BEING and Thinking by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

Being & Thinking

Being and Thinking

Being and Thinking First Online Volume of

Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy Volumes I and II Outlined below SIR KARL POPPER, Foreword ……………….………..……..… xx SIR ALAN COTTRELL, Foreword ………………….……......... xxi Preface ……………………………………..….……….…..….... xxii

Introduction 1.1 The Revival of Relativistic Cosmology vs. Modified Concepts and Order in Physics and Philosophy 1.1.1 Science Order: Cosmology to Quantum or in Reverse..... 3 1.1.2 How did all start v. Science teaching of that Order….......5 1.1.3 The first seven stages v. tradition ……….....…............... 7 1.1.4 The present matter-dominated era by Astronomy........... 11 2.1 The Einsteinian Methodology: A Preliminary Remark ..... 11

From Terrestrial Gravitational Structures to Black Holes and Neutrinos in Astrophysics 1.1 Gravitation, Asymmetry and Structure of Earth v. Cosmos ..80 A fallacy associated with current Education ...………...........80 1.1.2 Gravity-induced sedimentary structures …………............. 81 1.2 Stars and the Hertzsprung-Russel Central Diagram ……….. 88 3

1.3 Supernova, Gravitational Collapse, Neutron Stars, Pulsars …………………………………….......…92 1.4 X-Ray Astronomy, Binary X-Ray Systems, and... Gravitational Clocks ……………………………………......... . 100 1.5 Black Holes …………………….……………………….… 106 1.6 Gas, Dust and the Formation of Stars in Our Galaxy ............113 1.7 How Are Cosmic Distances Measured? ……………….….. 116 1.8 Neutrino Astronomy and Astrophysics ………………….... 130 1.9 The Emergence of Gamma-Ray Astronomy ………….…... 132 1.10 Exploration of Extra-Solar Space by Unmanned Spacecraft ……………………….………..…… 134

From Old Physics to Particle Physics-I 2.1 Aim and Scope ……………………………………………. 138 2.2 Limitations of Theory ……………………………….….… 140 2.3 The General Macroscopic Equation ………………….….... 142 2.4 Continuity Equation (Total Mass Conservation) ………..... 146 2.5 Conservation of Linear Momentum and Gravity.…………. 147 2.6 The Navier-Stokes Equations and Gravity ……………….. 149 2.7 Kinetic-Energy Equation and Dissipation Function in Gravitational Fields ……………......... 152 2.8 First Law of Thermodynamics or Energy Conservation Equation ………………………………….......… 154 2.9 First Law and Enthalpy ………………………………….... 156 2.10 First Law In Terms of Temperature Field …………….…. 157 2.11 Entropy Balance Equation ……………………………….. 159 2.12 Beyond Classical Physics:...............…………………...…. 160 2.13 Neutrinos and the Powerful Role Conservation Equations Play in Subatomic Processes (Addendum) …...…… 163

General Relativity and Relativistic Cosmology Should Rule Particle-Quantum Physics, Not the Other Way, Not by Quantum Axioms 3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………....... 167 3.1.1 Einstein’s field equations in general relativity ………..…….… 169 3.1.2 Confirmation of Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation …………..... 172 3.2 Principles and Formulations of General Relativity and 4

Relativistic Cosmology ………………...……….………………....... 191 3.3 Observations, The “Age” of the Universe. And “Equivalent Local Cells” …………………….……….….......... 200 3.4 Timekeeping, Accelerated Observers and the Principle of Equivalence ………………………….……………........ 204 3.5 From General Relativity to Unified Field Theories ………….…. 205

From Physics to Philosophical Crossroads and Back The Arrows of Time 4.1 Time and The Arrow of Time: The Most Distorted of All Ideas? ..215 4.2 Asymmetry-Symmetry-Space-Time and The Unification of the Laws of Physics …………………….............. 216 4.3 Methodology, Aim and Scope ………………………………....... 217 4.4 Confusing Concepts of Time and Time Asymmetries ………...... 219 4.5 The Entropic Arrow of Time ……………………………….....… 222 4.6 Causality, Causation and Time Asymmetries ………………........ 226 4.7 Causation and Determinism in Relativistic Theories ……..............227 4.8 Cosmological Arrows of Time and Cosmic Time ……….…….... 230 4.9 A Few Remarks ……………………………………...………...... 232 4.10 Time-Reversal Invariance and Irreversibility …………….……. 236 4.10 Microscopic Time Asymmetries in “Elementary Particles” … .. 240 4.11 Death of Scale-Based Physics….......….………….……….......... 242 4.12 “Dual” Quantum-Geometrodynamical School and “Superspace” 243 4.13 Tachyons and Causal Violations …………………….………. ....246 4.14 Macrocausality and Microcausality in Quantum Mechanics …... 247 4.15 Fading Memory in Classical Physics …………………………... 247 4.16 Doubts as to the Universality of Entropy ……………………..... 249 4.17 Entropy-Free Thermodynamic Arrows of Time ………….…... . 250

Crisis in the Standard Quantum Model Gravitation & Cosmology unpredictable by Quantum Model 5.1 Preliminary Review …………………………………….……...... 255 5.1.1 The three main schools of thought ……………………............. 261 5.2 Einstein’s Objections to the Uncertainty Principle ………........... 262 5.3 The Heresy of a Few Skeptics ………………………….…......... 265 5.4 Mythologized Concepts of Quantum Physics …………...…....... 265 5.5 The Failure of Classical and Quantal Statistical Mechanics to Deduce Irreversibility and Time Asymmetries .............267 5.6 The Emergence of Quantum Chromodynamics 5

and Super-Symmetry …………………………………….................. 272 5.6.1 Spatio-Temporal Approach to Quantum Physics ……….......... 272 5.6.2 From Weinberg-Salam Theory to Quantum Chromodynamics ………………………............................ 273 5.6.2.1 Conservation laws as symmetry principles; and vice versa ... 273 5.6.2.2 Global, exact, approximate, isotopic and SU(3) symmetries 274 5.6.2.3 From SU(3) to renormalizable gauge theories ……............... 276 5.6.2.4 Quark confinement asymptotic freedom in gauge theories 276-1 5.6.2.5 QCD and the search for higher symmetry principles ……... 276-2 5.6.3 Quantum Field Theories, Super-Symmetry & Super-Gravity... 276-3 5.6.3.1 Limits of quantum gravity and ‘Unified Field Theories’ .......276-4

From Physics to Cosmological Crossroads and Back Cosmology Assessed by Physics and Philosophy 6.1 FIRST: Reduction of Thermodynamics to Gravitation ...,... 277 6.1.1 Intergalactic voids rule 2 Expansions of the Universe....,..277 6.1.2 Gravitation as super-structuring of matter and All Life.....279 6.2 The Earliest Observational Evidence. .…...………...........279 6.2.1 Which space expands and which does not? …...….......... 282 6.3 Gravitation-Asymmetry Principle of Equivalence …….......284 6.4 Can Inter-cluster Voids Be Saturated with Radiation? .........287 6.5 Derivation of the Master Asymmetry form our Gravitational School of Intergalactic Voids v. life........ 290 6.6 Irreversibility in the New Gravitational. Cosmological Thermodynamics ………………................. 293 6.7 Origin of Dissipation in Newtonian Fluids ……..….......… 297 6.8 Terrestrial Thermodynamics ……………………..……..... 299 6.9 Connections with Classical and Continuum Thermodynamics …………………………..…..…............. 301 6.10 Electromagnetic Irreversibility v. Master Asymmetry....... 303

The Cosmological Base of Time Arrow 7.1 Time: The All-Embracing Concept …………………................. 309 7.2 Cosmological Origin of Time ……………………….................. 310 7.3 Cosmological Interpretations of Newton’s Laws of Motion …... 314 7.4 Gravitational Origin of Structure and Evolution .……................ 316 7.5 Gravitation and the Outflow of Energy Into Un-Saturable Space 322 7.6 Stellar Evolution …………………………………….................. 324 7.7 Terrestrial Evolution …………………………..............……...... 326 6

Black Holes v. Unattainable "Theory of Everything" 8.1 Introduction ………………………………………...… 330 8.2 Observational Evidence ………………………….….....331 8.3 Schwarzschild Solution and Black Holes …………...... 332 8.4 Black Holes Mechanics and Entropy ………………..... 340 8.5 Can Black Holes “Evaporate”? ……………………...... 341 8.6 Primordial Black Holes? …………………………........ 341 8.7 Back to the Melting Pot of Unification? …………........ 341

Beyond Present Knowledge 9.1 The Futile Quest for Final Answers …………………...... 349 9.2 An Example in Havaism ……………………..….........… 350 9.3 From Cosmology to Irreversible Structures and Memory 365 9.4 The Skeptic Outlook ……………………………..…...… 415

VOLUME II Introduction ……………………………………………................... 420 A Few Historical Remarks on Time, Mind and Symmetry ………... 437 The Philosophy of Time & Change: Some Historical Notions …………………….……………….…...... 455 Structuralism and the Divided American Thought: A Short Glossary of Terms ………………………………..……….. 467 Policy and Publicity: A Critique ………………………………….... 483 Thought-Provoking and Thought-Depressing Quotations ………..... 495 Critique of Western Methodology ………………………………. ... 530

VOLUME III – ONLINE GRAVITY THERMO BEING and THINKNING

Published Reviews on Volumes I and II "We are all Gal-Orians", Editor, Foundations of Physics "Gal-Or launches a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking writings. I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope that this would serve to focus attention on a most important subject.” Gold Award by N.Y. Academy of Sciences "Einstein's time-symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-Or’s “New Astronomical School of Unified Thermodynamics” to the status of the source of “Master Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but all physical and biological phenomena! Gal-Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause of structures, irreversibility, time, geo-chemical and biological evolution -- that the expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of thermodynamics -- that microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in particular, cannot be understood without reference to cosmology. He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened “irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself. Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-cluster expanding space, may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing out of the material bodies in the expanding universe.” Advancement of Physics FROM THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: “Gal-Or's remarkable book sees and seizes the world whole. He emphasizes that all scientists operate under some set of philosophical prejudices, and that failure to acknowledge this is self-delusion. Furthermore, he argues that a failure to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to an empty scientism. His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with derivations' of general relativity 'as applied to cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state of theoretical particle physics, astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially the 8

All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western society, the intelligentsia and the relationship between academic science and government. One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay between symmetry and asymmetry. His primary interest is not in the recent progress in the unification of forces in gauge theory, although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook, but is rather time, time's arrow, and the asymmetry between past and future. Around time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical and philosophical, of thermodynamic reversibility, time reversibility, the nature of causality, and the use of advanced and retarded solutions to wave equations. The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming domination of the actual form of the universe, at all scales. The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to and perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the gravity of general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion. He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time asymmetries. The expansion provides, among other things, an unsaturable sink for radiation, which, in turn, permits the establishment of gradients in temperature and density, which provide the basis for the physical process that leads to life. He also criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and the related notions in information theory' and quantum indeterminism, especially as covers for an inadequate understanding of temporal asymmetries. Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, he looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a deterministic interpretation of quantum events. The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas which Gal-Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be sensibly described in a review. [This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the decline of academic institutions "as Gal-Or describes them", but that will be the loss of both the faculty and the students.â&#x20AC;? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS "This is a great book, and an exciting book; readable, worth reading and enlightening." Sir Karl Popper, one of the Greatest Philosophers of Science 9

All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy "Gal-Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically observes as “a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind, a longing for the run-away horizons of truth and symmetry that we always try to reach.” Order Amidst Chaos, Enlightenment Aesthetics Recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica, "Nature, Philosophy of" "This is one of the most beautiful books that I have read." Outstanding Books List "Tour de force. A magnificent and sustained piece of work! Gal-Or’s net is widely cast – it reaches as far as science policy and political philosophy." A. Cottrell, V. Chancellor, Cambridge University "Appeals to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds. Shines a welcome light in some dark corners of science. Sir Karl Popper, in a Foreword, correctly describes it “a great book”. New Scientist Magazine "Evokes a person heart !! Has generated a large number of responses from around the world, some declaring that it has turned them into “Gal-Orians”. Since the thought presented by this book is so rich, translators of our country should recommend this book with all their intellectual power." Chinese Academy of Sciences "A Master Piece. The well-known author bases his philosophy on a very sound knowledge of presentday scientific theories. " Indian Journal of Physics "The works of scientists like Gal-Or, Bohm, and (Noble Prize-Winner) Prigogine provide important resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not really tell us how irreversible change emerges from reversible [mathematics]. (in this Gal-Or is superior)." The Crisis of the Sciences "I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophy and classical humanism than that of Gal-Or’s book." HaAretz Daily 10

All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy FROM Prof. John Wheeler, Inst. of Advanced Studies, Princeton University: “I have in the meantime studied your book, with great interest, and made pages of notes on it. I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the great questions, and know that would be great to go on with them! Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times and all countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory and fact”, by your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the philosophers, by your concern for where thought and language lie in the scheme of things – and by so much more! I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that expansion is the origin of all asymmetry in time. What an ingenious phrase is your, “smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the contraband” I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two books – at the very least One is the exposition of your central thesis, with clarity, and careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can lead to testable consequences. I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such importance by mixing it in with the other great task. That is to give students an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and modern physics. You do both tasks far better than I could hope to. I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a pacackage that I personally have found most thought-provoking.” "Most astrophysicists, cosmologists and astronomers agree that the biblical account of cosmic evolution, in stressing `a beginning´ and the initial roles of `void,´ `light´ and a `structureless´ state, may be uncannily close to the verified evidence with which modern science has already supplied us" Professor Victor F. Weisskopf from MIT, quotes from CPP in his Scientific American article “Lecture one [in Volume I] affirms that the stress placed by Genesis on ‘beginning’ and the initial roles of ‘void’, ‘light’ and a ‘structure-less’ state, “may be uncannily close to the verified evidence with which modern science has already supplied us.” Christian Apologetics Journal 11

All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy â&#x20AC;&#x153;One of the best books on the totality of the sciences & the universe. It was one of the favorite books of Sir Karl Popper. It looks at physics and the universe as a totality of the mathematical philosophical understanding. It also combines the physical concept of time with human psychological perception and brain understanding of languages.â&#x20AC;? Robin forumhub.com/expr/@202.54.92.222

FIG. 1: Late dynamics in the history of the world presented by NASA recorded-map of the visible expanding universe -- as explaind below â&#x20AC;&#x201C; help revolutionize an important current thought domain in science and philosophy, RE: (a) The very foundations of thermo-physics vs. observed gravity dynamics, (b) The cosmological origin of laws and by-Laws of science and philosophy of science, (C) Gravity-cosmological origins of thermo-science and MASTER TIME ARROW. 1. First note the 100 million light years scale of our observable, expanding universe. 2. Next note that only the recorded gigantic voids expand. 3. Furthermore, each of the recorded [white] "Shining Galactic Clusters", "Radiating Filaments of Galaxies", ''Bright Void-Walls" located around each void, contain billions of NON-EXPANDING planets and stars located inside galaxies, located inside clusters of relatively compacted galaxies that form these "Filaments-Voids-Walls" between at least any two galactic voids. 4. Radiating energy from active stars, like "our sun", located inside "our galaxy", located inside "Our Local Group" of galaxies, is disposed in these dark voids by its gravity-thermo-nuclear-generatedenergy gradients in what is commonly named "STELLAR WINDS" â&#x20AC;&#x201C; as mapped, identified and detailed in figures and text below. 5. The stellar winds flow down energy gradients inside the compacted clusters [FIG. 2], mainly to the coldest spaces in [their] "attached" voids -- the nearby ones, [Fig. 1]. 6. The resulting ''Universal Energy Sinks" or ''Universal Cemeteries'' of stallar winds, are always located on the "Sidewise-Attached-Voids" of each "Galactic Void-Wall" -- at least two for each cluster, inside one of which we are imprisoned for good. 7. Each dark-cold-void -- "currently" almost 273 degrees C below zero -- is thus acting as "irreversible sink", or "A NEVER-FULL CEMETERY of the Cosmos". 8. "Today" the entire universe is thus made of only two basic elements: 9. (a) Non-expanding-live-emmiters of energy-matter, vs. 10. (b) Expanding, [thus ever cooling] cemeteries of energy, [Fig. 2]. 11. A relatively minor portion of the stellar winds dissipates into various local black holes. 12. "We" are located at the center of this map [not the 'center' of the universe] marked VIRGO. 13. Virgo is composed of thousands of galaxies, only one is our "milkyway". 13

All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy 14. Each void is thus being entered by stellar winds that arrive from all clusters around each. 15. The stellar winds act like fast jets that harbor momentum -- like the light 'pressure' excerted on Carl Sagan's space sails. 16. Entering each void from opposing directions -- marked by yellow arrows -- the stellar winds are being blocked-stopped about midway in each void by stellar winds from opposing voids, [Figs 1 and 2]. 17. Subject to momentum consrevation law of physics all "midway-stops" exert back-thrust-force on the clusters around each and all Voids, compacting them as follows: 18. "COLLECTIVELY", these thrust-forces cause each void-cluster to be 'pushed-away' against all others. 19. So slightly sqeezed during the last 10 -- especially the last 4 billion years -- most galaxies are gradually sqeezed-compacted into "proto-clusters", then "clusters", [Fig. 2], then the observed Super-clusters, [Fig. 1]. 20. These gravity-thermo-dynamics were too weak earlier to Reverse the slowing -- by total gravity of the universe -- of the overall, inertia-expansion of the entire universe since the Big-Bang. 21. ONLY DURING THE LAST 4 OR 6 BILLION YEARS these GROWING IN INTENSITY STELLAR WINDS, have increased their total momentum to reverse the slowing inertia-expansion of the universe since the BigBang, to be accelerated, as evidenced by verified observations. 22. Therefore, there is no need to invoke ghost theories like DARK ENERGY to explain these observations. 23. But there is much more in store once these dynamics are disclosed at very foundations of physics, laws and bylaws of science and philosophy of science, as done in the book detailed below.

RECAP NOTES (i) Radiation pressure-momentum compacts galaxies on opposing sides of each galactic void. (3) Voids expand by dissipating radiation energy, which thrust away all other voids, collectively. (4) Expansion of the voids, collectively, is defined the 2nd [late] expansion of the universe. (5) Big-bang-expansion that has been slowed by gravity is thus gradually reveresd in the last 4-12 B-years. 14

Fig. 2: Gravity-Thermo DICTIONARY: 1. "CLUSTER I" and "II" represent mid-STAGE dynamics of clustering-compacting of galaxies by opposing jets marked "3rd cosmological arrow" 2. GRAVITY THERMO GENERATES THE OBSERVED "SUPER-CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES" 3. These late dynamics in the history of the world had started significantly only about 4 billion years ago when it has become strong enough to reverse the slowing of the big-bang inertia-expansion of the universe into the recently verified accelerated expansion of the universe. 4. Marked "RADIATION ENERGY DENSITY" vs. "DISTANCE" defines "DIRECTION OF NET RADIATION FLOW" as "3rd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", which generates energy-density gradients that lead to the "2nd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", that, in turn, represents "EXPANDING SPACE "1" "VOIDS/SPACE "1" -- the MASTER ARROW OF TIME -- THE ROOT CAUSE OF THE 2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. 15

Fig. 3: SPACE-"2" wraps all non-expanding galaxies [Fig. 1], and non-expanding SPACE"3" where super-fast, interstellar winds flow out to SPACE-"2" and next irreversibly dissipate in COLD, EXPANDING, COMPACTING-VOIDS DEFINED

SPACE-"1" AROUND all COMPACTED-Super-Clusters-of galaxies, [Figures 1, 2], including ''our VIRGO SUPER-CLUSTER [Fig.-1-center] inside which our "Local Group" of galaxies are located.

NOTE: images SOURCES: Author's Volume-I or Wikipedia.

Fig. 4: (below) This figure does NOT show galaxies being compacted by STELLAR WINDS into clusters, [FIG. 2], later further compacted into super-clusters, [Fig. 1].

Fig. 5: Recorded intergalactic voids (dark blue) vs. early galaxies-stars that radiate "winds" into these early cold voids, which have been expanding with the big-bang inertia-expansion, [Fig. 4]. Gradually, as number and intensities of emitters increases by gravity-thermodynamics inside stars, outgoing stellar winds entering galactic voids from opposite directions cause an independent, simultaneous, inner-local-expansions of the universe outside the non-expanding galaxies â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the 2nd expansion of the universe that has gradually reversed the slowing down of the big-bang inertia expansion into the currently observed, slightly accelerating expansion. 18

All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy Fig. 6: (below) Zooming next into our "local group cluster" of non-expanding galaxies. The Zooming-in via a 1 Million light years scale into our local group reveals "Neighborhoodâ&#x20AC;? of many galaxies. Even at this scale our entire solar system is less than a visible dot somewhere in the marked "Milky Way", which is imprisoned inside super-cluster Virgo marked at the center of Fig. 1.

Gravity is the most fundamental integrator of all studies Universal details and proofs are provided by Volume I. What is provided below are the more familiar phenomena in the solar system and on earth. 20

It was gravity that stratified earth chemical compounds in ‘horizontal’ layers according to their “specific gravity”, a term to used below in a modified “natural selection”. The atmosphere and geological strata were selected by specific gravity of their chemical components. It was gravity that put the early components of living systems at one and the same strata for life to begin. Gravity is therefore the universal builder of structures, including all chemistry in the cores of gravitationally pressed-heated stars ['Fusion', CPP], geological strata, earth morphology the entire evolution of life, village/city structures, transportation systems, linguistics, letters, grammar vs. time, structure of sentences. Gravity generates structures and controls all geological layers and global phenomena ranging from mountain crests, gravity-induced tectonic folds, valleys, beaches, oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells, swamps, glaciers and rivers, and the bio-systems connected with them. Gravity Rules Grammar Without gravity-induced orientation-order and so induced time-space grammar we are lost in any given written language. Gravity-induced grammar prevents us from vertical reversals. Similarly, horizontal reversals prevent us, say, from reversals of W to M. There are more complicated gravity-induced grammar rules. They range from preventing reversal of past into future, and vice versa, or to use gravity-induced structures as reference. Gravity-induced Plant Growth and Animal Behavior The sensing devices which plants and animals use for "gravity perception" ("gravity receptors", "g- perception", "bio- accelerometers", "gravity- induced biological clocks") are not yet well understood, even though a voluminous literature has been published on this subject. But what we already know justifies the central role we claim gravity plays in living systems and society. Plants ‘know’ to grow vertically upward when, undisturbed, they start growing in total darkness as seeds inserted deep into the ground; -- even when they grow on a steep 21

mountain slope. As most high-growing trees they align their growth under the control of the gravity vector. If a growing higher plant is displaced with respect to the "upright" position, some tens of minutes later it will adapt its growth in such a way as to restore its original orientation in coincidence with the gravity vector. (If it is displaced only briefly and then restored to its original orientation well before the growth response can set in, it still responds to that displacement.) Gravity-induced orientation-adaptation of an organism may occur when an organism orients itself by a gravity-induced gradient of density differences or hydrostatic pressure. Small organisms (including all bacteria) may have no means for sensing gravity, but they are affected by it. Animals low on the evolutionary scale characteristically exhibit innate patterns that depend little on learning, and have a lesser adaptability to changes in the environment. Consequently, their dependence on heredity-geophysical-gravitational origins is ‘high’ in proportion to animals that are ‘high’ on the evolutionary scale. While the latter show some signs of innate patterns, they harbor a greater capacity to produce a much more flexible mechanism to respond to a variety of other external changes that stimulate them. The evolutionary origin of the so-called "innate ideas" may, therefore, be external rather than internal. Even the computer page is ordered by up, bottom, left, right margins and footnotes. And it takes time to read them and to comprehend them; the time that always advances from past to future; the time that we term Linguistic Arrow of Time. Similarly, gravity-induced ordering of shelves, files, documents and books in a library introduces order into our life. Gravity-Chained Law, Seconds, Minutes, Days, Years Whole civilizations religions constructed on gravity-induced orientability, concepts, spirituality, art, music, home structure, wells, canals, trade roads, agriculture, and even law enforcement by hanging. Such gravity-induced cultural phenomena may proceed beyond grammar and social order into the spiritual and hierarchical cultures, 22

and have been domains: High priest, low deck, high commissioner, and highness, heaven, lofty, go to the bottom of the subject. Biological Clocks The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced back in time and out to external physical influences. Gravity and geophysical periodicities thus emerge as prime sources of order and information in all non-living and living systems. Animals low on the evolutionary scale depend little on learning, and have a lesser adaptability to changes in the environment. Consequently, their dependence on heredity-geophysical-gravitational origins is high in proportion to animals high on the evolutionary scale. Gravity Selection is “Natural selection”. The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced out to gravity-induced forces. Even “innate patterns" are wrongly dissociated from simple movements in the field of gravitation, i.e., as "up-ward-downward" balancing of the biological body vis-à-vis the gravity pointers in each biological cell. Gravity-induced changes develop territoriality in a given spatial region or in a given assembly of individuals, especially when key resources are not sufficiently abundant and stable through long periods of historical times. We observe this phenomenon in both the animal and human domains of socio- biology. When a limited terrestrial space is divided into lots in a community, it carries economic and social “standing”, or "lebensraums", involving "well-defined territories" and "Gravity-induced Natural Selection"; from animals' mating systems to animals' monopolies on water resources; from natural food administration to the control of key strategic ridges; from controlling fossil fuel resources to disputes over territories. One species, or one sex, or one race, may control a larger quantity of resources, say, scarce water ponds, than the other, until a small percentage of the population monopolizes key resources. Gravity-induced hills and mountains control castle and village structures and 23

especially tall structures may become worship temples of the super-natural. Domain-Property and Envy drive competition, company ads, venture capital, TV and academic rating, political candidates, religious rivalry and key human traits, sometimes stronger than death. As history testifies, gravity-induced territoriality is often developed into nationality, imperialism and territorial conquest wars. Many aspects of animals’ social organization and evolution can be predicted on the basis of gravity-induced environmental variables.

Since biogeochemical evolution causes key natural resources to be distributed non-uniformly in the spatial and temporal coordinates of the biosphere, resource monopolization develops in all levels of socio-biological systems. Gravity-Induced Orientation and Order Using gravity pointers we say ‘up’, ‘down’, ‘left’, ‘right’ and generate symbols, codes, signs, numbers and letters for a later use and for other to read. Animals are also 'conscious' of the commonly-shared "up- down" surroundings, and about "weight" and acceleration. Plants also harbor innate sensors that guide them in which direction to grow even on a mountain slope. 24

Additional examples range from gyroscope inertial changes, balancing machines, heading indicators and gravity-induced changes involving the fluid in the vertebrate inner ear to a crystallizing suspension of organic spheres in water. Vertigo, Loss of Coordination-Balancing & Gravity Chains Biological structures in the inner ear include semicircular canals and a fluid that moves by gravity force, and activates a system that transmits linear and rotational motions vis-à-vis the gravity vector to the vestibular nerve, which carries these signals through the brainstem to our brain cerebellum, which, in turn, uses them to control our balancing, orientation, coordination and movement. The vestibular system in our ears comprises two semi-circular ‘canals’, which are used to indicate our rotational movements, and otoliths, which indicate linear translations. Vertigo is a loss of coordination, balancing and orientation vis-à-vis space and the gravity-induced horizon. The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control our eye movements, and to the Cerebellum-muscles system that keeps us upright and helps maintain clear vision-orientation vs. the gravity vector. Biological Cells, Reproduction, Immunity System & Gravity Gravity causes changes in cell division, metabolism and the immunity system. Reproduction is also impaired and the immune cells cannot differentiate into mature cells in low or zero gravity conditions attainable in space craft. The size of a biological cell depends on the local gravity vector – its size increases in larger local gravitational field-force values. Bone cells must attach themselves to something and will die if they cannot. Without the gravity force- field they float around and perish. When animals evolve on land, outside the oceans, they develop stronger skeletons to cope with larger gravity forces vis-à- vis the reduced one due to buoyancy in the waters. Earlier life forms in the oceans were smaller and had a jellyfish-like configuration. Thus, without strong skeletons, land animals cannot evolve. 25

Animals and Gravity-Induced Effects Gravimorphism, gravitropism and tropism are directional movements of a plant with respect to a directional stimulus. One such tropism is gravimorphism -- the growth or movement of a plant with respect to gravity. Plant roots grow in the direction of gravity while shoots and stems grow against it. Gravity Vector detectors in trees Spacial Gravity-sensing-cells function as detectors of the direction of the gravity vector on earth. The fluid-particles systems inside our cells initiate inner convective currents that change under zero gravity. Thus, the absence of gravity affects the contacts of cells via their membrane potential and their cytoskeletons. Gravity-Induced Village and City Structures Gravity generates structures and controls all geological layers and global phenomena ranging from mountain crests, tectonic folds, geological uplifts, valleys, village and city structures, transportation systems, oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells, swamps, glaciers and rivers, as well as the ecological-systems connected with them.

Health Partly Ruled by Gravity

The evolution and everyday functioning of our bones, legs, hips, joints, cartilages, ligaments, femurs, tibia, pelvis and muscles, has been "in response" to the force and direction of gravity.

Gravity plays a key factor in hygiene and in heart failure associated with swollen legs, in flooded lungs, walking, sleeping needs, etc.

Nevertheless, the cardinal role gravity plays in the treatment of

gravity-induced disorders in biological systems,

human perception,

health and longevity,

has been largely overlooked by health providers and researchers, partly because the key role of gravity as the universal generator of all socio-gravity-dynamics, has not yet been well understood and investigated.