MASTERS IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, CEPT UNIVERSITY, AHMEDABAD
LANDSCAPE PROPOSAL FOR ZOOLOGICAL PARK: RELOCATING AND DESIGNING SAYAJI ZOO, VADODARA, GUJARAT Priyanka Kanhare, PA200513 9/5/2015
This research thesis is about finding a suitable location for relocating Sayaji Zoo, and designing a zoological park, where animals behave as if in their original habitat. It aims to connect animals to their habitat fulfilling their social, physical, psychological and natural behavioral needs.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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LIST OF FIGURES
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LIST OF TABLES
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
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1.1 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND 1.2 AIM 1.3 OBJECTIVE 1.4 SCOPE 1.5 METHODOLOGY 1.6 NEED FOR STUDY
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1.6.1 CURRENT ISSUES AT SAYAJI ZOO 1.6.2 EXISTING SPECIES DATA 1.6.3 FOOTFALL AT CURRENT ZOO 1.6.4 LIST OF CASE STUDIES
CHAPTER 2: CASE STUDY 2.1 WOODLAND PARK ZOO, SEATTLE, USA 2.2 ZOO ATLANTA, ATLANTA, USA 2.3 SAN DIEGO ZOO, USA 2.4 ZOO LEIPZIG, GERMANY 2.5 NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK, DELHI 2.6 VAN VIHAR ZOO, BHOPAL 2.7 MYSORE ZOO- SRI CHAMARAJENDRA ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS 2.8 NANDANKANAN ZOOLOGICAL PARK, ORRISA 2.9 MUNICIPAL NATURE PARK AND ZOO, SURAT 2.10 SAKKARBAUG ZOO, JUNAGADH 2.11 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND INFERENCES
CHAPTER 3: DESIGN METHODOLOGY 3.1 PARAMETERS TO CHOOSE SITE 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5
SITE PROXIMITY – TO MAJOR CITY TOPOGRAPHY VEGETATION HYDROLOGY SOIL QUALITY
15 17 20 23 25 27 30 33 35 37 39 41
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3.2 CENTRAL ZOO AUTHORITY NORMS 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3
RULES COLLECTION PLAN GUIDELINES CLASSIFICATION OF ZOO
3.3 DESIGN PARAMETERS 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4
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THEME COMPONENTS OF ENCLOSURE IN ZOO ANIMAL EXHIBIT AND DISPLAY BEHAVIORAL ENRICHMENT
3.4 CONCLUSION
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CHAPTER 4: AREA OF STUDY: VADODARA DISTRICT
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4.1 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND 4.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY 4.3 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND GEOHYDROLOGY 4.4 GEOLOGY 4.5 CLIMATE 4.6 SOIL 4.7 LAND USE PATTERN – INFRASTRUCTURE 4.8 FOREST/ VEGETATION TYPE 4.9 NATIVE FLORA 4.10 NATIVE FAUNA 4.11 REGIONAL ANALYSIS 4.12 SITE OPTIONS
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4.12.1 SITE 1: EKALBARA, PADRA 4.12.2 SITE 2: SINDHROOT, VADODARA
4.13 SITE SELECTION
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4.13.1 CURRENT LANDUSE OF SITE 4.13.2 SITE COMPARISION MATRIX 4.13.3 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5: REGIONAL SETTING – SINDHROOT, VADODARA 5.1 SITE PROXIMITY 5.2 CLIMATE 5.3 TOPOGRAPHY 5.4 LAND USE 5.5 GROUND WATER POTENTIAL 5.6 SLOPES 5.7 GEOLOGY 5.8 SOIL
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5.9 EXISTING FLORA 5.10 EXISTING FAUNA
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CHAPTER 6: ZOO DESIGN
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6.1 FUNCTIONAL AREA REQUIREMENT 6.2 DESIGN PROGRAM 6.3 DEVELOPMENT OF MASTER PLAN 6.4 PROPOSED MASTER PLAN 6.5 INDIVIDUAL SPECIES HABITATS DETAILS
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6.5.1 LION 6.5.2 TIGER 6.5.3 PANTHER 6.5.4 CROCODILE 6.5.5 GHARIAL 6.5.6 SLOTH BEAR 6.5.7 SPOTTED DEER 6.5.8 WATER LOVING BIRDS 6.5.9 ELEPHANT 6.5.10 BIRDS AVIARY 6.5.11 SOME MORE SPECIES….
6.6 DETAILED HABIAT: ELEPHANT ENCLOSURE
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CONCLUSION
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APPENDIX I (EXISITING SPECIES AT SAYAJI ZOO)
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APPENDIX II (FOOTFALL OF VISITORS AT SAYAJI ZOO)
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APPENDIX III (COMPARISION ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDY)
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APPENDIX IV (FAUNA SPECIFICATION AND AREA REQUIREMENT)
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APPENDIX V (LIST OF FAUNA WITH PHOTOGRAPHS)
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APPENDIX VI (SLOPE SUTIALIBLITY FOR FAUNA)
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: EXISTING SITE PHOTOS FIGURE 2: MAP SHOWING THE EXISTING ZOO AND LOW LINE AREAS DURING FLOODS FIGURE 3: EXISTING CONDITION OF WOODLAND PARK ZOO, SEATTLE, USA FIGURE 4: EXISTING CONDITION OF ZOO ATLANTA, ATLANTA FIGURE 5: EXISTING CONDITION OF SAN DIEGO ZOO, CALIFORNIA, USA FIGURE 6: EXISTING CONDITION OF ZOO LEIPZIG, GERMANY FIGURE 7: EXISTING CONDITION OF NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK, NEW DELHI, INDIA FIGURE 8: EXISTING CONDITION OF VANVIHAR, BHOPAL, M.P FIGURE 9: EXISTING CONDITION OF MYSORE ZOO- SRI CHAMARAJENDRA ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS FIGURE 10: EXISTING CONDITION OF NANDANKANAN ZOOLOGICAL PARK, ORRISA FIGURE 11: EXISTING CONDITION OF MUNICIPAL NATURE PARK AND ZOO, SURAT, GUJARAT FIGURE 12: EXISTING CONDITION OF SAKKARBAUG ZOO, JUNAGADH FIGURE 13: COMPONENTS OF ENCLOSURE IN ZOO FIGURE 14: PHYSIOGRAPHY MAP OF VADODARA DISTRICT FIGURE 15: GEOMORPHOLOGY AND GEOHYDROLOGY MAP OF VADODARA DISTRICT FIGURE 16: GEOLOGY MAP OF VADODARA DISTRICT FIGURE 17: SOIL MAP OF VADODARA DISTRICT FIGURE 18: PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT MAP OF VADODARA DISTRICT FOR 2031 FIGURE 19: EXISTING LANDUSE MAP OF VADODARA DISTRICT FIGURE 20: REGIONAL ANALYSIS TO CHOOSE APPROPRIATE SITE FOR RELOCATING ZOO FIGURE 21: EXISTING SITE PHOTOGRAPH OF EKALBARA, PADRA, VADODARA FIGURE 22: EXISTING SITE PHOTOGRAPH OF SINDHROOT, VADODARA FIGURE 23: CURRENT LANDUSE MAP OF EKALBARA, PADRA, VADODARA FIGURE 24: CURRENT LANDUSE MAP OF SINDHROOT, VADODARA FIGURE 25: LOCATION OF CHOSEN SITE ON GOOGLE MAP – RINGS : TRAVEL RADIUS OF 10KM EACH FIGURE 26: CURRENT LANDUSE AND TOPOGRAPHY OF CHOSEN SITE FIGURE 27: SITE ELEVATION AND DRAINAGE OF CHOSEN SITE FIGURE 28: SITE SECTION – ACROSS MINI NADI FIGURE 29: EXISTING VEGETATION MAP OF CHOSEN SITE FIGURE 30: EXISTING FAUNA ON CHOSEN SITE FIGURE 31: ZONING I: BASED ON VAEGETATION TYPE (BIO GEOGRAPHIC THEME) FIGURE 32: ZONING II: MARKING OUT AREAS FOR SPECIFIC SPECIES AND OTHER ANEMITIES FIGURE 33: REVISED CONTOUR PLAN FIGURE 34: CONCEPTUAL SKETCHES: MOAT DESIGN AND WATER BODY DESIGN FIGURE 35: CONCEPTUAL MASTER PLAN FIGURE 37: PART DETAIL OF PLAN- ZOOMED FIGURE 38: PROPOSED SECTION ACROSS ENCLOSURES
11 12 19 22 24 26 29 32 34 36 38 40 46 54 55 56 57 58 58 61 63 64 65 65 69 70 71 71 72 73 78 79 80 80 81 82 82
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FIGURE 39: SKETCH OF LION’S NATURAL HABITAT FIGURE 40: DESIGN OF LION ENCLOSURE FIGURE 41: SKETCH OF TIGER’S NATURAL HABITAT FIGURE 42: DESIGN OF TIGER ENCLOSURE FIGURE 43: SKETCH OF SECTION ACROSS PANTHER ENCLOSURE FIGURE 44: DESIGN OF PANTHER ENCLOSURE FIGURE 45: SKETCH OF SECTION ACROSS CROCODILE ENCLOSURE FIGURE 46: DESIGN OF CROCODILE AND GHARIAL ENCLOSURE FIGURE 47: SKETCH OF SECTION ACROSS SLOTH BEAR ENCLOSURE FIGURE 48: DESIGN OF SLOTH BEAR ENCLOSURE FIGURE 49: SKETCH OF SPOTTED DEER’S NATURAL HABITAT FIGURE 50: SKETCH OF SECTION ACROSS SPOTTED DEER ENCLOSURE FIGURE 51: DESIGN OF SPOTTED DEER ENCLOSURE FIGURE 52: SKETCH OF WATER BIRD’S NATURAL HABITAT FIGURE 53: DESIGN OF WATER LOVING BIRDS ENCLOSURE FIGURE 54: SKETCH OF ELEPHANT’S NATURAL HABITAT FIGURE 55: DESIGN OF ELEPHANT ENCLOSURE FIGURE 56: SECTION OF AVIARY FOR SMALL BIRDS FIGURE 57: SKETCH OF AVIARY FOR BIG SIZE BIRDS FIGURE 58: SKETCH OF SPECIES NATURAL HABITAT FIGURE 59: LEAST FAVOURABLE HABITAT FOR ELEPHANT FIGURE 60: MOST FAVOURABLE HABITAT FOR ELEPHANT FIGURE 61: PROPOSED DETAILED LAYOUT FOR ELEPHANT ENCLOSURE FIGURE 62: SECTION ACROSS ELEPHANT ENCLOSURE FIGURE 63: DIAGRAM OF ELEPHANT CORRIDOR FIGURE 64: BARRIER OPTIONS FOR ELEPHANT ENCLOSURE
82 84 84 85 85 86 86 87 87 88 88 88 89 89 90 90 91 91 91 92 92 92 93 94 94 94
LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: RAINFALL DURING HIGHEST FLOODING YEARS TABLE 2: QUALIFYING CRITERIA FOR ZOO AS PER CZA NORMS TABLE 3: OPTIMUM NUMBER OF ANIMALS TO BE HOUSED IN ZOO TABLE 4: PARAMETERS TO CHOOSE APPROPRIATE SITE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The journey through the making of this thesis was a memorable one and it would not have been possible without the blessing of god, and support of family, friends. Very special thanks to Maa, Dad, Frodo, Ganu, Ruchi, Sejal, Bunny, Mohammed, Avinash and Swayam for their constant presence, moral support and unbroken faith. I would like to thank a lot Prof. Prabhakar Bhagwat, Prof. Deepa Maheshwari, Sandip Patil, Divya Shah, who guided me, had confidence in me, and who made it all possible. Thanks for your support and guidance. Very special thanks to Prof. Meghal Arya, Prof. Rutool Sharma; Dr. C. B. Patel and Mr. Zala (Sayaji zoo, Vadodara); Arch. Sanjeev Joshi (Vadodara) - for their valuable time; feedbacks and ideas. Thanks to Mohammed and Manruj, for helping with all the technical support, generating maps; and Netra for helping me with sketches; everyone at Siddhi printers, who were so patient with me while giving prints. Without you, people it would have been impossible for me finish this report. I would like to thank the school of architecture for the knowledge I have gained and the platform they have provided me for my personal growth.
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND 1.2 AIM 1.3 OBJECTIVE 1.4 SCOPE 1.5 METHODOLOGY 1.6 NEED FOR STUDY 1.6.1 CURRENT ISSUES AT SAYAJI ZOO 1.6.2 EXISTING SPECIES DATA 1.6.3 FOOTFALL AT CURRENT ZOO 1.6.4 LIST OF CASE STUDIES
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The animal exhibit is one way to communicate with visitors. The message that these exhibits send can shape how people behave towards animals and wildlife in general. The exhibits have to address the public intellectually and emotionally, and this can be achieved through proper design. There is a continuous conflict in zoo research between (1) preserving the welfare of animals and their need for sufficient space and materials in exhibits so that they can express their natural behavior, and (2) enhancing the experience of visitors who desire to see wild animals up close and who ultimately provide financial support for zoos. Animals have been historically displayed in cages, and some zoos such as the Sayaji Zoo still use caged displays. These cages are small and barren with no sanctuary or refuge for the animal. Caged animals on the other hand live in sterile exhibits and are isolated from nature which results in animal boredom that can lead to behavioral problems. Although these enclosures offer a close view for visitors however, they do not provide a healthy, stimulating or pleasant life for the animals. While in case of open moat zoo design, visitors may not get the chance to view animals up close, but the landscape as a whole is more pleasing, especially with animals behaving as they would in their original habitat? This experience in immersive exhibits becomes highly enhanced, where visitors find themselves walking on narrow rough trails, with tree branches hanging over them and surrounding them, the same way as if they were in the animal exhibit. Visitors no longer are spectators in this experience; they are rather active participants in the scene.
Designing zoo in the above-mentioned way provides the means to resolve such conflicts and helps in addressing animals’ needs and enhance visitor experience. This requires a dynamic and complex environment that includes visitors, animals and their surrounding environment.
1.1 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND1 The zoo can find its earliest origins as far back as 3000 years ago in Ancient Egypt. The pharaohs on some occasions demanded that wild animals be captured and retained for the amusement of the ruler, intimidation of enemies, or to hunt as sport in a controlled setting. The root cause of keeping wild animals in this fashion was to exhibit the wealth and power of the ruler. This model continued on a very limited scale until the age of exploration, when explorers would collect exotic specimens from their travels around the world, particularly in the tropical regions. This led to zoos springing up in capital cities around the western world, once again to demonstrate the city’s status through the size and grandeur of its zoo. Competitions sprang up between zoos to exhibit the greatest variety of species in “splendid isolation.”This resulted in many small and inadequate exhibits that by today’s standards seem inherently cruel to the animals, but it is not fair to judge past generations by today’s standards. These zoos also had no concept of conservation as we do today as people then viewed the natural world as inexhaustible. It was during this time, that natural history museums were being founded. These museums gave an access to new exotic subject matter 1 - Refer following website for more details: http://www.whyzoos.com/History.html
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through the age of exploration, possibly lead to a changing zoological thinking. After World War II, zoological thinking began to take its modern form. They began to take the roles of conservation facilities and everything that comes along with that role. Zoos began establishing research departments and hiring educational staff to share their new message with the public. This newfound knowledge and attitude toward zoo management has resulted in more suitable habitats for the animals in the zoo. Through research, mixed species exhibits were formed creating a more natural experience for both the animals and visitors. As we continue to study and learn from the animals we have in zoos, we can continue to provide more and more appropriate habitats and experiences in zoos. We have come a long way in how zoos are run and organized, each new role changing with the times. Today zoos serve a very important role in global conservation and sustainability.
1.2 AIM Finding suitable location for relocating Sayaji zoo and provide guidelines for designing naturalistic animal exhibits. The exhibit design aims to connect animals to their habitat fulfilling their social, physical, psychological and natural behavioral needs.
1.3 OBJECTIVE -
Creating an area of public interest Developing a master plan for regional level zoo considering natural resources of the region Develop understanding of natural habitat of wild and exotic fauna species
1.4 SCOPE The scope of this research focuses on the impact of animal exhibit design on both animals and visitors. It illustrates how a well conceived animal exhibit design process could provide animals with a place where they can express their natural behavior and visitors with a rich wildlife experience.
1.5 METHODOLOGY Designing a zoo that is not just an exhibition for animals, but one that induces visitor interaction. The zoo experience as a whole must rather be maximized in order to stimulate visitor perception and interaction within the zoo space. This can be reflected by a diverse set of design criteria, including site location, plantation, landscaping elements, circulation, visitor orientation, arrangement of animals, entertainment activities, and other elements. The method is study is as follows:  Understanding the existing location of zoo >> Finding the issues and proposal for relocation >> Find data of existing species of Animals, birds and reptiles  Understand concepts>> Study and Analysis of standards  Case study>> Understanding visitor and animal requirements>> understanding animals enclosures and habitats>> Defining standards for designing circulation paths, enclosures, etc.
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Defining parameters for site selections >> Analyzing available natural layers>> Finding suitable location for relocation>> Designing a zoo
Based on the above-mentioned methodology and the knowledge gained throughout the course of the research, the thesis aims to propose a suitable location for relocating the zoo and will provide guidelines for designing naturalistic animal exhibits. These guidelines are guiding principles for zoo designers to consider during the design process and not a set of rules to be applied to every exhibit.
1.6 NEED FOR STUDY – WHY RELOCATE THE ZOO? The Inspiration of a Zoo in Baroda came from H. H. Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III – a Great Visionary Ruler of Baroda. It was way back in 1875 when a tract of land on the bank of river Vishwamitri, on the outskirts of the city was chosen by the Maharaja to develop a vast garden and a zoo. The Maharaja donated his own private collection of Indian and Exotic Animals to the Zoo, and on 8th January 1879, the park was declared open to the public. This zoo is designed to suit the individual needs of the species to be housed and care is taken that the environment is representative to the animals natural habitat. Presently, the Sayaji Baug Zoo is dived in three section (1) Bird Section, (2) Bear Section (Rinchh Khana), (3) Tiger section (Wagh Khana). These include 4 species from the Cat family, 5 species of Primates and 9 species of Ungulates. Animals at the zoo, are kept in cages. Each lion or tiger is displayed alone in a separate cell. The cage is barren. There is nothing else except the animal inside, and there is no furniture that could enrich the natural behavior of these animals. There is no space for them to retreat away from the staring visitors and no partner in that solitary confinement. The crave for food, as they are only fed two times a day. The bowl of water for drinking is not clean and very small.
FIGURE 1: EXISTING SITE PHOTOS
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1.6.1 EXISTING ISSUES AT SAYAJI ZOO: PROPOSAL FOR SHIFTING THE ZOO
FIGURE 2: MAP SHOWING THE EXISTING ZOO AND LOW LINE AREAS DURING FLOODS Source: Architect Sanjeev Joshi Office and VUDA, Vadodara
Sayaji Zoo is located on bank of Vishwamitri River, which flows along the city of Vadodara. This river floods almost every alternate year. During that time, water enters the cages, which creates a major problem for these animals’ exhibits. The animals are shifted to upper built caves (at the same location), and then brought down after the situation becomes stable. Flood recording during the following years have proved that flooding led to water logging in zoo for consecutive 2 days: YEAR 25- 28th July, 1927 30th June, 2005 7th June, 2013 23rd July, 2014
RAINFALL (mm) 402 mm 350 mm 200 mm 230 mm
TABLE 1: RAINFALL DURING HIGHEST FLOODING YEARS
The total area of Sayaji zoo is 40 acre (161874 sq. mt), of which 25% is the actual built- cage/ exhibit area (which is 10 acre (40,468.56 sq. mt). It houses 1044 specimens (of which 240 animals, 56 reptiles and 748 birds). If we calculate, the minimum area required for exhibiting existing species of animals, reptiles and birds (according the Guidelines given by CZA), then it comes out to be 20.46 acre (82807.7 sq. mt). This suggests that if the existing zoo is redesigned on the current site, then it will take up 50% of the existing zoo area. However, according to the CZA norms, if the zoo is redesigned then it should not be more than 30% of the existing area. Therefore, it can be proved that the existing site is too small
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to house these species (Refer: Appendix I : Existing Species At Sayaji Zoo And Minimum Area Required ) The old water bodies of the zoo are still working but they do not re circulate and filter the water. These water bodies are very important for animals like crocodiles, in the hot summer days of Vadodara. The water features are the only cooling facility that the animals have and are essential for their welfare. The concrete ponds are not attractive when they are empty. According to the gazetteer of Vadodara district and the endangered list of fauna in Gujarat by the forest department, Vadodara was a house to many species of fauna, many years ago. Nevertheless, due to rapid urbanization and human intervention, most of the species have become either extinct or endangered. There are many species, which are vulnerable too. According to the CZA norms, every zoo should have maximum 30% of exotic species and 20-25% of endangered species. Excessive use of fences: There is no distinction between dangerous animals and harmless ones. It is evident that exhibits were not designed for a specific species and their particular behavior. It could be argued that from the visitors’ point of view, displaying animals in cages completely protects the visitor and minimizes the distance between visitors and animals. On the other hand, animals in these cages are imprisoned. There is not enough room for them to express their natural behavior. Furthermore, the cages have no retreat areas in which animals could seek refuge when visitors stress them. Visitors could enjoy viewing animals in naturalistic exhibits, which gives the illusion of seeing the animal in the wild (Bostock, 1993). According to the most current thinking about zoo design, animal exhibits should inform us of the nature of the animals’ natural environment. Naturalistic exhibits are likely to stimulate our respect and admiration for the animals (Hutchins, Hancocks & Crockett, 1984). In naturalistic enclosures, visitors will spend time to look for the animal if the animal is out of sight and they might take the opportunity to read the information panel while waiting for the animal to appear. In cage exhibits, visitors will not give it a second glance if the animal is not there. 1.6.2 EXISTING SPECIES DATA The Sayaji Baug Zoo is dived in three section (1) Bird Section, (2) Bear Section (Rinchh Khana), (3) Tiger section (Wagh Khana). These include 4 species from the Cat family, 5 species of Primates and 9 species of Ungulates. Animals at the zoo, are kept in cages. Each lion or tiger is displayed alone in a separate cell. The cage is barren. There is nothing else except the animal inside, and there is no furniture that could enrich the natural behavior of these animals. There is no space for them to retreat away from the staring visitors and no partner in that solitary confinement. They crave for food, as they are only fed two times a day. The bowl of water for drinking is not clean and very small. Following is the list of existing species at the zoo (Category: Species (number)).
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Animals: Asiatic Lion (3); Tiger (3); Panther (3); Baby Panther (3); Sloth bear (2); Sambar (29); Spotted dear (143); Jackal (1); Monkey-Langur (14); Rabbit (34); Porcupine (5). Reptiles: Crocodile (9); Tortoise (45); Python (2). Birds: Pelican (7); Flamingo (2); Crane (4); Heron (2); Duck (17); Swan (19); Cocarel (6); Parrot (38); Cockatoo (3); Dove (16); Macaws (4); Hornbill (3); Conures (8); Emu (8); Bluefin pigeon (16); Pigeon (98); Lori (4); Love birds (42); Cocatill (100); Maina (3); Finches (17); Budgerigars (287); Java (6); Exotic Pheasant (23); Indian Peafowl (15). 1.6.3 VISITOR DATA (ANNUAL) According to the data received from Zoo Authority at Sayaji zoo, the total footfall at the zoo annually is 9.3 lakh of which are children and are elders. 2 1.6.4 LIST OF CASE STUDIES Following is the list of case studies selected for analysis. These case studies will be studied and compared based on following factors: Authenticity (how natural it is) of exhibits which includes: exhibit style, exhibit setting, exhibit furniture, vegetation, barriers for animals; while visitors’ viewing area for visitors. One of the main criteria for deciding which case studies should be selected was based on its area. The minimum area for the existing zoo according to the CZA norms is 40 acres. Hence, that is set as criteria for selection of case studies. Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle (91 acres) Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, USA (40 acres) San Diego Zoo, California, USA (100 acres approx.) Zoo Leipzig, Germany (55 acres) National zoological park, Delhi (200 acres approx.) Van Vihar Zoo, Bhopal (1100 Acre) Mysore Zoo- Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens (157-Acre) Nandankanan Zoological Park, Orrisa (990-Acre) Municipal Nature Park and Zoo, Surat (81 acres) Sakkarbaug zoo, Junagadh (490 acres)
2 - Refer Appendix II for footfall of visitor data
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CHAPTER 2: CASE STUDY 2.1 WOODLAND PARK ZOO, SEATTLE, USA 2.2 ZOO ATLANTA, ATLANTA, USA 2.3 SAN DIEGO ZOO, USA 2.4 ZOO LEIPZIG, GERMANY 2.5 NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK, DELHI 2.6 VAN VIHAR ZOO, BHOPAL 2.7 MYSORE ZOO- SRI CHAMARAJENDRA ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS 2.8 NANDANKANAN ZOOLOGICAL PARK, ORRISA 2.9 MUNICIPAL NATURE PARK AND ZOO, SURAT 2.10 SAKKARBAUG ZOO, JUNAGADH 2.11 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND INFERENCES
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An immersion exhibit is a naturalistic zoo environment that gives visitors the sense they are in the animals' habitats. It is an “imitation of nature” part of the definition and calls for highly realistic simulations of nature. An example would be an artificial tree cast from a real tree. Buildings and barriers are hidden. By recreating sights and sounds from natural environments, immersion exhibits provide an indication about how animals live in the wild. “Naturalistic design” has come to signify “in accordance with” or functioning like nature. An example would be a tree- like structure built using manufactured logs and timbers. The landscape immersion term and approach were developed in 1975 through the efforts of David Hancocks at Seattle’s Woodland Park Zoo. This led to the zoo's groundbreaking gorilla exhibit, which opened in 1978. The concept became the industry standard by the 1980s, and has since gained widespread acceptance as the best practice for zoological exhibits. According to a research study conducted by Morris and Morris (1966), the top ten animals favored among children were the chimpanzee, monkey, horse, bushbaby, panda, bear, elephant, lion, dog and giraffe. The findings of another survey conducted by Kellert (1989) showed that the elephant is the most liked wild animal. In a study done to measure the holding power of different animals (Bitgood & Benefield, 1986a), it was found that inactive animals still received a long holding power. Pachyderms (such as the elephant, hippopotamus, and rhinoceros) came first in holding power, followed by predators (such as tigers, lions, and hawks) and primates (such as great apes, gibbons, Old World monkeys, and New World monkeys). In addition to holding power and popularity, the thesis considered choosing animals in the Sayaji Zoo with the most deleterious exhibits. This chapter will examine the guidelines previously set by the author for determining the ‘visitor experience’ in the Sayaji Zoo through case studies of animal exhibits. Since all of the zoos in the case studies are members of either the WAZA or CZA organizations, they are assumed to comply with their criteria. Each case study is studied under the following parameters (GEWAILY 2010): -
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Climatic conditions Type of exhibit Exhibit style Exhibit setting
Exhibit furniture Vegetation Barrier design Visitor viewing area
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2.1 WOODLAND PARK ZOO, SEATTLE, USA (91 ACRES) In 1976 Jones and Jones, a well known landscape architecture firm specializing in zoo design, was hired to produce a long range comprehensive plan for Woodland Park Zoo. The longrange plan established an ecological approach for all the exhibits (Elephant Care and Conservation). In 1989 when the Asian Elephant Forest exhibit opened, it was considered very innovative. It is located in the Zoo Tropical Asia exhibit zone. The exhibit contains the “Trail of Vines”, a temple-like barn, a logging camp, and a rustic gate that resembles elephant gates in Ayuthaya, Thailand—all reinforcing the Thai cultural landscape. Climatic conditions: Seattle's climate is usually described as oceanic or temperate marine, with cool, wet winters and very warm and dry summers. Average max. temp.: 14 degree C Average min. temp.: 7.2 degree C Average rainfall: 866.1 mm Type of exhibits:
African Savanna Australasia Tropical Asia Raptor Center Northern Trail Willawong Station Historic Carousel Day Exhibit Penguin exhibit Zoomazium Tropical Rain Forest Temperate Forest Family farm and Animal contact area Exhibit style: This exhibit is immersed in Thailand’s cultural landscape, allowing for a very authentic landscape. It is an aesthetically pleasing experience. Exhibit setting: The setting is completely authentic to the elephant origin in Asia. The exhibit includes a pond, barn, and logging camp.
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Exhibit furniture: Furniture is authentic to the Thai culture and environment. Elements such as dead trees, logs, saddles, tack and bells enforce the strong relationship between elephants and the people of Thailand. It enriches animal behavior. The design of the Asian forest increases the aesthetic design of the exhibit. The pond is deep enough to cover the elephant allowing for normal activity. Vegetation: The exhibit contains over 300 species from the Thai region, providing the exhibit with an authentic Asian forest feeling. Dense vegetation with a wide variety of plants is arranged in a complex arrangement. Barriers: Barriers are kept to a minimum. Natural materials such as wood and rope nets are used. Visitor viewing area: Visitors feel that they are actually walking in the Asian forest. The viewing area is designed as a culturally-themed environment with enough space for social groups to interact.
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FIGURE 3: EXISTING CONDITION OF WOODLAND PARK ZOO, SEATTLE, USA
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2.2 ZOO ATLANTA, ATLANTA, USA (40 ACRES) Masai Mara’s Lion exhibit completed in 1989 is part of the phase three development of Zoo Atlanta’s 1986 master plan. The lion exhibit is located in the African savannah forest. Visitors enter the African forest through a rustic gate that introduces the visitors to a new region. The presence of two completely different visitor-viewing areas adds to the exhibit. One of the viewing areas overlooks the highly vegetated area of the exhibit with a large rock in the middle for the lion to lie on. This view is surrounded with plants and artificial rocks. The second viewing area is a cave-like area with a glass barrier in front of the pond. Immersion occurs when visitors stand inside a cave in the dark watching the lion play in the water through a large window. Climatic conditions: Atlanta has a humid subtropical climate with four distinct seasons and generous precipitation year-round. Summers are hot and humid, winters are cool but variable. Average max. temp.: 21.2 degree C Average min. temp.: 11.3 degree C Average rainfall: 1069.5 mm Exhibit style: The immersive naturalistic style of the exhibit is an attempt by the designer to make it authentic to the lion’s African origin. It provides visitors with a high level of complexity and mystery, and which makes the exhibit look aesthetically pleasing. Exhibit setting: The setting is authentic to the African savannah, including artificial rocks in different parts of the exhibit, a pond that looks natural, and a large rock outcropping in the center that is placed on a higher elevation. Setting is well detailed. The large rock placed in the center of an open landscape increases the focus on the lion as the master piece of the exhibit. The complexity of the design enriches animals’ behavior, increases the lion’s motion and offers different activities. Exhibit furniture: Use of natural materials like dead trees and rocks, adds to the authenticity to the exhibit and is also aesthetically pleasing. Vegetation: Vegetation is authentic to both the African savannah forest in its look, leaf shape and composition and to the Atlanta Zoo by using native plants. The complexity, density and variety of plants is aesthetically pleasing. Barriers: Barriers are minimal and are constructed of wood and rope. Visitor viewing area: The viewing area placed in front of the pond is designed as a cave. Visitors feel they are standing in a dark cave looking at the lion playing in the water. The
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area is large enough to accommodate a group of people. The cave-like viewing area also feels intimate. The Zoo Atlanta lion exhibit contains high level of authenticity, aesthetics, education, recreation and exploration. The cave-like viewing area offers visitors an exploration experience by means of a glass window peering into the exhibit.
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FIGURE 4: EXISTING CONDITION OF ZOO ATLANTA, ATLANTA
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2.3 SAN DIEGO ZOO, CALIFORNIA, USA (100 ACRES APPROX.) Rather than organizing the animals according to their geographic origin, the San Diego Zoo chose to incorporate animals according to an abstract idea of the endangered animals in California. The lion exhibit is a part of the Elephant Odyssey exhibit. Exhibit tells the story of extinct or endangered animals that used to live in California. The message of the lion exhibit is to highlight the danger of extinction these animals face of a threatened environment. Climatic conditions: San Diego, California is categorized as semi-arid climate region. It enjoys mild, sunny weather throughout the year. Average max. temp.: 21 degree C Average min. temp.: 14 degree C Average rainfall: 264 mm On site, microclimate is created with trees and water, which makes the place more suitable in this climate. Exhibit style: The exhibit is in the naturalistic memorial style, which is rarely used in zoos. This style offers very little in terms of aesthetics, as the exhibit is very sterile and vegetation is at its minimum. Exhibit setting: The exhibit is simple. It is only composed of different rock arrangements that form a cave used as a hiding space. The exhibit is designed with rocks at different elevations, giving lions the opportunity to choose the place they prefer. The setting is not very authentic to the lion’s natural habitat. The exhibit is rocky with minimum vegetation. The water feature is the only element that adds to the exhibit complexity. It gives the exhibit a glimpse of authenticity. Because of the exhibit’s simplicity the focus is on the lion. Exhibit furniture: Not applicable. Vegetation: Vegetation is minimal, providing a very small sense of authenticity. Plants arrangement is monotonous. Barriers: Barriers are very clear, especially the net that separates visitors and animals. Visitor viewing area: The viewing area has the same theme as the exhibit. It is simple and almost sterile with no sense of authenticity. The viewing area is large enough to accommodate a group of people. San Diego Zoo lion exhibit is part of the elephant odyssey exhibit. The exhibit provides the visitor with a high educational experience, while the authenticity, aesthetics and exploration components are not fully addressed.
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FIGURE 5: EXISTING CONDITION OF SAN DIEGO ZOO, CALIFORNIA, USA
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2.4 ZOO LEIPZIG, GERMANY (54 ACRES) Since 1999, Zoo Leipzig has been building what it calls the Zoo of the Future. The master plan when complete will offer exhibits from around the globe. Continents are given different colors that are used all over the exhibit. The lion exhibit, completed in 2001, is a part of the Continent Africa. Lion savannah “Maskasi Simba� is designed to resemble the African savannah forest. Climatic conditions: Leipzig, Germany has a temperate climate. Winters are variably mild to cold, while summers are generally warm. Average max. temp.: 24 degree C Average min. temp.: 16 degree C Average rainfall: 19 mm Exhibit style: This is an immersion exhibit that resembles the African savannah forest. It is very authentic to the origin of the African lion. The immersion style makes it recreational for visitors, as they feel they have entered a savannah forest. Exhibit setting: The exhibit is very authentic as it contains water features, rocks for the lion to lie on, densely vegetated and outcropping areas that all resemble the savannah forest. Although the exhibit setting is very complex and rich in texture, the center of the exhibit is open. Large rocks for the lions to sit on allow visitors to view the animals more easily. The exhibit features such as the waterfall, pond, cave, and dense trees increase lion activity, providing visitors with the opportunity to watch the lion behaving naturally. Exhibit furniture: Elements such as dead trees, rocks and ropes offer the lion opportunities to perform different activities, thus enriching their natural behavior. Vegetation: Vegetation is dense, with a wide variety of trees, long grass and bamboo grass. The plants used in the exhibit are native to the Leipzig region, but are visually similar to the vegetation in the African savannah forest. Barriers: They are authentic made of wood and bamboo. They are minimized. Visitor viewing area: The viewing area has enough space for people to socialize.
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FIGURE 6: EXISTING CONDITION OF ZOO LEIPZIG, GERMANY
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2.5 NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK, DELHI (200 ACRES APPROX.) National zoological park was established in 1958, near Sundarnagar. It is the part of the greater heritage complex inclusive of the Purana Quila and Humayum’s tomb, the site enjoys relative proximity to Yamuna River. Climatic conditions: Delhi has hot and arid type of climate. Average max. temp.: 45 degree C Average min. temp.: 4 degree C Average rainfall: 600 mm On site, microclimate is created with trees and water, which makes the place more suitable in this climate. Exhibit style: The exhibit is an immersion exhibit. It is designed in a way that it provides a sense of relief from the urban cape outside. Exhibit setting: It is an open zoo concept. They have created artificial islands in the moat to provide refuge for free ranging species. View of Purana Quila from within the site. Utilization of landform to give the best possible native terrain to the species. Placing of plants within the exhibits is an naturalistic approach. But not 100 percent natural. Exhibit furniture: The bear enclosures have a “scratch wall”, which provide an area for enrichment needs of animals. Fence around trees (tree guard) to prove protection from animals. Excessive use of concrete features gives an alien look. In parts where herbivores are kept, the ground is clear as all grass is eaten away by the animals. The moat is used as a water source. Vegetation: Areas demarcated as vegetation preserves for native species. Lot of plant material to enhance the enclosure. Use of vegetation, and canopy to give varied experiences. Thick planted vegetation layers give effect of naturalness. The thick vegetation at the rear of the exhibit area effectively conceals the rear barrier and provides a green background. Barriers: moats are used as a primary barrier system for large enclosures. Four layer of barriers: hedge, railing, boundary wall and moat- discourages from throwing things inside the enclosure. Functional component at the zoo3
Entrance and ticketing area (Total area covered = 1.18%) Administration zone (Total area covered = 0.86%) 3- Somasundaram, Shivram. Landscape Development Proposal for zoological park at Katraj, Pune . Research thesis, New Delhi: School of Planning and Architecture, 2004.
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Public zone (Total area covered = 39.19%) Exhibit zone (Total area covered = 40.14%) Veterinary and Quarantine zone (Total area covered = 2.18%) Service and utility (Total area covered = 3.64%) Residential zone (Total area covered = 15%) Roads and parking (Total area covered = 10%)
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FIGURE 7: EXISTING CONDITION OF NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK, NEW DELHI, INDIA
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2.6 VAN VIHAR ZOO, BHOPAL (1100 ACRE) In the central part of Bhopal City lies the Van Vihar Zoo. It is situated on the fringe of upper lake, which is a Ramsar Site. Panther, Lion, Tiger, Bear, Hyena etc. are the animals that are kept in cages following the guidelines of the Central Zoo Authority. The Van Vihar in Bhopal enjoys the status of a National Park and follows the norms of the Central Zoo Authority in maintaining the zoo. Van Vihar Zoo boasts of black buck, Hyena, alligator, Tiger, four-horned antelope, Crocodile, chinkara, wild boar, porcupine, wolf bear, monkey, Leopard, Sloth bear 60 species of butterfly, 207 species of bird, several species of Tortoise and many more. It is spread over an area of 1100 acres covering and finally received the recognition of a National Park in 1983. Climatic conditions: Bhopal has a humid subtropical climate, with cool, dry winters, a hot summer and a humid monsoon season. Average max. temp.: 25 degree C Average min. temp.: 18 degree C Average rainfall: 1146 mm Exhibit style: it is a live example that reflects its valuable capacity to rejuvenate itself. Designing of the enclosures is in a fashion that serves the objective of fostering a positive man animal relationship. Exhibit setting: this zoo categorizes animals in two categories, captive and herbivores. All carnivorous animals are kept inside enclosed areas and herbivores are allowed to roam freely. The lake serves a natural water body to thousands of migratory birds. The area is transformed into an island of natural wilderness. Exhibit furniture: big size stones are kept inside the exhibits for animals to sit on them during daytime. Natural water body serves as a source of water to many animals and birds. For reptiles like snakes, they have places earthen pots in the exhibits. Vegetation: the grass and other plant species growing in Van Vihar are sufficient for these herbivores. Grassland and savanna habitats were over utilized in the months of monsoon and post monsoon because in these months these habitats usually are covered with a large number of green grasses and herbs, which act as the main dietary component of sambar in the months of monsoon and post-monsoon. Scrubland habitats were over utilized in the months of winter season. Woodlands were over utilized in the months of summer season because in these months, green grasses and herbs are scarce and sambar mainly feeds on the leaves and fruits of some preferred food plants.
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Barriers: animal enclosures are so large that deer’s also stay in them. 50-acre area for lion and tigers exhibits. Some animals have to spend days in small cages, which is cruel considering the size of the zoo. Visitor viewing area: as the exhibit areas for lion and tiger are very big, it becomes difficult to spot animals. Visitors get a glimpse of animals through trees and hear the sound of bones crunching as the cats complete their meals.
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FIGURE 8: EXISTING CONDITION OF VANVIHAR, BHOPAL, M.P
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2.7 MYSORE ZOO- SRI CHAMARAJENDRA ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS (157-ACRE) Located near the palace in Mysore,India, this is one of the oldest and most popular zoos in India, and is home to a wide range of species(168-species). Climatic conditions: Mysore has a very moderate climate throughout the year. Average max. temp.: 29.6 degree C Average min. temp.: 19.2 degree C Average rainfall: 761.9 mm Exhibit style: it is an immersive naturalistic approach which makes the animals feel as if in their native habitat. Exhibit setting: The visitors route of 3.2 kms. Length is fairly streamlined with opportunity to see all displayed animals. Exhibit furniture: Natural environmental conditions such as water pond and greenery are provided to make the snakes feel comfortable and move around freely. They have created a water pond for their swimming needs. The enclosure is enriched with tree stumps, plants and other flora to create a condition similar to its habitat. Vegetation: it has tried to simulate the conditions of an Amazon rainforest in a 40 ft X 20 ft area to house the five anacondas. Natural conditions are provided and Plant varieties are introduced to generate humidity. The zoo is having considerably good vegetation cover. Barriers: At present there are 75 enclosures, of which 40 are open moated and 35 are caged enclosures. There are no layers to barriers. Visitor viewing area: there are walking trails along which the visitors walk to see the animals and birds. The height of the open moats in lower, then the visitors see the animals from top.
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FIGURE 9: EXISTING CONDITION OF MYSORE ZOO- SRI CHAMARAJENDRA ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS
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2.8 NANDANKANAN ZOOLOGICAL PARK, ORRISA (990-ACRE) It is located near the capital city, Bhubaneswar, in the environs of the Chandaka forest, and includes the 134-acre (54 ha) Kanjia lake. In 2009 Nandankanan Zoological Park became the first zoo in India to become a member of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA)
Climatic conditions: Bhubaneswar has a tropical savanna climate. Average max. temp.: 36 degree C Average min. temp.: 15 degree C Average rainfall: 1542 mm On site micro climate is created with trees and water which makes the place more suitable in this climate. Exhibit style: Naturalistic exhibits display Exhibit setting: The zoo spreads over a large expanse of undulating topography with natural forests, water bodies, and other natural features which help inhabitants of zoo to live in a habitat close to their natural one. Exhibit furniture: animals.
Remains of degraded tress. Not much furniture inside exhibits for
Vegetation: Natural vegetation gives them a feeling of living close to their natural habitat. There are many fodder crop fields for herbivores to graze. Barriers: Most of the inmates live in open, large moated areas surrounded by natural vegetation. The height of the exhibits is at the eye level of humans. They have used fence as main barrier between viewing areas and exhibits. Visitor viewing area: At most places, care has been taken for access of wheelchairs to the exhibit viewing areas by providing ramps. The exhibit viewing areas follow the linear viewing concept. Tertiary pathways function as exhibit viewing areas at most places. Functional component at the zoo
Entrance and ticketing area (Total area covered = 1.10%) Administration zone (Total area covered = 0.45%) Public zone (Total area covered = 36.47%)
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Exhibit zone (Total area covered = 35.20%) Residential zone (Total area covered = 2.78%); Roads and parking (Total area covered = 15%)
FIGURE 10: EXISTING CONDITION OF NANDANKANAN ZOOLOGICAL PARK, ORRISA
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2.9 MUNICIPAL NATURE PARK AND ZOO, SURAT (81 ACRES) Nature Park Sarathana is situated at the Northeast corner of Surat City, which is approachable by Surat Kamrej Road. The site is covered with an area of 81 acres with river Tapi on the north side and Surat Kamrej road is on its south side. Land is fully vegetated with trees of Eucalyptus, Casurina and Mango etc. The site is an ideal place for the development of a zoo with the new concept of natural habitat design. Climatic conditions: Surat has a tropical savanna climate, moderately strongly by the Sea to the Gulf of Cambay Average max. temp.: 37.2 degree C Average min. temp.: 14 degree C Average rainfall: 1200 mm Because it is located far away from the urban centre, then there is less pollution, noise and human intervention. Exhibit style: It is an immersion exhibit. Exhibit setting: Design of Sarthana Nature Park is based on Different activity and use of the Project broadly divided into three zones: Entrance Zone, Central Habitat Zone, and Hospital & other Amenities Zone. Exhibit furniture: there is hardly any furniture kept for animals to behave naturally. Vegetation: land of Nature Park is fully vegetated with big trees. Existing open land was utilised for mass plantation with trees like Casuarina, Acacia auriculiformis, Pongamia glabra, Pelto-phorum ferrugineum, Deloniex regia, Tecoma undulata, Teak, Albizzialebbak etc., which have now been fully-grown to give a look like forest. Barriers: Individual design of enclosures is also prepared with natural environmental condition moat type design concept. Visitor viewing area: Overall view of animal’s habitat will be like natural forest type. This will impress the visitors to feel that they are actually in woodland/forest.
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FIGURE 11: EXISTING CONDITION OF MUNICIPAL NATURE PARK AND ZOO, SURAT, GUJARAT
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2.10 SAKKARBAUG ZOO, JUNAGADH (490 ACRES) The Sakkarbaug Zoo, established in 1863, is one of the oldest Zoos of India. It is as old as the concept of modern Zoos in India; serving humanity for conservation, education and knowledge - based entertainment for more than 140 years now. The legend and popular belief has it that the name Sakkarbaug has originated from a garden having sweet water well. (Sakkar-sugar, Baug-garden). Spread over about 198 Hectares of sylvan landscape in the foothills of Girnar at Junagadh, the Sakkarbaug Zoo houses more than 850 [January 2001] wild animals of 71 species. It serves to the curiosity and educational needs of more than 850,000 visitors per annum. Based on its collection, area and number of visitors, the Central Zoo Authority of India has designated the Sakkarbaug Zoo as one of the 15 large and one of the 57 important zoos out of about more than 350 animal collections in India. Climatic conditions: Junagadh has tropical wet and dry climate, with three distinct seasons observed. Average max. temp.: 38 degree C Average min. temp.: 13 degree C Average rainfall: 1200 mm
Exhibit style: The exhibit is a Naturalistic exhibits displays. It looks very similar to Gir forest. Exhibit setting: The Sakkarbaug is a specialist Zoo as, perhaps, it is the only Zoo in the world set up expressly to interact closely and serve the interest of the Gir Protection Area. Exhibit furniture: not enough information available. Vegetation: dense vegetation of local species Barriers: Cage and fence used as enclosures. Some of the enclosures are extremely small and need modification and expansion. Visitor viewing area: not enough information available It is also a specialist in terms of captive breeding of the threatened species including the Asiatic Lion [Panthera leo persica], the Chinkara [Gazella gazella bennetii], the Four horned Antelope [Tetraceros quadricornis], and the Indian Wolf [Canis lupus pallipes] and The Indian Wild Ass [Equus hameonous khur]. Recently the Sakkarbaug Zoo has made a distinction in terms of successfully breeding the threatened Thamin or the Manipuri Deer [Cervus eldi].
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FIGURE 12: EXISTING CONDITION OF SAKKARBAUG ZOO, JUNAGADH
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2.11 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND INFERENCES After studying the above-mentioned case studies, there were some specific inferences that could be derived. The immersive naturalistic style of the exhibit provides visitors with a high level of complexity and mystery, and which makes the exhibit look aesthetically pleasing. It makes the visitors fell as if they are in forest. It serves the objective of fostering a positive man animal relationship. Exhibit setting should contain water features, rocks, densely vegetated and outcropping areas. It should provide visitors with the opportunity to watch animals, birds and reptiles behave naturally. Utilization of landform should be done in order to give the best possible native terrain to the species. There should be a lake, which serves a natural water body to thousands of migratory birds and animals. The area can be transformed into an island of natural wilderness. Elements such as dead trees, rocks, scratch wall and ropes offer opportunities to perform different activities, thus enrich animal's natural behavior. Big size stones are kept inside the exhibits for animals to sit on them during daytime. Vegetation should be dense, with a wide variety of trees, long grass and bamboo grass, arranged in complex arrangement. The plants used in the exhibit should be native to the region to which the fauna species belong. Lot of plant material should be incorporated to enhance the enclosure. The thick vegetation at the rear side effectively conceals the rear barrier. There can be four layers of barriers: hedge, railing, boundary wall and moat. This discourages from throwing things inside the enclosure. They can be made of net, glass, rope, wood and bamboo. Barriers should be minimized. Visitors should feel that they are actually walking in the forest. The viewing area should be designed as a culturally themed environment with enough space for social groups to interact. The cave-like viewing area also feels intimate. Visitor viewing points through trees give a glimpse of animals. Ramps should be made available for wheelchairs.4
4- Refer to Case study of NANDANKANAN ZOOLOGICAL PARK, ORRISA
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CHAPTER 3: DESIGN METHODOLOGY 3.1PARAMETERS TO CHOOSE SITE 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5
SITE PROXIMITY – TO MAJOR CITY TOPOGRAPHY VEGETATION HYDROLOGY SOIL QUALITY
3.2CENTRAL ZOO AUTHORITY NORMS 3.2.1 RULES 3.2.2 COLLECTION PLAN GUIDELINES 3.2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF ZOO
3.3DESIGN PARAMETERS 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4
THEME COMPONENTS OF ENCLOSURE IN ZOO ANIMAL EXHIBIT AND DISPLAY BEHAVIORAL ENRICHMENT
3.4CONCLUSION
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3.1 PARAMETERS TO CHOOSE SITE 5 3.1.1 SITE PROXIMITY The site selected should be located near an urban major centre and within the limit of 30 km of that major urban centre. 3.1.2 TOPOGRAPHY The site should have undulations but not steep slopes 6. Undulations will help in putting zones for different types of animals and to make barriers for them. Rocky terrain is less preferred as digging moats and making enclosures is difficult (Anjaria 2009). 3.1.3 VEGETATION At least 30% of the area marked for the zoo should be kept under green belt and natural vegetation. The area for animal housing shall not exceed 30% area of the zoo. If the land is declared as cultivable wasteland than it should be preferred first. Density of vegetation should be maintained. Type of vegetation should be based on the habitat specification of animals. 3.1.4 HYDROLOGY The ground water level should be below 10 m, as less than that can create problem of water seepage from moats, and hence the construction of moat can be difficult (Anjaria 2009). The site should be with high flood line or any river or water body. If a canal is passing from the site, then it should be below the level of the site. Existing lakes or water bodies should be preferred and made a part of the new design. The site should have adequate amount of water available for drinking and other purposes. 3.1.5 SOIL QUALITY Soil should be able to drain out water easily. Water logging on site can give rise to flies and insects with cause diseases to animals, birds and reptiles of zoo.
3.2 CENTRAL ZOO AUTHORITY (CZA) norms Before granting approval for establishment of a new zoo, the zoo should satisfy itself (AUTHORITY 2008): (i) that zoo site has adequate land of appropriate quality (free of all in cumbrances, water logging, sewage and storm water drains) is available for construction of the zoo and for raising tree belts of adequate width to act as buffer against noise pollution and air pollution. (v) No animals from wild are proposed to be acquired for display purposes. 3.2.1 RULES 7
5- Refer to Harsh S. Anjaria’s thesis: Landscape Planning of a Zoo, Ahmedabad urbana area (Masters in landscape Architecture thesis) 6- Refer to Appendix V for specification of Favourable slopes for Fauna. Source: (Patnaik 2006)Pg. 81
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Rule 10, Sub Rule (2) Zoo should endeavor to maintain the basic naturalistic features of the zoo site such as water bodies, natural ridges and vegetation there on intact. Planting of bushes, hedges and trees should also be done wherever vacant space is available and maintain the same to serve as habitat for free ranging species of wild animals and birds. Rule 10, Sub Rule (13) Dimensions and size of animal enclosures: The land area to be given to any animal exhibit enclosure should be decided having due regard to the maximum number of animals that can be displayed in the animal enclosures. Sambar, Spotted deer, Swamp deer, Sangai and some other ungulates can live in large social groups. Enclosures for such species can easily be designed for displaying 15-20 animals. However, the maximum number of animals that can be displayed in a single enclosure of Chinkara, Chowsingha and Barking deer and similar species should not exceed 5-7. The area of the enclosure should have adequate land space for facilitating the animals to have free movement and exercise, adequate area to rest in shade, bask in the sun, have safe refuge from dominant animals, and express their natural, social and reproductive behavior. The animal exhibit enclosures should not be given geometrical shapes, as the presence of corners is not congenial to smooth and unrestricted movement of animals. Enclosures with greater depth facilitate the animals to keep a safe distance from the visitors and are always preferable. The area of the outdoor enclosures for herbivore and carnivore should not be less than 30 hectares and 20 hectares respectively. Mini zoos being operated as Deer Parks and displaying mega species should not be of less than five hectares.
3.2.2 COLLECTION PLAN GUIDELINES 7 Following should be the guiding principles for finalizing the collection plans for different categories of zoos in Indian conditions: 

Large Zoo (National Collection): Wild animal species of the area/ locality/ ecosystem the zoo is part of (around 30% of the total species displayed); representative wild animal species of region (North, South, West, Central, East or North-east) the zoo is part of depending upon suitability to the climatic condition (around 30%), representative wild animal species of the nation which are comfortable in the climate of the zoo (around 30%) and not more than 10% exotic wild animal species. Medium Zoo (Regional Collection): Wild animal species of the area/ locality/ ecosystem the zoo is part of (around 40% of total species displayed); representative wild animal species of the region the zoo is part of (around 40%) and not more than 10% selected species of nation and exotics each.
7- Refer to Guidelines for Establishment & Scientific Management of Zoos in India CENTRAL by CENTRAL ZOO AUTHORITY (Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India) in 2008
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

Small Zoo (Local Collection): Wild animal species of the area/locality/ ecosystem the zoo is part of (around 60%), re representative wild animal species which are comfortable in the climate from the region (20%), nation (10%) and exotics (10%). Mini Zoo (Local common wild animal collection): Few identified common wild animal species of the area/locality/ecosystem the zoo is part of, may be 1-2 common exotics wild animal species. 3.2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF ZOOS 7 For the purposes of deciding standards and norms for recognition of zoo and monitoring and evaluating its performance, the zoo, on the basis of area, number of visitors, number of species and animals, endangered species and number of animals of endangered species in its collection shall be taken into consideration and the zoo shall accordingly be classified into following four categories as specified in the Table, namely: S. No. 1
Category of zoo 2
1. 2. 3. 4.
Large Medium Small Mini
Criteria for Qualifying to the category 3 4 Area of No. of the zoo visitors (ha) in a year (in lakhs) 75 7.5 35 3.5 10 1.0 Less than Less 10 than 1.0
5 6 7 8 No. of No. of No. of No. of species animals endangered animals of species endangered species 75 750 20 100 35 350 10 50 10 100 3 15 Less than Less than ----10 100
TABLE 2: QUALIFYING CRITERIA FOR ZOO AS PER CZA NORMS
OPTIMUM NUMBER OF ANIMALS PER ZOO 7 In the interest of operational efficiency, better management and optimal utilization of resources, number of animals of various species housed in the zoo should not exceed the number indicated below: Category of zoo
Large Medium Small
Optimum number of animals to be housed in a zoo Large cats Small cats Bear (size of herd) 10 6 4
10 6 4
10 6 4
Ungulates/ Herbivores each species 20 12 10
TABLE 3: OPTIMUM NUMBER OF ANIMALS TO BE HOUSED IN ZOO
7- Refer to Guidelines for Establishment & Scientific Management of Zoos in India CENTRAL by CENTRAL ZOO AUTHORITY (Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India) in 2008
of
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According to the CZA norms, every zoo should have maximum 30% of exotic species and 20-25% of endangered species (AUTHORITY 2008). Species requirement for breeding (AUTHORITY 2008): The effective population size is dependent on the number of males and females, available for breeding purposes. The thumb rule for determining the effective population size is: Effective population size = 4 (M X F)/ (M + F) ; where M= Male and F= Female
3.3 DESIGN PARAMETERS 3.3.1 THEMES The themes generally adopted are: -
Zoo-geographic – Continent wise or region wise display Taxonomic - Class, family and genera wise display Behavioral - Nocturnal, aquatic, burrowing, arboreal Bio-geographic grouping - High mountain fauna, riverine fauna, Mangrove fauna etc. Eco-system display - Nilgiri fauna, Desert fauna, Wetland fauna, etc.
3.3.2 COMPONENTS OF ENCLOSURE IN ZOO
FIGURE 13: COMPONENTS OF ENCLOSURE IN ZOO Source: BARRIER DESIGNS FOR ZOO BY DR. BRIJ KISHOR GUPTA; UNPUBLISHED THESIS: HARSH ANJARIA, MASTERS IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, CEPT
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Enclosure or exhibits can be divided into following areas: -
-
-
Foreground The foreground is where the viewer stands on a path and where the front barrier is located. Vegetation and natural features like rocks and fallen trees should be the same as the viewer’s side and in the animal exhibit to create ‘landscape immersion’. The front barrier should be invisible, preferably a moat or sheet of glass. In the moat, careful attention should be given to sight lines. Middle ground The middle ground is where the animal will be displayed to the viewer. This is where it’s necessary features of its ecological niche both functional and aesthetic are located. There should be pools, rock features, trees, vegetation, grass areas, sand patches, mud wallows, salt licks, etc. Preferably, the side barriers should be invisible. Moats can be used or heavy planting be considered behind and through fences. Rear ground The rear ground addresses the rear barrier and feeling of the depth of the exhibit. An ideal exhibit should have an invisible moat as a rear barrier and planting beyond the moat to give the feeling of depth and space to the scene. If a fence is used, then it should be heavily planted front and behind to conceal it. One must remember that it should be an illusion. This area can be further divided into following parts: a) Exhibit area: where the animal spends most of its day time and comprises of exterior enclosure. This is where the animal is vied by the visitors b) Water pool: animals should have excess to water body for drinking and play purpose c) Resting area or kraal d) Feeding chamber and night shelter (indoor exhibit)
3.3.3 ANIMAL EXHIBIT AND DISPLAY (1) Landscape around every animal exhibit/ enclosure should comprise of plantations of appropriate tree and shrub species of adequate extent and such shape that the enclosure should not be visible to the visitors from any place other than the animal viewing areas. (2) All the hard exteriors of the enclosure i.e. the enclosure barrier and the frontage of the feeding cells, feeding kraals should be effectively camouflaged through planting of bamboo, dwarf tree species and shrubs. (3) Planting of appropriate trees and shrubs should be done around the animal viewing areas to break up the visitors into small viewing groups. (4) Visitors should be made to move through the green landscape around the enclosure for reasonable distances.
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(5) Planting, appropriate trees species should be done in the enclosure to ensure that entire animal enclosure is not visible to the visitors from any of the viewing points. The animal should be seen to the visitors in near natural settings. Elephant Enclosures: The elephants being voracious eaters and producers of extraordinary amount of solid wastes cannot be maintained aesthetically in the display enclosures. It would therefore be desirable to leave elephants in display enclosure for limited period of 6 to 8 hours. For rest of the time, the elephants should be kept in elephant houses of appropriate designs in off the display areas at isolated places. In animal exhibit enclosures, provision of a moat could be made in the animal viewing area, to facilitate the visitors in having an unobstructed view of the animals without getting close to them. Wet moats shall normally not be used as enclosure barrier for the viewing area except in case of water loving animals. The total land area under moat should not exceed 20% of the land area of the enclosure 8. Specification for all species individually and the kind of barrier design and dimensions are mentioned in the barrier design guideline for zoo manual by CZA (Gupta 2008). 3.3.4 BEHAVIORAL ENRICHMENT Keep animals in compatible social groups. Provide adequate three-dimensional space for exercising the normal movement behavior patterns i.e. walking, flying and climbing. (ii) Provide suitable substrate to facilitate the animals to satisfy their digging, burrowing and exploratory instincts. (iii) Provide suitable trees, shrubs and bushes in the enclosures to provide the animals opportunities for climbing, swinging, feeding, clawing, playing, rubbing the antlers, etc. Trees take substantial time in growing to required sizes, during the interim period, appropriately sized logs/ branches of trees could be used to meet the behavioral needs of the animals. There should be provision of alternative enclosures for the ungulates living in larger social groups, bears and primates so that the animals could be shifted from one enclosure to the other to facilitate recovery of vegetation. (iv) Burrows/ dens could also be constructed to facilitate the animals to hibernate or to take shelter during extreme weather conditions. (v) Plant grass and reeds to provide cover area for the animals. (vi) Fix mud pots, tree hollows, bamboo baskets to meet nesting and egg laying by birds.
8- Refer to Barrier designs for zoo, Central Zoo Authority, Ministry of Environment & Forests by Dr. Brij Kishor Gupta
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3.4 CONCLUSION Based on the data collected, following is the list of proposed species, which could be proposed at the new zoo 9. Following is the list of selected species of fauna and their habitat specifications 10 (Photograph of each fauna species mentioned in Appendix V)
ANIMALS Asiatic Lion Inhabits in open dry forest of teak, palash, thorny shrubs and bushes. Tiger The habitat of the Indian tiger is scrubland, humid evergreen forests and grassy swamps. It leads amphibious life in Sunderbans (West Bengal). Panther Evergreen forests, scrub forests, subtropical monsoon forests, and humid mountainous broadleaf evergreen forests. Four horned antelope They prefer open deciduous forests in hilly terrain. They remain in area with significant vegetation cover from tall grasses or heavy undergrowth, and close to supply of water. Manipur deer The species is associated with dense bushy vegetation, grasslands, swampy plains and river systems. Chinkara Plain grasslands, open jungles and tropical woodlands. Black buck They like to live in open grassland, dry thorn and scrubland. A dominant male marks the territory by shifting and pawing the ground and urinating and defecating at established piles. Wolf Commonly inhabits bare and open lands, fields, scrub and thorn forests. Wild ass Inhabit the arid, salty region, where it feeds on scrubs, grass and xerophytes plants. Hyena Inhabits in arid, mountainous region with scrub woodland. Sloth bear Sloth Bear prefers dry deciduous forests and rocky outcrops to wet deciduous forests. It also prefers fruits growing trees. Himalayan bear Found at elevations as high as 4,700 meters (13,776 feet), but in lower lands as well. Hog deer The species is associated with dense bushy vegetation, grasslands, swampy plains and river systems. Otter They live in both freshwater and slightly salty, brackish habitat. They in habitat lakes and rivers. 9- Refer to Appendix IV for details about Proposed Fauna species and area requirement 10- Refer to the report on list of Endangered species in Gujarat (Forest Department 2011)
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Desert cat Their home ranges in large in arid areas. They can survive without drinking water for a long period. Civet, Palm They are omnivores utilizing fruits as a major food source, and thus help to maintain tropical forest ecosystem via seed dispersal. Barking deer Inhabits the thick jungle and come out to graze in the out skirts of forests or in open Pangolin Hollow trees, underground tunnels. Live on anthills Ratel They remain active only during nighttime. They create burrows to live in. Wild dog Inhabit dense forests. Gather in groups to attack big prey. Indian wild buffalo They are grazing animals, which mainly feed on grasses and sedges, as well as eat herbs, fruits and bark. They also feed on crops of rice, sugarcane and jute. Nil gai Diurnal and live in grasslands and woodlands. Sambar Open jungles and scrubby grasslands. Spotted deer Forest combined with grasslands with a perennial source of water, plain grasslands, open jungles and Tropical woodlands. Hippopotamus Rivers and lakes in sub-Saharan Africa Jackal Inhabits all types of environments from dry open to desert. They have been found at a height of 3600 meters in the Himalayas. Majority of them live near towns, cultivated fields, dense grass and scrub lands etc. Lion tailed macaque Inhabits the thick jungle and come out to graze in the out skirts of forests or in open. Monkey – langur Inhabits humid forests, mangrove swamps, and wooded country. Rabbit Inhabits meadows, woods, forests, grasslands, and wetlands. They live in groups and in underground burrows. Porcupine Inhabits the thick jungle and come out to graze in the out skirts of forests or in open. Jungle cat Inhabits dense forests. Wild boar Broad-leaved woodland & wild grassland areas. Swamp deer Plain grasslands, open jungles, and tropical woodlands Elephant Scrub forests
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Indian bison It is a very shy animal. They gaze on upper portions of plants.
REPTILES Crocodiles It inhabits in lakes, rivers and marshes. Gharial Usually found in the river systems of Indus and Brahmaputra, Ganges and the Mahanadi. Tortoise This tortoise occurs in semi-arid, thorny and grassland habitats. It is also found in some regions featuring a higher level of precipitation. Python The habitat of Python includes estuarine mangrove forest, arid scrub jungle and rain forest. Cobra and Rat snake Found almost anywhere in thick jungle, open cultivated land in populated area and old building etc.
BIRDS Pelican Flocks on large rivers, jheels and coastal lagoons. Flamingo Feeds in shallow water. Usually found near jheels, lagoons, salt pans, estuaries, etc. Crane Dweller of open, well watered plains. Moorhen purple Affects reedy swamps, and margins of jheels overgrown with ruches. Heron Solitary, frequent estuaries, swamps, inland lakes. Duck Commences on jheel. Swan Flocks on large rivers, jheels and coastal lagoons. Painted stock Grassy marshland in quest of fish, frogs and snakes. Cocarel Dweller of open, well watered plains. Parrot Dwells on tree (at times fruit trees) with soft bark. Lorikeet rainbow They often fly in groups and strip trees containing fresh fruit. Cockatoo In their natural habitat, umbrella cockatoos typically feed on various seeds, nuts and fruits, such as papaya. They need to be offered lots of fresh vegetables, fruits and branches (with leaves) for chewing and entertainment. Falcon Open plains and scrub country interspersed with villages and cultivation.
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Dove Open, cultivated though essentially dry country, abounding in groves. Also found near human habitat and gardens and parks. Macaws Scarlet macaws inhabit humid lowland subtropical rain forests, open woodlands, river edges, and savannas. Hornbill Arboreal. Affects open evergreen and moist-deciduous forests abounding in Ficus trees. Mainly prefers fruit bearing trees. Conures It habitats in forests and woodland, where it usually forms flocks of 10 to 20 individuals at treetop level, or larger flocks where there is more food. Emu They mainly in habitat in woodlands and forests. Least found in arid areas. Pigeon Semi domesticated conditions. Lorry dusky and Lori Natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and subtropical or tropical moist forests Love birds They live at elevations of 1,100-2,200m in small flocks. They live in isolated clumps of trees with grass plains between them. Cockatiel Largely nomadic, the species will move to where food and water is available. They often eat cultivated crops. Maina – koyal Frequent gardens, groves and open country abounding in large leafy trees. Finches Affect open, stony scrub and bush country, ploughed fields, fallow land and the neighborhood of cultivation Budgerigars Budgerigars are nomadic birds found in open habitats, primarily in scrublands, open woodlands, and grasslands Java The Java sparrow is a very gregarious bird, which feeds mainly on grain and other seeds. It frequents open grassland and cultivation, and was formerly a pest in rice fields Exotics Pheasant The birds are found in woodland, farmland, scrub, and wetlands. In its natural habitat, the common pheasant lives in grassland near water with small copses of trees. Indian Peafowl Habitats dense scrub and deciduous jungle- plain and foothill- preferably in the neighborhood of rivers and streams.
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CHAPTER 4: AREA OF STUDY: VADODARA DISTRICT 4.1 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND 4.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY 4.3 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND GEOHYDROLOGY 4.4 GEOLOGY 4.5 CLIMATE 4.6 SOIL 4.7 LAND USE PATTERN – INFRASTRUCTURE 4.8 FOREST/ VEGETATION TYPE 4.9 NATIVE FLORA 4.10 NATIVE FAUNA 4.11 REGIONAL ANALYSIS 4.12 SITE OPTIONS 4.12.1 SITE 1: EKALBARA, PADRA 4.12.2 SITE 2: SINDHROOT, VADODARA
4.13 SITE SELECTION 4.13.1 CURRENT LANDUSE OF SITE 4.13.2 SITE COMPARISION MATRIX 4.13.3 CONCLUSION
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4.1 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND 11 The historical city of Baroda was the capital of Baroda Residency, and one of the princely states of India under Bombay Presidency. Vadodara got its name from the Word “VAD” that is banyan. It is also known as Banyan City. Vadodara is well connected by road and airways to most parts of Western India. Physiography of Vadodara features a number of rivers. The main city of Vadodara is located on the banks of river Vishwamitri. It is located in the fertile plains between the rivers Narmada and Mahi, at 22o 17‟ 59” N Latitude and 73o 15‟ 18” E Longitude (Motiwala 2012).
FIGURE 14: PHYSIOGRAPHY MAP OF VADODARA DISTRICT Source: Kauseen Motiwala’s thesis : Flood Management of River in Urban Areas: Case: Vishwamitri river, Vadodara City Region
4.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY
The topography of this region can be described; Hilly region of Pavagadh; the spread of many streams of river Mahi and Vishwamitri flowing to its tributaries having a gradual slope; the flood plains of the river where lies innumerous low lying areas. Pavagadh falls in the Halol taluka of Panchmahal District. This slope and contour difference gave enough volume for reservoir.
11- Refer to Kauseen Motiwala’s thesis : Flood Management of River in Urban Areas: Case: Vishwamitri river, Vadodara City Region
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FIGURE 15: GEOMORPHOLOGY AND GEOHYDROLOGY MAP OF VADODARA DISTRICT Source: Kauseen Motiwala’s thesis : Flood Management of River in Urban Areas: Case: Vishwamitri river, Vadodara City Region
4.2 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND GEOHYDROLOGY The ground water prospect with respect to this geomorphology is good to poor. Further are the alluvial plains, which are largely flat and created by the deposition of the sediments over a long period of time by the rivers. This region is very good ground water recharge ability. Alluvial plain is the larger area representing the region over which the floodplains have shifted over geological time; these plains have excellent ground water recharge potential. The Plains region is rather flat or with a very gentle rolling slope. There are several big and small water bodies in the catchment region. Certain water bodies are dammed water bodies. The Geohydrology is related to the ground water recharge potential. The catchment has high recharge potential due to geomorphology of the region. The recharge is less in the upper reaches where the river origins due to the Deccan trap and basalt mount. In addition, the slope of the terrain is steep leading to high run off the region .
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FIGURE 16: GEOLOGY MAP OF VADODARA DISTRICT Source: Kauseen Motiwala’s thesis : Flood Management of River in Urban Areas: Case: Vishwamitri river, Vadodara City Region
4.3 GEOLOGY This region mainly consists of alluvial plains. Overall, the geology of Vadodara district is very simple. Parts of the area near Savli have both new as well as old alluvial plain formation, while rest of the areas has old alluvial plains. One can find this difference by looking at the sample of both areas. The older one will be more weathered. In addition, the stone samples of the older region will have undergone chemical weathering. The directional change of the geology varies from the northeast to southwest. The river flows in the same direction of the change.
4.4 CLIMATE This area has a dry climate and three distinct seasons, namely summer, winter and monsoon. It features a tropical savanna climate. The weather is hot through the months of March to July – the average summer maximum is 40 °C, while from November to February, the average maximum temperature is 30 °C, and the climate is extremely dry. The average rainfall is 93 cm (37 in), but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause the rivers to flood. Average humidity is 56.2%.
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FIGURE 17: SOIL MAP OF VADODARA DISTRICT Source: Kauseen Motiwala’s thesis : Flood Management of River in Urban Areas: Case: Vishwamitri river, Vadodara City Region
4.5 SOIL The soils of the region are loamy, Clayey, Mixed Calcareous and Montmorillonitic. Initially the catchment basin has fine montmorillonitic calcareous soil, which is a very soft phyllosilicate forming a clay partly composed of calcium carbonate, which says, containing lime or being chalky. Fine loamy mixed soils generally contain more nutrients and humus. This types containing have better drainage and infiltration of water and air than silt soils, soil being calcareous they contain calcium carbonate in form of lime or chalk. These soils are easier to till and good for gardening and agriculture purposes. Soils with moderate salinity found in the flood plains of the river Mahi and tributary of Narmada River and not in the Catchment of River Vishwamitri.
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FIGURE 18: PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT MAP OF VADODARA DISTRICT Source: SANCTIONED SECOND REVISED DEVELOPMENT PLAN PROPOSED LANDUSE 2031, VUDA
4.6 LAND USE PATTERN – INFRASTRUCTURE Almost 69% area is used for agriculture purpose. New developed plan has be put up by VUDA for 2031, under which there is mention that whole belt along the river Mahi and around Ajwa Sarovar is under restricted and recreational zones. In addition, theses areas fall under R3 zone. Therefore, no major infrastructure development is allowed in this area. FIGURE 19: EXISTING LANDUSE MAP OF VADODARA DISTRICT Source: Kauseen Motiwala’s thesis : Flood Management of River in Urban Areas: Case: Vishwamitri river, Vadodara City Region
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4.7 FOREST/ VEGETATION TYPE The area falls under the dry mix deciduous forest type 12. On mount of Pavagadh are the reserve forest some of them are Deciduous and other are scrub forest. Along the catchment, there are some scrublands and fallow lands.
4.8 NATIVE FLORA13 Following is the list of existing flora species: 1. Tectona grandis 2. Terminalia tomentosa 3. Adina cordifolia 4. Miltragyna parvifolia 5. Dalbergia latifolia 6. Acacia catechu 7. Pterocarpus marsupium 8. Manilkana lexandra 9. Melia azadirchta 10. Diospyros tupru 11. Terminalia belerica 12. Sacconetaluma tomentosum 13. Lagerstroemia parviflora 14. Acacia Arabica 15. Garuga pinnata 16. Wrighatia tinctoria 17. Zizyphus xylopyra 18. Butea frondosa 19. Dalbergia paniculata 20. Tamarindus indicus 21. Cassia fistula 22. Phoenix sylvestris 23. Pongamia pinnata 24. Cassia auriculata 25. Ficus glomerata 26. Ficus bengalensis 27. Zizyphus jujube 28. Buchanania lanzan
12- Source: Forest ecology, Vol. 1 by G. S. Puri 13- Source: Rajyagor, Editor: Dr. S. B. THE GAZATTER OF VADODARA DISTRICT. Ahmedabad: Government of Gujarat, 1979.
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4.9 NATIVE FAUNA13 ANIMALS: Indian Tree Shrew, Pale Hedgehog, Grey Musk Shrew, Flying Fox, Bats, Monkeys, Ant eaters, Hares and rabbits, Squirrels, Mice, Rats, Porcupines, Jungle cat, Leopard, Tiger, Hyaenas, Civet, Palm, Mungooses, Wolf, Jackal, Indian Fox, Otter, Ratel, Indian Wild Boar, Sambar, Chinkara, Camels, Antelopes, Nilgai. BIRDS: Little Grebe, Pelicans, Cormorants, Snake birds, Herons, Egrets, Bitterns, Painted storks, Ibises, Spoonbills, Flamingos, Geese, Ducks, Hawks, Eagles, Vultures, Falcons, Fowls, Quails, Partridges, Bustard Quails, Cranes, Rails, Bustards, Jacanas, Lapwings, Gulls, Terns, Indian Sandgrouse, Pigeon, Dove, Parakeets, Cuckoos, Owls, Nightjars, Swifts, Kingfishers, Bee eaters, Rollers, Hoopoe, Barbets, Woodpeckers, Pitas, Larks, Martins, Swallows, Shrikes, Orioles, Drongos, Myna, Crow, Bulbuls, Babblers, Flycatchers, Wagtails, Sunbirds, Finches, Sparrow. REPTILES: Indian Python, Rat snake, Wolf snake, Common blind snake, Cobra, Common Krait, Russell’s Viper, Side winder.
4.10 REGIONAL ANALYSIS -
-
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The chosen area will be not more than 30 km from city entre of Vadodara. The travel radius is decided based on how far would people from Vadodara and nearby areas travel to go to the new location of zoo. Based on data available, I marked all existing settlements, road network, railway lines, main electricity high-tension lines, water bodies, sewage canal, and vegetation. Areas with dense scrub land and dense vegetation was given more preference for choosing the final site for relocation the zoo, as most animal habitats prefer scrubland as their native habitat. Contour interval was taken at 1m and 5m in order to understand the elevation of site. After overlapping the watershed area and streamlines, parts along the river had good potential to collect water. There is a Narmada canal, which pass nearby one of the chosen sites. From the ground water prospects map, it was found that the ground water level is not higher than 10 m. The minimum depth of GWL is at 13-18m. On overlapping the soil map, it can be seen that the chosen areas had mainly 3 types of soil: a) parts near the river edge have sandy yellow soil- very deep, well drained, calcareous, coarse loamy soils on very gently sloping dissected flood plain with very severe erosion; b) parts near Padra area, have moderately deep, well drained, calcareous, fine soils on nearly level alluvial plain with slight erosion and slight salinity; c) parts away from Mahi river have very deep, well drained, fine- loamy soils on very sloping gently alluvial plain with slight erosion. Hence, more preference can be given to site with soil type (a) and (c). 13- Source: Rajyagor, Editor: Dr. S. B. THE GAZATTER OF VADODARA DISTRICT. Ahmedabad: Government of Gujarat, 1979.
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FIGURE 20: REGIONAL ANALYSIS TO CHOOSE APPROPRIATE SITE FOR RELOCATING ZOO BASE MAP SOURCE : Kauseen Motiwala’s thesis : Flood Management of River in Urban Areas: Case: Vishwamitri river, Vadodara City Region
-
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Placing or building nearby railway track causes hazards to the structure, due to the vibration caused by the moving trains. These vibrations also cause a great impact on: the behavior of fauna. Based on the inferences derived from the literature studies, it was decided to leave a buffer of 3 km on the each side of the railway track. Similar buffer of 1.5 km was left on each side of highways (Nugent and Zapfe November 2012). Area away from railway track has been chosen. Government of India, which passing along the State of Gujarat, has proposed a DMIC corridor. One of the industrial centers along this route is at Savli, near Vadodara. Areas along this corridor should not be considered in order to locate the new proposed zoo, as they will be densely populated with newer developments and pollution of the upcoming factories. On overlapping, the land use map proposed by VUDA for 2031, it can be seen that the areas along the river Mahi are under recreational zones. Moreover, some part of these areas is under restricted zones. Therefore, no major infrastructure development will happen in these areas.
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This area is under R3 zone. So no commercial building can be constructed in this area. In addition, no high-rise institutional or residential buildings can be built in this area. Choosing the new site near a water body (river), would serve as a natural barrier from one side. In case of future developments, the zoo will be free from one side. This part of the city is opposite to DMIC corridor. So it is supposing free of industrial development (GIDC corporate presentation, Feb 2012, Map). Currently only farmhouses and weekend homes are built in this area alone the Mini nadi and Mahi River. Mini nadi is a small tributary of Mahi River. The area between these two rivers is a dense scrubland and has good vegetation cover. In addition, Mini nadi serves as a source of natural water body.
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4.12 SITE OPTIONS 4.12.1 SITE 1: EKALBARA, PADRA, VADODARA Ekalbara is a Village in Padra Taluka in Vadodara District of Gujarat State, India. It is located 19 KM towards west from District headquarters Vadodara. This Place is in the border of the Vadodara District and Anand District. It is near to Arabian Sea.
5.12.2 SITE 2: SINDHROOT, VADODARA FIGURE 21: EXISTING SITE PHOTOGRAPH OF EKALBARA, PADRA, VADODARA
:
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4.12.2 SITE 2: SINDHROOT, VADODARA Sindhroot is a Village in Vadodara Taluka in Vadodara District of Gujarat State, India. It is located 9 km from city centre of Vadodara. This place is in the border of the Vadodara District and Anand District.
FIGURE 22: EXISTING SITE PHOTOGRAPH OF SINDHROOT, VADODARA
:
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4.13 SITE SELECTION 4.13.1 CURRENT LANDUSE OF CHOSEN SITES
FIGURE 23: CURRENT LANDUSE MAP OF EKALBARA, PADRA, VADODARA
SITE 1: EKALBARA, PADRA Source: 2031 Development Plan proposed by VUDA
FIGURE 24: CURRENT LANDUSE MAP OF SINDHROOT, VADODARA
SITE 2: SINDHROOT, VADODARA Source: 2031 Development Plan proposed by VUDA
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4.13.2 SITE COMPARISION MATRIX
TABLE 4: PARAMETERS TO CHOOSE APPROPRIATE SITE
:
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4.13.3 CONCLUSION SITE 1: EKALBARA, PADRA: This site is located almost 19 km away from Vadodara city. The site is connected through a 30 mt wide road, which passes across the site. Around this site, there are many small lakes (mainly near the village boundaries). This site is near Mahi River. There is a Narmada canal, which also passes right across the site. Most of the area here is agriculture land. Flood plains along Mahi River mainly have open scrubland. Under the VUDA development plan of 2031, this area falls under Restricted zone, while part of it falls under Recreational zone. There are many small settlement/ villages in this site. Hence at a given point it becomes difficult to place a zoo in midst of such existing settlement. SITE 2: SINDHROOT, VADODARA: This site is located almost 9 km from Vadodara city. The site is connected through an approach road as well as a local road. However, these roads are not tar or paved, hence there is a possibility to shift them. This site is in ravines of Mini Nadi. Around this site, there are many small lakes (mainly near the village boundaries), Mini Nadi. Narmada canal is located at 2 km distance from this site. Most of the area here is scrubland with Prosopis as a major species. There are many tourist potential near this site. Those, which lie within 10 km distance, are (Sayaji garden, Lakshmi vilas palace, EME temple, Sursagar Lake, while those further than that are Ajwa Dam, Pavagadh, Champaner, Nimeta Garden, Ajwa fun world. This area falls under R3 zone; hence, no high-rise or commercial buildings are allowed to build. Currently this area comprises of farmhouses and party plots. Under the VUDA development plan of 2031, this area falls under Recreational zone, and there is a proposed area for "Public purpose development". HENCE, AFTER ALL THE COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS, IT CAN BE CONCLUDED THAT THE SITE AT SINDHROOT, VADODARA IS MORE SUITABLE FOR RELOCATING SAYAJI ZOO.
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CHAPTER 5: REGIONAL SETTING – SINDHROOT, VADODARA 5.1 SITE PROXIMITY 5.2 CLIMATE 5.3 TOPOGRAPHY 5.4 LAND USE 5.5 GROUND WATER POTENTIAL 5.6 SLOPES 5.7 GEOLOGY 5.8 SOIL 5.9 EXISTING FLORA 5.10 EXISTING FAUNA
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The historical city of Baroda (located at Latitude - 22.328965 N, Longitude - 73.064877 E, Altitude – the mean elevation is about 35.5 m above MSL) was the capital of Baroda Residency, and one of the princely states of India under Bombay Presidency. The physiography of Vadodara features a number of rivers. The main city of Vadodara is located on the banks of river Vishwamitri. Besides, the topography of Vadodara also features Narmada River to its south and Mahi River to its north. This city has main linkages in the following manner: Panchmahal and Dahod districts to the north, Anand and Kheda districts to the west, Bharuch and Narmada districts bound the district to the south. The tallest point in the region is Pavagadh Hill, which is around 40km from city centre.
FIGURE 25: LOCATION OF CHOSEN SITE ON GOOGLE MAP – RINGS : TRAVEL RADIUS OF 10KM EACH Source: Google Earth Pro
5.1 SITE PROXIMITY
:
This site is located at a distance of 9 km from Vadodara city centre. It is almost 100 m from main road.
5.2 CLIMATE This area has a dry climate and three distinct seasons, namely summer, winter and monsoon. It features a tropical savanna climate. The weather is hot through the months of March to July – the average summer maximum is 40 °C, while from November to February, the average maximum temperature is 30 °C, and the climate is extremely dry. The average rainfall is 93 cm (37 in), but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause the rivers to flood. Average humidity is 56.2%.
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FIGURE 26: CURRENT LANDUSE AND TOPOGRAPHY OF CHOSEN SITE
5.3 TOPOGRAPHY
:
The topography of this region can be described; the spread of river Mini Nadi (a tributary of Mahi river) flowing, having a gradual slope; the flood plains of the river where lies innumerous low lying areas.
5.4 LAND USE This area is marked under recreational zone by VUDA in their 2031 proposed land use for Vadodara city. Presently there is no productive use of this place. There a Nature park near the chosen site. In addition, this part of site is in ravines; hence, there is a lot of soil erosion that happens (as the site has yellow clayey alluvial soil).
5.5 GROUND WATER POTENTIAL14 This area has alluvial soil with clay ass major content. Depth of water level is around 24-40m and 15 tube wells are found in this area. Water availability and recharge condition is moderate. Intensely gullied area forms run off zone. Needs measure to arrest active soil erosion. High priority for recharge structures.
14- Refer to Ground water prospects map by Landends solutions Pvt. Ltd, Hydrabad; Sponspered by Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, ministry of Rural Development, Govt. of India, New Delhi (Map Sheet No. 46F/3)
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FIGURE 27: SITE ELEVATION AND DRAINAGE OF CHOOSEN SITE
FIGURE 28: SITE SECTION – ACROSS MINI NADI
5.6 SLOPES The whole are slopes towards Mahi River on one side and Mini nadi on the other side. The lowest area is 16 m from MSL.
5.7 GEOLOGY Situated on the ravines between Mini Nadi and Mahi River
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5.8 SOIL Clayey yellow soil- very deep, well-drained, calcareous, coarse loamy soils on very gently sloping dissected flood plain with very severe erosion.
FIGURE 29: EXISTING VEGETATION MAP OF CHOSEN SITE Source: Google Earth Pro
5.9 EXISTING FLORA 1. Gando baval (Prosopis juliflora) 2. Bamboo (Phyllostachys aurea) 3. Prosopis cineraria 4. Akado (Calotropis gigantean) 5. Neem (Azadirachta indica) 6. Baubab (Adansonia digitata) 7. Eucalyptus 8. Kanji (Holoptelea integrifolia) 9. Sag (Indian Oak Tree) 10. Agave tequilana 11. Banyan (Ficus benghalensis) 12. Peepal (Ficus religiosa) 13.
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HYENA
NIL GAI
PORCUPINE
http://advocacy.britannica.com /blog/advocacy/wpcontent/uploads/hyena.jpg
http://static.panoramio.com/ph otos/large/54646425.jpg
http://www.spiritanimals.com/porcupine/#jpcarousel-1180
INDIAN PEAFOWL http://7-themes.com/6972324-indian-peafowl.html
MAINA- KOYEL http://upload.wikimedia.org/wi kipedia/commons/4/4a/Asian_k oel.jpg
KING COBRA http://www.hdwallpapersnew.net/wpcontent/uploads/2014/09/cobra-snake-widesscreen-wallpapersfree-snakes-background-images.jpg FIGURE 30: EXISTING FAUNA ON CHOSEN SITE
5.10 EXISTING FAUNA Animals: Nilgai, Mungoos, Porcupine, Hyena Birds: Green Bee Eater, Kite, Shikra, Black Hooded Oriole, Paradise flycatcher, Coucal, Kingfisher, Woodpecker, Indian tree pie, Peafowl, Barbet, Maina Reptiles: Chameleon, Monitor Lizard, King Cobra, Rat snake
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CHAPTER 6: ZOO DESIGN 6.1 FUNCTIONAL AREA REQUIREMENT 6.2 DESIGN PROGRAM 6.3 DEVELOPMENT OF MASTER PLAN 6.4 PROPOSED MASTER PLAN 6.6 INDIVIDUAL SPECIES HABITATS DETAILS 6.6.1 LION 6.6.2 TIGER 6.6.3 PANTHER 6.6.4 CROCODILE 6.6.5 GHARIAL 6.6.6 BEAR 6.6.7 DEER 6.6.8 WATER LOVING BIRDS 6.6.9 ELEPHANT 6.6.10 BIRDS AVIARY 6.6.11 SOME MORE SPECIES….
6.7 DETAILED HABIAT: ELEPHANT ENCLOSURE
CONCLUSION
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6.1 FUNCTIONAL AREA REQUIREMENT Based on the discussion with the Zoo Authority of Sayaji Zoo, it was found that for the redesigning of Sayaji zoo, they had taken into account area distribution of Nandankanan Zoological Park as Ideal. Based on the calculations of the area requirement for animal, reptile and birds exhibit for the new proposed zoo came out to be 75 acre. Hence, I took into account the functional components at Nandankanan as standard, and calculated the total area for the new zoo. (Refer to case study for more details. This is area requirement percentage is taken from Shivam Somasundaram’s design thesis) (Somasundaram 2004) 1.
Entrance and ticketing area (Total area covered = 1.10%) – 1.4 acre Entrance and ticketing office Staff toilets Information centre
2.
Administration zone (Total area covered = 0.45%) – 0.5 acre Waiting area Director’s cabin Asst. Director’s cabin P.A. to the Director cabin Wildlife Conservation Officers cabin Asst. Conservator of Forest cabin Library Forest Rangers room (one for four employees) Room for clerical staff Stores (3 nos) Toilets (2 nos)
3.
Public zone (Total area covered = 29.90%) – 38.2 acre Exhibit viewing areas Wheelchair accessibility to exhibit areas Education and nature Interpretation centre Children park Gardens Rest areas with shelters Restaurants Drinking water points Public conveniences Toilet with provision for wheelchair accessibility (1 nos)
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4.
Exhibit zone (Total area covered = 58.55%) – 75 acre Animal enclosures Ponds for reptiles Aviary for birds Shelters Night shelters Wallow pools Drinking water points
5.
Roads and parking (Total area covered = 10%) – 12.8 acre Primary roads - 6.0m wide (vehicles and pedestrians) Secondary roads – 2.5m wide (vehicles and pedestrians) Tertiary pathways – 1.5m wide (for pedestrians) Parking facilities (along primary roads)
Total area of the proposed zoo comes to be 128 acre (5, 17,998 sq. mt)(approx. 60 ha).
6.2 DESIGN PROGRAM People visit zoos for an interesting animal experience in an enjoyable setting. Visitor expectations and behavior vary from culture to culture and are changing due to education, technical innovations, time pressure and tourism. These and an increasing concern for animal welfare are today’s driving forces in zoo design15. The need to build shelters for exotic animals also created trends in zoo design. It is not unusual that animal shelters look like small residential houses because the local zoo contractors are familiar with this type of building. In both cases, wild animals are displayed in human structures, which makes them look tame. The intention of building naturalistic exhibits is to display wild animals as wild. Therefore, landforms, rocks and vegetation typically camouflage animal shelters in naturalistic exhibits. Today, an increasing share of zoo visitors with demanding work schedules and a growing choice of leisure attractions want to know what they can do and see in a zoo, and how the visit will fit into their cost and time budget. This need for orientation, along with the increasingly educational role of zoos, can be answered by organizing the zoo site into themes along a path circuit. Zoo design is applied in various types of facilities such as zoological, botanical gardens, museums, rescue, and breeding centers, theme parks, dolphinariums, aquariums, wild animal parks, game farms, and even in national parks. These facilities’ purposes vary and 15- Refer to Zoo design program developed by San Diego zoo organization
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their designs have used to be recognizably different. However, the driving forces for changes in zoo design lead to similar design requirements across institutions. Sophisticated zoo design depends a lot on the education of zoo staff. Trends are set by institutions, which can afford experts on all levels. New themes will always be developed. Today, all the previously mentioned arrangements can be found in zoos around the world, often mixed on one site due to historical developments at the zoo. The decision for a specific arrangement nowadays depends on many factors, among them cost and labor efficiency, animal compatibility, scientific accuracy, authenticity, conservation needs, animal welfare, technology, and the story to be told. Message The messages that visitors assimilate during their visit to a zoo – consciously and unconsciously – will influence their impression of the institution’s attitude towards specific animals. Hopefully, the messages will encourage one or the other visitor to take action benefitting wildlife and ecosystems. Obviously, the delivery of zoo messages is important and complex and goes beyond signage and brochures. Putting a single bird into a small cage communicates: “Here is a beautiful object that we treat as we want and will eventually replace.” In contrast, displaying multiple species of animals in realistic recreations of their habitats communicates a message of both wildlife ecology and appreciation. Understanding the difference between an enclosure and an exhibit is essential for gaining control of the message that will be delivered by an animal display. An animal enclosure is simply a space that was enclosed for keeping animals inside. An animal exhibit is an animal enclosure on public display. It typically has dedicated public viewing areas and separated service areas. The design of the viewing area should be consistent with the intended message. Zoo design can be divided mainly into two parts: naturalistic immersion exhibits and themed visitor environments. When the display looks real, exhibit elements may be called authentic; still they are fabricated representations of the original authentic environments. Influence of Technology The rapid rate of evolution in animal management and educational focus suggest that exhibits should only be designed for a ten year life because they will be obsolete thereafter. Luckily, advances in animal training and educational methods eventually allow the upgrade of older exhibits. Technical innovations are leading to new types of animal exhibits. Huge aquarium displays and underwater tunnels are being built now that acrylic panels can be manufactured in almost any form and dimension. Nearly invisible barriers can be created with special nettings, tension steel wire and the use of electric fences.
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The master plan that I have developed is based on the theme of Bio-geographic grouping (High mountain fauna, riverine fauna, Mangrove fauna etc), where zones are made based on dry forest and scrubland fauna, evergreen forest fauna, deciduous fauna, and grassland fauna.
FIGURE 31: ZONING I: BASED ON VAEGETATION TYPE (BIO GEOGRAPHIC THEME)
Dry forest and scrubland fauna habitat: Scrublands are areas that are dry and hot during the summer but saved from becoming deserts by cool, moist winters. In these areas, some plants may lie dormant during the summer, budding and blooming in the autumn and flourishing with the rainfall during the winter. Most of the plants in these habitats are scrub plants. Many plants in these areas also have thorns and strong-smelling oils to protect themselves from hungry herbivores. Dry forest type has more varied habitat, made up of large expanses of grasses. This forest type is a home to large herds of grazing animals and the predators that follow the herding. Evergreen forest fauna habitat: They are a source of many important natural resources, filled with biological treasures. It would comprise of flowering plant species, evergreen tree species, bird species, reptile species, amphibian and insect species, and butterfly species. Deciduous fauna habitat: This area comprises of deciduous tree species mainly fruit trees like bananas, oranges, grapefruit, papayas, pineapples, mango, etc. this area is habitat to animals like sloth bear and wild buffalo who mainly feed on fruits and berries.
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Grassland fauna habitat: This area has large grassland with varied sizes of grasses and large water bodies. Animals found in this area are mainly spotted deer and antelopes. They prefer habitat associated with dense bushy vegetation, grasslands, swampy plains and river systems.
FIGURE 32: ZONING II: MARKING OUT AREAS FOR
SPECIFIC SPECIES AND OTHER ANEMITIES
After the first few conceptual plan development, the above-mentioned plan is a combination of zoning based on conservation breeding areas and hierarchy of pathways. Conservation breeding is a practice carried out for those animals whose population is comparatively less in number. This practice can be carried out under controlled conditions in a zoo. Under this practice, the male and female pair, between whom breeding has to happen, is allowed to stay under natural condition. No visitor or any such disturbance is allowed nearby this area, otherwise breeding will not be successful. Hence, these zones should be marked very carefully. In case of pathways, there are three main categories: primary pathway, secondary pathway and service lane. These can be seen in the conceptual sketch above.
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6.3 DEVELOPMENT OF MASTER PLAN
FIGURE 33: REVISED CONTOUR PLAN
The above-mentioned plan is of the revised contour plan for zoo. The elevation of each exhibit is designed based on the slope suitability for different species of fauna16. These slopes also helped in deciding the kind of moat and location of water bodies required for different fauna species.
FIGURE 34: CONCEPTUAL SKETCHES: MOAT DESIGN AND WATER BODY DESIGN 16- Refer to Appendix VI
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FIGURE 35: CONCEPTUAL MASTER PLAN
After working out all the above mentioned design concepts, following conceptual master plan was developed. Important decisions like maintaining the overall ground slope, preserving existing vegetation, phasing of plantation for in place of invasive species, etc were taken in account while making this conceptual master plan. Master plan area that has been taken into account for designing the final plan is 200 acres.
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6.4 PROPOSED MASTER PLAN
FIGURE 36: FINAL PROPOSED MASTER PLAN
FIGURE 37: PART DETAIL OF PLAN- ZOOMED
FIGURE 38: PROPOSED SECTION ACROSS ENCLOSURES
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6.5 INDIVIDUAL SPECIES HABITATS DETAILS 6.5.1 LION Area required per Animal: 1000+200 (Outdoor (size per pair) + (for every additional animal)) + 4.95 (Feeding area (per animal)) Total area required: 8249.5 sq.mt Total number: 10 Conservation Status: Vulnerable Habitat specification: FIGURE 39: SKETCH OF LION’S NATURAL HABITAT Evergreen forests, scrub forests, subtropical monsoon forests, and humid mountainous broadleaf evergreen forests. They stay both on land and on water.
FIGURE 40: DESIGN OF LION ENCLOSURE
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6.5.2 TIGER Area required per Animal: 1000+200 (Outdoor (size per pair)+(for every additional animal)) + 4.95 (Feeding area (per animal)) Total area required : 8249.5 sq.mt Total number: 10 Conservation Status: Vulnerable Habitat specification: The FIGURE 41: SKETCH OF TIGER’S NATURAL HABITAT habitat of the Indian tiger is scrubland, humid evergreen forests and grassy swamps. It leads amphibious life in Sunderbans (West Bengal). They stay both on land and on water
FIGURE 42: DESIGN OF TIGER ENCLOSURE
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6.5.3 PANTHER Area required per Animal: 1000+200 (Outdoor (size per pair)+(for every additional animal)) + 3.6 (Feeding area (per animal)) Total area required : 6636 sq.mt Total number: 10 Conservation Status: Vulnerable Habitat specification: FIGURE 43: SKETCH OF SECTION ACROSS PANTHER ENCLOSURE Evergreen forests, scrub forests, subtropical monsoon forests, and humid mountainous broadleaf evergreen forests. They stay both on land and on water
FIGURE 44: DESIGN OF PANTHER ENCLOSURE
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6.5.4 CROCODILE Area required per Animal: 400 (Outdoor (per reptile)) + 150 (Water body area (per animal)) Total area required : 11000 sq.mt Total number: 20 Conservation Status: Vulnerable Habitat specification: It inhabits in lakes, rivers and marshes. They stay both on land and water 6.6.5 GHARIAL FIGURE 45: SKETCH OF SECTION ACROSS CROCODILE ENCLOSURE Area required per Animal: 400 (Outdoor (per reptile)) + 150 (Water body area (per animal)) Total area required : 11000sq.mt Total number: 20 Conservation Status: Critically Endangered Habitat specification: Usually found in the river systems of Indus and Brahmaputra, Ganges and the Mahanadi. They stay both on land and water
FIGURE 46: DESIGN OF CROCODILE AND GHARIAL ENCLOSURE
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6.5.6 SLOTH BEAR Area required per Animal: 1000+100 (Outdoor (size per pair)+(for every additional animal)) + 9(Feeding area (per animal))) Total area required : 1345 sq.mt + 1345 sq.mt (Himalayan bear) Total number: 5+ 5( Himalayan bear) Conservation Status: Vulnerable FIGURE 47: SKETCH OF SECTION ACROSS Habitat specification: Sloth Bear SLOTH BEAR ENCLOSURE prefers dry deciduous forests and rocky outcrops to wet deciduous forests. It also prefers fruits growing trees.
FIGURE 48: DESIGN OF SLOTH BEAR ENCLOSURE
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6.5.7 SPOTTED DEER Area required per Animal: 1000+100 (Outdoor (size per pair)+(for every additional animal)) + 6 (Feeding area (per animal)) Total area required : 19158 sq.mt Total number: 143 Conservation Status: Least concern Habitat specification: Forest combined with grasslands with a perennial source of water, plain grasslands, open jungles and Tropical woodlands. They stay on land.
FIGURE 49: SKETCH OF SPOTTED DEER’S NATURAL HABITAT
FIGURE 50: SKETCH OF SECTION ACROSS SPOTTED DEER ENCLOSURE
FIGURE 51: DESIGN OF SPOTTED DEER ENCLOSURE
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6.5.8 WATER LOVING BIRDS Cocarel;Painted stock;Swan;Duck;Heron;Moorhen purple;Crane;Flamingo;Pelican Area required: 300 (Outdoor (per bird) + 60 (Water body area (per bird)) Total area required : 48240 sq.mt Total number: 134 Conservation Status: Vulnerable Habitat specification: Affects reedy FIGURE 52: SKETCH OF WATER BIRD’S NATURAL HABITAT swamps, and margins of jheels overgrown with ruches; Flocks on large rivers, jheels and coastal lagoons; Dweller of open, well watered plains; Grassy marshland in quest of fish, frogs and snakes; Solitary, frequent estuaries, swamps, inland lakes.
FIGURE 53: DESIGN OF WATER LOVING BIRDS ENCLOSURE
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6.5.9 ELEPHANT Area required per Animal: 5000 (Outdoor (size per pair)+ (for every additional animal)) + 48 (Feeding area (per animal)) Total area required : 30240 sq.mt Total number: 5 Conservation Status: Vulnerable Habitat specification: Scrub forests FIGURE 54: SKETCH OF ELEPHANT’S NATURAL HABITAT
FIGURE 55: DESIGN OF ELEPHANT ENCLOSURE
FURTHER, ELEPHANT ENCLOSURE HAS BEEN DESIGNED AND STUDIED IN DETAIL…….
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6.5.10 BIRDS AVIARY Parrot;Lorikeet rainbow;Cockatoo;Falcon;Dove; Macaws;Hornbill;Conures;Emu;Pigeon;Lorry dusky and Lori;Love birds;Cockatiel;Maina – koyal;Finches;Budgerigars;Java. Area required: 800 (Outdoor (per bird)) Total area required : 54760sq.mt Total number: 1159
FIGURE 56: SECTION OF AVIARY
Conservation Status: Vulnerable Habitat specification: Frequent gardens, groves and open country abounding in large leafy trees; natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and subtropical or tropical moist forests; they often fly in groups and strip trees containing fresh fruit; open plains and scrub country interspersed with villages and cultivation; dwells on tree (at times fruit trees) with soft bark
FIGURE 57: SKETCH OF AVIARY
6.5.11 SOME MORE SPECIES….
RABBIT
TORTOISE
FIGURE 58: SKETCH OF SPECIES NATURAL HABITAT
PYTHON
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6.6 DETAILED HABIAT: ELEPHANT ENCLOSURE
FIGURE 59: LEAST FAVOURABLE HABITAT
FIGURE 60: MOST FAVOURABLE HABITAT
MOST FAVOURABLE HABIAT FOR ELEPHANTS: Elephants cannot eat tree branches and leaves of very tall trees. Hence its preferable to maintain a mix of understory and tall trees, along with tall grasses. FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS FOR ELEPHANTS: Temperature: Standard – Outdoor – Daytime: Water, mud, dust, soil or sand must be available to dust themselves to assist with thermoregulation Standard – Outdoor – Nighttime: When temperatures are under 5°C overnight, they must be provided with supplementary heat and adequate shelter from adverse weather. Lighting: Skylights, in addition to interior lighting, are effective and recommended. Facilities: Indoor space: - Indoor housing for both males and females must be designed to accommodate an elephant that can reach up to 24 ft (7.3 m) vertically. All ceilings, wire, pipes, etc. must be out of reach or adequately protected. Minimum recommended stall space (i.e. temporary holding, overnight, etc) is not less than 600 sq ft (56 sq m) for males or females with calves, and not less than 400 sq ft (37 sq m) for females. it is highly recommended that larger interior common spaces be developed to enhance social interactions and allow for greater movement and diversity of space during inclement weather conditions as well as overnight. Mature elephants can reach a vertical height of 24 ft (7.3 m). Outdoor space: Recommended minimum size for outdoor habitats is not less than 5400 sq ft (500 sq m) per elephant using the habitat. Elephants are a social species and herds often perform activities together, such as feeding, drinking, walking, resting, and wallowing. The design of indoor and outdoor enclosures must contain areas where elephants can exercise and socialize together, and avoid socializing if/when desired.
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FIGURE 61: PROPOSED DETAILED LAYOUT FOR ELEPHANT ENCLOSURE
Furnishing: Rocks, tree stumps, or large sturdy objects must be provided in the exhibit so that the elephants may use them for rubbing and scratching. Substrates and nesting/bedding materials: Outdoor habitat surfaces must consist primarily of natural substrates (e.g., soil, sand, grass) that provide good drainage. Hard floor surfaces must be relatively smooth to prevent excessive pad wear, but not so smooth that they become slippery when wet. Safety and containment: A recommended minimum height of walls, cables and horizontal railings for adult elephants is 8 ft (2.4 m). The use of electric fences is not sufficient as a primary containment barrier. Recommended materials for barriers include solid concrete, rock walls or horizontal steel rails, pipe or cable. Pools be constructed with rounded edges, and without corners. Artificial pools should have slopes which are non-slip surfaces, and at an angle no greater than 30°. Steps should be wide enough for elephants to place more than one foot on at a time and small enough for baby elephants to step up or down. There should be more than one entry/exit point to the pool; pool depth must be at least six feet deep.
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FIGURE 62: SECTION ACROSS ELEPHANT ENCLOSURE
The suggested top width of dry moat is 3.5m and depth of 2.5m. A low rubble wall on sides other than viewers’ side can be provided. Elelphants prefert o walk over moderate slope land (1:12-1:20). Its difficult for them to walk over steep slpoes (1:3). hence such slopes should be maintained for moats.
FACT OF ELEPHANT CORRIDOR AND HABITAT: WHAT THEY MISS OF FOREST HABIATAT? Relation of movement with quality of corridor: By providing breakage in density of vegetation, the rate of elephant’s movements can be controlled. It gives them a feeling of transition of moving from dense forest of grassland and then back to dense forest. In rainy season, elephants move to higher areas while in summers they travel towards the water bodies.
FIGURE 63: DIAGRAM OF ELEPHANT CORRIDOR
BARRIER OPTIONS: DRY MOAT
FIGURE 64: BARRIER OPTIONS FOR ELEPHANT ENCLOSURE
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CONCLUSION Man’s existence depends upon nature’s equilibrium. It is disturbed; it will affect human life adversely. Biodiversity ensures a clean and healthy environment for all species to live in harmony with one another. While designing a naturalistic exhibit for fauna species, one should be aware that they are designing for smart developing creatures with individual learning capabilities. Gathering information about individual species is important to insure their full capabilities are considered in the design solution, rather than focusing on standard data about the species. Respecting animals in the pre-design process is essential for the success of the final design. Zoological Park has been an important element of the society as it plays a role in balancing animal and human relationship. They serve as source of entertainment and knowledge to people and a home for those who have lost their natural habitat. And so while designing such an important feature, it is necessary that one must take into account all natural conditions favorable on site.
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APPENDIX I (EXISITING SPECIES AT SAYAJI ZOO)
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APPENDIX II (FOOTFALL OF VISITORS AT SAYAJI ZOO)
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APPENDIX III (COMPARISION ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDY)
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APPENDIX IV (FAUNA SPECIFICATION AND AREA REQUIREMENT)
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APPENDIX V (LIST OF FAUNA WITH PHOTOGRAPHS)
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APPENDIX V (SLOPE SUTIALIBLITY FOR FAUNA)
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MAP SOURCE Topography Maps: Survey of India Office, Gandhinagar, Gujarat Soil and Geology Map: Geological Survey of India Office, Gandhinagar, Gujarat