3.1.5 Factors Causing Migration

Most of the migrants speak their native language and it takes time to learn a new language.

This may generate a gap between communities and it affects the social interaction and also the neighborhood. Communicating easily is a must to get a job and do work contract.

2. Securing accommodation on arrival

In the starting period of migration, migrant’s majority stay with their relatives because it gives a sense of belonging to them. Afterward, they move and live in a rent room but still, there are a large number of people who have no homes and stay on sites or industries. So many migrants were not able to have their own house till they spent so many years in the urban city which generate a fear of losing their home.

3. Experience racism

In host cities, few people believe that some races of people are better than others and they do treat them differently by giving a low age in comparison to working or maybe give a low category of job. These are the unfair ways of treating people of different races.

Experience of racism is a common concept followed by some people.

4. No familiar context

Migrating from village to city is a different challenge and in the starting period of migration, people don’t have any idea about the spaces, common facilities like healthcare, public transportation, and operating system of some technical gadgets. That results in informal settlements and face difficulties to fulfill basic needs.

3.1.5 Factors Causing Migration

There are several factors by which migration takes place but for a better understanding researchers divide those simply into three categories. The push factors contain the drawbacks of the birth or native places which force people to move into the urban areas, whereas the urban cities also have some noticeable points which attract people to migrate which goes under the pull factors. The origin has more push factors rather than pull factors and that leads to the rise in migration numbers, whereas, the opposite scenario is the opposite side in the destination cities. Host cities have more pull factors in all the categories which allow a high number of inter-state migration throughout India.

3.1.5.1 Push Factors

1. High level of poverty

People facing a financial crisis and because of that, they cannot able to match the basic standards of living. The main reasons for it are low productivity, unemployment and underdevelopment, poor economic conditions, lack of opportunities for advancement.

Their employment has very low income and the earning done by only two members of the

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whole family. The introduction of new agricultural methods and gadgets cannot available and affordable so that so many people migrate to find other job options.

Figure 13 Push and Pull Factors as Drivers of Migration (Source: A Documentary on YouTube)

2. Shortage in basic facilities

Rural areas do not approach more by the government which results in the lack of basic needs of humans like toilets, sewage, electricity, tap drinking water, and gutter lines. 82% of the rural Indian households do not have these facilities. These can lead to dirty surroundings and other problems.

3. Less health-care facilities

People of the village areas are more attracted to tobacco, smoking, and alcohol use and it ends with a serious health problem. It does not have enough medicals and hospitals to deal with even basic decease like pregnancy. So many women suffer from pain and lose their lives. Hospitals may be at a far distance so, for treatment, they have to come along a longdistance that increases the death rate.

4. High level of discrimination

In villages, some high community people used to discriminate based on race, gender, age, religion, or sexual orientation. The act of making unjustified distinctions between human beings based on the groups, classes, or other categories to which they belong or are perceived to belong. In rural areas, these all used to things are on pick while urban areas have in limitation.

5. No job opportunity

The majority of peopleare occupied in agriculture and farming practices and the remaining are employed in small industries or production of traditional handicrafts or other products.

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No work experience, less growth of industrial areas, no training program to learn new things, and no use of technology in the agricultural sector are the main reasons for getting fewer jobs.

6. Poor infrastructure

For the transportation purpose, there is no sufficient amount of road is located nor does it have a greater intensity of water irrigation and these things are the primary need to develop any infrastructure. And also, difficulties in coordination, finances, week planning, and typical mindset of people are the prime most reasons for this situation.

3.1.5.2 Pull Factors

1. Good quality of life

Urban cities allow growing on an individual level which is beneficial for personal growth as well as for societies. It may provide the needed things very easily and space for settling down. It may help to grow a person in all the seven dimensions of good quality of life.

2. High-income level

Most of the industries and companies work on contracts or a daily wage basis which allows people to have money on their hands as they complete the work. The level of job opportunities in every company position is very high so that one can find the best fit and earn a good amount of money. City areas have all-day jobs so one can do many shifts to fulfill the basic requirements of the family.

3. Availability of basic facilities

All public facilities are available in very near areas for the public in urban. Health facility as hospitals, health centers, sports centers, education facilities consists of from kinder garden, elementary, high school till higher education is provided and maintained. Another is the public transportation facility which may cut down the cost of travel from one place to another.

4. More freedom and safety

The city may allow people to stand up and give their opinion on any topic without any discrimination of caste, color, and age group. A built environment that ensures the safe life of the population is based on a combination of factors like social, physical, architectural, and others. Urban areas have more crime but it is safer than the rural areas proved by research.

5. Good quality housing

Urban areas have more availability as well as affordability of different materials which are more durable than others. And also, the government has made several accommodations for the migrants with the minimum rent. On top of this, a rising level of income may allow them to become an owner and that brings a sense of belonging with the urban context.

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