ASEM_publikacja

ASEM POZNAŃ 2010 4th ASEM Culture Ministers Meeting Poznań, Poland, 8-10 September 2010

Heritage and the challenges of the present

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010

OKLADKA publikacji 21x21.indd 1

2010-08-30 21:47:35

4th ASEM Culture Ministers Meeting, Poznań, Poland, 8-10 September 2010

Heritage and the challenges of the present

ASEM POZNAŃ 2010

Report submitted for the 4th ASEM Culture Ministers Meeting prepared by the International Cultural Centre Rynek Główny 25; 31-008 Kraków www.mck.krakow.pl Ordered and financed by the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage of the Republic of Poland Krakowskie Przedmieście 15/17; 00-071 Warszawa www.mkidn.gov.pl Author of the Questionnaire Michał Wiśniewski Proofreading Teresa Conway Coordinating editor Anna Sawłowicz Graphic design and computer editing Pracownia Graficzna PRINTOMATO Magda Piotrowska-Kloc www.printomato.pl Printing and binding Miller Druk

Dear Readers, I am pleased to present you with the first issue of the Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries survey – a publication designed to be concrete evidence of the debate undertaken by the ASEM Cultural Ministries on the matters of raising awareness, enhancing the dialogue, uplifting the preservation and promotion of the cultural heritage in European and Asian Countries.

While conceiving the idea of the publication, I have been convinced that it should be of assistance in bridging the administration on one hand, and professionals and scholars on the other hand, and consequently deliver information needed for initiating cooperation between the ASEM Countries in the field of safeguarding and promoting such a universal value as the cultural heritage.

This publication will be continuously developed until reaching its goal – to comprise the heritage policies from all the ASEM Member Countries – which will need to involve new participants to this process.

Let me express the appreciation for those who have put their efforts hitherto – I know how difficult in several cases it was for them to gather, edit and translate all the information. I shall also mention the crucial role of the International Cultural Centre in Cracow, which created the original questionnaire and then put together all the responses and published the survey.

Finally, I sincerely hope this publication will be a reminder for all the ASEM Members, that they may count on their partners in case of any need of assistance or expertise in actions towards safeguarding and promoting cultural heritage and how important it is to develop this cooperation in every possible sense.

Bogdan Zdrojewski

4 The International Cultural Centre has pleasure to present the Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries survey. In the field of culture, knowledge plays a key role in better understanding. We hope that this publication, consisting of the information concerning the cultural heritage preservation and management in the ASEM Countries will help to recognise the similarities and to find platforms of a future mutual exchange.

We are very happy that we could prepare this initial publication which is the very first in gathering such material from so many countries! The publication was designed in the form of a questionnaire to be answered by particular partners. The included information concerns the heritage systems, institutions as well legislation, education and financing policies in particular ASEM Countries.

We would also like to express our deepest appreciation to the partners who decided to participate in this project. Moreover, we would like to emphasize that the publication covers all the received materials in an unabridged form. The included material expresses many differences in the existing systems of protection and management. It differs also in the way that it was prepared. We hope that it will be developed in the future and will be compared with the information sent from the other ASEM Countries. We do also hope that this survey will become an important point of reference not only during the Poznań Meeting, but also it will be an initial point of reference in any future cooperation.

International Cultural Centre Krakow

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

5

Table of Contents

Austria

5

Greece

72

Myanmar

140

Brunei

12

Hungary

80

Poland

147

China

20

Indonesia

89

Portugal

158

Cyprus

25

Italy

100

Romania

163

Estonia

32

Japan

111

Singapore

171

Finland

39

Latvia

117

Slovakia

177

France

49

Luxembourg

127

Sweden

194

Germany

57

Malaysia

132

6 4

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

AUSTRIA 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration The functions of the Authority, the Austrian Federal Office for the Protection of Monuments, include the conservation, restoration and indexing of architectural and art monuments, archaeological sites and historic gardens, as well as monitoring the export provisions of the Heritage Act. The Austrian Federal Office for the Protection of Monuments is working with the Federal Ministry of Education in contemporary creative work based on the remit of the Charter of Venice. Their architectural interventions for larger adaptation and revitalisation projects are implemented in contemporary forms, thereby clearly distinguishing themselves from the older structure.

• Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people) See point 3.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) The federal state is responsible for monument protection. The execution of the Federal Act for the Protection of Monuments is primarily the responsibility of the Federal Office for the Protection of Monuments, an agency subordinated to the Federal Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture. The Office operates provincial monument protection alongside the central departments with scientific and administrative functions.

• Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation The nine federal provinces are responsible for important aspects directly connected to monument protection, such as protection of the view, zoning, regional planning and subsidies for housing construction.

• National training structures Courses related to monument preservation are offered by the Technical Universities (Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck), the University of Applied Arts in Vienna and the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. The restoration workshops of the Federal Office for the Protection of Monuments offer a number of courses for the Office’s employees as well as for craftsmen, academics and the owners of protected monuments.

7 5

AUSTRIA

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) Federal Office for the Protection of Monuments Hofburg, Säulenstiege A-1010 Vienna tel.: +43 (0)1/ 53 415-0 fax: +43 (0)1/ 53 415-252 email: service@bda.at web: www.bda.at

Federal Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture Minoritenplatz 5 A-1014 Vienna tel.: +43 (0)1/ 53 120-0 fax: +43 (0)1/ 53 120-3099 email: ministerium@bmukk.gv.at web: www.bmukk.gv.at

Austrian State Archives Nottendorfer Gasse 2 A- 1030 Vienna tel.: +43 (0) 1/ 795 40 251 fax: +43 (0) 1/ 795 40 109 email: adrpost@oesta.gv.at web: www.oesta.gv.at

8 6 • Personnel working on preservation The Federal Office for the Protection of Monuments has a staff of 200 people, who are employed in the fields of administration and practical monument conservation and preservation.

• NGO’s and private stakeholders involved in the preservation Professional membership organisations in Austria: • Österreichischer Restauratorenverband (ÖRV) (Austrian Federation of Restores); • TICCIH-Österreich – Internationale Organisation für technische Denkmalpflege (The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage), (Idustrial archeology); • DOCOMOMO Austria; • ICOMOS Österreich – Internationaler Rat für Denkmalpflege (Austrian National Committee – International Council on Monuments and Sites UNESCO World Cultural Heritage advisory board).

• Voluntary initiatives • • • • • • •

Inititative Denkmalschutz (Monument Protection Initiative, Association); Österreichische Gesellschaft für Denkmal- und Ortsbildpflee (Austrian Association for the Preservation of Monuments and Views); Gemeinnützige Österreichische Baukultur Privatstiftung (Non-Profit-Making Private Trust for Austrian Building Culture); Österreichische Gesellschaft für Historische Gärten (ÖGHG) (Austrian Association for Historic Gardens); Österreichischer Burgverein (Association for the Preservation of Historic Buildings); EUROPA NOSTRA AUSTRIA; Internationales Städteforum Graz (Graz International City Forum).

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Public and state funding In 2007 the Federal Office for the Protection of Monuments and the Federal Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture had a subsidy budget of EUR 18 million, composed of federal funds (EUR 15 million) and private donations (EUR 3 million).

• Regional and local governments funding The different federal provinces apply different budgetary approaches for subsidies for cultural projects. In some cases, housing construction subsidy funds are used for properties under monument protection. A further EUR 110 million was invested in the architectural heritage by the federal provinces and municipalities (2006).

• Private initiatives There are about EUR 3 million from private donations.

9 • Direct aid and tax relief Donations can be made to the Federal Office for the Protection of Monuments both in support of monument preservation generally and specifically for individual properties. Pursuant to Sec. 4 Para. 4 No. 6 c of the Income Tax Act of 1988, donations to the Office are in any event to be regarded as business expenditure. In 2007, a total of EUR 3 million was donated to subsidise monument preservation projects.

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • National legislation in heritage preservation • Regional and local regulations • International memorandums and recommendations vs state legislation The Austrian Federal Act for the Protection of Monuments dates back to 1923. It provides for the protection of individual monuments, ensembles and collections. Pursuant to Sec. 1 of the Act, monuments are movable and immovable objects created by humans, of historical, artistic or other cultural significance. If there is a public interest in their preservation, the monument is to be placed under monument protection. The process of placing a monument under protection is, as a rule, carried out by the Federal Office for the Protection of Monuments on the basis of administrative proceedings. Property (predominantly) owned by the federal state, the federal provinces or other public entities, public institutions, funds and statutorily recognized churches or religious communities are by virtue of a statutory presumption subject to monument protection. For immovable monuments, this presumption ended on December 31, 2009. However, the Federal Office for the Protection of Monuments can, by regulation, specify the monuments for which the protection is to continue.

• Urban planning legislation The fields of zoning, regional planning and nature protection as well as building law lie within the competence of the federal provinces.

AUSTRIA

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • International networks cooperation and fund-raising Basically, ICOMOS Austria collaborates with ICOMOS International; there is a close cooperation with the corresponding Hungarian authorities and institutions for the Fertö/Neusiedlersee World Heritage site.

• State cooperation with World Heritage institutions No answer given

• Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties

10 6

In Austria monument protection for World Heritage sites is only possible for individual properties and ensembles. Due to the distribution of powers in the Austrian Federal Constitution, it is the federal provinces that are responsible for the protection of open spaces in old town centres and the surroundings of monuments, and even more so the cultural landscape. This legal situation means that all planning measures must integrate the protection of World Heritage sites. In this situation, the Federal Ministry for Education, Arts and Culture relies on the expertise of the Austrian ICOMOS National Committee.

• International conventions on heritage ratified The World Heritage Convention has been ratified by Austria and was published in Federal Law Gazette No. 60/1993.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Institutions involved in heritage preservation See also point 3: the details of regional institutions and NGO’s.

At national level, the inventories are prepared by the Federal Office for the Protection of Monuments. In individual federal provinces, work is carried out on cultural heritage databases (for example, inventories of urban sites in Graz, Linz and Vienna or the “Tiroler Kulturkataster” (Tyrolean Cultural land register), a comprehensive database that also includes movable objects). In individual dioceses, the church carries out inventory projects for its movable cultural assets.

• Public access to heritage Within the framework of the European Heritage Days, Austria also holds the Monument Day on which monuments that are otherwise difficult to access are open to the public. The choice of properties is determined by the specific topic of the Monument Day (“Am Wasser” in 2006, “Irdisches und Unterirdisches” in 2007, “Kulturimport” in 2008). In 2008, 200 monuments were open to visitors throughout Austria, registering 40,000 visitors.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• Raising awareness of your people In connection with the Monument Day held within the framework of the European Heritage Days, schools are also encouraged to visit the monuments specifically opened for this purpose. The “Cultural Heritage, Tradition with Future” Campaign has been conducted since 2005, and enables school classes to work on projects that address the cultural heritage in many ways and from different aspects. In the year 2008, 2,800 pupils were involved and a total of 65 projects were supported.

• Policy of digitisation and archives access A large part of the photographic documentation is already digitised. The photos are administered and made accessible centrally. A systematic digitisation of parts of the historic collection of printed photographs is being planned. The Federal Office for the Protection of Monuments is involved in the development of a strategy to digitise the cultural heritage in Austria.

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country.

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years Since the project to record the publicly owned monuments still has not been completed, only provisional figures are available. At present, roughly 41,000 protected objects have been registered.

• Nature of protected sites No answer given

• Types of ownership Of the protected monuments, approximately 50% are owned by national and local authorities (federal state, federal provinces, municipalities), 25% by statutorily recognised churches and religious communities and 25% by private owners.

• Tourism statistics According to T-MONA (Tourism Monitor Austria) 15% of tourists in Austria are cultural tourists. They are of all ages, well-educated and come from a wide range of countries of origin. Cultural tourists spend more than the average visitor to Austria does.

• Conclusions and recommendations The preparation and revision of the management plans is intended to permit the timely coordination of the relevant planning instruments from the point of view of whether the proposal is “conducive or disturbing for World Heritage”. This also includes the creation of advisory bodies for maintenance and development plans in World Heritage, the creation of inventories for cultural landscapes and a review, above all, of the borders of the buffer zones for practically all the World Heritage sites. A well considered subsidy policy can regulate the process to a certain extent.

Ultimately, this requires an improvement in the exchange of information between all the agencies of the federal state, the federal provinces and the municipalities involved, as well as ICOMOS, the Austrian UNESCO Commission, the World Heritage associations and other NGOs that play an important role in the process.

711

BRUNEI

BRUNEI 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration • Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people)

12

Brunei’s culture originates mainly from the Old Malay World, a territory which encompassed the Malay Archipelago. Brunei’s culture is therefore deeply rooted in its Malay origins, which are reflected in the nation’s language, architecture, ceremonies and customs governing daily life.

Though various foreign civilisations had a hand in forming Brunei’s rich history, the traditions of the Old Malay World have left an indelible mark on the culture of modern Brunei.

The nation’s Malay Islamic Monarchy is a uniquely Bruneian blend combining the best of Malay culture with the teachings of Islam and a mutual respect between the ruler and his subjects. This national philosophy is aimed at forging a stronger sense of identity as well as fostering a unity and stability and it forms the backbone of Bruneian cultural identity. While Brunei is indeed a devoutly Muslim country, the national philosophy is one of respectful tolerance, allowing for the practice of other religions and beliefs.

The Brunei Malay Culture is based on The National Philosophy of “Malay Islamic Monarchy”, which outlines the cultural policy and aims well as the measures or ways to achieve them. The National Culture has four main objectives to support and explain the National Cultural Policy. The objectives are designed to enable the people to understand the aims of the National Cultural Policy, which are as follows: • To strengthen the love and loyalty of the people to the Philosophy of Malay Islamic Monarchy; • To preserve and develop National Culture as part of a practical and functional way of life of the people; • To produce and maintain cultured, progressive, strong Bruneian in line with the national socio-economic development and the global changes; • To cultivate and enhance the spirit of unity in order to secure peace, security and prosperity for the people.

The Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport provides cultural leadership in general, while respective departments under the Ministry undertake such programmes on cultural research including customs and performing arts like music, dance, songs, martial arts, costumes, decorations, representational arts fine arts and traditional games of Brunei Darussalam. It also provides cultural assistance, cooperation and exchanges.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) • Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation • National training structures

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

Brunei Darussalam’s richly endowed cultural heritage has been steadfastly maintained up to now. Activities related to culture have been specifically undertaken by several governmental departments of His Majesty The Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam in the recent years.

On September 29th, 1959, with the signing of Brunei 1959 Constitution, Malay Language became the Official State Language. In 1961, the Brunei government approved the formation of the board called the Language Board. As the name was thought to be inappropriate, it was later changed to the Language and Literary Section, under the jurisdiction of the Education Department. By January 1st, 1965, the Language and Literary Section was separated from the Education Department and became a new department known as Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (the Language and Literature Bureau) with the main purpose comprising of the Language Propagation, Translation, Etymology and Terminology Sections, to co-ordinate the use of Malay Language and Jawi writing on sign boards, banners, etc. In public as well as private sectors, all the matters relating to translation, lexicographical and terminological works as well as to undertake MABBIM (the Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia Language Council) projects, the Language and Literature Bureau undertakes the Brunei government’s responsibility for publishing works of books, journals and magazines, leaflets, programmes, forms and certificates. In addition, the projects carried out by the Bureau are assisting in fulfilling a big part of the nation’s philosophy: Melayu Islam Berja or the Malay Islamic Monarchy.

In 1965, The Brunei Museum was established, with its first administrative office at the Civic Centre in Bandar Brunei, now known as Bandar Seri Begawan. Given approval for a building of its own museum, its location was selected on a historical site, at Kota Batu about 5km from Bandar Seri Begawan. The construction of the building commenced in 1968 and was completed in 1970. It was officially opened on February 29th, 1972

by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. The vision of the Brunei Museum Department is to build museums which are world class, with the mission to protect and preserve our national and cultural heritage, provide efficient and quality services and to stimulate public interest as well as an appreciation of national heritage.

The rapid development of modern technology which has penetrated local culture seems to suggest that the indigenous technologies of Brunei Darussalam, such as cottage industries and handicraft, are very much on the brink of extinction. Without proper documentation these indigenous technologies will likely be lost forever. The Malay Technology Museum was specially established under the administration of the Brunei Museum Department to document, collect and exhibit these indigenous technologies for the benefit of future generations. Also established under the administration of the Brunei Museum Department in 1977 as a support section, the National Archive of Brunei Darussalam which is situated at Jalan Menteri Besar keeps and preserves public archives and public records of Brunei Darussalam in accordance with the Brunei Darussalam National Archive Act. Setting up the Arts and Handicraft Centre in 1975, is a living testimony as to the preservation and the proliferation of the arts and crafts of the bygone days which Brunei was renowned for, such as boat making, silver-smithing, bronze tooling, cloth weaving as well as mat and basket weaving. Relics and other various artistic heritage of Brunei Darussalam, besides the ones mentioned above, include Malay weaponry, wood carvings, traditional games, traditional musical instruments, ‘silat’ (the traditional art of self defence) and decorative items for women. Some of these are kept in the Brunei Museum and the Malay Technology Museum, not only for the world to see but, most importantly, for today’s generation to admire and to be proud of, for future generations perhaps to emulate and something to remind us of our forefather’s natural skills, creativity and innovativeness which, over generations, has been ingrained as one of the richest traditional cultures in the Malay world.

Established at the beginning of1982 with the consent of His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam, The History Centre deals with works on the history of royalties and Brunei eminent personalities as well as making this department as a resource institution and a centre for research, documentation, study, publication and exhibition on the history of Brunei Darussalam. This includes collecting all the available data and writing on all aspects of Brunei Darussalam’s history for preservation, study and evaluation as well as a means of countering any deliberate perversion or distortion of the true facts of the nation’s history.

13

BRUNEI

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

14

Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) Personnel working on preservation NGOs and private stakeholders involved in the preservation Voluntary initiatives

The Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports is the main governmental agency directly responsible for matters of culture. Besides having a specific section on culture, the Ministry also oversees the Brunei Museum Department, the Department of History Centre and the Language and Literature Bureau Department. The Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports administers the Cultural Act which is made up of the Antiquities Act 1967, Books Preservation Act 1967, Brunei Darussalam Archives Act 1975 and Wild Animals Protection Act 1978.

Since 1972, numerous museums and heritage related institutions were established by the Brunei Museum Department. They include: • The Brunei Museum (1972) – launched by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom in 1972. The Museum houses six galleries: Islamic Art, Brunei Shell Petroleum, Natural History Fauna and Flora, Brunei Traditional Culture, Brunei History and Brunei Shipwreck Galleries; • The Brunei Arts and Handicraft Training Centre (1984) was established in 1984 as a haven for the learning and preservation of traditional Bruneian knowledge and skills learnt in an era when trade was the mainstay of the economy; • The Malay Technology Museum (1988) – launched by His Majesty the Sultan of Brunei Darussalam in 1988. The Museum has three galleries: Water Village Traditional Houses, Water Village Traditional Technologies and Inland Technologies Galleries; • The Royal Regalia Building (1992) – launched by His Majesty the Sultan of Brunei Darussalam in 1992. The Museum houses four galleries: Royal Regalia Exhibition (Coronation of 1968), Royal Exhibition, Silver Jubilee Exhibition and the History and Development of Constitution of Brunei Darussalam Galleries; • The “Bubongan Dua Belas” or House of Twelve (1998) – one of the oldest buildings in Brunei Darussalam. Built in 1906-1907, until 1984 it was the House of the Former Resident and British High Commissioners. In 1998, it was converted into a gallery displaying the records of the relationship between Brunei Darussalam and the United Kingdom; • The National Archives (1999) – established in 1999 after the Brunei National Archives Act. It collects, restores, keeps and safeguards public records and archives. It is the centre for reference and research for governmental ministries, educational institutions and members of the public; • The Tasek Merimbun Heritage Park (2000) – was declared an ASEAN Heritage Park in 1984. The Museum was launched in 2000 featuring local cultures, fauna and flora, a research quarter, laboratory and storage space; • The Art Gallery (2001) – established in 2001 to provide a platform for artists in Brunei to showcase their creations.

The Department of History Centre was established in 1982 to do research, collect, study, publish and exhibit the History of Negara Brunei Darussalam, for the information obtained would benefit the people of this country. In order to achieve the policy and objectives of establishing the History Centre, the centre has stated its vision to make this department the centre for Brunei Historical Resources.

The Language and Literature Bureau Department is responsible for the development of the Malay language and literature. Besides that, this department also gives library services and information to increase reading culture to the population in Brunei through skilled personnel and the latest comprehensive collection with a vision to be the major library in Brunei Darussalam.

The Ministry, in addition to its departmental initiatives, also works with non-governmental cultural institutions or organizations in Brunei Darussalam in maintaining the cultural heritage of the country.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

INSTITUTION / ORGANISATION Kumpulan Putera Seni Kumpulan Seni Lakon Negara Brunei (RUSILA) ASTERAWANI

KASTEA DARUSSALAM

Photograpic Society Persatuan Penyanyi Pemuzik Penari Negara Brunei Darussalam (3P) Brunei Music Society

Persatuan Pelukis Brunei

CONTACT PERSON / ADDRESS Md. Zefri Ariff bin Md. Zain Ariff Head 1 E-mail : zefri@ubd.edu.bn P.O.Box 1847 Bandar Seri Begawan P.O.Box 434 Jalan Gadong Bandar Sed Begawan 1904 P.O.Box 722 Gadong Bandar Sed Begawan 3107 P.O.Box 2594 Bandar Seri Begawan 1925 No. 14 Simpang 969 Kampong Tanah Jambu Jalan Muara Brunei Darussalam P.O.Box 1874 Bandar Seri Begawan 1918 P.O.Box 2293 Bandar Scri Begawam 1922 Brunei Darussalam

CONTACT NUMBER 08-830820 02-249001 ext 479

02-223689

02-791052

02-701631

02-244306 02-391171 02-243111 ext382

Other governmental departments and welfare organizations and associations have also been involved in cultural development initiatives according to their respective abilities.

The Royal Custom and Traditions Department is responsible for the implementation of traditional ceremonies, planning and arranging ways and means of disseminating traditional heritage to all stages of the citizens and residents of Brunei Darussalam. Its aim is to ensure wider dissemination of the established traditions through lectures, briefings and workshops which could be fully harnessed by the general public in order that they do not feel out of place when attending the ceremonies.

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Public and state funding Regional and local governments funding Private initiatives Direct aid and tax relief

No answer was given.

15

BRUNEI

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

16

National legislation in heritage preservation Urban planning legislation Regional and local regulations International memorandums and recommendations vs state legislation

To implement the policy and objectives the following Acts have been passed: • The Preservation of Book Act (18th January, 1967, revised 1984) provides that it is compulsory for each publisher and printer (of any governmental organizations, private sectors and individuals) to make at least three copies of the printed publication which must be deposited to the Director of Brunei Museum for the safekeeping of intellectual and research information. This Act was updated in 1984; • The Antiquities and Treasure Trove Act (21st January, 1967, revised 1984, 1991 and 2002), protects antiquities and cultural heritage from being damaged or destroyed, excavated and possessed as well as exported illegally out of the country. The Act was eventually updated and revised in 1984, 1991 and 2002: • Control and preservation of antiquities and archaeological sites; • Control export of antiquities by licence; • Violators of this Act are subject to fines and/or imprisonment.

• The Brunei National Archives Act (2nd January, 1975, revised 1983) mandated all public records to be transferred to the Brunei National Archives for safekeeping and totally forbade the destruction without prior authority or approval of the Director of the Museums. This Act was updated in 1983: • Safekeeping and preservation of public archives and records of Brunei; • People who willfully contravene any provision of this Act are punishable by fine and imprisonment.

• The Wildlife Protection Act (19th July, 1978, revised 1984) was enacted to protect local animals, particularly the endangered species in this country, from being domesticated, hunted and killed as well as exported outside the country without prior authority from the Director of the Museums. The Act which was last updated in 1984 also looked into the issues of illicit trading and export: • Protected animal species are listed; • Violators of the Act are subject to fine; • Museum personnel are empowered to enforce the Act. • The Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) Brunei became a party to CITES on the 2nd August, 1990: • The Brunei Museums support international efforts to protect the endangered species through regulation of international trade; • The Department is a member of the Management Authority in Brunei Darussalam.

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • International networks cooperation and fund-raising • State cooperation with World Heritage institutions

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties • Ratified international conventions on heritage In 1984, Brunei Darussalam gained independence and joined the Association of South-East Asian Countries, ASEAN. It also became a member in all functional groups under the umbrella of the ASEAN, among which is the ASEAN Committee on Culture and Information (COCI). The ASEAN cultural cooperation is aimed at the vigorous development of an awareness of regional identity, the preservation of the region’s cultural heritage and the exertion of efforts to create a strong ASEAN community.

Since becoming a member of the ASEAN-COCI, Brunei Darussalam (with the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport as its Secretariat) has always maintained an active participation in the areas relating to culture and the arts in the ASEAN region. Brunei Darussalam has won several artistic awards in recent years including the ASEAN 40th Anniversary Logo and the ASEAN New Media Art Competition. Through this esteemed recognition, the ASEAN-COCI has arguably paved a way for Brunei Darussalam’s culture to be well-represented at regional as well as international level.

On the 17th March, 2005, Brunei Darussalam became the 191st Member State of UNESCO with its office in Jakarta, Indonesia. Brunei is pursuing cooperation with UNESCO concerning crafting science, technology and innovation policy, capacity-building to help diversify the economy, communication networking, promotion of multilingualism in cyberspace, research on internet impact on youth values and access to new communication and information technologies and cultural heritage preservation, inter-religious and cross-cultural dialogue and peace programmes.

Funding for projects on culture and information come principally from the ASEAN Cultural Fund. Several projects, however, have also been funded by the ASEAN’s Dialogue Partners. The ASEAN Cultural Fund (ACF), established in 1978, is open for contributions from the members of the ASEAN, other countries, international bodies and other agencies. An Advisory Group composed of officials of the ASEAN countries who are involved in the management of foreign exchange reserves advises the ASEAN Secretariat on the management of the ASEAN Cultural Fund.

The ACF is managed by professional investment managers who report to the Advisory Group. The Fund yields an annual income of about US$ 2 million which is used to finance the projects on culture and information. The administration of the ASEAN Cultural Fund is vested in the ASEAN Secretariat, subject to the final authority of the ASC. The ACF is subject to be audited by the ASEAN Audit Committee which conducts the audit from time to time. The ACF has two separate accounts, one for the capital fund and the other for the operation of the fund.

Despite specialisation in the areas mentioned earlier and expansion in terms of establishing new museums and other heritage-related institutions, unfortunately there were no significant changes in the way the museums in Brunei were administered. In other words, a lot had to be done to maximise the potential of the museums so as to achieve its vision and mission. To do this, several organisational issues had to be addressed. They were: • Changes to administrative structure, including operational systems and introduction of a more systematic management system; • Focused attention on core business and functions of the museums; • Human resources issues including alignment of job descriptions and responsibilities; • Budget to fund and support operations, activities and programmes of the museums.

The initiative to look into the issues above was carried out in 2002 when a consultant from the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation, Commonwealth (CFTC) made recommendations to restructure the museums so that attention and focus could be given to the core functions of the museums, particularly in the area of preservation and exhibitions. Studies were also conducted to explore possibilities of further specialisation, making the National Archives, the Brunei Arts and Handicraft Training Centre and the Tasek Merimbun Heritage Park separate entities so that more focused and specialised studies, research and administration could be carried out.

The Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation is also used in funding the projects on research and the collecting of old manuscripts and other historical materials that concern Brunei Darussalam. These activities are conducted by the History Centre Department.

Recently, the 4th Meeting of the ASEAN Ministers Responsible for Culture and Arts (AMCA) including China, Japan and Korea was held between the 25-26th March, 2010 at Clark, Pampanga, the Philippines. During the meeting, they agreed to further enhance the cooperation among the ASEAN member countries in the field of culture and arts, especially in human resource development, maintenance and the ASEAN cultural heritage development as well as the development of small and medium cultural enterprises. The meeting also approved of the senior officials’ meeting

17

BRUNEI

on culture and arts working group work plan. At the AMCA +3 Meeting, they agreed to step up the cooperation between the ASEAN member countries: China, Japan and Korea in shaping the ASEAN +3 Work Plan and to set up the ASEAN +3 Fund. To mark the AMCA Meeting, the host country also organised the 4th ASEAN Festival of Arts where every country including Brunei showcased its local cultural and arts presentation of singing, traditional music, dancing, arts and cultural history.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

18

Institutions involved in heritage preservation Public access to heritage Raising awareness of your people Policy of digitisation and archives access

At the beginning of 1975, an Executive Committee was formed to implement the policies and programmes used for reviving the almost disappearing arts and handicrafts of Brunei. This resulted in the establishment of a Training Centre (the Arts and Handicrafts Training Centre) which offers courses such as silver-craft, brass-craft, weaving, basketry or songkok-making (traditional headgear worn by the Malays).

The governmental agencies, such as the University of Brunei Darussalam, the Language and Literature Bureau, the Brunei History Centre and the Brunei Museum Department also occasionally organize conferences, exhibitions, performances, seminars and workshops through various groups of working committees that consist of experts in various fields relating to cultural studies. Among the aims of the programmes mentioned above, is expanding knowledge promoting awareness on maintaining our national culture and heritage to the public, especially among the youth. It also focuses on educating participants and the public on professional techniques including finalising the standard framework in accordance with the UNESCO standards in digitising our cultural and heritage materials.

Cultural performances such as dances, songs and music are performed during national celebrations and formal functions. These cultural performances are usually broadcast on television and radio as efforts to introduce and expose Brunei’s intangible cultural heritage to the public.

The examples of such cultural performances are the Diangdangan (a traditional Malay Brunei song sung in verses to narrate tales, usually performed by a man who beats a drum called dombak to accompany the singing), the performance during the International Museum Day in 2003 and the Wedding Customs Performance during the Wedding Exhibition in 2004.

The Brunei Museum Department has various exhibition galleries including the Brunei Malay Culture that portrays the customs and traditions of the Brunei Malays from birth till marriage. Temporary exhibitions are also conducted on various aspects of the tangible and intangible culture of the seven ethnic groups of Brunei Darussalam such as the Paddy Exhibition in 1988, the Games and Traditional Sports Exhibition in 1989, the Musical Instruments and Traditional Music Exhibition and the Wedding Exhibition in 2004.

The Royal Regalia is the most well-known museum, where visitors can glimpse the Sultan’s full royal regalia, including the crown and royal chariot, along with a vast collection of opulent treasures. A visit to the Brunei Museum is also a must, with its elaborate displays of antique cannons and intricate daggers, a large private collection of gilded Holy Korans, Borneo ethnographic displays and treasures unearthed from shipwrecks off Brunei’s coast. The Brunei History Centre, on the other hand, contains genealogical records detailing the origins of the Royal Family and other historical documents significant to the nation.

Though Brunei has embraced Islam and its art, architecture and culture, relics of the colonial days are also integrated seamlessly into the nation’s landscape. The unique House of Twelve Roofs is a good example of such inegration. This quaint piece of British architecture, once home to a British resident, has since been transformed into a museum and venue for entertaining foreign dignitaries.

In conclusion, cultural heritage should be made aware to everyone, especially to those responsible agencies, in order to ensure that our cultural

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

heritage is well preserved and protected. Therefore, the Brunei Darussalam Government is working towards implementing the above mentioned mechanisms in efforts to preserve, disseminate and safeguard Brunei’s cultural heritage for future generations to appreciate and to be proud of.

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country. Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • • • •

Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years Nature of protected sites Types of ownership Tourism statistics Heritage and tourism products in the state GDP Conclusions and recommendations

No anwser was given.

Prepared by: Pengiran Anak Haji Aminuddin Halim Shah bin Pengiran Anak Ismail Al-Haj Culture Officer Culture and Arts Section Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport

Revised by: Dayangku Hajah Juni Hana binti Pengiran Chuchu (06/04/2010) Culture and Arts Section Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport

Mazinawati Haji Abdul Majid Cultural Propagation Officer Culture and Arts Section Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport

“ADAT ISTIADAT NEGARA” OR ROYAL CUSTOM AND TRADITIONS DEPARTMENT http://www.adat-istiadat.gov.bn/ ASEAN-COCI http://www.asean-infoculture.org/ BORNEO BULLETIN http://www.borneobulletin.com.bn/sunday/news/ mar28h11.htm BRUNEI FM http://news.brunei.fm/2009/06/29/preserving-ournatural-heritage-culture-amongst-youths-through-workshop/ BRUNEI MUSEUMS DEPARTMENT: DEVELOPMENTS OVER THE PAST FIVE YEARS http://www.nhb.gov.sg/amds/downloads/35-40.pdf

BRUNEI TOURISM http://www.tourismbrunei.com/ GOVERNMENT MECHANISM FOR SAFEGUARDING INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE: BRUNEI DARUSSALAM http://www.docstoc.com/docs/23337102/GOVERNMENT-MECHANISMFOR-SAFEGUARDING-INTANGIBLE-CULTURAL-HERITAGE “JABATAN MUZIUM-MUZIUM BRUNEI” OR BRUNEI MUSEUM DEPARTMENT http://www.museums.gov.bn/ “PUSAT SEJARAH BRUNEI” OR BRUNEI HISTORY CENTRE http://www.pusat-sejarah.gov.bn/

19

CHINA

CHINA 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration • Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people)

20

The general objective of protecting cultural heritage in China is to take effective measures to strengthen the safeguarding work in an all around way. By the year 2015, a complete safeguarding system of heritage will have been established so that cultural heritage of historical, cultural and scientific values can be effectively preserved and the whole society will have increased its awareness of and protective attitude to safeguarding of cultural heritage. The range of the safeguarding of cultural heritage in China covers both tangible and intangible heritage.

The State Administration of Cultural Heritage of China supervises tangible heritage work in China. It is responsible for working out plans, standards and regulations related to cultural relics, carrying out surveys on cultural relic resources, assisting related departments in undertaking investigations on major criminal cases, supervising the protection and management of the World Cultural Heritage Sites in China controlling archeological projects and museums works in the country, launching scientific and innovative projects of major heritage sites, identifying cultural relics and issuing licenses for their import and export.

The Department of Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Ministry of Culture of China supervises national intangible heritage administration. Its main duties are to formulate policies for safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage, draft related laws and regulations, make protection plans for national representative of intangible cultural heritage elements, undertake the nomination and accreditation of national representative of intangible cultural heritage elements, and facilitate the transmission and publicity of outstanding intangible cultural heritage items.

The range of safeguarding of cultural heritage is nationwide and the funding is mainly provided by the central and local governments. There are more than 100,000 employees, among which there are about 20,000 personnel working in 2,228 agencies involved in safeguarding of intangible heritage at state, provincial, municipal and county levels.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) • Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation • National training structures The state competent institution for tangible cultural heritage is the State Administration of Cultural Heritage. The state competent institution for intangible cultural heritage is the Department of Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Ministry of Culture. The state intangible cultural heritage research institution is the China National Centre for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

As far as tangible cultural heritage is concerned, local governments at various levels are responsible for overseeing tangible heritage work in their administrative regions. Local departments of cultural heritage above the county level take care of the management of tangible heritage in their administrative regions. Other relative departments above county level coordinate cultural heritage programmes as defined in their duties.

As far as intangible cultural heritage is concerned, currently, every province, autonomous region and municipality have established at provincial level steering bodies, preservation centres or divisions for safeguarding intangible heritage in their respective administrative regions.

For tangible cultural heritage, we have set up training structures which are mainly supervised by departments of cultural heritage at various levels and are implemented by training agencies. For intangible cultural heritage, the Department of Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Ministry of Culture and cultural departments of provincial governments have launched training projects led by experts to improve the professional knowledge of the intangible cultural heritage employees. Many colleges and academies offer courses for ethnic and folk art or intangible cultural heritage and provide training for professionals with inter-disciplinary expertise and managing skills.

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: 21 • • • •

Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) Personnel working on preservation NGOs and private stakeholders involved in the preservation Voluntary initiatives

The state competent institution for tangible heritage is the State Administration for Cultural Heritage, No. 10 North Chaoyangmen Street, Beijing, China. There are 2,228 competent institutions at state and local levels for intangible cultural heritage. The state competent institution for intangible heritage is the Department of Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Ministry of Culture of China, No. 10 North Chaoyangmen Street, Beijing, China.

There are close to 80,000 personnel working on tangible cultural heritage and over 20,000 working on intangible cultural heritage.

There are more than 50 NGOs involved in publicity, education, as well as research and consultation of safeguarding of cultural heritage.

4.

FINANCING POLICY

What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Public and state funding Regional and local governments funding Private initiatives Direct aid and tax relief

The funding for tangible cultural heritage is included in the budget of the governments at all levels. It will be increased according to the growth of the government revenue. China has set up a foundation of cultural heritage to sponsor the preservation of tangible heritage. There will be a tax deduction for public donations.

As far as intangible cultural heritage is concerned, China has set up a special fund to sponsor a general survey, recording, preservation, training, research, publicity, publishing and transmission activities by inheritors of intangible cultural heritage. This special fund stems from

CHINA

the financial allocation of the central government and the annual budget is determined by the overall and annual plan for heritage preservation and the actual situation of government finance. By the end of July, 2009, the investment into the special fund by the central government added up to 659 million RMB. Local governments have also set up special funds for safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage and are continuing to invest more in this kind of work. According to incomplete statistics, from 2005 to 2009, the provincial governments put 1.13 billion RMB into the preservation work.

Individuals, enterprises and social groups are encouraged to sponsor the intangible heritage preservation work under the guidance of the government.

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • • 22

National legislation in heritage preservation Urban planning legislation Regional and local regulations International memorandums and recommendations vs state legislation

National legislation for tangible cultural heritage include: the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics, Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics, Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Management of Underwater Heritage, Regulations on the Protection of the Great Wall, Regulations on the Protection of Famous Historical and Cultural Cities, Towns and Villages.

National legislation for the intangible cultural heritage includes the State Council Regulations for the Protection of the Traditional Arts and Handicrafts. The Regulations are defined to protect world-renowned age-old arts and handicrafts with distinctive ethnic and local characteristics that have complete technological processes, are made of natural raw materials and handed down by generations. The Law on the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage is on the procedure of deliberation for administrative legislation of the State Council.

Urban planning legislation includes the Urban and Rural Planning Law of the People’s Republic of China.

Regional and local regulations include: • For tangible heritage: there are dozens of local rules and regulations such as Regulations for the Protection of the Historical and Cultural Landmarks of Beijing, Administrative Rules on the Cultural Heritage of Jilin Province, Administrative Rules on the Protection of the Cultural Heritage Sites of Hunan Province.

• For intangible heritage: eight provinces and autonomous regions, including Yunnan, Guizhou, Gangxi, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Ningxia and Xinjiang, have dgradually worked out administrative rules and regulations on safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage and ethinc and folk arts.

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • International networks cooperation and fund-rising

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• State cooperation with World Heritage institutions • Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties • Ratified international conventions on heritage For tangible heritage: China has been cooperating with Italy and other countries in tangible heritage preservation and has accepted funds for tangible heritage from the USA, Japan and other countries. China is a member of the World Heritage Committee, ICOM and ICOMOS. The State Administration of Cultural Heritage and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development are responsible for the accreditation of world cultural heritage and natural heritage sites respectively.

For intangible heritage: China has actively developed exchange and cooperation with other nations in the field of intangible cultural heritage, including hosting international intangible cultural heritage festivals and international forums on intangible heritage preservation. The UNESCO has approved to establish in China the International Training Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage for the Asia-Pacific Region in China.

China has ratified the following international conventions: the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expression, the Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects, among others.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Institutions involved in heritage preservation Public access to heritage Raising awareness of your people Policy of digitisation and archives access

For tangible heritage: the institutions involved in research and preservation are research academies for cultural heritage, research institutes for archeology, research institutes for cultural relics and museums. Cultural heritage is accessible through media, tours, the International Museum Day and the Cultural Heritage Day activities. The Chinese government has set up the Cultural Heritage Day with the aim of increasing public awareness of heritage preservation by all means such as publicity, education and consultation. The Chinese government is also committed to promoting digitisation and documentation of cultural relics. China has set up a database of cultural relics collected in museums and has established complete archives for different kinds of cultural relics. Meanwhile, the Chinese government has pushed forward the construction of museum web sites and digital museums. The China Cultural Relic Information and Consultation Centre and the Information Centre of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage have been set up.

For intangible heritage: the China Research Academy of Arts is the educational and research institute at a state level. There are also similar institutions at all levels to do the research and preservation work for intangible cultural heritage. The Ministry of Culture and local governments have hosted many international and national forums and workshops. Their aim was to exchange ideas and to lead discussions on management mechanism, legislation, ecological preservation, protection of inheritors, construction of the cultural and ecological protection zones and protection of intangible cultural heritage on a production basis, disasters vs. safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage and best practices of foreign countries, being the most important. All those forums and workshops have played a great role in developing intangible heritage preservation.

23

CHINA / CYPRUS

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country. Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • • • •

24

Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years Nature of protected sites Types of ownership Tourism statistics Heritage and tourism products in the state GDP Conclusions and recommendations

For tangible heritage: the number of national key protection units has increased from 240 to 2,352 and immovable cultural relics of different kinds to total 900,000. The heritage sites under preservation are usually key palace ruins, ancient city ruins, ancient tombs and original settlements.

The ownership is divided into three categories: state, collective and private, according to the types of the heritage. The annual admission to museums reaches almost 200 million and more than 2.1 billion people tour heritage sites. The heritage and tourism products account for 4 percent of the overall GDP. For intangible heritage: the State Council has announced 2 groups of national intangible cultural heritage lists with a total of 1,028 elements.

Currently, the third group of national intangible cultural heritage elements are being examined. Every province has also announced their own provincial intangible cultural heritage lists which totalled to 7,109 elements. From 2007 to 2009, we announced 3 groups of about 1,488 national representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage. Since 2008, 8,000 RMB per person per year has been subsidized to accredited heritage inheritors for their transmission activities.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

CYPRUS 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration • Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people) In the Republic of Cyprus, the Department of Antiquities is the responsible authority for the management of the archaeological heritage of Cyprus. The Department of Antiquities belongs to the Ministry of Communications and Works of the Republic of Cyprus, since its establishment in 1935 during the British Colonial Period. The territory, in which the Department of Antiquities has authority over concerning cultural heritage, covers the entire island. The Department of Antiquities prepares its annual budget which, in turn, is approved and included in the Annual Budget of the Republic of Cyprus.

The Department’s main areas of activity and responsibility are: • Systematic and rescue excavations as well as archaeological surveys; • The establishment, management and operation of archaeological museums; • The conservation, restoration, protection and promotion of the Ancient Monuments of the First and of the Second Schedule as per the Antiquities Law, of archaeological sites and of monuments of architectural heritage, ranging chronologically from the Neolithic Period to the 20th century.

One of the aims of the Department of Antiquities is also the use of both ancient monuments and archaeological museums for educational purposes and cultural activities, as well as for the stimulation of cultural tourism. In order to achieve the above, the Department of Antiquities organizes conferences, exhibitions and lectures both in Cyprus and abroad.

The activity, which has emerged over the last few years, is the contribution of the Department of Antiquities towards the establishment of private/ thematic museums. In this case, the Department acts as a consultant and as a guide by offering its personnel’s specialized knowledge.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) • Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation • National training structures As previously mentioned, the competent authority in the Republic of Cyprus for heritage preservation is the Department of Antiquities. The Department is the governmental authority involved in cultural heritage for the entire island. However, the Department of Town Planning and

25

CYPRUS

Housing is the one responsible for the part of cultural heritage concerning traditional architecture. The responsibilities of the Department of Antiquities are as mentioned above. No national training structures concerning the preservation of cultural heritage are present, other than the state University of Cyprus where the Department of History and Archaeology is established.

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

26

Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) Personnel working on preservation NGOs and private stakeholders involved in the preservation Voluntary initiatives

The competent state authority, as previously mentioned, is the Department of Antiquities, which is the most important institution active in the field of heritage preservation in Cyprus. The address of the Department of Antiquities as requested, is the following: 1 Museum Street, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus, P.O.Box: 22024 E-mail : antiquitiesdept@da.mcw.gov.cy Fax: +357 22303148 Website: www.mcw.gov.cy/da The structure of the Department of Antiquities, referring to the personnel working on preservation, is as follows: The Head of the Department is the Director, aided by the two Curators of Antiquities, one responsible for the Ancient Monuments and the other responsible for museums and archaeological surveys. Working under the Ephorate responsible for the Ancient Monuments there are two Senior Archaeological Officers, three Archaeological Officers and two Conservators. Sectors such as the drawings archive staffed by draughtsmen, the map archive and the expropriations section are placed under the Curator of the Ancient Monuments. Support staff include, specialised groups of workers such as builders, masonry workers, carpenters and assistant conservators, who are involved in conservation and renovation works. Working under the Ephorate responsible for museums and archaeological surveys there are two Senior Archaeological Officers, three Archaeological Officers and two Conservators. (one post is vacant). Apart from the totality of the museums and storerooms of the objects in all the districts, the metal objects conservation laboratory, the pottery conservation laboratory and the replicas laboratory are placed under the Curator of the museums. These storerooms and laboratories are staffed with technicians and assistant conservators. The District Archaeological Museums under this Ephorate are staffed with archaeologists and technicians.

Several private cultural foundations are present in Cyprus, mostly active in the field of private museums, publications and organisations of exhibitions. They have, however, contributed financially on several occasions to the Department of Antiquities’ work in heritage preservation.

The addresses of the most important ones can be found below: • • • •

Archbishop Makarios III Foundation-Cultural Centre, Address: Arch. Kyprianos Square, 1505 Nicosia Kykkos Holy Monastery Cultural Foundation, Address: Archangelou Avenue 2054, Strovolos Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation.

Address: 86-88-90, Phaneromenis Str, 1011 Nicosia Laiki Group Cultural Centre, Address: 39 Archbishop Makarios III Avenue, 1065, Nicosia

• • •

“A. G. Leventis” Foundation, Address: 40 Gladstonos Street, P.O. Box 2543, 1095 Nicosia Leventis Museum of the City of Nicosia, Address: 17 Ippokratous Street, Laiki Geitonia, Nicosia Pierides Archaeological Museum, Address: Laiki Group Cultural Centre, 4 Zinonos Kitieos Street, Larnaka

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Public and state funding Regional and local governments funding Private initiatives Direct aid and tax relief

As previously mentioned, the funding for the Department of Antiquities, as for all the governmental departments, derives from the Annual Budget of the Republic of Cyprus. The Department of Antiquities prepares its annual budget the preceding year according to planned expenses and needs, which is, in turn, submitted to the Ministry of Finance for approval and inclusion into the overall Annual Budget. Further funding is often acquired through the European Union or relevant grants for specific projects.

Concerning religious monuments, the emphasis on churches, conservation and restoration works are co-financed by the Department of Antiquities and the Church of Cyprus, or the local church committees. Private foundations, municipalities, local communities and other institutions or individuals often contribute to the funding of specific restoration, conservation or excavation works.

According to the Provisions of Part VI of the Antiquities Law, tax exemptions are provided for the owners of the Ancient Monuments listed in the Second Schedule. These are applicable in the case when expenses have been incurred wholly and exclusively for the preservation of the monument. In addition, income earned from the rent of an Ancient Monument listed in the Second Schedule is also exempt from taxation, provided that it is certified that all the necessary works for the preservation of the monument have been carried out. Fees and charges imposed at the time of declaration of transfer of an Ancient Monument listed in the Second Schedule are returned to the person to whom the transfer has been made, provided that within four years from the transfer, preservation works on the monument have been completed, or not needed. The owners of the Listed Monuments in the Second Schedule, are also exempt from immovable property taxation provided that it is certified by the Department that conservation works have been completed, or not needed.

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

National legislation in heritage preservation Urban planning legislation Regional and local regulations International memorandums and recommendations vs state legislation

Cultural heritage in Cyprus is protected by national legislation, that is the Antiquities Law. In accordance with the Antiquities Law, in the Republic of Cyprus, the Ancient Monuments are officially listed as such by the Council of Ministers upon the Recommendation of the Director of the Department of Antiquities. They are categorized and inventoried as of the First Schedule (governmental ownership), the Second Schedule (private ownership) and as “Controlled Areas” with the relevant provisions for their protection and management according to the Republic’s Laws and the European Conventions.

More specifically, according to the provisions of Part II, Article 8 of the Antiquities Law, the Director of the Department of Antiquities has the power to reject or modify a project concerning the development of any plot listed as a monument of the Second Schedule. The national legislation requires written authorization from the competent authority, that is the Department of Antiquities, before any intervention takes place. Severe penalties are prescribed for breach of legislation.

27

CYPRUS

Furthermore, the Law provides, under Part II, Article 11, for the establishment of the so-called “Controlled Areas” within the vicinity around the sites. Under these circumstances, all the development projects within or in close proximity of the areas are under strict governmental control.

According to the provisions of the specific section of the Antiquities Law, the Director of the Department controls the height and architectural style of any building proposed for erection within the controlled area, in order to safeguard the historic and archaeological character, the amenities and the environmental surrounding of an Ancient Monument.

With regards to licence for conducting excavations for archaeological purposes, this is granted by the Director of the Department of Antiquities according to the provisions of the Antiquities Law. Within these provisions, an inventory of excavated sites is available, and these excavations are thoroughly documented through detailed diaries, plans and photographs and all the antiquities discovered during the excavations, as well as the aforementioned documentation, are vested in the Department of Antiquities. Furthermore, the Department of Antiquities has the authority to proceed to the compulsory acquisition of land for excavation, protection, conservation and promotional purposes of the Ancient Remains.

Urban planning legislation is imposed by the Department of Town Planning and Housing, of the Ministry of Interior, which is responsible for the management of town and rural zones. The Department of Town Planning and Housing, is in close co-operation with the Department of Antiquities, as all the development projects submitted for building permits and being in proximity or within the boundaries of the Listed Ancient Monuments, are forwarded to the Department of Antiquities for the necessary control and assessment as to whether the project will go forward.

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 28 What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

International networks cooperation and fund-raising State cooperation with World Heritage institutions Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties Ratified international conventions on heritage

The Department of Antiquities is a State Party of UNESCO, a member of ICOM, ICCROM, a member of the Council of Europe and among the Member States involved in the intergovernmental initiative concerning the establishment of the European Heritage Label.

The Republic of Cyprus has ratified the following international conventions on heritage, which are now included in the national legislation: • Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention, the Hague, 14th May, 1954; • First Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, the Hague, 14th May, 1954; • Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, the Hague, 26th March, 1999; • European Cultural Convention, Paris, 19th December, 1954; • Statutes of the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, as amended on the 24th April, 1963 (ICCROM), New Delhi, 5th December, 1956; • Statutes of the ICCROM, as revised by the XXIII Session of the General Assembly, Rome, 21st November, 2003; • Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, Paris, 14th November, 1970; • Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Paris, 16th November, 1972; • Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe, Granada, 3rd October, 1985; • European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Revised), Valletta, 16th January, 1992;

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects, Rome, 24th June, 1995; • Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, Paris, 17th October, 2003.

Further to the above, a significant number of bilateral treaties and cultural agreements are in force between the Republic of Cyprus and the European Union and international states. These agreements include provisions concerning the exchange of specialists in the field of culture such as archaeologists and conservators, the exchange of information and scientific publications related to archaeological research, the conservation and the promotion of archaeological sites and the Ancient Monuments, assistance and exchange of experts, experiences and information concerning the measures for the rescue and conservation of the cultural heritage and the illicit trade of stolen antiquities and cultural goods, and the exchange or organization of archaeological exhibitions of mutual interest.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Institutions involved in heritage preservation Public access to heritage Raising awareness of your people Policy of digitisation and archives access

As previously mentioned, the Department of Antiquities is the authority responsible for the conservation, protection and promotion of the cultural heritage of the island, thus the main institution involved with heritage preservation.

The activities of the Department of Antiquities are published in its two annual publications, namely the Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus (RDAC) and the Annual Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus (ARDAC). In the ARDAC the totality of the yearly activities of the Department of Antiquities can be found, including restoration works conducted on monuments, excavation works conducted both by the Department of Antiquities and by foreign archaeological missions, principal acquisitions of the Department of Antiquities and expenditures and revenues. The RDAC is a scientific publication where articles concerning various aspects of Cypriot archaeology are published. These two main annual publications combined with other monographs published by the Department, provide for public access to the Department’s work. A great number of students and researchers are accommodated each year by the Department of Antiquities, either in the study of movable antiquities or the Ancient Monuments and upon written request, access is provided to its archives.

A lot of archaeological sites and the Ancient Monuments under the responsibility of the Department of Antiquities are open to visitors, providing the infrastructure and organisation as well as the appropriate informational material (e.g. extensive bibliography, guides, and leaflets), that enable citizens to get to know and support their heritage. Some sites are ‘living’ monuments, hosting various cultural activities, such as theatre festivals, music concerts and artistic exhibitions that enable citizens to come into direct contact with the monuments and experience activities that form a sense of common ownership of cultural heritage. Schools frequently organise visits and educational field trips to sites, while educational programmes in cooperation with the Ministry of Education and Culture take place on a weekly basis in the Cyprus Museum, in Nicosia.

Towards the aim of achieving better management of cultural heritage, as well as further enabling public access to heritage, the Department of Antiquities within the last year has launched a digitisation project, which aims at the digitisation of all the Listed Ancient Monuments and a pilot system of digitisation of a group of approximately 5,000 movable antiquities. Within the framework of this project, a Geographical Information System will be set up, which will be linked to the main database. It will include descriptive, technical and administrative information concerning the Ancient Monuments and movable antiquities. This digitisation system, which will also include archival material, will contribute

29

CYPRUS

to its future viability and preservation and will result in the integration of the various archives of the Department (the photographic archive, the map and drawings archive, the excavation records, the survey records and administrative files). A website will also be launched, in which interested members of the public will be able to access a summarized version of the Ancient Monuments and published movable antiquities’ database. Access to the full records will be made available to external researchers on application for written authorization by the Director of the Department of Antiquities. It is the Department of Antiquities’ policy to proceed with the digitisation of its entire collection.

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country. Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • • • • 30

Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years Nature of protected sites Types of ownership Tourism statistics Heritage and tourism products in the state GDP Conclusions and recommendations

There are approximately 1,300 Listed Ancient Monuments in the Republic of Cyprus. Over the last 25 years, approximately 370 of these have been listed, which translates to approximately 28% of the Ancient Monuments being listed over this period.

According to the Antiquities Law of the Republic of Cyprus the Ancient Monuments and protected sites are “any object, building or site to be of public interest by reason of the historic, architectural, traditional, artistic or archaeological interest”. Further to this, the Antiquities Law provides, under Section II Article 11, for the establishment of the so-called “Controlled Areas” within the vicinity around the protected sites. Under these circumstances all the development projects within or in close proximity of the areas are under strict governmental control. According to the provisions of the specific section of the Antiquities Law, the Director of the Department controls the height and architectural style of any building proposed for erection within the controlled area, in order to safeguard the historic, the archaeological character, the amenities and the environment surrounding of an Ancient Monument.

The Ancient Monuments in the Republic of Cyprus are categorized and inventoried as of the First Schedule and of the Second Schedule. The Ancient Monuments belonging to the First Schedule according to the Antiquities Law are the property of the Government, while the Ancient Monuments belonging to the Second Schedule are of private ownership including ownership by the Church. According to the provisions of Part II, Article 8 of the Antiquities Law, the Director of the Department of Antiquities has the power to reject or modify a project concerning the development of any plot listed as a monument of the Second Schedule. The national legislation requires written authorization from the competent authority, that is the Department of Antiquities, before any intervention takes place. Interventions include alterations, additions or repairs affecting the architectural character of the Ancient Monument, demolition of the Ancient Monument or cutting of any tree growing within its boundaries or acting in a way that may damage or destroy the archaeological importance and stratification of the Ancient Monument.

Severe penalties are prescribed for breach of legislation.

Tourism statistics are available for the main archaeological sites that are organized and open to the public, as well as for the museums under the authority of the Department of Antiquities.

Major archaeological sites and ancient monuments open to the public are: • Kition archaeological site, Kourion archaeological site, the Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates, Choirokoitia Neolithic settlement, Hala Sultan Tekke, Tamassos archaeological site, Nea Pafos archaeological site, Agios Georgios Pegeias site, Tombs of the Kings, Pafos Castle, Kolossi Castle, Larnaka Castle, Amathous archaeological site, Kalavasos – Tenta archaeological site.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

Museums of the Department of Antiquities are: • Cyprus Museum, Nicosia, Medieval Museum (Limassol Castle), Limassol District Museum, Larnaka District Museum, Pafos District Museum, Local Kourion Museum, Episkopi, Local Museum of Palaipaphos (Kouklia), Folk Art Museum Geroskipou, Ethnological Museum, Nicosia (The Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios mansion), Museum of Traditional Embroidery and Silversmith-Work in Lefkara, Fikardou Rural Museum, Maa Palaiokastro Museum, Local Museum of Marion-Arsinoe, Local Museum of Ancient Idalion.

The number of visitors to these sites and museums as a total is above 1,000,000 each year, taking into consideration the figures from the last decade. The highest number of visitors was recorded in 2001, reaching 1,777,773, while the lowest number of visitors was recorded in 2008 reaching 1,180,238 in number. In general, there are fewer visitors to cultural sites and museums each year.

Tourist data until 2008 are available from the Statistical Service of the Republic of Cyprus, which however refer to numbers of tourist arrivals and revenues in general, without any direct links to heritage. The number of tourists visiting Cyprus, according to data from the last decade, is on average over 2.000.000. The highest number of visitors was recorded in 2000 reaching 2,686,205 visitors, while the lowest was recorded in 2003 reaching 2,303,247 visitors. During the years 2007 and 2008, a slightly declining tendency was also observed, from 2,416,081 visitors in 2007 to 2,403,750 in 2008, with the revenues reaching EUR 1,858,100 and EUR 1,792,800 respectively.

As seen above, the number of the sites protected by the Department of Antiquities is increasing with more sites being at present recommended for listing. Concerning tourism statistics, however, as already mentioned, it is concluded that there are fewer and fewer visitors to cultural sites.

This could be associated with the general decreasing tendency of tourist arrivals due to the wider financial crisis affecting countries from which tourists traditionally come to visit Cyprus. As the total number of visitors to Cyprus is more than double than the visitors to archaeological sites and museums, efforts should be directed towards attracting more visitors to places of cultural interest. New technologies are planned to be employed in the archaeological sites and monuments, such as interactive media and digitised models. In addition, the digitisation process already under way will allow for easier access and acquaintance with Cypriot cultural heritage via the internet. The Cyprus Museum, District and Local Museums are currently in the process of renovation, with expansions, re-exhibiting of showcases and additions with objects from recent excavations and introduction of interactive technologies. The Department of Antiquities, through several actions which it is currently involved in, is aiming to attract more visitors to places of cultural interest.

31

THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA

THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration • Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people)

32

Heritage conservation in the Republic of Estonia is organised by the National Heritage Board, which is affiliated to the Estonian Ministry of Culture. The Board reports to the Minister of Culture, who guides and coordinates the Board’s work and exercises supervisory control over the Board pursuant to procedure prescribed by law.

The National Heritage Board is in charge of the direction of conservation activity and state supervision of monuments and heritage protection areas, maintaining the national register of cultural monuments and issuing licences for the export of objects of cultural value.

The National Heritage Board is financed from the state budget and operates in the territory of the Republic of Estonia.

The National Heritage Board has a total of 52 employees. They are joined by local government officials organising heritage conservation pursuant to contracts under public law (see Question 2). The main office of the National Heritage Board is situated in Tallinn, with representations in each of Estonia’s 15 counties. They employ 1–3 inspectors who deal directly with the issues related to their particular counties.

There are 27,805 monuments under state protection in the Republic of Estonia (as on 29 December, 2009). The number of heritage protection areas, also under state protection, is 12, mostly in the form of historical city centres (see Question 8).

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) • Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation • National training structures Heritage conservation in the Republic of Estonia is organised by the National Heritage Board, which is affiliated to the Estonian Ministry of Culture.

In addition to the staff of the National Heritage Board, an advisory body operates within the Ministry of Culture – the Heritage Conservation Advisory Panel. It consists of experts in the fields of history, archaeology, ethnography, architecture, restoration and the history of art and science. The Heritage Conservation Advisory Panel makes proposals and expresses opinions concerning all the issues arising from the Heritage Conservation Act. The opinions of the Advisory Panel constitute the recommended basis for the National Heritage Board and local governments in the planning of heritage conservation work and the elaboration of heritage conservation principles.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

The National Heritage Board also incorporates expert panels and committees, who are in charge of giving expert opinions to the National Heritage Board in relation to various types of monuments. Each expert panel or committee consists of experts of relevant sub-fields. The expert opinions of the specialised panels and committees function as recommendations for the National Heritage Board. There are six specific expert panels of this type (e.g. panels on architecture, archaeological monuments, among others).

Pursuant to the procedure prescribed by law, local governments (rural municipality and city governments), in addition to the National Heritage Board, may also organise heritage conservation. In this case, the relevant local government should enter into a contract under public law with the National Heritage Board. There are currently three local governments organising heritage conservation under such contracts – the cities of Tallinn, Tartu and Haapsalu.

Academic education in heritage conservation is provided by the Estonian Academy of Arts, which has a corresponding faculty and a heritage conservation and restoration curriculum, covering all levels from BA to doctoral studies. In addition, various educational institutions offer specialties related to heritage conservation and/or restoration, such as architecture and urban planning in the Estonian Academy of Arts, history at the University of Tartu, landscape architecture at the Estonian University of Life Sciences, among others. Vocational educational institutions have also begun to offer restoration specialties of a more practical nature.

Persons who are already operating in the field and/or are interested in the field but lack the relevant education may acquire in-service training in the field of restoration in the Estonian Academy of Arts.

3. INSITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) Personnel working on preservation NGO’s and private stakeholders involved in the preservation Voluntary initiatives

Heritage conservation is organised at state level by the following institutions (including those under public law contracts): • Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Estonia; • National Heritage Board; • Tallinn Cultural Heritage Department; • Heritage Service of the Department of Architecture and Building of Tartu City Government; • Department of Building and Planning of Haapsalu City Government; • Estonian Heritage Society; • Estonian Heritage Round-Table; • Heritage Association of the Estonian Parliament.

The Estonian Heritage Society is an umbrella organisation for 53 member organisations all over Estonia, including county heritage societies as well as specialty organisations (e.g. the Estonian Association of Archivists, the Estonian Archaeological Society, among others). The Society has a total of approximately 800 members.

Heritage conservation is also carried out by several private companies, who offer their services both to the state and the private sector. There are currently 335 private undertakings holding the heritage activity licence, specialising in a wide range of activities from compiling project documentation to practical conservation and/or restoration work.

33

THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA

There are also heritage conservation monitors, who participate in heritage conservation on their own initiative and whose rights and duties are determined by the Minister of Culture. A heritage conservation monitor assists, on his/her own initiative and on a voluntary basis, heritage conservation bodies in organising the conservation, use, identification and presentation of cultural monuments and findings of cultural value as well as in implementing heritage legislation.

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

34

Public and state funding Regional and local governments funding Private initiatives Direct aid and tax relief

The National Heritage Board is financed from the state budget. The Board’s total budget for 2010 is 39 million Estonian kroons, the bulk of which is made up of the Board’s maintenance and personnel costs. There are separate sums in the budget earmarked for support for researching, conserving and/or restoring cultural monuments; a total of 9 million Estonian kroons in 2010. Unfortunately, this is only enough for emergency repairs. In addition, the Ministry of Culture administers specific national programmes separate from the budget of the National Heritage Board.

The Ministry of Culture has launched several national measure schemes, which are not purely conservation projects. Their aims are wider, with a social underpinning. They are to develop local cultural identity, increase community participation and awareness of the values of regional cultural heritage, promote through cultural heritage local economy, especially in the field of cultural tourism, and to create new partnerships (among various communities and internationally). The programmes were prepared bearing in mind that cultural heritage can and must be valued as a part of the economy (e.g. cultural tourism, creative industries, architectural heritage as an element enriching public space).

Currently functioning support programmes: • The National Manor School Programme (2002–2012) Its aim is to develop schools and children’s institutions operating in former manor houses into local educational and cultural centres and attractive tourist destinations, ensuring, at the same time, the preservation and opening to the public of manor complexes together with their cultural heritage.

The year 2008 saw the launch of a financing mechanism of Norway and the European Economic Area, which brought additional 129 million Estonian kroons for fixing up nine Estonian manor schools; • The National Programme “Preservation and Development of Churches 2003–2013” Its aim is to ensure the preservation and opening to the public of churches, which are important representatives of Estonia’s cultural and artistic heritage; • The Sectoral Development Plan 2007–2010 “Rural Architecture and Landscape. Study and Preservation” Its main aim is to preserve the uniqueness of Estonian rural architecture and landscapes with the help of promotional activities (including tourist routes, identifying and introducing sites of cultural and environmental value); • The Sectoral Development Plan 2008–2012 “Estonia’s Historical Natural Places of Worship. Study and Preservation” Its main aim is to preserve the uniqueness of Estonia’s natural places of worship and related intangible cultural heritage, together with promotional activities (including visits and introducing customs and traditions);

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• •

the Project “Mapping and Analysis of Valuable Estonian Architecture of the 20th century (1870–1991)” with an added value of recognising and valueing “new” architectural heritage, with a view of creating links with tourism; So-called cultural spaces support programmes for supporting hereditary culture (Southern Estonia: Setu, Võru, Mulgi areas; Estonian islands: Kihnu Island, hereditary cultural environment of Estonian islands) Their main aim is to preserve and develop the linguistic and cultural uniqueness of historical areas (national culture, handicraft, community traditions), bring young people closer to the language and cultural heritage of their predecessors, create favourable conditions for starting up small businesses (e.g. mapping of handicraft masters, business training, creative industries based on local handicraft traditions, etc.), development of visitors’ centres (new museums and/or exhibits, tourist routes) and support marketing actions (thematic portals).

The finances, however, seem to be quite a problem. For example, the 2010 budget of the Programme “Preservation and Development of Churches” is almost 10 million Estonian kroons, of which about 9 million Estonian kroons are foreseen for investment purposes (repairing and restoring church buildings). This programme also finances issuing thematic publications, thematic training, etc. We must admit that the project is seriously under-financed; although the initial annual budget was planned at almost 65 million Estonian kroons, the programme has received only about 110 million Estonian kroons in its seven-year existence. At the same time, in 2009 the Ministry of Culture invested, outside the programme and directly into churches, 16,3 million Estonian kroons and is going to invest another 16,6 million kroons in 2010.

In addition, local governments can support work on cultural monuments from their own budgets, which is a general practice. For example, Estonia’s largest local government with the most monuments, the city of Tallinn, can offer more financial support for maintenance of the monuments situated within its territory than the state on average. The bulk of funds for maintenance of monuments, however, comes from the private sector (owners of the monuments), as monuments are usually owned by private persons or undertakings. Under the Heritage Conservation Act, private owners are obligated to maintain the monuments that are in their ownership. The owners are not obligated to restore the monuments. Private persons are not eligible for state incentives or other privileges for owning and/or repairing/restoring monuments, except for the possibility to apply for financial support from the state (the National Heritage Board) for restoration works.

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

National legislation in heritage preservation Urban planning legislation Regional and local regulations International memorandums and recommendations vs. state legislation

The National Heritage Board is guided in its work by the Heritage Conservation Act, its implementation, provisions and statutes. Heritage conservation is also regulated by several other legislative acts of the Republic of Estonia – the Building Act, the Planning Act, the Museums Act, among others.

The National Heritage Board is guided in its work by relevant international conventions/charters, the majority of which have been ratified in Estonia (see Question 6). There are no contradictions between the international conventions/charters and corresponding Estonian legislation.

35

THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

36

International networks cooperation and fund-raising State cooperation with World Heritage institutions Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties International conventions on heritage ratified

The Republic of Estonia has ratified several international conventions on heritage conservation: • 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (ratified 22 February, 1995); • 1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (ratified 05 April,1995); • 1970 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (ratified 05 April,1995); • 1985 Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe (ratified 23 October,1996); • 1992 Convention for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage of Europe (ratified 23 October,1996); • 1954 European Cultural Convention (ratified 07 May,1992).

The National Heritage Board is also guided by the following documents: • 1964 Venice Charter; • 1981 Florence Charter (on the preservation of historical gardens); • UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage.

Estonia has also joined several international organisations dealing with heritage conservation: UNESCO, ICOMOS, ICOM, ICCROM, DOCOMOMO, Europa Nostra, among others.

The National Heritage Board cooperates with corresponding organisations in Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Germany and the United Kingdom. Estonia is also a member of the heritage conservation monitoring group of the Baltic Sea countries. The National Heritage Board is represented in various international working groups and associations (e.g. working group on cemeteries or archaeological association). As of the year 2010, Estonia is a member of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Institutions involved in heritage preservation Public access to heritage Raising awareness of your people Policy of digitisation and archives access

The National Heritage Board administers the public database on monuments – the National Register of Cultural Monuments, which offers data

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

on the monuments together with short historical backgrounds and information on their general condition. In cooperation with the Land Board, cultural monuments have also been entered into the national digital map server, and as a result, the corresponding maps of the Land Board’s geo-portal (national collection of thematic digital maps) indicate the locations of the monuments, together with the scope of their protection zones, the scope of heritage protection areas, etc. The National Register of Cultural Monuments and the Land Board’s geo-portal are open for public access. Compared to corresponding digital databases existing in the neighbouring countries (except Latvia), the Estonian register is unique in that all the types of the monuments can be found in one common database. The available data is also, at times, considerably more extensive than that of the neighbouring countries.

The National Heritage Board also operates public archives and the library. The archives of the Heritage Board are currently being merged with the national digital database AIS (the Archives’ Information System), administered by the National Archives.

The National Heritage Board and the Tallinn Cultural Heritage Department publish together the annual illustrated collection of specialty articles Heritage Conservation Yearbook, which is targeted both at specialists and the wider public.

Each year, the National Heritage Board organises several training and information events for the local governments, monument owners and private undertakings operating in heritage conservation.

Heritage awareness is also promoted by the non-profit organisation – the Estonian Heritage Society, which organises events publicising Estonian heritage all over the country, hosts the annual heritage events on a monthly basis and carries out the European Heritage Days. The owners of the monuments can brush up on their skills and knowledge at the seminars, workshops and lectures organised by the Information Centres for Sustainable Renovation. Information Centres for Sustainable Renovation operate in four Estonian towns – Tallinn, Tartu, Paide and Viljandi.

Heritage conservation is not a separate subject in the curricula of general education schools.

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country.

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • • • •

Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years Nature of protected sites Types of ownership Tourism statistics Heritage and tourism products in the state GDP Conclusions and recommendations

The number of protected monuments has not changed considerably over the past 25 years. The only new development is that the conservation of monuments is now viewed at a state level, encompassing all protected monuments, whereas earlier a distinction was made between two different levels – a state level and a local one.

There are currently 27,805 state protected monuments in Estonia (as on 29 December, 2009). They are divided into immovable and movable monuments. Cultural monuments are categorised as historical, archaeological, architectural, artistic and industrial monuments. State protected objects are also heritage protection areas, which are historical settlements, parts thereof and sites of cultural value which have developed under the joint influence of natural phenomena and human activities. There are currently 12 such protection areas in Estonia. These are mostly urban developmental centres of historical towns/settlements and/or areas of archaeological value.

Aside from the state protected areas, there are also urban developmental communities of cultural and environmental value created by local governments. Estonian towns and communities currently have 56 such communities of various cultural and environmental value, and the

37

THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA / FINLAND

38

number is likely to increase. Keeping records of these areas as well as their protection and monitoring are organised by local governments.

It is difficult to determine the role of cultural heritage in tourism and economy in general. Due to its diverse history, geographical (logistical) position, the availability of services and the price level, Estonia remains a popular tourist destination, particularly among visitors from the neighbouring countries. But it is certain that a lot can still be done in the sphere of historical and architectural tourism.

We can conclude that Estonia currently has a functioning and constantly developing national heritage conservation system. The existing national-level posts are filled, and professional and in-service heritage training in higher education institutions has been given a strong boost in the past 10 years.

The problem is that heritage conservation is under-financed and lacks sufficient staff. The key issue of recent years has been locating additional funding for heritage. EU Structural Funds have made it possible to launch several large-scale projects related to museums or architectural monuments. The most problematic area is that of architectural monuments, which has the most objects in technically poor or derelict condition (up to 25%). A currently relevant issue in improving heritage conservation is involving the owners of the monuments by counselling and organising round-tables. The updated Heritage Conservation Act, currently being prepared, addresses for the first time in detail the conservation of underwater cultural heritage and the use of technology (metal detectors) in studying archaeological monuments.

Another shortcoming is that we lack a central research institution or unit dealing with cultural heritage research, aside from the relevant faculties and departments of higher education institutions.

A positive tendency worthy of highlighting is the public’s increasingly positive approach towards cultural heritage and its conservation. The society’s awareness of the importance and value of cultural heritage is growing, and its tourism and business potential is noticed and put into good use more and more frequently. Heritage and/or environmental conservation (in the widest sense of the word) education is popular among young people. Thus, we can say that the general social background is conducive to the development of heritage conservation.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

FINLAND 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration • Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people) The Ministry of Education and Culture creates overall conditions for culture and for participation in culture and is responsible for strategic development in the cultural sector. The Ministry drafts cultural legislation and prepares relevant budget proposals.As part of the Government, the Ministry develops cultural policy and administers international cooperation in the field. At the Ministry, matters relating to the promotion of arts and culture come under the Department for Cultural, Sport and Youth Policy.

The cultural sector at the Ministry comprises of national, cultural and art institutions, such as publicly subsidised museums, theatres, orchestras, local cultural services, subsidised associations, other organisational and civic activity in the art and cultural field and cultural exportation.

The cultural sector administered by the Ministry of Education and Culture includes the National Gallery, which is the central art museum, the Governing Body of Suomenlinna (an island fortress off Helsinki) and the National Board of Antiquities, which is responsible for antiquities and historical monuments and relevant research and for the overall direction and supervision of the museum system. As well as being a cultural and research institute, it takes care of matters relating to licensing, supervision and state subsidies.

Cultural environments come primarily under the Ministry of the Environment. The cultural environment is associated, above all, with the planning of land use, including the care of the architectural heritage and the cultural landscape, among other measures. Nature conservation and renovation are directly connected with the care of the cultural environment. The tasks of the Ministry of the Environment include: the development of related legislation, inventory methods and programmes, instructions for town and regional planning and related supervision, monitoring the state of the cultural environment, economic support for the architectural heritage and care of the landscape, and guidance and financing support for renovation. The assessment of environmental impact for which the Ministry is responsible involves the perspective of the environment and the architectural heritage. The Ministry also participates in educational work concerning the cultural environment.

The Ministry is responsible for the preparation of a number of national environmental conservation programmes and national land-use goals.

It also ratifies province-level plans and is responsible for rulings concerning the Building Protection Act and the conservation of state-owned buildings.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions)

39

FINLAND

• Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation • National training structures State system of heritage preservation Operating under the authority of the Ministry of Education and Culture, the National Board of Antiquities cares for Finland’s material cultural heritage, recording and storing, research and disseminating information. The National Board of Antiquities is both a cultural and research institution as well as the government authority responsible for the protection of antiquities, which provides citizens, decision-makers, museum professionals, researchers and students with a wide range of services.

The Board’s responsibility area for the cultural environment attends to research on the archaeological cultural heritage and the built heritage, their collection and documentation and the expertise necessary for protection and care. The National Board of Antiquities participates in planning and the implementation of the Building Protection Act as a body issuing official statements and by supervising and directing restoration work.

The responsibility area for museums and exhibitions (including the National Museum of Finland) is concerned with collections of objects, museum work, the recording and collection of the material cultural heritage and, in part, the keeping of the archaeological cultural heritage.

40

Regional level The operative tasks of the Ministry of the Environment are the responsibility of the regional state administration. There are 15 Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment that started operating on January 1st, 2010. The tasks of the centres encompass environmental and nature conservation, supervision of land use and official rulings pertaining to the Building Protection Act and the Antiquities Act, amongst other legislation.

The centres attend to land-use supervision, prepare regional cultural environment programmes and coordinate cooperation at the regional level, in addition to providing financial support and supervising the municipal regional architect system. The centres also supervise planning (provincial, general and town plans) and rule on exceptions to the Land Use and Building Act. They also participate in projects concerning the care of the environment and construction.

Finland’s 22 provincial museums are the expert bodies of the cultural environment in the various regions. They are mainly maintained by the municipalities and they attend to regional duties in accordance with legislation concerning museums. Their work is funded both by the Ministry of Education and Culture and the municipalities. The provincial museums are responsible for regional museum work, the collection, documentation and dissemination of the cultural heritage and the care of the cultural environment. The National Board of Antiquities has transferred official duties concerning the archaeological heritage and the cultural environment to the provincial museums.

National training structures Universities and other institutes of higher education The highest level of training for expertise in heritage is given at universities and universities of technologies. For example, departments the humanities at the universities of Helsinki, Turku and Jyväskylä (art history, archaeology, ethnology and museology) and the departments of architecture at the universities of technology in Helsinki, Tampere and Oulu train experts for the field. Historic parks and gardens are included in the training of landscape architects.

Conservators are trained in polytechnics and at universities of applied science.

Vocational education Vocational qualification in restoration and specialist painting work is offered in several vocational colleges. Shorter courses are arranged by e.g. vocational schools and colleges of craft and applied art, also in further training. In addition, training in the field is possible through apprenticeship schemes.

The vocational qualification of a restorer journeyman and the specialist qualification of a master restorer can be completed as competence-based qualifications.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

3. INSITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) Personnel working on preservation NGO’s and private stakeholders involved in the preservation Voluntary initiatives

Competent institutions: Ministry of Education and Culture P.O. Box 29 FI – 00023 GOVERNMENT tel.: +358-(0)9-160 04 or +358-(0)9-578 14 fax: +358-(0)9-135 9335 (Registry) email: opmkirjaamo@minedu.fi web: http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/?lang=en

Ministry of the Environment Kasarmikatu 25 - P.O. Box 35 FIN-00023 GOVERNMENT Helsinki tel.: + 358 20 490 100 fax: + 358 9 1603 9320 (Registry) web: http://www.ymparisto.fi

The National Board of Antiquities Nervanderinkatu 13 - P.O.Box 913 FI-00101 HELSINKI tel.: +358 9 40 501 fax: +358 9 4050 9300 email: museovirasto.kirjaamo@nba.fi web: http://www.museovirasto.fi/en/

Personel working on preservation Tasks related to the cultural environment are divided and interspersed among different people, making it difficult to present any specific calculations of personnel work resources. The figures below (2008) approximately present the full-time personnel investment in care for the cultural heritage, but they do not cover work performed alongside one’s main duties and for reports, studies and other assignments.

Local and regional level

Ministries and central government administration Authority Ministry of Education and Culture

Person-years 3

Ministry of the Environment

4,5

National Board of Antiquities

79

Metsähallitus (former National Board of Forestry)

0,6

Authority Environmental administration (regional environment centres)

Person-years 23,8

Provincial museums

43

Metsähallitus (former National Board of Forestry)

9

Museums in Finland There are over 1,000 museums in Finland. One third of all the museums are professionally run. The fact that there are so many local museums is a result of the citizens´ activity. Finnish museums are classified as art museums, cultural-historical museums, specialized museums and museums of natural history.

41

FINLAND

Finnish museums received a total of 5.4 million museum visits in 2008. The museums had 1,787 permanent fulltime employees. In 2008, museum expenditure totalled EUR 189.1 million . The share of the state in the total funding of museums amounted to 40 percent of total expenditure.

133 museums received statutory state aid. 79 of these are municipal museums and 54 are maintained by foundations or associations.

42

NGO’s and private stakeholders involved in the preservation The work of voluntary organization is regulated by legislation concerning associations and foundations.

Authorities and organizations in the cultural heritage sector engage in cooperation. The organizations are involved in the preparation and supervision of public-sector initiatives, such as legislation. The organizations receive financial support from the state and the municipalities.

National organizations in the sector of architectural heritage receive funds from the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of the Environment.

• Suomen Kulttuuriperinnön Säätiö ja Tuki ry. – the Foundation for the Finnish Cultural Heritage http://www.kulttuuriperinto.fi/ • Rakennusperinteen Ystävät r.y. – Friends of the Architectural Heritage http://www.tuuma.net • Rakennustaiteen seura r.y. – The Finnish Association for Architecture http://www.rakennustaiteenseura.fi • Alvar Aalto Säätiö – The Alvar Aalto Foundation http://www.alvaraalto.fi/saatio/ • Ekologisen rakentamisen ja asumisen yhdistys r.y. – The Society for Ecological Building and Housing http://rakas.kulma.net/dyn • Local heritage societies and the umbrella organization The Finnish Association for Local Culture and Heritage http://www.suomenkotiseutuliitto.fi/ • Maa- ja kotitalousnaisten Keskus r.y. – The Rural Women’s Advisory Organization https://portal.mtt.fi/portal/page/portal/MKN_SIVUSTO • Talonpoikaiskulttuurisäätiö – The Rural Culture Foundation http://www.talonpoikaiskulttuurisaatio.fi/ • Teollisuusperinteen seura r.y. – The Association for Industrial Heritage http://www.ths.fi/teollisuusperinteenseura • Yhdyskuntasuunnittelun seura. – The Finnish Society of Housing and Planning http://www.yss.fi/ • Suomen museoliitto r.y. – the Finnish Museums Association http://www.museoliitto.fi • Suomen Arkkitehtiliitto SAFA – the Finnish Association of Architects http://www.safa.fi/fin/safa_in_english/ • DOCOMOMO Suomi Finland r.y. http://www.docomomo-fi.com/

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Public and state funding Regional and local governments funding Private initiatives Direct aid and tax relief

• State funding Both the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Ministry of the Environment provide funding for cultural heritage administration and for maintaining the cultural heritage sites. The Ministry of Education and Culture also provides funding for the museums.

The National Board of Antiquities supports restoration of the buildings of cultural-historical value and renovation of the heritage ships. The Ministry of Education and Culture finances the renovation and repairs of the World Heritage sites. In addition, the Ministry provides financial aid for rural meeting halls.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• Regional and local funding Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment channel funds annually for the care of the cultural heritage. They are responsible, together with the regional councils, for distributing EU subsidies. Responsibility for the care of the cultural heritage and museums is borne by the municipalities, which have greatly varying capabilities and resources.

• Private initiatives Private property owners, private individuals, associations and companies, bear the major responsibility for the preservation of the cultural environment and the cultural heritage. The economic input of this sector has not been estimated.

There are only a few national foundations in Finland aiming at owning and/or preserving the architectural and archaeological cultural heritage.

At the regional and local levels, however, there are numerous smaller foundations focusing on preserving and supporting individual sites, which often engage in museum activities as well.

• Direct Aid Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment award architectural heritage grants for renovation and repairs aimed at preserving the cultural-historical values of buildings. Financial aid can also be given for the refurbishment of buildings and their surroundings, investigations required by care and cultural environment programmes. The Ministry of the Environment also finances the care of sites and environments, the basic renovation of residential buildings and improvements in energy use.

Special aid funds with EU environmental aid, administered by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, are used partly for the care of the rural landscape and partly for the care of the cultural landscape.

• Rural subsidies The care of the architectural heritage is one of the means to promote the vitality of rural areas in national programmes and legislation steering funding. Broader rural development initiatives carried out by communities can be financed with subsidies partly funded by the EU, while the refurbishment of individual farmyards or buildings is supported with national funds. The support is in the form of grants or interest subsidies.

Throughout Finland’s membership in the EU, projects concerning the development of villages and the care of their environment have been an increasing way of developing the countryside. This work has been visible and it has had impact as in many cases it affects large areas.

Alongside public financing, these projects also require private and municipal funds.

• Tax relief There is no direct tax relief in Finland concerning the cultural heritage, but a number of tax relief measures, however, have been applied indirectly.

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

National legislation in heritage preservation Urban planning legislation Regional and local regulations International memorandums and recommendations vs state legislation

The protection and preservation of cultural environment are based on legislation, cooperation between environmental and cultural administration, responsible actions by municipalities and owners as well as citizens’ activity. According to the Finnish Constitution, every citizen is responsible for the environment and cultural heritage.

43

FINLAND

The most central acts that direct the preservation of material cultural heritage in Finland are: • The Antiquities Act (295/1963): archaeological sites are automatically protected; • The Act on the Protection of Buildings (60/1985)1: protection of nationally valuable buildings and/or sites primarily outside the planned area; 254 buildings or sites; • The Land Use and Building Act (132/1999); • Decree on the Protection of State-Owned Buildings (480/1985): approximately 1,100 buildings and/ or sites; • Museums Act (729/1992) and Decree (1192/2005); • The Act on the Restrictions to the Export of Cultural Goods (115/1999); • The Church Act (1054/1993): churches and parish buildings constructed before the year 1917 are automatically protected. In addition, 50 churches of cultural and historic value built after 1917 are under official protection.

The cultural environment is also extensively referred to in other legislation, such as the evaluation of environmental effects, Nature Conservation Act, Forest Act, Water Act, road legislation and Land Extraction Act. They include statutes aimed at the protection and preservation of beauty and cultural values. Detailed information on Finnish legislation is available on the Internet at http://www.finlex.fi

44

Urban planning legislation The planning of land use is regulated by the Land Use and Building Act, which is the primary means to protect built heritage in Finland. The significance of built heritage and cultural landscapes in all land-use planning is strongly stressed in the Act. The protection of cultural heritage provided by the act is based, on one hand on direct plan stipulations, and on the other hand, on indirect means based on the steerage from mainly the community structure and its functions. Museum and environmental authorities can influence the contents of the plans e.g. through the official statements they issue.

• National objectives in land use Finland’s Council of State may approve of national objectives for land use and the structuring of areas. The National Land-Use Objectives ratified in 2000 and revised in 2008 note, among other points, that cultural and natural heritage values of national significance are to be preserved.

Land use must take into account the obligations of international agreements on the cultural and natural heritage and the rulings of the Council of State. Moreover, nationwide inventories are taken into account as starting points for the planning of land use.

• Regional plans The regional plan presents a general plan for land use in a region or part thereof. It is prepared by the regional council and ratified by the Ministry of the Environment. Regional planning communicates national objectives connected with the cultural environment to local planning and promotes the regional characteristics of the cultural environment.

• Master plans and detailed plans Municipalities draw up master plans, detailed plans and building ordinances for its area to organize the use of land and to specify building and development. Participation and impact evaluation are important parts of the planning process. All plans must be based on sufficient research and investigations, including impact on cultural environment.

• National urban parks National urban parks can be established to preserve and care for the aesthetic values of cultural or natural landscapes in the areas within urban environments or for related townscape, social, recreational or other special values.

• National parks Rulings on landscapes designated for care in accordance with the Nature Conservation Act can also have an impact on the cultural heritage.

National parks also involve cultural heritage.

1

The Act on the Protection of Buildings is currently under revision. The new act will overrule also the Decree on the Protection of State-Owned Buildings.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

International networks cooperation and fund-raising State cooperation with World Heritage institutions Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties International conventions on heritage ratified

The Ministry of Education and Culture participates in the work of major international organisations and regional councils, implements programmes and initiatives nationally, and supports expatriate activities. Also the EU external relations and its wide-ranging development policy offer a channel for cooperation with non-EU countries. The cooperation is also governed by bilateral cultural agreements and programmes.

The National Board of Antiquities’ international activities include public authority practices, cooperation between different research sectors and project work.

The most important international cooperation organizations that the National Board of Antiquities participates in are the Council of the European Union and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). Finland is currently (2010) chairing the EC’s Steering Committee for Cultural Heritage and Landscape (CDPATEP). Cooperation regarding the Baltic region’s cultural heritage takes a central position.

The Nordic cooperation emphasises work carried out by the bodies operating under the Nordic Council of Ministries.

State cooperation with World Heritage Institutions Finland ratified the Convention concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, 1972) in 1987. At present, the World Heritage List contains six Finnish World Heritage sites and one Natural Heritage Site.

• Verla Groundwood and Board Mill; • Bronze Age Burial Site at Sammallahdenmäki; • Fortress of Suomenlinna; • Struve Geodetic Arc; • Petäjävesi Old Church; • the Kvarken Archipelago.

• Old Rauma; With regard to the cultural heritage, the authorities in the Nordic countries have cooperated over a period of 20 years. Since the 1990s they have been joined in this cooperation by the Baltic countries. Operating in the Nordic countries, the World Heritage Foundation (a regional office of UNESCO) promotes the implementation of the World Heritage Convention in its area and the Baltic countries, and gathers funds for the care of the cultural heritage in third world countries.

Idenfication of cultural and natural heritage properties The National Board of Antiquities is responsible for listing the sites of national significance, both general and those applying to specific sectors.

The National Board of Antiquities has compiled an inventory of cultural-historical environments of national significance in 2009. There have been specific inventories in Finland of architectural and built heritage related, for example, to seafaring, railways and sawmills. Detailed inventories are carried out at the local and regional level.

The Council of State ratified Finland’s most recent tentative list of heritage sites in 2004. It was based on the global strategy approved by the World Heritage Committee. The selection sought types of sites that were insufficiently represented on the World Heritage List. Landowners, local and regional authorities and specialist experts were consulted at the preparatory stage.

45

FINLAND

As part of the implementation of the 1954 Hague Convention, the listing of cultural property to be protected at the time of crisis is currently under preparation.

International conventions on heritage ratified: • Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict UNESCO (ratified 1994, Second Protocol 1999); • Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Cultural Property (UNESCO) ratified 1999; • The World Heritage Convention (UNESCO) ratified 1987; • Unidroit Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (UNESCO) ratified 1999; • The European Landscape Convention (Council of Europe) ratified 2005; • Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe (Council of Europe) ratified 1992; • European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Council of Europe) ratified 1994.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: 46 • • • •

Institutions involved in heritage preservation Public access to heritage Raising awareness of your people Policy of digitisation and archives access

• Public access to heritage Many of Finland’s museums operate in buildings of architectural and historic value. People are able to visit medieval castles and many fortresses.

Information on these sites is also available. Churches and cemeteries are open to the public,too. There are also a few centres for the public presenting the archaeological heritage in Finland. Accordingly, particular attention has been paid to improving accessibility within the Finnish museums community in general.

Public rights in Finland allow free movement in forests and water areas. The country’s large forest areas contain many traces of human activity at different times.

One of the objectives of the restoration projects and projects for the care of antiquities is to improve access to sites and to provide more information.The cultural heritage is made known through the annually held the European Heritage Days and the National Archaeology Days.

• Raising awareness of your people “Cultural identity and the international perspective” is a thematic entity included in the curricular basis of basic-level education in Finland. Its purpose is to help pupils understand the nature of Finnish and European cultural identity, to discover their own cultural identity and to develop their interactive and internationally oriented skills.

In Finland teaching concerning the cultural heritage is given at schools mainly in history and arts subjects, but also integrated with other subjects, at so-called camp schools and on field trips.

The UNESCO School network of Finland also engages in cultural heritage education. The cultural heritage education strategy of the National Board of Antiquities was drawn up in 2006. The http://www.rakennusperinto.fi architectural heritage web service provides information and material on cultural heritage. Many museums also have their own teaching packages on the architectural heritage. The curricula of arts schools in different parts of Finland include architectural education also concerning the built heritage.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• Policy of digitisation The National Digital Library has been set up as a strategic target by the Ministry of Education and Culture. The measures correspond to the jointly agreed targets set by the European Union Member States on the digitising and electronic availability and long-term preservation of cultural materials and scientific information. Materials are distributed for access in the European Digital Library, Europeana, through the National Digital Library public interface.

The key aim of the National Digital Library project is to increase digitisation and availability in information networks of the originally physical library, archive and museum materials − documents, publications, photographs, audio and visual recordings as well as works of art, artefacts and materials on cultural environments. Transfer of indexing information in electronic format is also considered digitisation. The implementation of the project has emphasised systematic digitisation which takes into account collection and user needs. The aim of digitisation must be to make materials available through information networks when there are no legal limitations to their use.

The Ministry of Education and Culture supports digitisation activities with subsidies.

• Archives access There are several nation-wide site registers of the cultural environment, which are maintained by the National Board of Antiquities and environmental administration.

The registers of the National Board of Antiquities form the so-called cultural environment information system. They encompass the archaeological and built cultural environment. In addition, the system contains materials on the care and inventories of the cultural environment. This material is freely accessible for the public.

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country.

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • • • •

Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years Nature of protected sites Types of ownership Tourism statistics Heritage and tourism products in the state GDP Conclusions and recommendations

Statistical information on the protection of cultural heritage sites in Finland is not comprehensive in all respects. Of the protected architectural heritage sites, information is available only on those that are protected at the national level; information is not available on local and regionallevel protection, i.e. buildings protected in town and local plans. Estimates of the number of buildings protected through plans vary between 15,000 and 25,000.

At the national level the situation regarding protected sites is as follows: Building protection* Antiquities** Wrecks ** Total

Sites

Buildings

1,198

2,982

24,769 718 23,424

Source: The Cultural Environment Information System of the National Board of Antiquities. * Sites under the provisions of the Building Protection Act, protection by government decree (including preservation measures) and sites protected by agreement ** Ratified sites ** The figures include stray finds (142) and underwater structures (41).

47

FINLAND / FRANCE

Nation-wide land use objective areas Built environments of national significance

No. of sites

Total area

1,258

2,040 km2

Landscape of areas of national significance

156

7,300 km2

Total

1,414

9,340 km2

Source: The National Board of Antiquities, the Finnish Environment Centre

Although specific information is not available, the vast majority of the cultural heritage of Finland is owned by private individuals or corporations.

This also concerns antiquities, which belong to landowners, although the law limits measures applying to them. In principle, wrecks are the property of their owners, but where external conditions indicate that their owners have abandoned them, they are the property of the state.

Statistics on cultural tourism and tourism in general are compiled by the Finnish Tourist Board. Owing to differences in classification, it is difficult to make any direct comparisons with the care of the cultural environment, but the following groups with classifications of protected sites among others are more or less comparable: Groups of sites

48

Visitors 2001

Visitors 2006

Manors

84,004

235,155 (14 manor sites)

Special buildings

887,461

836,756

Castles and fortresses

1,043,571

1,054,973

Open-air museums

198,331

151,804

Churches and related sites

1,628,100

1,726,729

Total

3,841,467

4,005,417

*Source : Santasalo 2002. Matkailukohteiden kävijämäärät 2001. MEK E:44 2002. Helsinki.

The total volume of tourism in 2001 was 27 million visitors, with cultural heritage sites accounting for 14% of this figure. The significance of cultural heritage for tourism, however, is greater, since many sites have indirect impact on the value of cities as sights and their appeal, among other features.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

FRANCE The European Heritage Network, HEREIN comprises the European governmental departments responsible for heritage protection. It was set up pursuant to recommendation agreed upon by the European Ministers of Culture during a meeting in Helsinki, Finland in 1996. At that time, the Ministers expressed their wish to facilitate knowledge of European heritage by making a permanent cultural heritage information system available to the public, to administrations, to professionals and to contractors. During the Faro Conference in 2005, the Ministers expressed their satisfaction with the progress and development of this system. This system provides for the creation and updating of a comparative database on heritage protection policies in Europe and works in seven areas: • Outlook; • Stakeholders; • Funding; • Knowledge and Protection; • Conservation and Management; • Communication and Awareness Raising; • Digitising.

The network will soon comprise statistic indicators providing an improved comparison of the tools in use and the best practices in force in a number of countries.

This system is destined to be expanded and adapted to new geographic and thematic areas. Therefore, we believe it is judicious to link this questionnaire to the one developed by the HEREIN network.

1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration • Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people) In France, the concept of conservation of built heritage dates back to the last few years of the 18th century and was followed by the gradual implementation of regulatory systems in the first half of the 19th century. The French Protection System initially focused on the most remarkable buildings from the standpoint of history and art before being gradually expanded to include ensembles of monuments and full urban ensembles.

In the first half of the 20th century, specific legislation was enacted for the protection and enhancement of natural sites. In recent years the scope of protection has been substantially widened and now encompasses contemporary built heritage as well as expressions of intangible heritage. It is worth mentioning that in France the institutional protection regulation governing a cultural property in no way modifies the ownership of the said property, which may be under private or public ownership.

Until the early 1980s, French heritage policy was almost entirely managed at the state level. Starting with the first laws on decentralization up to 2009, responsibilities were progressively transferred to various territorial authorities and to the owners of the property in question. At present, the legislation provides that any work done on a protected property will give rise to a scientific inspection performed exclusively by the State authorities, while the financial burden is most often shared by the owners, the State and the different branches of territorial authorities.

49

FRANCE

In addition to the State heritage protection measures, a number of local authorities have enacted their own policy in the area of heritage inventory, conservation and use. Likewise, associations and non-governmental organizations play an important role, especially in alerting institutions about the risk of heritage being modified or destroyed.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) • Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation • National training structures

50

Although the French State is no longer the sole authority responsible for heritage management, it is the only entity having a comprehensive system which spans the entire national territory (both continental France and its overseas departments). In general terms, competence rests with two separate ministries: the Ministry of Culture for movable, immovable and intangible properties and the Ministry of the Environment, for natural sites and landscapes. Certain properties considered as mixed or composite are administered jointly by both Ministries. This is especially true of major properties, which are proposed for inclusion on the World Heritage List. The Ministry of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and the Sea, while responsible for landscapes and sites, also provides for the protection of coastlines and mountain areas. At the regional level, it works through decentralized departments known as the “Regional Departments of the Environment,” or DIREN. At present the Ministry of Culture and Communication comprises central administration and decentralized services at the regional and departmental (county) levels.

Central Administration: • Minister and the Cabinet members; • One General Secretariat and three General Directorates, each of which comprises sector directorates and sub-directorates. The General Directorate for Heritage comprises 4 departments: museums, archives, architecture and heritage; • A certain number of entities having the status of public establishments (operating mainly under public funding) under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture and Communication, e.g. large national museums (Le Louvre, Orsay) or heritage authorities with nationwide competence (preventive archeology: INRAP or construction services: EMOC).

Decentralized Departments: • Regional Directorates for Cultural Affairs (DRAC): In each of the 26 French regions, the French State has one DRAC which is organized on the blueprint of central administration (sectoral services or advisors). The heritage field is represented by an Archeology Department, a Historical Monument Department as well as a number of advisors in charge of archives and museums. In each French “department” (or county) the regional departments have under their auspices territorial service of architecture and heritage (STAP).

Respective competences of the various services: • Central Administration: defines and enforces general policy and coordinates administrative and international actions, prepares the budget and distributes funding to the Decentralized Departments, recruits and appointments personnel and solves problems; • Decentralized Departments: implement policy as defined by the Ministry, program cultural policy jointly with territorial authorities, carry out scientific and technical inspection, grant authorizations, manage budget and payroll and raise people’s awareness.

Training entities In the area of heritage, the Ministry is responsible for all the public schools of architecture (22 national superior schools of architecture) and for the

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

two specialized heritage conservation training centres (the National Heritage Institute – INP, which trains conservation architects and restorers and the Chaillot Centre for Advanced Studies – CEDHEC, which provides licensed architects with specialized training in the field of heritage.

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words such issues as: • • • •

Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) Personnel working on preservation NGOs and private stakeholders involved in preservation Voluntary initiatives

In France the majority of employees working for the State have a civil servant status. The remaining staff are agents under a private law.

Various structures include staff from a great many walks of professional life, e.g. administrators, conservators, engineers, architects, supervisory staff, etc. Central Administration employs a majority of staff with general competences, whereas technical personnel are chiefly found in public establishments and outside services.

In addition to agents working for the State, monumental heritage management occupies a large number of specialized professionals: heritage architects, architects in chief of historical monuments, contractors and artisans who are specialized in various heritage conservation and restoration-related trades and which have received recognized approval or qualification. Roughly 200 enterprises/contractors received QUALIBAT qualification in 2009 working in various trades such as roof framing, stonecutting, masonry, roofing and carpentry. There are approximately 9,000 jobs in the field of historical monument restoration, out of which 5,000 are on historical monument sites.

• NGOs Unquestionably, France takes active part in the work of the leading international organizations responsible for the heritage conservation and promotion, such as ICOM, ICOMOS, Europa Nostra, etc. Furthermore, it hosts a large number of associations whose prime vocation is heritage defense. These associations vary in size, they provide ongoing watch and are very active partners to all the stakeholders concerned.

In France, there is also another category of associations restoring old buildings which are most often heavily damaged. Most of these associations employ teenagers and students on a volunteer basis and, in this way, manage to save these buildings from ruin. The same type of associations also organize archaeological excavations. These initiatives usually take place under the direct scrutiny of the State, which sometimes provides financial aid. These associations are all non-profit ones and, for the most part, depend upon volunteer work even though the larger ones employ managers.

The Heritage Foundation is a very innovative initiative. It was set up in 1996 and raises private funds. With a wide network of delegates at the departmental (county) branch, it provides substantial backing for the rehabilitation of grassroots heritage, especially in rural areas.

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country? Please describe in 500 words such issues as: • Public and state funding • Regional and local government funding

51

FRANCE

• Private initiatives • Direct aid and tax relief

52

In the area of monumental heritage, aside from the total funding for the restoration of buildings which it owns, the State makes sizeable contributions to works on monuments belonging to local authorities or to private individuals. The rate of the subsidy allocated depends upon the urgency of the situation as well as the financial situation of the owner of the building. However, the State’s share is generally about 15% to 20% for the buildings inscribed on the subsidiary inventory of historical monuments and 40% to 50% for classed buildings. Moreover, in an indirect way, the State also helps private owners of historical monuments by granting them income tax deductions. When it comes to work carried out on monuments belonging to local, i.e. municipal authorities, then French territorial authorities, i.e. departmental or regional authorities can also provide funding to supplement that of the State. In this way, the amount to be shouldered by the owner may be as low as 10% to 20%. Thanks to the State’s policy to further patronage of the arts, and especially since the Enactment of 2004 Patronage of the Arts Legislation allowing for deductions of roughly 60%, a number of major restoration campaigns have benefited from donations by large private enterprises. Some of the companies provided substantial support via competency philanthropy schemes, whereby the skills of their specialized subsidiaries were allocated to restoration operations.

Moreover, the Heritage Foundation was brought into being in the 1990s thanks to the support of major French industrial groups. Its main role is to help conserve or rescue nearby public or private heritage, most often in rural areas, e.g. chapels, wash houses and rural houses, among others.

Owing to the sharp budget constraints currently in force in France, an Assistance Plan was initiated by the State in 2009 and extended to 2010 to provide support to companies and artisans specialized in the area of monumental heritage restoration. A number of recent studies have illustrated the significant impact of monumental heritage intervention investment upon the economic, touristic, social and cultural development of the territories in question.

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words such issues as: • • • •

National legislation in heritage preservation Urban planning legislation Regional and local regulations International memorandums and recommendations vs. state legislation

Before the Laws on Decentralization of the 1980s regulatory competence for heritage management and protection was under the exclusive auspices of the State (Ministries in charge of culture, environment and infrastructure). However, in spite of some limited transfer of competences to territorial authorities, French heritage regulations essentially remain under the auspices of the State. All French legislative and regulatory texts in this field dating back to the mid 19th century have, in recent years, undergone sweeping revision and are now compiled in a series of texts known as the Heritage Code and modelled after an urban planning code. Clearly, it is difficult to sum up in a few words the entirety of a relatively complex regulatory arsenal. It is, however, possible to set forth the main lines thereof: • French legal protection in the area of tangible heritage can pertain to properties of any size and any era, including the most recent, i.e. the second half of the 20th century; • Regulatory mechanisms are adapted to different situations: the archaeological protection of sensitive areas (preventive archaeology), historical monuments which are inscribed or classed for individual objects or buildings, even in the case of a property which is of considerable size such as a large estate; protection zones stretching over an area of a radius of 500 metres around immovable historical monuments, in certain cases adapted to specific requirements, e.g. protective zones surrounding architectural, urban and landscape heritage; and

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

safeguarded sectors for harmonious urban ensembles, especially in historical town centres; The legal protection of a cultural property applied pursuant to one of the aforementioned provisions will have no influence upon the regime of ownership. It will, however, engender certain responsibilities for its owner, public or private; • Scientific and technical inspection is carried out by the decentralized services of the State prior to the granting of any authorization for the demolition or transformation of all or part of a protected property; • In exchange for the easements and constraints arising from legal protection measures, the State will often provide financial aid which is direct (subsidies) or indirect (tax relief) to the owner who has conservation, restoration or enhancement work performed on the property.

The State may also, as public service, provide technical assistance to these owners in the form of expertise or advisory services.

Urban planning is, however, one of the main competences of local authorities (towns and communities of towns). The principal documents in the area of urban planning and town and country planning are the “Plans locaux d’urbanisme,” PLU (Local Urbanism Plans). They set forth the rules for ground occupation, both built and non-built, in terms of density, height of construction, social occupation and architectural appearance. They identify those buildings which receive State-initiated heritage protection as well as the various easements which arise therefrom (premises of historical monuments, protection zones, protected sites, etc.). Furthermore, acting upon the initiative of the local authorities, they can identify buildings or groups of buildings of particular heritage interest and submit them to specific rules of management.

•

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words such issues as: • • • •

International network cooperation and fund-raising State cooperation with World Heritage institutions Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties Ratified international conventions on heritage

The international and European priorities of the Ministry in charge of culture concern, among others, the strengthening of cultural diversity, the construction of Europe of culture, the dissemination of cultural industries internationally as well as welcoming cultures from abroad in France and training foreign professionals. Together, they form a framework for the actions engaged in by the General Directorate for Heritage in the field of archives, architecture, heritage and museums.

As France has long-standing experience in the field of heritage and numerous personnel of a high professional standard, it is increasingly called upon by other countries to help them frame their own heritage, museum and archive policy to enable them to conserve and promote these various types of heritage. Heritage, broadly speaking, is now of greater interest than ever all over the world as a factor of development and identity.

Our endeavor is to accompany and further this momentum in order to promote French know-how and share French knowledge and, furthermore, to propagate a conception of heritage which is of high quality, respecting its integrity and also the populations for whom it provides the living environment, providing a necessary balance between economic development, the social dimension and heritage conservation in keeping up with the Faro Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society (Council of Europe – 2005).

The Ministry of Culture encourages and supports the leading structured networks serving as European and international observatories in their endeavors in favor of cooperation, in their projects and their innovative initiatives, especially non-governmental organizations (ICOMOS, ICCROM, ICOM, UIA, etc.), European networks supported by the European Union or the Council of Europe (the HEREIN network, a tool for the comparison of heritage policies in Europe, the European Forum for architectural policy; the European Forum of Heritage Directors, etc). In recent years, world

53

FRANCE

heritage has become the focus of renewed interest. The existence of the World Heritage List, the diversification of the properties inscribed on the list and their increasingly complex nature (vast territories and series properties) today call for a more complex monitoring process and require that the States adopt special measures. The France-UNESCO Convention is an operational instrument which serves to further international cooperation through which France makes available technical and financial assistance to UNESCO. The Convention is a focal point for heritage management entities in France mobilizing them to intervene on the ground following requests submitted by different countries.

France has ratified the following conventions: • UNESCO: Protection of Cultural Heritage in the Case of Armed Conflict – 1954, Measures to Prohibit and Inhibit the Import, Export and Illicit Sale of Cultural Properties – 1970, Safeguard of Intangible Cultural Heritage – 2003; • Council of Europe: European Cultural Convention – 1954, Convention for the Safeguard of Architectural Heritage in Europe – 1985, European Convention for the Protection of Archaeological Heritage, revised – 1992 and the European Landscape Convention – 2000. The Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society (Faro Convention – 2005) still has not been ratified by France.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are the forms of education and research concerning heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words such issues as: 54 • • • •

Institutions involved in heritage preservation Public access to heritage Raising awareness of your people Policy of digitising and access to archives

Many universities provide specialized training in the area of heritage management which has evolved from the teaching of art history. The Ministry of Culture is in charge of the following institutions: • A number of Schools of Architecture which, for roughly ten years, have been providing specific training courses on the conservation and promotion of built heritage; • A school which is a part of the “Cité de l’Architecture et du Patrimoine” (City of Architecture and Heritage) providing a two-year post-graduate course to architects who wish to become specialized in monument restoration and historical urban ensemble preservation; • The National Heritage Institute which trains specialized conservators and restorers (built heritage and movable heritage alike).

In addition to these institutions, which focus upon the various trades of design and management, there are a host of schools, both public and private, which train technical artisans who do the following: masonry, roof framing, roofing, artwork, etc.

There are a great many research organizations in France which are governed by widely varying statutes. Most universities and schools of architecture have research laboratories, some of which specialize in heritage preservation-related fields, e.g. history, representation (especially virtual representation techniques), structural engineering, physical-chemical characteristics of materials, etc.

The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) also has a number of laboratories which work in these fields, sometimes in partnership with the Culture Ministry via “joint research units” (UMR).

The Ministry of Culture itself has two laboratories working mainly in the field of applied research, the “Research Laboratory for Historical Monuments,” and the “Center for theRresearch and Restoration of the Museums of France.” Furthermore, there are a number of private laboratories currently working in this area in France.

All the bodies of the Ministry of Culture, administrative, technical or scientific, implement a policy of dissemination and promotion of their actions through exhibitions, publications and conferences.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

Since the 1980s, the Ministry of Culture has initiated a number of gatherings devoted solely to heritage. This example has now been followed by most of the partners concerned, i.e. local and regional authorities, associations and private owners throughout France and sometimes in Europe as well. The European Heritage Days and the Rendez-vous aux jardins (Meetings in the Gardens) are just two examples of such gatherings.

The Centre for National Monuments (CMN) is a public institution under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture responsible for opening to the public State-owned historical monuments placed under the authority of the Ministry of Culture. Though relatively low in number, roughly one hundred, these monuments are often very prestigious, such as the Mont Saint-Michel, the Sainte-Chapelle and the Arc de Triomphe, just to name a few. They benefit from a vigorous presentation, promotion and cultural interpretation policy. In recent years, these monuments have become a confluence of cultures by housing temporary or permanent multi-faceted exhibitions of contemporary artistic creation. The Centre for National Monuments also has a subsidiary specialized in the publication of heritage books, Les Editions du patrimoine, (The Editions of Heritage). Every year, this house publishes some fifty books as well as several specialized magazines, such as “Monumental” and “Terrain.” In addition to the actions engaged in by the State organizations, local and territorial authorities, associations and private owners are also the driving forces behind an ever- increasing number of activities focused on the theme of heritage. These activities are given a very warm reception by the public. The mainstream media are aware of this strong interest on the part of their audiences and so accordingly devote a growing number of publication programmes to the subject. The best know television programme, “Des racines et des ailes” (Of Roots and Wings) is broadcast every fortnight.

55

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country. Please describe in 500 words such issues as: • • • • • •

Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years Nature of protected sites Types of ownership Tourism statistics Heritage and tourism products in the state GDP Conclusions and recommendations

France has a total of 14,367 classed historical monuments (of which 25 were classed in 2008) and 28,813 inscribed historical monuments (of which 278 were classed in 2008). Historical monument protection embarked upon a steady progression in the 1950s before levelling off in the 1980s (with roughly 1,000 protection ordinances per annum) and then tapering off slightly in the 1990s.

The Modern Eera, 16th-18th century, accounts for nearly half of all the protected buildings. Buildings from the Middle Ages account for 32.8%. The Contemporary Era, from the 19th to the 21st century, accounts for 16.5% of classed and inscribed historical monuments. 37.6% of the protected buildings are religious ones and 22.9% are domestic buildings. But the scope of heritage which is protected and especially which is being classed is broadening as can be seen with the presence of military architecture – 6.9%, civil engineering structures – 5%, industrial architecture – 1.1% and agricultural architecture – 2.9%. As of 2008, 49.5% of protected buildings and 34.6% of classed buildings were privately owned. In the same year, municipalities owned 43.4% of protected buildings and 55.6% of inscribed buildings. The remaining ownership of protected buildings breaks down as follows: the State – 4%, departments (counties) and regions – 1.9% and public establishments – 1.2%.

With roughly 80 million tourists every year, France is the world’s leading tourist destination. Tourism accounts for about 6% of French GDP. A lot of statistic data on tourism are available on INSEE’s (the National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies) tourism website: http://www. insee.fr/fr/themes/theme.asp?theme=13&sous_theme=5

FRANCE / GERMANY

A part of the national public statistics system, the Department of Prospective Studies and Statistics (DEPS) is the cultural socio-economic study service and the Ministerial Statistics Service (SSM) of the Ministry of Culture and Communication. Mandated by the INSEE, it is therefore the guarantor of respect for statistic rules and it embodies the principal survey body of the Ministry of Communication and Culture. It is specially tasked with performing socio-economic studies in the area of culture.

It publishes, among others: • The directory “Key Statistics for Culture” (e.g. “Chiffres clés 2010-Patrimoine et architecture” (Key figures 2010-Heritage and Architecture) published from data emanating for the database of cultural statistics which the Department of Studies, Prospective and Statistics developed jointly with all of the Directorates General of the Ministry of Culture and Communication and the public establishments under its auspices, services from other ministerial departments of the INSEE and many other professional bodies; • The statistic and thematic pages of the DEPS, e.g. “Une typologie de l’emploi salarié dans le secteur culturel” (Typology of Salaried Work in the Sector of Culture) in 2007. This collection was created in 2007 and presents quantified information for the field of culture and supersedes the “Notes de l’observatoire de l’emploi culturel” and the “Notes statistics” published by the DEPS.

56

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

GERMANY 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration The protection and preservation of monuments aims to elaborate fundamental principles and frameworks for the conservation of historic structures, to link such structures, where appropriate, with new architecture and new elements which are not to the detriment of the ensemble, and to open up long-term perspectives for these places, which are so important for the life and identity of society. The specialist discipline provides the foundations for this, but broad-based public acceptance is crucial for viable protection and preservation work. The state creates and guarantees the framework conditions for this.

At the beginning of the 21st century, the cultural heritage preservation in Germany is facing new challenges. The alleged and the real constraints of globalization and structural change and the ensuing pressure to change, but also a difficult financial situation of the public purse, are the determining factors here. So demands are being made for the protection and preservation at all levels: not only must they react, but they must also play an active part in emerging processes. Their position within the system of social values must be analysed and, if necessary, redefined and reshaped.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: In Germany, the protection and preservation of the cultural heritage is primarily a matter for the Länder (federal states). The structure and forms of organization of the cultural heritage authorities differ from one state to another. The Länder are responsible for passing laws on the protection and preservation of monuments and, in their capacity as the highest heritage preservation authorities, also for implementing the law.

In addition, the safeguarding and preservation of cultural monuments is one focus of the Federation’s cultural policy; there are various Federal programmes to this end. However, the main burden falls on the Länder, in line with their competences. Substantial funding also comes from the municipalities, churches, foundations and private owners of the monuments.

Legally regulated institutions at Land level The highest heritage preservation authority in the Länder is the responsible Ministry or Senate department. The Ministry or Senate department exercises supervisory control over its subordinate heritage preservation authorities and draws up the annual support programmes in collaboration with them.

57

GERMANY

In each case, the Land laws on heritage preservation provide for a central specialist supervisory authority, the Regional Office for the Preservation of Monuments (Landesdenkmalamt), which is responsible for all the specialist questions relating to the protection of historic monuments. The tasks of this specialist authority consist, in particular, of advising the subordinate authorities (rural districts, towns not belonging to rural districts and municipalities (only in North Rhine-Westphalia)) as well as the owners of the monuments and drawing up reports on all the issues relating to the protection and preservation of historic monuments. The Regional Office for the Preservation of Monuments represents conservation interests in all public planning and construction projects. In some Länder it is also responsible for keeping lists of historic monuments.

The higher historic monument authorities (district administrations) generally exercise a supervisory function in relation to their subordinate authorities. In some cases, they are also responsible for the monuments maintained by the Federation or Land, and sometimes also for making and updating lists of historic monuments.

The lower historic monument authorities (rural districts, municipalities) generally implement protection and preservation measures. Inquiries, applications, objections, etc. must be addressed to them.

The tasks of the various institutions are detailed in the Länder Monuments and Historic Buildings Acts.

• Other institutions

58

Besides these legally regulated institutions there are others which are engaged in the protection and preservation of historic monuments.

The Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany (KMK) has the job of promoting coordination on organizational and administrative matters. The responsible working group of the KMK includes representatives of the various Land ministries and deals with protection and preservation issues which are of general interest.

The German Cultural Heritage Committee (DNK) makes a key contribution towards ensuring smooth and effective cooperation between the Federation, Länder, municipalities and heritage preservation organizations, sometimes involving the media. The Committee was established in 1973. Its task is to promote attention to cultural heritage concerns in different areas of life. For this reason, it regards broadbased PR work for the preservation of the unique values of the cultural heritage as being one of its main focuses. Beyond this, it seeks to promote the interests of heritage protection and preservation on a cross-sectoral basis and to exert a decisive influence on the legal framework.

The Association of Regional State Conservationists (Vereinigung der Landesdenkmalpfleger) and its working groups represent the staff of the Regional Offices for the Preservation of Monuments. They advise the competent committee of the KMK. The Association serves as a forum for an exchange of professional experience and further training and formulates statements on fundamental issues relating to the preservation of the cultural heritage.

The Association of Regional Archaeologists (Verband der Landesarchäologen) represents the members of staff of the Regional Offices for Archaeology. This Association fulfils the same tasks as the Association of Regional State Conservationists, only for archaeological sites and artefacts.

The protection and preservation of historic monuments are also promoted by numerous public and private foundations (cf. Question 3).

• National training structures See Question 7.

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as:

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) See Annex I.

• Voluntary initiatives In addition to government endeavours to preserve the cultural heritage, volunteer engagement is an indispensable part of the protection and preservation of historic monuments. All laws on heritage protection and preservation aim to strengthen this engagement.

The voluntary commissioners for the preservation of monuments are a traditional institution anchored in the federal states’ cultural heritage laws. They are appointed by the heritage protection and preservation authorities in conjunction with the specialist authorities.

Further, most laws on the cultural heritage protection provide for regional councils on monuments (Landesdenkmalräte), which are advisory bodies generally answerable to the highest preservation authorities. In keeping with their function as lobbyists and expert bodies, their membership includes both interested specialists and representatives of the organizations and institutions the field of which intersects with cultural heritage preservation. Council members are unpaid.

Numerous associations, societies and private foundations have made it their task to protect the cultural heritage. However, at present, they have at present no statutory right of participation.

One example is the Community and Environment League (Bund Heimat und Umwelt in Deutschland, BHU), which was established in Dresden in 1904 and is one of the oldest citizens’ initiatives in Germany and an umbrella organization for the people active in regional associations.

It seeks to preserve the material and immaterial cultural heritage and to preserve cultural landscapes in Germany.

Other examples are the German Castles Association (Deutsche Burgenvereinigung), the German Society for the Study and Preservation of Windmills (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Mühlenkunde und Mühlenerhaltung e.V.), the German Society for Industrial Culture (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Industriekultur), Friends of the German Farmhouse (Interessengemeinschaft Bauernhaus e.V.), the German Foundation for Monument Conservation (Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz) or the Foundation for the Preservation of Industrial Monuments and Cultural History (Stiftung Industriedenkmalpflege und Geschichtskultur). There are also such associations, like the Karlsverein in Aachen seeking to preserve the city’s cathedral, which are committed to protecting and preserving individual buildings. Their work is funded by the subscriptions of their members, but also by donations, lotteries and grants from the Federation and Länder.

Particular mention should also be made of volunteer monument inspection services. These primarily support the owners of monuments and historic buildings. The monuments are inspected regularly, and not only are the findings used to plan future maintenance and preservation work, but any immediate repairs or work to ensure safety are carried out. In keeping with the Charter of Venice, Germany’s monument and historic buildings inspection services have laid down their principles in the 2004 Leipzig Resolution. Each inspection service is organized individually in its respective Land by a foundation or association. In 2004 the foundations and associations joined to form the umbrella organization Federal Association of Independent Monument and Old Buildings Inspection Services in Germany (Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft unabhängiger Denkmal und Altbauinspektionsdienste in Deutschland, BAUDID). BAUDID coordinates and promotes the development of uniform quality standards for inspections, training for inspectors and the criteria for the further development of the services.

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Public and state funding The preservation of the cultural heritage in Germany is financed first and foremost by the Länder; the Federation basically provides co-funding

59

GERMANY

for the preservation or restoration of cultural monuments of national significance or by dint of special legal regulations. According to a current survey by the offices of statistics of the Federation and Länder (2008 Cultural Indicators), EUR 409.1 billion was made available from general budget funds for the protection and preservation of the cultural heritage in 2005. Of this, 62.3% came from the Länder and 25.8% from the municipalities, including dedicated associations.

60

Promotion at Federal level: Promotion of monuments by the Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media The “Cultural Monuments of National Value” Programme is used to promote monuments, archaeological sites and historic parks and gardens which embody outstanding cultural, political, historical, architectural, scientific or urban planning achievements by the state, or which are the key to the cultural or historical development of Germany’s cultural landscape.

Between 1950 and 2009, some 570 monuments received support under this programme. From 2006 to 2009, the programme funded restoration measures across the country costing a total of approx. EUR 43 million.

In addition, the German Bundestag made available EUR 40 million in 2007 for a special programme for the protection of historic monuments. The Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media thus supports urgently needed preservation and restoration measures at valuable smaller monuments in cities and municipalities throughout Germany which embody or help characterize our country’s cultural heritage. A total of 284 monuments have received support under this special programme. These funds from the Federation are matched by contributions from the Länder, municipalities and owners.

A total of 29 preservation projects are receiving around EUR 18 million in support from the current economic stimulus package.

Investment in the cultural substance Since Germany’s reunification, the Federation has provided a large-scale support for heritage preservation in the new Länder, which boast a host of extraordinarily diverse cultural treasures. Large sums of money are spent on the restoration of major cultural institutions of supraregional importance, the so-called “cultural beacons”.

These “cultural beacons” include the Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation (Potsdam), the Foundation of Weimar Classics (Weimar) and the Bauhaus Dessau Foundation (Dessau). A not inconsiderable proportion of the EUR 28 million or so made available to these institutions by the Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media in 2008 went on measures to preserve the substance of cultural monuments.

At the end of 2007, the German Bundestag decided to provide a total of EUR 400 million in special funding.

Since 2002, the Federation has also been responsible for the overall financing of restoration and reconstruction measures in the capital, Berlin, for the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation. The Federation provides almost EUR 100 million a year to support construction measures by the Foundation. The main focus in this context is Berlin’s Museum Island, with its five major museums, which has been on UNESCO’s World Heritage List since 1999.

Promotion of monuments by the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development (BMVBS) Since 1991 the BMVBS has been making financial assistance available for the urban monument protection programme in the new Länder in order to preserve the many internationally, nationally and regionally important urban monuments there and to retain this urban building heritage for future generations. From 1991 to 2009, a total of approx. EUR 1.82 billion in Federal financial assistance was provided for measures in 199 towns in the new Länder. Following the success of the programme, it was introduced in the old Länder in 2009. The Federal funding available for the old Länder (EUR 30 million) has so far been used to support measures in 119 towns there. The Federation’s funding is complemented by money from the Länder and municipalities.

In addition, the BMVBS has set up a special programme for the 33 German World Heritage Sites (Promotion of Investments in National UNESCO World Heritage Properties), for which the sum of EUR 220 million has been allocated for the period 2009-2014.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

Foundations and sponsors Complementing the heritage preservation activities of the Federation, Länder and municipalities, numerous regional foundations and private foundations support the protection of the architectural heritage.

The German Foundation for Monument Conservation, established in 1985, has since 1990 concentrated its funding primarily on the new federal Länder. The money benefits town and village houses, town and monastery churches as well as technical structures and archaeological sites.

The financing for the Foundation’s activities comes not only from private donations but also from the GlücksSpirale lottery, some of the proceeds from which go to heritage preservation. All in all, the Foundation made available approx. EUR 410 million for some 3,400 monuments during the period 1991 to 2008.

The German Federal Foundation for the Environment promotes model projects to protect and preserve cultural monuments damaged by environmental factors. As well as participating in financing the projects, the Foundation also promotes regional projects and the development of monument-specific further-training courses. Since its launch in 1991 it has provided approx. EUR 120 million for some 600 projects.

The Wüstenrot Foundation, established in 1990, seeks to revitalize important monuments where there is a guarantee that they will then be used for the public. The Foundation has made available around EUR 30 million to date for its own projects and to promote preservation measures by third parties.

Since 1985 the Baden-Württemberg Foundation for Monuments (Denkmalstiftung Baden-Württemberg) has supported in particular citizens’ initiatives designed to preserve and care for cultural monuments. Land Baden-Württemberg contributed approx. EUR 36 million for the Foundation’s capital and purpose; other funding comes from donations. Since its creation, the Foundation has promoted around 1,000 projects to the tune of approx. EUR 44 million. Each year, around EUR 1.5 million goes on support for between 25 and 45 cultural monuments.

The North Rhine-Westphalia Foundation for Nature Conservation, Local History and Cultural Preservation (Nordrhein-Westfalen-Stiftung Naturschutz, Heimat- und Kulturpflege) was founded in 1986 along the lines of the UK’s National Trust. The Foundation focuses on nature conservation, the preservation of monuments, local history and cultural preservation, and particularly on small and medium-scale buildings which are of cultural or social significance or important for the region’s economic history. Since its establishment, the Foundation has contributed over EUR 200 million to support a total of 1,600 nature conservation, local history and cultural preservation projects in North Rhine-Westphalia.

Direct aid and tax relief In addition to the direct funding for the preservation of monuments provided by the Federal Government, the tax relief for construction and conservation measures provided for in the Income Tax Act is of tangible significance for the preservation of historic heritage structures. This tax relief makes it easier for property owners to finance the cost of conservation measures required by law. At the same time, it stimulates investment and supports SMEs. The Federal Government’s 20th Report on Subsidies, covering the period 2003-2006, details tax revenue shortfalls totalling EUR 117 million due to the offsetting of expenditure on construction and conservation work. Further tax relief or exemptions are provided for in the Land Tax Law and Turnover Tax Law. If monuments have been owned by one family for at least 20 years, or if they are on the list of nationally valuable cultural property, they are also exempt from inheritance tax and gift tax.

Furthermore, donations for the preservation or restoration of structural monuments or land monuments recognized in accordance with the respective regulations under Land law are special expenditure and can be offset up to a certain amount. Finally, grants given by companies for heritage preservation purposes can be regarded as offsettable operating expenditure.

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as:

61

GERMANY

• National legislation in heritage preservation The legislative competence for the protection and preservation of monuments lies with the Länder (federal states). It was merely as a supplement to this legislation that the Federal Government in 1980 passed the Act Requiring Heritage Protection to be taken into account in Federal Law. The legal basis for the protection and preservation of monuments is therefore regulated in the 16 federal states’ Monuments and Historic Buildings Acts. These define the nature of a monument and regulate responsibilities and access to monuments, as well as the tasks, rights and obligations of the public and the owners. The western Länder passed such Acts between 1971 and 1980, whereas the eastern Länder after Germany’s reunification, between 1990 and 1994. Some federal states are currently planning amendments to their Acts.

• Urban planning legislation

62

On the basis of a recommendation by the German Cultural Heritage Committee, an Act Requiring Heritage Protection to be taken into account in Federal Law was passed in 1980. This Act was designed, particularly with an eye to the international obligations the Federal Republic of Germany had entered into, to ensure that heritage preservation was adequately reflected in Federal law. As a result of the Act, heritage preservation requirements have now been introduced into a number of other Federal regulations.

For instance, heritage preservation requirements were added to the list of public concerns which need to be taken into account in any planning decision under, for example, the Regional Planning Act or the Land Consolidation Act. In the Act on Nature Conservation and Landscape Management, the protection of historical cultural landscapes and partial landscapes became one of the principles underlying Federal law in the field of nature conservation.

Further, the need to take account of the cultural heritage in all construction projects and other measures impacting on nature and the landscape was anchored at Federal level. Since 1990 the Act on the Assessment of Environmental Impacts has stipulated that cultural artefacts must be taken into account.

• Regional and local regulations The constitutions of most of the Länder stipulate that heritage preservation is a matter for the public and allocate responsibility for the protection of monuments to the federal state.

Depending on whether the federal state has a two- or three-tier administration, the responsible institutions can be the “lower heritage preservation authorities”, which mainly work at district level, but also at municipal level, the “intermediate heritage preservation authorities” at Land level (although these only exist in the larger federal states) or, finally, the “highest heritage preservation authorities” at the relevant Land ministry (or Senate in the city-states).

Alongside the heritage preservation authorities, the Länder have technical and scientific authorities (State Offices for Heritage Management) which prepare the decisions to list certain monuments: survey of the monument, preservation and restoration of state-owned monuments, (financial) assistance and advice for private owners, public relations work, compilation and updating of heritage lists.

It should be noted that preservation processes vary in different federal states.

Two different protection systems have emerged in the Länder heritage protection laws: the system of declaratory listing (so-called “ipso jure system”) and the system of constitutive listing (so-called “classement system”). The significance of a monument’s registration on the list or register of monuments depends crucially on the respective system.

Some Länder use the constitutive system. In this case, a monument’s listing takes place via a special legal action (administrative act) by the competent authority if it ascertains that an object fulfils the statutory requirements of a listed monument. So the registration of the monument in the register or list of protected monuments has a constitutive effect.

In other Länder, the protective provisions of the law apply to all the buildings, historic sites or objects which meet the legal definition of a “monument”, irrespective of whether they are entered on the list or not. This certainly holds true for heritage structures. In the case

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

of moveable monuments, these laws on preservation, which generally follow the declaratory system, also provide for protection via a specific legal action. Under the ipso jure system, inclusion on the heritage list merely has a declaratory effect.

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • International networks cooperation and fund-raising Germany is a member of various international and European organizations dealing with specific issues relating to heritage protection and preservation.

The UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage is the most important international instrument adopted for the protection of the cultural and natural heritage. Germany has 33 sites on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. The Federal Foreign Office coordinates all matters relating to UNESCO’s World Heritage Programme.

Other organizations: • ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and • EHHF (European Heritage Heads Forum) Restoration of Cultural Property) • EHLF (European Heritage Legal Forum) • ICOMOS International (International Council on Monuments and • HEREIN (European Heritage Network) Sights) and ICOMOS Germany • Europa Nostra Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties Ever since the protection and preservation of cultural properties was recognized as a governmental responsibility in the early 19th century, one prime task of the authorities concerned with the preservation of the cultural heritage has been to compile a complete inventory of such properties.

Because of the country’s federal structure and the related division of responsibilities, though, Germany has no such single inventory at national level. However, attempts are being made to compile one.

Since the early 1980s, work has been ongoing on an inventory entitled “Topography of Monuments in the Federal Republic of Germany” (Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland) with the aim of providing a systematic record complete with photographs and brief descriptions of all the monuments in Germany. Ultimately, the aim is to produce a national register of historic buildings and gardens in Germany which will serve as a basis for the implementation of international conventions for the protection of cultural property such as the Hague Convention. Over 100 volumes of the “Topography” have been published to date.

Another indispensable tool of great value, even today, is the “Handbook of German Monuments” (Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler). The first edition of this guide to the principal architectural monuments in Germany was published between 1905 and 1912. Since then, it has been regularly updated.

At Land level, the Ministries responsible for heritage preservation generally pass responsibil¬ity for compiling inventories to the specialist heritage preservation authorities.

A distinction must be made between the compiling of lists of monuments as the legal basis for listing them as heritage sites and the actual inventories, which are usually also drawn up by the specialist heritage preservation authorities as a scientific basis for managing the monuments.

The inventories – fundamental inventory, brief inventory or lists with pictures – differ, depending on their purpose. As well as general inventories, also there are increasingly thematic inventories, e.g. inventories of the industrial and Jewish heritage of North Rhine-Westphalia.

63

GERMANY

International conventions on heritage ratified Germany has ratified the following Conventions: • Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, The Hague, 14 May, 1954; • European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage, London, 1969; • Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, The Hague, 14 May, 1954; • Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, UNESCO, 14 November, 1970; • European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Revised), Valletta, 1992; • Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, The Hague, 26 May, 1999.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: 64

Training and research opportunities in the field of the conservation and management of World Heritage Sites are offered by the following university courses: • Postgraduate course on the protection of European cultural properties at the Viadrina European University, Frankfurt/Oder, leading to the degree of Master of Preservation of Cultural Properties, Monuments and Sites (www.ziv.euv-frankfurt-o.de); • UNESCO Chair in World Heritage Studies offers a Master’s degree course at Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus which explores the technical, socioeconomic, cultural, ecological and political problems associated with World Heritage protection and conservation (www. tu-cottbus.de); • As a Centre for the Preservation of World Cultural Heritage, the Hornemann Institute in Hildesheim offers special training and further-training courses for restoration professionals; • Many universities offer courses in cultural property management with particular reference to World Heritage; • A number of German universities offer courses and further training in heritage management and conservation; • Some universities in Germany have Chairs in Departments of Conservation and Restoration.

Since 1977 university courses in monument preservation have cooperated in the “Working Group on the Theory and Teaching of Monument Preservation”, an interdisciplinary association of university teachers and other specialists teaching and researching heritage preservation at universities and technical colleges. The Working Group, which currently has about 80 members in Germany and the neighbouring countries, aims to facilitate an exchange of experi¬ence and views. (http://www.uni-weimar.de/cms/architektur/dmbg/arbeitskreis.html) Public access to heritage The Land laws on heritage preservation generally also contain provisions on access to monuments. These stipulate that the owners of the monuments who receive public funding for restoration work must undertake to grant the public an acceptable degree of access to their properties.

Since 1993 Germany has participated in the European Heritage Days. On these days it is possible to visit cultural monuments which are otherwise not accessible to the public. The programme is generally reported in the local and regional media.

In addition, special sights are permanently signposted (e.g. with signs on trunk roads and motorways).

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

Public relations work to promote heritage preservation is carried out, among others, by the following: • German Cultural Heritage Committee; • German Foundation for Monument Conservation (e.g. coordination of the European Heritage Days in Germany); • specialist monument preservation authorities of the Länder and municipalities; • foundations, which publish information and pamphlets on their heritage preservation activities.

Raising awareness of your people Schoolchildren and young people in particular, are to be made more aware of preservation issues. Various institutions and organizations work to this end.

Examples: • In 1977 the KMK passed a recommendation that monument preservation should be covered in school curricula in order to raise children’s awareness of the protection and preservation of cultural monuments; • In many cases this recommendation has helped to ensure that the concept of heritage preservation is integrated as an element of environmental education, for instance in art, history, geography, social studies and science lessons. In some cases, special teaching materials have been developed in cooperation with the regional monuments authorities; • EU Pegasus Foundation project “Schools Adopt Monuments”; • “Denk! Mal – Zukunft mit Vergangenheit” competition for schoolchildren, run by the German Cultural Heritage Committee; • “Denkmal aktiv – Kulturerbe macht Schule” project for schoolchildren organized by the German Foundation for Monument Conservation motivates schools to integrate the concepts of cultural heritage and preservation into their curricula, develop appropriate teaching materials and act as point of contact for other interested schools. The DSD provides financial and personnel support; • UNESCO’s “World Heritage in Young Hands” initiative: a German translation of the teaching resources made available by UNESCO was initiated jointly by the national UNESCO Commissions of Austria, Switzerland and Germany and, thanks to funding from the German Foundation for Monument Conservation, was provided free of charge to all World Heritage sites, ministries of education and cultural affairs, teacher training institutions and UNESCO ASP schools in Germany, as well as – with the support of the Federal Foreign Office – to all German schools abroad; • World Heritage issues are an integral part of the work of UNESCO ASP schools in Germany. The UNESCO project schools have been involved in national and international seminars and other activities concerning World Heritage issues.

Almost all of Germany’s World Heritage sites also have their own education services targeting children and young people in particular.

Policy of digitisation and archives access The creation of the German Digital Library (GDL) as part of the European Digital Library (EDL, Europeana) is intended to improve access to cultural heritage. The GDL will network the databases of over 30,000 cultural and academic institutions in Germany (libraries, archives, museums, heritage conservation institutions) in order to make their material accessible to the general public. The GDL is due to begin operation as a prototype at the end of 2011.

Further, all the specialist monument authorities (regional offices of monument preservation) aim to digitise on the basis of a geographical information system.

In most cases, there is a trend towards cooperation with the regional surveying authorities within the framework of the digitised maps available there. Participation in this and other projects is extremely desirable for the regional offices of monument preservation, because it is here that the grounds for planning are drawn up and referred to by the planning authorities, which then have to take preservation concerns into account in their decision-making.

65

GERMANY

One pioneer in digitisation is the state of Bremen, which has a systematic, broad-based digital record of its monuments. The information in Bremen’s monument database is based on the state’s list of historic monuments.

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country.

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years There are approximately one million monuments in Germany. This figure includes individual monuments, urban ensembles and areas. Not all federal Länder have yet completed the process of enumerating their monuments or the process to grant them listed status.

• Nature of protected sites

66

According to the definition set out in the Länder laws on monument protection, cultural monuments deemed worthy of protection are objects, ensembles or parts of objects in the preservation of which there is a public interest on artistic, academic, technical, historical or urban planning grounds.

Given this legal foundation, cultural monuments deemed worthy of protection include not only artistically outstanding individual monuments (e.g. palaces, castles, manor houses, churches, monasteries, etc.) but also historic town centres and ensembles, historic parks and gardens, 20th-century settlements, industrial buildings, technical and transportation structures and moveable monuments. It is hard to calculate the total number of structures in Germany, because there are no statistics for public buildings, semi-public buildings or commercial, industrial or agricultural buildings. It can be estimated that there are about 19.5 million structures in the Federal Republic of Germany. So the proportion of monuments among this total figure is estimated at approx. 2.8% according to the Association of Regional State Conservationists in the Federal Republic of Germany.

• Types of ownership There are no national details about ownership structures. In some Länder the authorities do compile information on ownership or they content themselves with estimates.

• Tourism statistics The preservation and upkeep of the cultural heritage is an important part of regional structural promotion and, thus has also become a key element for tourism. The aim today is to attract lots of tourists to the less popular cultural monuments as well. Many tour companies offer city tours with special sightseeing trips. Local history associations also organize walks to local monuments (e.g. buildings or gardens). Regional and local foundations and citizens’ initiatives, in collaboration with municipalities, often arrange special programmes of events (music, theatre, lectures, etc.) in cultural monuments.

As is the case all over the world, visitor figures to outstanding monuments in Germany have increased sharply in recent years. This is particularly true for our palaces and castles. Particular mention should be made of the following (figures for 2007): • a total of 5 million visitors to the Bavarian palaces and castles, 1.4 million to Neuschwanstein alone (about 6,700 visitors a day at peak periods); • a total of 2.1 million visitors to the palaces and gardens in Berlin and Brandenburg, 428,000 to Sanssouci Palace; • approx. 1.2 million visitors to the palaces and gardens in Hesse.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

The most popular destinations also include Germany’s World Heritage sites and numerous towns with important historic town centres, e.g.

Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Münster, Görlitz or the Hanseatic cities, for instance Rostock. Also popular are the numerous themed routes (e.g.

Route of Brick Gothic in Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania).

ANNEX I: State and regional institutions responsibly for heritage preservation Der Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien (BKM) Dienstsitz des Kulturstaatsministers Bundeskanzleramt Willy-Brandt-Str.1 10557 Berlin Dienstsitz der Behörde in Bonn Graurheindorfer Str. 198 53117 Bonn Dienstsitz der Behörde in Berlin Stresemannstr.94 10963 Berlin Tel.: +49 (0) 30 18 681 0 Fax: +49 (0) 30 18 681 3821 Web: http://www.kulturstaatminister.de Mail: Poststelle@bkm.bmi.bund.de Sekretariat der Ständigen Konferenz der Kultusminister der Länder in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Lennéstr. 6 53113 Bonn Tel.: +49 (0) 228 501-0 Fax: +49 (0) 228 501-7 77 Web: http://www.kmk.org Mail: presse@kmk.org Deutsches Nationalkomitee für Denkmalschutz Geschäftsstelle bei dem Beauftragten der Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien Graurheindorfer Straße 198 53117 Bonn Tel.: +49 (0) 228 681 36 11 Fax: +49 (0) 228 681 38 02 Web: http://www.dnk.de Mail: Andrea.Pufke@bkm.bmi.bund.de

Vereinigung der Landesdenkmalpfleger in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland c/o Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Hessen Schloss Biebrich 65203 Wiesbaden Tel.: +49 (0) 611 6906-174 Fax: +49 (0) 611 6906-140 Web: http://www.denkmalpflege-forum.de Mail: k.bek@denkmalpflege-hessen.de Verband der Landesarchäologen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland c/o Landschaftsverband Rheinland Rheinsches Amt für Bodendenkmalpflege Endenicher Straße 133 53115 Bonn Tel.: +49 (0) 228 9834-162 Fax: +49 (0) 228 9834-119 Web: http://www.landesarchaeologen.de Mail: mail@landesarchaeologen.de Arbeitsgruppe Kommunale Denkmalpflege des Deutschen Städtetages c/o Deutscher Städtetag Lindenallee 13-17 50968 Köln Tel.: +49 (0) 221 3771-0 Fax: +49 (0) 221 3771-128 Web: http://www.staedtetag.de Mail: post@staedtetag.de Deutsches Nationalkomitee von ICOMOS Maximilianstraße 6 80539 München Postfach 10 05 17 80079 München Tel.: +49 (0) 89 2422-3784 Fax: +49 (0) 89 2422-1985-3 Web: http://www.icomos.de Mail: michael.petzet@blfd.bayern.de

Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz Koblenzer Straße 75 53177 Bonn Tel.: +49 (0) 228 95738-0 Fax: +49 (0) 228 95738-23 Web: http://www.denkmalschutz.de Mail: info@denkmalschutz.de Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt An der Bornau 2 49090 Osnabrück Tel.: +49 (0) 541 9633-0 Fax: +49 (0) 541 9633-190 Web: http://www.dbu.de Mail: info@dbu.de Bund Heimat und Umwelt in Deutschland Bundesverband für Natur- und Denkmalschutz, Landschafts- und Brauchtumspflege e. V. Adenauerallee 68 53113 Bonn Tel.: +49 (0) 228 2240-91 Fax: +49 (0) 228 2155-03 Web: http://www.bhu.de Mail: bhu@bhu.de

Baden Württemberg Wirtschaftsministerium Baden-Württemberg Theodor-Heuss-Straße 4 70174 Stuttgart Kontakt: Ludwig Ostberg Tel.: +49 (0) 711 123-1910 Fax: +49 (0) 711 123-2126 Web: http://www.wm.baden-wuerttemberg.de/ denkmalschutz-und-denkmalpflege/121175.html Mail: ludwig.ostberg@wm.bml.de

67

GERMANY

Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart Abteilung 8 - Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Berliner Straße 12 73728 Esslingen a. N. Kontakt: Prof. Dr. Michael Goer (stlv.

Abteilungsleiter) Tel.: +49 (0) 711 904-45170 Fax: +49 (0) 711 904-45188 Web: http://www.rp.baden-wuerttemberg.de/ servlet/PB/menu/1147353/index.html Mail: michael.goer@rps.bwl.de

68

Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart Referat Denkmalpflege Postfach 800709 70507 Stuttgart Tel.: +49 (0) 711 904-450 Fax: +49 (0) 711 904-45444 Web: http://www.rp.baden-wuerttemberg.de Mail: poststelle@rps.bwl.de Regierungspräsidium Karlsruhe Referat Denkmalpflege 46247 Karlsruhe Tel.: +49 (0) 721 926-4801 Fax: +49 (0) 711 926-4800 Web: http://www.rp.baden-wuerttemberg.de Mail: poststelle@rpk.bwl.de

Bayern Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Salvatorstraße 2 80327 München Kontakt: Dr. Andreas Baur Tel.: +49 (0) 89 2186-2650 Fax: +49 (0) 89 218-63208 Web: http://www.stmwfk.bayern.de/Kunst/ Denkmalschutz.aspx Mail: andreas.baur@stmwfk.bayern.de Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Hofgraben 4 80539 München Tel.: +49 (0) 89 2114-0 Fax: +49 (0) 89 2114-300 Mail: poststelle@blfd.bayern.de Abteilung Bodendenkmalpflege Kontakt: Dr. C. Sebastian Sommer Tel.: +49 (0) 89 2114-293 Fax: +49 (0) 89 2114-407 Web: http://www.blfd.bayern.de Mail: Sebastian.Sommer@blfd.bayern.de

Berlin Regierungspräsidium Freiburg Referat Denkmalpflege 79083 Freiburg i. Br. Tel.: +49 (0) 761 208-3500 Fax: +49 (0) 761 703-6844926-4800 Web: http://www.rp.baden-wuerttemberg.de Mail: poststelle@rpf.bwl.de Regierungspräsidium Tübingen Referat Denkmalpflege Postfach 2666 72016 Tübingen Tel.: +49 (0) 707 913-0 Fax: +49 (0) 707 913-201 Web: http://www.rp.baden-wuerttemberg.de Mail: Zentrale.Poststelle@rpt.bwl.de

Senatsverwaltung Berlin für Stadtentwicklung Oberste Denkmalschutzbehörde Am Köllnischen Park 3 10179 Berlin Kontakt: Manfred Kühne Tel.: +49 (0) 30 9025-1308 Fax: +49 (0) 30 9025-1665 Web: http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/ wohnen/denkmalschutz/index.shtml Mail: manfred.kuehne@senstadt.berlin.de Senatsverwaltung Berlin für Stadtentwicklung (Städtebaulicher Denkmalschutz) Württembergische Straße 6 10707 Berlin Kontakt: Gudrun Matthes Tel.: +49 (0) 30 9012-7583 Fax: +49 (0) 30 90 20 56 69

Web: http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/ wohnen/denkmalschutz/index.shtml Mail: gudrun.matthes@senstadt.berlin.de Landesdenkmalamt Berlin Altes Stadthaus Klosterstraße 47 10179 Berlin Kontakt: Prof. Dr. Jörg Haspel (Landeskonservator) Tel.: +49 (0) 30 9027-3600 Fax: +49 (0) 30 9027-3701 Web: http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/ denkmal/landesdenkmalamt/ Mail: landesdenkmalamt@senstadt.verwalt-berlin.de Landesdenkmalrat Berlin Oberste Denkmalschutzbehörde Am Köllnischen Park 3 10179 Berlin Tel.: +49 (0) 30 9025-1308 Fax: +49 (0) 30 9025-1665 Web: http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/ denkmal/landesdenkmalrat/index.shtml Mail: ldr@senstadt.berlin.de Stiftung Preußische Schlösser und Gärten BerlinBrandenburg (SPSG) Postfach 601462 14414 Potsdam Tel.: +49 (0) 331 9694-0 Fax: +49 (0) 331 9694-107 Web: http://www.spsg.de Mail: generaldirektion@spsg.de

Brandenburg Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur des Landes Brandenburg Dortustraße 36 14467 Potsdam Kontakt: Dr. Uwe Koch Tel.: +49 (0) 331 866-4950 Fax: +49 (0) 331 866-4903 Web: http://www.mwfk.brandenburg.de Mail: uwe.koch@mwfk.brandenburg.de mwfk@mwfk.brandenburg.de

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

Brandenburgisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologisches Landesmuseum Ortsteil Wünstorf Wünsdorfer Platz 4 – 5 15806 Zossen Tel.: +49 (0) 33702 7-1200 Fax: +49 (0) 33702 7-1202 Web: http://www.bldam.brandenburg.de Mail: poststelle@bldam-brandenburg.de Bereich Bodendenkmalpflege und Archäologisches Landesmuseum Tel.: +49 (0) 33702 7-1400 Fax: +49 (0) 33702 7-1401

Bremen Freie Hansestadt Bremen. Der Senator für Kultur Altenwall 15/16 28195 Bremen Kontakt: Dr. Hans-Joachim Manske Tel.: +49 (0) 421 361-2749 (über Almut Blome) Fax: +49 (0) 421 361-4091 Web: http://www.kultur.bremen.de Mail: Almuth.Blome@kultur.bremen.de Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Bremen Der Landeskonservator Sandstraße 3 28195 Bremen Tel.: +49 (0) 421 361-2502 Fax: +49 (0) 421 361-6452 Web: http://www.denkmalpflege.bremen.de/ sixcms/detail.php?gsid=bremen02.c.730.de Mail: office@denkmalpflege.bremen.de Der Landesarchäologe der Freien Hansestadt Bremen Ronzelenstraße 51 28359 Bremen Tel.: +49 (0) 421 361-3390 Fax: +49 (0) 421 361-3168 Web: http://www.landesarchaeologie.bremen.de/ sixcms/detail.php?gsid=bremen02.c.730.de Mail: office@landesarchaeologe.bremen.de

Hamburg

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg Kulturbehörde/Denkmalschutzamt Imstedt 18 – 20 22083 Hamburg Kontakt: Frank P. Hesse Tel.: +49 (0) 40 42863-2733 Fax: +49 (0) 40 42863-3651 Web: www.kulturbehoerde.hamburg.de Mail: frank.hesse@kb.hamburg.de

Ministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur des Landes Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Werderstraße 124 19055 Schwerin Kontakt: Katerina Schumacher Tel.: +49 (0) 385 588-7401 Fax: +49 (0) 385 588-7087 Web: http://www.regierung-mv.de/cms2/ Regierungsportal_prod/Regierungsportal/de/bm/ index.jsp Mail: K.Schumacher@bm.mv-regierung.de

Helms-Museum Hamburger Museum für Archäologie und die Geschichte Hamburgs Abteilung Bodendenkmalpflege Museumsplatz 2 21073 Hamburg Kontakt: Dr. Elke Foerst Tel.: +49 (0) 40 42871-3690 Fax: +49 (0) 40 77170-2684 Web: http://www.helmsmuseum.de Mail: elke.foerst@helmsmuseum.de

Landesamt für Kultur und Denkmalpflege Abteilung Archäologie und Denkmalpflege Domhof 4/5 19055 Schwerin Tel.: +49 (0) 385 58879-111 Fax: +49 (0) 385 58879-344 Web: http://www.kulturwerte-mv.de Mail: poststelle@kulturerbe-mv.de

Niedersachsen Hessen Hessisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst Rheinstraße 23 – 25 65185 Wiesbaden Kontakt : Dr. Reinhard Dietrich Tel.: +49 (0) 611 32-3463 Fax: +49 (0) 611 32-3499 Web: http://www.hmwk.hessen.de Mail: R.Dietrich@hmwk.hessen.de Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Hessen Schloss Biebrich 65203 Wiesbaden Tel.: +49 (0) 611 6906-0 Fax: +49 (0) 611 6906-140 Web: http://www.denkmalpflege-hessen.de Mail: denkmalamt.hessen@denkmalpflegehessen.de Abteilung Archäologie und Paläontologie Tel.: +49 (0) 611 6906-131 Fax: 49 (0) 611 6906-137 Mail :archaeologie.wiesbaden@denkmalpflegehessen.de

Niedersächsisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur Leibnizufer 9 30169 Hannover Kontakt: Wilhelm Lucka Tel.: +49 (0) 511 120-2579 Fax: +49 (0) 511 120-99-2579 Web: http://www.mwk.niedersachsen.de Mail: Wilhelm.Lucka@mwk.niedersachsen.de Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Scharnhorststraße 1 30175 Hannover Tel.: +49 (0) 511 925-50 Fax: +49 (0) 511 925-5328 Web: http://www.denkmalpflege.niedersachsen. de Mail: denkmalpflege@nld.niedersachsen.de Referat Archäologie Tel: +49 (0) 511 925-5301 Fax: +49 (0) 511 925-5296 Mail: archaeologie@nld.niedersachsen.de

69

GERMANY

Nordrhein-Westfalen Ministerium für Bauen und Verkehr des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen Jürgensplatz 1 40219 Düsseldorf Kontakt: Dr. Birgitta Ringbeck Tel.: +49 (0) 211 3843-5241 Fax: +49 (0) 211 3843-935241 Web: http://www.mbv.nrw.de Mail: birgitta.ringbeck@mbv.nrw.de Kontakt (Bodendenkmalpflege): Dr. Thomas Otten Tel.: +49 (0) 0211 3843 5242 Fax: +49 (0) 211 3843-935242 Mail: thomas.otten@mbv.nrw.de

70

Rheinisches Amt für Denkmalpflege Abtei Brauweiler Ehrenfriedstraße 19 50259 Pulheim Tel.: +49 (0) 2234 9854-0 Fax: +49 (0) 2234 9854-325 Web: http://www.denkmalpflegeamt.lvr.de Mail: info.denkmalpflegeamt@lvr.de Rheinisches Amt für Bodendenkmalpflege Endenicher Straße 133 53115 Bonn Tel.: +49 (0) 228 9834-0 Fax: +49 (0) 228 9834-119 Web: http://www.bodendenkmalpflege.lvr.de Mail: RAB@lvr.de Römisch-Germanisches Museum Archäologische Bodendenkmalpflege und Bodendenkmalschutz Roncalliplatz 4 50667 Köln Tel.: +49 (0) 221 221-24438 Fax: +49 (0) 221 221-24030 Web: http://www.museenkoeln.de/roemischgermanisches-museum Mail: roemisch-germanisches-museum@stadtkoeln.de LWL – Amt für Denkmalpflege in Westfalen Fürstenbegerstraße 15 48147 Münster

Tel.: +49 (0) 251 591-01 Fax: +49 (0) 251 591-4036 Web: http://www.lwl.org/LWL/Kultur/WAfD/ Mail: afdw@lwl.org LWL – Archäologie für Westfalen An den Speichern 7 48157 Münster Tel.: +49 (0) 251 591-8801 Fax: +49 (0) 251 591-8805 Web: http://www.lwl-archaeologie.de Mail: lwl-archaeologie@lwl.org

Rheinland-Pfalz Ministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Jugend und Kultur Mittlere Bleiche 61 55116 Mainz Kontakt: Dr. Volker Hartmann Tel.: +49 (0) 6131 16-2747 Fax: +49 (0) 6131 16-172747 Web: http://www.mbwjk.rlp.de Mail: volker.hartmann@mbwjk.rlp.de Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbes RheinlandPfalz Schillerstraße 44 55116 Mainz Tel.: +49 (0) 6131 2016-0 Fax: +49 (0) 6131 2016-111 Web: http://gdke-rlp.de Mail: lad@landesdenkmalamt.rlp.de Direktion Archäologie Große Langgasse 29 55116 Mainz Tel.: +49 (0) 6131 2016-300 Fax: +49 (0) 6131 2016-333 Web: http://www.archaeologie-mainz.de Mail: archaeologie-mainz@t-online.de

Saarland Ministerium für Umwelt des Saarlandes Keplerstraße 18 66117 Saarbrücken

Kontakt: Dr. Josef Baulig Tel.: +49 (0) 681 50124-44 Fax: +49 (0) 681 50124-78 Web: www.denkmal.saarland.de Mail: poststelle@denkmal.saarland.de

Sachsen Sächsisches Staatsministerium des Inneren Wilhelm-Buck-Straße 2-4 01097 Dresden Kontakt : Anita Eichhorn Tel.: +49 (0) 351 564-3510 Fax: +49 (0) 351 564-3509 Web: http://www.smi.sachsen.de Mail: anita.eichhorn@smi.sachsen.de Sächsisches Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst Wigardstraße 17 01097 Dresden Kontakt: Dr. Klaus Riedel Tel.: +49 (0) 351 564-46220 Fax: +49 (0) 351 451006220 Web: http://www.smwk.sachsen.de Mail: regina.loetsch@smwk.sachsen.de Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Sachsen Schloßplatz 1 01067 Dresden Tel.: +49 (0) 351 48430-400 Fax: +49 (0) 351 48430-499 Web: http://www.denkmalpflege.sachsen.de Mail: post@lfd.smi.sachsen.de Landesamt für Archäologie Sachsen – Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Dresden Zur Wetterwarte 7 01109 Dresden Kontakt: Dr. Regina Smolnik oder Rainer Büchsenstein Tel.: +49 (0) 351 8926-601 Fax: +49 (0) 351 8926-666 Web: http://www.archsax.sachsen.de/Verwaltung Mail: info@lfa.sachsen.de

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

Sachsen-Anhalt

Schleswig-Holstein

Thüringen

Kultusministerium des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt Referat 53 Turmschanzenstraße 32 39114 Magdeburg Kontakt: Ingo Mundt Tel.: +49 (0) 391 567-3635 Fax: +49 (0) 391 567-3855 Web: http://www.mk.sachsen-anhalt.de Mail: ingo.mundt@mk.lsa-net.de

Der Ministerpräsident des Landes SchleswigHolstein - Staatskanzlei Postfach 7122 24171 Kiel Kontakt: Raju Sharma Tel.: +49 (0) 431 988-5847 Fax: +49 (0) 431 988-6115847 Web: http://www.stk.landsh.de Mail: rajuSharma@stk.landsh.de

Thüringer Kultusministerium Referat 53 Postfach 900463 99107 Erfurt Kontakt: Stefan Biermann Tel.: +49 (0) 361 3794-120 Fax: +49 (0) 361 3794-005 Web: http://www.thueringen.de/de/tmbwk/ content.asp Mail: stefan.bierman@tkm.thueringen.de

Landesamt für Denkmalpflege SchleswigHolstein Wall 47/51 24103 Kiel Tel.: +49 (0) 431 69677-60 Fax: +49 (0) 431 69677-61 Web: http://www.denkmal.schleswig-holstein.de Mail: denkmalamt@ld.landsh.de

Thüringisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Petersberg Haus 12 99084 Erfurt Tel.: +49 (0) 361 3781-300 Fax: +49 (0) 361 3781-390 Web: http://www.thueringen.de/denkmalpflege Mail: Post.Erfurt@tlda.thueringen.de

Archäologisches Landesamt Schleswig-Holstein Brockdorff-Rantzau-Str. 70 24837 Schleswig Tel.: +49 (0) 4621 387-0 Fax: +49 (0) 4621 387-55 Web: http://www.archaeologie.schleswig-holstein. de Mail: alsh@alsh.landsh.de

Archäologische Denkmalpflege Humboldtstraße 11 99423 Weimar Tel.: +49 (0) 3643 8183-10 Fax: +49 (0) 3643 8183-90 Mail: Post.Weimar@tlda.thueringen.de

Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt - Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Richard-Wagner-Straße 9 06114 Halle/Saale Abteilung Bau- und Kunstdenkmalpflege Tel.: +49 (0) 345 2939-711 Fax: +49 (0) 345 2939-715 Web: http://www.lda-lsa.de Mail: uwendland@lda.mk.sachsen-anhalt.de Abteilung Bodendenkmalpflege Tel.: +49 (0) 345 5247-386 Fax: +49 (0) 345 5247-351 Mail: vdresely@lda.mk.sachsen-anhalt.de

Hansestadt Lübeck - Bereich Archäologie und Denkmalpflege Abteilung Denkmalpflege Königstraße 21 23552 Lübeck Tel.: +49 (0) 451 122-4802 Fax: +49 (0) 451 122-4890 Mail: denkmalpflege@luebeck.de Abteilung Archäologie Meesenring 8 23566 Lübeck Tel.: +49 (0) 451 122-7151 Fax: +49 (0) 451 122-1394 Mail: archaeologie@luebeck.de

71

GREECE

GREECE 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration • Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people)

72

The protection of cultural heritage has been a priority of public policy in Greece, as it is referred in Article 24 of the Greek Constitution and the provisions of the Law 3028/2002 ‘On the Protection of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage in General’, which form the basic heritage legislation in Greece.

Therefore, the Hellenic Ministry of Culture, founded in 1971, is responsible for the legal and physical protection of tangible and intangible heritage of the country, from ancient times up to the present day, according to the aforementioned Archaeological Law. The cultural heritage of the country consists of cultural objects found within the boundaries of Greek territory, including territorial waters and other maritime zones over which Greece exercises relevant jurisdiction, in accordance with international law. The term ‘cultural heritage’ also includes intangible cultural heritage.

Within the framework of international law, the Greek State also takes care of cultural objects originating from Greek territory, whenever they have been removed from it, as well as of cultural objects, which are historically connected with Greece, wherever they are located.

Summarising, the Hellenic Ministry of Culture, via the competent Archaeological Service, aims at: • The protection and enhancement of monuments (tangible or intangible) and sites: preservation and prevention of destruction, disfigurement or, in general, any kind of direct or indirect damage to them, through restorations, excavations, conservation, prevention of illegal excavations, theft and illegal export etc, also by controlling building activities and interventions carried out in protected areas (archeological and historical sites) and their surroundings or on monuments; • The identification, research, recording, documentation and digitisation of records of all monuments; • The improvement of public access and visitors’ facilities; • The promotion of Cultural Heritage; • The sensitisation and raising awareness of the population; • The implementation of measures for the development of sustainable tourism, so as to reinforce the region and local economy without harming the protected sites and monuments; • The support of proposals and solutions ecologically and culturally sustainable, regarding the significance of the environment and generally the surroundings of the cultural properties; • The coordination between research foundations working on World Heritage and cultural heritage in general.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as:

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) • Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation • National training structures The Hellenic Ministry of Culture is the main governmental body responsible for the issuing, administrating and implementing policies on cultural heritage and the arts in Greece. On the basis of the Archaeological Law, the Ministry of Culture is divided into various Directorates and Departments (as far as it concerns the Central Service) and Regional Services, as well as Special Regional Services, each one being responsible for different sectors concerning the protection, restoration, conservation, documentation, configuration and management of cultural heritage.

Central Service: • Directorates General; • Directorates; • Departments.

Regional Services: • Ephorates of Antiquities including 39 Ephorates of Prehistoric & Classical Antiquities and 28 Ephorates of Byzantine Antiquities.

Special Regional Services: • Ephorate of Antique Dealers & Private Archaeological Collections; • Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities; • Ephorates of Palaeoanthropology – Speleology (2); • Archaeological Institutes (6); • Museums.

Any work executed in a protected area, on monuments or close to them, needs prior authorization from the Service, after consultation with the competent (Central or Regional) Council, depending on the size and the significance of the work and the project. Therefore, the Central Administration and the Regional Services work in close collaboration with the scientific advisory bodies, which are: • The Central Archaeological Council for Monuments and Sites (for the monuments dated from antiquity to 1830); • The Central Council for Monuments (for the monuments dated from 1830-1910); • The Council of Museum Policy; • The Regional/Local Archaeological Councils.

The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change also retains the authority to list monuments. In addition, it has an obligation to take into consideration the protection of the cultural environment at all stages of a town and country planning, environmental and development plans or plans of equivalent effect.

According to the Greek Law on Regional Planning, heritage conservation and management is exempt from the allocation of competences to regional authorities. Local authorities have a limited responsibility on heritage matters. Relevant legislation (laws and codes) provides them with the right to repair and restore traditional houses and historic buildings granted or ceded to them for cultural or social benefit purposes.

However, local authorities cannot determine the use of the monuments or proceed to any sort of intervention, without the consent of the Minister of Culture. They can also submit propositions and relevant studies to the decentralized services of the Ministry of Culture through the local planning process, which also need to be approved.

The specialists working on the protection of cultural heritage such as archaeologists, architects, mechanics and conservators should have at least a university degree, often followed by post-degree studies, which secure special knowledge on a certain scientific field. However, postdegree studies are not obligatory. Graduates from both universities and Technological Educational Institutions (T.E.I) can work as conservators, provided they are registered in the Association of Conservators of Antiquities and Works of Art. Similarly, architects and mechanics should be members of the Technical Chamber of Greece in order to be issued a licence to work in that profession.

73

GREECE

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) Personnel working on preservation NGOs and private stakeholders involved in the preservation Voluntary initiatives

Central Service: Address: 20-22 Bouboulinas str. 10682 Athens, Greece • •

74 •

Minister’s Office Email: minoff@culture.gr Secretary General’s Office Email: gsecoff@culture.gr General Directorate of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage (GDA) Email: gda@culture.gr

•

• •

General Directorate for the Restoration, Museums and Technical Works (GDAMTE) Email: gdamte@culture.gr General Directorate of Contemporary Culture Email: gdsp@culture.gr General Directorate of Administrative Support Email: gddy@culture.gr

Regional Services: Ephorates of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Ephorates of Byzantine Antiquities, Ephorates of Modern Monuments, Services of Modern Monuments and Technical Works.

Information on the regional services of the Ministry (total number: 67) can be found either on the website of the Greek Ministry of Culture and Tourism www.yppo.gr (only in Greek) or through the General Directorates (GDA and GDAMTE).

Special Regional Services: • •

•

•

•

Ephorate of Antique Shops and Private Collections Address: 13 Polignotou str., 10555 Athens, Greece Email: eais@culture.gr Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities Address: 30 Kallisperi str., 11742 Athens, Greece Email: eena@culture.gr Ephorate of Paleoanthropology-Speleology of Southern Greece Address: 34B Ardittou str., 11636 Athens, Greece Email: epsne@culture.gr Ephorate of Paleoanthropology-Speleology of Northern Greece Address: 28 Navarinou str., 55131 Kalamaria, Greece Email: epsbe@culture.gr

•

•

•

Archaeological Institute of Macedonian and Thracian Studies Address: Rotoda, Ag. Georgiou Sq., 54009 Thessaloniki, Greece Email: aimths@culture.gr Archaeological Institute of Thessalian Studies Address: 74-76 Gambeta str., 38221 Volos, Greece Email: aiths@culture.gr Archaeological Institute of Peloponnesian Studies Address: 211 Kalavryton str., 22100 Tripoli, Greece Email: aips@culture.gr Archaeological Institute of Epirus Studies Address: 16 Papazoglou str. and Kaniggos str., 45444 Ioannina, Greece Email: aihs@culture.gr

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

•

•

•

•

•

Archaeological Institute of Aegean Studies| Address: M. Alexandrou Sq. Palaia Poli, 85100 Rhodes, Greece Email: aias@culture.gr Archaeological Institute of Cretological Studies Address: 54 Merambellou str., 71202 Herakleion, Greece Email: aik@culture.gr National Archaeological Museum Address: 44 Patission str., 10682 Athens, Greece Email: eam@culture.gr Byzantine and Christian Museum Address: 22 Vas. Sofias str., 10675 Athens, Greece Email: bma@culture.gr Numismatic Museum Address: 10-12 El. Venizelou str., 10671 Athens, Greece Email: nm@culture.gr

•

•

•

•

•

Epigraphic Museum Address: 1 Tositsa str., 10682 Athens, Greece Email: ema@culture.gr Archaeological Museum of Thessalonica Address: 6 M. Andronikou str., 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece Email: amth@culture.gr Museum of Byzantine Civilization Address: 2 Stratou Avenue, 54013 Thessaloniki, Greece Email: mbp@culture.gr Heraklion Archaeological Museum Address: Xanthoudidou and Hatzidaki str., 71202 Herakleion, Greece Email: amh@culture.gr Museum of Asian Art Address: Palaia Anaktora, 49100 Corfu, Greece Email: mast@culture.gr

Apart from the services of the Ministry, there are also private and state institutions, as well as NGOs, that are directly involved in heritage preservation. Each institution deals with a specific area. The Archaeological Society of Athens, the Christian Archaeological Society, the Hellenic Institute of Marine Archaeology and the Hellenic Society for Archaeometry-Demokritos Centre for Research are archaeologically orientated and each of them is specialized either in a particular era or a specific area of archaeological research. As far as museums are concerned, but still with a strong interest in archaeology, there are also the Association of Friends of the Acropolis and the Nikolaos P. Goulandris FoundationMuseum of Cycladic Art. Both institutions are active in conducting research as well as publishing. The Hellenic Society for the Protection of the Environment and Cultural Heritage (Elliniki Etairia) and the Hellenic Institute of Architecture are active in architectural heritage preservation often extending their spectrum in environmental issues. Moreover, there are also the Institute for Balkan Studies, orientated in rich Balkan heritage to be found in Greece, the Foundation of the Hellenic World (IME) along with the Cultural Centre ‘Hellenic Cosmos’, which is very active in educational programmes. And finally, there is the Melina Mercouri Foundation, that was established for the promotion of Greek culture in Greece and abroad.

As far as the permanent staff of the Ministry of Culture is concerned, there are 943 archaeologists, 9 museologists, 6 art historians, 28 conservators, 11 ethnographers, 247 architects, 52 civil engineers and 24 topographers. These figures are indicative, since there might be more specialised staff in each department, whereas many posts are filled on a yearly basis with short term contracts.

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Public and state funding Regional and local governments funding Private initiatives Direct aid and tax relief

The Ministry of Culture and Tourism is the main financial contributor to the protection and management of our cultural heritage. It secures the necessary funding by various economic resources, such as: • National Funds made available to the Ministry of Culture by the Greek State annually;

75

GREECE

76

• Funds provided by the Community Support Frameworks (European Union); • European Programmes; • Cultural Sponsorship; • Collaboration with organizations supervised by the Ministry of Culture.

The Ministry of Culture also supervises a series of bodies whose obligation is to develop and implement specific programmes concerning cultural heritage. Those legal entities operate and manage their own budget according to their annual action plan. Examples of these are: • The Finance Management Fund for Archaeological Projects. It is a Legal Entity of Private Law, founded to facilitate the execution of large scale archaeological and conservation projects; • The Archaeological Receipts Fund. It is a Legal Entity of Public Law that collects and manages the revenues from the admission fees to archaeological sites and museums. It also exploits museum shops and cafés.

Additionally, there are some bodies functioning as Legal Entities of Private Law, supervised by the Hellenic Ministry of Culture, and closely cooperating with it, such as: • The Hellenic Culture Organization Society Anonymous; • The European Centre of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Monuments; • The Hellenic Foundation for Culture; • The Organization for the Promotion of Greek Civilization plc.

The Ministry of Culture, through its competent administrative units, coordinates and often collaborates with the regional authorities (prefectures, municipalities) in order to claim funding by the Community Support Frameworks.

Furthermore, the Ministry of Culture authorises Project Contracts with other Ministries (for example, the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change) and local authorities (prefectures, municipalities) in order to execute large scale programmes, concerning basically the improvement of the current state and function of the monuments which are actively involved with social life, giving immediate priority to the monuments inscribed on the World Heritage List.

Certain legislation anticipates tax incentives in order to promote the protection of cultural heritage on behalf of individuals.

More specifically, commercial enterprises get beneficial incentives on their gross income equivalent to the value of movable monuments assigned through donation to the state or recognised museums. Moreover, tax exemptions are granted to the owners of immovable monuments.

These measures also anticipate that in case of inheritance tax, bequest or donation concerning movable monuments or “recent” monuments, such as buildings of traditional architecture, traditional settlements etc., the corresponding tax can be defrayed in kind, through the transfer of monuments or art works of the same value. Law 2459/1997 (Article 23) stipulates that a real estate property in an unconstructed archaeological zone seized by the Archaeological Service can be exempt from taxation by 50% of its value.

A recent Law 3525/2007 “On Cultural Sponsorship” contains provisions to encourage private responsibilities. According to Article 12, the financial amount or the service’s value offered as a cultural donation, after its monetary evaluation by a special evaluating committee, is fully exempt from the taxpayer’s taxable income or the enterprise’s gross income. The total exempt amount cannot exceed 30% of the total taxable income or the net gain resulting from the account books of the enterprise making the donation.

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • National legislation in heritage preservation • Urban planning legislation

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• Regional and local regulations • International memorandums and recommendations vs state legislation Article 24 of the Greek Constitution stipulates the protection of the natural and cultural environment in the frame of sustainability. In accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, the Archaeological Law 3028/2002 ‘On the Protection of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage in General’, which replaced the former Law 5351/1932, is the basic heritage legislation in Greece.

Greece has ratified a number of international conventions and recommendations. The aforementioned Archaeological Law has incorporated general principles and recommendations of the Granada and the Valletta Conventions, as well as recommendations of the Council of Europe, texts by UNESCO, ICOMOS, ICOM, ICCROM and IUNC regarding particular practices and standards.

The protection of the cultural environment should be taken into consideration at all stages of a town and country planning, environmental and development plans or plans of equivalent effect, according to the Archaeological Law no. 3020/2002 (Article 3, par 2), also Law no. 2508/1997 “On Sustainable Development of Towns and Settlements” and Law no. 1337/1983 “Expansion of Urban Planning, Settlement Development and Relevant Regulations”. Furthermore Article 183 of the Code of Building Regulations concerning zones of residential control stipulates for the protection of cultural heritage, considering that these zones often coincide or contain zones for cultural heritage, demarcated according to archaeological legislation.

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

International networks cooperation and fund-raising State cooperation with World Heritage institutions Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties Ratified international conventions on heritage

Greece, being a member-state of European Union as well as of other international organisations such as UNESCO, has ratified the following international conventions in order to enhance the protection of cultural and natural heritage: Council of Europe: • The European Cultural Convention (Paris, 1954); •. The London Convention on the Protection of the Archeological Heritage (London, 1969); • The Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe (Granada, 1985); • The Valletta Convention on the Protection of the Archeological Heritage (Valletta, 1992).

UNESCO: • The Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its First Protocol ( the Hague, 1954); • The Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (Paris, 1970); • The Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Paris, 1972); • The Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict ( the Hague, 1999); • The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (Paris, 2003); • The Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (Paris, 2005).

UNIDROIT: 1. Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (Rome, 1995).

77

GREECE

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Institutions involved in heritage preservation Public access to heritage Raising awareness of your people Policy of digitisation and archives access

The Ministry of Education (Directorate of International Relations, Department of International Organisations) coordinates at a national level the UNESCO Associated Schools Project (ASP), which implements the educational tool Heritage in Young Hands. The objective of these educational activities is for young students not only to learn about the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, the monuments and properties inscribed on the List, but also to get to know the sites of cultural tradition and natural beauty in their area. During the academic year of 2003/2004, 70 schools of the country participated in the Project. In March 2004, a workshop was organised in Athens to inform the tutors coordinating the project in the associated schools about its results.

78

The Ministry of Culture The Ministry of Culture has been operating educational programmes since 1985 in the context of cooperation among the General Directorates with the Regional Units. The programmes regard the planning, organisation and presentation of educational courses and events in archaeological sites, monuments, museums and schools in the dominion. As an indication, it is worth mentioning that more than 250 programmes have been presented on ancient and medieval monuments, amongst which some focus on a general topic and are travelling programmes, whereas others are related to specific exhibitions or anniversary celebrations, individual monuments and sites or local history topics. The target group for the most of them is primary and secondary education students. Also, certain programmes concern special groups of the adult population, such as the programmes for impaired people or the programmes of intercultural education. Educational programmes are held on a systematic basis as related to the following World Heritage properties: the Acropolis of Athens, Mycenae, Epidaurus, (the Theatre and its surrounding grounds in Argolida and Korinthia), Olympia, Delphi, Vergina, the Monuments of Thessaloniki, Delos, Heraion and Pythagoreion of Samos, Daphni, Nea Moni of Chios, Rhodes and Mystras. In the framework of the Project “MELINA” – Education and Culture, which incorporates in alternative ways aesthetics and culture within the educational process, educational material on World Heritage monuments is taught at the country’s schools participating in the project. The duration of this project is ten years and the corresponding interventions regard all three levels of education and all types of schools. The project has been implemented to all primary schools in the country. The visits and the material on prehistoric and classical antiquities are part of the curriculum of the 3rd and 4th grade of primary schools, and the activities regarding Byzantine Antiquities of the 5th grade.

The Ministry of Culture has taken numerous initiatives to build the awareness of the broader public concerning its cultural heritage, in which the following actions for the World Heritage monuments are included: • Promotion of the World Heritage monuments through the Ministry of Culture websites on the Internet; • Anniversary events and publications on the Greek World Heritage monuments; • Ministry of Culture, Directorate of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine monuments, “The Byzantine Heritage, World Heritage” (publication in Greek, French and English, commemorating the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Convention); • Ministry of Culture, Directorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Greece, Prehistoric and Classical Monuments, Athens, 2002 (in Greek and in English, commemorating the 30th anniversary of the signing of the Convention).

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

•

The organisation of a travelling photographic exhibition for the Greek monuments of the Byzantine and Post-Byzantine period, inscribed on the World Heritage List, under the title “The Byzantine Heritage, World Heritage”. The exhibition was held in a number of cities to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Convention, on the basis of World Heritage monuments located in their broader surrounding area, with the objective to raise the awareness of the inhabitants in their particular local heritage (Sparta, Rhodes, Trikala, Thessaloniki, Chios, Livadia, Athens). On the occasion of the exhibition, a leaflet and a poster were published.

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country. Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • • • •

Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years Nature of protected sites Types of ownership Tourism statistics Heritage and tourism products in the state GDP Conclusions and recommendations

No answer was given.

79

HUNGARY

HUNGARY 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration

80

Today it is the law LXIV of 2001 on the protection of cultural heritage that defines the aims and regulates the activities aimed at safeguarding the nation’s cultural heritage, especially the: • Identification, scientific research, assessment, documentation, registration and listing of items of historic significance; • Maintenance, repair, restoration and protection of monuments and their environment as well as ensuring their use in line with their value; • Management of historic areas to ensure their appropriate maintenance, development and value protection; • Basic scientific research and other research activities, education and information supply.

• Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people) The protection of the elements of cultural heritage – areas with archaeological interest, archaeological finds and archaeological sites and their buffer zones; monuments together with their associated integrated area, group or system which represent an outstanding historic, artistic, scientific or industrial value from the point of view of the history of our country and social identity; including all their parts, elements and equipment; and cultural goods – is a common responsibility of the society. It is the right and duty of all participants (the state, the local communities, churches and individuals) to cooperate in the protection and preservation of the nation’s heritage. The National Office of Cultural Heritage is a centralised entity, and as such the authority, founded by the government to coordinate and supervise this work.

It is the owners’ responsibility to see to it, that the historic monument in his ownership is kept in a good state and that historic values are preserved. The state is compelled – by law – to work out the financial system by which owners are compensated for restrictions in the use of their property and additional costs.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) The Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC – Oktatási és Kulturális Minisztérium) is responsible for the coordination and control of the protection of cultural heritage as well as for sector supervision. In this area it oversees the National Office of Cultural Heritage. The relevant body within the Ministry is the Department of Cultural Heritage and Coordination. The main responsibilities of this department cover policy-making, guidance to and development of the competent institutions, coordination of cultural development strategies, duties stemming from law LXIV of 2001,

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

preparation of measures related to the acquisition and management of the state-owned listed monuments as well as coordination of cultural tourism issues.

The National Office of Cultural Heritage (NOCH – Kulturális Örökségvédelmi Hivatal) is a governmental organisation, founded on the basis of its predecessors in 2001 in accordance with law LXIV of 2001. It is headed by the chairman, appointed by the MEC. According to legal regulations, NOCH is the administrative authority primarily of historic monuments, archaeological sites and movable cultural heritage. The NOCH is responsible for the 11,319 listed historic sites, buildings, conservation areas and historic gardens all over Hungary as well as for the about 60,000 registered archaeological sites and 400,000 movable cultural heritage items in private ownership.

The National Trust of Monuments for Hungary (Műemlékek Nemzeti Gondnoksága) was founded in 1992. It is responsible for the management and cultural utilization of historic properties of outstanding significance in state ownership. Its scope of duties comprises of maintenance, repair, restoration and interpretation of these monuments as well as finding appropriate use for them. The Trust is involved with 42 properties all over Hungary, among which there are 2 castles, 14 country houses and mansions, 6 churches (some in ruins) and 1 Turkish mosque. The country houses are managed together with their surrounding historic estate (park or garden, outbuildings, landscape constructions, etc.). The Trust regularly organises programmes at these sites. The Trust closely works together with other heritage and nature conservation institutions, local governments, tourism organisations, developers and non-governmental organisations. It is a member of the European Network of National Heritage Organisations and has gained EC fundings for a couple of its projects.

The Field Service for Cultural Heritage (Kulturális Örökségvédelmi Szakszolgálat) was founded on the basis of its predecessors in 2007. Its refocused responsibility is related to the nation’s major infrastructural development projects, where the Service provides the achievement of preventive archaeological excavations. Its task is to carry out the identification, research, documentation and conservation of immovable heritage and also with architectural design to ensure sustainable use for built heritage assets. Throughout its activity the Service works together with other heritage institutions and it also consults and assists developers (with carrying out heritage impact assessments, risk assessments, etc.) in order to find mutually beneficial solutions.

• Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation The law LXIV of 2001 on the protection of cultural heritage does not refer to locally protected items. The licensing system – concerning cultural heritage – is operated by the NOCH and this is the only institution acting as an authority or statutory authority. Local protection is regulated by the law LXXVIII of 1997 on the shaping and protecting of the built environment. The local government is allowed to pronounce local protection (through a decree) for a territory or a building, finding their own ways to manage the assets of local significance. Through the master plan of a settlement, or regional planning though, there is a possibility of visualizing the elements of the immovable cultural heritage at a local or regional level.

• National training structures At elementary school level there is some training on developing drawing skills and tuition on arts, with very little regard to cultural heritage specifically. There is need for more training on visual arts as a whole. There have been some initiatives in the recent 25 years but without a real break-through.

There are several vocational schools in Hungary on construction skills. In two of them the training embraces the scope of architecture, construction, traditional and up-to-date building techniques, survey, repair, restoration and maintenance of heritage assets. There are other vocational schools of art where there is training on decorative arts, the skills of which are used in heritage buildings.

At higher education level heritage issues can be studied within the frame of studies in the History of Art and that of architecture. Courses in conservation are offered at BA and MA level and as post graduate education.

There is a system of specialised, 1 or 2-year training at medium level in a very broad scope of professions. Within construction skills it is possible to gain specialized training on e.g. decorative sculpture and decorative painting as well as heritage maintenance and making a thatched roof.

The Chamber of Hungarian Architects introduced a training and examination system to ensure the continuous development of skills and

81

HUNGARY

knowledge of practising architects required for the safe and high quality exercise of the profession. There are both compulsory and optional subjects. Due to the request of the practising architects, there is a wide range of information providing programmes on heritage-related issues organised by the NOCH and the Field Service for Cultural Heritage.

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Competent state and regional institutions (addresses)

82

Ministry of Education and Culture (Oktatási és Kulturális Minisztérium) H-1055 Budapest, Szalay utca 10-14.

Postal address: H-1884 Budapest, Pf.: 1.

Field Service for Cultural Heritage (Kulturális Örökségvédelmi Szakszolgálat) Postal address: H-1036 Budapest, Dugovics Titusz tér 13-17.

Research Institut for Archaeology of the Hungarian Academy of Science H-1014 Budapest, Úri utca 49.

Postal address: H-1250 Budapest 1. Pf.: 27.

National Office of Cultural Heritage (Kulturális Örökségvédelmi Hivatal) H-1014 Budapest, Táncsics Mihály utca 1.

Postal address: H-1250 Budapest 1. Pf.: 6.

Research Institut for Art History of the Hungarian Academy of Science H-1014 Budapest, Úri utca 49.

Postal address: H-1250 Budapest 1. Pf.: 27.

Chamber of Hungarian Architects – Built Heritage Section H-1088 Budapest, Ötpacsirta u. 2.

National Trust of Monuments for Hungary (Műemlékek Nemzeti Gondnoksága) H-1014 Budapest, Dísz tér 15.

• Personnel working on preservation There are about 600 professionals involved in the above organizations.

• NGO’s and private stakeholders involved in the preservation • • • • • •

ICOMOS Hungarian National Committee; Association for Historic Building Conservation; Association of Hungarian Restorers; MAMÉG Foundation; Porta Speciosa Association; ECOVAST HUNGARY;

•

• •

Association for the Protection of Towns and Villages – Hungaria Nostra (nationwide); Association for the Protection of Budapest; Foundation for the World Heritage Area of Budapest;

• • • •

Local Amenity Societies (nationwide); Hungarian Country Houses Association; Association of Hungarian Vernacular Houses; and others.

• Voluntary initiatives Since the political changes of 1990, a great number of heritage-related associations and NGOs have been founded and their number is continuously increasing. Their participation in cultural heritage protection is getting more and more active, from an extroverted, scientific attitude towards a more self-confident, introverted manner, with better representation of the interest of different local or professional issues.

They vary from small (10-20 members) organisations to nationwide umbrella organisations with many local affiliates. They engage themselves

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

in research, documentation, exhibiting, public awareness raising, training and campaigning activities. Some of them undertake repair work and management of heritage buildings. They cooperate with each other, with official organisations and media to better achieve their aims. There are associations of owners of historic properties who express their need for locally accessible consultation opportunity and advice on problems related to heritage assets in a broad sense.

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Public and state funding The National Office of Cultural Heritage is not endowed with the task of giving grants to cultural heritage assets; there is only a small amount of resource available for emergency interventions to avoid great loss of heritage value.

There are major projects that are funded by the Ministry of Education and Culture.

The maintenance and repair of state-owned properties managed by the National Trust of Monuments for Hungary is partly funded from the central budget, provided by the Ministry of Education and Culture.

Generally, nationally listed heritage sites may apply for grants to the National Cultural Fund, but its resources are very limited.

The EEA Grants Programme and, within this, the Norwegian Fund provide also great opportunity for heritage repair, restoration and revitalization, including the World Heritage areas managed by state organisation.

• Regional and local governments funding Regional and local governments funding is linked mainly with EC funding. Within the New Hungary Development Plan, (Regional Operative Programme, etc.) it is possible to gain financial means also for heritage regeneration (e.g. for the remodelling of historic city-cores). The executive organisations of these programmes are the National Development Agency, the Regional Development Agencies (VÁTI Public Non-Profit Company, etc.). Many local governments (including Budapest City Council) allocate grants for the restoration of the locally protected heritage sites (assigned by the decree of the local government).

• Private initiatives Many buildings along the banks of the Danube were repaired due to the fund-raising of the Association for the World Heritage Area of Budapest.

A small amount of support is gained from Hungarian companies or joint ventures in construction industry (e.g. Wienerberger). Some NGOs collect money for cultural heritage preservation from e.g. Norwegian Fund and other international resources, such as The Headly Trust.

• Direct aid and tax relief In spite of the repeated endeavours, there are still no approved measures on VAT incentives for cultural heritage-related activities .

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • National legislation in heritage preservation

83

HUNGARY

Although there is a long, more than 100 years old, tradition of heritage protection – notably, monument protection, which means the protection of built heritage – in Hungary, the modern operative legal act goes back to the beginning of this decade: law LXIV of 2001 on the Protection of Cultural Heritage. This legal act incorporates archaeological heritage (areas with archaeological interest, archaeological finds and archaeological sites and their buffer zones), built heritage listed as monuments (properties of monument value) and historic areas as well as cultural goods. Next to the law, there are governmental orders and ministerial decrees which regulate the field of cultural heritage. The legal regulations focus on the scope of duties of the heritage protection institution as an authority or a statutory authority and the related public proceedings, and they determine the way to treat the elements of cultural heritage (restrictions, possibilities for sustenance, etc.). Certain sites of archaeological, landscape and habitat importance are protected by the law LIII of 1996 on Nature Conservation (visible burial mounds – better known as Cuman-barrows or kurgans – and hill forts or earthwork fortifications belong to this category as nature monuments). The rights of the heritage protection authority at a statutory level are supported by certain decrees.

The law on heritage protection provides ex lege protection for the registered archaeological sites, and enhanced protection could be given to the most significant sites by ministerial decrees. Concerning the built heritage, only those properties or historic areas which are proclaimed by ministerial decrees become legally “monuments”. Cultural goods in a public collection are protected by the force of law on cultural heritage.

Goods in private ownership become “cultural goods” by the decision of the authority in cultural heritage.

• Urban planning legislation 84

The law XXVI of 2003 on the National Spatial Plan defines the conditions of different regions’ spatial use in the country, the coordinated spatial order of technical-infrastructural networks, in consideration of sustainable development and preservation of spatial, landscape, natural, ecological and cultural facilities and resources. It should be reconsidered in every 5 years, in accordance with the Ministry of Education and Culture and the NOCH. Highlighted regions: By the Parliament decision 97 of 2005 on the national conception of country development, chapter IV./4. these are: • Lake Balaton region (Balaton Kiemelt Üdülőkörzet); • the River Danube region (along the River Danube, including Homokhátság, between the rivers Danube and Tisza); • the River Tisza region (along the River Tisza, improvement of Vásárhelyi Plan and Tisza lake resort area).

• Regional and local regulations Regional regulations are mainly the detailed versions of the National Spatial Plan, following its changes. It cannot give extra tasks to local governments.

Highlighted regions: By governmental order 75 of 2004, 1. § e) these are: • lake Velencei, Vértes; • “M8 clearway”.

And by parliamentary decision 97 of 2005 on the national conception of country development, chapter V./1. § e) this is: • Budapest Conurbation (Central Region).

Local master plans of a settlement are to be renewed every 10 years, whereas bigger settlements (county towns) every year. Although it is obligatory to make a cultural heritage assessment for the local master plans, the NOCH is only assigned to give its opinion about the plan, which is compulsory in case there is violation of the law.

Other relevant legal acts are law LXV of 1990 on the Local Governments [(16. § (1), about the local protection], law LXXVIII of 1997 on the Shaping and Protecting of the Built Environment [57. § (3)], and the Ministry of Agriculture regulation 66 of 1999 (4.). It is notable that the regulations on the local protections are still not spread in all but only the 500 settlements which are culturally important.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• International memorandums and recommendations vs state legislation We do not have direct information about this subject.

The legal system in Hungary basically follows the Council of Europe’s so-called La Valette Convention on the Protection of Archaeological Heritage of 1992. Consequently, the known part of the archaeological heritage is ex lege protected: in the case of development proposals a heritage impact assessment study is a prerequisite, and in the case of any developments the archaeological site can be “destroyed” through excavation, but only as the last resort. However, a problem arises from the fact that the theory of the legislative system is, in many cases, out of accord with the practise, and some theoretically strong elements of the law on cultural heritage are, in fact, only speculative. (It is important to note that the system of legal control by the authorities is efficient only in the case of a public proceeding).

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country? \Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • International networks cooperation and fund-raising • • •

European Heritage Forum; European Heritage Heads Forum; European Heritage Legal Forum;

• • •

EAC; ACE; Danube Limes, UNESCO World Heritage;

• • •

Heritage Without Borders project; Planarch 3 archaeological project; COST.

• State cooperation with World Heritage institutions Secretariat of Hungarian National Commission of World Heritage.

• Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties A remarkable number of the archaeological sites are within protected areas (national parks, landscape protection areas, nature reserves).

Although the management of cultural heritage and environmental/nature protection in Hungary are separated, they have several overlapping common interests. Certain sites of archaeological, landscape and habitat importance are protected by the law on nature conservation.

Visible burial mounds (better known as Cuman-barrows or kurgans) and hill forts or earthwork fortifications belong to this category as nature monuments. Additionally, the law on heritage protection offers the possibility of scheduling whole areas as historic landscapes within the category of monument protection.

All heritage elements and also the territory or system of their original belongings which are of outstanding value of the past of our fatherland and community affiliation consciousness have monument value. It can be a historical, art, scientific or technical memorial with its components, accessories and furniture. This value can emerge in: • • • • •

the object’s age; the community’s wish for its protection; the object’s uniqueness; the object’s being typical; the object’s historical building-technology;

•

•

the context of the object and its environment (landscape of settlement, structure of settlement, historical landscape); the intangible-intellectual aspect of the object, excluding the personal

• •

memorials – commemorating only one person’s birth, address or death; an outstanding detail in a maybe-already transformed object, and the object is protected or it belongs to a protected group of objects.

85

HUNGARY

• International conventions on heritage ratified

86

UNESCO conventions: • Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (Hague, 1954), ratified by statutory rule 14 of 1957; • Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (1999) incorporated into the Hungarian legal system by law XXIX of 2006; • Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (Paris, 1970), ratified by statutory rule 2 of 1979; • Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural Heritage (Paris, 1972), ratified by statutory rule 21 of 1985; • UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (Rome, 1995) incorporated into the Hungarian legal system by law XXVIII of 2001; • Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (Paris, 17 October, 2003), ratified by law XXXVIII of 2006; • Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (Paris, 20 October, 2005), ratified by law VI of 2008; European conventions: • Granada Convention – Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe (Granada, 3.X.1985, Council of Europe Treaty Series no. 121), came into force on 1 December, 1987, incorporated into the Hungarian legal system by “accession” in 1990 • La Valette Convention on the Protection of Archaeological Heritage from 1992, ratified by government order 149 of 2000.

• European Landscape Convention (adopted at Florence in 2000; came into force on 1 March, 2004 by Council of Europe Treaty Series no. 176), incorporated into the Hungarian legal system by law CXI of 2007.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Institutions involved in heritage preservation The main institutions specializing in the preservation of cultural heritage in Hungary are the NOCH, the National Trust of Monuments for Hungary, and the Field Service for Cultural Heritage. Besides, the local authorities and museums also employ specialists to oversee the tasks related to cultural heritage. (see above 3/1) Institutions with education in the field: Budapest University of Technology and Economics Department for History of Architecture and Monuments (Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem, Építészettörténeti és Műemléki Tanszék) H-1118 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3-9.

Postal address: H-1521 Budapest Pf.: 91.

Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Faculty of Humanities Department of Art History/of Archaeology (Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, Bölcsészettudományi Kar, Művészettörténeti Intézet/Régészeti Intézet) H-1088 Budapest, Múzeum krt. 6-8.

Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Art History (Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem, Bölcsészettudományi Kar, Művészettörténet Tanszék) 2087 Piliscsaba-Klotild-liget, Egyetem u. 1.

• Public access to heritage Act LXIV of 2001 on the Preservation of Cultural Heritage insures public access to listed building sites. In addition, within the framework of the European Heritage Days, roughly 900 sites open their gates and provide visitors free entrance for the duration of the Days. Lately, the National

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

Trust for Monuments and several NGOs in the country also organize guided tours and free entrance for the public to a number of heritage sites on 18th April, the International World Monument Day. In the NOCH the collections of the library, the archives (photos, plans) and the Hungarian Architectural Museum are open to researchers.

• Raising awareness of your people With a view to raising young people’s awareness of heritage, the institution involved in the preservation of cultural heritage, museums and heritage sites organize heritage interpretation events, guided tours, and presentations all through the year, which attract a vast audience.

Moreover, the NOCH provides training and courses in the preservation of cultural heritage for students studying art history, law, cultural management at the tertiary level education. A Masters of Arts degree in the preservation of historic buildings can be obtained at the Institute for Art History of the Faculty of Humanities at the Eötvös Lóránd University, Budapest, and the Institute of Art History at the Faculty of Humanities at the Pázmány Péter Catholic University. The Department of the History of Architecture and Monuments of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics also provides courses in the preservation of built heritage for students studying architecture as well as post graduate training granting a degree for graduates of related studies.

• Policy of digitisation and archives access In the NOCH, the collections of the library, the archives (photos, plans) and the Hungarian Architectural Museum are open only to researchers.

A part of the official registry concerning the archaeological sites, the protected built heritage (listed buildings and sites), and the protected movable heritage is accessible via the website of the NOCH for the public.

At the moment there is no opportunity to digitise the archives of the NOCH which are separate from the registries. Although the system of the registries is very complex, the digitisation of its certain elements is in progress.

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country. Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years Archaeological heritage: The estimated number of the existing archaeological sites is approximately 100,000-150,000 in Hungary, out of which 59,930 are registered at the moment and fewer than 1,000 are scheduled. These latter are the sites with the most outstanding historic value and they get additional protection from the law. There has been a central registry of the archaeological sites since 1997-2001. Before this period, only professional (without official restrictions or requirements) registries of the local or regional museums existed. Thus, we have no accurate statistic data about the number of sites. (At the end of 2002, there were roughly 32,000 sites in the registry.)

Built heritage: At present there are 11,800 listed monuments; 25 years ago there were 9,000. The most number of protections was in 2009 (180 sites). Since approximately the year 2000, Hungary has been protecting buildings and objects even from the recent past (i.e. 1970s).

• Nature of protected sites Categories of protected sites: • World heritage sites;

87

HUNGARY / INDONESIA

•

•

Within the category of built heritage: • Listed monuments (by the decrees of the Ministry of Culture and Education); • Historic environments (neighbouring properties around the designated area); • Conservation areas; • Local protections (by the decrees of the local government).

Within the category of archaeological heritage: • Registered archaeological sites (known sites, protected by the force of law); • Legally protected significant archaeological sites (by the decrees of the Ministry of Culture and Education); • Archaeologically sensitive areas.

• Types of ownership There are three types of ownership: • State; • Church; • Private (individuals or companies).

88

• Tourism statistics No data available.

• Heritage and tourism products in the state GDP No data available.

• Conclusions and recommendations No answer was given.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

INDONESIA 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration • Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people) A. TANGIBLE Indonesia is a large country consisting of more than 17,500 islands, with the total area of 5,193,250 sq. km. of which the land territory takes 2,027,087 sq. km. And the sea territory takes 3,166.163 sq. Km. It spreads from east to west and from 6o 8’ north latitude to 110 15’ south latitude, and from 940 45’ to 1410 65’ east longitude.

It bridges two continents, Asia and Australia, as well as being situated between two oceans, the Indian and the Pacific. It has a tropical humid climate with two seasons, dry and wet, starting from April to September and October to March respectively. The average temperatures may be classified as follows: coastal plains – 28oC, islands and mountain areas – 26oC, higher mountain areas – 23oC, varying with the altitude. Being in a tropical zone, Indonesia has average humidity between 70% 90% with a minimum of 73% and maximum of 87%. The islands of eastern Indonesia, however, can have long periods of low humidity.

Considering Indonesia’s long cultural history from the prehistoric period and the reality of the many existing ethnic groups found now, it is understandable that Indonesia has rich and diverse cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible, spread all over the country. Each culture has its own traditional wisdom and values that grow from time to time and inheritance from one generation to the next. This magnificent and prosperous culture has inspired artists to create invaluable masterpieces.

Tangible cultural heritage varies from the prehistoric period, classic period (Hindu-Buddha), Islamic period, colonial period and post-independence period with the total amount of 8,565 archaeological sites spread all over the country. In addition, hundreds of underwater archaeological sites have also been identified as a part of protection of national cultural heritage. All those sites are considered to be very important for history, science, and culture. Therefore, they should be protected and preserved for our next generations.

Three of them had been inscribed onto the World Heritage List. The first one is the Borobudur Temple which was inscribed in 1991 under the number C592, as a famous Buddhist temple. It consists of a pyramidal base with five concentric square terraces topped by a monumental stupa. The walls of the balustrades are decorated with bas-reliefs, covering a total surface area of 2,500 square metres.

The second one is the Prambanan Temple Complex, inscribed in 1991 under the number C642, being the largest Shivaite complex in Indonesia.

It contains three main temples decorated with reliefs illustrating the epic of Ramayana, dedicated to the three great Hindu divinities (Shiva, Visnu and Brahma) and the other three temples dedicated to the animals which serve them.

The third is the Sangiran Early Man Site, inscribed in 1996 under the number C549. It is a place of great importance for the study of human evolution covering the area of about 56 sq. km. Excavations at the site revealed manifold fossils of Meganthropus Palaeo and Pithecanthropus Erectus/Homo Erectus.

Realizing the importance and potentials of Indonesian cultural heritage for the appreciation and the development of science, history and culture, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia has been intensively conducting protection and preservation of Indonesia’s cultural heritage. This effort is deemed to enhance the awareness of the national heritage and cultural identity.

89

INDONESIA

90

B. INTANGIBLE The Intangible Cultural Heritage means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – which communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, passed from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and history and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. For the purposes of this Convention, consideration will be given solely to such intangible cultural heritage as is compatible with existing international human rights instruments, as well as with the requirements of mutual respect among communities, groups and individuals and of sustainable development.

The “intangible cultural heritage”, as defined in the paragraph above, is manifested, among other things, in the following domains: • Oral traditions and expressions, including the language as a means of the intangible cultural heritage; • Performing arts; • Social practices, rituals and festive events; • Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe; • Traditional craftsmanship.

There are several Indonesia’s Intangible Cultural Heritages Sites which have been incorporated in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of UNESCO: • The Wayang Puppet Theatre, inscribed on the 4th November, 2008 (originally proclaimed in 2003); • The Indonesian Kris, inscribed on the 4th November, 2008 (originally proclaimed in 2005); • Indonesian Batik, inscribed on the 30th September, 2009.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) • Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation • National training structures A. TANGIBLE Basically, all the archaeological heritage in the world, both movable and immovable, will be degraded naturally due to its interaction with the environment. This process cannot be avoided and makes the quality of the material gradually decreased. Eventually, it will totally deteriorate due to soiling processes. To overcome the problem, protection and preservation efforts should be conducted for both cultural heritage and its environment, based on a systematic and multidiscipline approach. In this regard, appropriate human resources are required so that all the technical problems encountered could be thoroughly solved.

Preservation of cultural heritage in Indonesia has been conducted intensively since the early 18th century. It was started by preparing the inventory and so far, there are 8,565 cultural properties out of which 642 in the form of Hindu and Buddhist temples, traditional architectural houses, royal palaces, colonial buildings, etc. were successfully restored. A paradigm and some policies were also developed in accordance with the development knowledge in protection and preservation of cultural heritage. It should be noted that restoration is not aimed at bringing back the cultural heritage to its glory but to its original state so that people could become wiser and benefit from the wisdom in their lives. There is no doubt that authenticity is the principle in doing restoration. This method is basically based on trial reconstruction prior to its rebuilding.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

It is carried out according to the form, interlocking pattern, logical ornamental continuity, or else which means that a technician or expert should follow the ‘wish’ or ’instruction’ of the component without his or her intentional insistence.

However, the authenticity concept which was internationally recognised in 1972 by the Declaration of the World Heritage Convention, was just legally formulated in Indonesia in 1992 through the Indonesia Law Number 5 of 1992 concerning Item of Cultural Property. It was further developed through the Governmental Regulation Number 10 of 1993 concerning the Implementation of Indonesia Law No. 5/1992. It is stated that the restoration of cultural heritage should be based on the authenticity of design, material, workmanship and setting.

Based on the National Law Number 32 of 2004 concerning Government Responsibility, the Local Government takes a full responsbility of the state preservation of cultural heritage in each territory, both tangible and intangible. Thus, the documentation data on the kind of cultural heritage should be well prepared. It is done by the Archaeological Preservation Office and the Regional Office for Art and Traditional Values for a particular region in cooperation.

The paradigm on preservation of cultural heritage which was formerly stressed on the structural and architectural repair was then developed a step further through the restoration of Borobudur. It was not merely focused on the physical and architectural aspect but developed for the treatment of building material.

The successful restoration of Borobudur which was comprehensively conducted being based on a multidiscipline approach between 1973 – 1983 under the coordination of UNESCO, was also utilized by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia as a place for educating young technicians on conservation and restoration of cultural heritage sites. Training on human resources capacity building was not only conducted at the national level, but also at the regional and international levels. The last one involved sending them abroad.

As soon as the Restoration Project of Borobudur was finished, a formal institution was then intensively prepared and it was officially established on the 30th November, 1991 based on the Ministry Decree No. 0605/0/1991 under the name of Balai Studi dan Konservasi Borobudur (Office for Studies and Conservation of Borobudur). Based on the Ministry Decree No. KM.54/OT.001/MKP/2003 of the 5th December, 2003, it was then renamed to Balai Konservasi Peninggalan Borobudur (Office for Heritage Conservation of Borobudur). Administratively, the office is under the Directorate of Archaeological Heritage, the Directorate General of History and Archaeology and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Its main duty is to preserve the Borobudur Temple and develop conservation methodology and human resources capacity building on cultural heritage preservation in Indonesia.

Doing preservation of cultural heritage in Indonesia other than the Borobudur Temple is coordinated by the Archaeological Heritage Preservation Office whose branches are located in 13 areas of Indonesia. The office should stay in contact with the local government concerning preservation of their cultural heritage.

Indonesia is in progress of categorising all the cultural heritage sites at national and local levels. Preservation effort of cultural heritage at the national level is managed by the central government with the possibility of a local government’s involvement. Cultural heritage at the local level is, however, is the sole responsibility of its local government.

B. INTANGIBLE The safeguarding of culture programme covers three main things: protection, development and utilization. Protection means that a cultural object/item is kept in order not to get damaged or not to become extinct. The development programme means the improvement of the idea and behaviour. When it comes to cultural items, it means that we preserve their original values. In addition, utilization means using the cultural items for educational, religious, social, economic, scientific and technological purposes.

The government of Indonesia together with all the people hand in hand develop the efforts in the safeguarding, development and utilization of culture all over Indonesia.

There are several strategies applied to protect culture: • Inventory and documentation of intangible cultural heritage The main programme done nowadays is the inventory of cultural items as a national priority. The inventory is done steadily through the development of an online inventory database system in accordance with the development in the information technology taking into

91

INDONESIA

92

consideration the manual inventory. This programme is handled by the Secretariate of the Directorate General for Cultural Values, Arts and Film. Several specific types of cultural item inventories are done by the Directorate for Tradition and Directorate for the Arts; • Laws and Regulations on Culture The government also formulates and implements some policies on laws concerning the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage. This programme is handled by the Secretariate of the Directorate General for Cultural Values, Arts and Film; • Research on intangible cultural heritage done regularly by directorates and 11 Technical Implementation Units; • The Mapping of Customary Community done by the Directorate for Beliefs; • Nurturing character buildings through Youth Camp, held by the Directorate for Character and Nation Building.

The Government of Indonesia cultivates creativity and productivity of the human resources to develop its culture. There are several attempts done in this development programme: • Development of information and a database system in the field of culture, for instance through Indonesia’s Cultural Map (Peta Kebudayaan Indonesia), held by the Secretariate for the Directorate General for Cultural Values, Arts and Film; • Attending training on intangible cultural heritage management abroad, handled by the Secretariate for the Directorate General for Cultural Values, Arts and Film; • Development of National Gallery and Secretariate of Film Censorship Board as the means of developing creativity and filtering negative culture, handled by the Secretariate for the Directorate General for Cultural Vaues, Arts and Film; • Comparative Study of Intercountry Customary Communities, held by the Directorate for Beliefs; • Improving national films by stimulating the creation of films mainly exposing Indonesian culture, handled by the Directorate for Film.

In utilizing its culture, the mainly implemented programmes are in the form of a festival and an exhibition. The examples of the programmes are: • Actualization of cultural arts through creativity and productivity of cultural art work held by the Directorate for the Arts; • Actualization of traditional values in society held by the Directorate for Tradition; • Artwork exhibition held by the National Gallery of Indonesia; • Pekan Budaya, Seni dan Film, held by the the Secretariate for the Directorate General for Cultural Values, Arts and Film; • Indonesian Film Festival held by the Directorate for Film.

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) Personnel working on preservation NGOs and private stakeholders involved in the preservation Voluntary initiatives

A. TANGIBLE In administering the cultural heritage preservation, there is a national level and a local level. At the national level, all the preservation effort is managed under the Directorate General of History and Archaeology and the Minsitry of Culture and Tourism. Technical matters in doing preservation are the responsibilities of the Directorate of Archaeological Heritage, the Directorate of Underwater Archaeology and the Directorate of Museum depending on a kind of a technical problem to be solved. The office is located in Jakarta.

14 Technical Implementing Units (TIU) spread all over the countries support cultural heritage implementation. They are:

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• Office for Archaeological Heritage Preservation of Banda Aceh, covering North Sumatra and Nangroe Aceh Darussalam Provinces; • Office for Archaeological Heritage Preservation of Batusangkar, covering West Sumatra and Riau Provinces; • Office for Archaeological Heritage Preservation of Jambi, covering Jambi, South Sumatra and Bangka Belitung Provinces; • Office for Archaeological Heritage Preservation of Banten, covering DKI Jakarta, Lampung and West Java Provinces; • Office for Archaeological Heritage Preservation of Prambanan, covering Yogyakarta Special Territory; • Office for Archaeological Heritage Preservation of Central Java, covering Central Java Province; • Office for Archaeological Heritage Preservation of Trowulan, covering East Java Province; • Office for Archaeological Heritage Preservation of Bali, covering Bali, West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara Provinces; • Office for Archaeological Heritage Preservation of Makassar, covering South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Provinces; • Office for Heritage Conservation of Borobudur; • Office for Sangiran Early Man Site Preservation.

Moreover, related to the research development, it is managed by the Centre for Research and Development of National Archaeology supported by 9 Technical Implementing Units, such as: • Office for Archaeological Research of Palembang; • Office for Archaeological Research of Bandung; • Office for Archaeological Research of Bali; • Office for Archaeological Research of Banjarmasin; • Office for Archaeological Research of Makassar; • Office for Archaeological Research of Manado; • Office for Archaeological Research of Ambon; • Office for Archaeological Research of Jayapura.

Preservation effort on Intangible Cultural Heritage is managed under the Directorate General of Cultural Value, Arts and Film in cooperation with the Directorate of Arts, the Directorate of Traditional Values, the Directorate of People’s Beliefs, the Directorate of Nation Character and Kindness and the Directorate of Film. It is supported by 12 Technical Implementing Units (TIU) located all over the country, such as: • National Gallery; • Office for Preservation of Art and Traditional Values of Aceh; • Office for Preservation of Art and Traditional Values of Padang; • Office for Preservation of Art and Traditional Values of Palembang; • Office for Preservation of Art and Traditional Values of Bandung; • Office for Preservation of Art and Traditional Values of Yogyakarta; • Office for Preservation of Art and Traditional Values of Surabaya; • Office for Preservation of Art and Traditional Values of Bali; • Office for Preservation of Art and Traditional Values of Pontianak; • Office for Preservation of Art and Traditional Values of Banjarmasin; • Office for Preservation of Art and Traditional Values of Makassar; • Office for Preservation of Art and Traditional Values of Manado.

The Directorate General of Copyright, Trademarks and Patents of the Department of Justice is responsible for all the matters concerning the copyright of all the creativity and heritage.

In upholding artists’ rights, the government has been greatly supported by private organizations, such as Karya Cipta Indonesia (KCI-The Association for Creations of Indonesia) that protects performing artists’ rights. Up to now, there are 147,772 artists of 87,562 art groups with 2,306 art performances.

93

INDONESIA

94

Harnessing both non-governmental and public sectors in cultural heritage preservation is seen as an important issue by the Indonesian Government. Its expertise and assistance are also available to individual owners of cultural property. Community participation in preservation and management of cultural heritage involves individuals or legal entities, associations, groups, etc. who provide information, undertake research and provide scientific resources, gather funds and undertake other activities aimed at protection of cultural heritage. Nowadays, there are many NGOs dealing with the preservation of cultural heritage. In connection with the corporate arts, there are several associations dealing with preservation, development and utilization.

The obligation of cultural heritage preservation is a comlpex task. It needs an extensive scope of techniques, methods, legislation, documentation, etc. A wide range of multidisciplinary experts and professionals, the governmental authorities and special educational institutions ara all engaged in impementing the preservation activities.

B. INTANGIBLE The safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage is done by the following parties: • Governmental agencies; • Provincial, District and Municipal Government, Services and Offices dealing with culture; • Academics, experts, researchers in social and cultural sciences at universities; • Business sector, creative industries; • Communities, associations, public organizations, institutions, customary communities, paguyuban associations, sanggar informal schools; • Social groups, ethnic groups spread over various areas in Indonesia; • Art and culture teachers at all levels of education; • Individuals, practitioners, interested persons, lovers of culture, those who pay attention to and care for Indonesian culture; • Owners and operators of websites of cultural elements.

In conducting the task, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism c.q. the Directorate General for Cultural Values, Arts and Film is supported by several Technical Implementation Units, such as: • National Gallery; • Secretariate of Film Censorship Board; • Office for Conservation of History and Traditional Values of Yogyakarta, covering Central Java and East Java Provinces; • Office for Conservation of History and Traditional Values of Makassar, covering East Sulawesi and South East Sulawesi Provinces; • Office for Conservation of History and Traditional Values of Pontianak, covering the region of Kalimantan; • Office for Conservation of History and Traditional Values of Manado, covering North Sulawesi, Centarl Sulawesi and Gorontalo Provinces; • Office for Conservation of History and Traditional Values of Bandung, covering West Java, Banten, DKI Jakarta, and Lampung Provinces; • Office for Conservation of History and Traditional Values of Banda Aceh, covering Aceh and Borth Sumatera Provinces; • Office for Conservation of History and Traditional Values of Bali, covering Bali, West Nusa Tenggara and Esat Nusa Tenggara Provinces; • Office for Conservation of History and Traditional Values of Tanjung Pinang, covering the Riau Islands, Jambi and Bangka Belitung Provinces; • Office for Conservation of History and Traditional Values of Papua; • Office for Conservation of History and Traditional Values of Padang, covering West Sumatera, Bengkulu and East Sumatera Provinces; • Office for Conservation of History and Traditional Values of Maluku, covering Maluku and North Maluku Provinces.

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as:

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• • • •

Public and state funding Regional and local governments funding Private initiatives Direct aid and tax relief

A. TANGIBLE The financial system for cultural heritage preservation is divided into a national budget and a regional budget. The national budget is responsible for protection and preservation of all cultural property at the national level, whereas the protection and preservation efforts of cultural property at the regional level are financed using the regional budget. This scheme does not close the possibility of getting funds from private sectors and the non-governmental organizations, which would like to participate in saving the Indonesian cultural heritage.

Nowadays, a number of people in private sectors who would like to participate in the preservation of cultural property has increased due to the fact that the awareness of people is getting better. Many institutions are racing to participate in developing the cultural property according to the regulation. This situation is really conducive and supportive to the government in managing the cultural property as the government does not have enough funds to do the preservation of cultural heritage on its own.

One scheme that is being developed is a reward system for people who are really concerned about the cultural property. One of the rewards is giving tax deduction on a building and land. Several types of tax deductions are being evaluated and planned to be applied to all the cultural property.

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

National legislation in heritage preservation Urban planning legislation Regional and local regulations International memorandums and recommendations vs state legislation

A. TANGIBLE The legal aspect for preservation, including protection, development and utilization, of Indonesian cultural heritage is basically based on the Indonesia’s Constitution (Undang-undang Dasar 1945), particularly on Article 32 which mentions that “The government is responsible for the development of national culture.”

The Constitution further explains that the national culture contains: • The result of the creativity of the people as a whole; • The ancient and original creations considered as outstanding achievements in ethnic culture of various areas of Indonesia; • Foreign cultural elements that enrich and support the progress of national culture.

The vision is to realize Indonesian culture and civilization based on Pancasila. It is expected to be used as a reference in community and as a united nation which have strong self confidence among international community and the global system. And again Article 33 which mentions that “all natural and cultural assets should be managed for the welfare of the Indonesian people”, Article 32 of the National Constitution has been further elaborated on the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 1992 concerning the Item of Cultural Property, substituting the Monumenten Ordonantie (Ordinance on Monuments) Number 238, issued by The Dutch Colonial Government in 1931. The government has issued several other laws, decrees and regulations relating to the preservation of the Indonesian heritage, including: • Law No.4, 1982 concerning the Basic Provisions on Management of the Environment, renewed as no. 23, 1997; • Law No. 6, 1982 concerning Copyright, renewed as no. 12, 1997;

95

INDONESIA

96

• Law No. 4, 1990 concerning the Duty to Deliver and Deposit Printed and Recorded Works; • Law No. 9, 1990 concerning Tourism; • Law No. 8, 1992 concerning Films; • Law No. 24, 1997 concerning Broadcasting; • Government Regulation No. 10, 1993 concerning the Implementation of National Law No. 5 of 1992; • Ministerial Decree No. 062, 1995 concerning Ownership, Provisions,Transfer of Ownership and Deleting Items of Cultural Property; • Ministerial Decree No. 063, 1995 concerning Protection and Preservation of Cultural Property; • Ministerial Decree No. 064, 1995 concerning Rewards and Determination of Cultural Property.

Indonesia has been active in participating in numerous multilateral heritage agreements. In 1989, Indonesia ratified the 1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention). The Directorate General of Cultural Values, Art and Film, and the Directorate General of History and Archaeology of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism are the two national agencies responsibile for cultural heritage preservation.

Apart from the national legislation, several international charters and conventions have also been adopted in the preservation of cultural heritage. These include: • UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding of the Beauty and Character of Landscape and Sites; • International Charter for Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites, 1964 (Venice Charter); • Burra Charter, 1988; Charter for the Conservation of Cultural Sites; • Florence Charter, 1982; Historic Gardens and Landscapes; • ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas, 1987 (Washington Charter); • Charter for the Protection and Management of the Archaeological Heritage, 1990 (Lausanne Charter).

B. INTANGIBLE • Article 32 of the 1945 Constitution, which states that the State shall advance Indonesia’s national culture amongst the world civilization, guaranteeing freedom of the community to maintain and develop their cultural values; • Law No. 17 of 2007 regarding Long Term Development Plan for the period 2005-2025; • Regulation of the President of the Republic of Indonesia No. 78 of 2007 regarding Acceptance of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage; • Memorandum of Understanding between the Department of Culture and Tourism and the Department of Law and Human Rights No. PKS.46/ KS.001/MKP/07 and No. M-12.UM.06.07 regarding Safeguarding, Development and Utilization of Intellectual Property of Traditional Cultural Expression of the Indonesian Nation; • Mutual Regulation between the Minister of Home Affairs and the Minister of Culture and Tourism No. 42/2009 and No. 40/2009 regarding Guidance on the Safeguarding of Culture.

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • International networks cooperation and fund-raising • State cooperation with World Heritage institutions • Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• Ratified international conventions on heritage A. TANGIBLE Intensive activities have been conducted by the government of the Republic of Indonesia in preserving its cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible, especially the one related to cultural industry and creative economy, by involving related stakeholders and the local community.

As an illustration, related to the tangible cultural heritage, conservation has been conducted not only to archaeological sites, namely monuments and their sites as one integrated contextual aspect, but also in several important historical cities such as conservation of The Jakarta Old City, conservation of a traditional village of Kampung Naga in West Java, conservation of Kota Gede in Yogyakarta, conservation of traditional houses of Kudus in Central Java and Tana Toraja in South Sulawesi and conservation of the Old Palace of Sumbawa.

Promotion and conservation of intangible cultural heritage are also intensively conducted, especially in relation to cultural industry and creative economy, towards the free market in the globalization era. Several significant events have been successfully implemented, such as the International Festival on Contemporary Performing Arts or the Art Summit of Indonesia which has been conducted every three years since 1995.

The previous Art Summits of Indonesia were conducted in 1995 (350 participants from 9 countries), in 1998 (300 participants from 8 countries), in 2001 (150 participants from 10 countries), in 2004 (15 countries), and the last one was in 2007 with 14 performing art groups from 11 countries.

Through this event it is expected that the artists could share their experiences, skilsl and knowledge. In addition, it is also intended to improve mutual understanding in solving encountered problems related to the development of contemporary arts.

Another important event is the Indonesian Performing Arts Mart (IPAM) which is specially intended to create a meeting between sellers and buyers in performing arts, that in turn, could carry out a contractual commitment or agreement on the implementation of art performances.

Up to now, Indonesia has successfully conducted four events of the IPAM , in 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2007.

B. INTANGIBLE Indonesia’s active involvement in safeguarding the culture is not only done in Indonesia, but also in other countries.

With respect to mutual collaboration, Indonesia’s participation at bilateral level has been proven among others through its eagerness to cooperate with centres for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage in Asia Pacific (ASPAC), among others through the Training Centre in China, the International Research Centre, the National Institute for Cultural Properties in Tokyo in Japan, the International Information and Networking Centre in South Korea, as well as the Intangible Cultural Heritage Centre for Asia and the Pacific in South Korea.

At the regional level, Indonesia has participated in the attempt to safeguard intangible cultural heritage by organizing the Symposium and Workshop for Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage between the 19th and 20th August, 2009 in Jakarta. The event was also attended by speakers from Japan, the People’s Republic of China and Brunei Darussalam. The event was organized by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in collabotration with UNESCO Office in Jakarta. Besides that, Indonesia always tries to be present at the forum of the ASEAN-COCI related to the intangible cultural heritage matters.

At the multilateral level, Indonesia is always present and actively participates in UNESCO’s and WIPO’s meetings, especially when the field of culture related to the intangible cultural heritage is discussed.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Institutions involved in heritage preservation • Public access to heritage • Raising awareness of your people

97

INDONESIA

• Policy of digitisation and archives access

98

A. TANGIBLE As it was mentioned in the previous section, cultural heritage in Indonesia is spread in many forms and kinds all over the country. The obligation of cultural heritage preservation is a complex task. It needs an extensive scope of technique, method, legislation, documentation, etc.

In implementing the preservation activities, the cooperation among a wide range of multidisciplinary experts and professionals, the governmental authorities, special educational institutions engaged in the preservation activities in Indonesia are of great interest at the moment. There are several universities that specialize in the field of archaeology, namely the University of Indonesia, the University of Gadjah Mada, the University of Udayana and the University of Hasannudin.

Indonesian laws and regulations on cultural heritage preservation state that all the cultural heritage sites are subject for preservation and utilization for the sake of the people’s welfare. Welfare here means that all the people involved in cultural heritage should raise awareness in protecting their cultural heritage so it could be preserved for future generations.

All cultural properties are subjects for research. From them, people could learn something and understand life problems better. The nature of each cultural property is fragile and non renewable, so that we cannot touch them as much as we would like to. Some data are being digitalised, so people could use them for their research. The Research Institution in Indonesia operates in several sectors: the Archaeological Research Centre in Jakarta with its eight branch offices, several Research Centres at universities and the Statistic Data Centre among others.

Raising awareness is becoming a hot topic in Indonesia. All the sectors deal with the preservation of cultural heritage hand in hand having in mind the motto ‘our cultural heritage is our future’. Many cultural heritage sites are saved by this movement.

B. INTANGIBLE Education and training in Indonesian Batik intangible cultural heritage for elementary, junior, senior, vocational school and polytechnic students, in collaboration with the Batik Museum in Pekalongan, have been selected as a safeguarding programme that best reflects the principles and objectives of the UNESCO’s Convention for Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage on the 1st October, 2009.

The Batik community noticed that the younger generation’s interest in Batik is decreasing and felt the need to increase efforts to spread Batik cultural heritage to guarantee its safeguarding.

The programme in collaboration with the Batik Museum and elementary, junior, senior, vocational schools and polytechnics is to include education in batik cultural values and traditional handcraft in curricula as a local content or subject. The project has been going on for three years and continues to expand to Pekalongan Disctrict and the neighbouring Batang, Pemalang and Tegal districts.

The data and interviews with headmasters, teachers and students have proved that the programme is popular and successful. The project is a good example of transmission of intangible cultural values to the younger generation by including modules of cultural heritage in the curricula of educational institutions.

Research on intangible cultural heritage is done by the Directorates and 11 Technical Implementation Units of the Directorate General for Cultural Values, Arts and Film. The directorates in charge of conducting the research and publish the paper on the intangible cultural heritage are the Directorate for Tradition, the Directorate for Belief and the Directorate for Arts.

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country. Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years • Nature of protected sites • Types of ownership

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• Tourism statistics • Heritage and tourism products in the state GDP • Conclusions and recommendations Indonesia has the record of more than 8,000 sites and cultural properties located all over the country. The inventory was initiated during the Dutch Colonisation, up to around 1,500 entries and it keeps getting new and new sites all the time. The amount of data will be always increasing and the data will be kept in the Data and Information Centre of the Directorate of Archaeological Property in Jakarta.

The Central Government and the Local Government proportionally share protection of cultural property based on the Indonesian Law No. 34 of 2007. As stated by the Indonesian Law No. 5 of 1992 concerning the Item of Cultural Property, each cutural property can be owned by state or a private owner. The cultural property that is unique belongs to Indonesia and its ownership is the state’s responsibility. It is an obligation for all the owners of cultural property to conduct protection and preservation on their cultural properties, otherwise they can get a-10-year prison sentence or a fine of minimum one hundred million Rupiahs.

A number of tourists coming to Indonesia increases every year. This year Indonesia has a target of 7 million people visiting different parts of the country. It is unaviodable for some cultural properties to be determined and utilized as touristic destinations. It could raise a number of tourists coming to Indonesia from abroad as well as popularize domestic tourism. Some cultural properties have been destroyed and some have lost their cultural value for the sake of the needs of tourism. But there is a good impact of cultural property being stated as tourism destination.

It stimulates people around the cultural property to be more creative in producing souvenirs, or otherwise, they will lose their chance of getting better living conditions.

99

I TA LY

ITALY 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration

100

Due to the wealth of its artistic, architectural and archaeological patrimony, well before the birth of the present Italian State, Italy saw the precocious rise of a ‘culture of conservation’, and the development of a corpus of laws and regulations with the aim of preserving Italy’s immense heritage for the generations to come. The cultural debate, since the beginning of the century, has been focused not only on cultural heritage itself, but also on its environmental dimension and the relationship to its territory, as testified by the two fundamental safeguard laws, both issued in 1939: Law No. 1089 on the “Protection of Things of Historic and Artistic Interest” and Law No. 1497 on the “Protection of Natural Beauties”.

Today these principles are merged and updated in the Cultural Heritage and Landscape Code (D.Lgs. 22nd January, 2004 No. 42) which is the National Law for the Safeguard of the Italian Cultural Heritage which consists of cultural assets and landscape. The Code identifies preservation and enhancement as fundamental activities, which concur in preservation of the collective and territorial memory and to promote cultural development.

According to the Code, the national cultural heritage is a wide category which comprehends either cultural assets (beni culturali), “immovable and movable things which present artistic, historical, archaeological, ethno-anthropological, archival and bibliographical interest, and any other thing identified by law or in accordance with the law as testifying to the values of civilization” (i.e. works of art and archaeological finds, ethnoanthropological and scientific objects, historical documents and archives, architecture and monuments, library collections etc.), and landscape heritage, which is a category that spans from buildings to areas (i.e. monumental trees, historic centres, belvedere areas, building complexes or parks etc.), subjected to safeguard because of their historical, cultural, natural, morphological and aesthetic values.

The law imposes a number of limitations and requirements to the owners of objects (either public or private entities) that, following the identification process (processo di individuazione), are deemed to belong to the class of cultural heritage, since they automatically become subject to the State’s policies for protection and preservation (tutela).

• Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people) Range of heritage administration is huge and covers virtually the whole Italian territory, due to a wide number of categories of objects and sites that fall under the definition of Cultural Heritage, and to the extent of the restrictions, which may apply either to private or public entities.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) According to the Italian Constitution’s Article 9: “The Republic promotes the development of culture and technical and scientific research.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

It protects the landscape and the historic and artistic heritage of the Nation”. So in Italy, the four levels of government (State, Regions, Provinces and Municipalities) share responsibilities in the cultural field. Although important changes in the governance structure of culture are under way, for the time being, heritage preservation administration still lies within the State. The Ministry for Heritage and Cultural Activities (Italian: Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali / MiBAC) is entrusted with a wide range of cultural functions: heritage, museums, libraries and archives, visual and performing arts, cinema, cultural institutions and copyright. The coordination of ministerial functions is entrusted to a Secretary General and 8 General Directions, technically supported by seven Central Institutes (Istituti centrali), high level scientific bodies (for arts and books restoration and cataloguing, for archives, demo-ethnoanthropological and audiovisual goods, etc.), which are relatively autonomous. Two representative advisory bodies widely assist the Ministry: the High Council for Heritage and Landscape and the “Consulta” for the Performing Arts.

The ministerial structure is articulated in Regional Directions for Cultural Heritage and Landscape (in 17 out of 20 Regions) – which are responsible for heritage matters – and by local Soprintendenze (branch offices in charge of one of more Provinces): 80 active in the fields of fine arts, architectural, archeological and landscape heritage, 19 for the archive heritage, 207 for museums, 212 for monuments and archaeological sites, 105 for state archives and 46 for state libraries.

• Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation Heritage protection (tutela) is actually listed among the cultural responsibilities to be retained by the State (with a few exceptions listed in Article 5 of the above mentioned Code). Regions, Municipalities, Metropolitan Areas and Provinces have to cooperate with the Ministry in exercising their protection functions. According to the so-called “Devolution Laws”, adopted in the late 1990s, and to Constitutional Law 3/2001, ordinary regions have “concurrent legislative powers” with the State as far as enhancing (valorizzazione) heritage is concerned. (Enhancement refers to activities aimed at promoting knowledge of cultural heritage and ensuring the best conditions for the utilization and public enjoyment of the same heritage).

3 out of 20 Regions (Valle d’Aosta, Sicily, and Trentino Alto Adige) are endowed with more extended competences in the cultural field and, according to their statutory laws, exercise exclusive and direct legislative and administrative responsibility for their own heritage assets, including “regional”, museums and sites through their decentralized Soprintendenze. Therefore, in these three Regions there are no State Regional Directions for Cultural Assets and Landscape.

On landscape heritage, the authority to issue the declaration of public interest belongs to the Region, but the Ministry for Heritage and Cultural Activities can also issue decrees (in 2008, by the Law No. 63 of the 26th March, 2008, the system of responsibilities for landscape protection has been balanced by giving some responsibilities back to the State, albeit in co-operation with regional authorities).

The 107 Italian Provinces, through their Departments for Culture (Assessorati Provinciali alla Cultura), are responsible for their own cultural institutions - mainly libraries and museums – and may coordinate municipal public libraries. The Region Trentino - Alto Adige has entrusted with its own cultural competences devolved by the State (including direct responsibility for heritage), the two Autonomous Provinces of Trento and Bolzano.

The 8,101 Italian Municipalities, through their Departments for Culture (Assessorati Comunali alla Cultura), play a role in the direct management of municipal cultural institutions, like museums and sites, archives, libraries, theatres, multifunctional cultural centres, etc. They also invest a lot of money in the restoration and maintenance of their historic assets, albeit under the supervision of the Ministry.

• National training structures The main MiBAC schools of advanced training in the field of restoration and preservation of cultural heritage are the High Institute for Conservation and Restoration (ISCR) in Rome, Opificio delle Pietre Dure (OPD) in Florence and the Central Institute for Restoration and Conservation of the Archives and Books (ICPAL) in Rome. In 2008, 40 students of the ISCR and 40 of the OPD attended the courses.

(Source: Culture in Italy 2009 – Basic Figures. Office for Studies of the Ministry for Heritage and Cultural Activities. www.ufficiostudi.beniculturali. it/mibac/export/UfficioStudi/index.html; Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe – ITALY www.culturalpolicies.net.

101

I TA LY

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) The complex ministerial system for identification and protection of cultural heritage is articulated in a General Secretariat and 8 General Directions located in Rome, (of which the 5 mainly concerned with the protection and preservation of cultural and landscape heritage are: the General Direction Fine Arts, Landscape, Contemporary Architecture and Art; the General Direction for Antiquities (archaeological heritage); the General Direction for Libraries, Cultural Institutes and Intellectual Property Rights; the General Direction for Archives; the General Direction for the Enhancement of Cultural Heritage (for the aspects of public access which may affect preservation). The ministerial structure is then articulated in 17 Regional Directions for Cultural Assets and Landscape, 80 local Soprintendenze active in the fields of fine arts, architectural, archeological and landscape heritage, 19 Soprintendenze for the archive heritage, 207 for museums, 212 for monuments and archaeological sites, 105 for state archives and 46 for state libraries. Due to limited space, it is impossible to write all the addresses here. However, they can be found on the MiBAC website: http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/MenuPrincipale/Ministero/La-struttura-organizzativa/index.html.

• Personnel working on preservation More than 500 architects and public officers work in the Ministry, either on landscape or architectural heritage. In addition to them, 350 archaeologists deal with archaeological heritage and landscape issues related to archaeological areas. Other employees include: 778 archivists, 1,197 librarians, 288 restorers/conservators, 490 art historians, 539 head technicians, 200 other specialized professionals (computer scientists, biologists, engineers, chemists, physicists, geologists etc) and 2,416 technical and scientific collaborators.

• NGOs and private stakeholders involved in the preservation NGOs and private stakeholders involved in the preservation since 1890s 2000 1996

1990 1989

1984

1980 1970 1960

1966

1963 1956

1950

1977

1975

1975

1971

1980

1957

1940 1930 1920 1910 1900 r

Mo da vi

Au se

99 po li ‘

nt e am bie

Le g

to ric or es

ne zio

Na

he

ei iM us de

ici so cia As

FID AM

Am

dim

lcl u eo

FA I

b

F W

R

W Ar ch

lia Ita

GA

no

st

ra

Cl ub g rin

Ar ci

1884

1890

To u

102

Cultural sector in Italy is characterized by the presence of a number of organizations, very active in contributing to the dissemination of the culture of conservation, preservation and enhancement of Italian cultural heritage and in promoting the active participation of their citizens. Most of them were founded during the 1960s, in the period characterized by severe damage to cultural and environmental heritage caused by economic development.

These organizations belong to different typologies: non-profit associations (such as ADSI – Associazione Dimore Storiche Italiane and TCI – Touring Club Italia), volunteering and social promotion

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

associations (AUSER), social promotion associations (ARCI, ITALIA NOSTRA, MO.DA.VI and ARCHEOCLUB), environmental associations (WWF and LEGAMBIENTE), foundations (FAI and FONDAZIONE NAPOLI ‘99), or federations of associations (such as F.I.D.A.M. - Federazione Italiana delle Associazioni “Amici dei Musei”). Most of them operate – exclusively or partially – in the field of cultural heritage, but some of them deal with environmental care and protection (WWF and LEGAMBIENTE) and cultural activities (ARCI). These organizations, even if they are not defined as volunteering ones according to the law, mostly operate through volunteers.

• Voluntary initiatives In 2001, in Italy there were 2,585 volunteering organizations operating in the cultural field out of which: 9% exclusively in the cultural sector, 37% prevailingly and 55% non-prevailingly. The most common services that these organizations provide are: guided tours, conservation and realization of music, theatre and cinema performances. From 2001 to 2003, the total number of volunteering organizations operating in the cultural field increased quite significantly by 147%; particularly the number of those operating exclusively in the cultural filed increased by 201.8%. From 2001 to 2003, volunteers operating within these organizations increased from 109,683 to 259,963 (57.3% men, 46.4% women). Most of them, both in 2001 and 2003, belonged to the 30-54 years group. In 2003, more than 52.7% of these organizations provided training courses for volunteers.

(Source: Volunteers in Museums and Cultural Heritage - A European Handbook. Result of the Project ‘Volunteers for Cultural Heritage’, European project, funded by the European Commission http://www.amitie.it/voch/index4.htm)

103

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Public and state funding This pie chart shows a yearly breakdown of cultural expenditure for the years in which information is available, only at the state level.

The 2009 Budget of MiBAC was 1,719 billion EUR and in the funding of this sector still represents by far the Breakdown of MiBAC budget by institutional objective most significant single item within the total sum of money allocated for cultural initiatives. In 2009, for instance, 81% of the State’s spending on culture was assigned Institutional and to heritage-related activities: protection and promotion. general services 2% Unfortunately, in order to reduce public spending Funds to be to face the financial crisis and contain public deficit, public 10% distributed financing for culture is continuously reduced: percentage Protection and 81% Promotion 1% of the National Budget from 2005 to 2009 dropped from Public debt 6% 0.34% to 0.23%. From 2,342 million EUR in 2000, it was reduced to 1,705 million EUR for 2010, and the forecast for 2011 is even lower, as it will be 1,511 EUR, a cut of 1/3 to the Research and innovation Ministry’s Budget in the past 12 years. The cuts affect not only capital expenditure or running costs, but often hinder the daily operation of state museums, libraries, archives or performing arts institutions.

I TA LY

The most important additional funding deriving from other sources to the cultural field to help compensate for resource constraints are: • Article 3 of the Budget Law 662/1996, providing for a portion of the National Lottery revenue to be dedicated to the protection and restoration of cultural goods; • Article 60 of the Budget Law 289/2002, establishing that 3% of public capital expenditure for “strategic infrastructure” should be assigned to the financing of cultural assets and activities.

• Regional and local governments funding As regards regional and local expenditure, the data, when available, are not detailed enough. The overall data, however, regard financing of the Cultural Sector for Provincial Administrations (2006), with current expenditure of 210 million EUR and capital expenditure of 65 million EUR and Municipal Administrations (2006) with current expenditure of 1,643 billion EUR and capital expenditure of 877 million EUR.

• Private initiatives.

No answer was given.

• Direct aid and tax relief 104

In 2007, 88 Bank Foundations (43.4% North, 34.1% Centre, 12.5% South) paid out 524.2 million EUR for culture (30.6% of the total) for 10,532 projects (35.9% of the total).

In 2006, the sum of 31.6 million EUR was paid by companies and commercial agencies of which: • 13.6 million EUR to institutions active in the field of cultural heritage; • 18 million EUR to institutions active in the field of entertainment; • 29.3 million EUR from private individuals and non-commercial agencies to institutions active in the field of cultural heritage.

(Source: Culture in Italy 2009 – Basic Figures. Office for Studies of the Ministry for Heritage and Cultural Activities. www.ufficiostudi.beniculturali. it/mibac/export/UfficioStudi/index.html; Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe – ITALY www.culturalpolicies.net).

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • National legislation in heritage preservation Article 9 of the Italian Constitution of 1947 directly refers to the protection of cultural heritage and landscape: “the Republic promotes the development of culture and technical and scientific research. It protects the landscape and the historic and artistic heritage of the Nation”.

The Cultural Heritage and Landscape Code (D.Lgs. 22nd January, 2004 No. 42) is the National Law for the Safeguard of the Italian Cultural Heritage constituted by cultural assets and landscape heritage. The Code is articulated in 5 parts: General Provisions; Cultural Heritage; Landscape Heritage; Sanctions; Transitional Provisions and Amendments coming into effect. It contains the most recent definition of cultural assets (beni culturali), a wide category which comprehends works or art and archaeological finds, scientific objects, historical documents, architecture and monuments, classified in three different and autonomous areas on the basis of their ownership (public/private). Landscape heritage, is a category that includes monumental trees, historic centres, belvedere areas, building complexes or parks, subjected to safeguard because of their historical, cultural, natural or morphological values.

Following the assessment process (referred to as processo di individuazione), objects and sites are deemed to belong to the class of beni culturali, and automatically become subject to the State’s policies for cultural preservation (tutela): a number of limitations and requirements to the owners of cultural objects like specific prescriptions of use of the good and a discipline guaranteeing its preservation.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• Urban planning legislation Any project in landscape heritage areas or any modification or alteration of a building subject to the State’s policies for cultural preservation, (so called bene vincolato / under restraint) must be approved by the local Soprintendenza before submitting any request for authorization to the municipal authorities. According to the Cultural Heritage and Landscape Code Art. 145, all decisions taken in the Landscape Plan are mandatory on province and town Urban Plans and all Sector Plans (rural development plan, park plan etc.), for all National and Regional Development Plans and Urban Regulations.

• Regional and local regulations According to the Italian Constitution, cultural heritage and safeguarding the landscape are primarily entrusted to the State, acting in cooperation with the regions and local authorities. However, Regions and Regional authorities may make laws to apply the provisions of the Cultural Heritage and Landscape Code.

The Cultural Heritage and Landscape Code regulate the integration of landscape heritage into regional planning policies and indicate the methodologies of landscape planning, providing for the joint planning between the State and Regions for landscape areas and heritages.

The Regions subject the territory to specific usage regulations through territorial-town planning schemes with specific consideration of the landscape values called ‘landscape plans’. These are applied to the entire regional territory and approved by the Region, but with regard to landscape heritage areas they must be elaborated jointly with the Ministry for Cultural Heritage and Activities. The Regions and the Ministry may, however, choose to cooperate for the elaboration of the landscape plan of the entire regional territory as well. This is called ‘shared landscape planning’. Today, 16 Regional Landscape Plans regulate regional territories from a landscape point of view and a joint project is underway between 9 Regions and the MiBAC to define the quality landscape objectives in different territorial areas of each Region.

• International memorandums and recommendations vs. state legislation The European Landscape Convention (Florence, 2000) was ratified in Italy on the 9th of January, 2006 by Law 9 gennaio 2006, No. 14.

As a consequence, the Cultural Heritage and Landscape Code was amended in 2008 by Decreto legislativo No. 63 of 2008 to introduce provisions and a new definition in lines with the principles of the European Landscape Convention. The Code also pays attention to the safeguard of rural landscapes and of the sites inserted in UNESCO List of World Heritage.

In 2008, Leg.Decree 62/2008 introduced a more efficient coordination between the EU regulations, international agreements and Italian legislation regarding the international circulation of cultural objects, which cannot be considered ordinary goods.

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • International networks cooperation and fund-raising •

•

NET-HERITAGE (European network on research programme applied to the Protection of Tangible Cultural Heritage) http://www.netheritage.eu is a EU research and development project, funded by EU 7th Framework Programme, coordinated by the MiBAC, whose partners are Ministries, funding agencies and national RTD authorities from 14 European countries, aiming at coordinating national RTD programmes of European countries and support the European RTD Programmes in the field of research applied to the Protection of Tangible Cultural Heritage; From 2001, MINERVA www.minervaeurope.org/, enlarged in 2006 to MINERVA EC, is a network of Member States’ Ministries, coordinated by the MiBAC to discuss, correlate and harmonize activities carried out in digitisation of cultural and scientific content for creating an agreed European common platform, recommendations and guidelines about digitisation, main data, long-term accessibility and preservation.

105

I TA LY

• State cooperation with World Heritage institutions •

•

•

National UNESCO Commission instituted by the Interdepartmental Decree in 1950 http://www.unesco.it/cni/; its mission includes promotion, liaison, information, consultation and implementation of UNESCO projects. It operates through seven Committees, composed of Commission members, reflecting different UNESCO sectors and is coordinated by a Board of Directors; Permanent Inter-Ministerial Working Group for the UNESCO World Heritage began its activity in 1995 and was formally instituted in 1997 within the MiBAC. It coordinates all the competent administrations and defines policies in relation to the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and the Convention for the Protection of the Intangible Heritage. The Working Group includes representatives of the MiBAC, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of the Environment, the Italian National UNESCO Commission, the Ministry of Education and Research and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; UNESCO World Heritage Bureau, set up in 2004 within the framework of the MiBAC, http://www.unesco.beniculturali.it/index.php?en/1/home is in charge of co-ordinating the activities related to implementation of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and provides technical and scientific support to the Permanent Inter-Ministerial Working Group for UNESCO World Heritage. The Bureau is in charge of implementing the Convention for Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage and of implementing the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, in so far as they are related and/or linked to implementation of the World Heritage Convention. The Bureau is also a member of the Co-ordination Committee for Implementing the Policies Aimed at Protecting and Promoting the Intangible Cultural Heritage and Cultural Diversity, which was set up in 2008.

106 • Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties Italy has registered the largest number of sites recognized by UNESCO as being of “outstanding universal value” from the point of view of history, art or science: 45 Italian sites (2010): important historical towns (including Rome, Florence and Venice) cultural landscapes, archaeological monuments and sites or natural sites.

-

Ratified international conventions on heritage

Italy has signed and ratified the main international conventions on heritage: • Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by the UNESCO General Conference on 16th November, 1972, ratified by Italy in 1978; • Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe, signed in Granada Convention in 1985, ratified by Italy in 1989; • European Landscape Convention signed in Florence in 2000, ratified by Italy in 2006; • Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, adopted by the UNESCO General Conference in Paris on 20th October, 2005 and ratified by Italy in 2007; • Convention for Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO General Conference on 17th October, 2003 and ratified

by Italy in 2007; • Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, adopted by the UNESCO General Conference in Paris on 2nd November, 2001 and ratified by Italy in 2010.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as:

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• Institutions involved in heritage preservation OTEBAC (OSSERVATORIO TECNOLOGICO per i Beni e le Attività Culturali) website www.otebac.it/ makes it possible to access competence centres in Italy ( the list is not complete): • ICCD Central Institute for Cataloguing and Documentation; • ISCR High Institute for Conservation and Restoration; • ITABC / CNR Institute for Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage; • ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment; • LIA Laboratory of Archaeological Computing; • Laboratory of Architecture and Urban Environment Survey; • ITLAB Laboratory on Information Technology Applied to Archaeological and Monumental Heritage; • INNOVA Regional Centre of Competence for Development and Transfer of Innovation for Cultural and Environmental Heritage; • TEMPLA Research Centre for Multimedia Technologies Applied to Archaeology.

• Public access to heritage Access to culture in Italy is ensured through the above mentioned wide network of museums, libraries, archives, archaeological sites and architectural complexes. Entrance to the state-owned museums, monuments and archaeological sites entrance is free for EU citizens over 65 and under 18. Entrance to archives and libraries is free for everybody.

Information on events in state-owned museums, monuments, archaeological sites, archives, libraries and theatres, is available through the MiBAC website pages: http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/MenuPrincipale/LuoghiDellaCultura/index.html Apart from the expositions, this website records around 6,000 events per year (extraordinary openings, didactic activities, meetings, workshops and seminars etc.). The yearly number of expositions is not available: every year more than 1,000 authorizations for expositions are given and 18,000 to 20,000 works of art or archaeological finds are moved from their conservation sites. In 2008, there were 33,105,821 visitors to the state-owned museums, monuments and archeological sites (63% in the provinces of Venice, Florence, Rome, Naples), and 62,701,994 visitors to institutions other than those under the MiBAC. There were 272,004 readers recorded for archives and 1,608,565 for libraries in 2008.

• Raising awareness of your people Until 2009, preservation in Italy was the number one priority in the legal and administrative framework for heritage policy. As a consequence, emphasis was placed on heritage conservation rather than on public access to it. This had a positive effect in so far as it resulted in the creation of heritage preservation institutions and the introduction of regulations, which are among the best in the world. However, the prioritisation of heritage preservation also meant that Italy has not focused its policy on the establishment of an effective and visitor-friendly museum organization. In 2009, the General Directorate for the Enhancement of Cultural Heritage was set up, aiming at better integrating the traditional preservation functions of this Ministry, with a new boost to managerial, promotional and communication functions pertaining to heritage, in order to encourage wider participation of Italian citizens in arts and culture, as well as to enhance Italy’s image abroad.

In order to promote public access to culture, every MiBAC organizes special events on a yearly basis. Tours to artistic, historic and special interest sites or monuments are available to visitors in the evening or even at night. These facilities are either free or offered at reduced rates.

The main events are: the Culture Week, Saint Valentine’s Day, The Woman’s Day, The Night of Museums, the Council of Europe’s European Music Day, the European Heritage Days and others. In order to invert a negative trend due to the financial crisis, the MiBAC set up a new communication strategy in 2009. National events have been promoted to boost attendance at the museums through national advertising campaigns and improving the presence on You Tube and social networks: Facebook and Twitter.

As a result of this new policy, the first 6 months of 2010 recorded an increase of visitors by 12,2%, compared to the same period in 2009, to the state-owned museums.

107

I TA LY

(Source: Culture in Italy 2009 – Basic Figures. Office for Studies of the Ministry for Heritage and Cultural Activities. www.ufficiostudi.beniculturali. it/mibac/export/UfficioStudi/index.html)

• Policy of digitisation and archives access CulturaItalia is the main portal of Italian culture; it has over 2 million records in the index of the resources, 3,400 editorial contributions and over 100 videos. About 5,000 websites have been selected and commented; Cultural Internet - the Italian Digital Library portal and cultural tourist network, provides access to: OPAC SBN; special catalogues; 215 digitised historical catalogues of Italian public libraries with over 6 million images; the Register of Italian Libraries; digital collections with 75,000 documents and 2,500,000 images; 689,884 new digital objects acquired in 2008; Michael – a multilingual European portal, provides access to 10,000 digital collections in museums, archives, libraries and other institutions, involving over 4,000 cultural organizations in 19 European countries; 3,564 Italian collections in 1,724 institutions.

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country. Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: 108

• Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years The wealth and quality of the Italian heritage is well known, even though there are no complete official data on its size. One reason is that cultural heritage does not only include museums, monuments, works of art and archaeological finds, but also scientific objects, historical documents, libraries and archives.

1,172,966 catalogue cards entered the National Catalogue of Cultural Heritage - the General Information System of the Catalogue (SIGEC), run by the Central Institute for Cataloguing and Documentation (ICCD). 2,576,347 catalogue cards were updated and computerized between 2002-2007, on the basis of the catalogue of Soprintendenze, of which 1,840,339 were related to historical artistic and ethno-anthropological artifacts.

69,032 catalogue cards related to archaeological artifacts were updated and computerized between 2005-2008; 280,056 new catalogue cards were produced by Soprintendenze from 2002 to 2007, 58,082 in 2007.

A huge number of museums, public and private, are open to the public (4,739 an average of 1.4 per 100 sq.km, 7 per 100,000 inhabitants), 419 institutions directly managed by the MiBAC: 207 museums, 212 monuments and archaeological sites; 4,340 institutions (802 monuments, 129 archaeological sites, 3,409 museums) managed by public boards, local authorities and private owners and 45.5% by Municipalities (2006).

From 1909 to 2004, 5,668 monuments and sites were protected as Archaeological Heritage, the identified and documented underwater archaeological sites were 317, 30 of which in 2008. In the same period, 46,025 buildings and monuments were protected as Architectural Heritage and 7,690 were added from 2004 to 2008 (of which 1,050 refer to private properties and 6,640 to public owners or private non-profit bodies (including ecclesiastical institutions). Historical, artistic and ethnographic Heritage: 4,728 certificates of free circulation issued by the MiBAC Export Offices and 67 refusals.

Archivist Heritage: 104 State Archives, one National Central Archive, 34 State Archives Sections; 8,224 archives of local authorities, 8,100 of which municipal; approximately 50,000 archives of other public bodies (universities, cultural institutions, chambers of commerce, etc.); 3,800 private archives declared of notable historical interest (individuals and institution, families, enterprises, political parties, etc.); Libraries: 46 Public State Llibraries of which 2 National Central Libraries in Rome and Florence, 12,388 libraries of which: 6,372 belonging to regional public agencies, 2,056 to universities and 1,258 to ecclesiastical institutions.

46% of Italian territory is protected as Landscape Heritage. Between 1939 and 2007, 5,181 acts were issued, identifying “properties and sites declared to be of notable public interest for their natural beauty or geological uniqueness or aesthetic or traditional importance”.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

(Source: geographical database SITAP- Environmental Regional Information System; Culture in Italy 2009 – Basic Figures. Office for Studies of the Ministry for Heritage and Cultural Activities. www.ufficiostudi.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/UfficioStudi/index.html)

• Nature of protected sites The identification of heritage begins from an analysis of historical, cultural, natural, morphological values of the heritage itself and ends with an act stating its cultural interest or remarkable public interest, depending on its nature. The procedure for verification of Cultural interest of immovable and movable objects belonging to the State, Regions, other territorial governmental bodies, as well as any other public body and institution, and to private non-profit associations, which possess artistic, historical, archaeological or ethno-anthropological interest is described in Article 12 of the Code while the procedure for the Declaration of cultural interest for cultural assets is outlined in Articles 13-15 of the Code. The Ministry adopts this declaration.

The proposal for the declaration of remarkable public interest of Landscape Heritage is examined by a Commission composed of representatives of the Region and of the Ministry for Heritage and Cultural Activities and then, after a period of publicity to let the concerned subjects submit observations, it becomes a decree of declaration published on the Official Gazette of the Italian Republic. Although the authority to issue the decree belongs to the Region, the Ministry for Heritage and Cultural Activities can issue decrees as well.

• Types of ownership The Cultural Heritage and Landscape Code (D.Lgs. 22nd January, 2004 No. 42), classifies cultural heritage in three different and autonomous areas on the basis of their ownership (public/private): • movable and immovable objects belonging to the State, the Regions, other area-based authorities or to public bodies and institutions or to non-profit private bodies with legal personalities and displaying a historic, artistic, archaeological or ethno-anthropological interest. (The first paragraph of Article 10); • assets that belong to public entities (the State, the Regions, other area-based authorities and any other public organizations and institutions) and whose cultural importance is seen to be intrinsic: museum collections, painting collections, art galleries, archives and libraries. (The second paragraph of Article 10).

• privately owned assets, which are susceptible to a process of assessment (regulated by Article 13 and following) to establish whether they are of artistic or cultural value.

As Landscape Heritage may be a monumental tree, a historic centre, Ownership of Italian museums a belvedere area, a building complex or a park, the declaration of its Regions Provinces remarkable public interest may regard either private or public properties.

State 2% In 2007, out of the 313.8 million overnight stays in tourist resorts in Italy, 3% 93.2 million were in historic cities and cities of art (33.7 million visits) with 13% an increase in the period 2001 – 2006 of 22.5% arrivals and 13.4% overnight stays. 19.6 million (58% of the total) foreign tourists were recorded in cities Church 12% of art in Italy.

Communal 48% (Source Osservatorio nazionale del turismo www.ontit.it).

Admin.

• Heritage and tourism products in the state GDP

22%

‘The White Paper on Creativity’1 calculates the economic value of Cultural Private 1

Source: Corte dei Conti, 2005

Walter Santagata (Editor), White Paper on Creativity. Towards an Italian Model of Development, Università Bocconi Editore, Milano 2009. http://www.ufficiostudi.beniculturali.it/mibac/ multimedia/UfficioStudi/documents/1263201867891_White_paper_Creativity_JUNE_2009.pdf

109

I TA LY / J A PA N

Heritage, which in 2004 was worth 0.63% of the Italian GDP and employed over 105.4 thousand people, but Cultural Heritage has, as well, a considerable impact on related economic activities, especially in Italy whose image is strongly linked to the concept of culture seen not only as the artistic and historical heritage but also as design, fashion, folk traditions and traditional food production. This may increase the positive socioeconomic impact on the system of the local economy and its development. Unfortunately, this economic advantage still has not been calculated so economic impact studies mainly focus on the tourist sector or cultural tourism, an increasingly important form of travelling and holidaying. In Italy, according to a survey on Italy’s attractiveness to foreign tourists conducted by Doxa, Mercury and the Touring Club Italiano, on a scale of 1 to 10, the category of “culture, art” has the highest score (8.28) followed by “cuisine, wine” (8.11) and “countryside” (8.10), while of the best known Italian places internationally are: the first Rome (64.3%), then Venice (35.9%), Milan (27.5%) and Florence (23.4%). In 2007, foreign tourists to Italy spent 9.8 billion EUR on cultural/artistic holidays (daily expenditure per person: 110 EUR).

• Conclusions and recommendations No answer was given.

110

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

JAPAN 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration • Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people) The government of Japan is responsible for the administration of the following categories of cultural properties: • Tangible Cultural Properties: buildings and other structures, works of fine arts and crafts: paintings, sculptures, applied arts, calligraphy, classical books, ancient manuscripts, archaeological artifacts, historical materials; • Intangible Cultural Properties: performing arts, music, craft techniques, etc; • Tangible Folk Cultural Properties: clothing, implements, dwellings, etc. used for intangible folk cultural properties; • Intangible Folk Cultural Properties: manners and customs, folk performing arts and folk techniques related to food, clothing, housing, occupation, religious faith, annual events, etc ; • Historic Sites: shell mounds, ancient burial mounds, ancient capital ruins, former residences, etc; • Places of Scenic Beauty: gardens, bridges, gorges, beaches, mountains, etc; • Natural Monuments: fauna, flora, geological minerals • Cultural Landscapes: terraced rice fields, rural landscapes, waterways, etc; • Groups of Traditional Buildings: post towns, castle towns, farming and fishing villages, etc; • Conservation Techniques for Cultural Properties: techniques necessary for the production of materials, repairs, restoration; • Buried Cultural Properties: cultural properties buried underground.

The government is actively involved in the preservation of cultural properties for future generations, the promotion and enhancement of culture through international cooperation, management of the ancient site of Heijokyo Palace and the organization of various exhibitions and other activities at museums. In the fiscal year 2010, the budget allocated for the preservation of cultural properties and fire prevention facilities is 10,755,000 YEN, and a further 31,736,000 YEN is allocated for the organization and utilization of cultural properties.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) • Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation • National training structures Under the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, the national government thus designates and selects the most important cultural properties

111

JA PA N

112

and imposes restrictions on such activities as alteration of their existing state, repairs and export. The government also implements diverse measures necessary for the preservation and utilization of cultural properties. Measures for tangible cultural properties (such as works of fine arts and crafts, buildings, and folk materials) include preservation, disaster protection work, and acquisition. For intangible cultural properties (such as performing arts, craft techniques, manners and customs and folk performing arts), these measures include subsidies for programmes in training successors or compiling records.

In addition, a registration system, which provides protective measures that are more moderate than those of the designation system, has been established for cultural properties (tangible cultural properties, tangible folk cultural properties and monuments) primarily of the modern period, whose protection is increasingly necessary due to land development and changes in lifestyles in recent years. Under the registration system, cultural properties that are in special need of preservation and utilization are registered with the national government. Based on notification, guidance and advice, this system aims at voluntary protection of cultural properties by their owners (cultural properties other than those designated by the national or local governments), thereby complementing the designation system. Moreover, those traditional techniques or skills that are indispensable for preserving cultural properties and that require protection are designated as Selected Conservation Techniques.

Protective measures are also taken for cultural properties buried underground, including certain restrictions on the excavation of buried cultural properties.

The designation, selection and registration of cultural properties are carried out by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology on the basis of reports submitted by the Council for Cultural Affairs in response to a ministerial inquiry.

The local governments, under the ordinances for the protection of cultural properties, also take similar measures regarding important cultural properties.

The owners of designated cultural properties are obliged to notify the government whenever transfer of ownership, loss, destruction, damage or change in location takes place.

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) Personnel working on preservation NGOs and private stakeholders involved in the preservation Voluntary initiatives

The National Institutes for Cultural Heritage were established in April, 2007 with six institutions, by integrating independent administrative institutions such as: Tokyo National Museum, Kyoto National Museum, Nara National Museum, Kyushu National Museum, the National Research Institutes for Cultural Properties, Tokyo, and the National Research Institutes for Cultural Properties, Nara.

The mission of the National Institutes for Cultural Heritage is to conserve and utilize cultural properties which are invaluable assets to the people of Japan. The Institute has conducted surveys and research related to cultural properties, collected and stored tangible cultural properties and planned and held exhibitions.

The Japan Arts Council operates the National Theatre, the National Engei Hall, the National Noh Theatre, the National Bunraku Theatre and the National Theatre Okinawa for preserving and promoting traditional performing arts of Japan, the New National Theatre, Tokyo for promoting and disseminating the country’s contemporary performing arts and organized stages for traditional performing arts and performances

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

of contemporary performing arts. In addition, the Council offers support to the Japan Arts Fund ( responsible for granting subsidies) in cultural and artistic activities in order to promote and disseminate a wide range of cultural and artistic activities in Japan. Also, the Council has established the Digital Cultural Library on the Internet for disseminating information about traditional and contemporary performing arts among the public.

The information includes records of performances at the National Theatres, stored materials and introductory materials on the performing arts.

It runs programmes to train educators who will pass down these performing arts to future generations.

The Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO, the Japan Folk Performing Arts Association and Nihon Kogeikai are associations involved in the preservation of cultural properties.

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Public and state funding Regional and local governments funding Private initiatives Direct aid and tax relief

The Central Government and Local Governments support the owners of designated cultural properties in areas such as management, repairs and public disclosure. Their support is also offered towards the preservation, repair and disaster prevention of tangible cultural properties, or in some cases, these are bought by the Local Governments. Intangible cultural properties are supported and maintained through successor training, record keeping and other ways, in order to reduce the burden on cultural property owners.

With regard to the Local Government, which bonds the protection and use of cultural properties, due consideration is given within the scope of the law towards the financial circumstances of the Local Governments concerned.

In the case of a company giving a donation, the tax on the donation can be deducted from income up to a certain amount. In addition, donations to designated public interest corporations whose main objectives are goals such as preserving and utilizing cultural properties, establishing and operating museums or individuals who fulfill certain requirements, can be written off. In the case of organizations such as companies, the tax on the donation can be deducted up to the same amount as the deduction limit for general donations as a separate limit. With regard to the donations of individuals, starting with the income tax for the year 2007, the limit of application for donations which are subject to deduction from income was increased from 30% to 40%, thus making it easier to provide support at an individual level as well.

Houses and premises which have been designated, selected or registered as important cultural properties are exempt from fixed assets tax or taxed at half a rate on their fixed assets. The owners are thus given preferential tax measures based on the appropriate management of cultural properties. In the case that an important cultural property has been transferred to the Central Government, the Local Governments and so on, it is exempt from income tax (with regard to land designated as historic sites etc,). As for buildings (including registered tangible cultural properties and traditional buildings in Important Preservation Districts for Groups of Traditional Buildings) and their premises, efforts are made to lower the accession tax. Furthermore, in order to promote disclosure of outstanding works to the public art galleries and museums, special measures for the in-kind payment of accession tax has been established and registered as works of art.

113

JA PA N

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

114

National legislation in heritage preservation Urban planning legislation Regional and local regulations International memorandums and recommendations vs state legislation

Based on the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, the Central Government designates, selects or registers important cultural properties and draws up certain restrictions concerning their export, repair and changes to current conditions. The government also instructs and supports the owners of these properties, in areas such as public access, repairs and management.

In addition to the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, other laws also exist to promote international cooperation of cultural heritage, such as the Law on the Promotion of International Cooperation for the Protection of Cultural Heritage Abroad (2006), the Law Concerning Regulations on the Illicit Import and Export of Cultural Properties (2003) which follows the UNESCO Convention, the Act on Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (2007) and the Act on Maintenance and Improvement of Traditional Scenery in Certain Districts (Historic Town Development Act of 2008) which utilizes cultural property protection in regional development.

Based on the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, the Local Governments also designate, select or register important regional cultural properties and draw up certain restrictions concerning their export, repair and changes to current conditions. Support and instructions are also offered to the owners of these properties, in areas such as public access, repairs and management.

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

International networks cooperation and fund-raising State cooperation with World Heritage institutions Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties Ratified international conventions on heritage

In June 2006, the Law on the Promotion of International Cooperation for the Protection of Cultural Heritage Abroad was enacted. It stipulated the responsibilities of the Japanese government and of educational and research institutions regarding promotion of international cooperation on the protection of cultural heritage abroad, the establishment of a fundamental policy for such cooperation and the measures to be taken, which included reinforced coordination among the agencies concerned.

Based on this law, the Japanese Government, educational and research institutions, independent administrative institutions and private organizations established the Japan Consortium for International Cooperation in Cultural Heritage to promote Japan’s efficient and effective international cooperation in the area of cultural heritage. The Consortium plays a central role in building networks among research institutions, gathering and offering information and carrying out investigative research.

The Japan Centre for International Cooperation in Conservation, located within the National Research Institute for Cultural Properties in Tokyo,

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

is actively involved in cooperation on international research and exchange on the conservation of cultural properties, training of experts and collection and utilization of information.

Under the Law on the Promotion of International Cooperation for the Protection of Cultural Heritage Abroad, the National Government establishes policies regarding the international cooperation on protecting cultural heritage and determines the necessary economic measures to be taken for such cooperation.

Japan signed the Act on Controls on the Illicit Export and Import and Other Matters of Cultural Property in 2002, the Act on Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict in 2007, the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage in 1992 and the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2004.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Institutions involved in heritage preservation Public access to heritage Raising awareness of your people Policy of digitisation and archives access

The National Research Institutes for Cultural Properties in Tokyo and Nara undertake research on cultural properties. The Institute in Tokyo is engaged in research, primarily on tangible and intangible cultural properties, ranging from basic surveys to research using methods of advanced science and technology. It publishes its research results and plays an influential role in Japan’s international cooperation in the preservation and restoration of cultural properties.

The Institute in Nara conducts research on cultural properties such as architectural structures and historical documents, including excavation research on the ruins of the Heijokyo and Fujiwarakyo palaces. It is also involved in research and activities for raising awareness regarding the preservation of Asuka.

The Government conducts workshops at the Japan Arts Council to enable people to perpetuate traditional performing arts, such as: Noh, Kumiodori, Bunraku, Kabuki and traditional popular entertainment.

The Agency for Cultural Affairs holds exhibitions featuring works and related materials concerning the “technical mastery” of craft techniques and techniques for protecting cultural properties in order to facilitate the understanding for the transmission of such techniques.

The National Government also subsidizes a portion of the expenses incurred by the local governments concerning the dissemination of intangible cultural properties: training, exhibitions, classes and the production of audiovisual recordings.

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country. Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years • Nature of protected sites

115

JA PA N / L AT V I A

• • • •

Types of ownership Tourism statistics Heritage and tourism products in the state GDP Conclusions and recommendations 1988

1998

2009

Buildings/Other Structures

207

209

214

Fine/Applied Arts

827

841

862

Buildings/ Other Structures

2,007

2,167

2,344

Fine/Applied Arts

National Treasures Important Cultural Properties

116

9,403

9,920

10,311

Important Intangible Cultural Properties

72

93

105

Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties

169

194

206

Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties

141

194

257

Special Historic Sites

56

57

60

Historic Sites

1,266

1,385

1,614

Special Places of Scenic Beauty

27

28

29

Places of Scenic Beauty

252

263

313

Special Natural Monuments

72

72

72

Natural Monuments

915

917

939

Important Cultural Landscape* Important Preservation Districts for Groups of Traditional Buildings

15 26

* The selection of Important Cultural Landscape was systematized in 2005.

52

83

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

LATVIA 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration Public administration of cultural heritage (cultural monuments) preservation and use in Latvia is regulated by the Cabinet of Ministers and executed by the State Inspection for Heritage Protection, which works under the Ministry of Culture.

Aims of the Development Strategy of the State Inspection for Heritage Protection: identification, protection, maintenance and active public use of cultural heritage, quality of living space, identity and collective memory.

Priorities of the Development Strategy of the State Inspection for Heritage Protection: a convenient and easily accessible information system, monitoring transformation of cultural monuments, quality of services provided by the State Inspection for Heritage Protection, protection of original features and authenticity of cultural monuments, quality of cultural and historic environment, contemporary challenges: bridging the protection of cultural heritage and modern architecture.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) Public administration of cultural heritage (cultural monuments) preservation and use in Latvia is regulated by the Cabinet of Ministers and executed by the State Inspection for Heritage Protection, which works under the Ministry of Culture.

The Inspection works according to the Cultural Monuments Protection Law of the Republic of Latvia, the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and 37 other different laws and regulations concerning cultural heritage, by-laws of the State Inspection for Heritage Protection, as well as regulations issued by the Ministry of Culture and the State Inspection for Heritage Protection.

The Inspection has 5 regional offices in Kurzeme, Latgale, Vidzeme, Zemgale and Riga regions. There are 8,528 cultural monuments registered in Latvia (April, 2010).

• Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation The Inspection has 5 regional offices in Kurzeme, Latgale, Vidzeme, Zemgale and Riga regions that are directly subordinate to the Inspection and act in accordance with the official regulations. According to the law ”On Municipalities”, each municipality is also responsible for the preservation of the existing cultural monuments in its territory. In a number of bigger cities (Riga, Daugavpils, Liepāja, Jūrmala, Ventspils) special heritage professionals are employed and financed by the respective municipality.

117

L AT V I A

• National training structures Institutions and organizations providing education and training in the sphere of cultural heritage are as follows: Riga Technical University Kaļķu iela 1 LV 1658 Riga tel.: +371 67089300 fax: +371 67820094 web: http://www.rtu.lv

Latvian Academy of Arts Kalpaka bulvāris 13 LV 1050 Riga tel.: + 371 67332202 fax: +371 67228963 web: http://www.lma.lv

University of Latvia Raiņa bulvāris 19 LV 1586 Riga tel.: +371 67034444 fax: +371 67034513 email: lu@lu.lv web: http://www.lu.lv

Latvian Academy of Culture Ludzas iela 24 LV 1003 Riga tel.: +371 67140175 fax: +371 67141012 email: lka@lka.edu.lv web: http://www.lka.edu.lv

Secondary schools for different crafts and construction colleges in different regions of Latvia are as follows:

118

In Riga: Riga Construction College (Rīgas celtniecības koledža) Gaiziņa iela 3 LV 1050 Riga tel. : + 371 67229714

Riga Craft Secondary School (Rīgas Amatviecības vidusskola) Jūrmalas gatve 90 LV 1029 Riga tel. : +371 7427220

Education in the sphere of cultural heritage is ensured under the general educational curricula and several specialised subjects in the educational institutions of Latvia. Different training courses are also held.

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) State Inspection for Heritage Protection (Valsts kultūras pieminekļu aizsardzības inspekcija) M.Pils iela 19 LV 1050 Riga tel.: +371 67229272 fax: +371 67228808 email: vkpai@mantojums.lv web: http://www.mantojums.lv

Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republikas Kultūras ministrija) K. Valdemāra iela 11a LV 1010 Riga tel.: +371 67078110 fax: +371 67078107 web: http://www.km.gov.lv

Riga Municipal Heritage Protection Division Amatu iela 4 LV 1050 Riga tel.: +371 67012835 fax: +371 67012805 web: http://www.rdpad.lv/

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• Personnel working on preservation The number of employees working for the State Inspection for Heritage Protection – 89 people. Average age – 45,3 years.

The number of civil servants – 39.

Professional profile of the Inspection – 14 architects, 6 art historians, 22 historians, other employees with higher education – 32.

• NGOs and private stakeholders involved in the preservation • Voluntary initiatives •

•

•

•

•

Coalition for the Protection of the Nature and Cultural Heritage The Association “Coalition for the Protection of the Nature and Cultural Heritage” in general follows the protection of cultural heritage and cultural projects. The main interest and actions are turned to the environment of the Riga city and the islands in the territory of Riga. There are several unified NGOs; Association of Latvian Castles, Palaces and Manors The Association is a public organisation, supported from membership dues. The Association organises seminars, field trips and other educational activities, not only in Latvia, but also abroad. Various educational programmes dedicated to the restoration, renovation and conservation questions and to the problems of authenticity have been organised for both members and the interested in association with professionals. There are 92 members in the Association. These people are museum personnel, municipal staff, businessmen, school directors and teachers. In total, our current members represent 82 castles, palaces and manors throughout Latvia and this number increases proportionally year by year; Europa Nostra Latvia Europa Nostra is a Pan-European Federation for Cultural Heritage and a representative platform for over 200 European NGOs involved with heritage issues. It also supports institutions and companies and has a large number of supporters and members in every European country, including Latvia. Europa Nostra acts as the spearhead for these national heritage enthusiasts in relation to the European Union Institutions, the Council of Europe and UNESCO; ICOMOS Latvia ICOMOS Latvia is the Latvian National Committee of the International Council on Monuments and Sites, an independent world-wide organisation for cultural heritage professionals and an advisory body to UNESCO for historic environmental conservation and the World Heritage Convention; Others: • Landscape Architecture Association of Latvia (Latvijas ainavu arhitektūras biedrība); • Association of Restorers of Latvia (Latvijas Restauratoru biedrība); • Association of Archaeologists of Latvia (Latvijas Arheologu asociācija).

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Public and state funding The conservation, maintenance, repair and restoration of a cultural monument are performed by its owner (possessor) at his/her own expense.

Subject to agreement from the State Inspection for Heritage Protection, financial resources are allocated from the state budget for the investigation of cultural monuments and the conservation and restoration of cultural monuments of national significance having no economic

119

L AT V I A

application, and from municipal budgets – financial resources for the conservation and restoration of cultural monuments of local significance having no economic application.

The State Inspection for Heritage Protection signs a contract with the owner (possessor) of the particular monument in every separate case to grant resources from the state budget for the investigation of cultural monuments and the conservation and restoration of cultural monuments of national significance, and monitors the use of the allocated resources. Investigation measures required for implementing construction works, drainage, road construction and other activities are financed by the contractor at customer’s expense.

If a monument is owned by the state and houses a cultural institution, financial resources for its maintenance are allocated from the state budget through the respective sectoral ministry. For centralised management of state properties, the State Real Estate Agency was founded.

Financial resources for the preservation of local cultural monuments are allocated from municipal budgets.

• Regional and local governments funding In accordance with the law ”On Protection of Cultural Monuments”, financial resources, which municipalities obtain from renting cultural monuments, deductions from profits obtained as a result of commercial activities connected with cultural monuments, fines for damaging and demolishing cultural monuments and compensation for damages, are remitted to the income of the special budgets of municipalities and this income can only be used for the investigation, conservation, repair and restoration of cultural monuments.

120

• Private initiatives There are a number of foundations that deal with allocating resources for cultural heritage: Latvian Culture Foundation (Latvijas kultūras fonds), Latvian Cultural Heritage Preservation Foundarion SO (Latvijas kultūras mantojuma saglabāšanas fonds SO), Soros Foundation Latvia (Sorosa Fonds Latvija), as well as several foundations established for financing a particular monument or historical site.

• Direct aid and tax relief Non-profit state organisation the Culture Capital Foundation (http://www.kkf.lv) supports and enhances culture in its totality, as well as individual artistic projects, promotes research related to culture and cultural heritage, supports outstanding individuals engaged in art.

Strategic lines in the cultural heritage sphere are as follows: • Training specialists in research, preservation and use of cultural heritage.

• Support for theoretical or research works that are intended for use by the general public or providing valuable reference or educational material in long-term perspective.

• Preservation and promotion of cultural heritage in the districts of Latvia, including the organisation of the European Cultural Heritage Days.

• Inventory, research and study of the cultural and historical values of the Historic Centre of Riga.

• Restoration of unique cultural monuments, especially if these objects are intended for public use.

• Support for projects promoting the development of the cultural heritage sector and increasing public awareness about the importance of cultural heritage, thus introducing the issue not only to the professionals, but also to Latvian and international society.

According to the Real Estate Tax Law, state- protected cultural monuments and their areas, except for land under residential houses and real estate for commercial use, are exempt from real estate tax. Use of immovable state-protected cultural monuments for culture purposes is not considered a commercial activity, except for cinemas and video libraries. The cadastral value of the State significance monuments are diminished by 45 % and the local significance monuments – by 35%.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • National legislation in heritage preservation Public administration of cultural heritage (cultural monuments) preservation and use is regulated by the Cabinet of Ministers and executed by the State Inspection for Heritage Protection, which works under the Ministry of Culture. The Inspection works according to the Cultural Monuments Protection Law of the Republic of Latvia, the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and 60 other different laws and regulations concerning cultural heritage, by-laws of the State Inspection for Heritage Protection, as well as regulations issued by the Ministry of Culture and the State Inspection for Heritage Protection. Cultural heritage protection policy and its guidelines are based on EC and UNSECO conventions, declarations, recommendations and international conference resolutions.

• Urban planning legislation Urban planning legislation is based on: • Spatial Planning Law and Spatial Planning Regulations; • Specially Protected Nature Areas Law,; • European Landscape Convention.

• Regional and local regulations According to the law ”On Municipalities”, each municipality is responsible for the preservation of the existing cultural monuments in its territory.

The State Inspection for Heritage Protection cooperates with the municipal heritage protection services within the range of their functions and partly transforms its liability of control of the preservation of cultural heritage.

• International memorandums and recommendations vs state legislation Cultural heritage protection policy and its guidelines in Latvia are based on EC and UNSECO conventions, declarations, recommendations and international conference resolutions.

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • International networks cooperation and fund-raising Latvia became a member of the Council of Europe on the 10th of February, 1995. The European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage, the Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe, the Council of Europe Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society and the European Landscape Convention have all been ratified by Latvia.

The European Heritage Network (HEREIN) is a permanent information system gathering governmental services in charge of heritage protection in the Council of Europe. The system is a tool available to Member States for implementation and monitoring the European Convention on Protection of the Architectural and Archaeological Heritage. The database offers data on 25 countries, including Latvia, and later this system will expand to cover all new member states represented in the Council of Europe. This Information System provides public administration

121

L AT V I A

with some information on cultural heritage work in other countries, and helps professionals seeking information or international networking opportunities. The database content is updated routinely by a national liaison officer of each Member State. The Information System contains detailed data on protection of cultural heritage, funding, training, information flow and other aspects related to the field. The most essential element of this portal is its multi-lingual glossary (Thesaurus) which encompasses translation of cultural heritage terminology in various languages. http://european-heritage.coe.int/ NET-HERITAGE (the European Network on Research Programme Applied to the Protection of Tangible Cultural Heritage) is the first significant initiative which has set out to coordinate national RTD programmes of European countries and support European programmes in research applied to the protection of tangible cultural heritage.

The ERA-NET is a partnership of ministries, funding agencies and national RTD authorities from 14 European countries, including Latvia. It has embarked on a monumental effort to fulfil a crucial need within EU research policy, namely to overcome the barriers of exchanging information on coordinated research activity applied to the protection of tangible cultural heritage.

Latvia is a Partner in Steering Group of the Viking Heritage Nomination Project for UNESCO World Heritage List as serial monument ”Phenomena and Monuments of Viking Culture”.

• State cooperation with World Heritage institutions 122

Latvia takes an active part in the implementation of the major objective of UNSECO - world cultural and natural heritage preservation. In 1995, Latvia ratified the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of the 16th of November, 1972. The Convention has been enforced in Latvia since 1997. The Historic Centre of Riga was added to the prestigious List in 1997. Struve Geodetic Arc was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2005.

The Latvian National Commission of UNESCO is invited to take part in all significant decision- making processes.

• Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties The State Inspection for Heritage Protection ensures a regular survey of Latvian cultural heritage by organising expeditions for experts of one sector and complex expeditions for experts of all sectors of cultural heritage. During these expeditions the condition of the cultural monuments under state protection is assessed, as well as new objects being identified for inscription in the list of the cultural monuments under state protection.

During the period of 1998 – 2001, the State Inspection for Heritage Protection implemented a full inventory process of the buildings of one of the properties of the UNESCO World Heritage List, namely the Historic Centre of Riga and its protection zone. In cooperation with SIA ”MikroKods” a pilot project aiming at creating a geographical information system for the cultural heritage of Latvia was implemented. The results of the inventory process are entered in a database. The year 2001 saw the development of assessment criteria and determining the cultural and historical value of all the buildings located in the Historic Centre of Riga. The assessment results are incorporated in the Preservation and Development Conception of the Historic Centre of Riga “Vīzija 2020” and “Vīzija 2002/2020” developed by the State Inspection for Heritage Protection and used in the Preservation and Developement Plan of Historic Centre of Riga adopted in 2006.

• Ratified international conventions on heritage The following conventions have been ratified by Latvia: • UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage; • European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage; • Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe; • Council of Europe Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society; • European Landscape Convention have all been ratified by Latvia.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Institutions involved in heritage preservation State administration in respect of the protection and utilisation of cultural monuments shall be ensured by the Cabinet of Ministers and shall be implemented by the State Inspection for Heritage Protection. The State Inspection for Heritage Protection has established several public expert groups for making high-quality decisions and resolving disputes on different issues.

The Inspection has established a direct co-operation with municipalities, different ministries (the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Regional Development and Local Governments, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Finance) and various services of these ministries, which deal with cultural heritage issues.

Public access to heritage As a priority, cultural monuments are used for the needs of culture, science, education and tourism taking into account their original function.

The use of cultural monuments for museum purposes is decreasing while their practical application is increasing in order to attract resources for their maintenance.

Within the State Inspection for Heritage Protection there is a Client Service Centre whose main objective is to provide comprehensive information on cultural heritage and ensure free access to this information.

The visitors to the CSC, among other things, are provided with comprehensive information about different fields in the sector of Latvian cultural heritage – activities of the State Inspection for Heritage Protection, cultural monuments protected by the state, participation of Latvia in a range of international projects, issues connected with the preservation and development of the Historic Centre of Riga and culture of towns and rural areas of Latvia.

The Inspection stays in contact with the general public. It provides information to the mass media on a regular basis, organises press conferences and discussions about the most topical issues of cultural heritage protection. The Inspection also promotes the cultural heritage of Latvia through exhibitions, publications, research papers and lectures.

Since 1995 the State Inspection for Heritage Protection has been organising theEuropean Cultural Heritage Days in Latvia. The information on cultural monuments and their protection is available at http://www.mantojums.lv. The interest from the general public about cultural heritage increased considerably after the campaign “Europe, a Common Heritage” in Latvia run by the Council of Europe.

For the past several years, during an active period in tourism, the public organisation ”Association of Castles, Palaces and Manor Houses of Latvia” has been conducting a campaign aimed at attracting the attention of people to the castles, palaces and manor houses of Latvia. Not only are the visits to popular and well-known sites promoted this way, but also new values, previously unnoticed by tourists, are discovered.

This type of campaign strengthens the involvement of Latvian people in activities for the protection of cultural heritage, as well as increases the awareness of local cultural and historical values. The owners of cultural monuments organise various types of campaigns, concerts, art exhibitions and other activities aimed at drawing public attention and attracting financial resources for saving particular cultural monuments of outstanding value.

• Raising awareness of your people It is important to note the crucial role of education for young people and providing them with information on cultural heritage in an adequate and comprehensive form thus developing full understanding about the significance and necessity of protecting cultural heritage. A new project

123

L AT V I A

was launched aiming at developing a series of books for children, where through using attractive fairy-tale characters in different stories and exercises kids were introduced to cultural monuments and their history, architecture and art. The books were developed in the form of fairytales with questions and exercises in order to stimulate children to find answers to questions using their own imagination and knowledge and asking their parents to help.

Every year, during the European Cultural Heritage Days the State Inspection for Heritage Protection organises a child drawing competition about cultural heritage, holds an exhibition of the drawings and takes the winners of the competition to an excursion to see a range of cultural monuments or to a creative camp in different cultural heritage monuments. Young people at schools have been offered lectures and discussions about the preservation of cultural heritage and protection of cultural monuments in Latvia and the rest of the world.

In the framework of the European Cultural Heritage Days a special concert entitled “The Night of Industrial Heritage” was organised for young people. The aim of this concert was to promote cultural heritage in such a way that it would be understandable by the young, to increase interest about cultural and historical values emphasising industrial heritage in particular, to prove that cultural heritage is not something old fashioned and it can be assigned a kind of contemporary use.

Latvia also takes part in the international photo competition ”Cultural Heritage in Photography” organised by the Council of Europe.

• Policy of digitisation and archives access 124

State Agency “Culture Information Systems” Main goal – Latvian Cultural Heritage Portal - a united portal for Latvian libraries, archives and cultural heritage of museums – a search engine that will provide access to the required information in the culture field to any of the portal’s visitor Museums Joint Catalogue of the National Holdings of Museums http://www.nmkk.lv Libraries • www.biblioteka.lv • http://www.lnb.lv/lv/digitala-biblioteka • www.letonika.lv An the end of 2007, the State Inspection for Heritage Protection elaborated the conception of the development of the cultural heritage information system “Heritage”. Its objectives were: to ameliorate the quality of offered services for all the stakeholders, to organize convenient and operative circulation of information to provide a good management of cultural heritage, to create a common information system of tangible cultural heritage, encouraging the accessibility to national heritage in the digital environment, as well as public comprehension about the protection of cultural heritage and the identity of each inhabitant with his national heritage.

The main task was to create a common information system for heritage protection in Latvia – computerized work of the inventory and protection of cultural monuments, as well as digital and public accessible database with overall information about the cultural monuments at national protection level.

The results were the improved quality of the service provided to the general public - accessible, simple and comprehensive information, precise inventory of the cultural monuments of the State protection with reports of inspection and photo fixation materials demonstrating the value of the new system.

It is planned that this Information System will be adapted to the Common Culture Information System of Latvia.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country. Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years Type Archaeological monuments Architectural, industrial and urban planning monuments Historical monuments

State-protected cultural monuments in the Soviet Republic of Latvia, 1983

State-protected cultural monuments in the Republic of Latvia, 2010

1,504

2,492

531

3,454

1,054

128

Monuments of art

1,449

2,454

Total:

4,538

8,528

• Nature of protected sites The types of cultural monuments in Latvia are as follows: • Immovable cultural monuments: • individual objects – buildings, works of art, facilities and articles, individual burial sites; and • complex objects – archaeological sites, architectural ensembles and complexes, historical town centres and other populated areas, streets, squares, blocks, cemeteries, cultural and historical landscapes, memorial places, historical places and territories.

• Movable cultural monuments: • individual objects – archaeological finds, antiquities, elements of immovable monuments, historical relics, works of art, manuscripts, rare printed matter, cinema documents, photo and video documents, phonograms; and • complex objects – historically evolved complexes, holdings and collections of separate objects which have an indivisible cultural and historical value.

Objects which have survived in their initial state, as well as their separate parts and fragments are recognised as cultural monuments.

Cultural monuments, in conformity with their historical, scientific, artistic or other cultural value, are classified into cultural monuments of national or local significance, and are included in accordance with procedures specified by the Cabinet of Ministers as cultural monuments of national or local significance in the List of Cultural Monuments Under State Protection.

The Head of the State Inspection for Heritage Protection, taking into account the Cabinet of Ministers’ regulations, may determine environmentally degrading objects that are located within the cultural monument protection zones. Such objects have to be designated for demolition and their further development is not permitted.

The protected cultural monuments in Latvia: • Monuments inscribed on the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List- the Historic Centre of Riga, Struve Geodetic Arc; • Objects marked by the European Heritage Label – the panorama and silhouette of the Historic Centre of Riga, Rundale Palace, the Historic Centre of Kuldiga; • Specially protected cultural and historical territories: Livonian Coast (Līvod Rānda), Turaida Museum Reserve, Smithy of the Farm “Vārnas” and Abava Valley;

125

L AT V I A / L U X E M B O U R G

•

State-protected cultural monuments in Latvia (May, 2010) – 8,528, including 2,492 archaeological monuments, 3,401 architectural monuments, 2,454 monuments of art, 45 urban planning monuments, 113 historical monuments, 15 places of historical significance and 8 industrial monuments. Immovable cultural monuments – 7,125. Movable cultural monuments – 1,403.

• Types of ownership The following figures show the types of ownership in Latvia: • State ownership ~ 6%; • Municipal ownership ~ 9%; • Church ownership ~ 21%; • Public ownership ~ 2%; • Private ownership ~ 62%.

• Tourism statistics

126

Favourable geographic location, diverse culture and historical heritage and landscapes are good preconditions for local and international tourism in Latvia. It has been estimated that heritage objects (except for museums) in Riga attract approximately 430 thousand visitors each year. Rural heritage is a destination for 32 thousand tourists a year.This is another evidence of a correlation between cultural tourism and heritage. With that said, three Baltic countries have developed a common cultural tourism promotion strategy, underlining the role and functions of cultural heritage. Many projects aimed at facilitating cultural and historic heritage and improving tourism infrastructure were initially supported from the European Regional Development Fund – project ”Efficient Role of Cultural and Historical Heritage in Development of Tourism”.

Cultural tourism resources of Latvia are: • Cultural monuments of different types, including also elements of outstanding cultural and historical landscapes; • Internationally-known musical and folklore activities; • Art and craft exhibitions; • Museums.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

LUXEMBOURG 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration • Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people) The state heritage administration of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg is called Service des Sites et Monuments Nationaux (SSMN, The National Office of Cultural Heritage).

The National Office of Cultural Heritage, cultural institute of the State under the aegis of the Ministry of Culture’s main mission is the study, conservation, protection and enhancement of the national architectural heritage, namely the rural, urban, fortified feudal, religious, landscape and industrial heritages. In addition, the SSMN handles requests for exemption for advertising and signs.

Under the Act of June 25, 2004 on the cultural institutions of the State, the National Office of Cultural Heritage is responsible for: • The study, conservation, protection and enhancement of the national architectural heritage including industrial heritage and work with the National Museum of History and Art in the event that these activities would engender archaeological excavations; • Ensuring protection and regular maintenance of historic sites including the listed national monuments or those registered in the supplementary inventory; • Monitoring repair work and restoration of the listed sites and buildings or registered in the supplementary inventory; • Ensuring the management and maintenance of the network of cultural routes and dependencies; • Advising and assisting, on request, individuals and communities in the restoration of buildings and sites; • Proposing new assignments for abandoned buildings which are of great architectural value; • Organizing awareness campaigns, exhibitions and conferences on national architectural heritage; • Proposing and monitoring the creation of conservation areas and development plans of cities relevant to the national architectural heritage; • Coordinating and monitoring public initiatives for the restoration of national architectural heritage; • Managing scientific, museum, educational and technical dependencies; • Advising the Minister on advertising as long as it is subject to his approval; • Ensuring the enforcement of laws and regulations relating to advertising signs; • Cooperating with the Commission of National Sites and Monuments; • Maintaining close relations with the Council of Europe, UNESCO and the International Commission of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS); • Preparing regular reports on the area preservation of UNESCO World Heritage.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as:

127

LUXEMBOURG

• State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) • Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation • National training structures

128

The conservation, protection and enhancement of built heritage are everybody’s business: buildings’ owners, associations, citizens, municipalities, state. Indeed, the cultural identity of the entire country is at stake. The Government of Luxembourg, with its legal and financial means, is involved in this task through several administrations, public services and facilities.

Besides the Public Buildings Administration and the Fund for the Renovation of the Old City of Luxembourg, which in recent years have done a remarkable job of backing up valuable real estate, it is the National Office of Cultural Heritage which represents states and assumes partial responsibility, by conducting studies, ensuring its role as developer in infrastructure projects and advising those wanting to restore their buildings. Along with these tasks, the SSMN prepares and maintains procedures for the national legal protection of built heritage.

In recent years, the National Office of Cultural Heritage has been able to directly and indirectly contribute to the study, conservation, protection and enhancement of many buildings, to movable objects and to sites.

Legal protection undertaken by the State through the SSMN (classification, supplementary inventory) now includes some 750 buildings and objects.

For their part, municipalities can protect the buildings with their General Development Plan and their regulation of buildings.

In order to achieve a coherent and consistent protection in the coming years, for the benefit of built heritage – but also in the interest of those, especially joint owners or developers, interested in changing the urban and rural infrastructure – the inventory of built heritage worthy of protection should be conducted for all the Grand-Duchy, through a consistent implementation of General Development Plans. The criteria for this inventory was provided to municipalities in charge of creating new General Development Plans. The SSMN further organized training on the subject in which all research consultancies charged by municipalities for the development of General Development Plans have been involved.

The SSMN advised all municipal leaders that it would be available for common inventorying.

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) Personnel working on preservation NGO’s and private stakeholders involved in the preservation Voluntary initiatives

Service des Sites et Monuments Nationaux (SSMN, the National Office of Cultural Heritage): 26, rue Munster, L-2160 Luxembourg Organization: • Rural and urban heritage: architect Nuno • Director: Patrick SANAVIA MARQUES COIMBRA, employee; • Reception Desk: WIRTGEN Kristell, • Rural and urban heritage: architect John employee VONCKEN • Secretariat: Monique BECKER,, employee • Rural and urban heritage: architect • Executive Secretariat: Isabelle CLEES, Michele MAJERUS (maternity leave) employee

• •

Technical service and computer: Patrick DIEDENHOFEN, worker; Religious and landscape heritage relations to international organizations: Patrick DONDELINGER, conservator;

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• • •

Industrial and fortified heritage: architect Nikolaus JOST, independent; Industrial heritage: Jean-Claude SCHUMACHER, engineer technician; Rural and urban inventory: art historian Christine KLEIN, employee;

• • • •

Rural and urban inventory: Christina MAYER (maternity leave) Advertising and signs: detached corporal Luke KLENSCH; Advertising and signs: Isabelle SIMON; Feudal and industrial heritage: Architect Maite LEMOGNE, employee;

• • • •

Feudal and fortified heritage: JeanJacques LIST, conservator; Protection Procedures: Alice PAULUS, deputy office manager ; Accountancy: Bernadette TRAUSCH; Accountancy: Joe ZENS, employee.

The National Commission of Cultural Heritage The National Commission of Cultural Heritage (Commission des Sites et Monuments Nationaux, Cosimo) was established by the Act of July 18, 1983 on the conservation and protection of sites and national monuments and the Grand-Ducal Regulation of December 14, 1983. The National Commission of Cultural Heritage shall notify the Minister of Culture of heritage protection, knowing the applications for classification or registration in the supplementary inventory, and acting on projects aiming to change the protected buildings. It still gives its opinion on the waiver requests for the installation of signs and advertisements.

Beside the public institutions, there are several private associations trying to promote the awareness and the protection of national heritage.

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Public and state funding Regional and local governments funding Private initiatives Direct aid and tax relief

The Grand-Ducal Regulation of July 21, 2009 concerning the allocation of grants for restoration of buildings is the regulatory basis for financial aid in the matter.

The objective is to subsidize conservation measures and restoration of the historic buildings. The financial grant to cover the extra costs incurred by appropriate measures.

The regulation defines that • objects, which are at least 60 years old from the date of the application may be funded; in exceptional cases, the newer buildings with striking architecture are still eligible; • objects eligible for facade renovation, roofing, sheet-metal, heavy-work, metal work, restoration or replacement of doors and windows, and various works including the building inside and with the aim to safeguard substance historical; may still be subsidized work of architect and engineer; • grants are awarded within the budget available from the SSMN; the application must be submitted before the work begins (preferably at the project development) and a corresponding form is available, upon request, from the SSMN; • the application must be accompanied by the documents, including photographs of the building; • the work is to be carried out according to the recommendations of the SSMN; • work can be subsidized up to 30% of the expenses incurred and 50% for a listed building or ranked in the supplementary inventory; • the final amount of the subsidy is set at the end of the work based on invoices and statements submitted to the SSMN.

129

LUXEMBOURG

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

130

National legislation in heritage preservation Urban planning legislation Regional and local regulations International memorandums and recommendations vs state legislation

According to the Act of July 18, 1983 on the conservation and protection of national sites and monuments, the buildings whose preservation from an archaeological, historical, artistic, aesthetic, scientific, technical or industrial point of view is of public interest, are classified as National Monuments wholly or partly looked after by the Government, the National Commission of Cultural Heritage and the council of the municipality in territory of which the property is located..

The buildings meeting the above criteria, without justifying an immediate classification, but having a sufficient interest to make it desirable for preservation, are included on the list called Supplementary Inventory.

The listed building may not be destroyed or moved, even in part, or change its assignment, or be the subject of restoration, repair or modification of any kind, unless the Minister has given permission.

Where a building is located in the protected perimeter of a listed building or enrolled in the supplementary inventory, no deforestation or any other alteration or changes that might affect the appearance of the listed or enrolled building can be performed.

The above national legislation concerns, above all, the protection of single sites and monuments. At a subsidiary level, urban planning legislation is required from the local municipality in charge of creating new General Development Plans to select and preserve buildings and areas of heritage interest.

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

International networks cooperation and fund-raising State cooperation with World Heritage institutions Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties International conventions on heritage ratified

According to its legal missions, the National Office of Cultural Heritage maintains close relations with the Council of Europe, UNESCO and the International Commission of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and regularly prepares reports on the area of preservation of UNESCO World Heritage.

International conventions on heritage ratified are the Built Heritage Charta of Venice and the Gardens and Parks Charta of Florence.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Institutions involved in heritage preservation Public access to heritage Raising awareness of your people Policy of digitisation and archives access

The National Office of Cultural Heritage is the main education and research institution on heritage in Luxembourg. Public access to heritage buildings, also in private ownership, is an important issue to its policy.

Raising awareness of heritage is also the main mission of the National Office of Cultural Heritage, leading to several initiatives: • Installation of permanent exhibitions related to the built heritage on major historical sites; • Production of temporary exhibitions available on request; • Organisation of awareness campaigns in private public partnership; • Edition of publications and documents on heritage preservation and restoration; • Edition of a national inventory of historical monuments; • Creation of an interactive webside of the National Office of Cultural Heritage; • Creation of cultural routes in cooperation with European, national and local institutions; • Annual participation in the European Heritage Days; • Annual participation in the International Heritage Photographic Experience.

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country. Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • • • •

Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years Nature of protected sites Types of ownership Tourism statistics Heritage and tourism products in the state GDP Conclusions and recommendations

Natural sites and buildings whose preservation from an archaeological, historical, artistic, aesthetic, scientific, technical or industrial point of view is of public interest are protected, whether in private or public ownership.

The number of protected sites during the last 25 years has increased from 300 up to 750.

Tourism statistics show a constant and even increasing interest in the major heritage sites and monuments, be it in the countryside or in the capital.

In cooperation with local institutions, the National Office of Cultural Heritage has preserved and restored major national heritage monuments, trying to attract also local people by innovative initiatives combining heritage, art and culture, food and gastronomy.

131

M A L AY S I A

MALAYSIA 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

The aim of heritage preservation in Malaysia is to protect the physical foundation of Malaysia’s unique historic and cultural environment for future generations. From an economic perspective, the benefits that heritage conservation works have brought to Malaysia’s overall economic development are incontestable. The range of heritage preservation can be seen from the law on heritage known as The National Heritage Act, 2005 (Act 645), which provides for the conservation, preservation and protection of the country’s natural heritage, tangible and intangible cultural heritage, underwater cultural heritage, treasure trove and for related matters. The Act was enforced on the 1st March, 2006.

• Main fields of work of the state heritage administration 132

In general, the Department of National Heritage, Ministry of Information, Communication and Heritage, Malaysia is responsible for heritage preservation in Malaysia with the main field of works as follows: • Research and Documentation; • Preservation and Conservation; • Maintenance of the National Heritage Registry; • Enforcement; • Outreach Programme; • Awareness Programme; • International Proclamation.

• Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people) The National Heritage Act clarifies the management of heritage in the country under the control of the Department of National Heritage, Ministry of Information, Communication and Culture, Malaysia. The Act places high responsibility on the Minister, who is authorised to issue policies, statements or directives with regards to heritage protection and activities. In general, the Act ensures that both federal and state authorities are in agreement on any decision made on heritage matters; thus conflicts can be avoided or minimised.

Based on the Act, the Commissioner of Heritage was appointed to administer the country’s heritage and to carry out the powers and functions of the Act. His numerous functions include, among others, determining the designation of sites, registration of objects and underwater cultural heritage, establishing and maintaining the National Heritage Registry as well as determining and specifying the categories of heritage to be listed in the Registry, establishing and maintaining liaison and co-operation with the State Authority in respect of conservation and preservation of heritage matters, advising and co-ordinating the local planning authority, the local council and other bodies and entities at all levels for the purpose of safeguarding, promoting and dealing with any heritage issues, as well as advising the Minister with regard to any matter in respect of conservation and preservation of heritage. In carrying out his duties, the Commissioner is assisted by the Deputy Commissioner(s), the Assistant Commissioners and other officers.

In making decision on matters related to heritage, both the Commissioner of Heritage and the Minister may receive advice on administration, enforcement and all the matters relating to heritage from the National Heritage Council represented by many different agencies.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

Under the Act, there is a provision for the establishment of the Heritage Fund to be controlled by the Commissioner for the purposes of purchasing heritage and conservation areas, expenses incurred for conservation and preservation including organizing campaigns, research, studies, publication of materials etc. and a grant or a loan. It provides the means of acquiring the fund, such as from the government’s Consolidated Fund, donations, levy, investments and external loans, to name a few. In 2006, the Government allocated 35 million RM for the fund and about 100 million RM more has been allocated under the 9th Malaysia Plan (2006 to 2010). This shows a high commitment by the Government to protect and promote the country’s heritage.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

There is a-three tier systems of government in Malaysia which works on heritage preservation administration consisting of the Federal Government, the State Governments and the Local Governments which have different roles in managing heritage properties. The State Governments and the Local Governments may have different approaches in the management of heritage properties owing to the different context and the uniqueness of the respective places.

• State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) The heritage preservation is confined to the common principles of practice that are undertaken by Malaysia’s various Governmental Agencies.

The agencies ranging from the Department of National Heritage, the Department of Museums (both within the Ministry of Information, Communication and Culture), the Department of Town and Country Planning and various local authorities (all within the Ministry of Housing and Local Government in Peninsular Malaysia) play very important roles in maintaining and safeguarding the heritage entities within the country.

Each of the departments mentioned as well as other supporting or related departments such as forestry, wildlife, geology, and land office have, within themselves, operative measures governed by their respective legislation and procedures.

• Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation Presently, four Governmental Agencies are entrusted with the tasks of management and protection. Between them, they carry out protection on identified monuments and sites. The agencies are as follows: Regional Level • The Department of National Heritage, Ministry of Information, Communication and Culture is a Federal Department which operates under the provisions of the National Heritage Act, 2005 to preserve national heritage.

Local Government • The District Council is a State Agency which administers and manages the protection of heritage sites in a respective state with the advice from the Department of National Heritage and Department of Town and Country Planning; • World Heritage Office (for World Heritage Site only) is a State Agency which monitors, promotes and protects outstanding universal value of the World Heritage Sites.

• National Training structures There is a number of recognised organisations which have sources of expertise in training and management techniques of conservation programmes in Malaysia, such as the Department of National Heritage, the Department of Museums, Malaysia, the Department of Geology and Minerals, the Department of Wildlife, the Department of Forestry, the Department of Town and Country Planning, the Department of Land and Mines and Tourism, Malaysia.

133

M A L AY S I A

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Among the most important state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in Malaysia are: Melaka Museums Corporation (PERZIM), Melaka Heritage Complex, Jalan Kota, 7500 MELAKA. Phone: +606-2826526, Fax: +606-2826745 Department of Town and Country, Melaka, Level 5, Bangunan Wisma Negeri, Jalan Wisma Negeri, Kompleks MTIC 75450 AYER KEROH, MELAKA Phone: +606-2324803, Fax: +606-2323443

134

Department of Town Planning, Historic Melaka City Council, Graha Makmur, No. 1 Jalan Tun Abdul Razak 75450 AYER KEROH, MELAKA Phone: +606-2859702, Fax: +606-2324346

World Heritage Office (Melaka), c/o Historic Melaka City Council, Graha Makmur, No. 1 Jalan Tun Abdul Razak 75450 AYER KEROH, MELAKA Phone: +606-2859850, Fax: +606-2312431 Department of Planning Development, Penang Municipal Council, Level 16, KOMTAR, 10000 GEORGE TOWN, PENANG Phone: +604-2592038, Fax: +604-2623405

World Heritage Office (George Town), 116 & 118 Lebuh Acheh 10200 GEORGE TOWN, PENANG Phone: +604-2616606, Fax: +604-2616605 Department of Town Planning and Development, Taiping Municipal Council, Wisma Perbandaran Taiping, 34000 TAIPING, PERAK Phone: +605-8080777, Fax: +605-806957

Department of Town Planning, Penang, Level 57, KOMTAR, 10000 GEORGE TOWN, PENANG Phone: +604-6505270, Fax: +604-2637580

• Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) (Note: Same as above).

• Personnel working on preservation Besides the Department of National Heritage, other personnel working on preservation are found in the following departments and agencies under the control of the Ministry of Information, Communication and Culture: • The National Department of Culture and Arts (conducts research and collection of heritage material associated with the performing arts); • The Department of Museums, Malaysia (responsible for collecting, preserving and restoring artefacts); • The Malaysian Handicraft Development Corporation (maintains and revives heritage craft); • The National Archives (responsible for keeping governmental records including manuscripts and material evidence of administration).

• NGOs and private stakeholders involved in the preservation Apart from the Governmental Agencies, two prominent NGOs and private stakeholders are actively involved in the preservation of heritage in Malaysia. They are: • Badan Warisan Malaysia (BWM) (Malaysia Heritage Trust) is concerned with the conservation and preservation of Malaysia’s built heritage and has played a distinctive role in the promotion of the preservation and conservation of Malaysia’s built heritage since its formation in 1983 as a Non-Governmental Organisation. This organization is a voluntary organisation with charity status i.e. all the contributions are tax exempt. Its members have been involved in the preservation of significant built heritage structures and sites throughout the country.

It promotes a hands-on programme for educators and young people to rediscover the architectural and cultural roots of their own towns and cities (website address: http://www.badanwarisan.org.my);

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

•

The Penang Heritage Trust (PHT) is a Non-Governmental Organisation based in George Town, Penang. Its objective is to promote the conservation of Penang’s heritage and to foster cultural education about the history and heritage of Penang. Formed in 1986, the PHT has played an important role in saving many heritage buildings in Penang, as well as creating public awareness and community’s participation in safeguarding cultural heritage. The organization has been actively engaged in the formulation of heritage conservation policy as an important component of the State Governments’ sustainable development strategy. It also promotes restoration skills and training, urban revitalisation and appreciation of local history and architectural legacy of Penang (website address: http://www.pht.org.my).

• Voluntary initiatives In Malaysia, cultural heritage awareness is also initiated by voluntary groups such as: • Perak Heritage Society (PHS) was formed in 2003 by a group of people from the State of Perak. Its main objective is to promote public awareness, conservation and preservation of social, environmental and cultural heritage of the State. This includes Perak’s natural, cultural and industrial heritage such as tin-mining, of which the State was famous for in the old days. This organization also promotes public awareness of Perak’s cultural heritage through talks, seminars and field trips (website address: http://www.lestariheritage.net); • Malacca Heritage Trust (MHT) was established in 1999 as a heritage Non-Governmental Organisation in the State of Melaka. The organization has brought together professionals and local community from various ethnic groups. It promotes public awareness of the cultural heritage of the State; • Cultural Heritage Action Team (CHAT) was formed in January, 2009. It is an alliance comprising of volunteer conservation architects, historians, heritage practitioners and educationists, who have come together to share information, knowledge and problems, as well as lobby for the right policies to be implemented to serve and sustain the built and cultural heritage of George Town, Penang, mainly on historic shops (website address: http://heritagegeorgetown.blogspot.com).

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country?

Heritage preservation financing in Malaysia lies with the Heritage Fund, controlled, maintained and operated by the Commissioner. The Fund may be used for the following purposes: • Payment for the purchase of heritage and conservation areas; • Payment for the expenses incurred for: • The conservation and preservation of any heritage and conservation areas, whether they are owned by the Government or otherwise; • Organizing campaigns, research, studies, publication of materials for the protection of heritage and conservation areas; • The conservation and preservation of any heritage item and activities incidental to it.

• Any disbursement of a grant or a loan under the National Heritage Act, 2005; • Any other payment for the purpose of the National Heritage Act, 2005.

The Commissioner is responsible for keeping and maintaining proper accounts in respect of the Fund and in compliance with the provisions of the Statutory Bodies (Accounts and Annual Reports) Act, 1980.

• Public and state funding The National Heritage Act, 2005 also created an avenue for the funding of restoration and conservation projects involving buildings, monuments and sites. As such, the State Governments can apply for federal assistance in funding restoration and conservation projects through the Heritage Fund. However, the allocation is limited and not solely meant for conservation projects, but also includes training and research

135

M A L AY S I A

purposes, conserving, safeguarding and protecting other types of heritage such as natural and intangible cultural heritage. Besides, the State Governments may also have their own funds which come from their annual budget as well as contribution or sponsorship from corporate companies.

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country?

The legal forms of heritage preservation in Malaysia are: • Act/Statute; • Rules and Regulations; • Enactment; • Plans (e.g. Local and Structure Plan).

• National legislation in heritage preservation

136

National legislations in heritage preservation are as follows: • National Heritage Act, 2005; • National Archives Act, 2003; • Town and Country Planning Act, 1976.

• Urban planning legislation The Town and Country Act, 1976 is a law governing the urban as well as rural planning mechanisms providing a comprehensive system of control and guidance for application in Peninsular Malaysia. With the expanding liabilities and concern in the urban and rural planning system, several sets of amendments were made between 1993 and 2005. The turning point of this Act was in 1995 and 2001 when some amendments were made to include several outstanding procedures and regulations indirectly affecting the urban heritage conservation exercises.

The 2001 Amendment improves the preceding provisions by the inclusion of a few items such as the establishment of the National Physical Planning Council, the introduction of a new National Physical Plan, the need for Structural Plan Reviews and the procedure in preparing, reviewing and amending the Structural Plans and, most importantly, the inclusion of a section dealing with the preparation of the Special Area Plan.

Act 172 has some direct and indirect implications to the practice of heritage conservation. It substitutes the limitation of the National Heritage Act, 2005 (Act 645) to protect built heritage in the urban and rural area, particularly protecting them from new developments and interventions.

Planning authorities within the capacity of Act 172 can use certain provisions within the Act to carry out the necessary processes in safeguarding the built heritage in their own jurisdiction.

The Act also requires the Local Authority to prepare the Local Plans that may include areas where specific plans can be drawn, to protect and upgrade the environment, to conserve and enhance the character and appearance of buildings, to improve the internal communication and to operate the internal traffic flow.

A new inclusion in Act 172, in the Amendments of A1129, allows the provision for the State Director of Town Planning in his own capacity or on directive from the State Planning Committee, to prepare a special area plan for any parting whose area of the local planning is found appropriate. The conservation or an appropriate management plan for that specific purpose includes carrying capacity, development control and a tourism management plan. It also specifies that this plan should be prepared in the same manner as the preparation of a local plan but it must contain detailed guidelines for implementation and management of the site and should have the same effect to that of the local plan. The provisions under the Special Area Plan are useful for the purpose of specifying guidelines of an area of heritage significance in a specific locality

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

within the urban or rural area. A designated area can be gazetted for the purpose of protection against any interventions that could destroy the integrity of the area in respect to its heritage significance.

As in the local plan, various planning aspects such as traffic flow, land use, landscape, green reserved, heritage and visual quality can be included in the proposals for detailed consideration pertaining to its “development, a redevelopment, improvement, conservation or management practice, or partly by one and partly by another method, or of the whole, or part of such special area, and the nature of the treatment proposal”.

• Regional and local regulations The Local Government Act, Act 171 (1976) is to regulate the functions of local authorities in Peninsular Malaysia and to provide ample powers for them to carry out their specific duties. In many ways, this Act compliments Act 172 and there are provisions in Act 171 that empower local authorities to contribute in maintaining historic buildings or sites and acquire any land with or without buildings for the purpose of protecting the significant context of the site. Act 171 also enables local authorities to raise or receive grants toward establishment and maintenance of public monuments and memorials, art galleries and museums.

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

The forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation are as follows: • Treaties; • Memorandum of Understanding (MoU); • Training/ internship/ exchange programme.

• State cooperation with World Heritage institutions Malaysia has been a member of several World Heritage institutions such as UNESCO, the International Centre for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage (ICCROM) and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), of which the last two are the advisory bodies to the World Heritage Centre. Malaysia has received good cooperation from these institutions mainly for the inscription of both natural and cultural sites in the UNESCO’s World Heritage List.

• Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties One of the many strengths of the National Heritage Act, 2005 is that it explicitly mentions the importance of identifying tangible and intangible, cultural and natural objects and sites that are important to the country as National Heritage, and not too strictly guided by the age of the property. Article 67, provides nine criteria for consideration: • The historical importance, association with or relationship to Malaysian history; • The good design or aesthetic characteristics; • The scientific or technical innovations or achievements; • The social or cultural associations; • The potential to educate, illustrate or provide further scientific investigation in relation to Malaysian cultural heritage; • The importance in exhibiting a richness, diversity or unusual integration of features; • The rarity or uniqueness of the natural heritage, tangible or intangible cultural heritage or underwater cultural heritage; • The representative nature of a site or object as part of a class or type of a site or object; • Any other matter which is relevant to the determination of cultural heritage significance.

137

M A L AY S I A

For this purpose, nine committees have been recently formed by the Commissioner to review the list of heritage objects, monuments and sites and to make recommendations as National Heritage. If gazetted, the National Heritage items will be properly managed and protected. The lists of National Heritage are included in the List of National Heritage Register and it is the duty of the Commissioner to maintain such register.

The power to declare National Heritage lies only with the Minister. Before such declaration, the Minister consults and gets agreements from: • The State (if the heritage is situated on state land); • The owner, trustee or custodian of the heritage; • The living person (consent from the person is required); • The intangible with copyright (consent from the copyright owner is required).

The lists of the National Heritage, Heritage Building, Heritage Site, Heritage Object and Underwater Cultural Heritage are compiled in the National Heritage Registry.

As for international recognition, Malaysia has two historic cities and two natural sites as UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites. These include Gunung Mulu National Park in the State of Sarawak and Kinabalu Park in the State of Sabah, both inscribed in 2000, and the historic cities of Melaka and George Town inscribed in 2008.

On the 25th November, 2005, Malaysia’s well known intangible cultural heritage, Makyong (a theatrical dance) was declared by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The dance is an ancient dance-theatre form incorporating the elements of ritual, stylised dance and acting, vocal and instrumental music, a story, a song and a formal as well as improvised spoken text.

138 • Ratified international conventions on heritage Malaysia has ratified several conventions related to heritage, such as: • the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention, the Hague, 14th May, 1954; • The Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, the Hague, 14th May, 1954; • The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Paris, 16th November, 1972.

The Malaysian Government, however, has yet to ratify the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, 2003. The Government is in the process of reviewing the Convention for ratification which requires an extensive revision of existing relevant domestic laws.

Although Malaysia has not ratified the Convention, a lot of effort has been given in protecting and promoting cultural heritage in the country.

Under the National Heritage Act, 2005, both natural and cultural heritage will not only be protected or preserved but will be disseminated and promoted through activities, publications and training.

7. EDUCATION What are forms of education concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

In general, there are two forms of education concerning the heritage preservation: • Formal Currently there are eight public universities offering post-graduate and graduate course on heritage preservation. Apart from these, there are a few training centres offering programmes for heritage preservation such as the National Culture, Arts and Heritage Academy or ASWARA and the Craft Training Institute. The Ministry of Information, Communication and Culture, Malaysia, through its agencies, also organizes short courses and training in the field of heritage preservation.

• Informal The Ministry of Information, Communication and Culture Malaysia funds programmes and training to master craftsmen, contractors, artisans,

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

to name a few. Professional bodies such as the Malaysian Institute of Architects and the Malaysian Institute of Surveyors also organize certificate courses on heritage preservation.

• Institutions involved in heritage preservation Apart from the Department of National Heritage, there are other institutions involved in heritage preservation, education and research: • The Department of Museums, Malaysia; • The Department of National Archives, Malaysia; • The National Department for Culture and Arts; • Higher education institutions such as the Malaysia Science University (USM), the Malaysia National University (UKM), the MARA Institute of Technology (UiTM), the International Islamic University (IIU) and the Malaysia Technology University (UTM).

The above higher leducation institutions carry out activities related to cultural heritage as part of their academic programmes. For example, A Measured Drawings Course was introduced to architecture students as part of historic building appreciation and documentation. The UiTM offers a Masters Programme in Conservation and Heritage Management where students are involved in field trips and case studies of heritage buildings. The USM, through its Performing Arts Programmes of the School of Humanities, offers a course on wayang kulit, a traditional Malay Shadow Play, beside Anak-anak Kota (Children of the City) Programme, a heritage education project run by artists-educators from the university targets children aged 10 - 16 from diverse communities and schools in the historic city of George Town, UNESCO’s World Heritage Site.

139 • Public access to heritage Heritage or historic objects which are publicly owned can be accessed from within the institutions hosting the collections such as the National Museums, the National Art Gallery, etc. The public are welcome to visit the museums paying a minimal charge. The charges imposed are for maintenance purposes.

Collections of cultural heritage manuscripts have long been accessible only from within the institutions hosting the collections, namely the National Archives and the State Archives. With the emergence of the Web, the institutions have started attempts to make the photos and brief descriptions of some of the manuscripts available on their web site.

For monuments and sites, public access has to be granted to all publicly- owned heritage. In the case of privately-owned, normally a prior agreement with the owner should be obtained. So far, neither the Federal nor the State Government has exercised their rights to redeem a monument from the private ownership in order to grant a better access to it.

• Raising awareness of your people To promote public awareness on cultural heritage in Malaysia, various agencies, schools, higher education institutions and Non-Governmental Organisations conduct activities and programmes on promoting heritage preservation through public talks, seminars, workshops, field trips, education and training for their employees. The Department of National Heritage has taken several initiatives, such as: • Implementing ‘National Programme for Traditional Culture’ and other initiatives such as the Merakyatkan Seni (Bringing the Arts to the Public) Programme that promotes the performing arts as well as the visual arts, thus indirectly safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage; • Organising exhibitions, talks, seminars, campaigns and guided tours to intangible cultural heritage locations or sites in order to promote a better understanding of the heritage among the public including school children and teachers. These programmes also encourage more support and participation by the locals in the preservation of their cultural heritage; • Publishing books and brochures on the intangible cultural heritage of Malaysia; • Establishing websites and databases on all types of heritage items including intangible cultural heritage, that are easily accessible by the public; • Establishing Heritage Clubs at schools that focus on all forms of cultural heritage awareness; • Promoting all forms of cultural heritage through the celebration of the Malaysia Heritage Week.

M A L AY S I A / M YA N M A R

• Policy of digitalisation and archives access (Note: The policy of digitisation and archives access is still being developed)

8. STATISTIC DATA • Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country Since 1976, the total number of items protected under the various Malaysian Heritage Acts is 446. They are protected under the National Heritage Act, 2005 and the Antiquities Act, 1976 which include living persons (6), objects (238) and sites (202).

• Conclusions and recommendations Due to the danger of extinction, the Government of Malaysia formulated the National Heritage Act, 2005 that covers a wide spectrum of heritage including both tangible and intangible cultural heritage. Besides, several departments under the Ministry of Information, Communication and Culture including the Department of National Heritage have taken steps to preserve and promote cultural heritage. This is to ensure that the cultural heritage of Malaysia is well protected and safeguarded for future generations.

140

Several recommendations may have to be considered in preserving cultural heritage and management policies in Malaysia. They are: • To increase public awareness, particularly to younger generations, on cultural heritage; • To allocate more grants for educational and research purposes; • To get involved in more international cooperation and collaboration concerning heritage preservation; • To inscribe more cultural and natural sites in the UNESCO’s World Heritage List.

Ministry of Information, Communication and Culture, Malaysia

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

MYANMAR 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration • Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people) Myanmar in Asia, being undisputedly one of the richest cultural regions in the world, preserves its traditional and cultural values and its policy is to: • Uplift the morale and morality of the entire nation; • Uplift the national prestige and integrity and preservation and safeguarding of cultural heritage and national character; • Uplift dynamism of patriotic spirit.

These are National Policies of the State on culture and the State has laid down the cultural policies as a guideline for the development of Myanmar culture.

Some Objectives for National Heritage Preservation and Promotion have been laid down for the sake of preservation and dissemination of Myanmar cultural heritage. They are as follows: • To explore and preserve cultural heritage like ancient pagodas, stone inscription, manuscripts, ancient monuments and their decorative styles; • To sustain, disseminate and revive Myanmar literature, music, theatrical performances in Myanmar style; • To preserve, sustain and develop Myanmar arts and crafts in a traditional Myanmar style; • To wear Myanmar dress in accordance with traditional culture; • To nurture a younger Myanmar generation to be well behaved, bodily and verbally, in accordance with religious principles, teachers’ education and parental upbringing.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) • Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation • National training structures The Ministry of Culture was established to study and explore preservation of Myanmar culture and to carry out various cultural tasks.

The Ministry of Culture is responsible for promotion, preservation and planning of the development of Myanmar culture.

141

M YA N M A R

142

Now it consists of the Minister of Culture and the following three departments: • Department of Fine Arts; • Department of Archaeology, National Museum and Library; • Department of Historical Research.

In accord with the policy of the State, the Ministry of Culture has been making endeavors for the vitalization and flourishing of Myanmar culture and arts through conducting courses and research, entertaining the public, maintaining culture and arts and preserving their decrease, working for their flourishing, and also to allow the public to get fully acquainted with their traditions and cultures.

The Ministry plays a vital role in national culture preservation through a fully organized dissemination and systematic work. Moreover, cultural departments for each state and division representing the nationality of Myanmar, are also made fully responsible by the government.

The main responsibilities being undertaken by the Ministry are: • To preserve cultural heritage of Myanmar with a view to the emergence and prevalence of Myanmar style and culture; • To produce works of fine arts which support the progress of the state and the public; • To support the artists whose works of fine arts are not for entertainment only, but also to promote knowledge; • To educate the public to be fully imbued with the prevalent ideas; • To help develop the unity, nationalistic spirit and patriotism among the people; • To preserve the decadent culture; • To support the promotion of the morale and morality of the public; • To help develop the union spirit in exposing culture; • To make endeavors in promoting the development and standards of culture.

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) Personnel working on preservation NGOs and private stakeholders involved in the preservation Voluntary initiatives

The Department of Archaeology, National Museum and Library, under the Ministry of Culture, is responsible for the preservation and presentation of Myanmar cultural heritage and studying the culture and customs of the nationalities.

Its main functions are: • To reveal historical sites and ancient cities by exploration and excavation; • To preserve Myanmar cultural heritage monuments; • To preserve and promote Myanmar cultural properties; • To establish archaeological museums; • To preserve inscriptions, ancient mural paintings, published books; • To establish the National Museum and cultural museums of the State and Divisions and collect the Myanmar cultural heritage materials in order to preserve and display them; • To establish the National Library and cultural libraries of the State and Divisions and collect rare manuscripts, ancient treaties and literature;

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• To do research and explore the history of the collected cultural heritage materials; • To popularize Myanmar culture all over the world through tourism and visits to cultural museums and libraries.

Address: Director General, Department of archaeology, National Museum and Library, Ministry of Culture, Myanmar, Building No.(35), Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar Ph: 95-67- 408217 Fax: 95-67 – 408039 E-mail: kyawoolwin.arch@gmail.com Department of Fine Arts is responsible for the preservation and dissemination of Myanmar traditional arts and fine arts. Universities of Culture and State Schools of Fine Arts and State School of Music and Drama have been established to support the idea.

Its main functions are: • To study, expose and preserve Myanmar traditional performing arts, drama, plays, classical drama and traditional dance and music; • To expose and preserve ten kinds of Myanmar traditional arts and crafts; • To carry out cultural exchange programmes with foreign countries; • To analyze Myanmar fine arts to check their harmony with norms and customs; • To nurture and bring up new generations of advanced fine arts artists through basic painting, sculpture and theatrical training schools and the Universities of Culture.

Address: Director General, Department of Fine Arts, Ministry of Culture, Myanmar, Building No.(35), Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar Ph: 95-67- 408036 Fax: 95-67 – 408163 E-mail: dgfad2009@gmail.com Department of Historical Research serves as a national centre for research on Myanmar history. Working closely with the Myanmar Historical Commission, its main activities are: the collection of historical source materials, research on Myanmar history and the publication of historical research works. In addition, it undertakes special research projects which are assigned as national tasks.

Its main functions are: • Acquisition of materials relating to Myanmar history from domestic and external sources; • Conduct of research on Myanmar history; • Compilation of works on Myanmar history; • Publication of books, journals and paper on Myanmar history; • Promotion of historical scholarships; • Provision of assistance to departments, institutions and individuals relating to Myanmar history.

Address: Director General, Department of Historical Research, Ministry of Culture, Myanmar, Building No.(35), Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar Ph: 95-67- 408382 Fax: 95-67 – 408384 E-mail: nandahmun21683@gmail.com

143

M YA N M A R

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Public and state funding Regional and local governments funding Private initiatives Direct aid and tax relief

The Ministry receives annual funding for the preservation and conservation of ancient pagodas and monuments from the government and public donation. Most financial support programmes are organized to be treated as obligatory. The governmental funds can be used for publication, research, development, production, presentation, exhibition, conservation and preservation. Public donation is used for preservation and conservation of ancient monuments and pagodas in a cultural heritage region. During the budget year, each department under the Ministry of Culture has its own authority to manage its allocated budget according to the proposed project and activities. Thus, the Ministry of Culture operates its functions being supported by governmental and public donation.

5. LEGISLATION

144

What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

National legislation in heritage preservation Urban planning legislation Regional and local regulations International memorandums and recommendations vs state legislation

In Myanmar, all moveable cultural properties made or existing in the 19th century (the end of the last Myanmar dynasty) are classified as “antiquities” and protected by law against illicit traffic.

There are some archaeological laws enacted for preservation and protection of Myanmar cultural heritage such as: • Ancient Monuments and Antiquities Preservation Act (1957), • Amendment Act for the Preservation of Ancient Monument and Antiquities (1962), • The Protection and Preservation of Cultural Heritage Regions Law (1998), • The Law Amending the Protection and Preservation of Cultural Heritage Regions Law (2009).

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • International networks cooperation and fund-raising • State cooperation with World Heritage institutions • Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• Ratified international conventions on heritage Since the Union of Myanmar joined the ASEAN on the 27th July, 1997, the ASEAN National Committee on Culture and Information was formed to carry out programmes of the ASEAN-COCI. Under the National ASEAN-COCI, the Sub-Committee on Culture and the Sub-Committee on Information have been formed with officials from the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Information respectively. The Sub-Committee on Culture has been carrying out the activities on the promotion of the ASEAN awareness, implementing the projects of the ASEAN-COCI, reviewing the effective effort in promotion in the ASEAN region, promoting a better understanding of relevant social issues among the peoples of the ASEAN and cultural exchange outside the region with dialogue partner countries. The Sub-Committee on Information has been carrying out the exchange news and information networks of member countries and promoting the awareness of the ASEAN through mass media. The projects according to the guidance of the State, the ASEAN Steering Committee and the Committee on Culture and Information, the Minister of Culture, the Secretary General of the ASEAN Secretariat are implemented and reports on progress on ongoing projects are made. After Myanmar became one of the ASEAN member countries, it has been a host to annual meetings, project meetings, seminars, conferences, symposiums and workshops of the ASEAN, exhibitions and celebrations to get familiar with the member countries and to realize the real situation of Myanmar due to the guidance of the ASEAN Steering Committee.

In addition, the Department of Archaeology, National Museum and Library does research works on archaeological and historical fields by organizing teams and joint research with international associations such as ones from Japan and France to fill up the spaces of historical links through the results of collaborative research works.

145

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Institutions involved in heritage preservation Public access to heritage Raising awareness of your people Policy of digitisation and archives access

The National Museum, cultural museums, archaeological museums, the National Library and cultural libraries are established for human resource development and their role is to preserve our tangible cultural heritage. Many artifacts and archaeological findings have been collected and exhibited at the museums in order to popularize Myanmar culture among the people. Moreover, cultural museums in various states and divisions have been maintaining the ethno-culture in Myanmar. Our cultural museums also preserve the customs and traditions of Myanmar ethnic groups by recording the information and data from field works and documentation, and providing this information to the public and researchers.

The Ministry of Culture coordinates research on both tangible and intangible cultural heritage as part of its regular inner and outer activities, organizes symposiums to disseminate the cultural information to the departments and people. The Department of Archaeology, National Museum and Library does research works on archaeological and historical fields by organizing teams and joint research with international associations such as ones from Japan and France to fill up the spaces of historical links through the results of collaborative research works.

Additionally, monthly research seminars are held to provide cultural information.

Moreover, in order to disseminate Myanmar culture, the National Museum has conducted training courses on museology and offered lectures on museology to its staffs and youngsters. In the academic year 2002/2003, the National University of Arts and Culture (Yangon) started a course the graduates of which receive a diploma in museology.

M YA N M A R / P O L A N D

The Field School of Archaeology was established on the 7th November, 2005 under the Department of Archaeology, National Museum and Library affiliated with the National University of Arts and Culture (Yangon). It provides opportunities for graduates to study archaeology, both theory and practical skills, for preservation and conservation of ancient cultural heritage.

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country. Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • • • •

146

Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years Nature of protected sites Types of ownership Tourism statistics Heritage and tourism products in the state GDP Conclusions and recommendations

Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years 34 sites Nature of protected sites (Cultural Heritage Sites) • Ancient cities; • Ancient monuments; • Ancient grottos; • Group of ancient monuments.

Conclusions and Recommendations In our view, to maintain peace and tranquility, cultural exchange and cooperation are of vital importance. Moreover, the adoption of international conventions and participation in cultural events, seminars, workshops and conferences have created a more harmonious cooperation with other countries and have been an inspiration to understand and respect each other’s culture and to have more peaceful coexistence. They also allow to communicate and cooperate with each other and to overcome the challenges of the present. Therefore, we need to promote cultural exchange and cultural cooperation in all cultural fields between Asia and Europe as identified through the Action Plan of Culture Ministers adopted during the Second ASEM Culture Ministers Meeting for the preservation and protection of cultural heritage and to enhance mutual understanding and to build welfare among people.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

POLAND 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration • Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people) The principal objective of the State within the area of heritage preservation is to manage heritage resources in line with the principle of sustainable development. The bodies of public administration undertake the activities aiming to: • Ensure legal, organisational and financial conditions facilitating permanent preservation, management and maintenance of historical monuments; • Prevent hazards that could damage the value of historical monuments; • Prevent devastation and inappropriate use of historical monuments; • Counteract theft, loss or illegal export of historical monuments; • Inspect the preservation condition and intended use of historical monuments; • Incorporate the preservation objectives into spatial planning and development and environmental planning and management; • Protect Polish cultural heritage abroad.

The public authorities responsible for preservation of historical monuments identify heritage resources, operating a national register of historical monuments. These authorities are committed to monument conservation supervision and preservation of the most valuable historical venues entered in the register of historical monuments and all archaeological sites. Regional Monument Conservators participate in negotiating the content of town planning documents developed by the entities of the territorial self-government within the scope of cultural heritage preservation. The preservation and care of historic monuments is partly-financed by the public administration entities, mainly by operating a subsidy programme of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage and Voivods’ funds.

The bodies of territorial self-government are also involved in cultural heritage preservation. They operate commune register of historical monuments, initiate commune programmes for the care of historical monuments, incorporate heritage preservation objectives in local spatial development plans, contribute to funding conservation works on the venues entered in the register of historical monuments.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) • Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation • National training structures

147

POLAND

148

The most important position in the heritage preservation system is that of the Minister of Culture and National Heritage, who is represented by the General Monument Conservator – the Secretary of State or Deputy Secretary of State in the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage. The General Monument Conservator exercises technical supervision, via Heritage Preservation Department, over 16 Regional Monument Conservators and their offices being an element of the regional consolidated administration. Each Regional Monument Conservator is responsible for condition and preservation of all the historical monuments located within the area under his competence. The General Monument Conservator also supervises two expert institutions – the National Heritage Board of Poland and the Centre for Protection of Public Collections. These two centres implement the state policy within the scope of cultural heritage preservation and care.

The National Heritage Board of Poland documents cultural heritage, monitors the condition of historical monuments and archives collections of all the documents related to heritage preservation. Another objective of the National Heritage Board of Poland is to shape the rules of heritage preservation. It deals with identifying risks, developing patterns of behaviour and implementing standards of conservator’s activities. The third crucial objective is to teach and promote heritage, i.e. popularise the knowledge of historical monuments and set social conditions for effective preservation of historical monuments.

The mission of the Centre for Protection of Public Collections includes contribution to the constant improvement of the status of preservation and safeguarding public collections and historical venues, as well as supervising and inspecting implementation of the objectives related to security of public collections; researching and documentation in the area of heritage preservation and care, as well as popularisation of historical, artistic and scientific values of the endangered or lost cultural heritage.

The central administration (the Minister of Culture and National Heritage represented by the General Monument Conservator and Voivods, who, in turn, are represented by the Regional Monument Conservators) is responsible for legislative work aimed at effective preservation of cultural heritage, preparation of “National Programme for Heritage Preservation and Care” („Krajowy Program Ochrony Zabytków i Opieki nad Zabytkami”), proper management of valuable historical monuments by entering them into the register of historical monuments, which translates into providing them with legal protection and permanent conservator’s supervision. Furthermore, all archaeological posts are under the central administration’s legal protection and conservator’s supervision. Special legal and conservation protection is provided to the places entered in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The General Monument Conservator, the Regional Monument Conservator and the Centre for Protection of Public Collections participate in and inspect the procedure for export of historical monuments. The central administration is also responsible for incorporation of the heritage preservation objectives into strategic planning documents concerning spatial development.

The local authorities are also responsible for management of the heritage of regional significance by including conservator’s preservation areas in the spatial development plans and establishment of cultural parks. Entities of the territorial self-government are also obliged to operate a commune register of historical monuments and to prepare heritage care programmes which are based on the collected data.

The protection of cultural heritage abroad is one of the most important tasks of the Minister of Culture and National Heritage of the Republic of Poland (the Department of Cultural Heritage). It concerns both heritage left in the East – in the areas now belonging to: Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia and the Ukraine – and the cultural heritage left by many generations of Polish emigrants to Western Europe and the countries of both Americas.

Personnel training on heritage preservation and management is conducted by a number of state institutions (e.g. the National Heritage Board of Poland, the Centre for Protection of Public Collections, the National Culture Centre).

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as:

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• • • •

Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) Personnel working on preservation NGOs and private stakeholders involved in the preservation Voluntary initiatives

The most important institutions committed to heritage preservation include: • Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (General Monument Conservator, Heritage Preservation Department, Department of Cultural Heritage); • National Heritage Board of Poland with 16 field branches; • Centre for Protection of Public Collections.

Institutions of the regional consolidated administration responsible for heritage preservation include: • Regional Offices for Heritage Preservation along with their branches.

Self-governmental institutions involved in heritage preservation and management include: • Municipal, poviat or commune monument conservators (about 50 offices throughout Poland); • Departments responsible for spatial planning at various levels of territorial self-governance.

In 2009, about 75,000 non-governmental organisations were registered in Poland, including 13% committed to the domain of culture and art.1 In 2004, this number amounted to approximately 11.5% – the research conducted at that time showed that almost a half of them (42%) operated within the field of preservation of historical monuments and the sites of national remembrance and preservation of national or regional traditions.2 The most important NGOs dealing with the heritage issues include: • Scientific Association of Polish Archaeologists (Stowarzyszenie Naukowe Archeologów Polskich) – an organisation associating specialists on archaeology and prehistoric studies and the fields related to them; it operates within the area of archaeological scientific research, preservation and conservation of archaeological monuments and museology; • Association of Monument Conservators (Stowarzyszenie Konserwatorów Zabytków) – an organisation associating monument conservators, specialists on various fields related to preservation and conservation and those acting for cultural heritage; • Association of Art Historians (Stowarzyszenie Historyków Sztuki) – an organisation associating representatives of art historians’ community and people professionally or socially involved in researching art and historical monuments; • Association of Polish Artists (Związek Polskich Artystów Plastyków) – an organisation associating artists, including those committed to conservation and restoration of historical monuments and artworks; • Society for Preservation of Historical Monuments (Towarzystwo Opieki nad Zabytkami) – objectives of the organisation include: increasing society’s awareness of the significance of cultural heritage as an important measure of national identity, promotion of the need for care of historical monuments and cultural landscape, as well as furthering the knowledge on historical monuments and provision of direct care to the historical venues and historical complexes; • Centre for Citizenship Education (Centrum Edukacji Obywatelskiej) – a foundation operating throughout Poland, particularly amongst pupils and teachers. The programmes offered by the Centre for Citizenship Education are implemented by the pupils’ teams and approach the care of heritage as a tool to shape the civil society; • Polish Tourist and Sightseeing Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Turystyczno-Krajoznawcze) – an organisation popularising adventure tourism and sightseeing in Poland; 1

Data from the research conducetd by the Association Klon/Jawor in 2008: „Podstawowe fakty o organizacjach pozarządowych. Raport z badania 2008“ ( “Basic Facts about NGOs. Research Report, 2008“).

2 Results of the research: „Kondycja sektora organizacji pozarządowych w Polsce w 2004” ( “Status of the NGO Sector in Poland in 2004“).

149

POLAND

•

Stefan Batory Foundation (Fundacja im. Stefana Batorego) – during the period of 2007-2009, the foundation coordinated Polish ”Memoria” Programme involving organisation of numerous camps for volunteers who documented and conserved cultural heritage; • Polish National Committee of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (Polski Komitet Narodowy Międzynarodowej Rady Ochrony Zabytków ICOMOS) – the mission of the association is to develop and support preservation, conservation and proper use of historic monuments which are a part of cultural heritage both in Poland and abroad; • Polish National Committee of the International Committee of Museums (Polski Komitet przy Międzynarodowej Radzie Muzeów ICOM) – an organisation dedicated to international scientific cooperation between museums. It aims at preparation of and providing access to collections.

Volunteering in the field of cultural heritage is not quite as popular as in other fields and is closely connected with activities of non-governmental organisations. At this point, it is worth mentioning the „Magurycz” Association and the „Borussia” Foundation, assisting volunteers in their work for heritage by offering periodic camps or year-long cooperation. These activities have brought their contribution by making historical monuments well-organised, restored and clearer.

An attempt to promote such activities has also been made by the National Heritage Board of Poland, an institution offering summer holiday conservation camps for volunteers.

4. FINANCING POLICY 150 What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Public and state funding Regional and local governments funding Private initiatives Direct aid and tax relief

The Constitution envisages the State’s obligation to preserve cultural resources which are an important element of the national heritage and to provide citizens with free access to those resources.

This is reflected in the Law of the 23rd of July, 2003 on the Preservation and Care of the Historical Monuments.

The main sources of the co-financing for the projects related to the works on historical monuments and projects indirectly related to the heritage preservation (advertising projects, educational projects etc.) include: • State budget funds, “Culture and Preservation of National Heritage” („Kultura i Ochrona Dziedzictwa Narodowego”), grunted by the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage as part of ministerial programmes; • Voivods’ regional funds managed by the Regional Heritage Preservation Offices; • Funds from the European Funds, distributed at the national level; • Funds from Regional Operating Programmes, distributed at the regional level; • Funds from special European programmes and cross-border cooperation programmes; • Regional funds distributed by the Marshals of the Regions.

Only the owners or managers of the historical monuments entered in the register or archaeological sites are eligible to apply for the co-financing for archaeological, conservation, restoration or construction works from the public funds.

The “Cultural Heritage” Programme („Dziedzictwo kulturowe”) offers funds for the projects in three priorities: “Preservation of Historical Monuments”, “Support for Museum Activities”, and “Folk Culture”. Besides, as part of the Digitisation Programme ” Priority Digitisation of Historical Monuments and Museum Items”, it directly relates to the heritage preservation. Within the programme of the Minister of Culture and National Heritage

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

entitled “Polish Culture Abroad” (“Kultura polska za granicą’) Priority 2: “The Protection of Cultural Heritage Abroad” the following activities are funded: the renovation and conservation works of sites and buildings abroad, scientific research, documentation and the works of institutions which conduct activity within the scope of the protection of Polish cultural heritage.

The heritage preservation projects are also funded from the structural funds via: • The Innovative Economy Operating Programme; • Infrastructure and Environment Operating Programme (Measure 11.1 “Protection and Preservation of Cultural Heritage of Supra-Regional Importance” and Measure 11.2 “Development and Improvement of Cultural Infrastructure of Supra-Regional Importance”). – The Human Capital Operating Programme (Priority 4 “Higher Education and Science “, Priority 7 “Promotion of Social Integration”, Priority 9 “Education and Skills Development in the Regions”); • Regional Operating Programmes; • European Territorial Cooperation.

The Act of the 5th of June, 1998 on Regional Self-Government stipulates that the regional self-government pursues the objectives of regional nature, including those concerning culture and protection of cultural objects (Journal of Laws of 2001, No 142, item 1590, with further amendments).

Regional parliaments co-finance heritage preservation projects (mainly conservation works on registered historical monuments). The usual amount of granted funds is within the range of 50 – 75% of the value of the works and is transferred on their completion.

The private funds for heritage preservation are primarily provided at the level of investments in revitalisation of fixed historical monuments.

However, no statistic records on such activities are available.

Tax relief on heritage preservation encompasses: • Lands and buildings entered in the register of historical monuments, provided they are managed and maintained in a manner compliant with the regulations on protection and care of historical monuments; • Lands and buildings in possession of registered museums; • Inheritance of movable historical monuments and collections entered in the register of historical monuments, as well as historical monuments lent to a museum for scientific or exhibition purposes for the period not shorter than 2 years.

• Acquisition of registered immovable historical monuments by people falling into the 1st and 2nd tax group, providing that the purchaser safeguards and conserves the historical monument in compliance with valid regulations. The tax relief relates to the fixed property directly entered in the register of historical monuments, as opposed to the monuments constituting a fragment of a bigger unit – a town-planning or architectural solution – entered in the said register.

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

National legislation in heritage preservation Urban planning legislation Regional and local regulations International memorandums and recommendations vs state legislation

The legal framework of cultural heritage preservation in Poland is set forth by the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, international legal acts ratified by Poland, the Act of the 23rd of July, 2003 on Preservation and Care of Historical Monuments and other legal acts indirectly related to the cultural heritage preservation, including the Act of the 7th of July, 1994 – Construction Law, the Act of the 27th of March, 2003 on Spatial Planning and Development, the Act of the 3rd of October, 2008 on Provision of Access to the Information Related to Environment

151

POLAND

152

and Environmental Protection, Societal Involvement in Environmental Protection and Assessment of the Environmental Impact, the Act of the 6th of June, 1997 – Criminal Code, the Act of the 16th of April, 2004 on Environmental Protection and relevant enforcement acts accompanying the above-mentioned acts.

As per the Constitution, the Republic of Poland guards the national heritage and ensures environmental protection, adhering to the principle of sustainable development and sets conditions for popularisation and equal availability of the cultural resources which make up the identity of the Polish nation, its continued existence and development.

The terms of legal protection and competence in heritage management are regulated in the Act of the 23rd of July, 2003 on the Care and Protection of Historical Monuments, envisaging 4 ways of legal protection: • An entry into the register of historical monuments; • Recognition of a historical monument as the “Monument to the History”; • Establishment of a cultural park; • Providing for protection in the local spatial development plan or in the decision on setting a location for a public purpose investment, the decision on development conditions, the decision on permission for implementation of a road investment, the decision on setting a location for a railway line or the decision on permission for implementation of an investment related to a public utility airport.

Moreover, the mentioned Act also provides for legal protection to all archaeological monuments (movable and immovable, i.e. archaeological posts) and defines the procedure for permission for export of a historical monument from Poland.

The Act sets forth mechanisms of funding the care of historical monuments by the state authorities.

The Act of the 23rd of July, 2003 sets forth the criminal responsibility for demolition of historical monuments and negligence of the obligations related to the care of the historical monument.

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

International networks cooperation and fund-raising State cooperation with World Heritage institutions Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties Ratified international conventions on heritage

Polish representatives work with international networks such as: • • • • • • • •

European Heritage Legal Forum; Monitoring Group on Cultural Heritage in the Baltic Sea States; International Committee for Museum Security; European Heritage Forum; European Heritage Heads Forum; Europae Archaeologiae Consilium; International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS); International Council of Museums (ICOM);

• • • • • • • •

Europa Nostra; RIHA (International Association of Research Institutes in the History of Art); Comité international d’histoire d’art; ASEM; INTACH; European Heritage Network HEREIN; European Heritage Label; and others.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

No statistic records on NGO’s involvement in international networks are available. A number of international collaboration projects are implemented by private governmental and non-governmental organisations as part of European funds.

Poland works with the World Heritage Centre as part of obligations due to its being a party to the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.

Poland is a party to international agreements, the European Convention on the Archaeological Heritage from La Valetta; the European Landscape Convention, Florence (ratified on the 24th of June, 2004).

On the 18th of March, 2010 Poland signed the Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe from Granada of the 3rd of October, 1985 (the ratification procedure has been launched). Poland still has not ratified the Framework Convention on the Significance of Cultural Heritage for the Society from Faro of the 27th of October, 2005.

Poland is also a party to the international UNESCO agreements: • Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, the Hague, the 14th of May, 1954, ratified in 1956; • Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, Paris, the 17th of November, 1970, ratified in 1974; • Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Paris, the 16th of November, 1972, ratified in 1976. As part of the convention, a List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage is operated; the fact of inclusion of a venue on the list imposes legal obligations directly on a given country and its bodies; • Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, Paris, the 2nd of November, 2001; the ratification procedure has been launched (following inter-ministerial consultations in the Legal Department); • Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, Paris, the 17th of October, 2003; the ratification procedure has been launched (following inter-ministerial consultations); • United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Montego Bay, the 10th of December 1982; • UNESCO Convention on Protection and Promotion of Cultural Diversity, Paris, the 20th of October, 2005.

• European Landscape Convention.

Poland has not ratified the UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects, Rome, the 24th of June, 1995.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Institutions involved in heritage preservation Public access to heritage Raising awareness of your people Policy of digitisation and archives access

The major burden of setting trends in teaching and raising knowledge on the protection of historical monuments rests upon central and local state institutions. The former (the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage, the Regional Monument Conservator, the National Heritage Board of Poland, the Centre for Protection of Cultural Collections), are committed to organisation of country-wide campaigns and protection of historical monuments, cooperating, among others, with state services preventing crimes against cultural heritage. An important element of this collaboration is to provide technical support and training to Uniformed Services.

Besides pursuing cultural policy suited to the local needs, the state institutions at the local level are responsible for management of subordinate

153

POLAND

154

cultural institutions, including museums and cultural centres. Educational activities are one of the most important points in the operation of museum centres. Another important role in promotion of culture is played by commune, district, city and regional cultural centres.

A significant role in promotion of the idea of heritage protection is that of mainstream education. People wishing to build up their knowledge on heritage and historical monuments may pick from a wide range of the fields of study at higher-education artistic and technological colleges and universities.

An opportunity of raising the skills in the field of cultural heritage preservation and management is offered by post-graduate studies and courses provided by the higher-education colleges.

Young people may also use the opportunity of providing active care of the heritage by voluntary involvement in the activities of NGOs. Equal citizens’ access to Polish heritage is stipulated in Article 6, Chapter 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, stating that „the Republic of Poland ensures the conditions for promotion and equal access to the cultural property which is a source of national identity of the Polish nation, its continued existence and development”. Nevertheless, public access to the cultural objects depends on their ownership structure. We can distinguish the following types of ownership, starting from the most numerous one: private property, churches and religious associations, self-governmental entities and, State Treasury. It is worth stressing that the private building owner is not obliged to provide access to their possession for the society, although they must provide access to such a building for any research purposes.

A well-developed heritage information system – maps and guides published in traditional and on-line versions are available. The Specialist Integrated Heritage Information System – a database on historical monuments as a basic working tool for historical monuments preservation services – is currently being developed. When completed, the system will enable management of data collections regarding national and local historical monuments, thus facilitating effective protection and efficient management of cultural heritage. As a further priority, anybody concerned will enjoy access to the information stored in the system.

Poland has seen a commencement of the process of digitisation of historical monuments and museum items whose implementation is scheduled for the years 2009-2020. The objective of this process is to protect original resources and provide Internet access to the registration decisions and register documentation. The digitisation encompasses decisions and entries into the register of historical monuments.

An Inventorying Programme for the especially endangered historical venues has been developed – it envisages collecting photometric data on 168 historical venues in Poland and development of an archive of measurement data based on the collected data, including a 3D screen, ground floor projections and sections and, in some cases also orthophotoplans. A basic criterion for a selection of historical monuments was the degree of devastation of the historical monument and a range of other factors, including a lack of basic documentation, the risk of imminent devastation and exceptionality of the form.

Thanks to the numerous cultural events held as part of the European Heritage Days, the social awareness (including the young people) of the benefits from investments in the care of heritage in the society is on the rise. Such events take many forms, e.g.: historical monument open days, fairs, scientific picnics and country-wide campaign such as the Museum Night or the European Heritage Days. The media also contribute to the increase in this awareness. An important factor, and probably the biggest in terms of the reach and audience size, is the Internet. A number of websites dedicated to the issue in question is substantial and most sites are created by science lovers. The themes related to heritage are also presented on TV, the radio and in the press. In the context of the issues in question, the nature of the media may be distinguished as general or specialist. The former deal with material heritage sporadically, mainly on the occasion of holidays, important anniversaries or by means of separate thematic sections on culture, art or science. The specialist media, on the other hand, reach mainly niche audiences by means of thematic TV channels or magazines (e.g. ,,Mówią Wieki”, ,,Zabytki” – monthlies, ,,Spotkania z Zabytkami” – bimonthly, ,,Renowacje i zabytki”, ,,Ochrona Zabytków”, ,, Archeologia Żywa” – quarterlies and ,, Muzealnictwo” – a yearbook. Other magazines, such as ,, Wiedza i Życie” and “National Geographic” offer a section addressing the domain in question).

The heritage-related themes have been extensively researched. Specialist (e.g. archaeological) research may be undertaken by anybody who is interested in heritage and has appropriate skills. These issues are regulated by the free market mechanisms.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country. Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • • • •

Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years Nature of protected sites Types of ownership Tourism statistics Heritage and tourism products in the state GDP Conclusions and recommendations

Some of the historical monuments in Poland are protected by an entry into the register of historical monuments. The table below illustrates the immovable historical monuments entered into the register of historical monuments, including a division into some categories (status as of the 30th of September, 2009): Category of historical monument Historical spatial solutions

Number 1,033

Architectural and construction historical monuments and parks and cemeteries: • Sacred venues; • Defence venues; • Public utility venues; • Castles; • Palaces; • Manor houses; • Green space developments; • Housing venues; • Farming venues; • Business venues; • Industrial venues; • Cemeteries;

62,852 12,027 884 4,108 419 2,019 2,760 6,969 17,312 5,200 2,059 2,061 4,045 2,989

In total

63,885

The property structure of immovable historical monuments (according to the status of the 31st of December, 2004) is shown by the table below:

155 Type of property

Number (in %)

State Treasury

15

Territorial self-government entities

21

Private property

30

Churches and religious associations 3

24

Co-owned property

2

Non-settled property

1

Source: Report on the Status of Preservation of the Condition of Immovable Historical Monuments.

In the case of the State Treasury, since the 1980s we have seen a consistent tendency to municipalise and denationalise most of the historical venues. An analogous situation is that of the territorial self-governmental entities, where the tendency has been to denationalise the property for the benefit of natural and legal entities. In both cases, privatisation most frequently concerns the housing venues (or separate parts of the housing venues), apartments, palaces, manor houses, parks (mainly palace parks and manor house parks) and business venues, and to a lesser extent – defence venues and industrial property.

In terms of numbers, the biggest group of historical monuments is the privately owned ones (owned by natural and legal entities). It predominantly concerns tenement houses or parts of tenement houses (i.e. separate apartments), as well as manor houses, parks and business venues. Most of the historical sacred venues and almost all cemeteries are owned by churches and religious associations.

3

Property co-owned by various categories of entities (e.g. the State Treasury / private property).

POLAND

Archaeological heritage The principal systemic project within the area of reconnaissance-level surveying archaeological heritage in Poland is the so-called “Archaeological Photograph of Poland” (Archeologiczne Zdjęcie Polski (AZP)), which has been conducted since the 1980s. As a result of this project, approximately 85% of the total area of Poland has been archaeologically surveyed at the reconnaissance-level. The register of archaeological historical monuments created during the survey encompasses 430,000 sites and increases by 10,0000 newly identified sites every year.

The archaeological sites may be classified as follows: • Settlement sites (open settlements – villages, estate, cities; defence settlements – fortified settlements, castles, forts; single farmstead settlements – single households); • Sepulchral sites (flat cemeteries, barrow cemeteries, mixed cemeteries, tombs, single graves); • Sites of cult (sacred venues, temples, cult districts, sacrificial venues); • Sites of natural resources procurement (quarries, mines, clay pit ponds); • Trade and production sites (workshops, factories, markets); • Infrastructural remains (roads, bridges, irrigation and land reclamation systems, sewage systems, harbours, canals); • Free findings.

Resources of the archaeological cultural heritage in Poland as per data provided by Regional Heritage Preservation Offices (as of 2007)

156 Region

Reg. Of historical monuments

AZP

Sites (according to the category)

Dolnośląskie Kujawsko-pomorskie Lubelskie

1488 166 159

A 92,7% 100% 99%

B 29 972 49 833 39 250

C ?

554 159

A 466 187 105

B 29 4 10

Lubuskie

552

100%

15 812

–

118

63

Łódzkie Małopolskie Mazowieckie Opolskie Podkarpackie Podlaskie Pomorskie Śląskie Świętokrzyskie Warmińsko-mazurskie Wielkopolskie Zachodniopomorskie In total

n/a 416 407 1136 455 256 584 233 126 275 645 370

N/a 75% 79% 86% 89.7% 73% 65% 80% 75% 80.06% 100% 100%

N/a 18 300 33 350 7500 22 872 17 524 26 902 6601 24 965 13 108 92 668 44 431 424 788

n/a 82 895 ca. 500 90 84 489 130 1720 242 n/a –

n/a 74 111 105 112 64 (7?)

136 86 53 327 422 228

n/a 7 5 – 12 2 – 2 42 n/a –

C 95 38 306 47 (60 archives) n/a 69 81 5 199 169 212 1 73 232 182 35

D 2088 1242 485

E ?

22 36

F 17 984 23 726 28 784

G 90 923 132

H 31698 n/a –

1057

2

5 569

27

–

n/a 210 1877 ca. 200 156 106 2459 75 301 292 1815 n/a

n/a 2 7 – 1 2 23 – 10 2 11 5

n/a 6 177 20 787 ca. 3500 5470 8247 13041 2647 25 735 4445 89 665 n/a

n/a 25 612 30 107 39 28 30 11 52 87 46

n/a 11839 10 576 4160 2776 8367 7325 3890 439 99 n/a n/a

AZP: A-AZP – field reconnaissance (in %), B-AZP –sites in the register, C-AZP – sites not included in the register Sites: A – fortified settlements; B – defensive ramparts; C – burial mounds; D – cemeteries; E – megaliths; F – settlements, camps; G – municipal sites; H – others)

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

Another manner of protecting a historical monument is to recognise it as the Monument to the History, the term being used to refer to fixed historical monuments of particular importance to the Polish culture. The prestige of this status is reinforced by the fact that it is conferred on by special Directive of the President of the Republic of Poland on request of the Minister of Culture and National Heritage. The status of the Monument to the History has been awarded to 37 historical monuments so far (as of the 31st of December, 2009).

Other forms of legal protection of historical monuments include establishment of cultural parks and incorporation of the sites/venues into the local spatial development plan, which falls under the self-governments’ competence. 20 areas have been recognised as cultural parks to date.

However, the data concerning the local spatial development plans is not available.

Tourism in figures (all data provided by the Institute of Tourism) Approximate estimates show that in 2009: • About. 39.3 million Poles travelled abroad (22% fewer than in 2008); • 53.8 million foreigners arrived to Poland (10% fewer than in 2008); • The number of tourists arriving at this time is estimated to be nearly 11.9 million (8% fewer).

Characteristics of the visits In 2009, the main reason for travelling was still dominated by working and business trips. However, the number dropped again – to the level of approximately 3.2 million visits. A similar fall was observed in the tourist and holiday travel segment: to about 3 million visits (against 3.4 millions in 2008). The most significant decrease in visits of specifically tourist nature has been observed amongst the tourists from Germany and other countries of the EU 15.

The share of the tourist industry in GDP in the period 2004-2007 Specification

2004

2005

2006

2007

Revenues from tourist industry according to the Institute of Tourism (in PLN billion)

57,1

55,6

64,7

70,2

The share of tourist industry in the GDP (in %)

6,2

5,7

6,1

6,0

157

PORTUGAL

PORTUGAL 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration • Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people)

158

The IGESPAR IP, is the agency of the Ministry of Culture that has the task of management, protection, conservation and recovery of assets which, by their historical, artistic, scientific, social, technical and landscaping interest, integrate the architectural and archaeological classified heritage of the country.

Under the Ministry of Culture there are several regional directorates of culture (North, Centre, Lisbon and Tagus Valley, Alentejo and Algarve) with functional content in the area of safeguarding the architectural and archaeological heritage.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) • Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation • National training structures The state system of heritage preservation is based on the activities of institutions, notably the Ministry of Culture and the bodies which it directs: the Institute of Architectural and Archaeological Heritage Management (IGESPAR IP), the Institute of Museum and Conservation (IMC) and Regional Directorates of Culture.

In Madeira, the system of heritage preservation is ensured by the Regional Secretariat of Tourism and Culture and in the Azores, by the Regional Secretary of Culture.

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Competent state regional institutions (addresses) • Personnel working on preservation • NGO’s and private stakeholders involved in the preservation • Voluntary initiatives

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

Addresses of the most important public institutions in the field of heritage protection: Ministry of Culture Palácio Nacional da Ajuda 1349-021 Lisboa, Portugal tel.: +351 21 361 45 00 fax.: +351 21 347 83 33 e-mail: infocultura@min-cultura.pt site: http://www.min-cultura.pt

Regional Directorate for Culture – Lisbon and Tagus Valley Av. Infante Santo, 69-1º 1350-177 Lisboa, Portugal tel.:+351 213 920 750 fax:+351 213 953 535

Regional Directorate for Culture – North Praceta da Carreira 5600-560 Vila Real, Portugal tel.:+351 259 330 770 fax:+351 259 330 779 e-mail: geral@culturanorte.pt site: http://www.culturanorte.pt

Regional Directorate for Culture – Alentejo Rua de Burgos, 5 7000-863 Évora, Portugal tel.:+351 266 769 450 fax:+351 266 769 451 e-mail: info@cultura-alentejo.pt site: http://www.cultura-alentejo.pt

Regional Directorate for Culture – Centre Rua Gomes Freire, 28 3000-204 Coimbra, Portugal tel.:+351 239 701 391 fax:+351 239 701 378 e-mail: cultura.centro@netcabo.pt site: http://www.culturacentro.pt

Regional Directorate for Culture – Algarve Rua de Portugal, 58 8000-281 Faro, Portugal tel.:+351 289 896 070 fax:+351 289 805 482 e-mail: geral@cultalg.pt site: http://www.cultalg.pt

Institute for Architectural and Archaeological Heritage Management Palácio Nacional da Ajuda 1349-021 Lisboa, Portugal tel.:+351 21 361 42 00 fax:+351 21 363 70 47 e-mail: igespar@igespar.pt site: http://www.igespar.pt Institute of Museum and Conservation – IMC Palácio Nacional da Ajuda – Lg. da Ajuda, Ala Sul, 4º andar 1349-021 Lisboa, Portugal tel.:+351 21 365 08 00 fax:+351 21 364 78 21 e-mail: mail@ipmuseus.pt site: http://www.ipmuseus.pt

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Public and state funding Regional and local governments funding Private initiatives Direct aid and tax relief

The financing system of the IGESPAR IP stems from such resources as: the State Budget, funds from the European Union under the National Strategic Reference Framework (QREN-2007-2011), private financing based on protocols signed with enterprises and other entities under the Law of funding and revenues from other dependent sources.

159

PORTUGAL

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

160

National legislation in heritage preservation Urban planning legislation Regional and local regulations International memorandums and recommendations vs state legislation

The safeguarding of heritage is defined by Law 107/2001 laying down the foundations of politics and the system of protection and enhancement of cultural heritage. It is the responsibility of the IGESPAR IP to pursue the policies of property in Portugal, through the powers enshrined in its Organic Act: • Decree-Law 96/2007 of 29 March; • Decree-Law 138/2009 establishes the creation of a Fund for the Safeguard of Heritage; • Decree-Law 140/2009 approves the legal studies, projects, reports, works or interventions on cultural goods and assets classified or awaiting classification in the national interest; • Decree-Law 309/2009 establishes the procedure for classification of property of cultural interest, and the system of protected areas and a detailed plan of safeguards; • In the field of urban regulations, Decree-Law 177/2001 is in force, in which the legal framework of urban development and building is established.

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

International networks cooperation and fund-raising State cooperation with World Heritage institutions Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties International conventions on heritage ratified

The IGESPAR maintains cooperation protocols with ICOMOS and UNESCO, respectively developing projects with the ICOMOS / Portugal and the UNESCO / Portugal.

The IGESPAR develops collaborative projects within the architectural and archaeological heritage with African Countries of Portuguese Official Language (PALOPs), particularly in the area of training.

Similarly, the IGESPAR IP develops a project in the Cité Portugaise El–Jadida in cooperation with the government of Morocco.

In Portugal, the safeguarding of the architectural and archaeological heritage is also based on the principles proclaimed in the principal documents of the European Council, such as: • The Vienna Declaration (2009); • The London Convention (renewed in • The London Convention (1969); • The Letter of Brussels (2009).

Valletta in January 1992); • The European Charter of Architectural • The Convention of Florence (2000); Heritage (1975); • The Convention of Faro (2005); • The Convention of Granada (1985);

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Institutions involved in heritage preservation Public access to heritage Raising awareness of your people Policy of digitisation and archives access

Considering the need for awareness and responsibility inherent of the fact of sharing space with classified buildings or spaces involving not only local authorities but also the general population, the IGESPAR IP considers the need of promoting actions, in particular by increasing information available on the Institute website, updating editions, training and improving educational services of the monuments.

In the field of knowledge production, the IGESPAR IP has protocols of collaboration with several national entities linked to scientific research (universities and research centres). It also promotes research and the interests of various levels of education by providing systematic information on its own internet site as well as scanned material about the monuments and classified sites or in the process of classification.

161

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country. Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • • • •

Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years Nature of protected sites Types of ownership Tourism statistics Heritage and tourism products in the state GDP Conclusions and recommendations

Statistics applied to the field of heritage protection can be described in different ways. In the area of classified heritage sites and within the last 25 years, the number of classifications evolved from 2,408 to 3,382 real estate properties.

The world’s architectural and archaeological classified heritage consists of monuments and sites owned by the Portuguese State, the Church and social institutions (e.g. Mercy), or those which are in private possession. Real estate sites are listed and published in the Official Diary Newspaper and the properties in the process of classification (awaiting official notice of assessment) are included in Protection Zones (PZ) or Special Protection Zones (ZEP).

The statistics show that in 2009 the monuments under protection of the IGESPAR IP had a total of 1,850,751 visitors.

In recent years, there has been a deepening of the relationship between Heritage and Tourism, and the economic activity that goes with it has been given a particular emphasis to the built cultural heritage. Moreover, in the field of heritage management, tourism interests have been integrated with the conservation and restoration of the property. This convergence of objectives in the field of heritage and cultural tourism development has allowed a network of Portuguese monasteries – Heritage, Historic Bridges of the Alentejo, the Cistercian Route, routes

PORTUGAL / ROMANIA

Archaeological Alentejo and Algarve, Centres and Historic Villages, Solares de Portugal, Routes of Knowledge and Flavours, among others, to have benefited from this approach.

Having 13 World Heritage monuments and sites, Portugal has a particular interest in spreading the importance of the Portuguese culture and in disseminating cultural tourism routes. This forces the Portuguese Government to establish measures to safeguard the assets obtained with the encouragement of interdisciplinary studies, awareness of visitors and the general public, preparation of comprehensive inventories and expansion of conservation methods applicable to each equity cases in Portugal.

162

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

ROMANIA 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration • Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people) The Ministry of Culture and National Heritage is the central authority competent in the field of cultural heritage protection and management.

Its main attributions related to the cultural heritage field are the following: • establishing the specific legislative framework and insuring its implementation; • establishing the national strategies for the cultural heritage in consultation with the National Commissions: National Commission of Historical Monuments, National Commission of Museums and Collections and National Commission for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage; • coordinating the activity of the relevant subordinated institutions; • establishing and sustaining programmes and specific measures regarding the evaluation, the conservation, restoration and the promotion of cultural heritage.

The Romanian administration for cultural heritage is a decentralized system. Most of the cultural institutions such as museums, centres for the conservation and promotion of folk tradition and creativity are directly subordinated to the local authorities (including the county authorities).

The Ministry of Culture and National Heritage coordinates the activities of only 15 museums, of the National Institute of Heritage, the National Cultural Fund Administration, the Centre for Professional Training in Culture, the National Centre for the Conservation and Promotion of Traditional Culture and of three cultural centres.

In order to enforce the cultural heritage legislation (especially related to the movable and immovable cultural heritage) the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage is represented in the territory, at county level, by the County Directorates for Culture, Religious Affairs and Cultural Heritage, decentralized bodies in a total number of 42 (including the Directorate for Culture, Religious Affairs and Cultural Heritage of Bucharest).

The direct responsibility for the management and funding of cultural heritage belongs, mostly, to the owners of the cultural heritage, who are frequently impersonated by the local authorities.

The local authorities are provisioning in their budgets the necessary amounts for the functioning of the relevant specialized institutions (such as museums, cultural establishments in charge of the preservation of the intangible heritage ) as well as for the conservation and restoration of the monuments within their property.

In order to support the conservation, restoration and promotion of important elements of the national cultural heritage, the central authority established several financing programmes, accessible both to institutions and private owners of cultural heritage. Such programmes are targeted at the restoration and rehabilitation of historical monuments (National Restoration Plan) and at the restoration of ethnographical monuments/objects from open-air museums ( Heritage in Danger).

163

ROMANIA

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) • Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation

164

As previously mentioned, the state system of heritage preservation in Romania is a decentralized one. The Ministry of Culture and National Heritage and its decentralized bodies (County Directorates for Culture, Religious Affairs and Cultural Heritage) represent the state authorities in the field of cultural heritage preservation. Their activity is assisted by several institutions such as: The National Institute of Heritage (active in the field of immovable cultural heritage protection), the National Centre for the Conservation and Promotion of Traditional Culture (active in the field of intangible cultural heritage protection) and the Institute for Cultural Memory, a branch of the Centre for Professional Training in Culture (responsible for digitisation of cultural heritage and the maintenance of relevant cultural databases).

Apart from the authorities and institutions stated above, in the field of movable cultural heritage preservation, the direct responsibility of preservation belongs to the museums. We have got over 750 museums and public collections, most of them being public structures coordinated by local and state authorities and institutions.

In what concerns the intangible cultural heritage preservation, at county level, cultural establishments responsible for the conservation and promotion of traditional culture function under the coordination of county authorities.

There are no specific local or regional government structures responsible for the management and preservation of cultural heritage.

• National training structures Specific training in cultural heritage preservation is offered by universities, which developed various programmes – including post-university and master studies. Accredited courses in the field of movable cultural heritage (conservation, restoration, museum science, museum education) are also offered by the Centre for Professional Training in Culture.

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Competent state regional institutions (addresses) Ministry of Culture and National Heritage Bucharest 011347, 30 Kiseleff Ave., O.P. 33, Romania National Institute of Heritage 16 Ienachita Vacarescu Street, Sector 4, Bucharest, Romania

National Centre for the Conservation and Promotion of Traditional Culture Piaţa Presei Libere 1, sector 1, Bucharest, Romania contact@centrul-cultura-traditionala.ro

Centre for Professional Training in Culture 1-3 Valter Mărăcineanu Place, et. 4, room. 315, sector 1, Bucharest, Romania CIMEC – Institute for Cultural Memory Piaţa Presei Libere 1, sector 1, code 013701, Bucharest, Romania, CP. 33-90

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

For the contact data of the County Directorates for Culture, Religious Affairs and Cultural Heritage addresses see http://www.cultura-net.ro/ InstitutiiGrupe.aspx

• Personnel working on preservation A list of accredited experts active in the field of culture is available at the following address: http://experti.cimec.ro/

• NGO’s and private stakeholders involved in the preservation National Network of Romanian Museums Dacia Blv., 12, 010402 sector 1, Bucharest, Romania Web: www.muzee.org

Pro Patrimoniu Foundation 7-9 Regina Elisabeta Blv. Bucharest, Romania

Transylvania Trust Foundation RO-400110 Cluj-Napoca, Str. Breaza 14/A Mailing address: RO-400110 Cluj-Napoca OP 1. CP 379 Phone/Fax: +40-264-439 858 E-mail: office@transylvaniatrust.ro

• Voluntary initiatives We cannot give an overview of the voluntary initiatives in the field of cultural heritage preservation as we are not aware of such a study to have been carried out recently.

165

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Public and state funding The owners of cultural heritage are directly responsible for the financing of the preservation of their cultural heritage.

The central authority supports the activity of its subordinated institutions with roles in cultural heritage preservation, (15 museums, the National Institute of Heritage, the Cultural Fund Administration, the National Centre for the Conservation and Promotion of Traditional Culture).

The National Institute of Heritage manages the financing of the works carried out under the National Plan of Restoration. In what concerns the movable cultural heritage, the Ministry financially supports the Programme “Heritage in Danger”. The National Cultural Fund Administration, a state institution created especially for the financing of cultural projects, supports museum related projects, national cultural heritage and intangible heritage projects on the basis of open competitions. The amounts of the financing offered are approved yearly by the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage.

• Regional and local governments funding The local governments autonomously decide on the amount of funds dedicated to the preservation of the cultural heritage that they are directly responsible for. Due to the administrative decentralization we cannot provide data on the funding figures of local authorities.

• Private initiatives A global picture of the private initiatives is not available.

• Direct aid and tax relief The Romanian legislation brought into force provisions being the opportunity of direct aid and tax relief for the owners of classified cultural heritage goods, both movable and immovable.

ROMANIA

Classified movable cultural heritage In the case of an owner supporting the conservation and restoration works of a cultural good that is in danger of destruction, the amounts paid for the intervention are deductible from the income tax or the profit tax. If the owner of a movable cultural good classified as thesaurus is a private person who declares at his/her own risk that he/she does not dispose of the financial resources for covering the expenses for restoration and conservation, these expenses will be covered, partially or fully, from the state budget or from the local budget. If the movable cultural goods are subsequently sold, the costs for the conservation and restoration works will be repaid by the owner-seller to the financing institution. Donations of movable cultural goods to the specialized public institutions or to religious cults are exempt of any taxes.

Forced heirs are exempt of stamp taxes for the classified movable goods that belong to the tracing assets. For the other heirs, they can waive, in exchange for the stamp taxes, such goods, which will become public property and they will be administered, according to the law, by specialized public institutions endorsed by the National Commission of Museums and Collections.

Donations or legacies concerning classified movable cultural goods, benefiting of the state, the territorial-administrative entities or religious cults, are exempt of any tax.

166

Historical monuments The possibility that the conservation and restoration interventions on the classified historical monuments to be partially or entirely supported by state or local authorities is legally provisioned. The National Plan of Restoration is a yearly approved priority list of historical monuments that receive direct financial aid for conservation and restoration, through the National Institute for Heritage.

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • National legislation in heritage preservation Part of it can be consulted in English, on-line, at: http://www.cultura.ro/Documents.aspx?ID=281 Movable cultural heritage Movable cultural heritage protection is provisioned in two organic laws: • Law no. 311 of the 8th of July, 2003 regarding museums and public collections – republished; • Law no. 182 of 25th of October, 2000 regarding the protection of the movable national heritage.

In the application of the above mentioned laws, several methodological norms and criteria have been issued: • Government Decision no. 518 of 7th of April, 2004, on the approval of the methodological norms regarding temporary or permanent exportation of movable cultural goods; • Government Decision no. 216 of the 20th of February, 2004, on the approval of the norms regarding the restoration and conservation workshops and laboratories licensing procedure, followed by Government Decision no. 1023 of the 8th of September, 2005 for the modification of appendix no. 3 of the norms on licensing the conservation and restoration laboratories and workshops, approved by the Decision no.

216/2004 of the Government; • Government Decision no. 1420 of the 4th of December, 2003, on the approval of the norms regarding the movable cultural goods trade, modified and completed; • Government Decision no. 1221 of 29th of November, 2000, on the approval of the methodological norms regarding the granting of the Governmental Guarantee Certificate;

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• • • • • • •

Government Decision no. 886/2008 for the approval of the norms for the classification of movable cultural goods;.

Order no. 2035/2000 regarding the evidence, management and inventory of the cultural goods owned by museums, public collections, memorial houses, cultural centres and other institutions with similar profile; Order no. 2185 of the 2nd of April, 2007 on the approval of the norms for classifying museums and public collections; Order no. 2057 of the 5th of February, 2007 on the approval of the criteria and norms on licensing museums and public collections; Order no. 2297 of the 17th of July, 2006 on approving the criteria for granting the prior endorsement for establishing museums and public collections; Order no. 2009 of 12th of February, 2001 on the approval of the norms for licensing experts; Order no. 2008 of 12th of February, 2001 on the approval of the norms for licensing conservators and restorers, modified and completed.

Immovable cultural heritage and archeology • Law no. 422 of the 18th of July, 2001, on the protection of historical monuments; • Ordinance no. 43 of the 30th of January, 2000 on the protection of the archaeological heritage and declaring certain archaeological sites as national interest areas.

Intangible cultural heritage • Law no.26/2008 regarding the protection of the intangible cultural heritage; • Order no. 2491/27/11/2009 for the approval of the Regulation for the awarding of the “Living Human Treasure” title; • Order no. 2436/08/07/2008 regarding the elaboration of the National programme for the safeguarding, protection and promotion of the intangible cultural heritage; • Emergency Ordinance no.118/2006 regarding the establishment organisation and functioning of the cultural establishments; • Law no. 410/2005 regarding the acceptance of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.

• Urban planning legislation •

Law no 350/2001 regarding the land planning and urbanism.

• Regional and local regulations We cannot provide an overview of the regional and local regulations concerning the cultural heritage protection. The local regulations address specific issues and in general they should be in compliance with the national legislation.

• International memorandums and recommendations vs. state legislation Romania has ratified the following international legal instruments: • UNESCO conventions and declarations in the field of culture: • The Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (1954) and its two Protocols (1954 and 1999); • The Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970); • The Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972); • The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001); • The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003); • The Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005); • UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects.

As a Member State of the European Union, Romania is also applying the relevant European legislation.

167

ROMANIA

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

International networks cooperation and fund-raising State cooperation with World Heritage institutions Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties International conventions on heritage ratified

See answers provided in Section 5.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: 168 • Institutions involved in heritage preservation The education system for cultural heritage preservation was described in Section 2. In what concerns the research activity in the field of cultural heritage, is carried on within the museums, universities, institutes of the Romanian Academy and other institutions, such as: the National Centre for the Conservation and Promotion of Traditional Culture, the National Institute for Heritage, the Institute for Cultural Memory – CIMEC, the Centre for Studies and Researches in the Field of Culture.

• Public access to heritage The encouragement of public access to culture is a principle to which the central administration for culture explicitly adhered. As a consequence, for the 15 museums coordinated by the Ministry there have been established certain measures aimed at increasing the public access, such as: reductions for retired people, for the handicapped, for children and even free entrance for school children during the school holidays. The entrance fees are generally low and museums grant free access on several special occasions such as: the Heritage Day, the International Museum Day, The Museums’ Night etc. It is customary that the museums grant free access to the public on a chosen day per month.

The public access to heritage is also encouraged by the existence of specially designed programmes (education programmes) for the general public. The increase in the number of visitors to the museums over the last years is standing proof of an increased attention paid by the cultural heritage institutions to address the needs and interests of the general public.

• Raising awareness of your people Rising awareness of the public is a mission assumed by all cultural institutions administrating cultural heritage goods. The central authority for culture itself developed a raising awareness campaign in 2009. The campaign entitled ”Man Destroys the Place” was dedicated to the protection of historical monuments.

• Policy of digitisation and archives access The process of digitisation of cultural heritage is subject to a public policy in Romania.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

The public policy relies upon previous measures: such as the provision into the legislation of the obligation of keeping digital inventories of the cultural goods in museums and previous very specific initiatives carried on by the Institute for Cultural Memory – CIMEC, under the coordination of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage, for all types of cultural heritage. We are enumerating only a few of them: the classified cultural goods database, the National Archeological Repertory .

The Romanian Digital Library, provisioned within the public policy includes a thematic pillar dedicated to the movable cultural heritage. Romania also contributes to the European database.

In what the archives are concerned, in Romania they function under the coordination of the Ministry of Administration and Internal Affairs.

Therefore, their access is managed according to the National Archives Law.

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country. Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years The list of protected historical monuments and sites counted around 4,800 positions in 1954, around 8,000 positions in 1980 and around 20,000 positions in 1991. The last publication of the list took place in 2004, when 29,000 positions were listed.

• Nature of protected sites The Romanian law no. 422/2002 on the protection of historical monuments classifies the historical monuments into 2 groups according to their value: group A, for the historical monuments of national and international value and group B, for the historical monuments representative for the local cultural heritage.

The law also stipulates the following categories of historical monuments; immmovable objects, found above ground, underground or underwater including: • Constructions or parts of a construction – monuments, together with the installations, the artistic components, interior or exterior movable furnishings belonging to them, as well as works of commemorative art, funerary, public forum ones, together with the corresponding land delimited topographically, that represent cultural historical testimonies, of architectural, archaeological, historical, artistic, ethnographic, religious, social, scientific or technical interest; • Groups – assemblies of urban or rural constructions, coherent from a cultural, historical, architectural, town planning or museum point of view, that together with the corresponding land make up a topographically delimited unit standing for a cultural historical testimony of architectural, town planning, archaeological, historical, artistic, ethnographic, religious, social, scientific or technical interest; • Sites – land topographically delimited including the natural human creations that stand for cultural historical testimonies of architectural, town planning, archaeological, historical, artistic, ethnographic, religious, social, scientific, technical or cultural landscape interest.

• Types of ownership The historical monuments belong either to the public or private domain of the state, counties, towns or communes, or are the private property of persons or institutions.

• Tourism statistics At the moment we do not have specific statistics about how many tourists visit our historic national monuments, museums and churches.

169

ROMANIA / SINGAPORE

• Heritage and tourism products in the state GDP We are currently working to create some touristic cultural routes with a great potential.

We have a common project with INP ( the National Institute of Heritage) to signal all historical monuments on the national roads.

• Conclusions and recommendations No answer was given.

170

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

SINGAPORE 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration • Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people) Heritage preservation in Singapore mainly falls under the purview of the National Heritage Board, which is a Statutory Board established by an Act of Parliament in 1993. The aim of the Board is: • To discover and present the history, heritage and nationhood of the people of Singapore, in the context of their ancestral cultures, their links with South-East Asia, Asia and the world, through the collection, preservation, interpretation and display of objects and records; • To promote public awareness, appreciation and understanding of the arts, culture and heritage; • To promote the establishment and development of organisations concerned with national heritage of Singapore; • To provide a permanent repository of records of national or historical significance and to facilitate access thereto; • To conduct records management programmes for the Government; • To record, preserve and disseminate the history of Singapore through oral history methodology or other means; • To advise the Government in respect of matters relating to the history and national heritage of Singapore.

The NHB is funded by the Singapore Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts (MICA). It currently employs 450 permanent staff.

The Preservation of Monuments Board (PMB) • The Preservation of Monuments Board was formed in 1971 and its task is to identify monuments that are of historic, cultural, traditional, archaeological, architectural, artistic or symbolic significance and national importance as to be worthy of preservation; • The PMB’s work covers four main areas: • Planning and research to extend the knowledge on the monuments; • Regular support to guide restoration, preservation and protection of the monuments; • Promotion and stimulation of public interest and support of the monuments; • Advice to the government in respect of matters relating to the preservation of the monuments.

• The PMB is guided by the Preservation of Monuments Act in identifying monuments, advising the Minister (of Information Communications and the Arts) of these monuments and advising the monument owners on matters relating to the National Monuments.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions)

171

SINGAPORE

• Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation • National training structures

172

There are a number of institutions under the National Heritage Board which are concerned with the preservation of heritage in Singapore, and these can be broadly categorized as museums, heritage institutions and community heritage institutions.

The Board manages eight leading museums and heritage interpretative centres: • The Asian Civilisations Museum, which explores and presents the cultures and civilisations of Asia so as to promote awareness and appreciation of the ancestral cultures of Singaporeans and their links to South-East Asia and the world; • The National Museum of Singapore, which is designed to be the people’s museum and presents history and redefines the conventional museum experience through cutting edge and varied ways; • The Singapore Art Museum, which preserves and presents art history and contemporary art practices of Singapore and the South-East Asian region so as to facilitate visual arts education, exchange, research and development; • 8Q SAM, which is a contemporary art space with multi-disciplinary and interactive programming; • The Peranakan Museum, which explores and promotes Singapore’s Peranakan heritage and its links to other parts of the world; • The Singapore Philatelic Museum, which stimulates interest in philately and to promote the use of philatelic material to learn about the world, national history and heritage; • Two World War II interpretive centres, one called Memories at Old Ford Factory, which pays tribute to the heroes of the WWII and provides a unique insight into the heroic struggles of our forefathers in Singapore during the Japanese Occupation, and the other called Reflections at Bukit Chandu, which commemorates the gallantry and sacrifice of men of the Malay Regiment who defended Singapore during the WWII. Moving forward, the NHB is also developing The National Arts Gallery, Singapore, a new visual arts institution presenting an authoritative collection of Singaporean and South-East Asian art from the 19th century colonial period till present.

The heritage institutions under the NHB are the National Archives of Singapore (NAS) and the Heritage Conservation Centre (HCC), which are the nation’s custodians of official records and national collection. The NAS and the HCC have distinguished themselves in conservation and archival thought leadership. Finally, the Preservation of Monuments Board (PMB) safeguards our national monuments by marking them as enduring historical landmarks to provide a vital link to our past.

Finally, the NHB manages three community heritage institutions: the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall, which focuses on commemorating the life and activities of the pioneer of modern Chinese Revolution - Dr. Sun Yat Sen, and the contribution of the Nanyang (South-East Asian) people; the Malay Heritage Centre, located in the Istana Kampong Glam, the historic seat of the Malay royalty of Singapore, which showcases the roots, culture, history and heritage of Singapore Malays; and the Indian Heritage Centre, currently under development, which will feature the history of Singapore’s diverse Indian community as well as Singapore’s links to India and the Indian Diaspora. It is planned to be launched by the end of 2012.

For training, the NHB currently offers undergraduate and graduate scholarships in such areas as curatorial studies, art history, museum studies and art management. The NHB’s Research and Publications Unit (RPU) offers a research fellowship for academic study in areas of relevance to Singapore. The NHB institutions have organised workshops, seminars and talks in such areas as conservation (HCC), archiving (NAS), museum management (e.g. the ASEAN Museum Directors’ Symposium) and entrepreneurship (the Business of Heritage Conference). The NAS work closely with the NTU and conduct a module on “Archives and Records Management” as part of their Masters Programme on Information Studies.

The NAS also conduct recordkeeping workshops for Singapore public agencies and extend technical training for the ASEAN countries. The HCC offers courses, fellowships and internships in conservation and collections management, and is currently working with the WDA to develop courses (for Singaporeans and PRs) in art handling, mounting and framing, textile mounting, art storage standards and management.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

The PMB • Unlike its foreign counterparts, Singapore’s heritage preservation is limited to the national level as the country is small; it does not have local governments, like the United States or the United Kingdom, in charge of the preservation of the National Monuments; • The PMB is a national authority safeguarding Singapore’s National Monuments and is advised by its Technical Branch – the Urban Redevelopment Authority; • The monuments owners, as stipulated by the Act, are responsible for their maintenance. They have to seek the PMB’s permission through the URA, for any additions and alternations to be done to the monuments.

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) Personnel working on preservation NGOs and private stakeholders involved in the preservation Voluntary initiatives

The PMB • The PMB is a state institution active in the field of preservation of built heritage.

• It consists of three divisions: • Administration which deals with the finance, policy and communications; • Monument Inspectorate which conducts periodic inspection on the monuments; • Research, Education and Publicity Division which researches on the monuments and conducts educational programmes to raise awareness of Singapore’s built heritage; • The National Monument gazette and the PMB issue the monuments owners a set of the Preservation Guidelines (PGL) to help them in the restoration and maintenance of the monuments.

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Public and state funding Regional and local governments funding Private initiatives Direct aid and tax relief

• •

The NHB receives funding from the government to support our museums operations and preservation of culture heritage; Apart from public funding, it also receives a strong support from donors and sponsors and there are different incentive schemes in rewarding given to heritage and the arts. These schemes include: the Approved Museum Scheme, the Public Art Tax Incentive Scheme and the URA Gross Floor Area Incentives;

173

SINGAPORE

•

•

Donors are eligible for double tax deduction for their cash and artefacts donations. Double tax deduction applies for the year of assessment following the year in which the donation took place, i.e. twice the value of the donation is deducted from the donor’s taxable income for that particular year of assessment; The PMB has two monument assistant schemes in place for owners of the National Monuments: • The National Monuments Fund is a co-funding scheme administered by the PMB over a period of 5 years (2008-2012). It covers grants for structural repairs and restoration of the National Monuments. Grants are primarily given for urgent repairs or other works required within two years to prevent loss or damage to important architectural, archaeological or landscaping features. The grant is not applicable for the general maintenance or for the building of extensions; • The Tax-Exemption Scheme allows the National Monuments to claim double tax exemption for their donors. Donations are managed and audited by the PMB. There are currently 9 National Monuments participating in this scheme.

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as:

174

• • • •

National legislation in heritage preservation Urban planning legislation Regional and local regulations International memorandums and recommendations vs state legislation

The PMB • As previously mentioned, the PMB is guided by the Act to provide “for the preservation and protection of the National Monuments”.

• Any person who wilfully defaces, damages or otherwise interferes with any national monument shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $30,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months, or to both.

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

International networks cooperation and fund-raising State cooperation with World Heritage institutions Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties Ratified international conventions on heritage

The NHB ’s attendance at overseas conferences/workshops: • 3rd-6th October, 2009: The Experts’ Meeting on the Recognition and Protection of the ASEAN Communal Intellectual Property Rights.

The purpose of this meeting was to discuss the recognition and protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) of indigenous people and their cultural heritage (CH).

The NHB attended the meeting with a representative from its parent Ministry, the MICA, to assess the implications and relevance of this matter on the MICA’s consideration of ratification of the UNESCO conventions.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• 4th-9th December, 2009: The ICOM-ASPAC Conference, Tokyo, Japan.

The NHB seeks to establish a stronger presence in the region and in international platforms such as the ICOM. This conference provided such an opportunity, especially in cultivating partnerships with its stronger counterparts in North-East Asia – China, Japan and Korea.

It also allowed the NHB to seek out issues and matters which it may assess and propose for future ASEAN-COCI SCC projects. (COCI: Committee on Culture & Information; SCC: Sub-Committee on Culture).

The exposure and contacts established at this conference allowed the NHB to broaden its international engagement and enhanced the implementation of its strategic international relations initiatives. The NHB also met its Japanese counterpart to understand the modus operandi and museum landscape of Japan.

The NHB’s participation in Shanghai World Expo 2010 • The NHB put up an exhibition themed Nanyang Connection in the Singapore Pavilion, from the 17th May to the 6th June, 2010. The exhibition illustrated a strong historical link between Singapore and China, whilst making a connection to contemporary times; • The exhibition featured the entrepreneurs and philanthropists (such as Tan Kah Kee, Lee Kong Chian, Eu Tong Sen), artists (Chen Wen Hsi, Cheong Soo Peing, Lim Tze Peng) and communities such as the Peranakans. Singapore’s diversity and vibrancy in cultures and heritage were also shown. The NHB and its museums were also given mention to illustrate the development and progress it has achieved in recent years; • Strong visuals, still and motion images were used to capture the attention of the audience. An estimated daily visitorship of 20,000 was expected at the Pavilion. Hence, at the end of the 3-week period of the exhibition, almost half a million visitors saw it.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Institutions involved in heritage preservation Public access to heritage Raising awareness of your people Policy of digitisation and archives access

The PMB • Since 2010, the PMB has been complementing the administration of the gazette process with public and school programmes which have been designed to promote a greater awareness and appreciation of Singapore’s architectural heritage and history; • The initiatives include: the PMB’s first educational kit and video on the National Monuments, a movable photographic exhibition based on book “Resonance Songs of Our Forefathers” that was launched on the 11th November, 2009, the Monument Ambassadors’ Programme that involves students designing trails for their peers and public trails led by the PMB’s volunteers and staff on Singapore’s National Monuments.

175

S I N G A P O R E / T H E S L O VA K R E P U B L I C

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country. Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • • • •

Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years Nature of protected sites Types of ownership Tourism statistics Heritage and tourism products in the state GDP Conclusions and recommendations

The PMB • Currently there are 61 national monuments, 42 of which were put on records in the last 25 years. Our National Monuments are protected under the Preservation of Monuments Act, 2009; • They are a mix of religious buildings, commercial properties, civic, governmental and educational buildings; • Our National Monuments are owned by a mixture of private owners and the government.

176

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC 1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration • Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people) In the Declaration of the National Council of the Slovak Republic on the protection of cultural heritage of 2001, No. 91/2001 Z.z., the Slovak Republic laid down a clear policy on protecting the cultural heritage in its territory. The objectives laid down in the declaration have been incorporated into the regulations governing the system of protection for the various components of cultural heritage. The legislation and other applicable regulations of the Slovak Republic define protection of cultural heritage regardless of the ownership or responsibility for administration of individual components of cultural heritage and apply equally to cultural heritage protected on site and out of site. Legislation and other applicable regulations clearly define the responsibilities of owners and administrators for the condition of components of the following types of cultural heritage: national cultural heritage monuments (cultural heritage monuments), historic sites, archaeological finds and archaeological sites, collections of collecting institutions.

The central state administration body for the protection of cultural heritage is the Ministry of Culture of the Slovak Republic (MC SR). The MC SR is responsible for developing and implementing legislation, carrying out control and expert state supervision of compliance with legislation and other applicable regulations on the protection of components of cultural heritage, elaborating and implementing strategic and conceptual material on the development of the protection of components of cultural heritage. The MC SR has also created mechanisms to finance a part of the cost of protecting and maintaining components of cultural heritage which operate both through specialised institutions for the acquisition, protection and promotion of components of cultural heritage, through auxiliary mechanisms that support institutions established by other subjects that provide protection for components of cultural heritage and through grants for the renovation and restoration of cultural heritage monuments by their owners (the grant system of the MC SR).

The protection of moveable and immoveable cultural heritage monuments, historic sites, archaeological finds and archaeological sites is governed by the act of the National Council of the Slovak Republic on the protection of monuments and the implementing decree of the MC SR in accordance with current knowledge and international treaties on European and world cultural heritage by which the Slovak Republic is bound (the set of activities and measures for the identification, research, recording, conservation, renovation, restoration, regeneration, use and presentation of cultural heritage monuments and historic sites, archaeological finds and archaeological sites).

The protection of components of cultural heritage in the collections of collecting institutions is governed by legislation and other applicable regulations on the activities of museums, galleries and libraries for which the MC SR is responsible. These regulations lay down equal rights and duties for all subjects responsible for the administration of museums, galleries and libraries, which may be established by every level of public administration: central state administration bodies, higher-tier territorial units (VUC – regional government) and municipalities – the lowest level of public administration, and other subjects. The administration and operation of archives, which are responsible for the written part of cultural heritage, is covered by the competence of the Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic.

177

T H E S L O VA K R E P U B L I C

2. SYSTEM What system of work is used in the administration of heritage protection in your country? Please write about 500 words on the following topics: • The state system for the protection of heritage (the relevant institutions) • The responsibility of regional and local government for the administration and protection of heritage • Domestic educational structures

178

As the central state administrative body responsible for the protection of cultural heritage, the MC SR has established the following bodies to carry out specialised state administratve activities relating to the protection of cultural heritage: the Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic (MB SR) and the Regional Monuments Boards (RMBs). The MC SR also carries out supervision of the protection of cultural heritage at the central governmental level through its monuments inspectorate. The MB SR is a state budgetary organisation. It carries out all the activities relating to the protection of cultural heritage monuments and historic sites. It is organisationally structured with a head office in Bratislava (management, planning, methodology, research, records and documentation work, state administrative proceedings of second instance at the national level) and eight RMBs (state administrative proceedings of first instance – decisions on the rights and duties of legal entities and people best suited for the protection of cultural heritage in the territory of the relevant region). The MB SR also owns two local restoration studios – Bratislava and Levoča (facilities and laboratories for research, development and analysis).

The MC SR is also the owner (zriaďovateľ) of the following collecting institutions with national competence: The Slovak National Museum Bratislava (SNM), the Slovak Technical Museum in Košice (STM), the Slovak National Gallery Bratislava (SNG), the Slovak National Library Martin (SNL) and other national institutions with national competence – the University Library in Bratislava (ULB), the State Scientific Library (SSL) in Banská Bystrica (SSL BB), the State Scientific Library in Košice (SSL KE) and the State Scientific Library in Prešov (SSL PO) and the Museum of the Slovak National Uprising in Banská Bystrica (MSNU), which alongside their basic activities – collecting, providing professional care, conserving and presenting components of cultural heritage – also perform the function of methodological centres in accordance with applicable legislation and other regulations. As methodological centres, they provide methodological guidance, expert advice, coordination and education in the system of museums, galleries and libraries. They also coordinate activities to increase the use and availability of information technology and provide for the digitisation of the processing, administration and presentation of data on collection items, historic library materials and historic library collections1, precious manuscripts, antique and precious printed material etc. The SNG and the SNM also keep central records of items in the collections of museums and galleries. The collecting institutions with national competence process and evaluate statistics and other information on museums, galleries and libraries. The SNM also keeps records of museum facilities that carry out primarily presentation activities with regard to the protection of cultural heritage.

In their capacity as the owners (zriaďovateľ) of collecting institutions, local and regional governments are obliged to provide for financial, personnel and operational requirements of their museums, galleries and libraries, including providing for material and technical equipment in accordance with applicable legal regulations. Specialised state supervision and control of the basic professional functions of these institutions is carried out by the MC SR. The higher-tier territorial units (VÚC) appoint a selected museum, gallery or library to coordinate professional activities in collecting institutions in the region.

With regard to the protection of cultural heritage monuments, the self-governing regions, towns and villages create conditions for their protection and cooperate with state administration authorities in the conservation, renovation and use of cultural heritage monuments and 1

Under section 18(2) of Act No. 183/2000 Z.z. on libraries, the MC SR may declare any document to be historic library material and any set of documents to be a historic library collection in the public interest if they satisfy the following criteria a) they are of particular cultural and historic interest, in particular precious manuscripts, antique and precious printed documents from before 1830, Slovakian documents from before 1918, important Slovakian documents without time limit, b) they relate to important personalities or historic events

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

historic sites in order to protect their heritage value, good technical, operational and aesthetic condition and the appropriate use of buildings, groups of buildings, complexes, townscapes, and appropriate technical equipment at historic sites. A municipality may create funds for grants to the owners of cultural heritage monuments situated in their territory for their conservation and restoration and decide on the professional registration of cultural heritage monuments in the municipality which are associated with the history and personalities of the municipality (for cultural heritage monuments that are not part of the national list of cultural heritage monuments; cultural heritage of local importance). The city of Bratislava has established two specialist organisations, the City Institute for the Protection of Monuments (an expert institution) and PAMING (a vehicle for the city’s investments in the restoration of monuments).

National training schemes are shown are described in part 7 – Education and research

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES Which are the most important private and public institutions carrying on activities for the protection of heritage in your country? Please write about 500 words on the following topics: • • • •

The relevant (competent) state and regional institutions (including their addresses) Personnel working in the area of protection NGOs and private stakeholders participating in protection Voluntary initiatives

The main institutions responsible for the protection of cultural heritage are the specialised state administration organisations – the Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic and the eight Regional Monuments Boards.

Addresses of the offices: Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic Cesta na Červený most 6, 814 06 Bratislava

Regional Monuments Board Košice Hlavná 25, 040 01 Košice

Regional Monuments Board Trenčín Hviezdoslavova 1, 911 01 Trenčín

Regional Monuments Board Banská Bystrica Lazovná 8, 975 65 Banská Bystrica

Regional Monuments Board Nitra Námestie Jána Pavla II. 8, 949 01 Nitra

Regional Monuments Board Trnava Kollárova 8, 917 01 Trnava

Regional Monuments Board Bratislava Leškova 17, 811 04 Bratislava

Regional Monuments Board Prešov Hlavná 115, 080 01 Prešov

Regional Monuments Board Žilina Mariánske nám. 19, 010 01 Žilina

As on the 31 December, 2009 the Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic and the Regional Monuments Boards employed a staff of 314, of whom 210 were specialists.

Scientific research in the discipline of archaeology and related disciplines is carried out by the Institute of Archaeology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences (Akademická 2, 949 21 Nitra) as a state research organisation.

Organisations that participate in the protection of cultural heritage monuments outside the state sector include the City Institute for the Protection of Monuments (a specialised allowance organisation with responsibility in the capital, founded by the City of Bratislava), the Chamber of Restorers, the Community of Restorers in Slovakia, the Chamber of Architects, the Slovak Architects Association, legal entities licensed to carry out archaeological research, individuals licensed to carry out research into cultural heritage monuments, Academia Istropolitana Nova Sv. Jur. Voluntary Initiatives for the Protection of Cultural Heritage Monuments include the civic associations and foundations ICOMOS, ECOVAST, the Association for Monuments, the Foundation for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, the Association of Historic Towns and Villages

179

T H E S L O VA K R E P U B L I C

180

of Slovakia, the Banská Štiavnica 91 Association, Protect Castles!, the Association for the Conservation of Lietavský Hrad, Katarínka, RONDEL, the Association for the Conservation of Medieval Architectural Heritage in Nitra Region LEUSTACH, Tree of Life, the Slovak Union for Nature and Landscape Conservation, the National Trust and many others.

The protection of components of cultural heritage in collections in the Slovak Republic is provided for through the system of museums, galleries and libraries. In order to increase the level of professional activity and compliance with basic professional standards, especially in new museums and galleries, the MC SR maintains a system for the registration of museums and galleries in the Register of museums and galleries of the Slovak Republic. In order to be registered, museums and galleries must conform to the basic professional standards laid down by law. These are focussed on activities that ensure the protection and security of collected items – components of cultural heritage. As on the 1 March, 2010 the register consisted of 98 museums and 25 galleries. The majority of museums and galleries in the register exhibit in more than one location – there are currently more than 400 locations in which museums and galleries present exhibitions in the Slovak Republic. Besides the SNM and SNG, the most important institutions controlled by the central state administration are the Slovak Mining Museum Banská Štiavnica, the Slovak Museum of Nature Protection and Speleology Liptovský Mikuláš, the Post Museum in Banská Bystrica, the Slovak Agricultural Museum Nitra, the Museum in Svaty Anton specialising in hunting and NBS – Museum of Coins and Medals, Kremnica. The most important institutions controlled by higher-tier territorial units include the East-Slovakian Museum, Košice, the West-Slovakian Museum, Trnava, the Central-Slovakian Museum in Banská Bystrica, the Povazie Museum in Žilina, the Trenčín Museum in Trenčín, the Danube Museum in Komárno, Šariš Museum in Bardejov, the Orava Gallery in Dolný Kubín, the Liptov Gallery of Peter Michal Bohun in Liptovský Mikuláš, the East-Slovakian Gallery in Košice and the M.A. Bazovsky Gallery, Trenčín. Some of the most important museums and galleries founded by municipalities are the Bratislava City Museum and the Bratislava City Gallery.

Central records on the library system are kept by the MC SR; the List of Libraries of the Slovak Republic records 4, 024 libraries. The specialist supervisor, director of conservation activities and the most important state institution for heritage in the form of books and other library materials (historic library materials, historic library collections, precious manuscripts, antique and precious printed material etc.) for the library system of the Slovak Republic is the Slovak National Library in Martin. It is assisted by the University Library in Bratislava, SSL KE, SSL BB and SSL PO. A major part of these components of cultural heritage are owned by the churches to whom the state provides assistance with cataloguing, specialist treatment and protection of books and other library materials belonging to written cultural heritage.

As on the 31 December, 2009, there were 1, 953 employees working in museums in Slovakia, of whom 1, 011 were specialist employees; there were 492 employees working in galleries; the SNM employed a staff of 460 and the SNG a staff of 190 people.

As on the 31 December, 2009 there were 1, 576 employees working in public libraries (of whom 296 were employed in regional libraries with responsibility for administrative regions, 617 in regional libraries, 360 in town libraries, 302 in local libraries and 70 in the specialised libraries of museums and galleries). Libraries within the competence of the MC SR employed a total of 702 people; the Slovak National Library had 266 employees, the University Library in Bratislava had 239 employees, SSL BB had 77 employees, SSL KE had 84 employees and SSL PO had 36 employees.

4. FINANCING POLICY What system does your country use to finance heritage protection? Please write about 500 words on the following topics: • • • •

Financing from public and state sources Financing from regional and local government Private initiatives Direct assistance and tax incentives

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

With regard to the protection of cultural heritage monuments, the state budget finances care for that part of cultural heritage which is state property and the activity of specialised state administration organisations. The state budget is also used to finance grants to the owners of cultural heritage monuments for their renovation and restoration. Self-governing regions and municipalities finance the conservation of cultural heritage that they own. A municipality may make grants to owners to conserve and renovate cultural heritage monuments located in the territory of the municipality. Private initiatives (foundations and civic associations) obtain resources for their activities from grants and from the 2% of income tax that individuals and legal entities may donate to them.

As museums, collecting galleries and libraries are under the responsibility of central state administration bodies, higher-tier territorial units and municipalities, the financing of cultural heritage conserved in collections is provided for from public and state funds. Of the total number of museums registered in the Register of Museums and Galleries of the Slovak Republic kept by the ministry, there are 13 museums established by another legal entity and therefore financed from resources other than public or state financing; of the total of 25 galleries, in 24 cases the owner is a state body or regional or local government. Approximately 28% of the costs of activities of collecting institutions are covered by income from the activities of museums and galleries (admission fees, rental, sale of own products).

Table 1: Financing of museums and galleries in EUR

Income (receipts) Total subsidy for activities from the state budget from the VUC budget of which from the municipal budget domestic grants foreign total earnings of which admission fees sales rental

Museums 2008 2009 32 850 328.62 35 635 346.11 26 187 512.45 29 035 214.81 12 259 244.51 16 224 854.66 9 574 487.15 10 242 120.58 3 333 333.33 1 379 909.52 781 052.91 838 789.88 239 394.54 349 540.17 7 187 532.53 6 756 054.31 5 262 673.60 4 292 007.28 18 394 420.10

829 238.38

Galleries 2008 2009 8 992 099.85 9 757 028.03 7 180 442.14 7 878 506.70 3 027 949.2 3 641 979.00 3 024 463, 92 3 224 818.00 784 206.33 750 534.56 337 947.29 261 175.14 5 875.32 0.00 803 790.75 736 422.27 281 749.98 201 046.04 152 791.61 117 764.92 280 256.26 256 754.82

Museums and galleries also seek to obtain financing from sponsors.

Such financing is usually intended for presentation activities, such as the preparation and implementation of exhibitions, the publications of serial works presenting the collections of museums and galleries.

Annex 1 – attached separately due to the size of the table Costs for the activities of libraries – year 2009 – in EUR – summary from state statistical findings KULT (MC SR) 10–01.

5. LEGISLATION What legal form does the protection of heritage take in your country? Please write about 500 words on the following topics: • • • •

National legislation on the protection of heritage Land use planning regulations Regional and local regulations International memoranda and recommendations versus state legislation

The Slovak Republic expressed positive intentions in the Declaration of the National Council of the Slovak Republic No. 91/2001 Z.z. on cultural heritage. The text of the declaration has formed the basis of legislation and other regulations governing the protection of the various components of cultural heritage.

181

T H E S L O VA K R E P U B L I C

182

The problem of the protection of cultural heritage monuments is dealt with by Act No. 49/2002 Z.z on the protection of monuments and historic sites, as amended, and Decree No. 16/2003 Z.z. implementing the Act on the protection of monuments and historic sites. The act and the decree define the organisational structure and competence of state administration and local and regional government bodies, the rights and duties of owners and other legal entities and enthusiasts and the imposition of fines for crimes relating to the protection of monuments and historic sites, which is an important component of cultural heritage and whose conservation is in the public interest. The conditions for the performance of restoration work providing appropriate care for cultural heritage are laid down in the Act of the National Council of the Slovak Republic No. 200/1994 Z.z. on the chamber of restorers and on the performance of restoration work by its members as amended by Act No. 136/2010 on services in the internal market and the amendment of certain acts. The protection of monuments and historic sites in land-use planning is governed by the Act of the Slovak National Council No. 50/1976 Zb. on land use planning and building proceedings, as amended.

This law stipulates that a land-use projection of the protection of the cultural value of the relevant area setting out the conditions for the conservation and reasonable functional use of objects of cultural significance is one of the compulsory documents in the preparation of landuse documentation.

The activity of collecting institutions, their establishment, cancellation and functions in acquiring, professionally treating, protecting and presenting components of cultural heritage are governed by the following legal regulations: Act No. 2006/2009 Z.z. on museums and on galleries and on the protection of items of cultural significance and on the amendment of the Act of the Slovak National Council No. 372/1990 Zb. on misdemeanours, as amended. Details, in particular as regards the performance of basic specialised activities in museums and galleries are set out in Decree of the MC SR No. 523/2009 Z.z. laying down particulars of the basic specialised activities of museums and galleries and keeping records of objects of cultural significance. The status and functions of libraries, their establishment, provision of bibliographic and information services to the public, the protection, use and making available of historic library materials and historic library collections are governed by Act No. 183/2000 Z.z. on libraries, on the amendment of the Act of the Slovak National Council No. 27/1987 Zb. on state care of monuments and historic sites and the amendment of Act No. 68/1997 Z.z. on the Matica Slovenskรก cultural organisation, as amended.

The implementation decree on the act is Decree of the MC SR No. 421/2003 Z.z. establishing particulars of the method for keeping records, disposing of and checking library collections. The activities of archives, including the protection components of cultural heritage that they hold, are governed by Act No. 395/2002 Z.z. on archives and registries and on the amendment of certain acts, as amended, and the Decree of the Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic No. 628/2002 Z.z. implementing certain provisions of the act on archives and registries and on the amendment of certain acts. Questions of cultural heritage, in particular in relation to the import and export of individual components of cultural heritage, are governed by Act No. 207/2009 Z.z. on conditions for the import of objects of cultural significance and on the amendment of Act No. 652/2004 Z.z. on state customs authorities and the amendment of certain acts, as amended. To promote the mobility of collections and items of cultural significance the MC SR has adopted and issued Ruling of the MC SR No. 3424/2009-10/10501 establishing particulars of the provision of subsidies from the state budget to compensate losses suffered by lenders during temporary loans of items of cultural significance in the territory of the Slovak Republic for the purposes of exhibition in the territory of the Slovak Republic. Another act that addresses issues relating to the protection of cultural heritage is Act No. 416/2002 Z.z. on the return of illegally exported cultural items.

Management acts issued by, for example, municipalities as legal regulations of lower legal force must fully respect applicable national legislation. A municipality may decide, through a by-law, to keep specialised records of cultural heritage monuments in the municipality which are associated with the history and personalities of the municipality (for cultural heritage monuments that are not part of the national list of cultural heritage monuments; cultural heritage of local importance).

In developing legislation and other regulations for the protection of cultural heritage the Slovak Republic fully complies with requirements for the approximation of its law with the law of the Slovak Republic. The Slovak Republic has also gradually ratified important international conventions on the protection of components of cultural heritage. The recommendations of each convention are incorporated in legislation and regulations at the national level.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What forms of international cooperation for the protection of cultural heritage exist in your country?

Please write about 500 words on the following topics: • • • •

International networks for cooperation and obtaining financing Cooperation between the state and World heritage institutions Identification of characteristics of cultural and natural heritage Ratified international conventions on heritage

Slovakia participates actively in the work of UNESCO and has a permanent representation in UNESCO bodies. It also supports the collective membership of institutions in individual UNESCO committees.

With regard to the protection of monuments and historic sites, Slovakia cooperates with UNESCO – with ICOMOS ( the International Council on Monuments and Sites) and with ICCROM (the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property).

It participates in the international project the European Heritage Days launched by the Council of Europe. Slovakia participates in the following European Union initiatives: EHHF – the European Heritage Head Forum, the European Heritage Label, CARARE (Connecting ARchaeology and ARchitecture in Europeana), EUROPA NOSTRA ECOVAST (the European Council for the Village and Small Town). Slovakia participates in the international project HEREIN (the European Heritage Network).

A national committee of the ICOM operates in Slovakia. Its members are drawn from museums and galleries such as the Slovak National Museum, the Slovak National Gallery, the SNL – Slovak National Literary Museum, the Zahorie Gallery Senica, the Bratislava City Gallery and the Bratislava City Museum. Membership fees in these organisations are paid from the budgets of the institutions with the consent of the owner. In some museums the employer pays a part of the membership fees for an employee. Slovak libraries are represented in the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), where the Association of Slovak Librarians is a national association member representing Slovakia and individual libraries are represented as associate members in different sections and divisions (the SNL and ULB are members, for example).

In the years 2004–2009 Slovakia obtained financing from the Norwegian Financial Mechanism, which supports projects for the conservation of European cultural heritage. Support for the conservation of cultural heritage, in particular the digitisation of records on individual items of cultural heritage, is the objective of OPIS – the Operational Programme for the Informatisation of Society, which is financed from European Union funds. The use of OPIS funds is managed by the MC SR. EU structural funds also finance other programmes: The Regional Operational Programme (ROP), the Rural Development Programme (renovation and development of villages), Competitiveness and Economic Growth (Priority Axis 3 Tourism). Slovakia also draws on the financial mechanisms of the European Economic Area.

Cooperation between Slovakia and world heritage institutions takes place through the UNESCO World Heritage Committee and the UNESCO World Heritage Centre. In 2009 the Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic worked on a nomination file for the nomination of “Limes Romanus – Roman Monuments in Slovakia” for inscription in the World Cultural Heritage List. The 33rd session of the World Heritage Committee in Seville (22–30 June, 2009) approved a proposal to expand the site Spiš Castle and associated cultural monuments to include Levoča. The Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic participated in the summer course on “Management of UNESCO World Heritage in the Visegrad Countries” intended for professional working in the conservation of historic monuments; the course was organised in cooperation between the Visegrad group of countries and took place in Poland from 9-19 July, 2009. The main aim of the summer school was for its participants to share experience and improve the management of world heritage sites in V4 countries. In 2009, the MB SR was responsible for preparing the European UNESCO seminar for the managers of world heritage sites on improvement of tourism management at UNESCO World Heritage sites to take place in Bardejov from 23-26 March, 2010 (80 participants from 16 countries took part).

183

T H E S L O VA K R E P U B L I C

184

The MB SR cooperates on joint research projects with partner institutions in other countries (e.g. joint research on the documentation of medieval Premonstratensian monasteries and documentation of the medieval Gaal bell foundry with it partner institution in Hungary) and participates in the exchange of knowledge through active participation in international professional conferences and seminars (e.g. in 2009 the MB SR organised an international seminar on “Research and Renovation of Early Medieval Sacral Architecture”).

Collecting institutions in Slovakia have well-established relations with institutions in the Czech Republic; museums and galleries participate actively in cross-border cooperation, in particular with Poland, Hungary, Austria and the Czech Republic.

The Slovak Republic has ratified many conventions adopted at the global and European level on the protection of cultural and natural heritage.

The most important conventions in this area are: • Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage – UNESCO, Paris, 1972 (ratified 1991); • Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property – UNESCO, Paris, 1970 (ratified 1980); • Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict – UNESCO, The Hague, 1954 (ratified 1958); • Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage – UNESCO, Paris, 2001 (ratified 2009); • UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects, Rome, 1995 (ratified 2003); • Convention for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage of Europe (revised, ratified 2001); • Convention on the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe (ratified 2001); • International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) – UNESCO, New Delhi, 1956 (ratified 2000); • Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Bern, 1979 (ratified 1996).

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What forms of education and research relating to heritage protection are there in your country?

Please write about 500 words on the following topics: • • • •

Institutions involved in heritage protection Public access to heritage Increasing the awareness of your people Policy on digitisation and access to archives

In the Slovak Republic the protection of elements of cultural heritage involves both the system of specialised state administration (the monuments board and its regional branches) and the system of museums and galleries as professional institutions that systematically and purposefully collect, protect and present elements of cultural heritage – collection items (the system of 98 museums and 25 galleries registered in the Register of museums and galleries kept by the MC SR). Protected monuments such as castles, chateaux and manors are used as museums and galleries and there is an extensive network of local museum facilities that used only for presentation functions – presenting items of cultural significance through small semi-professional exhibitions. Overall, the Slovak Republic has more than 400 museum exhibitions varying in size, topics and specialisation.

The network of libraries in Slovakia is relatively extensive (around 7,000 libraries of all types); they acquire, manage, protect and make accessible the written heritage of Slovakia but only a few libraries hold historic library materials (e.g. the SNL, ULB, SSL KE, SSL BB, SSL PO, the Central Library of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, the Slovak Pedagogic Library, church libraries and certain museum libraries). Activities associated with the protection of components of cultural heritage in the library sector are coordinated by the Slovak National Library, which also keeps the Central register of historic library material and historic library collections (see Table 5)

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

A number of research organisations are also involved in the protection of components of cultural heritage. Research into monuments (web address http://www.culture.gov.sk/kulturne-dedicstvo/ochrana-pamiatok/pamiatkov-vskum) is carried out by the MB SR, the City Institute for the Protection of Monuments, the Institute of Archaeology of SAV and individuals licenced to carry out research into monuments in the specialisations such as: art history, architectural history, town-planning history and legal entities licensed to carry out archaeological research.

Research in the field of restoration (www.restauro.sk) is carried out by individuals licensed to carry out restoration activities. Basic research is carried out by the Slovak Academy of Sciences (in particular the Institute of Archaeology, the Institute of Art History, the Institute of Construction and Architecture), higher education institutions and universities.

Education on the protection of cultural heritage is provided at all levels of school. In elementary schools pupils encounter issues relating to the protection of cultural heritage in studying history, literature and civics. In secondary education, secondary vocational schools have created departments focussing on the conservation of certain material types used in cultural heritage monuments, restoration, construction and artistic techniques and landscaping (care and maintenance for historic gardens). General secondary education includes coverage in the protection of cultural heritage in subjects such as history, aesthetics and literature. The protection of written heritage in libraries can be studied at secondary level in the Secondary Vocational School of Librarianship and Information Studies in Bratislava.

Higher education in the protection of cultural heritage is provided by universities. Bachelor’s and Master’s programmes exist (for example, in the Faculty of Philosophy of Comenius University in Bratislava, the Faculty of Arts of Trnava University) in the subjects of archaeology, archival science, art history, ethnology, history and related disciplines. The protection of cultural heritage is an integral part of the teaching of museum studies, in which Bachelor’s and Master’s programmes are offered by the Faculty of Arts of the Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, the Faculty of Humanities of Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, the Faculty of Philosophy of Comenius University in Bratislava). Protection of cultural heritage is a part of teaching in the subject of restoration at the Academy of the Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava and the subject of architecture, town-planning and construction in the Faculty of Architecture of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava. The Department of Library and Information Science in the Faculty of Philosophy of Comenius University in Bratislava and the Department of Mediamatics and Cultural Heritage of Žilina University prepare specialists in the protection of written cultural heritage in Slovakia at both Bachelor’s and Master’s levels and the Department of Library and Slovak Studies in the Faculty of Humanities and the Natural Sciences of the University of Prešov teaches students at Bachelor’s level.

Continuing education is provided through training courses in further education institutions, school and non-school facilities accredited by the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic e.g. Academia Istropolitana Nova Sv. Jur, Academy of Education, Bratislava, Institute for Public Administration, the University of Trenčín (course entitled “Construction Worker – Conservationist”), the civic association Tree of Life (Strom života), Bratislava (courses entitled ”Innovative Aapproaches to Continuing Education for Teachers in the Area of Cultural and Natural Heritage and Cultural and Natural Heritage in Innovative Forms”). Further education is also promoted through professional conferences, seminars, courses and workshops organised by national collecting institutions with competence in the area of methodology, the MB SR, professional associations, institutes of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, universities and higher education institutions.

The protection of cultural heritage and its components is at the centre of the attention of many civic associations, which are established with the aim of providing for the protection of individual cultural heritage monuments. Civic associations focus, in particular, on the restoration of ruined castles, industrial objects and folk architecture. Their activity is systematically supported through the grant system of the MC SR or municipal and regional support programmes. These civic associations cooperate actively with collecting institutions and thereby assist their development. Awareness of the importance of the protection of cultural heritage is increased and cultural property is promoted through the activities of military re-enactment societies, falconry associations and traditional dance groups. They frequently present their activities in castles and chateaux that function as museums and galleries.

Active collecting institutions also play a positive role in building positive relations to cultural heritage, in particular through work with volunteers and the activities of associations of friends of museums. Another important support activity is assistance in the publication of specialised and popular literature, the making of documentary and promotional programmes, the organisation of events and campaigns for the public

185

T H E S L O VA K R E P U B L I C

recognition of the International Day for Monuments and Sites and the European Heritage Days. Access to cultural heritage is promoted through culture vouchers for young people, which they can use to pay for entry to cultural institutions. Cultural heritage is also promoted through road signs to cultural tourist destinations such as cultural heritage monuments, museums, galleries etc. which are open to the public.

Information about cultural heritage is published on the internet – the MC SR, the MB SR and all museums, galleries and libraries have their own websites. There are also specialised websites that provide information on cultural heritage e.g. www.obnova.sk, Muzeum.sk and Infolib. sk. With regard to the implementation of national projects and demand-oriented projects involving use of funding from the structural funds, the website www.opis.culture.gov.sk presents progress in the Operational Programme Informatisation of Society – priority axis 2. Development of cultural heritage institutions and collecting institutions and renewal of their national infrastructure are presented through www.ropka.sk, which presents progress in the Regional Operational Programme, priority axis 3. Strengthening the cultural potential of the regions and tourism infrastructure – measure 3.1 Strengthening the cultural potential of regions – sub-measure 3.1.a activities relating to cultural heritage institutions and collecting institutions and sub-measure 3.1.b activities relating to immoveable cultural heritage monuments.

Records of cultural heritage monuments have been kept electronically since the start of 1980s and documentation is continuously improved and upgraded in line with technological development; records can be accessed by traditional means or via the internet. As part of the Operating Programme Informatisation of Society, individual items of cultural heritage are being digitised with the support of the structural funds.

8. STATISTICAL DATA 186 Numbers and quantities in the protection of cultural heritage in your country Please write about 500 words on the following topics: • • • • •

Changes in the number of protected areas in the last 25 years The character of protected areas Types of ownership Statistics on tourism Heritage and tourism products in the GDP of your country

Cultural heritage in fondo: Table 3: Receipts from admission fees (in EUR)

Table 2: Visits to museums and galleries in the years 2008–2009 Museums 2008 2009 Total number of visitors to exhibitions of whom, non-paying Cultural upbringing and education activities Number of participants in cultural upbringing and education activities

Galleries 2008 2009

4 227 081

3 559 824

428 064

374 667

1 252 974

1 226 131

178 969

158 511

7 444

8 059

7 619

6 277

762 551

751 702

145 018

135 445

Museums Galleries

2008 5 262 673.60 281 749.98

2009 4 292 007.28 201 046.04

Table 4: Numbers of collection items in museums and galleries – situation as on 31 Dec, 2009 Museums Galleries

2008 15 619 104 168 829

2009 15 947 392 170 038

Table 5: Historic library collection and historic library material – situation as on 31 Dec, 2009 – registered in the central records in accordance with Act No. 183/2000 Z.z. on libraries, on the amendment of Act of Number of sets Number of individual items the Slovak National Council No. 27/1987 Zb. on state care for monuments and historic sites and the amendment of Act No. Historic library materials 40 233 68/1997 Z.z. on the Matica Slovenská Cultural Organisation, Historic library collections 22 88 929 as amended.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

Protection of cultural heritage monuments: Historic sites and cultural heritage monuments – number of instances of protection Year

Type of protection

1988 1990 World cultural heritage* 0 0 Historic reserves** 21 26 Historic zones 0 6 Moveable cultural heritage monuments*** 12 269 13 048 Immoveable cultural heritage monuments*** 10 494 9 578 Cultural heritage objects constituting immoveable cultural heritage monuments:**** 1988 1990 Archaeological sites 287 317 Objects of architectural and town-planning interest 6 254 7 004 Objects of historic interest 2 142 2 530 Traditional folk buildings 1 152 1 301 Objects of artistic interest 376 590 Objects of scientific, industrial and technological interest 281 389 Historic parks and gardens 2 312

1995 3 28 72 13 835 9 205

2000 4 28 87 14 582 9 516

2005 4 28 89 14 392 9 501

2010 5 28 85 14 577 9 647

1995 362 7 028 1 416 1 526 739 435 332

2000 340 7 515 1 397 1 821 818 451 333

2005 360 7 738 1 386 1 833 1 005 454 340

2010 393 8 164 1 399 2 043 1 450 524 373

Cultural heritage monuments are immoveable and moveable objects of heritage interest that are declared cultural heritage monuments to ensure their protection. The basic reference unit is the cultural heritage monument, which comprises one or more moveable or immoveable objects of heritage interest. A protected site can be a historic reserve, a historic zone or an archaeological site. Cultural heritage monuments also include buried archaeological finds identified by archaeological research. Cultural heritage monuments and sites of universal cultural value of world importance may be inscribed in the World Heritage List.

(The following sites in Slovakia have been inscribed in the World Heritage List since the dates shown below: • 2008, Quebec, Canada: • 1993, Cartagéna, Columbia: • Wooden churches of the Slovak part of the Carpathian • Vlkolínec – folk architecture reservation; Mountain area (8).

• Banská Štiavnica and the technical monuments in its vicinity; • 2009, Seville, Spain: • Spišský hrad and the associated cultural monuments.

• The area around Spišský hrad (point 3) was expanded to • 2000, Cairns, Australia: include Levoča).

• Bardejov town conservation reserve.

Structure of protected cultural heritage monuments by type of ownership in percentage terms Cultural heritage monuments 1988 State* immoveable 36 Regional or municipal immoveable 20 government** Churches*** immoveable 20 Legal entities**** immoveable Individuals immoveable 24 Owner

1990 34 20 21 25

Year 1995 2000 2005 2010 20 16 15 9 24 24 24 26 23 5 28

23 8 29

24 8 29

26 9 30

98.5% of moveable cultural heritage monuments are owned by the church

*

the state, i.e. state administration bodies and organisations established by them ** regional and municipal government, i.e. municipalities, towns, highertier territorial units, former local national committees, municipal national committees, district national committees and regional national committees, and organisations established by them *** churches, i.e. registered churches and religious communities **** legal entities, i.e. other legal entities than churches and organisations established by the state or regional and municipal governments Note: The keeping of statistics on the registration of cultural heritage monuments began in 1988. Statistics on the number of cultural heritage monument were not kept before the year 1985, that is why the tables begin from 1988.

187

T H E S L O VA K R E P U B L I C

Trends in the form of ownership of immoveable cultural heritage monuments followed the social changes after 1989. The state’s share declined in stages from 36% in 1989 to 9% in 2010. The largest falls in state ownership were during the restitution period (1990–1994, when the state’s share of ownership fell by 12%) and the transfer of powers and property to municipalities (1997, a fall of 7%) and to higher-tier territorial units (2006, a fall of 7%).

Tourism statistics (source: the Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic; Annexes 2.3, 4 – attached individually): • statistic data on tourism in Slovakia for the years 2008/2009 published at: http://www.mhsr.sk/rok-2009-2008/132728s • selected statistic findings – Active foreign tourism in 2008 published at: http://www.mhsr.sk/vyberove-statisticke-zistovania-5971/127656s Contribution of heritage and tourism products to GDP in Slovakia: • GDP in Slovakia for 2009: EUR 48 068 million Source: Statistic Office of the Slovak Republic: http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=17676; Annex 5, attached individually) • Contribution of active foreign tourism to GDP in 2009: 2.6% Source:the Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic: http://www.mhsr.sk/rok-2009-2008/132728s Note: The contribution of protection of cultural heritage monuments to GDP is not monitored in statistics

188

• Conclusions and recommendations In the past, heritage agencies prepared specialised materials on the protection of cultural heritage monuments for decisions taken by nonspecialist local state administration bodies. Although they had broad specialist responsibilities in the area of research, documentation, records and methodology, they did not have the power to decide on the fate of monuments. The situation changed for the better after the introduction of the Monuments Act in 2002. The Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic and the Regional Monuments Boards became specialised state administrative bodies for the protection of cultural heritage monuments and acquired decision-making powers. This ensures that decisions and opinions on the protection of cultural heritage are prepared by qualified experts with knowledge of cultural heritage monuments, the laws, international conventions, recommendations and the principles of protection of cultural heritage. In theoretical and methodological matters, the MB SR follows and draws inspiration from the latest global trends in the protection and presentation of cultural heritage. The MB SR also keeps precise official records of immoveable and moveable cultural heritage monuments, historic reserves and historic zones, as necessary for defining the competences of state administration bodies. Comprehensive knowledge of all cultural heritage monuments is essential for the quality of their conservation and renovation. Conservation, reconstruction and restoration techniques are applied in renovation in order to improve the structural and technical condition of a monument and to correct the causes of its destruction; the emphasis is on conserving the authenticity of the monument and its heritage value (historic, social, landscape, town-planning, scientific, technical or artistic). Where restoration or a specific type of renovation of a monument is called for, the use of art and craft techniques with traditional technology and materials is encouraged. The conservation of cultural heritage in its authentic form for later generations needs to be reasserted as often as possible, even in the face of conflict with the economic interest of owners in making intensive use of buildings and land.

Recommendations designed to improve protection of cultural heritage: • Provide positive motivation for owners in the form of subsidies towards the renovation and restoration of cultural heritage property from public funds; • Develop a tax incentive scheme for the owners of cultural heritage monuments; • Create a special-purpose financial fund as a multi-source basic instrument for financing the renovation of monuments (to support systematic preventative maintenance, to provide compensation for the use of more expensive technologies in restoration, to fund basic and conservation studies of monuments and immoveable property in historic sites and archaeological finds; to designate a specific financial reserve for the conservation of cultural heritage monuments in the event of natural disasters;

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

• • •

• • • • • •

• • • • • • •

• • • •

Create conditions for heritage agencies, archives, libraries, museums and galleries to improve the quality of their activity; Improve instruments for the enforcement of the law (e.g. the absence of building police, the problem of illegally exported items of heritage value); Increase public awareness of the value of cultural heritage and issues relating to its protection, encourage the population to respect and have a positive relationship with their cultural heritage through upbringing and education of young people, public education, publications, exhibitions, lectures and other popularisation activities; Create a system for the education of craftsmen and employees of construction firms who would like to learn traditional forms of crafts and building work; Support the acquisition of a part of cultural heritage for administration by collecting institutions in order to ensure due professional care; Improve the system for protecting and securing collections, the rooms and buildings of the museums, galleries and libraries in which they are held, against break-ins, theft and fire; Improve storage conditions for museum and library collection items by increasing the total number of storage facilities and, in particular, by increasing the proportion of storage facilities with variable climate control; Improve conditions for the professional treatment of collection items and library materials – restoration, conservation and preparation in collecting institutions; Improve the system for acquiring and storing information on moveable cultural heritage, improve the system for protecting information on them, improve the processing of acquired information and increase the efficiency of its use by storing and making accessible digital content through heritage agencies and collecting institutions using the internet; Ensure compatibility between all database systems of heritage agencies and collecting institutions; Create conditions for building a system of continuing professional education for all categories of specialised employees in collecting institutions through central methodology centres in the field of museum, gallery and library activities; Create conditions and motivate the specialist employees of collecting institutions to improve their professional qualifications and increase their knowledge through continuing study in higher education institutions and through doctoral studies; Support the mobility of experts in heritage agencies and collecting institutions whether international, inter-ministerial, inter-institutional, inter-sectoral, inter-regional and inter-municipal sharing and cooperation; sharing of knowledge and experience; Support the representation of collecting institutions in international unions, associations and networks in order to contribute to international development and the development of international cooperation; Provide for the modernisation of existing exhibitions and galleries and the modernisation of systems for multilingual presentation; Use museum and gallery exhibitions to provide for the all-round development of the upbringing and educational function of museums and galleries for all age groups in the population, thereby increasing their contribution to the formation of a knowledgable society and providing them with information on cultural heritage, its importance for the development of society and learning about other nations and culture; Create conditions in collecting institutions to improve disabled people’s access to collections and the public services offered by the institutions; Support the development of mobility for items of cultural heritage taking into account the item’s conservation and protection in order to make them more accessible for the public and to develop international and inter-regional cooperation; Increase the speed with which information on components of cultural heritage is made available to the general public on the Internet; Support the use of all components of cultural heritage for the development of cultural tourism in order to increase the visibility of regions through the use of the development potential of their cultural heritage.

189

T H E S L O VA K R E P U B L I C

Annex 1 Costs for the activity of libraries in 2009 (EUR)

190

Income (receipts) Transfers for activity from the state budget from the VUC budget of which from the municipal budget from other subjects Total earnings of which, fees for library activities from income other income, gifts, grants of which, funds from the state budget Costs (expenditure) for main activities payroll of which purchase of library materials Total capital expenditure

Scientific libraries (9 libraries)

Regional libraries with responsibility for administrative regions (8 libraries) 19 690 982.390 4 218 319.980 18 685 737.170 3 609 920.190 18 681 886.170 0 0 3 609 920.190

Regional libraries (29 libraries)

Specialised libraries of museums and galleries (81 libraries)

Town libraries (106 libraries)

Local libraries (1 918)

Public libraries total (2 061 libraries)

8 632 276.350 7 610 667.420 0 6 836 979.420

0 0 0 0

5 631 114.600 5 105 787.970 0 19 612.520

2 585 833.540 2 435 458.850 0 0

21 067 544.470 18 761 834.430 0 10 466 512.130

0

0

773 688

0

4 115 608.820

2 399 466.850

7 288 763.670

3 851 898 837.220

0 387 348.460

0 594 302.350

0 0

970 566.630 353 300.440

35 992 67 506.570

1 006 558.630 1 402 457.820

454 525.100

278 145.220

396 275.050

0

255 166.710

58 480.070

988 067.050

106 408

221 051.330

427 306.580

0

172 026.190

75 667.530

903 252.220

69 239.610

527 374.370

0

125 662.960

214 732.300

0

117 739.500

17 738 829.950 6 882 771.970

4 309 442 2 106 269.080

8 630 308.500 4 338 961.070

101 306.120

5 428 986.240 2 677 387.980

1 022 509.600

314 056.160

501 682

101 273.120

423 214.780

465 746.050

1 704 698.990

2 088 640

117 100

779 214.390

0

231 687.810

92 992.840

1 220 995.040

STATISTICS ON TOURISM IN SLOVAKIA IN THE YEAR 2008/2009 INDICATOR International Tourism Receipts (mil. SKK) (mil. EUR) International Tourism Expenditures (mil. SKK) (mil. EUR) Balance of International Tourism (mil. SKK) (mil. EUR) Share of International Tourism Receipts on GDP (%) Share of Int. Receipts on Export of Services (%) Share of Int. Receipts on Export of Goods (%) Share of Int. Receipts on Export (Goods & Services) (%) Total Number of Tourists (Accommodated Visitors) of which: Foreign Domestic Total Number of Nights of which: Foreign

2008 55 152.6 1 830.7 45 913.1 1 524.0 9 239.5 306.7 2.6 29.8 3.5 3.1 4 082 645 1 766 529 2 316 116 12 464 104 5 261 476

2009 50 446.0 1 674.5 45 312.5 1 504.1 5 133.5 170.4 2.6 37.0 4.2 3.7 3 381 354 1 298 075 2 083 279 10 391 069 3769 136

INDICES 09/08 91.5% 91.5% 98.7% 98.7% 55.6% 55.6% 100.0% 124.2% 120.0% 119.4% 82.8% 73.5% 89.9% 83.4% 71.6%

2 520 562.520 20 889 299.260 1 470 280.100 10 592 898.230

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

INDICATOR Domestic Average Length of Stay (Nights) of which: Foreign Domestic Total Number of Accommodation Establishments of which: Hotels, Motels, Boatels Boarding Houses Tourist Residences Cottage Colonies Other Collective Establishments (Camping and Others) Private Accommodation Total Numbers of Rooms of which: Hotels, Motels, Boatels Boarding Houses Tourist Residences Cottage Colonies Other Collective Establishments (Camping and Others) Private Accommodation Total Number of Bed Places of which: Hotels, Motels, Boatels Boarding Houses Tourist Residences Cottage Colonies Other Collective Establishments (Camping and Others) Private Accommodation Total Number of Free Area Places

2008

2009

INDICES 09/08

7 202 628 3.1 3.0 3.1 3 434 596 717 360 73 1 021 667 58 182 25 180 8 786 6 909 1 722 13 150 2 435 151 991 58 357 23 040 20 721 6 790 35 295 5 498 35 707

6 621 933 4.1 4.2 3.9 3 292 619 705 335 63 957 609 58 647 27 110 8 768 6 439 1 378 12 617 2 281 150 607 61 491 22 759 19 305 5 250 34 247 6 524 36 443

91.9% 132.3% 140.0% 125.8% 95.9% 103.9% 98.3% 93.1% 86.3% 93.7% 91.3% 100.8% 107.7% 99.8% 93.2% 80.0% 95.9% 93.7% 99.1% 105.4% 98.8% 93.2% 77.3% 97.0% 118.7% 102.1%

Source: www.mhsr.sk/rok-2009-2008/1327285

STATISTICS ON TOURISM IN SLOVAKIA IN THE YEAR 2008/2009 Bank statistics 2008 Foreign exchange inflow (mil.)

Foreign exchange outflow (mil.)

Balance (mil.)

EURO exchange rate

SKK 55 152.6 45 913.1 9 239.5

EURO 1 830.7 1 524.0 306.7 SKK 30.126

2009 SKK 50 446.0 45 312.5 5 133.5

EURO 1 674.5 1 504.1 170.4 SKK 30.126

Index SKK 91.5 98.7 55.6

EURO 91.5 98.7 55.6

191

T H E S L O VA K R E P U B L I C

• • • • •

foreign exchange inflows from visiting tourists in the months from January to December 2009, according to interim NBS data, amounted to EUR 1 674.5 million, which was 8.5% lower than in the previous year; individual tourists contributed 96.5% of total foreign exchange inflows, organised 3.8% and non-bank foreign exchange -0.3%; foreign exchange outflows resulting from expenditure of Slovak citizens in the studied period, according to interim NBS data, amounted to EUR 1 504.1 million, which was 1.3% lower than in the previous year; the largest part of foreign exchange outflows were associated with individual tourism (83.6%), followed by organised tourism (10.6%) and foreign work travel (5.8%); the balance for foreign tourism is positive with a volume of EUR 170.4 million which is 44.4% lower than in the previous year.

Source: Národná Banka Slovenska, prepared by: Ing. Diana Turkovičová, Ing. Taliana Hučiková, Tourism section. Department of Foreign Relations in Tourism Bratislava, March 2010, www.mhsr.sk

2008 Regions visited (transit and non-transit visitors)

Source of information

192

Source of information previous visits domestic acquaintances travel agency catalogue exhibition press, media internet other domestic information materials invitation from Slovakia no information before travelling other Total

52.44

number (absolute) 17 108 255

11.16

3 640 887

2.89

942 846

0.10 3.85 17.72

32 624 1 256 041 5 781 050

0.10

32 624

2.78

906 959

7.59

2 476 195

1.37 100.00

446 955 32 624 438

Share in %

Interest in specific types of tourism (stays) – foreign visitors

Share in %

number (absolute)

Area of interest

Share in %

Bratislava

24.1

7 862 490

28.3

Tatras Severné Považie (Northern Váh River region) Orava Dolné Považie (Lower Váh River region) Liptov Podunajsko (Danube River Region) Horehronie (Upper Hron River region) Košice Stredné Považie (Middle Váh River region) Horná Nitra (Upper Nitra River region) Záhorie others Total

12.2

3 980 181

20.2

6 590 136

10.6

3 458 190

8.7

2 838 326

8.4

2 740 453

7.9

2 577 331

7.6

2 479 457

7.2

2 348 960

6.9

2 251 086

7.3 7.3 6.1 5.0 4.3

2 381 584 2 381 584 1 990 091 1 631 222 1 402 851

4.0

1 304 978

2.7

880 860

3.2

1 043 982

3.0

978 733

winter sports other recreational activities in mountains visits to family/ friends urban cultural and historical tourism water activities retail tourism spa visits tours transit only Not considering another visit to Slovakia agrotourism Total

number (absolute) 9 232 716

2.2 100.00

717 738 32 624 438

2.6

848 235

2.2 8.0 100.00

717 738 2 609 955 32 624 438

Regions visited

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic Quarterly GDP data for 2009 at current prices calculated using the chained volume method Indicator Output approach Output Intermediate consumption Gross value added Net taxes on products Expenditure approach Final consumption total Final consumption of households Final consumption of non-profit institutions serving households Final consumption of Government Gross capital formation Gross fixed capital formation Changes in stocks and valuables Export of goods and services Import of goods and services

Gross domestic product

Unit of measurement Q1

Q2

Mill. EUR index Mill. EUR index Mill. EUR index Mill. EUR index

23 791.2 85.9 14 054.8 81.8 9 746.6 93.0 1 083.3 108.8

24 643.7 86.8 13 937.3 81.6 10 744.8 94.9 1 068.1 90.1

Mill. EUR index Mill. EUR index

8 137.7 99.6 6 291.8 99.1

Mill. EUR index Mill. EUR index Mill. EUR index Mill. EUR index Mill. EUR

2009 Q3

Q4

Q1–4

24829.8 89.9 13 320.4 85.5 11 580.4 95.8 1 169.4 88.0

28 347.2 93.9 17 052.9 91.5 11 292.6 97.8 1 342.1 93.9

101 611.8 89.2 58 365.4 85.2 43 364.3 95.4 4 662.8 94.4

8 613.9 101.9 6 412.1 100.5

8 726.6 99.7 6 638.6 99.7

9 479.2 99.4 6 664.3 98.1

34 951.4 100.1 26 006.8 99.3

103.9 98.3 1 732.3 101.3 2 584.4 85.8 2 682.1 91.6 x

106.3 98.1 2 096.2 106.9 2 710.1 72.1 2 919.4 82.3 x

108.4 98.5 1 977.8 99.8 3 423.3 80.6 3 093.7 88.6 x

110.7 98.4 2 711.7 102.9 2 708.8 77.1 3 152.7 92.7 x

429.2 98.3 8 518.1 102.8 11 426.6 78.6 11 847.9 89.5 x

Mill. EUR index Mill. EUR index

9 022.7 74.8 9 007.7 77.7

9 916.3 79.7 9 289.6 77.8

10 146.8 85.0 9 562.4 84.4

11 204.7 94.8 10 627.7 89.7

40 290.6 83.5 38 487.4 82.4

Mill. EUR index

10 837.0 94.3

11 828.1 94.5

12 765.2 95.1

12 637.8 97.4

48 068.0 95.3

193

SWEDEN

SWEDEN The following contribution consists of summarizing answers to the questions in the questionnaire. For further details the Swedish Ministry of culture refers to the national agency The Swedish National Heritage Board’s website: www.raa.se.

1. SCOPE OF THE HERITAGE POLICY What is the aim, range and form of the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 400 words, such issues as: • Main fields of work of the state heritage administration • Range of heritage administrations agenda (territory, funding, people) 194

Swedish cultural policy objectives include that culture is to be a dynamic, challenging and independent force based on the freedom of expression. Everyone is to have the opportunity to participate in cultural life. Creativity, diversity and artistic quality are to be integral parts of society’s development.

To achieve these objectives, (in the case related to the cultural heritage and the cultural environment) the aim is to promote a dynamic cultural heritage that is preserved, used and developed.

The objectives are national central government measures. The objectives are also to inspire and provide guidance for local government policies.

The responsibility for public support to the cultural sector is shared between the State and local government, i.e. the county councils and municipalities.

There is more information available at www.sweden.gov.se.

2. SYSTEM What is the system of work on the heritage preservation administration in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • State system of heritage preservation (competent institutions) • Regional and local government responsibilities for heritage management and preservation • National training structures The Swedish National Heritage Board (the Heritage Board) is the agency of the Swedish government that is responsible for heritage and historic environment issues. The Heritage Board’s mission is to play a proactive, coordinating role in heritage promotion efforts and to ensure that the historic environment is preserved in the most effective manner possible. The Heritage Board, which serves as Sweden’s central administrative agency in the area of heritage and the historic environment, is governed by the Ministry of Culture.

The Heritage Board works closely with national agencies and organizations, as well as county administrative boards, regional museums and other local groups.

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

The Government sets the objectives for agencies and commissions them to carry out various tasks. The annual appropriation directions instruct the agencies on the financial frames and rules for budget appropriations. The agencies allocate finance to various cultural activities.

The County Administrative Boards are responsible for cultural environment work at regional level in collaboration with the county museums.

The municipalities work on services at a local level - as municipal museums and local cultural environment work.

3. INSTITUTIONS, PEOPLE, INITIATIVES What are the most important private and state institutions active in the field of heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Competent state and regional institutions (addresses) Personnel working on preservation NGO’s and private stakeholders involved in the preservation Voluntary initiatives

The Heritage Board is the agency of the Swedish government that is responsible for heritage and historic environment issues.

The Heritage Board offices are located in Stockholm and in Visby. They also conduct commissioned archaeological work (spread between six separate offices ) and guided tours at our public visitor sites country-wide. The agency has approximately 450 employees.

The Swedish National Heritage Board/ /Riksantikvarieämbetet Box 5405 114 84 Stockholm Visiting address: Storgatan 41, Stockholm

The Swedish National Heritage Board/ /Riksantikvarieämbetet Box 1114 621 22 Visby Visiting address: Artillerigatan 33, Visby Phone: +46 (0)8-5191 8000 Fax (Stockholm): +46 (0)8-660 72 84 E-mail: riksant@raa.se

The County Administrative Boards are located in the country’s 21 counties. They work with a variety of governmental functions at the regional level, including issues related to the cultural heritage and the cultural environment. Further information about the County Administrative Boards are available at the website www.lst.se.

4. FINANCING POLICY What is the system of heritage preservation financing in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Public and state funding Regional and local governments funding Private initiatives Direct aid and tax relief

Sweden has a governmental grant for the care and restoration of cultural heritage. This grant covers the care of heritage buildings, the care of ancient sites and cultural landscapes and, in some cases, the archaeological excavations. It is the Heritage Board that gets the grant from

195

SWEDEN

the government, which in turn divides it among Sweden’s County Administrative Boards. Individuals, associations and some private companies can also apply to benefit from the grant. The grant is for approximately EUR 25 million per year for the whole country. However, the municipalities are not eligible for the grant.

5. LEGISLATION What is the legal form of the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

196

National legislation in heritage preservation Urban planning legislation Regional and local regulations International memorandums and recommendations vs state legislation

A number of Swedish laws and regulations govern protection of heritage and the historic environment. Each one of them impacts on the work of the Heritage Board, both domestically and internationally. The Heritage Conservation Act is the core legislation for preservation of Sweden’s historic environment. The act protects place names, ancient remains, archaeological finds, historic buildings, ecclesiastical monuments and the export of specified older artefacts. Sweden’s County Administrative Boards are responsible for day-to-day enforcement of the Act. Sweden’s Environmental Code protects the natural and historic environment, including approximately 1,700 national heritage areas. The code requires preparation of an environmental impact report during development planning, as well as prior to launching environmentally hazardous operations, pursuing certain subterranean or underwater activities, or starting up specified kinds of production. The County Administrative Boards and the National Environmental Protection Agency play key roles in this regard. Along with the local and regional museums, the Heritage Board coordinates expertise on the historic environment.

The Planning and Building Act assigns responsibility for historic environment issues to the municipalities. The Act governs the use of land and catchment areas, as well as development of the built environment. Site and building plans are required prior to any significant change to, or encroachment upon, the historic environment. When granting building permits, a municipality must ensure that the structures which are particularly valuable in terms of history, civilization, environment or art remain undamaged. The National Board of Building, Planning and Housing has key administrative responsibilities, while the Heritage Board coordinates expertise in cooperation with the local and regional museums.

6.The areas rich in historic monuments are protected and preserved by environmental grants linked to the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy. The purpose of environmental grants for the natural and historic environment is to preserve, as well as focus attention on, valuable remains and areas that bear witness to previous land use. The County Administrative Boards manage these grants.

6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION What are the forms of international cooperation concerning the heritage preservation in your country? Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

International networks cooperation and fund-raising State cooperation with World Heritage institutions Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties International conventions on heritage ratified

Cultural Heritage Preservation and Management Policies in the ASEM Countries.

Questionnaire for the research prepared due to the ASEM Ministers of Culture Meeting in Poznań, 2010.

The Heritage Board is committed to the long-term sustainable development of the historic environment - nationally as well as internationally.

One of the Heritage Board´s duties is to inform people about the different EU programmes, community and support initiatives concerned with cultural heritage. Since 1998, and in partnership with the National Council for Cultural Affairs, the Heritage Board has been the EU´s contact office for culture in Sweden, the Cultural Contact Point Sweden. The Heritage Board is represented at both the Council of Europe and the Nordic Council of Ministers.

The Heritage Board is involved both in the drafting and in the implementation of the various conventions within the cultural heritage field.

The 2005 Cultural Heritage Convention is an example of such an involvement. The Heritage Board has been involved in work concerning how the European Landscape Convention can be introduced in Sweden. At present, the Swedish government is working with the question how the European Landscape Convention can be implemented in the Swedish administrative systems.

The Swedish Ministry of Culture is currently examining the possibilities to ratify UNESCO’s convention on the intangible cultural heritage.

Sweden is represented in UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee by Ms Inger Liliequist, Director General of the Heritage Board, and Mr Rolf Löfgren, environmental expert at the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Sweden is represented on the Committee up to and including the year 2011.

During its term of office, Sweden will: • Support the committee´s Global Strategy for a credible and balanced World Heritage List, • Share and communicate an environmental approach that integrates nature and culture for improved management of World Heritage sites; • Support initiatives to research global warming and World Heritage; • Support efforts and initiatives to minimize threats to World Heritage sites in danger; • Support UNESCO’s efforts to involve young people in the promotions and preservation of our common heritage through education.

7. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH What are forms of education and research concerning the heritage preservation in your country?

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • •

Institutions involved in heritage preservation Public access to heritage Raising awareness of your people Policy of digitisation and archives access

Education and research on cultural heritage take place mainly within the Swedish educational system. This responsibility is shared by the central and local governments.

The Heritage Board conducts research and development as part of its mandate from the government. Their research and development activities emanate from the responsibility to preserve and present the cultural heritage and historic sites. It can be carried out by external research institutions - primarily universities and university-colleges - and by the agency itself. External scholars usually undertake research tasks, while projects of a developmental character are handled directly by the Heritage Board.

The Swedish Government is preparing a national digital agenda. A national strategy for the digitisation of cultural heritage is a part of that agenda. Key organizations in the process of digitising cultural heritage are of national authorities such as The Heritage Board, the National Archives and the Regional State Archives of Sweden and National Library of Sweden.

197

SWEDEN

8. STATISTIC DATA Numbers and quantities in heritage protection in your country.

Please describe in 500 words, such issues as: • • • • • •

Changes in the number of protected sites during the last 25 years Nature of protected sites Types of ownership Tourism statistics Heritage and tourism products in the state GDP Conclusions and recommendations

Statistic data on the Swedish cultural heritage can be obtained from the Swedish National Heritage Board.

198

OKLADKA publikacji 21x21.indd 2

2010-08-30 21:47:36