CROP PROTECTION AGENT (million kg of active substance)

11.38

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (in bililon CO2 Eq., IPPC2013) SURPLUS OF NITROGEN (N, kg per hectare), arable farm SURPLUS OF PHOSPHATES (P2O5, kg per hectare), arable farm SURPLUS OF NITROGEN (N, kg per hectare), dairy farms SURPLUS OF PHOSPHATES (P2O5, kg per hectare), dairy farms AMMONIA EMISSIONS (in million kg)

2005

2010

2013

2014 2000 2015 2005

2010

2013

2014

2015

n/a 10.71

9.6

9.94

9.61

n/a

27.2 29.3

27.6

29.9

28.3

27.2

27.6

100

106

n/a

126

110

111

100

n/a

149

186

n/a

179

172

170

149

n/a

-6

n/a

-6

n/a

115

161

117

137

120

111

115

117

10.71

CROP PROTECTION AGENT 9.6 9.94 (million kg of active substance)

9.61 11.38

29.3

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 29.9 28.3 (in bililon CO2 Eq., IPPC2013)

106

126

SURPLUS OF NITROGEN 110 111 (N, kg per hectare), arable farm

186

179

161

137

SURPLUS OF PHOSPHATES 23 19 (P2O5, kg per hectare), arable farm SURPLUS OF NITROGEN 172 170 (N, kg per hectare), dairy farms SURPLUS OF PHOSPHATES 14 11 (P2O5, kg per hectare), dairy farms AMMONIA EMISSIONS 120 111 (in million kg)

Source: Plant Protection Service - RIVM (Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment)/CBS, Source: Plant Protection Milieucompendium, Service - RIVM various (Dutch years. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment)/CBS, Milieucompendium, various years.

WATER FLOW IN THE AMA

Legend Groundwater Extraction Infiltration Emergency Point Water Reservoir Pumping Station Sewage Water Treatment Agriculture Areas Regional Waterways Water Pipelines Source: The Amsterdam Dune Water Machine, Vewin Kerngegevens Drinkwater 2016, https://www.pwn.nl/overzichtskaart

ENERGY FLOW IN THE AMA *

* **

* ** ** * ** ** * * ** * * * ** * * * ** * * * *** ** ** *

* * * * * *

** *

** ** * * * * * * ** ** * * * **

* * * ** ** * * ** * ** ***** * * * ** * *** **** * *** ** ** * * * ** * * * ** * ** * * * ******* * * * * ** * ** ** *** ** * * * **

*****

* * **

Legend

Power Plant Pipeline High-Voltage Line Windmill Heat Source

Source: https://pico.geodan.nl/pico/map.html

Direct use of energy (quantity) per fuel, average per farm

Unit

Dairy farms

Broiler farms

Arable farms

Horticulture under glass

Gas

1,300

24,000

200

1,246,300

Electricity

kWh

45,200

111,300

29,900

716,100

Diesel

litre

8,400

5,500

11,100

1,400

WASTE FLOW IN AMA Agricultural Waste Flow in the AMA Region

BIOCEL

Dredgings (100.389 tons) from water puriďŹ cation plant (RWZI) to bio energy plant: 6.753.942 N/m3 Transported back to RWZI for heating and electricity.

ZAW

Green Mill RWZI AEB

Legend AEB RWZI Waste Point Bio Energy Plant Recycling Company

Source: Google Maps (February 2019); AEB jaarverslag (2017)

Transport Route

INCOME AND JOB SECTOR RELATED TO AGRICULTURE

SOCIAL ASSESSMENT OF AMA MUNICIPALITIES V

Amsterdam

Almere

S I

Amsterdam S

Lelystad

Velsen

S I

Lelystad S

S I

Uithoorn

S I

Wormerland

S I

Waterland S

Zandvoor S

Blaricum I

Zandvoort

Aalsmeer

Waterland

Laren(NH.)

S I

Weesp S

S I

Bloemendaal S

Landsmeer F

S I

Uitgeest

Aalsmeer

Edam Volendam

Wijdemeren

Ouder-Amstel

S I

Weesp

Edam Volendam

Heemskerk

Purmeren

S I

Bloemendaal

Heemstede

S I

Beverwijk

Wijdemeren I

Diemen

S I

Hilversum

S I

Huizen

S I

Heemskerk

Purmerend

Amstelveen

Heemstede

Hilversum I

S I

Beverwijk

Gooise Meren S

Diemen

Oostzaan F

Beemster F

I S

Wormerland S

S I

Huizen

Haarlemmermeer

S I

Velsen

Uithoorn

Zaanstad

S I

Gooise Meren

Haarlem

S I

Amstelveen

Almere S

Haarlemmermeer

Zaanstad

Haarlem

Ouder-Amstel S

Castricum

Uitgeest

Landsmeer

SOCIAL ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPALITIES S

Laren(NH.)

Blaricum

Oostzaan

Beemster

AVERAGE

V Haarlemmerliede en Spaarnwoude

V-LAND VALUE

I-INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESSIBILITY IN-INCOME

S-SOCIAL DIVERSITY

F-FSI

SOCIAL ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPALITIES

TELOS,CBS,https://allecijfers.nl/,DRAWING BY AUTHOR S

Castricum

Source:TELOS,CBS,https://allecijfers.nl/,DRAWING BY AUTHOR

Haarlemmerliede en Spaarnwoude

AVERAGE V-LAND VALUE

I-INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESSIBILITY IN-INCOME

S-SOCIAL DIVERSITY

F-F

SOCIAL ASSESSMENT OF AMA MUNICIPALITIES

Municipalities

Income/*1000 Migration Population euros per year rate 2017

Population Surface Companies Agriculture,fo Industry & Trade & Transport density(inhabitants/km2 land(ha) 2017 restry&fishing Energy Catering &ITC )

Financial services and real estate

Business services

Culture,Recr Branches eation and Jobs2018 total other

Amsterdam Almere Haarlem Zaanstad Haarlemmermeer Amstelveen Hilversum Purmereend Lelystad Velsen Gooise Meren Huizen Beverwijk Heemskerk Edam-Volendam Castricum Aalsmeer Uithoorn Diemen Heemstede Wijdemeren Bloemendaal Weesp Waterland Zandvoort Wormerland Ouder-Amstel Uitgeest Landsmeer Laren(NH.) Blaricum Oostzaan Beemster

25.2 23 25.8 22.6 26.2 29.4 27.1 23.5 21.7 24.6 35.1 26.7 35.1 24.1 23.8 27.2 26.3 25.9 24 34,8 28.4 39.4 26.2 27.4 25.9 24.4 30.6 25.7 27.9 38.4 38.3 25.9 26.1

0.53 0.42 0.29 0.31 0.27 0.43 0.27 0.26 0.31 0.18 0.21 0.21 0.27 0.2 0.09 0.11 0.19 0.25 0.44 0.19 0.14 0.19 0.27 0.12 0.22 0.13 0.26 0.12 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.14 0.1

844947 200 914 159 229 153 679 146 003 89 294 88 888 79 928 76 937 67 619 56 935 41 382 40 709 39 171 35 800 35 216 31 373 29 201 27 272 26 936 23 447 22 826 18 751 17 290 16 899 15 820 13 419 13 465 11275 11 088 10 201 9 652 9 205

16 533 12 924 2 917 7 387 17 829 4 121 4 561 2 319 23 056 4 480 4 160 1 581 1 831 2 722 5 436 4 951 2 013 1 822 1199 918 4 761 3 972 2 280 5 211 3 211 3 859 2 408 1 917 2 253 1 241 1 115 1 153 7 058

5111 1 555 5 459 2 080 819 2 167 1 949 3 446 334 1 509 1 368 2 618 2 223 1 439 659 711 1 559 1 602 2 274 2 934 492 575 822 332 526 410 557 703 501 893 915 837 130

118205 15290 16270 12280 14990 7800 9900 5360 6115 5325 7550 4080 3575 3145 3970 3055 3445 2625 2326 2860 4020 2625 2065 1795 1845 1360 1860 1100 1310 1815 1320 870 1130

110 95 25 90 355 85 20 5 165 35 40 15 25 85 105 85 120 120 5 10 885 10 40 110 5 70 40 30 35 5 10 20 185

8305 2075 2210 2965 2170 600 1255 940 1040 1150 765 640 665 465 1400 525 480 375 310 245 535 180 320 265 240 320 190 245 210 140 120 170 190

20380 3410 3070 2520 3320 1500 1655 1285 1485 1150 1270 740 1205 1205 735 570 895 580 486 520 590 390 430 295 505 200 345 220 225 345 195 175 175

16040 2080 1585 1165 1820 885 1320 555 615 400 640 365 270 170 170 225 285 240 320 195 265 130 205 145 120 100 245 70 135 125 100 90 70

10850 1125 1330 1075 1790 1065 965 495 475 575 1065 555 310 285 510 395 495 335 230 440 400 550 215 195 225 165 250 120 180 390 255 100 140

39550 4445 5480 2935 4090 2725 3330 1320 1575 1365 2905 1270 710 600 670 855 810 690 660 1150 965 1105 605 530 500 345 590 290 355 645 475 210 245

22970 2060 2570 1530 1445 940 1355 760 760 650 865 495 390 335 380 400 360 285 315 300 380 260 250 255 250 160 200 125 170 165 165 105 125

637040 81280 66360 63800 134840 52580 45860 26830 36770 33930 21060 12860 17860 9050 15160 10130 15040 13400 18850 8420 7930 5910 8490 4480 5320 4840 14770 3730 3440 4550 3600 3760 3590

147310 18300 14770 15040 11170 10330 8560 5510 7060 4480 6040 3200 3110 2110 3630 2870 2800 2490 3080 2450 2480 2090 1750 1720 1520 1320 2320 900 1550 1320 960 1020 1040

Haarlemmerliede en Spaarnwoude

26.9

0.15

5 665

1 922

295

660

125

110

175

2190

530